1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Albrook massacre and arrests
Relatives of those executed alleged that family members were subjected to persecution by the government, claiming that they had their houses raided and ransacked and had received eviction notices.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Reactions
Adela Bonilla de Giroldi blamed the failure of the coup on her husband's "betrayal" by another major who, she claimed, had initially backed the move but had switched sides on the day of the coup. American sources considered that the failure of the coup was due to poor planning by the rebels, miscommunication between them and the U.S. and doubt on the American side over the plotters' motives and intentions. They claimed that reasons for the failure were Giroldi's failure to provide them with contact numbers and the U.S. failure to communicate American desires to the rebels.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Reactions
In the United States Senate, the Bush administration received bipartisan criticism for its handling of and reaction to the coup. Democratic senator Sam Nunn, with other senators, accused Bush administration officials of being dishonest and withholding information from the Senate. Republican senator Jesse Helms claimed that the rebels had offered to turn Noriega over to U.S. forces, but this offer had been turned down. Helms' claims were denied by Cheney.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The failure of the coup prompted "a philosophical turnaround" within the Pentagon, as U.S. military officials realised that Noriega would probably not be removed internally and that more significant U.S. involvement would be needed to dislodge him from power. This led to the U.S. invasion of Panama two months later.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
For their part in the execution of Giroldi, Noriega and military captain Heráclides Sucre Medina were sentenced to 20 years in prison and banned from public service for 10 years. Evidelio Quiel Peralta, who had fled to Costa Rica, was tried in absentia and sentenced to 20 years in prison.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
On 4 October 2015, Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela announced the construction of a monolith in memory of the victims. The monolith and plaque in memory of the 11 was unveiled on 25 October 2016.


1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
In May 2016, Gabriel Pinzón, Director General of the penitential system confirmed that Noriega was to be detained until 2030 for his part in the Albrook massacre.


1989 Panamanian general election
Panama held a general election on 7 May 1989, with the goal of electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly. The two primary candidates in the presidential race were Guillermo Endara, who headed Democratic Alliance of Civic Opposition (ADOC), a coalition opposed to military ruler Manuel Noriega, and Carlos Duque, who headed the pro-Noriega Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD).


1989 Panamanian general election
However, the election was annulled before voting was completed by Noriega's government, and Endara and his running mate Guillermo Ford were attacked in front of foreign media by Noriega supporters, events that contributed to the US invasion of Panama in December of that year. During the invasion, Endara was declared the election's winner and sworn in as the new president of Panama.


1989 Panamanian general election, Background
The death of Arnulfo Arias in August 1988, a few days before his eighty-seventh birthday, removed a major obstacle to opposition unity, but also created several new problems. It left the opposition without a charismatic national leader to place at the head of any 1989 electoral ticket.


1989 Panamanian general election, Background
The Authentic Panameñista Party, Panama's leading opposition party, divided in December 1988. The Electoral Tribunal formally recognized the faction led by Hildebrando Nicosia Pérez as the legitimate party representative, entitling Nicosia and his colleagues to use the party symbols. According to the opposition, the government engineered the division in the party to sow confusion among the electorate. However, Nicosia's effort to present himself as the heir of Arias was singularly unsuccessful according to the opposition's election results, which showed him receiving less than one percent of the vote.


1989 Panamanian general election, Background
The PPA's main body, including a majority of the party's hierarchy, joined the anti-government Democratic Alliance of Civic Opposition (ADOC); the party's secretary-general, Guillermo Endara, was ADOC's presidential candidate. Denied use of the PPA symbol, Endara and the party's legislative candidates competed under the banner of the Authentic Liberal Party, which is the product of a schism that developed in the Liberal Party prior to the 1984 elections. The military rule of Manuel Noriega also provoked a split in the Republican Party (RP), but the majority of the legitimate leadership of the RP participated in the ADOC coalition.


1989 Panamanian general election, Background
Two other major parties—the PDC and MOLIRENA—were also part of ADOC. ADOC also had the support of the small Popular Action Party (PAPA), and National Peoples Party (PNP), and defectors from the Liberal and Republican parties, and a dissident faction of the PPA. In addition to Endara, ADOC's electoral slate included Ricardo Arias Calderón of the PDC for first vice president and Guillermo Ford of MOLIRENA for second vice president.


1989 Panamanian general election, Background
Progovernment parties - the PRD, PALA, PR, PL, PPR, PPP, PAN, PDT had formed a new electoral coalition, the National Liberation Coalition (COLINA). The PRD was the coalition's leading party and its president, Carlos Alberto Duque Jaén, a business associate of Noriega, was the coalition's presidential candidate. COLINA's other significant party was PALA, led by Ramón Sieiro Murgas, the coalition's candidate for first vice president and a brother-in-law of Noriega. COLINA's candidate for second vice president was Aquilino Boyd, former foreign minister, and former ambassador to the United States, the United Nations and, most recently, the Organization of American States. COLINA, in presenting a united slate for the legislature, contained a broad ideological spectrum that included Communist Party members, businessmen and professionals.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results
An exit poll of 1,022 voters gave the opposition an overwhelming victory: 55.1% for Endara, but only 39.5% for Duque. The margin shocked Noriega, who either was misled by advisers or really believed that the election would be close enough to manipulate with minimal fraud.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results
Suspecting that Noriega would never allow an honest vote, ADOC organized a count of results from election precincts before they were sent to district centers. As it turned out, Noriega's cronies had taken bogus tally sheets to the district centers in order to make it appear Duque had won in a landslide.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results
On 9 May, government-released results gave a clear-cut lead to Duque. By this time, however, the opposition's count was already out. It showed Endara winning in a landslide, with a nearly 3-to-1 lead over Duque. Opposition forces - as well as foreign observers and the clergy - thereupon claimed massive election irregularities. Parliamentary results also indicated an opposition victory.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results, Former US President Jimmy Carter under house arrest in Panama
Former US President Jimmy Carter, one of the election observers, was placed under brief house arrest by Noriega's forces to prevent him from speaking to the press. At a later press conference, he called for an international response to the stolen election, then addressed the Noriega administration directly, asking "Are you honest people, or are you thieves?"


1989 Panamanian general election, Results, Suspected corrupt developments and injury sustained by President-elect Endara
Noriega had intended to declare Duque the winner regardless of the actual count. However, Duque knew that he had been soundly defeated and refused to go along. On 10 May, the president of the Electoral Tribunal read a statement signed by all three magistrates annulling the elections. The statement alluded to the fact that the great number of irregularities across the country made counting the votes impossible.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results, Suspected corrupt developments and injury sustained by President-elect Endara
The next day, Endara and his running mate Ford were badly beaten by a detachment of Dignity Battalions, a paramilitary group supporting Noriega. Endara was struck with an iron club and was briefly hospitalized, receiving eight stitches. Images of the attack on Endara and Ford were carried by media around the world, and were credited with building public support for the US invasion that would soon follow.


1989 Panamanian general election, Results, Suspected corrupt developments and injury sustained by President-elect Endara
The nullification decree coupled with the attack on Endara and Ford outraged Panamanians and the international community. In an emergency session on 17 May, the Organization of American States adopted a resolution condemning the regime for its actions.


1989 Panamanian general election, Consequences
On 31 August 1989, the Council of State dissolved the National Assembly, named a provisional government headed by ex-Attorney General Francisco Rodríguez, and announced that he would consider holding another election in six months.


1989 Panamanian general election, Consequences
The immediate events that triggered the invasion began on December 15, when Panama’s hand-picked National Assembly declared Noriega the de jure head of state, giving him the title of Maximum Leader. Then the assembly, citing aggression against the Panamanian people, declared the republic in a state of war with the United States. On 20 December, 24,000 US troops invaded Panama in Operation Just Cause, deposing Noriega.


1989 Panamanian general election, Consequences
Endara had by this time taken refuge in the Panama Canal Zone, which was under US control. Though Endara had opposed US military action during his campaign, he accepted the presidency, stating later that, "morally, patriotically, civically I had no other choice". He was certified the winner of the election and inaugurated on a US military base on December 20. Ricardo Arias Calderón was inaugurated as first vice president, and Ford as second vice president.


1989 Panamanian general election, Consequences
On 27 December, the Electoral Tribunal revoked the annulment of the general elections held on 7 May. Working on voting returns of the May 1989 elections, on 23 February 1990, the tribunal confirmed the election of 58 of the 67 legislators, with 51 seats going to the ADOC coalition and only six to the pro-Noriega PRD. On 27 January 1991, by-elections were held for the nine seats of the Legislative Assembly which could not be filled at the May 1989 general elections. The PRD's victory in five of the seats deepened internal divisions in the government coalition.


1989 Panasonic Cup (Australian rules football)
The 1989 VFL Panasonic Cup was the Victorian Football League Pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Victorian Football League's 1989 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1989.


1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)
The 1989 Panasonic Cup was the 16th edition of the NSWRL Midweek Cup, a NSWRL-organised national club Rugby League tournament between the leading clubs and representative teams from the NSWRL, the BRL, the CRL and Papua New Guinea.


1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league)
A total of 19 teams from across Australia and Papua New Guinea played 18 matches in a straight knock-out format, with the matches being held midweek during the premiership season.


1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league), Venues, Final, Teams
Brisbane : 1. Shane Duffy, 2. Michael Hancock, 3. Tony Currie, 4. Peter Jackson, 5. Joe Kilroy, 6. Wally Lewis (c), 7. Allan Langer, 13. Terry Matterson, 12. Gene Miles, 11. Brett Le Man, 10. Sam Backo, 9. Kerrod Walters, 8. Greg Dowling Reserve James Donnelly. Coach: Wayne Bennett.


