1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, The riot spreads
At 11am a disturbance started in the chapel at Strangeways Prison when some 300 prisoners attacked staff. Those prisoners then gained access to the chapel roof and then broke into the living accommodation in the main prison. Other prisoners, including those on remand, joined in the disturbance and staff had to be withdrawn. The perimeter is secure.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, The riot spreads
Between 2:00 pm and 5:00 pm approximately 800 prisoners had surrendered, and arrangements were made for them to be transferred to other prisons. At 8:00 pm Governor O'Friel agreed that prison officers should enter E wing, and at 8:05 pm approximately ten Control & Restraint (C&R) units each consisting of twelve prison officers entered the wing. By 8:10 pm all four landings of E wing had been secured, and one C&R unit progressed to the Centre where they fought with rioting prisoners. This was reported to Governor O'Friel, who instructed the officers not to move beyond E wing.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, The riot spreads
Scaffolding poles and other missiles were thrown at the C&R teams from the roof area above the fourth landing in E wing, and when prisoners broke onto the wing the C&R teams withdrew at 0:22 am on 2 April, leaving prisoners in control of the wing. Up to 1,100 of the 1,647 prisoners were involved in the rioting, and by the end of the first day 700 had surrendered and been transferred to other prisons along with 400 prisoners who were not involved in the rioting. Between 200 and 350 prisoners occupied the rooftop of the main prison during the night.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
At 7:00 am on 2 April, an estimated total of 142 prisoners were still in control of all the accommodation wings of the prison. Some prisoners on the roof gave clenched fist salutes to the crowd watching below. Some prisoners were wearing prison officers' hats and uniforms, while others were wearing masks improvised from towels and blankets. A banner was unveiled that read "No dead", in response to claims in the press that between eleven and twenty prisoners had been killed in the rioting. At 10:00 am, C&R units entered the remand prison and regained control, with six prisoners surrendering peacefully.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
A Home Office statement was released at 11:45 am stating that no bodies had been found in the remand prison, and 12 prison officers and 37 prisoners had received treatment in hospital to date. Further prisoners surrendered the same day, and by 6:00 pm 114 prisoners remained in the prison. On 3 April newspapers published pictures of the prisoners' "No dead" banner, while still insisting that 20 prisoners had been killed. The prisoners responded with a banner that read "Media contact now". The Manchester Evening News newspaper was contacted from inside the prison by telephone, and prisoners outlined their demands:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
At 11:10 am Michael Unger from the Manchester Evening News was allowed into the prison as an "independent observer". Unger met prisoners who described their grievances to him, which included mental and physical brutality, poor food and conditions, and misuse of drugs in controlling prisoners. While Unger was inside the prison twelve C&R units attempted to regain control of E wing, in what became known as the "battle for E wing". Prisoners built barricades and threw scaffolding poles at the C&R units, and after approximately thirty minutes the C&R units withdrew without regaining control of the wing. By the end of the third day of the riot prisoners still controlled the upper levels of the prison, but prison officers had regained control of the lower level, and a Home Office statement was issued:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
During the course of the evening prison staff have had access at ground level to all wings in the main prison. No bodies have been found. Earlier today prison staff gained access to the main prison building in order to remove barricades to allow the surrender of inmates who wished to do so. No inmates were injured during this process. Nine prison staff were taken to outside hospital for treatment. Two remain overnight for observation. Negotiations were carried out by prison staff ... 31 inmates surrendered. All of those who surrendered have been interviewed, medically examined and fed. They will be transferred to other accommodation as soon as practicable.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
On 4 April, Governor O'Friel spoke to the press for the first time, describing the riot as "an explosion of evil which was quite terrible to see". Also that day the Prison Officers' Association claimed that Rule 43(a) prisoners were being treated in North Manchester General Hospital for castration wounds, which was repeated by sections of the press despite being categorically denied by the hospital's public relations officer and consultant-in-charge. 29 prisoners surrendered during the day leaving 26 prisoners inside the prison, 11 of whom had been identified by the Prison Service.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
Also that day a prison officer died in hospital from pneumonia; he had not been injured during the riot and suffered from a long-standing medical condition. Two more prisoners surrendered on 5 April, the same day as the Home Office announced a public inquiry into the riot headed by Lord Woolf. By this time plans to retake the entire prison by force had been scrapped due to the likelihood of fatalities among prisoners or prison officers. That evening the police and prison officers introduced new tactics designed to weaken the resolve of the prisoners and to prevent them from sleeping. Loud music was played, lights were shone at the roof, and prison officers banged on their riot shields and shouted at the prisoners, including calling them "beasts", a term commonly used among prisoners at that time to refer to sex offenders.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
The rooftop protest was watched by a crowd of onlookers and supporters outside the prison. Various political groups also attended in support of the prisoners, including anarchist group Class War, the Revolutionary Communist Group, and the Prisoners' League Association. On 6 April Paul Taylor attempted to shout out the prisoners' demands to the crowd gathered below, but he was drowned out by police sirens. Taylor and other prisoners responded by unfurling a banner which read "We fight and stand firm on behalf of humanity".


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
On 9 April, The Sun newspaper called for an end to the riot, saying "Jail riot scum must be crushed", and former prisoner John McVicar called for the retaking of the prison by force at the earliest possible opportunity. By 10 April more prisoners had surrendered, leaving thirteen inside the prison. Three more prisoners surrendered the following day, one of whom, Barry Morton, had taken part in the rooftop protest on 26 March. On 16 April, another three prisoners surrendered when they became ill with food poisoning.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
Local businesses were calling for an end to the riot due to the disruption caused, including the closure of roads around the prison. A leather-jacket retailer in the vicinity of the prison claimed to have lost £20,000 in revenue since the riot had begun. Greater Manchester Police asked for £2 million to cover the costs of policing the riot, which it described as the "most savage incident of its kind ever experienced within the British prison service". On 17 April the remaining seven prisoners began negotiations to attempt to bring the rooftop protest to an end.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
Negotiations took place inside the prison between two Home Office officials and prisoner Alan Lord, who was negotiating on behalf of the remaining prisoners. On 23 April, Lord was captured by a C&R unit while on his way to meet the negotiators. Mark Williams—one of the remaining prisoners—later described his reactions to the negotiations and Lord's capture:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
David Bell, the Home Office negotiator, kept contradicting himself, as if in a bid to prolong the negotiations. He would agree to our terms, then he would try and tell us it was out of his hands, and go back on his word. If it was out of the Home Officer's hands—then whose hands was it in? I think the final stages were messed around by the Home Office so that our protest could help to divert the public's attention from the Poll Tax revolt that was going on throughout the country. As Alan Lord was snatched after being asked to negotiate on behalf of us all, this made us all more defiant about ending the protest.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
Following the capture of Lord, the remaining prisoners agreed that 25 April would be the final day of the protest. Prison officers entered the prison early in the morning and gradually began to occupy the upper landings. At 10:20 am one of the remaining prisoners, a seventeen-year-old on remand for joyriding, was captured leaving five prisoners remaining on the roof. When prison officers reached the roof they put up a sign similar to the ones used by prisoners throughout the protest, which read "HMP in charge—no visits".


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The riot, Rooftop protest
At 6:20 pm the remaining five prisoners were removed from the roof in a "cherry picker" hydraulic platform, giving clenched fist salutes to the press and public as they descended. During the course of the 25-day riot, the longest in British penal history, 147 prison officers and 47 prisoners had been injured.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Disturbances at other prisons
The Strangeways riot caused a number of protests at prisons across England, Scotland and Wales, described as either solidarity actions or copycat riots. Approximately 100 remand prisoners at HM Prison Hull staged a sit-down protest in the exercise yard on 1 April, after hearing about the Strangeways riot on the radio. Disturbances occurred the same day at HM Prison Gartree, HM Prison Kirkham and HM Prison Rochester, although the Gartree protest had started three days earlier over conditions in the prison. There were minor disturbances at HM Prison Lindholme, HM Prison Low Newton and HM Prison Bedford on 2 April, HM Prison Durham, HM Prison Winchester and HM Prison Wandsworth on 4 April, and HM Young Offenders Institute Glen Parva on 6 April.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Disturbances at other prisons
The weekend of 7 April and 8 April saw protests across the prison system. At HM Prison Leeds there was a sit-down protest after the arrival of over 100 prisoners who had been transferred from Strangeways. At HM Prison Dartmoor, between 100 and 120 prisoners wrecked D wing of the prison, and 12 prisoners also protested on the roof of C wing unfurling a banner that read "Strangeways, we are with you". 32 prisoners from Dartmoor were transferred to HM Prison Bristol, where there was another major protest following their arrival.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Disturbances at other prisons
Up to 400 prisoners took over three wings of the prison, and held control of them for two days. 130 prisoners at HM Prison Cardiff destroyed cells, a twenty-hour rooftop protest took place at HM Prison Stoke Heath, and disturbances occurred at HM Prison Brixton, HM Prison Pentonville, HM Prison Stafford and HM Prison Shepton Mallet. A second protest took place at HM Prison Hull, where 110 prisoners staged a sit-down protest in the exercise yard.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Disturbances at other prisons
Prisoners smashed windows at HM Prison Verne on 9 April, and 40 prisoners held a prison officer hostage for twenty-four hours after taking over a hall at HM Prison Shotts on 10 April. On 12 April, two teenage remand prisoners at HM Prison Swansea barricaded themselves into their cell for seventeen hours, and on 22 April between 80 and 100 remand prisoners staged an eighteen-hour rooftop protest at HM Prison Ashfield in Pucklechurch.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Media reaction
On 2 April newspapers reported a weekend of "anti-authority violence", as in addition to the Strangeways riot the Poll Tax Riot had occurred in London on 31 March. Reports of the violence at Strangeways included kangaroo courts, hangings, castrations and that between eleven and twenty prisoners had been killed. On 3 April the front page of the Daily Mirror read "Prison Mob 'Hang Cop' ", and claimed a former policeman imprisoned at Strangeways for rape had been killed by prisoners.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Media reaction
The newspaper was forced to publish a retraction admitting that "reliable police sources" had been mistaken, when it transpired that the man was actually alive and imprisoned in HM Prison Leeds. Following the end of the rooftop protest the newspapers condemned the prisoners, with The Daily Telegraph describing the riot as "a degrading public spectacle", and The Independent describing the rioters as "dangerous and unstable criminals enjoying an orgy of destruction". The Guardian urged the government to institute reforms, a view which was the prevalent one for a time, stating:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Media reaction
Initially, the riot appeared to increase public support for radical reform of the present degrading prison system. Some of that goodwill will have been eroded by the antics of the rioters in the last two weeks, and may be further eroded once details emerge during the forthcoming criminal prosecutions. But this must not deflect Home Office ministers from the road down which they had belatedly begun to travel. A change in prison conditions is crucial if good order is to be restored to the system.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Media reaction
In its last act before disbanding in 1991 and being replaced by the Press Complaints Commission, the Press Council produced a comprehensive report into the press coverage during the Strangeways riot. The report stated that "many of the more gruesome events reported in the press had not occurred – nobody had been systematically mutilated, there had been no castrations, no bodies had been chopped up and flushed in the sewers. Though there was inter-prisoner violence in the first hours of the riot, torture on the scale suggested by many of the early reports did not take place." It further found that press coverage "fell into the serious ethical error of presenting speculation and unconfirmed reports as fact".


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The Woolf Report
A five-month public inquiry was held into the disturbances at Strangeways and other prisons, beginning in Manchester on 11 June 1990 and ending in London on 31 October. In addition to the public inquiry, Lord Woolf and Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons, Stephen Tumim, also sent letters to every prisoner and prison officer in the country. 1,300 prisoners and 430 prison officers responded, with many excerpts from the letters being appended to the finished report. The Woolf Report was published on 25 February 1991, and blamed the loss of control of the prison on the prison officers abandoning the gates outside the chapel, which "effectively handed the prison to the prisoners".


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The Woolf Report
Woolf described the conditions inside Strangeways in the months leading up to the riot as "intolerable", and viewed a "combination of errors" by staff and management at the prison and Prison Service as a central contributing factor to the riot. He also blamed the failure of successive governments to "provide the resources to the Prison Service which were needed to enable the Service to provide for an increased prison population in a humane manner". Woolf recommended major reform of the Prison Service, and made 12 key recommendations with 204 accompanying proposals. The key recommendations were:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, The Woolf Report
The Guardian newspaper described the report as a blueprint for the restoration of "decency and justice into jails where conditions had become intolerable". Home Secretary Kenneth Baker welcomed the Woolf Report and pledged to end "slopping out" by 1994, and also accepted Woolf's recommendations for more visits, home leave and telephone calls. In contrast to his proposed reforms, Baker also proposed the introduction of a new offence of "prison mutiny" carrying a maximum sentence of ten years imprisonment, stating "The events of last April marked a watershed in the history of prison service. We cannot, and will not, tolerate the savagery and vandalism in our prisons that we saw then".


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
The first prosecutions in relation to the riot began at Manchester Crown Court on 14 January 1992. The trial was conducted amid tight security, including armed police patrolling the area around the court, body searches for spectators and a specially constructed dock with sides made from bulletproof glass. Nine men went on trial charged with riot under Section 1 of the Public Order Act 1986, with six of them, including Paul Taylor and Alan Lord, also being charged with the murder of Derek White.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
On the first day one prisoner pleaded guilty to charges of riot and conspiracy to riot, and was also acquitted of the murder charge. The other defendants were also acquitted of murder due to the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and the possibility that White had died from a pre-existing thrombotic condition. On 16 April, four defendants including Paul Taylor were convicted of rioting, and the remaining four including Alan Lord were acquitted.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
Taylor received a ten-year sentence, the maximum sentence the judge had the power to impose. The sentences received by the other defendants ranged from four years to nine-and-a-half years imprisonment. By the end of the trial the total cost of the Strangeways riot, including refurbishing the prison and the costs of the police inquiry and court case, had reached £112 million.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
The second trial began at the same court on 5 October 1992, and dealt with charges relating to the "battle for E wing" on 3 April 1990. There were fourteen defendants, including Alan Lord and another man who was acquitted in the first trial, both of whom were added to the list of defendants after their acquittals. Two defendants pleaded guilty to violent disorder and received four- and five-year sentences, which due to the two years they had spent on remand awaiting trial resulted in them being freed.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
The remaining twelve defendants pleaded not guilty to conspiracy to commit grievous bodily harm with intent and conspiracy to riot. On 7 December 1992 David Bowen and Mark Azzopardi escaped from the prison van transferring them from HM Prison Hull to the court. Azzopardi was recaptured, before escaping from the court on 17 February 1993 along with five of the other defendants.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
At the conclusion of the trial two defendants were acquitted and the remainder found guilty of conspiracy to commit grievous bodily harm with intent, the lesser charge of conspiracy to riot automatically being dropped when guilty verdicts were announced on the first charge. When passing sentence, the judge remarked "You had your period of arrogance and violence in front of the world, but now the price must be paid and paid by you". The defendants received sentences ranging from four years to ten years imprisonment, although only five defendants were in court to hear the verdict as six defendants were still on the run after escaping and another was being treated at Ashworth Secure Hospital.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
Following the second trial, a further 26 defendants were still due to be tried on charges relating to the riot. The Crown Prosecution Service accepted plea bargains where defendants pleaded guilty to violent disorder in exchange for the dropping of other charges, or in some cases all charges were dropped completely. On 20 September 1993 the last remaining defendant to maintain a plea of not guilty went on trial, and he was convicted of conspiracy to commit grievous bodily harm and sentenced to thirty months imprisonment.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Prosecutions
On 18 March 1994, six prisoners appeared in court on charges of escaping from custody during the second riot trial. Five of them pleaded guilty to escaping from custody on one occasion, and Mark Azzopardi pleaded guilty to escaping on two occasions. Each was sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment for escaping from Manchester Crown Court, and Azzopardi received an additional two-year sentence for escaping from the van transporting him from HM Prison Hull to the court. In July 1994, David Bowen was convicted of attempting to pervert the course of justice by attempting to influence the jury in the first riot trial, and was sentenced to three years imprisonment. Paul Taylor, who had already pleaded guilty to the same charge, also received a three-year sentence.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Aftermath
Strangeways was rebuilt and refurbished at a cost of £55 million, and was officially re-opened as HM Prison Manchester on 27 May 1994. The press were invited to view the new prison and talk to the prisoners by new governor Derek Lewis. A prisoner told the visiting journalists:


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Aftermath
The better conditions in here are not down to the prison department. But for the riot, we would still be in the same old jail banged up all day and slopping out ... The rioters brought this about. These conditions ... should not have cost the lives of a prisoner, a prison officer and two huge court trials. They should have done it years ago but it took a riot to get them to do it.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Aftermath
"Slopping out" was abolished in England and Wales by 1996, and was scheduled to be abolished in Scotland by 1999. Due to budget restraints the abolition was delayed, and by 2004 prisoners in five of Scotland's sixteen prisons still had to "slop out". "Slopping out" ended at HM Young Offenders Institution Polmont in 2007, leaving HM Prison Peterhead as the last prison where inmates did not have access to proper sanitation, as 300 prisoners were forced to use chemical toilets due to the difficulty of installing modern plumbing in the prison's granite structure. Peterhead prison closed in December 2013.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Aftermath
In 2015,  The Daily Telegraph reported that a prisoner serving a 27-year sentence was conducting a lone protest on the roof against conditions and was being cheered by other prisoners. The newspaper also referenced in its own report an interview with former Lord Chief Justice Lord Woolf from earlier in the year where he described prisoners being kept in intolerable conditions–as bad as at the time of the riots. Woolf recommended prisons were kept out of politics.


1990 Strangeways Prison riot, Aftermath
A riot involving several hundred prisoners that occurred at Birmingham Prison in December 2016 was described by prison affairs academic Alex Cavendish as "probably the most serious riot in a B category prison since Strangeways went up". The incident began after a set of keys was stolen from a prison officer while he was trying to lock prisoners in their cells. Prisoners took over four of the jail's blocks and broke into the administration part of the prison, where they smashed computer equipment and set personal records alight. Riot officers entered the jail and secured the blocks after twelve hours of disturbance.


1990 Strathclyde Regional Council election
The 1990 Strathclyde Regional Council election, the fifth election to Strathclyde Regional Council, was held on Thursday 3 May 1990, alongside regional elections across Scotland. Labour retained their overall majority with over half of the vote, winning 90 out of the 103 seats.


1990 Sudanese coup d'état attempt
The 1990 Sudanese coup d'état attempt was a bloodless coup attempt which took place in Sudan on 23 April 1990. Reportedly orchestrated by two retired Armed Forces officers, Major General Abdul Gadir al Kadaru and Brigadier Mohamed Osman Karrar, and planned by junior officers loyal to them, the coup attempt was directed against the RCCNS, the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir (who himself took power in the 1989 coup d'état).


1990 Sudanese coup d'état attempt
According to Bashir, loyalist troops foiled the coup attempt by striking before the plotters could make their move, crushing the coup bid 'in its cradle'. He also claimed the plotters were 'in alliance with the rebels' of the SPLA, a predominantly Christian group that waged the then-ongoing civil war against the Muslim-led central government.