1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league), Venues, Final, Teams
Illawarra : 1. Steve Hampson, 2. Rod Wishart, 3. Brett Rodwell, 4. Jeff Hardy, 5. Jason Moon, 6. Tony Smith, 7. Andy Gregory, 13. Ian Russell, 12. Les Morrisey, 11. Dean Hanson, 10. Michael Carberry, 9. Dean Schifilliti, 8. Chris Walsh (c) Reserves Cavill Heugh, Craig Keen, Michael Bolt, Trevor Kissell. Coach: Ron Hilditch.


1989 Panasonic Cup (rugby league), Venues, Final, Teams
The Broncos raced to a 16-0 lead and it seemed the Steelers' much more fancied opponents would run away with the game. But Illawarra hit back. Illawarra lost the match 22-20, however Brisbane scored a try off what appeared to be a forward pass. The large Illawarra contingent of the 16,968 strong crowd at Parramatta Stadium booed the Broncos after their win, with Brisbane captain Wally Lewis gaining their ire by gesturing back. Illawarra's performance inspired Australian folk singer John Williamson to write a song about the match.


1989 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1989 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Olimpia.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état
The 1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, also known as La Noche de la Candelaria, was a coup d'état that took place on 2–3 February 1989 in Asunción, Paraguay led by General Andrés Rodríguez against the regime of long-time leader Alfredo Stroessner. The bloody overthrow which saw numerous soldiers killed in street fighting was sparked by a power struggle in the highest echelons of the government. Rodríguez's takeover spelled the end of El Stronato, Stroessner's thirty-four year long rule, at the time the longest in Latin America, and led to an array of reforms which abolished numerous draconian laws and led to the liberalization of Paraguay.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Background
Alfredo Stroessner, a general and veteran of the Paraguayan Civil War and the Chaco War, came to power in the aftermath of the 1954 coup d'état. As president he declared a "state of siege" and instituted a number of laws and security reforms which gave him the power to suspend civil liberties, including habeas corpus and freedom of assembly. Between 1958 and 1988, Stroessner was reelected seven times by questionably high margins of victory (only in the 1968 election did an opposition candidate receive more than 20% of the vote).


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Background
The United States was one of President Stroessner's most ardent supporters, due to his fervent anti-communism and Paraguay was the recipient of large amounts of U.S. military assistance during the 1960s and 1970s. The "state of siege" imposed by Stroessner soon after assuming the presidency was officially lifted in 1987; however, this move was largely symbolic as most of the country's stringent security provisions remained in place.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Background
In the late 1980s, political conflict broke out between two competing factions in the ruling Colorado Party. One faction, the "militants", vigorously supported Stroessner while the "traditionalists" sought a more open Paraguay and were less supportive of some of Stroessner's policies. Among the traditionalists was General Andrés Rodríguez, a close confidante of Stroessner and commander of Paraguay's 1st Army Corps. A strong contender for succeeding the aging president, the militant wing of the party attempted to neuter his political power by giving him the option of taking the position of defense minister, a largely ceremonial position, or retiring. Fearing a rebellion, Stroessner had already removed high-ranking, experienced military commanders from their postings and replaced them with cronies.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
On the night of 2 February 1989, Rodríguez ordered units of his 1st Army Corps, including some 40 to 50 tanks, into the streets of Asunción. The unit, the strongest and most well-equipped of Paraguay's armed forces, seized the capital city's center. Troops from the unit attempted to arrest Stroessner as he dined at his mistress' home, however bodyguards resisted fiercely and allowed the president to escape to the headquarters of the Presidential Escort Regiment. A battle broke out between Rodríguez's troops and the 700-strong presidential guard. Meanwhile, the rest of Paraguay's military districts pledged their allegiance to the rebels.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
Artillery units and naval vessels in the city's harbor shelled the headquarters during the course of the battle and by 5:00pm on 3 February, the government under Stroessner surrendered. Rodríguez announced the surrender over the radio and said Stroessner was in custody and unharmed. The official death toll of the coup stood at 31 killed however other estimates put the actual toll between 150 and 250, the majority of them Stroessner's guards. The Catholic Church station Radio Caritas said up to 200 people were killed in the fighting.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
Stroessner was initially detained at the base of the 1st Army Corps but he was flown to exile aboard a LAP Boeing 707 to Brasilia, Brazil on 6 February after being granted asylum. He left with his son, Gustavo, and daughter-in-law and lived in a lakeside home, previously his summer home, until his death in 2006.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
For a relatively detailed description of the events leading up to the coup and the military and other activity during the coup as well as immediately afterwards, see Antonio Luis Sapienza's book, The 1989 Coup d'Etat in Paraguay: The End of a Long Dictatorship, 1954-1989 (Helion, 2019). Per Sapienza: Stroessner's son, PAF Colonel Gustavo Stroessner, calls his father sometime after 5 PM on February 2nd to tell his father the coup would take place that day. Stroessner, who is playing cards at Col. Duarte's house, doesn't believe him.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
At 7 PM Stroessner goes to his mistress Legal's house with his escort. Stroessner accepts there is to be a coup sometime before 8:30 PM, when he leaves for his son Freddy's house, leaving half his escort at Legal's house. Stroessner meets at Freddy's house by 9 PM with Gustavo joining them. They move to the Presidential Escort Barracks. Then to the adjacent Armed Forces HQ complex, concrete with a helicopter pad for possible aerial departure.


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
The coup plotters now move up their 3 AM start on February 3rd, and the orders go out, with light tanks and other forces moving out at 9:15 PM. After the attack commences and there is a brief negotiation between the coup plotters and HQ, eventually the Stroessners and others in the HQ (including the Minister of Defense, the Army Chief of Staff, the Military Training School commander, the Presidential Escort Regiment commander, the Chief of Military Intelligence, two other generals and five colonels) start filing out one-by-one at 12:40 AM. As for the casualties:


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Coup
"Although official reports showed few casualties - 31 fatalities (two civilians, a Cavalry officer, 21 REP privates, two police officers and five police NCOs) and 58 wounded military and police personnel - the estimated number was actually around 170 lives lost, mostly in the Presidential Escort Regiment." (p. 58)


1989 Paraguayan coup d'état, Aftermath
President Andrés Rodríguez began his rule by reversing Stroessner's repressive measures, removing his loyalists from the military, and abolishing the death penalty. He also abolished the legislature, removed the sweeping ban on political parties, and organized elections to take place in May 1989. Rodríguez was elected to the presidency in the 1989 elections and served in that capacity until 1993, the first Paraguayan leader in decades to leave at the end of his first term. He died of cancer in 1997.


1989 Paraguayan general election
Early general elections were held in Paraguay on 1 May 1989 to elect the president and Chamber of Deputies. They were the first held since longtime president Alfredo Stroessner was toppled in a military coup on 3 February, seven months after being sworn in for an eighth term. For the first time in several years, the opposition was allowed to contest the elections more or less unmolested; the Communists were the only party that was banned from taking part.


1989 Paraguayan general election
Andrés Rodríguez, who had led the coup and had been serving as provisional president since then, was elected president in his own right running on the Colorado Party ticket. The Colorado Party also won 48 of the 72 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout was 52%.


1989 Paraguayan general election
The legislative elections were called after Rodríguez dissolved the previous Congress in February, citing a provision of the constitution that allowed the president to do so if they felt Congress had acted in a manner that distorted the separation of powers. Rodríguez used the new elections as a tool to purge pro-Stroessner "militants" from the Colorado caucus. The presidential elections were held because the constitution required new elections if a president died, resigned, or was permanently disabled less than two years into their term. That same provision stipulated that the winner would not serve a full five-year term, but only the remainder of the previous president's term. In this case, Rodríguez won the right to serve the remainder of Stroessner's term, which was due to end in 1993.


1989 Paris Open
The 1989 Paris Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 17th edition of the Paris Open (later known as the Paris Masters). It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France from 30 October through 6 November 1989. First-seeded Boris Becker won the singles title.


1989 Paris Open, Finals, Doubles
John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd defeated  Jakob Hlasek /  Eric Winogradsky 7–6, 6–4


1989 Paris Open – Doubles
Paul Annacone and John Fitzgerald were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Annacone with Christo van Rensburg and Fitzgerald with Anders Järryd.


1989 Paris Open – Doubles
Annacone and van Rensburg lost in the first round to Jakob Hlasek and Eric Winogradsky.


1989 Paris Open – Doubles
Fitzgerald and Järryd won in the final 7–6, 6–4 against Hlasek and Winogradsky.


1989 Paris Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1989 Paris Open – Singles
Amos Mansdorf was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Michael Chang.


1989 Paris Open – Singles
Boris Becker won in the final 6–4, 6–3, 6–3 against Stefan Edberg.


1989 Paris Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1989 Paris–Dakar Rally
1989 Dakar Rally also known as the 1989 Paris–Dakar Rally was the 11th running of the Dakar Rally event. The course went through Libya for the first time. A record 209 of the 473 competitors completed the rally. The result of the rally was controversially decided by Peugeot Talbot Sport boss Jean Todt who decided the result on the toss of a coin. The rally was won by 1981 world rally champion, Ari Vatanen. The motorcycle class was won by Gilles Lalay.


1989 Paris–Nice
The 1989 Paris–Nice was the 47th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 5 March to 12 March 1989. The race started in Paris and finished at the Col d'Èze. The race was won by Miguel Induráin of the Reynolds team.