1990 Sudanese coup d'état attempt
The Egyptian news agency MENA said there were unconfirmed reports of an exchange of gunfire at the Khartoum International Airport and the Armed Forces headquarters during the coup attempt.


1990 Sudanese coup d'état attempt
Officials said about 30 officers and retired officers had been arrested.


1990 Sugar Bowl
The 1990 Sugar Bowl was the 56th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Monday, January 1. Part of the 1989–90 bowl game season, it featured the second-ranked independent Miami Hurricanes and the #7 Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Favored Miami won 33–25.


1990 Sugar Bowl
Sponsored by the USF&G insurance company, the game was officially known as the USF&G Sugar Bowl.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Miami
The Hurricanes' only loss was at Florida State in late October. Following their victory over Notre Dame a month later, they accepted an invitation to play in the Sugar Bowl. This was Miami's sixteenth bowl game appearance and second Sugar Bowl.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Alabama
The Crimson Tide won their first ten games, but lost to Auburn in the first-ever Iron Bowl played at Jordan–Hare Stadium, and fell from second to seventh in the AP poll. This was Alabama's 42nd bowl game appearance, eleventh in the Sugar Bowl, but the first in ten years, when they defeated the Arkansas Razorbacks en route to the national championship.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
The game kicked off shortly after 7:30 p.m. CST, following the Rose Bowl on ABC, and shortly after the start of the Orange Bowl on NBC, which matched top-ranked Colorado and #4 Notre Dame.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Miami opened the scoring with Stephen McGuire's three-yard touchdown run. In the second quarter, Alabama tied the game on a four-yard Gary Hollingsworth touchdown pass to Marco Battle. On the next drive the Hurricanes retook the lead after Craig Erickson threw an eighteen-yard touchdown strike to Wesley Carroll. After the Carlos Huerta extra point was blocked by Thomas Rayam Miami led 13–7. The Tide cut the lead to 13–10 midway through the quarter on a 45-yard Philip Doyle field goal. The teams then traded touchdowns to end the quarter with Miami scoring on a three-yard Alex Johnson run and the Crimson Tide scoring on a four-yard touchdown pass from Gary Hollingsworth to Lamonde Russell to make the halftime score 20–17.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
In the third quarter, the Hurricanes extended their lead on an eleven-yard Erickson touchdown pass to Rob Chudzinski and after a second missed extra point the score was 26–17 entering the final period. In the fourth, Miami scored again on a twelve-yard Randy Bethal touchdown reception from Erickson and Alabama scored the final points of the game after Prince Wimbley had a nine-yard touchdown reception from Gary Hollingsworth to make the final score 33–25.


1990 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
With #1 Colorado's loss in the Orange Bowl, both the Associated Press and Coaches' Polls awarded the Hurricanes the national championship, ranking them first in their final rankings. Alabama fell to ninth in the final AP poll.


1990 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1990 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 3–5 at the Birmingham–Jefferson Civic Center in Birmingham, Alabama.


1990 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
South Florida defeated UNC Charlotte in the championship game, 81–74, to win their first Sun Belt men's basketball tournament.


1990 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The Bulls, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 1990 NCAA Tournament, their first appearance in the Division I tournament. They were joined in the tournament by regular season champions UAB, who received an at-large bid.


1990 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
There were no changes to the existing tournament format. All eight conference members were placed into the initial quarterfinal round and each team was seeded based on its regular season conference record.


1990 Super Bowl of Poker
The Super Bowl of Poker (also known as Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker or SBOP) was the second most prestigious poker tournament in the world during the 1980s. While the World Series of Poker was already drawing larger crowds as more and more amateurs sought it out, the SBOP "was an affair limited almost exclusively to pros and hard-core amateurs."


1990 Super Bowl of Poker
Prior to 1979, the only high dollar tournament a person could enter was the WSOP. 1972 WSOP Main Event Champion and outspoken ambassador for poker Amarillo Slim saw this as an opportunity. "The World Series of Poker was so successful that everybody wanted more than one tournament," he said. Slim called upon his connections and friendships with poker's elite to start a new tournament in the February 1979.


1990 Super Bowl of Poker
Before the SBOP had developed a reputation of its own, many of the most respected names in poker attended the tournament "more to support Slim and take advantage of the very fat cash games the event would obviously inspire." Slim modelled his SBOP after the WSOP with several events and a $10,000 Texas Hold'em Main Event.


1990 Super Bowl of Poker
One of the principal differences between the WSOP and the SBOP was the prize structure. The WSOP's prize structure was flat ensuring more people received smaller pieces of the prize pool. The SBOP typically used a 60-30-10 payout structure. In other words, only the first three places received money and generally in the ratio of 60% to first place, 30% to second place, and 10% to third. This payment schedule predominated the SBOP for the first 5 years of the event, but as the event grew the number of payouts increased while keeping the payout schedule top heavy.


1990 Super Bowl of Poker, 1990 Tournament
The 1990 SBOP had arguably one of the toughest final tables ever assembled. Four of the final six players (Jack Keller, Stu Ungar, T. J. Cloutier, and Chip Reese) have all been inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame. A fifth player, Hamid Dastmalchi won the WSOP Main Event in 1992. Between the five of them, they have acquired 20 WSOP bracelets. T. J. Cloutier did at the SBOP what he has failed to do at the WSOP, despite making 4 WSOP Main Event Final tables, by winning the SBOP Main Event. Billy Baxter won the Deuce To Seven Lowball. Deuce to Seven is the format type where Baxter has won five WSOP bracelets. Baxter had finished in second place in various SBOP Deuce to Seven Lowball five times and third once.


1990 Super Bowl of Poker, 1990 Tournament
Hoyt Corkins a two time bracelet and one time World Poker Tour winner won his first major tournament at the 1990 SBOP.


1990 Superbike World Championship
The 1990 Superbike World Championship was the third FIM Superbike World Championship season. The season started on 18 March at Jerez and finished on 18 November at Manfeild Autocourse after 13 rounds.


1990 Superbike World Championship
Frenchman Raymond Roche won the riders' championship and Honda won the manufacturers' championship.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores
The 1990 Supercopa Sudamericana was the third season of the Supercopa Sudamericana, a club football tournament for past Copa Libertadores winners. The tournament was won by Olimpia, who beat Nacional 6–3 on aggregate in the final.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores
Despite being a former Copa Libertadores winner, Colombian side Atlético Nacional were forced to withdraw after CONMEBOL had prohibited international matches in Colombia in 1990 following allegations that a referee was threatened by six gunmen on the occasion of a match between Atlético Nacional and Vasco da Gama during the 1990 Copa Libertadores quarterfinals.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores, First round
The matches were played from 18 October to 8 November. Teams from the same nation could not be drawn against one another. Boca Juniors, as the title holders, entered the competition at the quarterfinal stage.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores, Quarterfinals
The matches were played from 14 November to 21 November.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores, Semifinals
The matches were played from 28 November to 10 December.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores Finals
The 1990 Supercopa Libertadores Finals was a two-legged football series to determine the winner of the 1990 Supercopa Libertadores, played in January 1991. The finals were contested by Paraguayan Club Olimpia and Uruguayan Club Nacional de Football.


1990 Supercopa Libertadores Finals
In the first leg, held in Estadio  Centenario in Montevideo, Olimpia easily defeated Nacional 3–0. The second leg was held in Estadio Defensores del Chaco in Asunción, where both teams tied 3–3. Therefore Olimpia won the series 3–1 on points (6–3 on aggregate), achieving their first Supercopa Libertadores trophy.


1990 Supercopa de España
The 1990 Supercopa de España was two-leg Spanish football matches played on 5 December and 12 December 1990. It contested by Barcelona, who were Spanish Cup winners in 1989–90, and Real Madrid, who won the 1989–90 Spanish League. Real Madrid won 5–1 on aggregate.


1990 Supercoppa Italiana
The 1990 Supercoppa Italiana was a pre-season football match contested by the 1989–90 Serie A winners Napoli and the 1989–90 Coppa Italia winners Juventus.


1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The 1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 12th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The 1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs, and opposed Estrela da Amadora and Porto of the Primeira Liga. Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1989–90 Primeira Divisão, whilst Estrela da Amadora qualified for the Supertaça by winning the 1989–90 Taça de Portugal.


1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The first leg which took place at the Estádio José Gomes, saw Estrela da Amadora defeat Porto 2–1. The second leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas saw Porto defeat Estrela da Amadora 3–0 (4–2 on aggregate), which claimed the Portistas a fifth Supertaça.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état
The 1990 Surinamese coup d'état, usually referred to as the Telephone Coup (Dutch: De Telefooncoup), was a military coup in Suriname on 24 December 1990. The coup was carried out by the acting commander-in-chief of the Suriname National Army (SNL), Police Chief Ivan Graanoogst. As a result of the coup, President Ramsewak Shankar was dismissed from power, and parliament and government were disbanded.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, Background
On 25 February 1980, a military coup d'état occurred in Suriname that was organized by Senior Sergeant Dési Bouterse. Bouterse started to rule Suriname like a dictator, heading the National Military Council (promoting himself to Lieutenant Colonel, the highest rank in the SNL). He dissolved the National Assembly, suspended the constitution, imposed a state of emergency in the country, and created a special tribunal that considered the cases of members of the previous government.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, Background
In 1987, Bouterse agreed to reinstate the constitution and hold an election if he remained the head of the SNL. However, in the November 1987 general election, his National Democratic Party received only 3 of 51 seats in the National Assembly, and the opposition received 40. The presidential election, held on 25 January 1988, was won by Ramsewak Shankar, who was disliked by the SNL, and Henck Arron, who was overthrown during the 1980 coup, was appointed prime minister. Tension between the government and the SNL was growing.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, Background
On 22 December 1990, Bouterse resigned as commander-in-chief and stated that he could not fulfill the role of a clown who "does not have pride and dignity." He was temporarily succeeded by Graanoogst.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, Coup
On 24 December 1990, around midnight Suriname Time (UTC−03:00), Graanoogst told President Shankar by telephone that he was being deposed and that he and his government "had better stay home." On 27 December, the government was dismissed, the National Assembly was dissolved, and Johan Kraag was appointed as president on 29 December. On 31 December, Bouterse was reappointed as commander-in-chief of the SNL.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, World reactions
The Netherlands reacted negatively to the coup and stopped allocating funds for the development of Suriname. Only after the inauguration of President Ronald Venetiaan in 1991 did relations between Suriname and the Netherlands improve significantly.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, World reactions
Because the international community perceived the coup negatively, the SNL was forced under international pressure to hold the May 1991 general election with the participation of international observers.