1989 Paris–Roubaix
The 1989 Paris–Roubaix was the 87th edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycle race and was held on 9 April 1989. The race started in Compiègne and finished in Roubaix. The race was won by Jean-Marie Wampers of the Panasonic team.


1989 Paris–Tours
The 1989 Paris–Tours was the 83rd edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 8 October 1989. The race started in Chaville and finished in Tours. The race was won by Jelle Nijdam of the Superconfex team.


1989 Peace and Friendship Cup
The 1989 Peace and Friendship Cup was a seven-team friendly football tournament, held in Kuwait City, Kuwait from 30 October to 12 November 1989. The timing of this tournament was a year after the end of Iran–Iraq War. Some notable sporting personalities attended this tournament such as Juan Antonio Samaranch, João Havelange and Michel Platini. The seven-teams that participated in this tournament were: Kuwait as Host, Iran Third Place Team of 1988 Asian Cup, Iraq who had Participated in 1988 Olympic Games, South Yemen, Lebanon and two countries from Africa: Uganda and Guinea.


1989 Peach Bowl
The 1989 Peach Bowl took place on December 30, 1989. The competing teams were Syracuse and Georgia.


1989 Peach Bowl, Background
Georgia had a streak of winning and losing through the season, winning the first two games, losing the next three, winning four straight, and then losing two straight games to the end the season tied with Florida and Ole Miss while Alabama, Tennessee & Auburn (the latter two having beat Georgia) all shared the Southeastern Conference title, in Goff's first year at the program. This was Georgia's 10th straight bowl appearance, along with their first Peach Bowl since 1973. Syracuse was in a bowl game for the 3rd straight year, which was also their first Peach Bowl ever.


1989 Peach Bowl, Game summary
Owens rushed for 112 yards on 14 carries for Syracuse. For Georgia, Hampton rushed for 32 yards on 14 carries. Mo Lewis returned an interception 77 yards, a Peach Bowl record.


1989 Peach Bowl, Aftermath
Syracuse would go to three straight bowl games, and go to five more in the next decade. Georgia went through a patch in which they went to three bowl games in Goff's six remaining years. Georgia returned to the Peach Bowl in 1995, in the final game for Goff before he was fired. Syracuse hasn't returned to the Peach Bowl since this game.


1989 Penn Quakers football team
The 1989 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1989 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Penn tied for second-to-last in the Ivy League.


1989 Penn Quakers football team
In their first year under head coach Gary Steele, the Quakers compiled a 4–6 record and were outscored 229 to 171. Bryan Keys and Steve Johnson were the team captains.


1989 Penn Quakers football team
Penn's 2-5 conference record earned a three-way tie for fifth in the Ivy League standings. The Quakers were outscored 172 to 107 by Ivy opponents.


1989 Penn Quakers football team
Penn played its home games at Franklin Field on the university's campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


1989 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1989 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1989 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, NFL Draft
Four Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1990 NFL Draft.


1989 People's Republic of the Congo parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the People's Republic of the Congo on 24 September 1989. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Congolese Party of Labour (PCT) as the sole legal party. A list of 133 candidates for the 133 seats in the People's National Assembly was put to a vote, although not all members on the list were PCT members. The list received 870,460 votes against 29,897 spoilt ballot papers, with a voter turnout of 89.6%.


1989 Pepsi 300
The 1989 Pepsi 300 was an endurance race for Group 3A Touring Cars. The event was held at the Oran Park Raceway in New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1989 over 115 laps of the 2.62 km circuit, a total distance of 301 km. This was the 11th and last touring car endurance race held at Oran Park.


1989 Pepsi 300
The race was won by Andrew Miedecke and Andrew Bagnall driving a Ford Sierra RS500. Second was the BMW M3 of Brett Riley and Ludwig Finauer, while veteran Murray Carter finished third in his Sierra.


1989 Pepsi 300
1988 race winner Peter Brock qualified on pole in his Mobil 1 Racing Sierra, but was out of the race after only 13 laps with a suspected blown head gasket, though not before setting the fastest lap of the race. Formula Ford driver Mark Larkham was to be Brock's co-driver in the race.


1989 Peruvian Segunda División
The 1989 Segunda División Peruana, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 20 teams. The tournament winner, Sport Boys was promoted to the 1990 Torneo Descentralizado.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1989 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 57th season in the National Football League.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season
This season marked second consecutive appearance in the postseason, this time as a wild-card team.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season
However, tribulation struck the Eagles late in the season with the death of quarterbacks coach Doug Scovil from a heart attack. For the remainder of the season, the Eagles wore a black stripe made of electrical tape over the wings on their helmet in tribute.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season
It was Hall of Famer Cris Carter's final season in Philadelphia as his on-and-off the field troubles led to his release the following preseason. He would then sign with the Minnesota Vikings.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season
Randall Cunningham enjoyed the second of back-to-back breakout seasons, beginning with his leading the Eagles to a 42–37 comeback victory at RFK Stadium on September 17, right after signing a contract extension.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season
The Eagles won five of their last six games to challenge the Giants for the division lead. On Thanksgiving Day at Texas Stadium, Philly spanked the Cowboys, 27–0, amidst accusations that certain defensive players were rewarded with bounties to take out several Dallas players, including kicker Luis Zendejas. Less than two weeks later, back in Philadelphia, Eagles fans pelted the Cowboys and game officials with snowballs packed in ice thanks to freezing temperatures and snowfall from the previous day.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season
The two matchups between the Cowboys and Eagles became known as the Bounty Bowls.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
The Los Angeles Rams, ignoring the weather, the fans, and the Eagles mighty defense, rode a quick start to defeat the Eagles at Veterans Stadium, 21–7 on New Year's Eve, 1989. The Eagles came into their first home playoff game in 8 seasons against the Los Angeles Rams with injury concerns. Several players came limping into the game, but perhaps the most concerning injury was that of Eric Allen, whose ankle had been injured a few weeks prior. Allen was an outstanding cover corner and without him, the Eagles would be forced to start reserve cornerback Izel Jenkins.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
The Rams at the time had a potent and versatile offense, especially in the passing game. Quarterback Jim Everett, running back Greg Bell and wideouts Henry Ellard and Willie "Flipper" Anderson rounded out the Rams offense. However, none of this seemed to concern head coach Buddy Ryan, who reportedly was asked the week leading up the game his impression of Rams running back Greg Bell. Ryan gave a curious vanilla answer to the reporter then turned and walked away saying, "Greg Bell my ass." Most of the media that had gathered exploded in laughter.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
Eric Allen, as it turned out, did not start the game, which was played on an overcast, drizzly New Year's Eve. The Rams immediately attacked Allen's replacement, cornerback Izel Jenkins. Jenkins was burned on the Rams first touchdown; a 39-yard touchdown pass from Jim Everett to Henry Ellard on the Rams first possession. Jenkins was again burned for another long pass, this time to Willie Anderson and by midway through the second quarter, head coach Buddy Ryan had all but no choice to insert the limping Allen with the Rams already leading 14–0.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
The Eagles offense, led by All-Pro quarterback Randall Cunningham had no answers for a unique zone implemented by Rams defensive coordinator Fritz Shurmer, who at times during the game only rushed two defenders and dropped everything back in coverage. Cunningham, while completing 24 of 40 pass, only threw underneath the zone for the majority of the game and simply was unable to get anything downfield. It certainly did not help matters not having All-Pro receiver Mike Quick unable to play due to a season-ending injury earlier in the year.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
The Eagles had less than 100 yards of offense at halftime, and did not have a single first down till midway through the second quarter. The Eagles first four possessions where three (3) three and outs and an interception. When the Eagles finally did score on a one-yard Anthony Toney touchdown plunge to make the game 14–7 with just under 11 minutes to go, there was hope. The Eagles defense, after their shaky start, had by and large held the Rams in check. Indeed, after the Eagles only touchdown of the afternoon, the Eagles defense held the Rams twice and gave the Eagles good field position on their next two possessions, which began at their own 31- and 40-yard lines. However, the Eagles would manage just one first down on those two possessions.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason
The Rams finally put the nail in the coffin with just under three minutes left, when Greg Bell ran for a 7-yard touchdown for the final score of 21–7. This touchdown run came a few plays after Bell ran 54 yards down to the 10-yard line. The Eagles defense, especially the front four, had finally collapsed after keeping the Rams in check for so long during the game.


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Statistics, Offense, Passing
Note: Comp = Completions; ATT = Attempts; TD = Touchdowns; INT = Interceptions


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Statistics, Offense, Receiving
Note: ATT = Attempts; TD = Touchdowns; INT = Interceptions


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Statistics, Offense, Rushing
Note: ATT = Attempts; TD = Touchdowns; INT = Interceptions


1989 Philadelphia Eagles season, Statistics, Special teams, Kicking
Note: FGA = Field Goals Attempted; FGM = Field Goals Made; FG% = Field Goal Percentage; XPA = Extra Points Attempted; XPM = Extra Points Made; XP% = Extra Points Percentage


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1989 season was the Phillies 107th season. The Phillies finished in 6th place in the National League East for the second consecutive season. It would also be Mike Schmidt's final season.


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
Injuries to Mike Schmidt's knees and back caused him to miss much of the 1988 season. After a poor start to the 1989 season, Schmidt chose to suddenly announce his retirement in San Diego, on May 29. Known as "Captain Cool" by many in Philadelphia sports circles, Schmidt surprised many with an emotional, and occasionally tearful, retirement speech. In honor of his career, fans voted Schmidt to the NL All-Star team; Schmidt declined to play but was announced with the team. His last game was May 28, 1989, against the San Francisco Giants.