1990 Surinamese coup d'état, Consequences
Less than a year later, Lieutenant Colonel Bouterse again transferred power to the civilian government, which was again led by the opposition. Since then, Suriname has been governed by coalition government. From 1991 to 1996, the president was Ronald Venetiaan, an opponent of Bouterse. During the 2010 presidential election, Bouterse was elected president.


1990 Sutton London Borough Council election
The 1990 Sutton Council election took place on 3 May 1990 to elect members of Sutton London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats gained overall control of the council.


1990 Suzuka 1000km
The 1990 1000 km of Suzuka was the fourth race of the 1990 All Japan Sports Prototype Car Endurance Championship. It was run on August 26, 1990.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour
The 1990 Swedish Golf Tour was the seventh season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments held in Sweden and Finland.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour
All the tournaments also featured on the 1990 Challenge Tour.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour, Schedule
The season consisted of 14 events played between May and September.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
The 1990 Swedish Golf Tour was the fifth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments for women held in Sweden.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
Tournament Directors were Rolf Ericsson, Claes Grönberg and Pia Nilsson. The player council consisted of Katrin Möllerstedt, Susann Norberg, Viveca Hoff and Liv Wollin. Tournaments were played over 54 holes with no cut, the SI and LET events over 72 holes with cuts.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
Amateur Annika Sörenstam, Margareta Bjurö and Jennifer Allmark captured the most titles with two wins each, while Marie Wennersten-From won her first Order of Merit.


1990 Swedish Golf Tour (women), Schedule
The season consisted of 9 tournaments played between May and September, where one event was included on the 1990 Ladies European Tour.


1990 Swedish Open
The 1990 Swedish Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Båstad, Sweden. It was part of the World Series of the 1990 ATP Tour and of the Tier V category of the 1990 WTA Tour. It was the 43rd edition of the tournament and was held from 9 July until 15 July 1990. Richard Fromberg and Sandra Cecchini won the singles titles.


1990 Swedish Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Ronnie Båthman /  Rikard Bergh defeated  Jan Gunnarsson /  Udo Riglewski, 6–1, 6–4


1990 Swedish Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Mercedes Paz /  Tine Scheuer-Larsen defeated  Carin Bakkum /  Nicole Muns-Jagerman 6–3, 6–7(10–12), 6–2


1990 Swedish football Division 1, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and GIF Sundsvall and BK Häcken won the championship.


1990 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of the Swedish football Division 2 for the 1990 season.


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 1990 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 10–12 August 1990 at the Anderstorp.


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Last year, Wayne Rainey lost any chance at the championship by crashing on this track, and this year he has a points advantage on Kevin Schwantz, but a DNF would just about erase the lead. He’s asked:


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Q: “Is this going to be one of the occasions when you go for points rather than a win?”


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
WR: “Well, I’m going to go for both; it’s going to be tough tomorrow for those guys that have been going fast—if they go the same speed tomorrow; so we’re just going to ride around, have some fun and collect all the points we can get.”Q: “You’ll be satisfied then if you don’t win?”


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the light, Rainey gets the start and is followed by Eddie Lawson, Mick Doohan, Randy Mamola, Carl Fogarty and Wayne Gardner. Schwantz is behind with another bad start.


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Schwantz soon moves into fourth place, but then crashes out and ends much hope for the championship.


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
The race develops into two pairs: Rainey and Lawson on the Yamahas, then a small gap to the Hondas of Doohan and Gardner. Will Lawson stay behind Rainey and help him out as he said he would earlier in the season?


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Gardner leaves Doohan and shows Lawson a wheel, but Lawson keeps Gardner under control for the moment. Ron Haslam crashes and runs off the track just as the leaders zoom in.


1990 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Gardner isn’t able to match Rainey and Lawson’s pace and finishes in third, and Lawson’s second place may have been deliberate in order to help teammate Rainey.


1990 Swiss Indoors
The 1990 Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland that was part of the World Series of the 1990 ATP Tour. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and took place from 24 September until 30 September 1990. Third-seeded John McEnroe won the singles title.


1990 Swiss Indoors, Finals, Singles
John McEnroe defeated  Goran Ivanišević 	6–7(4–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 6–3, 6–4


1990 Swiss Indoors, Finals, Doubles
Stefan Kruger /  Christo van Rensburg defeated  Neil Broad /  Gary Muller 4–6, 7–6, 6–3


1990 Swiss referendums
Ten referendums were held in Switzerland in 1990. The first six were held on 1 April on four popular initiatives, a federal resolution on viticulture and an amendment to the federal law on the organisation of the federal judiciary. The four popular initiatives were all related to roadbuilding; "Stop the concrete – for a limitation on road making," "for an autobahn-free countryside between Murten and Yverdon," "for an autobahn-free Knonauer Amt," and "for a free Aarelandschaft between Biel and Solothurn/Zuchwil." All six were rejected by voters.


1990 Swiss referendums
The last four were held on 23 September on two popular initiatives to phase out nuclear power and to stop the construction of any new nuclear power plants, as well as on a federal resolution on the energy article in the Swiss Federal Constitution and an amendment to the federal law on road traffic. Whilst the nuclear power phase-out was rejected, the other three proposals were approved.


1990 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1990 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. This season marked the end of two eras for Syracuse football. First, it was Dick MacPherson's final year as head coach. He would leave to coach the 1991 New England Patriots. Second, it was the final season for Syracuse football as an independent. Starting with the 1991 season, the Big East Conference, of which Syracuse was a founding member, began sponsoring football competition.


1990 Syrian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Syria on 22 and 23 May 1990. No political parties were permitted outside the National Progressive Front, though candidates outside this group could run as independents. Approximately 9,000 candidates ran as independents. Members were elected using the multiple non-transferable vote in fifteen districts, with an average district magnitude of 16.6. The result was a victory for the Ba'ath Party, which won 134 of the 250 seats. Voter turnout was 49.6%.


1990 São Paulo FC season
The 1990 season was São Paulo's 61st season since club's existence.


1990 São Toméan constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in São Tomé and Príncipe on 22 August 1990. The new constitution would introduce multi-party democracy for the first time since independence, as well as limiting the President to two terms. It was approved by 95.3% of voters. Parliamentary and presidential elections were held the following year.


1990 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1990 Trans America Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament (now known as the Atlantic Sun Men's Basketball Tournament) was held March 6–8 at Barton Coliseum in Little Rock, Arkansas.


1990 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
In a rematch of the 1989 final, Arkansas–Little Rock upset top-seeded Centenary (LA) in the championship game, 105–95, to win their third (and second consecutive) TAAC/Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament.


1990 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The Trojans, therefore, received the TAAC's automatic bid to the 1990 NCAA Tournament, where they lost to eventual-champion UNLV in the first round.


1990 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
Houston Baptist departed the TAAC prior to the season, leaving the conference membership at nine. Nonetheless, only the top eight teams in the conference standings were invited to the tournament.


1990 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1990 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 5–6 overall and 3–5 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Jim Wacker, in his eighth year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1990 TFL Statewide League season
The 1990 TFL Statewide League premiership season was an Australian rules football competition staged across Tasmania over 21 roster rounds and 6 finals series matches between 31 March and 22 September 1990. The League was known as the Cascade-Boags Statewide League under a dual commercial naming-rights sponsorship agreement worth A$1.08 million over the following three years with both Cascade Brewery in Hobart and Boag's Brewery in Launceston.


1990 TFL Statewide League season, 1990 TFL Statewide League Ladder, Round 11
(Saturday, 9 June. Sunday, 10 June & Monday, 11 June 1990)


1990 TFL Statewide League season, 1990 TFL Statewide League Ladder, Round 19
Note: Match switched to KGV due to flooding at Boyer Oval.


1990 TFL Statewide League season, 1990 TFL Statewide League Ladder, Round 20
Note: Wayne Fox (Sandy Bay) registers his 1000th TFL goal, 22 minutes into the first quarter.


1990 Taiwanese presidential election
Indirect elections were held for the presidency and vice-presidency of the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan on March 21, 1990. The vote took place at the Chung-Shan Building in Yangmingshan, Taipei. Incumbent President Lee Teng-hui was re-elected, with Secretary-General to the President Lee Yuan-tsu as the Vice President. It was the last indirect presidential election in Taiwan.


1990 Taiwanese presidential election, Overview
Incumbent president Lee Teng-hui served as vice president under Chiang Ching-kuo before he succeeded Chiang, who died in office in 1988. After Chiang's death, the struggle between different factions in the Kuomintang surfaced for Chiang's successor. While Lee Teng-hui and Lee Yuan-tsu received nominations from the party in February 1990, a ticket of Lin Yang-kang and Chiang Wei-kuo was also pushed forward by the other factions until Lin decided not to run on March 9.


1990 Taiwanese presidential election, Overview
The main opposition party the Democratic Progressive Party launched a campaign for the direct election of the president, illegally nominating activist Huang Hua as their presidential candidate. The Wild Lily student movement led by National Taiwan University students also called for direct elections of the president and vice president and new popular elections for all representatives in the National Assembly. After the election, Lee abolished the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion and pushed for the full democratization.


1990 Taiwanese presidential election, Electors
The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place Chung-Shan Building in Yangmingshan, Taipei. According to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, National Assembly delegates elected in the following elections were eligible to vote:


1990 Taiwanese presidential election, Electors
In total, there were 738 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this eighth session of the first National Assembly.


1990 Tajik Supreme Soviet election
Supreme Soviet elections were held in the Tajik SSR on 25 February 1990. The Communist Party of Tajikistan was the only legal political party at the time, with only independent candidates contesting seats. The CPT won 96% of the 230 seats in Parliament.


1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
The 1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 15th season in the National Football League.


1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
Head coach Ray Perkins and Bucs players were getting criticized by fans with his 3-a-day training camp practices. Leaving many players complaining of fatigue late in the year, and with injuries that never really healed themselves throughout the end of the season.


1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
Still, after starting 4–2 via four wins against divisional opponents, the Buccaneers dropped two out of three games to a weak Dallas Cowboys team. Later in the year, quarterback Vinny Testaverde and receiver Willie Drewrey combined on an 89-yard touchdown pass in week 13 for the longest play in franchise history. Coach Perkins was fired after that game and the team fell short of a possible break even season with two losses to end the season, although the 6-10 record was Tampa Bay's best since 1984, John McKay's last season as coach.


1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
Offensive coordinator Richard Williamson was made head coach for the 1991 season based on a 1–2 record. Tax records showed the Buccaneers were one of the most profitable teams during this time, even though owner Hugh Culverhouse announced the Bucs were losing money and needed to play games in Orlando, Florida to gain income.


1990 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
The Buccaneers officially finished second in the NFC Central thanks to their 5-3 divisional record. The other three teams in the division who went 6-10--the Lions, Packers and Vikings--all went 3-5 in division games. The second place finish was their highest since winning the division in 1981, and would be their highest until 1997.


1990 Tanzanian general election
General elections were held in Tanzania on 28 October 1990. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi as the sole legal party. For the National Assembly election there were two candidates from the same party in each constituencies, whilst the presidential election was effectively a referendum on CCM leader Ali Hassan Mwinyi's candidacy.


1990 Tanzanian general election
The number of constituencies was increased from 119 to 130. Voter turnout was 74.4% of the 7,296,553 registered voters.


1990 Tanzanian general election
Following the lifting of the ban on other political parties in 1992, this was the last one-party election to be held in Tanzania.


1990 Tayside Regional Council election
The fifth election to Tayside Regional Council was held on 3 May 1990 as part of the wider 1990 Scottish regional elections and British local elections. The election saw the council remain under no overall control, with Labour keeping their position as the single largest party on the 46 seat council.


1990 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1990 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1989–90 Taça de Portugal, the 50th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The final was played at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed Primeira Liga side Estrela da Amadora and Second Division side Farense. As the inaugural final match finished 1–1, the final was replayed a week later at the same venue with Os Tricolor  defeating the Leões de Faro 2–0 to claim their first Taça de Portugal.


1990 Taça de Portugal Final
In Portugal, the final was televised live on RTP. As a result of Estrela da Amadora winning the Taça de Portugal, they qualified for the 1990 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira where they took on 1989–90 Primeira Divisão winners Porto.


1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
The 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing, also known as 1990 Khanlar bus bombing occurred on 10 August 1990, in the vicinity of Khanlar (now known as Goygol) when an explosive device blew up in a bus 12.5 km away from Azerbaijan's second largest city, Ganja.


1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing, Fatalities
The bus with 60 passengers on board was travelling from the Georgian capital of Tbilisi to the Azerbaijani town of Agdam. Fatalities reports range from 15 to 20. The number of the wounded with various degrees of injuries range from 16 to 30.


1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing, Perpetrators
The bombing was carried out by two ethnic Armenians, operatives of the alleged militant organization Vrezh, based in Rostov-on-Don. The organization's debut was the bombing of a Tbilisi-Baku bus on 16 September 1989, leaving 5 civilians dead and 27 injured. The perpetrators of Khanlar bombing were two Armenian militants Armen Mikhailovich Avanesyan and Mikhail Mikhailovich Tatevosov (Tatevosyan) who were arrested before their next plot on the same Agdam-Tbilisi route, planned for 17 June 1991 was realized. The Supreme Court of Azerbaijan charged and found them guilty in May 1992, sentencing Avanesyan and Tatevosyan to death and 15 years of imprisonment, respectively. Tatevosov was later exchanged for an Azerbaijani hostage in Tartar District of Azerbaijan in May 1992.


1990 Team Ice Racing World Championship
The 1990 Team Ice Racing World Championship was the 12th edition of the Team World Championship. The final was held on ?, 1990, in Alma-Ata in Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union won their tenth title.


1990 Tejano Music Awards
The 10th Tejano Music Awards were held in 1990. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians.


1990 Temple Mount riots
The 1990 Temple Mount riots,  or the Al Aqsa Massacre, also known as Black Monday, took place at the Temple Mount, Jerusalem at 10:30 am on Monday, 8 October 1990 before Zuhr prayer during the third year of the First Intifada. Following a decision by the Temple Mount Faithful to lay the cornerstone for the Temple, mass riots erupted, In the ensuing clashes, 17 Palestinians died , more than 150 Palestinians were wounded by Israeli security forces, and more than 20 Israeli civilians and police were wounded by Palestinians.


1990 Temple Mount riots
United Nations Security Council Resolution 672, which was rejected by Israel, "condemned especially the acts of violence committed by the Israeli security forces" and United Nations Security Council Resolution 673 urged that Israel reconsider its refusal to allow United Nations Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar to carry out an investigation.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Background
The Temple Mount is the holiest place on earth for Jews, a place where God manifested, and where the First and Second Temple stood. The mount, in Jewish mystical belief, is also the beginning and the end of the world. In contrast, the Muslims view the site as holy and are apprehensive regarding a possible Jewish takeover. The mount has been a recurring flashpoint.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Background
During the 1989 Sukkot festival, the Temple Mount Faithful first attempted to march with a foundation stone to the mount. Prevented by police, this still provoked a violent reaction from Muslim worshipers who hurled stones at Jewish worshipers at the Western Wall below.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Background
During 1990, the Muslim waqf erected pulpits and gardens in previously empty locations on the mount in order to head off a presumed Jewish encroachment. The Temple Mount Faithful appealed to the Israeli high court so that the antiquities law would be enforced so that ancient artifacts would not be destroyed.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Background
Due to the violent events of 1989, police placed strict restrictions on the planned 1990 Sukkot march with the foundation stone announcing in Jewish and Arab media that the Temple Mount Faithful would not be allowed near the mount. The faithful said they would march towards the mount nonetheless, and erect a Sukkah. Muslim authorities called on Muslim believers to stop the march with their bodies, and on October 7 masked men went door to door in an Arab neighborhood demanding that residents participate. Palestinian media and Hamas publicized the issue.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
Palestinians on the Temple Mount began throwing stones at Jews worshiping, on a religious holiday, at the Western Wall below. The only security forces present, 40 men from the paramilitary Israeli Border Police, used live ammunition on the Palestinians. They killed at least 21. There were no Israeli deaths. The Israeli Government claimed that the Palestinians brought the stones with them and staged the incident as a political provocation. The Temple Mount is a paved plain that usually has few if any stones. But at this time construction work did provide material for missiles.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
Zeev Schiff, the respected defense correspondent of the newspaper Haaretz, said the Palestinians began throwing stones only after mosques in the nearby village of Silwan announced through loudspeakers that Jewish extremists had come there. The extremists were from the Temple Mount Faithful, who proposed to rebuild Solomon's Temple where the Al-Aqsa mosque now stands.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
According to the Israeli "Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Events on Temple Mount on 8 October 1990":


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
The members of the Wakf knew that the High Court had refused the Temple Mount Faithful petition to lay the cornerstone of the Third Temple, and did not respond to requests by Israel Police officers on the morning of the incident to calm the crowd. This, even after the police informed the Wakf that they would also prevent the Temple Mount Faithful, and anyone else, from visiting the area, though such visits are allowed by law.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
The incident itself began when, suddenly, violent and threatening calls were sounded over the loudspeakers "Allahu Akbar" [God is Great], "Ahad" [Holy War], "Itbah Al-Yahud" [Slaughter the Jews]). Immediately afterwards, enormous amounts of rocks, construction materials and metal objects were thrown at Israeli policemen who were present at the site. Many in the incited, rioting mob threw stones and metal objects from a very short range, and some even wielded knives. The actions of the rioters, and certainly the inciters, constituted a threat to the lives of the police, the thousands of worshippers at the Western Wall and to themselves.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Events
This was a serious criminal offense committed by masses who were incited by preachers over loudspeakers, and this is what led to the tragic chain of events. [ ...] Nineteen policemen were injured as well as nine Western Wall worshippers. According to Police statistics, 20 people were killed and 52 injured on the Temple Mount.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
On October 10, The United States proposed a resolution, supported by the United Nations Secretary General, Javier Perez de Cuellar, to investigate the al-Aqsa incident and to report back to the Security Council promptly. which was by far the most critical of Israel introduced by the United States. The UN issued the following resolution on October 12, 1990, referencing the event:


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
Res


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
. 672 (Oct. 12, 1990) – "Expresses alarm at the violence which took place" on October 8, 1990, "at the Al Haram al Shareef and other Holy Places of Jerusalem resulting in over twenty Palestinian deaths and to the injury of more than one hundred and fifty people, including Palestinian civilians and innocent worshippers", "Condemns especially the acts of violence committed by the Israeli forces resulting in injuries and loss of human life", and "Requests, in connection with the decision of the Secretary-General to send a mission to the region, which the Council welcomes, that he submit a report to it before the end of October 1990 containing his findings and conclusions and that he use as appropriate all the resources of the United Nations in the region in carrying out the mission."