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
The Phillies played 163 regular season games due to a tie game on June 5 when they hosted the Pittsburgh Pirates. With the score tied 3–3, the game ended due to rain after only 8 innings had been played. Under the playing rules in place at the time, all player and team statistics generated during the tie game would stand (except since neither team had won, there could not be a winning or losing pitcher); a replacement game would be played at a later date. This game would mark the last regular-season tie game for the Phillies as playing rules changed in 2007 allowing tie games to continue from the point of interruption at a later date.


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
On June 8, 1989, Steve Jeltz hit two of his five career home runs in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, despite not starting the game. A switch-hitter, Jeltz hit one of these homers from the right side of the plate and one from the left side. This was the first time in the history of the Phillies that this feat had been accomplished. It was in this same game that, after the Pirates scored 10 runs in the top of the first, Pirate broadcaster Jim Rooker said on-air, "If we lose this game, I'll walk home." The Phillies came back to win 15–11, and after the season Rooker conducted a 300-mile charity walk from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1989 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1989 Philadelphia Wings season
The 1989 Philadelphia Wings season marked the team's third season of operation. In 1989, the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League.


1989 Philadelphia Wings season
The Wings also made a move on the field that season, winning their first league championship. This was the first of a record six National Lacrosse league titles. They recorded 7 wins and 2 losses while once again drawing upon an ever increasing home base, with a total home attendance of 74,876 (14,975 per game).


1989 Philadelphia Wings season
Star players Brad Kotz and Tony Resch led the team.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season
The 1989 PABL season is the 7th season of the Philippine Amateur Basketball League (PABL).


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Invitational Cup
The first conference opens on March 26. The participating teams were defending champion Swift Squeeze Juice Drinks, National seniors champion Magnolia Ice Cream, Sta.Lucia Realtors, Philips Sardines, Agfa Color Films, Burger City and the storied Crispa Redmanizers, who were making a comeback from the basketball scene after a five-year absence.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Invitational Cup
Three teams played as guest squads; El Rancho Meat Loaf of Cebu, composed of a selection from the Visayas, Asia Overseas Transport and Dansei Groom Shop.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Invitational Cup
Magnolia swept the eliminations with a perfect 9-0 won-loss card, followed by Crispa and Swift Squeeze with six wins and three losses, Burger City and Philips with five wins and four losses, and Sta.Lucia and Asia Overseas Transport at four wins and five losses. Seven teams enter the semifinal round and were joined by the seeded Tera Electronics of Taipei, the lone foreign squad.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Invitational Cup
The Sta.Lucia Realtors surprisingly advances first in the best-of-three finals series. Magnolia Ice Cream Makers struggled early in the semifinals and had to beat Crispa Redmanizers in the sudden-death playoff that decoded the second finalist. Magnolia completed a two-game sweep over Sta.Lucia to win their fourth PABL title. Crispa finished a strong third place via similar two-game sweep over Burger City in their inaugural PABL conference.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Freedom Cup
Three guest squads once again joined the seven regular members, these are the Pampanga Selection, United Bicolanos and Marsman of Davao. Six teams makes it to the semifinal round, Burger City and Sta.Lucia were tied on top with a 7-2 won-loss slates, Swifts, Philips and Crispa were a game behind at six wins and three losses, Magnolia takes the 6th and last slot with five wins and four losses.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Freedom Cup
The one-round semifinals saw three teams; Sta.Lucia, Swift and Magnolia finished with identical 4-1 won-loss slates. Sta.Lucia makes it to the finals via higher quotient. Swift Squeeze and Magnolia battled in a playoff on July 10 and the Juice Drinks won, 116-99, to face the Realtors for the championship.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Freedom Cup
Swift Squeeze Juice Drinks, behind the likes of Vergel Meneses, Eugene Quilban, Andy De Guzman and national youth standout Bong Ravena, frustrated Sta.Lucia Realty in the finals for the second time in the season, scoring a 2-0 sweep in their best-of-three title series.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
After the two-round eliminations among the seven regular members, Pop Cola (formerly Swift Squeeze), Magnolia, Crispa and Sta.Lucia advances in the semifinal round. El Rancho of Cebu and NBA Bacolod qualified in the Maharlika Cup semifinals as they top the San Miguel Beer Corporate Cup, a Division II tournament put up by the league that is playing simultaneously outside Metro Manila while the third conference was ongoing. Other provincial teams includes the Pampanga All-Stars, Pepsi-Mindanao, Shakey's-Baguio, Bicol-Kaypee and KABAKA-Manila. However, NBA Bacolod begged off to come to Manila because of the Political situation that happen in December.


1989 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
Magnolia Ice Cream defeated Sta.Lucia, two games to one, in the finals as the Realtors finish bridesmaid in all three conferences of the season.


1989 Philippine barangay election
Barangay elections were held in the country's roughly 42,000 barangays for the positions of barangay captain and six councilors on March 28, 1989. Such elections are supposed to be held every three years but have often been postponed. Originally scheduled for November 1988, President Corazon Aquino and the military recommended its postponement for concern that infrastructure projects could be delayed in the provinces.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt
The most serious attempted coup d'état against the government of Philippine President Corazon Aquino was staged beginning December 1, 1989, by members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines belonging to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) and soldiers loyal to former President Ferdinand Marcos. Metro Manila was shaken by this Christmastime coup, which almost seized the presidential palace. It was completely defeated by the Philippine government by December 9, 1989.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Background
Philippine politics between 1986 and 1991 was punctuated by Aquino's desperate struggle to survive physically and politically a succession of coup attempts, culminating in a large, bloody, and well-financed attempt in December 1989. This attempt involved upwards of 3,000 troops, including elite Scout Rangers and marines, in a coordinated series of attacks on Camp Crame and Camp Aquinaldo, Fort Bonifacio, Cavite Naval Base, Villamor Air Base, and on Malacañan Palace itself, which was dive-bombed by vintage T-28 aircraft.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Background
Although Aquino was not hurt in this raid, the situation appeared desperate, for not only were military commanders around the country waiting to see which side would triumph in Manila, but the people of Manila, who had poured into the streets to protect Aquino in February 1986, stayed home this time.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Coup
The coup was led by former First Lady Imelda Marcos, Colonel Gregorio Honasan, General Edgardo Abenina, and retired General Jose Ma. Zumel, and staged by an alliance of the RAM, led by Honasan, and troops loyal to Marcos, led by herself and Zumel. At the onset of the coup, the rebels seized Villamor Airbase, Fort Bonifacio, Sangley Airbase, Mactan Airbase in Cebu, and portions of Camp Aguinaldo. The rebels set patrols around the runway of Ninoy Aquino International Airport effectively shutting it down.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Coup
From Sangley Airbase, the rebels launched planes and helicopters which bombarded and strafed Malacañan Palace, Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo. Three hours after the fall of Villamor Air Base, Aquino went on air to address her people, and said that "We shall smash this naked attempt once more". At that point the government counterattack began. Seven army trucks headed for Channel 4, and fierce fighting occurred there. Ramos and Renato de Villa monitored the crises from Camp Crame, the Constabulary headquarters.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Coup
With loyal forces hard-pressed by the rebels, Aquino requested U.S. military assistance, at the behest of her military commanders, and it was granted. 120 marines, part of an 800-strong U.S. contingent stationed at Subic Naval Base, were deployed at the grounds of the U.S. Embassy as a defensive measure. President Aquino stated that the loyal forces lacked the ability to contain the rebel forces. American help was crucial to the Aquino cause, clearing the skies of rebel aircraft and allowing loyalists to consolidate their forces. While many mutineers surrendered, Aquino declared: "We leave them two choices; Surrender or die".


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Coup
Government F-5 jets sortied and challenged rebel planes culminating in the destruction of the rebel T-28 Trojans. Government forces recaptured all military bases save for Mactan Airbase by December 3, but rebel forces retreating from Fort Bonifacio occupied 22 high-rise buildings along the Ayala business area in Makati. The government claimed the coup was crushed, but fierce fighting continued through the weekend, with Camp Aguinaldo set ablaze by the rebel howitzers. The occupation of Makati lasted until December 7, while the rebels surrendered Mactan Airbase on December 9. The official casualty toll was 99 dead (including 50 civilians) and 570 wounded.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Coup
The United States military supported the Aquino government during this coup. Operation "Classic Resolve" involved the use of US airpower from the aircraft carriers USS Midway and USS Enterprise and F-4 Phantom II fighters from Clark Air Base. The United States Air Force jets retook the skies for Aquino. The US planes had clearance to "...buzz the rebel planes at their base, fire in front of them if any attempted to take off, and shoot them down if they did".


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, American involvement
Aquino found it necessary to request United States support to put down this uprising. In November–December 1989 US forces moved to evacuate Americans during the coup attempt, and generally protect US interests in the Philippines. During this operation, a large special operations force was formed, USAF fighter aircraft patrolled above rebel air bases, and two aircraft carriers were positioned off the Philippines.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, American involvement
In early December 1989, USS Enterprise participated in Operation Classic Resolve, President Bush's response to Philippine President Corazon Aquino's request for air support during the rebel coup attempt. Bush approved the use of US F-4 fighter jets stationed at Clark Air Base on Luzon to buzz the rebel planes at their base, fire in front of them if any attempted to take off, and shoot them down if they did. The buzzing by US planes soon caused the coup to collapse.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, American involvement
On 2 December 1989 President Bush reported that on 1 December US fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from the US Navy base at Subic Bay to protect the US Embassy in Manila. Enterprise remained on station conducting flight operations in the waters outside Manila Bay.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, American involvement
CIA documents suggested that Aquino asked for assistance for air strikes against RAM positions, but Washington declined since it was a "political risk".