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
Israel ended up rejecting the resolution, saying it did not pay attention to attacks by rocks on Jewish worshippers at the Western Wall. In turn, the UN Security Council unanimously backed UN Security Council Resolution 673 on Oct. 24, 1990 condemning Israeli rejection of the UN fact finding mission.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
Deplores the refusal of the Israeli Government to receive the mission of the Secretary-General to the region", and "Urges the Israeli Government to reconsider its decision and insists that it comply fully with resolution 672 (1990) and to permit the mission of the Secretary-General to proceed in keeping with its purpose.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
Failing to get agreement from Israel, the Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on October 31 published his report. In the report, he stated:


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
The Secretary-General has thus been unable to secure independent information on the spot, about the circumstances surrounding the recent events in Jerusalem and similar developments in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Widespread coverage has, however, been given by the international press to the clashes that occurred at Al-Haram Al-Shareef and other Holy Places of Jerusalem on 8 October 1990. According to reports, which vary, some 17 to 21 Palestinians were killed and more than 150 wounded by Israeli security forces, and more than 20 Israeli civilians and police were wounded by Palestinians.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
While there are conflicting opinions as to what provoked the clashes, observers on the spot, including personnel of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), stated that live ammunition was used against Palestinian civilians. Attention is drawn, in this connection, to the fact that a number of inquiries have been conducted. Apart from the [Israeli] Commission of Investigation referred to in paragraphs 3, 4 and 7 above, several Israeli and Palestinian human rights organizations have conducted inquiries of their own. The findings of two of them, B'Tselem and Al-Haq, were communicated to the Secretary-General, on 14 October and 28 October 1990, respectively, and are being issued separately as addenda to the present report.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
Following the report, United Nations Security Council Resolution 681 on 20 December 1990, referring to Resolutions 672 and 673, called on Israel to apply the Fourth Geneva Convention to Palestinians in the occupied territories.


1990 Temple Mount riots, International response
In their Annual 1990 World Report Human Rights Watch condemned the Israeli report on the incident as "only mentioning in passing the 'uncontrolled use of live ammunition' by police, giving scant attention to what should have been a central issue: the use of excessive force, including shooting into a crowd with bursts of automatic-weapon fire."


1990 Temple Mount riots, Israeli response
The Israeli Government claimed that the Palestinians brought the stones with them and staged the incident as a political provocation. The Temple Mount is a paved plain that usually has few if any stones. But at this time construction work did provide some stones.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Israeli response
Israel rejected the UN resolution condemning the incident and calling for investigation, saying it did not pay attention to attacks on Jewish worshippers at the Western Wall, and that it was an interference in its internal affairs. Israel refused entry to the mission, with Resolution 673 urging Israel to reconsider its decision.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Israeli response
On October 26, 1990, Israel issued a report concerning the violence and concluded that Israel police acted with prudence once it came under attack citing fear for the safety of policemen on Temple Mount. The report also had some criticism of the police for not assessing properly the situation and not being prepared with a larger force to deal with any eventuality.


1990 Temple Mount riots, Palestinian response
Palestinians claimed they threw missiles only after the police fired at them while the police claimed it was the other way around. The Higher Islamic Council commissioned a report on the events and submitted it to the United Nations on October 28, 1990. In the report the Palestinians claimed "Moslems threw stones at the soldiers only after they were shot at with live ammunition and tear gas, and then only to defend themselves and to stop the soldiers. Moslems did not in any way assault holy places and worshipers from other religions, an act which would be against the very essence of their religion."


1990 Temple Owls football team
The 1990 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its second season under head coach Jerry Berndt, the team compiled a 7–4 record and was outscored by a total of 269 to 261. The team played its home games at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia.


1990 Temple Owls football team
The team's statistical leaders included Matt Baker with 1,462 passing yards, Scott McNair with 623 rushing yards, Rich Drayton with 564 receiving yards, and placekicker Bob Wright with 85 points scored.


1990 Tennent's Sixes
The 1990 Tennents' Sixes was the seventh staging of the indoor 6-a-side football tournament. For the fifth time it was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) in Glasgow on 28 and 29 January with a first prize of £16,000.


1990 Tennent's Sixes
All clubs in the 1989-90 Premier Division season competed and the two group winners and runners-up qualified to the semi-finals. Both semi-final ties were decided on penalties and Hibernian beat St Mirren 2–0 in the final to win their first Sixes title.


1990 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1990 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Johnny Majors, in his 14th year, and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of nine wins, two losses, and two ties (9–2–2 overall, 5–1–1 in the SEC), as SEC Champions and with a victory over Virginia in the Sugar Bowl. The Volunteers offense scored 465 points while the defense allowed 220 points.


1990 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1990 Tennessee gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1990. Incumbent Democrat Ned McWherter was successfully reelected, defeating his Republican opponent Dwight Henry, a little-known one term member of the Tennessee House of Representatives.


1990 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1990 Texas A&M Aggies football team completed the season with a 9–3–1 record. The Aggies had a regular season Southwest Conference record of 5–2–1. The team was ranked #15 in the final AP Poll and #13 in the final Coaches Poll.


1990 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1990 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. They were represented in the Southwest Conference. They played their home games at Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas. The team was led by head coach David McWilliams.


1990 Texas Rangers season
The Texas Rangers 1990 season involved the Rangers finishing 3rd in the American League west with a record of 83 wins and 79 losses.


1990 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1990 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1990 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth season under head coach Spike Dykes, the Red Raiders compiled a 4–7 record (3–5 against SWC opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 356 to 322. The team played its home games at Clifford B. and Audrey Jones Stadium in Lubbock, Texas.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1990 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1990, to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Republican Governor Bill Clements did not run for re-election, so the election pitted Democrat Ann Richards against Republican Clayton Williams. Richards narrowly defeated Williams on Election Day, winning 50% of the vote to Williams' 47%. As of 2021, this is the last time a Democrat was elected Governor of Texas.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election, Campaign
Midland businessman Clayton Williams handily won the Republican primary. Williams's vote total exceeded that of his nearest challenger, former Congressman and soon-to-be-former Railroad Commissioner Kent Hance by more than 45 percentage points. T. Boone Pickens, CEO of Amarillo's Mesa Petroleum, was considered a likely candidate for much of 1989. However, on August 30, 1989, Pickens announced at a luncheon in Dallas that he would not run for the governorship in 1990. But Pickens, who also announced he would be relocating from Amarillo to Dallas, said he would consider a run for the governorship in 1994.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election, Campaign
George W. Bush, who had just become part owner of the Texas Rangers baseball club, also declined to run for governor after briefly exploring a run for the governorship in 1990. He did so on the advice of his mother.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election, Campaign
Meanwhile, Democrat Ann Richards placed first in a six-person primary that included Texas Attorney General Jim Mattox and former governor Mark White, the latter of whom sought to return to the governor's mansion four years after losing his bid to remain Governor of Texas.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election, Campaign
Williams spent freely from his personal fortune, running a "Good Old Boy" campaign initially appealing to conservatives. Prior to a series of gaffes, he was leading Richards (the race was dubbed "Claytie vs. The Lady") in the polls and was in striking distance of becoming only the second Republican governor of Texas since Reconstruction. Meanwhile, Libertarian nominee Jeff Daiell was launching a TV campaign which, combined with personal appearances across Texas, boosted him to a showing of 129,128 votes. His drawing power made Richards the first Texas governor in many years elected without a majority.


1990 Texas gubernatorial election, Campaign
In one of his widely publicized missteps, Williams refused to shake hands with Ann Richards in a public debate, an act seen as uncouth. Earlier, Williams made an infamous joke to reporters, likening bad weather to rape, having quipped: "If it's inevitable, just relax and enjoy it". In addition, it has been claimed that as an undergraduate at Texas A&M, he had participated in visits to the Chicken Ranch, a well-known Texas brothel in La Grange, and the Boy's Towns of Mexico. As a result of his reported comments, Williams was occasionally parodied, such as in the mock political ad, "Satan Williams", which appeared on Dallas/Fort Worth public television during the 1990 campaign season. Richards was sworn-in as the 45th Governor of Texas on January 15, 1991.


1990 The Citadel Bulldogs baseball team
1990 The Citadel Bulldogs baseball team represented The Citadel in the 1990 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Bulldogs played their home games in College Park. The team was coached by Chal Port, in his 26th season at The Citadel.


1990 The Citadel Bulldogs baseball team
The Bulldogs won their first Southern Conference Baseball Tournament, hosted in their home park. They then went on to win the Atlantic Regional of the 1990 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament, earning a berth in the 1990 College World Series. During the regular season, The Citadel won 26 consecutive games, the longest of any team in the 1990 season. The Bulldogs were ranked #6 in the final Collegiate Baseball poll.


1990 The Citadel Bulldogs baseball team
Three players from the team would go on to serve as head coaches at the Division I level. Dan McDonnell became head coach at Louisville in 2007, Chris Lemonis became head coach at Indiana in 2015, and Tony Skole served as head coach at East Tennessee State from 2000 to 2017 before taking over at The Citadel in 2018.