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Political and economic fallout
Politically this coup was a disaster for Aquino. Her vice president, Salvador Laurel, openly allied himself with the coup plotters and called for her to resign. Even Aquino's staunchest supporters saw her need for United States air support as a devastating sign of weakness. Most damaging of all, when the last rebels finally surrendered, they did so in a triumphant televised parade and with a promise from the government that they would be treated "humanely, justly, and fairly."


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Political and economic fallout
One of the devastating results of this insurrection was that just when the economy had finally seemed to turn around, investors were frightened off, especially since much of the combat took place in the business haven of Makati. Tourism, a major foreign-exchange earner, came to a halt. Business leaders estimated that the mutiny cost the economy US$1.5 billion.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Davide Commission
Following the failure of this coup, President Aquino established a fact-finding commission headed by COMELEC chair Hilario Davide Jr. to investigate and provide a full report on the series of coup attempts against her government. The report became known as the Davide Commission Report.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Davide Commission
Participants of the December 1989 coup later blamed perceived deficiencies in the Aquino government in areas such as graft and corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and lenient treatment of communist insurgents as the reasons for the coup.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Davide Commission
In response, the Davide Commission recommended several short-term and long-term countermeasures, including the establishment of a civilian national police force, a crackdown on corruption in the military, a performance review of appointive government officials, reforms in the process of military promotions, a review of election laws in time for the 1992 presidential elections, and a definitive statement on the part of Aquino on whether she intended to run for re-election in 1992.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Later coups d'état
In 1990, there were other coup attempts in March and October. The Hotel Delfino siege happened on March 4, when suspended Cagayan governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo directed his private army estimated at 300 men to seize the Hotel Delfino in Tuguegarao, Cagayan. This incident followed Aguinaldo's indictment on charges of rebellion and murder relating to his support for the failed Dec. 1-9 coup attempt. Brig. Gen. Oscar Florendo, armed forces chief of Civil Military Relations, was dispatched by President Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant. Florendo was taken hostage in the hotel along with more than 50 other guests.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Later coups d'état
After hours of standoff between the two sides, nearly 1,000 government troops launched an attack to dislodge Aguinaldo's forces from the hotel; the government prevailed when more than 100 of Aguinaldo's men surrendered and about 90 were captured. Florendo was shot at the Delfino by one of Aguinaldo's men and later died of his wounds. At least a dozen others were killed in or around the hotel; scores of civilian supporters of Aguinaldo were arrested; and a truck with assault rifles, mortars, and crates of ammunition was captured. During this melee, Aguinaldo fled with about 90 fighters for mountains in the north.


1989 Philippine coup d'état attempt, Effects, Later coups d'état
Seven months later on October 4, the tenth and last coup attempt happened in an army base in Mindanao where Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim and 21 others mutinied for two days until they surrendered on October 6 as it failed.


1989 Phoenix Cardinals season
The 1989 Phoenix Cardinals season was the franchise’s 70th year with the National Football League (NFL) and the second season in Phoenix. With five games to go in the season, fourth-year coach Gene Stallings announced he would retire at the end of the season. Instead, general manager Larry Wilson ordered Stallings to leave immediately and named running backs coach Hank Kuhlmann as interim coach for the rest of the season. The Cardinals were 5–5 through ten games but would finish the season on a six-game losing streak, which would knock them out of the playoffs.


1989 Phoenix Cardinals season, Regular season
In week 10, Tim McDonald returned an interception 53 yards for a touchdown to beat the Dallas Cowboys.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships
The 1989 Pilkington Glass Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne, United Kingdom that was part of the Category 5 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from 19 June until 25 June 1989. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships, Finals, Doubles
Katrina Adams /  Zina Garrison defeated  Jana Novotná /  Helena Suková 6–3 (Novotná and Suková retired)


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Eva Pfaff and Elizabeth Smylie were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Pfaff with Manon Bollegraf and Smylie with Wendy Turnbull.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Bollegraf and Pfaff lost in the first round to Beth Herr and Candy Reynolds.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Smylie and Turnbull lost in the quarterfinals to Jana Novotná and Helena Suková.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Katrina Adams and Zina Garrison won the final 6–3 after Novotná and Suková were forced to retire.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles
Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and won in the final 7–6, 6–2 against Raffaella Reggi.


1989 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1989 Pittsburgh Gladiators season
The 1989 Pittsburgh Gladiators season was the third season for the Arena Football League franchise.


1989 Pittsburgh Gladiators season, Roster
Rookies in italics updated March 11, 201316 Active, 0 Inactive, 0 PS


1989 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1989 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1989 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1989 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1989 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 108th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 103rd in the National League. This was their 20th season at Three Rivers Stadium. The Pirates finished fifth in the National League East with a record of 74–88.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 57th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League. They were considered a rebuilding team filled with many young players, especially after the release of longtime center Mike Webster in the offseason. The young team showed its inexperience in the first game of the season, when they lost at home to the archrival Cleveland Browns 51–0. The loss marked the Steelers worst defeat in franchise history. The following week wasn't much better, losing 41–10 to another division rival, the defending AFC Champion Cincinnati Bengals.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season
However, the Steelers clinched the final playoff spot in the last week in the season with a 9–7 record. Chuck Noll, in his 21st season as the team's head coach, was named the NFL's Coach of the Year for the only time in his coaching career.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season
In the first round of the playoffs, the Steelers would have a memorable come-from-behind overtime victory over the division-rival Houston Oilers 26–23, which saw Gary Anderson kick a game-winning, 50-yard field goal in the extra period. The following week, the Steelers nearly pulled off a major upset against the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium before losing 24–23 on a Melvin Bratton one-yard touchdown run with 2:22 remaining in the game.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season
Though the Steelers would not make the playoffs again under Chuck Noll (missing in 1990 with an identical 9–7 record and again in 1991 at 7–9 despite a second-place finish that year), the season did set the tone for the team's return to prominence in the 1990s under his successor, Bill Cowher.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season
Until 2015, it was the last season the Steelers made the playoffs in a season the Super Bowl aired on CBS. Each of the next six such seasons (1991, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012) would see the team missing the playoffs.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason
The offseason was marked with the team deciding not to renew the contract of longtime center Mike Webster. Webster's release marked the end of the Super Bowl-era players on the team. Although Dwayne Woodruff was still with the Steelers and had won a Super Bowl ring during his rookie year, Webster had been the last member on the team that won all four Super Bowls. Webster would be succeeded at center with a young Dermontti Dawson, who was drafted the year before to be groomed as Webster's replacement, and like Webster would go on to an All-Pro career as one of the best at his position.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason
Meanwhile, the team drafted UCLA safety Carnell Lake in the second round of the 1989 draft. Lake would be a key member of the team's defense through the 1998 season, although his accomplishments would often be underlooked as opposed to his teammate, Rod Woodson.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 1
The Steelers and Chuck Noll faced off against their divisional rival Browns and former defensive coordinator Bud Carson in the season opener.


1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12 (Sunday November 26, 1989): at Miami Dolphins
Steelers get first ever win against the Dolphins in Miami. This game was played in a driving rain storm.


1989 Pittsburgh mayoral election
The mayoral election of 1989 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1989. The incumbent mayor, Sophie Masloff of the Democratic Party chose to run for her first full term after having ascended the mayor's office from the position of President of City Council upon the death of long-time mayor Richard Caliguiri. While she met challengers in the Democratic primary (which she won), she was uncontested in the general election.


1989 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Democratic Primary
Masloff, a 71-year-old self-described "Jewish grandmother" had been involved with city politics for nearly half a century. However, after taking the position of mayor, her leadership abilities came under scrutiny; critics asserted that Caliguiri's aides were running the city, while Masloff was only a figurehead. With Masloff appearing vulnerable, a variety of top tier Democrats jumped at the chance to unseat her in the primary--the real contest in this heavily Democratic city. No Republican filed to run, so for all intents and purposes whoever won the Democratic primary would be the next mayor.,


1989 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Democratic Primary
Allegheny County Controller Frank Lucchino, who ran on a campaign emphasizing fiscal prudence, appeared to be the frontrunner in the race, and for many weeks leading up to the election, polled just a few points ahead of Masloff. Tom Murphy, a State Representative (who would become mayor in 1993), also proved to be a viable contender, as he emphasized how his economic knowledge could guide the city toward a more diversified economy.


1989 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Democratic Primary
Two other candidates with strong appeal to particular groups complicated the race: Tom Flaherty (who is unrelated to former Mayor Pete Flaherty), the City Controller, had strong support from the city's police and fire unions, while attorney and longtime civil rights activist Byrd Brown had a base in the black community.


1989 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Democratic Primary
Masloff, who made many personal appearances and charmed voters with her colorful personality, took the lead in polling in the closing days and went on to take the nomination. Murphy, who characterized himself as a "high tech visionary," also found momentum late, as he finished in second and set himself up to be a future force in city politics; Lucchino's campaign faded as he continued to question Masloff's credentials. Byrd amassed less than 10% of the vote while coming in fourth; Flaherty finished last.


1989 Player's Canadian Open
The 1989 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The men's tournament was held at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada and was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada and was part of the Category 5 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from August 14 through August 20, 1989, while the women's tournament was held from August 21 through August 27, 1989.


1989 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Kelly Evernden /  Todd Witsken defeated  Charles Beckman /  Shelby Cannon 6–3, 6–3


1989 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Robin White defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Larisa Savchenko 6–1, 7–5


1989 Player's Canadian Open – Men's Singles
Lendl successfully defended his title, defeating John McEnroe 6–1, 6–3 in the final.


1989 Players Championship
The 1989 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held March 16–19 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the sixteenth Players Championship.


1989 Players Championship
In gusty conditions, Tom Kite won the title at 279 (−9), one stroke ahead of runner-up Chip Beck.


1989 Players Championship
Defending champion Mark McCumber finished four strokes back, in a tie for sixth place.


1989 Players Championship, Venue
This was the eighth Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course and it remained at 6,857 yards (6,270 m).


1989 Players Championship, Field
Fulton Allem, Isao Aoki, George Archer, Tommy Armour III, Paul Azinger, Ian Baker-Finch, Dave Barr, Andy Bean, Chip Beck, Jim Benepe, Ronnie Black, Phil Blackmar, Jay Don Blake, Bill Britton, Mark Brooks, Billy Ray Brown, Brad Bryant, Curt Byrum, Tom Byrum, Mark Calcavecchia, Rex Caldwell, David Canipe, Jim Carter, Chen Tze-chung, Bobby Clampett, Keith Clearwater, Lennie Clements, Russ Cochran, John Cook, Fred Couples, Ben Crenshaw, Mike Donald, Bob Eastwood, David Edwards, Dave Eichelberger, Steve Elkington, Brad Fabel, Brad Faxon, Ed Fiori, Raymond Floyd, Dan Forsman, David Frost, Jim Gallagher Jr., Buddy Gardner, Bob Gilder, Bill Glasson, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Hubert Green, Ken Green, Jay Haas, Gary Hallberg, Dan Halldorson, Jim Hallet, Donnie Hammond, Morris Hatalsky, Mark Hayes, Lon Hinkle, Scott Hoch, Mike Hulbert, John Huston, Hale Irwin, Peter Jacobsen, Steve Jones, Tom Kite, Kenny Knox, Gary Koch, Bernhard Langer, Wayne Levi, Bruce Lietzke, Bob Lohr, Davis Love III, Mark Lye, Sandy Lyle, Andrew Magee, John Mahaffey, Roger Maltbie, Dick Mast, Billy Mayfair, Blaine McCallister, John McComish, Mark McCumber, Rocco Mediate, Johnny Miller, Larry Mize, Gil Morgan, Jodie Mudd, Tsuneyuki Nakajima, Larry Nelson, Jack Nicklaus, Greg Norman, Tim Norris, Andy North, Mark O'Meara, David Ogrin, Masashi Ozaki, Jerry Pate, Steve Pate, Corey Pavin, Calvin Peete, Chris Perry, Kenny Perry, Dan Pohl, Don Pooley, Nick Price, Tom Purtzer, Sam Randolph, Don Reese, Mike Reid, Larry Rinker, Loren Roberts, Bill Rogers, Clarence Rose, Dave Rummells, Bill Sander, Gene Sauers, Ted Schulz, Tom Sieckmann, Scott Simpson, Tim Simpson, Joey Sindelar, Jeff Sluman, J. C. Snead, Craig Stadler, Payne Stewart, Curtis Strange, Mike Sullivan, Hal Sutton, Brian Tennyson, Doug Tewell, Leonard Thompson, Bob Tway, Greg Twiggs, Howard Twitty, Scott Verplank, Bobby Wadkins, Lanny Wadkins, Denis Watson, Tom Watson, D. A. Weibring, Mark Wiebe, Robert Wrenn, Fuzzy Zoeller, Richard Zokol


1989 Polish legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland in 1989 to elect members of the Sejm and the recreated Senate. The first round took place on 4 June, with a second round on 18 June. They were the first elections in the country since the Communist Polish United Workers Party abandoned its monopoly of power in April 1989.


1989 Polish legislative election
Not all parliamentary seats were contested, but the resounding victory of the Solidarity opposition in the freely contested races paved the way to the end of communist rule in Poland. Solidarity won all of the freely contested seats in the Sejm, and all but one seat in the entirely freely contested Senate. In the aftermath of the elections, Poland became the first country of the Eastern Bloc in which democratically elected representatives gained real power. Although the elections were not entirely democratic, they led to the formation of a government led by Tadeusz Mazowiecki and a peaceful transition to democracy in Poland and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
In May and August 1988 massive waves of workers' strikes broke out in the Polish People's Republic. The strikes, as well as street demonstrations, continued throughout spring and summer, ending in early September 1988. These actions shook the communist regime of the country to such an extent that it decided to begin talking about recognising Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność), an "unofficial" labor union that subsequently grew into a political movement. As a result, later that year, the regime decided to negotiate with the opposition, which opened the way for the 1989 Round Table Agreement.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
The second, much bigger wave of strikes (August 1988) surprised both the government and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the communists.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
An agreement was reached by the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and the Solidarity movement during the Round Table negotiations. The final agreement was signed on 4 April 1989, ending communist rule in Poland. As a result, real political power was vested in a newly created bicameral legislature (the Sejm, with the recreated Senate), whilst the office of president was re-established. Solidarity became a legitimate and legal political party: On 7 April 1989 the existing parliament changed the election law and changed the constitution (through the April Novelization), and on 17 April, the Supreme Court of Poland registered Solidarity. Soon after the agreement was signed, Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa travelled to Rome to be received by the Polish Pope John Paul II.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
Perhaps the most important decision reached during the Round Table talks was to allow for partially free elections to be held in Poland. (A fully free election was promised "in four years"). All seats in the newly recreated Senate of Poland were to be elected democratically, as were 161 seats (35 percent of the total) in Sejm. The remaining 65% of the seats in the Sejm were reserved for the PZPR and its satellite parties (United People's Party (ZSL), Alliance of Democrats (SD), and communist-aligned Catholic parties).


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
These seats were still technically elected, but only government-sponsored candidates were allowed to compete for them. In addition, all 35 seats elected via the country-wide list were reserved for the PZPR's candidates provided they gained a certain quota of support. This was to ensure that the most notable leaders of the PZPR were elected.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
The outcome of the election was largely unpredictable, and pre-electoral opinion polls were inconclusive. After all, Poland had not had a truly fair election since the 1920s, so there was little precedent to go by. The last contested elections were those of 1947, in the midst of communist-orchestrated violent oppression and electoral fraud. This time, there would be open and relatively fair competition for many seats, both between communist and Solidarity candidates, and, in some cases, between various communist candidates.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
Although censorship was still in force, the opposition was allowed to campaign much more freely than before, thanks to a new newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza, and the reactivation of Tygodnik Solidarność. Solidarity was also given access to televised media, being allocated 23% of electoral time on Polish Television. There were also no restrictions on financial support. Although the Communists were clearly unpopular, there were no hard numbers as to how low support for them would actually fall.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
A rather flawed survey carried out in April, days after the Round Table Agreement was signed, suggested that over 60% of the surveyed wanted Solidarity to cooperate with the government. Another survey a week later, regarding the Senate elections, showed that 48% of the surveyed supported the opposition, 14% supported the communist government, and 38% were undecided. In such a situation, both sides faced another unfamiliar aspect - the electoral campaign.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
The communists knew they were guaranteed 65% of the seats, and expected a difficult but winnable contest; in fact they were concerned about a possibility of "winning too much" - they desired some opposition, which would serve to legitimize their government both internally and internationally. The communist government still had control over most major media outlets and employed sports and television celebrities as candidates, as well as successful local personalities.


1989 Polish legislative election, Background
Some members of the opposition were worried that such tactics would gain enough votes from the less educated segment of the population to give the communists the legitimacy that they craved. Only a few days before June 4, the party Central Committee was discussing the possible reaction of the Western world should Solidarity not win a single seat. At the same time, the Solidarity leaders were trying to prepare some set of rules for the non-party MPs in a communist-dominated parliament, as it was expected that the party would not win more than 20 seats. Solidarity was also complaining that the way electoral districts were drawn was not favourable towards it.


1989 Polish legislative election, Results
The outcome was a major surprise to both the PZPR and Solidarity. Solidarity's electoral campaign was much more successful than expected. It won a landslide victory, winning all but one of the 100 seats in the Senate, and all of the contested seats in the Sejm; the sole seat in the Senate which was not won by Solidarity was won by an independent candidate.


1989 Polish legislative election, Results
Out of 35 seats in the country-wide list in which Solidarity was not allowed to compete, only one was gained by PZPR candidate (Adam Zieliński) and one by a ZSL satellite party candidate in the first round; none of the others attained the required 50% majority. The communists regained some seats during the second round, but the first round was highly humiliating to them, the psychological impact of it has been called "shattering". Government-supported candidates competing against Solidarity members gained 10 to 40% of votes in total, varying by constituency. Altogether, out of 161 seats eligible, Solidarity took all 161 (160 in the first round and one more in the second). In the 161 districts in which opposition candidates competed against pro-government candidates, the opposition candidates obtained 71.3% of the vote (16,397,600).


1989 Polish legislative election, Results
While Solidarity having secured the 35% of seats available to it, the remaining 65% was divided between the PZPR and its satellite parties (37.6% to PZPR, 16.5% to ZSL, 5.8% to SD, with 4% distributed between small communist-aligned Catholic parties, PAX and UChS). The distribution of seats among the PZPR and its allies was known beforehand.


1989 Polish legislative election, Results
Voter turnout was surprisingly low: only 62.7% in the first round and 25% in the second. The second round, with the exception of one district, was a contest between two most popular pro-government candidates. This explains low turnout in the second round as pro-opposition voters (the majority of the electorate) had limited interest in these races.