1990 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1990 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1990 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Bulldogs were led by fourth-year head coach Charlie Taaffe and played their home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. They played as members of the Southern Conference, as they have since 1936. In 1990, The Citadel made their second appearance in the I-AA playoffs, and second in three years.


1990 The Hills state by-election
A by-election was held in the state electoral district of The Hills on 1 September 1990. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Fred Caterson (Liberal).


1990 The Winston
The 1990 edition of The Winston was a stock car racing competition that took place on May 20, 1990. Held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, the 70-lap race was an exhibition race in the 1990 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Dale Earnhardt of Richard Childress Racing won the pole and led all 70 laps to win the race and collect a total purse of US$325,000. He also became the first two-time winner of The Winston.


1990 The Winston
Unlike the previous two events, which ran for 135 laps and three segments each, this race used a 70-lap, two-segment format.


1990 The Winston, Background
The Winston was open to race winners from last season through the 1990 Winston 500 at Talladega Superspeedway. Because the field did not meet the minimum requirement of 19 cars, the remaining spots were awarded to the most recent winning drivers prior to the 1988 season. Neil Bonnett was eligible for this race, but had to bow out due to an injury he sustained at Darlington on April 1. As a result, his eligibility was given to Morgan Shepherd.


1990 The Winston, Race summary, Segment 1 (50 laps)
Dale Earnhardt won the pole while Davey Allison took the outside pole. Dick Trickle made the starting grid by winning the Winston Open after beating Rob Moroso by a margin of only eight inches. Allison and Bill Elliott served as the onboard camera cars throughout the race. As the green flag dropped, Earnhardt charged forward while Darrell Waltrip overtook Allison for second place. By the fifth lap, Mark Martin took second place from Waltrip and set his sights on Earnhardt. On lap 8, defending champion Rusty Wallace retired from the race after his engine expired. Segment 1 ended with Earnhardt taking the checkered flag while leading all 50 laps.


1990 The Winston, Race summary, Segment 2 (20 laps)
Earnhardt led the field on the second segment. Elliott suddenly lost momentum as Martin, Alan Kulwicki, and Ken Schrader passed him. The caution flag waved on lap 54 after NASCAR officials spotted oil on turns one and two. On the restart, Schrader challenged Martin for second place with Elliott close behind them while Trickle and Allison fought Kulwicki for fifth place. In the end, Earnhardt held off Schrader to win the race and US$200,000, becoming the first two-time winner and the first and only flag-to-flag winner of The Winston.


1990 Thomas & Uber Cup
The 1990 Thomas & Uber Cup was the 16th tournament of the Thomas Cup, and the 13th tournament of the Uber Cup, which are the major international team competitions in world badminton. The 1990 final stage was held in Tokyo, Japan, in May 1990.


1990 Thomas & Uber Cup, Host city selection
Singapore, Japan and South Korea submitted bids to host the tournament. The host selection was decided in May 1988, in Kuala Lumpur, at the same time with the 1988 Thomas & Uber Cup. At the general meeting, Tokyo, Japan, was selected to host the tournament.


1990 Thomas & Uber Cup, Thomas Cup, Teams
53 teams took part in the competition, and eight teams qualified for the Final Stage, including China, as defending champions, and Japan, as the host team.


1990 Thomas & Uber Cup, Uber Cup, Teams
42 teams took part in the competition, and eight teams qualified for the Final Stage.


1990 Thomastown state by-election
A by-election was held for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Thomastown on 3 February 1990. The by-election was triggered by the death on 16 December 1989 of Beth Gleeson, the sitting Labor MP.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships
The 1990 Cincinnati Open, (also known as the Thriftway ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 89st edition of the tournament and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place in Mason, Ohio, United States from August 6 through August 12, 1990.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships
The tournament had previously appeared on the Tier III Series of the WTA Tour but no event was held from 1989 to 2003.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships
The singles field was headlined by World No. 1, Wimbledon champion, Tokyo outdoor, Los Angeles, Indian Wells Masters title holder and Australian Open runner-up, 1987 Cincinnati winner Stefan Edberg, San Francisco, Washington, Key Biscayne winner, French Open finalist Andre Agassi and Barcelona, Madrid winner, French Open losing finalist Andrés Gómez. Other top seeds were Rotterdam, Orlando titlist Brad Gilbert, Tokyo outdoor finalist Aaron Krickstein, Jay Berger, Michael Chang and John McEnroe.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships, Champions, Doubles
Darren Cahill /  Mark Kratzmann defeated  Neil Broad /  Gary Muller 7–6, 6–2.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships – Doubles
The 1990 Cincinnati Open, (also known as the Thriftway ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 91st edition of the tournament and was part of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States from August 13 through August 20, 1990. Ken Flach and Robert Seguso were the defending champions, but lost in the second round to Sven Salumaa and Byron Talbot. Darren Cahill and Mark Kratzmann won in the final, 7–6, 6–2, against Neil Broad and Gary Muller.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships – Doubles, Seeds
The top four seeded teams received byes to the second round.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships – Singles
The Singles competition of the 1990 Cincinnati Open (known as the Thriftway ATP Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 91st edition of the tournament and was part of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States from August 06 through August 12, 1990. Brad Gilbert was the defending champion but Stefan Edberg defeated him 6–1, 6–1 in the final.


1990 Thriftway ATP Championships – Singles, Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1990 Thuringian state election
The 1990 Thuringia state election was held on 14 October 1990 to elect the members of the first Landtag of Thuringia. It was the first election held in Thuringia since the reunification of Germany, which took place on 3 October. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Josef Duchač emerged as the largest party with 45.4%, followed by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) with 22.8%. The CDU formed a coalition with the Free Democratic Party (FDP), and Duchač became Thuringia's first post-reunification Minister-President.


1990 Thuringian state election, Parties
The table below lists parties which won seats in the election.


1990 Tippeligaen
The 1990 Tippeligaen was the 46th completed season of top division football in Norway. The season began on 29 April 1990 and ended on 7 October 1990.


1990 Tippeligaen
Twenty-two games were played with 3 points given for each win and 1 for each draw. Number eleven and twelve were relegated. The winners of the two groups of the 2. divisjon was promoted, as well as the winner of a series of play-off matches between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the 2. divisjon and number ten in Tippeligaen.


1990 Tippeligaen
This was the first year the top flight of Norwegian football would be called Tippeligaen, from its sponsor, Norsk Tipping. However, the league was still unofficially known by its former name 1. divisjon in the general public. And by the end of the season, it was decided to let the second level of Norwegian football inherit the name 1. divisjon from the 1991 season to strengthen Tippeligaen as a brand.


1990 Tippeligaen, Relegation play-offs
The qualification matches were contested between Lillestrøm (10th in Tippeligaen), Bryne (2nd in the 2. divisjon - Group A), and Eik-Tønsberg (2nd in the 2. divisjon - Group B). Lillestrøm won and stayed in Tippeligaen.


1990 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1990 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 100th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 15 September 1990 and ended on 14 October 1990.


1990 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Clonoulty-Rossmore were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Kilruane MacDomaghs at the quarter-final stage.


1990 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
On 14 October 1990, Holycross-Ballycahill won the title after a 0-13 to 0-10 defeat of Cashel King Cormacs in the final at Semple Stadium. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1954. It remains their last championship title.


1990 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Holycross-Ballycahill's Stephen Dwan was the championship's top scorer with 2-20.


1990 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 1990 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 25th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 7 March to 14 March 1990. The race started in Bacoli and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Tony Rominger of the Chateau d'Ax team.


1990 Togolese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Togo on 4 March 1990, with a second round on 18 March in eight constituencies. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Rally of the Togolese People as the sole legal party. The election won contested by 230 candidates running for 77 seats. Voter turnout was 78.7%.


1990 Tokyo Indoor
The 1990 Tokyo Indoor, also known by its sponsored name Seiko Super Tennis, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan that was part of the 1990 ATP Tour and was an ATP Championship Series event, today known as the ATP World Tour 500 series. The tournament was held from 8 October through 14 October 1990. Matches were the best of three sets. Third-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.


1990 Tokyo Indoor, Finals, Doubles
Guy Forget /  Jakob Hlasek defeated  Scott Davis /  David Pate 7–6, 7–5


1990 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles
For the 1990 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles Kevin Curren and David Pate were the defending champions, but Curren did not participate this year. Pate partnered Scott Davis, losing in the final.


1990 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles
Guy Forget and Jakob Hlasek won the title, defeating Davis and Pate 7–6, 7–5 in the final.


1990 Tokyo Indoor – Singles
Aaron Krickstein was the defending champion, but lost in the second round this year.


1990 Tokyo Indoor – Singles
Ivan Lendl won the title, defeating Boris Becker in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1990 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 1990 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Rockets were led by first-year head coach Nick Saban, and competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC). They finished the season with a record of nine wins and two losses (9–2, 7–1 in MAC play) and as MAC co–champions with Central Michigan.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1990 Rockets squad opened the season with six consecutive victories over Miami (OH), Northern Illinois, Ball State, Ohio, Eastern Michigan and Bowling Green. At the time of the matchup, their meeting against Central Michigan served as a de facto MAC conference championship game. Although Toledo lost 13–12, victories over Kent State and Western Michigan coupled with a Central Michigan loss to Ball State gave the Rockets a share of the MAC championship. Toledo then concluded the season with a loss to Navy and a victory over Arkansas State.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team
In February 1991, Nick Saban resigned as head coach of the Rockets after only one season to become defensive coordinator of the National Football League's Cleveland Browns.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Before the season
Toledo finished their 1989 season with a record of six wins and five losses (6–5, 6–2 in MAC play) and tied for second place in the final conference standings. Although the Rockets finished the season with a winning record, on November 22, 1989, head coach Dan Simrell was fired by Toledo athletic director Al Bohl. By mid-December, the finalists were narrowed to Pete Cordelli (then the quarterbacks coach at Notre Dame) and Nick Saban (then the secondary coach for the Houston Oilers). On December 22, 1989, Bohl announced that Saban had been hired to replace Simrell as head coach at Toledo. The position was Saban's first as a head coach.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Miami
To open the 1990 season, Toledo traveled to Oxford to play the Miami Redskins. In what was both the head coaching debut for Saban and the Redskins' Randy Walker, the Rockets won 20–14. Toledo scored first on a one-yard Troy Parker run early in the first quarter for a 7–0 lead. However, Miami responded on the kickoff that followed when Milt Stegall returned it 92-yards for the score to tie the game at 7–7. Later in the first, Jeff Lamb recovered a Jim Clement fumble at the Redskins 12-yard line.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Miami
Three plays later, Parker scored his second one-yard touchdown to give Toledo a 14–7 lead. Early in the second quarter, Dave Walkosky intercepted a Clement pass to give the Rockets possession at their 33-yard line. Nine plays later, Parker scored his third touchdown of the afternoon, this time from two-yards out. Rusty Hanna then had his extra point attempt blocked and Toledo led 20–7 at halftime.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Miami
In the third quarter, a snap went over the head of punter Brian Borders to give Miami possession at the Toledo 21-yard line. However, a goal line stand by the Rockets' defense kept the Redskins out of the endzone on a failed fourth-and-one running play. In the fourth quarter, Miami scored the final points of the game on a five-yard Terry Carter touchdown run to make the final score 20–14. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Miami to 16–22.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Northern Illinois
In their first home game of the 1990 season, Toledo defeated the Northern Illinois Huskies 23–14 in what was the first game played since the completion of an $18 million ($35.2 million in 2019 dollars) renovation at the Glass Bowl. Toledo scored first on an eight-yard run by Troy Parker to take an early 7–0 lead. The Huskies responded with a 15-yard run by Stacey Robinson to tie the game at 7–7 at the end of the first quarter. In the second quarter, Rusty Hanna then retook the lead for Toledo with his 23-yard field goal before Northern Illinois responded with a 12-yard Robinson touchdown pass to Ray Patterson for a 14–10 halftime lead for the Huskies.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Northern Illinois
In the third quarter, the Rockets retook the lead after Kevin Meger scored on a 26-yard run, and after a failed extra point attempt Toledo led 16–14. Parker then scored the final points of the game in the fourth with his two-yard touchdown run for the 23–14 win. Parker set a new school record with his 40 running attempts and rushed for 205 yards on the afternoon. For his performance, Parker was named the Mid-American Conference Offensive Player of the Week. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Northern Illinois to 16–6.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Ball State
In week three, Toledo defeated the Ball State Cardinals 28–16 at Scheumann Stadium in Muncie. After a scoreless first quarter, Toledo took a 7–0 halftime lead after Kevin Meger scored on a two-yard run to complete a 75-yard drive. The Rockets then extended their lead to 14–0 early in the third quarter on a two-yard Troy Parker run before the Cardinals cut the lead to 14–3 on a 47-yard Kenny Stucker field goal late in the quarter.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Ball State
In the fourth quarter, each team traded a pair of touchdowns with Toledo winning the game 28–16. Toledo scored on touchdown runs of two-yards by Parker and ten-yards by Meger. Ball State scored touchdowns on a 19-yard Corey Croom run and on a 22-yard Scott Hammersley pass to Travis Moore. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Ball State to 8–8.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Ohio
For the third time in as many road games the Rockets were victorious, and this time Toledo defeated the Ohio Bobcats 27–20 at Peden Stadium in Athens. After a scoreless first quarter, each team connected on a field goal before Troy Parker scored the first touchdown of the game on an 11-yard run for a 10–3 Toledo lead. Each team again traded field goals later in the quarter to make the halftime score 13–6.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Ohio
In the third quarter, Parker scored on a nine-yard run for Toledo and Ohio responded with a one-yard touchdown run for a 20–13 Rockets lead at the start of the fourth quarter. In the fourth, the Bobcats tied the game up at 20–20 when Anthony Thornton threw a 29-yard touchdown pass to Courtney Burton. Toledo then scored the game-winning touchdown with only 0:17 remaining in the game when Parker scored on a one-yard run to complete a 68-yard, 15 play drive. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Ohio to 21–19–1.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Eastern Michigan
With Troy Parker seeing limited action due to an injury, Neil Trotter rushed for 145 yards and Corey Ivey for 96 as Toledo defeated the Eastern Michigan Hurons 37–23. The Rockets took a 10–0 lead in the first quarter on an eight-yard Ivey touchdown run and 37-yard Rusty Hanna field goal. In the second, both teams scored ten points to give Toledo a 20–10 halftime lead. The Hurons scored on an 85-yard Craig Thompson punt return and a 36-yard Jim Langeloh field goal; the Rockets scored on a 32-yard Hanna field goal and three-yard Kevin Meger touchdown run.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Eastern Michigan
In the third, Eastern Michigan cut the lead to 20–17 after Cameron Moss scored on a 48-yard touchdown run. Toledo responded with 17 consecutive, fourth quarter points to win the game. After a 37-yard Hanna field goal, touchdowns were scored on a 28-yard Meger pass to Marcus Goodwin and on a four-yard Parker run. The Hurons scored again late in the game on an 11-yard Shane Jackson touchdown pass to Chris Nyenhuis to make the final score 37–23. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Eastern Michigan to 11–7.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Bowling Green
Before what was the second largest crowd to witness a game at the Glass Bowl, Toledo defeated the Bowling Green Falcons 19–13 to win the Peace Pipe. After a Rusty Hanna field goal gave the Rockets an early 3–0 lead, a pair of Erik White touchdown passes gave the Falcons a 13–3 halftime lead. However, the Toledo defense shutout the Bowling Green offense in the second half, and the Rockets came back to win 19–13. Points were scored in the third on a seven-yard touchdown run by Kevin Meger and a one-yard Troy Parker touchdown run. Hanna added a field goal in the fourth. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Bowling Green to 22–29–4.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Central Michigan
In the hype that led to their game against the Central Michigan Chippewas, the press billed the contest as the de facto MAC championship game. At Mount Pleasant, the Rockets failed to score a touchdown and suffered their first loss of the season in a 13–12 loss. The Rockets scored first on a 28-yard Rusty Hanna field goal, but the Chippewas responded with a 53-yard Jeff Bender touchdown pass to Ken Ealy to take a 7–3 lead at the end of the first quarter. A 46-yard Hanna field goal in the second cut the Central lead to 7–6 at halftime.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Central Michigan
In the third quarter, Toledo briefly retook the lead after Hanna connected on field goals of 41 and 26 yards. However, the Chippewas scored the game-winning touchdown later in the quarter when Bender threw a 38-yard touchdown pass to Bob Kench for the 13–12 victory. For his six-tackle performance, Mark Rhea was named the Mid-American Conference Defensive Player of the Week. The loss brought Toledo's all-time record against Central Michigan to 7–10–2.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Kent State
Against head coach Nick Saban's alma mater, the Rockets defeated the Kent State Golden Flashes 28–14, one week after their first loss of the season. Toledo scored first on a one-yard Troy Parker touchdown run for a 7–0 lead. The Flashes responded with a 14-yard Joe Dalpra touchdown pass to tie the game at 7–7 at the end of the first. After the Rockets regained the lead on a 35-yard Rusty Hanna field goal, Kent took a 14–10 halftime lead on a six-yard Dalpra touchdown run.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Kent State
A second, 35-yard field goal cut the Kent State lead to 14–13, and a pair of fourth-quarter touchdowns sealed the victory for Toledo. Touchdowns were scored by Neil Trotter on a 38-yard run and on a three-yard pass from Kevin Meger to Dan Grossman for the 28–14 win. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Kent State to 18–19.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Western Michigan
In their final conference game of the season, Toledo defeated the Western Michigan Broncos 37–9 to secure the conference co-championship with Central Michigan. Toledo led 7–6 at halftime after Kevin Meger threw a 33-yard touchdown pass to Rickey Isaiah for the Rockets, and Dan Boggan scored for the Broncos on a one-yard touchdown run.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Western Michigan
Toledo then scored three third-quarter touchdowns to take a 28–6 lead. Touchdowns were scored on a three-yard Meger pass to Jerry Evans, a 14-yard Meger run, and on a 67-yard Meger pass to Romauldo Brown. The Broncos then scored their final points of the game on a 31-yard Jay Barresi field goal to make the score 28–9 at the start of the fourth quarter. In the fourth, Damon Nelson scored on a one-yard touchdown run and Western snapped a punt out of the end zone for a safety and a 37–9 Toledo win. The victory improved Toledo's all-time record against Western Michigan to 23–22.


1990 Toledo Rockets football team, Game summaries, Navy
In what was the Rockets' first all-time meeting against Navy, 14 unanswered points in the fourth quarter gave the Midshipmen the 14–10 win at the Glass Bowl. Toledo led 10–0 as they entered the fourth quarter with points scored on a 34-yard Hanna field goal in the first and on a six-yard David Andrews touchdown run in the third. Navy came back to win the game in the fourth on a pair of Jason Pace touchdowns. The first came on a nine-yard run and the second on a five-yard reception from Alton Grizzard. The loss effectively resulted in the Rockets failing to get a bowl bid as Central Michigan got the automatic MAC bid to the California Bowl due to having the tiebreaker over Toledo.