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
The magnitude of the Communist coalition's defeat was so great that there were initially fears that either the PZPR or the Kremlin would annul the results. However, PZPR general secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski allowed the results to stand. He and his colleagues felt secure with the 65% of the seats it was guaranteed for itself and its traditional allies. On 19 July the Sejm elected Jaruzelski as president by only one vote. In turn, he nominated General Czesław Kiszczak for prime minister; they intended for Solidarity to be given a few token positions for appearances.


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
However, this was undone when Solidarity's leaders convinced the PZPR's longtime satellite parties, the ZSL and SD (some of whose members already owed a debt to Solidarity for endorsing them during the second round) to switch sides and support a Solidarity-led coalition government. The PZPR, which had 37.6% of the seats, suddenly found itself in a minority. Abandoned by Moscow, Kiszczak resigned on 14 August. With no choice but to appoint a Solidarity member as prime minister, on 24 August Jaruzelski appointed Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki as head of a Solidarity-led coalition, ushering a brief period described as "Your president, our prime minister".


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
The elected parliament was known as the Contract Sejm, from the "contract" between the Solidarity and the communist government which made it possible in the first place.


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
Although the elections were not entirely democratic they paved the way for the Sejm's approval of Mazowiecki's cabinet on 13 September and a peaceful transition to democracy, which was confirmed after the presidential election of 1990 (in which Lech Wałęsa replaced Jaruzelski as president) and the parliamentary elections of 1991.


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
On the international level, this election is seen as one of the major milestones in the fall of communism ("Autumn of Nations") in Central and Eastern Europe.


1989 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
However, Solidarity did not stay in power long, and quickly fractured, resulting in it being replaced by other parties. In this context, the 1989 elections are often seen as the vote against communism, rather than for Solidarity.


1989 Polish presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Poland on 19 July 1989. The elections were the first after the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been re-established after a period of Communist rule and were the last in which the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate.


1989 Polish presidential election
After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and de facto loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on July 4, 1989, Adam Michnik proposed a power-sharing deal between communist and the democratic opposition (Your President, our Prime Minister), according to which Chairman of the Council of State and Communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski would become President and a solidarity representative Prime Minister (this position indeed went to Tadeusz Mazowiecki in August). After much debate within both camps this conception won.


1989 Polish presidential election
Jaruzelski ran unopposed, but won by just a one-vote majority needed, as many Solidarity MPs, while supporting the agreement, felt just unable to cast their votes or, to not disturb the process, cast abstain or invalid votes.


1989 Polish prison riots
The 1989 Polish prison riots refers to an outbreak of violence, which took place at four maximum-security prisons in northwestern Poland in late 1989. The riots were the result of political changes which had taken place in Poland in early and mid-1989 (see Polish Round Table Agreement, Polish legislative election, 1989). Inmates in several prisons hoped that collapse of the Communist system would result in the release of repeated offenders, due to an amnesty, but it did not happen. In the riots that ensued, seven people were killed, and hundreds were wounded.


1989 Polish prison riots, Background
During the rise of Solidarity (Polish trade union) in 1980 and the ensuing government crackdown, in some prisoners, regular and political prisoners in Polish prisons started to cooperate. By mid-1989, political prisoners in Poland had been released, but prisons across the country were still filled with thousands of inmates sentenced by the Communist regime. At that time, prisons in Poland were filled with people found guilty of petty offenses, such as stealing a bicycle. It was the result of the so-called “May 1985 Bill”, which stated that all recidivists, regardless of the crime, had to be sent behind bars. The bill caused overcrowding in cells, and conditions for inmates were very poor.


1989 Polish prison riots, Background
When, as a result of the 1989 legislative election, several former political prisoners found themselves in the Sejm, those who remained behind bars hoped that general amnesty was imminent.


1989 Polish prison riots, Background
The first disturbances in prisons began in the late summer of 1989, especially in northwestern Poland (in Nowogard, Czarne, and Goleniow). At first, the inmates demanded improvements in their living conditions and better pay for their work.


1989 Polish prison riots, Background
The Polish government met the requests of protesting prisoners, who in return demanded more, including the revoking of their sentences and amnesty. In August 1989, inmates at Nowogard took over de facto control of the prison. Their authority went so far that to take any prisoner for a trial at Szczecin court, a permission of the 47-member Protest Committee was needed. The Committee was headed by 34-year-old thief Zbigniew O. (aka Orzech). Orzech was in the prison system since he was 18 years old, with less than a year on the outside since then. Originally imprisoned for car theft and resisting arrest, he was involved in prison activism for better prisoner treatment; and once attempted suicide. By fall of 1989, he was only months from being released again.


1989 Polish prison riots, Partial amnesty
On November 16, 1989, the Sejm declared a partial amnesty, which, however, did not include recidivists. This disappointed thousands of inmates, and two days later Zbigniew O. of the Nowogard prison, together with two other prisoners (Miroslaw T., sentenced for 15 years for killing his own mother, and Zdzislaw P., sentences for 12 years for theft), went to Warsaw with a prison guard escort, to talk to Minister of Justice Aleksander Bentkowski. However, in the car, they got into the fight with their escorts, and damaged the vehicle (one version states that the escorts provoked the fight; another that the inmates got drunk and started it themselves); either way the minister refused to meet them.


1989 Polish prison riots, Partial amnesty
Nevertheless, Orzech managed to talk to Senator Edward Wende of oppositional Solidarity Citizens' Committee. Wende did not have good news for him and other inmates, telling the criminal that the Contract Sejm most likely would refuse extended amnesty. Orzech, after returning to Nowogard, told other inmates that if there was no extended amnesty, the prison “would be destroyed”. Corrections officers and managers of prisons in northwestern Poland were aware of the situation, and brought reinforcements from other parts of the country.


1989 Polish prison riots, Partial amnesty
On December 7, 1989, Polish Parliament debated about final shape of the amnesty. Inmates of several northwestern prisons (Goleniow, Czarne, Nowogard) anxiously awaited the news from Warsaw.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
When Teleexpress and Polish Radio informed that the amnesty did not include recidivists, furious prisoners began fighting the wardens. In Goleniow and Czarne riots have broken out, with unknown number of victims (later on it turned out that in Czarne, 6 people died, and 30 were wounded. In Goleniow, a prisoner accused of cooperation with authorities was set on fire and died, while in Czarne, wardens opened fire on inmates who tried to take control of the gate.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
In Nowogard, the prison warden prevented the prisoners from watching the prison's television, but they got the information from their own, clandestine radio sets. Orzech demanded to talk to the warden. During the conversation, he threatened to blow up prison’s furnace room, which was serviced by the inmates. The manager, Stanislaw Grzywacz, gave up and agreed to Orzech’s demand to organize a meeting of prisoners. At the same time, Grzywacz ordered all prisoners out of the furnace room and replaced them with wardens. During the prisoner meeting, those present discussed two options - those of active and passive resistance. Around 40%, including Orzech, supported active riot, and it was decided to follow the majority who favored the passive resistance. The inmantes would refuse to go out for their everyday walks, and every hour, they would make noise, hitting their pots against bars in windows.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
On next day, December 8, Nowogard inmates listened to morning news on the radio, finding out that riots had broken in other prisons. When the news was brought to Orzech, he immediately went to see manager Grzywacz, telling him: “In five minutes, we will burn your prison to the ground”. Soon afterwards, Orzech, while returning to his cell, threw a chair at a window, breaking it and yelling: “We are going down”, which was understood as a call for action.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
Within a few minutes, whole prison descended into chaos. Wardens ran away in panic, locking all doors and gates behind. Heaviest skirmishers took place in Pavilion IV, where Orzech was kept. It was him, who, according to many witnesses, gave order to set fire to the buildings, and also to evacuate the sick prisoners from the hospital located there. On December 10, riots took place on an even larger scale. Inmates threw bricks and burning rags, while wardens used tear gas.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
Then the prisoners got to the cafeteria, from where they took several hundred jars of goulash and bars of chocolate. On the same day, a unit of ZOMO arrived at prison gate, under Jerzy Stańczyk, who would later become chief of Polish police (1995–1997). Stanczyk and “Orzech” met each other at the gate of the prison. The meeting was short, as Stanczyk pointed to a row of armed ZOMO agents, and threatened the use of military and firearms. In response, “Orzech” nodded and left; the prisoners soon surrendered.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
A few hours after the meeting, ZOMO entered the prison, beating many inmates, but not Orzech. In the following months, most active inmates were transferred to prisons across Poland, and at District Court in Szczecin, a trial of three leaders of riot took place, during which some 100 witnesses gave their testimonies. There were attempts to intimidate witnesses giving testimonies against Orzech and others. On November 22, 1991, “Orzech” was found guilty of inciting riots and destruction of public property. He was sentenced to 7 years, and a fine (in 2007, recalculated as a result of a civil suit to 35 million zlotys ). Miroslaw T. was sentenced to 5 years, and Zdzislaw P. - 4 years. Orzech would spend most of his life since then in prison.


1989 Polish prison riots, Riots
Polish penal system was reformed in 1991, which resulted in further improvements to the quality of life in prisons.


1989 Pontins Professional
The 1989 Pontins Professional was the sixteenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1989 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1989 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 9 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 11 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1989 Pontins Professional
Darren Morgan won the event for the first time, beating Tony Drago 9–2 in the final.


1989 Pontypridd by-election
The Pontypridd by-election, 1989 was a by-election held in Wales on 23 February 1989 for the House of Commons constituency of Pontypridd in Mid Glamorgan.


1989 Pontypridd by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the constituency's Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) Brynmor John on 13 December 1988.


1989 Pontypridd by-election
The result was a Labour Party hold, with Dr Kim Howells winning a majority of almost 11,000 votes.


1989 Pontypridd by-election
Whilst out canvassing for the Conservative party, neighbouring MP Sir Raymond Gower died, which resulted in the Vale of Glamorgan by-election.


1989 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 1989 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Filderstadt Tennis Centre in Filderstadt, West Germany and was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 October to 15 October 1989. First-seeded Gabriela Sabatini won the singles title.


1989 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Robin White defeated  Raffaella Reggi /  Elna Reinach 6–4, 7–6(6–2)


1989 Portland Timbers season
The 1989 Portland Timbers season was the ninth season for a club bearing the Portland Timbers name. The club, previously known as F.C. Portland, changed its name to the Portland Timbers prior to the beginning of the 1989 Western Soccer League season.


1989 Portland Timbers season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix (formally the XXIII Grande Prémio de Portugal) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal on 24 September 1989. It was the thirteenth race of the 1989 Formula One World Championship.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 71-lap race was won by Gerhard Berger, driving a Ferrari, with Alain Prost second in a McLaren-Honda and Stefan Johansson third in an Onyx-Ford. Prost's teammate and Drivers' Championship rival, Ayrton Senna, retired following a collision with the Ferrari of Nigel Mansell, who had been black-flagged for reversing in the pit lane. As a result, Prost moved 24 points clear of Senna in the championship with three races remaining.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
As well as Johansson taking Onyx's only podium finish, the race also saw Pierluigi Martini lead for one lap – the first and only time the Minardi team led a Formula One race – and ten drivers from ten different teams finish in the top ten places. The race was also Prost's 150th Grand Prix start and the last start for the Coloni team, though it would continue in F1 until the end of 1991.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Onyx returned to the top of the Friday morning time sheets as Stefan Johansson was fastest by half a second. His new team-mate was Finnish driver JJ Lehto, who had replaced Bertrand Gachot since the last race, after Gachot openly criticised the team and was fired. In his first Formula One event, Lehto just missed out on pre-qualification after a suspension failure during the session, leaving him fifth. The Larrousse-Lola cars both pre-qualified again, with Philippe Alliot second and Michele Alboreto fourth. The other driver to go through to the main qualifying sessions was Roberto Moreno in third place in the Coloni.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Yannick Dalmas had originally pre-qualified in third place in his AGS, but was excluded from the session and his times were deleted, after mistakenly using the wrong tyres. Also excluded was Osella driver Nicola Larini, for missing a weight check, although he had already failed to pre-qualify, being only ninth fastest.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
The other drivers who failed to proceed any further included the other Osella of Piercarlo Ghinzani, who outpaced his team-mate in sixth, and Oscar Larrauri, despite an improvement to seventh in the EuroBrun. Eighth was Gabriele Tarquini in the other AGS, ahead of the Zakspeeds of Aguri Suzuki and Bernd Schneider. Slowest by nearly four seconds was the second Coloni of Enrico Bertaggia, the third time in a row the Italian had been bottom of the time sheets.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
Qualifying saw McLaren's Ayrton Senna take his tenth pole position of the season, with the Ferrari of Gerhard Berger alongside him on the front row. Nigel Mansell took third in the other Ferrari, with Alain Prost fourth in the other McLaren. Pierluigi Martini impressed by qualifying fifth in his Minardi, ahead of the two Williams of Riccardo Patrese and Thierry Boutsen in sixth and eighth respectively, with Alex Caffi seventh in the Dallara. The top ten was completed by Luis Pérez-Sala in the second Minardi and Martin Brundle in the Brabham. Further down the grid, Stefan Johansson took 12th in his Onyx after setting the fastest time in pre-qualifying, while another pre-qualifier, Roberto Moreno, took 15th, the best-ever grid position for the Coloni team.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
The Minardi, Dallara, Brabham and Coloni teams all had their tyres supplied by Pirelli, whose special qualifying tyres were generally regarded as being superior to those of Goodyear. However, Goodyear's race tyres were still acknowledged as being superior to Pirelli's.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Berger had a great start and managed to overtake Senna. Mansell was in third followed by Prost, Martini and Patrese. Berger quickly opened a lead while Senna was trying to keep Mansell behind. Then Mansell finally managed to overtake Senna and started to catch Berger. As the two Ferraris caught up with the slower cars and were starting to lap them, Mansell managed to overtake Berger. Positions at lap 24 were: Mansell, Berger, Senna and Prost. Prost was the first of the leaders to pit for new tyres from fourth position.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
He was quickly followed by Berger on lap 35 and then by Senna. Then came the crucial moment of the race. Mansell came into the pits slightly too fast, locked his tyres and missed his pit box by a few metres. Although his pit crew moved down the pit lane to try to change his tyres where he had stopped, Mansell engaged reverse gear and drove backwards the short distance into the correct spot, despite the Ferrari mechanics signalling to him to not reverse the car.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
After the leaders went to pit for tyres, Martini led a lap in the Minardi, the only time in the F1 history that a Minardi car was at the front leading. Mansell was down in fourth. Berger, Senna and Mansell quickly overtook Martini and Mansell closed on Senna. However, as driving a car in reverse in the pit lane was expressly forbidden (the pit crew may legally push a car backwards), Mansell was given the black disqualification flag.


1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
At the start of lap 48, approaching Turn 1 even while the black flag was being waved at him Mansell tried to overtake Senna, the cars collided and both drivers were out. This damaged Senna's title chances, especially since rival Alain Prost came in second place. The race was won by Berger ahead of Prost, with Stefan Johansson a surprising third in the underfunded Onyx; the Swede did not make a pit-stop at any stage of the race and was initially on course for fifth place until both Williams-Renault entries were pulled out with overheating issues.


1989 Portuguese local elections
The Portuguese local elections of 1989 took place on 17 December. The elections consisted of three separate elections in the 305 Portuguese municipalities, the election for the Municipal Chambers, whose winner is elected mayor, another election for the Municipal Assembly and a last one for the lower-level Parish Assembly, whose winner is elected parish president. This last was held separately in the more than 4,200 parishes around the country.


1989 Portuguese local elections
For the first time since democracy was restored, the center-left/left-wing parties won a nationwide local election. The Socialist Party won, also for the 1st time, the status of largest local party, a title the Socialists would hold on until 2001, and gained control in many big cities across the country, like Lisbon and Porto. In Lisbon, the PS leader, Jorge Sampaio, in a coalition with CDU, defeated the PSD/CDS candidate, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, by a 49% to 42% margin. The Socialists had a net gain of 41 cities, and won important cities like Guimarães, Coimbra, Faro and Vila Nova de Gaia.


1989 Portuguese local elections
The Social Democrats (PSD), were the big losers of the elections. The party lost its status as the largest local party and suffered heavy losses across the country, particularly in the big cities. The PSD lost a total of 35 cities, although was able to increase its share of the vote to 35%. The results contrast with the landslide election victory the PSD won in the 1987 general elections. Many of Cavaco Silva's government policies such as privatizations, which was creating some unemployment, or the tensions with some workers unions, like the Police protests in April 1989, may have had a negative effect on the PSD chances.


1989 Portuguese local elections
The Democratic Unity Coalition (CDU) gained 3 cities, compared with 1985, and maintained their control in the Alentejo area. Nonetheless, the Communist/Green coalition suffered a big drop in its share of vote, dropping 6% to around 13%. The CDU was able to hold on to their bastions of Beja, Évora and Almada.


1989 Portuguese local elections
The Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), like PSD, had a very poor showing winning 20 cities, a drop of 7 cities. The party lost some important cities to either the PS or PSD, such as Póvoa de Varzim, Leiria and Viseu. At the same time, CDS made several coalitions with the PS in Azores and Madeira, and, together, the PS/CDS coalition won a combined total of 3 cities. Other smaller parties also made gains, like the UDP which gained Machico, Madeira islands, from the PSD


1989 Portuguese local elections
Turnout in these elections was lower compared with 4 years ago, as 60.9% of the electorate cast a ballot.


1989 Portuguese local elections, Parties
1 The PS formed coalitions with CDS, CDU and MDP/CDE in several municipalities. 2 The PS formed coalitions with CDS and PPM in some municipalities.


1989 Portuguese local elections, Results, Municipal Councils, City control
The following table lists party control in all district capitals, as well as in municipalities above 100,000 inhabitants. Population estimates from the 1981 Census.


1989 Prague Skate
The 1989 Prague Skate was held November 1989. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating.


1989 Preakness Stakes
The 1989 Preakness Stakes was the 114th running of the Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 20, 1989, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Sunday Silence, who was jockeyed by Pat Valenzuela, won the race by a nose over runner-up Easy Goer. Approximate post time was 5:35 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run over a fast track in a final time of 1:53-4/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 98,896, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1989.


1989 Preakness Stakes
Jim McKay of ABC Sports labeled it "the best race that I have ever witnessed" during the 1995 Preakness telecast. The stretch duel of the race itself was featured on ABC's Wide World of Sports prelude claiming to be the "thrill of victory" for 12 years. It preceded the more memorable line "and the agony of defeat".


1989 Presto Tivolis season
The 1989 Presto Tivolis season was the 15th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Previously known as Presto Ice Cream Flavor Specialist in the Open Conference.


1989 Presto Tivolis season, Occurrences
Assistant Coach Adriano "Bong" Go was named the new head coach of Presto at the start of the season.