1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season
The 1991 Saskatchewan Roughriders season was the 77th season in the club's 81st year of existence. The team finished in 4th place in the Canadian Football League's West Division with a 6–12 record. The Roughriders began the season with a 1–6 record and subsequently fired head coach John Gregory and replaced him with Don Matthews who finished the season with a 5–6 record. The stronger end to the season was not enough as the team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since 1987.


1991 Saskatchewan general election
The 1991 Saskatchewan general election was held on October 21, 1991, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.


1991 Saskatchewan general election
The Progressive Conservative government of Premier Grant Devine was defeated by the New Democratic Party, led by former provincial Attorney General Roy Romanow. A major source of dissatisfaction with the Grant Devine government was the "Fair Share Saskatchewan" program, a scheme to distribute public service jobs more evenly across the province; a plan especially unpopular with workers scheduled to be relocated from Regina to rural districts. The Devine government was also notorious for a home construction and renovation relief program which reimbursed homeowners who did their own renovations.


1991 Saskatchewan general election
The NDP was able to win more than half of the popular vote, and an overwhelming majority in the legislature. The Tories lost almost three-quarters of the seats they had held in the legislature, and a significant share of the popular vote. Their loss in vote percentage resulted in 30 third-place finishes; this was more than their 26 second-place finishes or their ten seats won.


1991 Saskatchewan general election
The Liberal Party – led by Lynda Haverstock – was able to attract a substantial share of disaffected Tory voters. However, despite winning almost one-quarter of the vote, their support was too spread out across the province to translate into seats. Haverstock was the only Liberal returned to the legislature.


1991 Saskatchewan general election, Riding results
Names in bold represent cabinet ministers and the Speaker. Party leaders are italicized. The symbol " ** " represents MLAs who are not running again.


1991 Scheldeprijs
The 1991 Scheldeprijs was the 78th edition of the Scheldeprijs cycle race and was held on 21 April 1991. The race was won by Mario Cipollini of the Del Tongo team.


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts
The 1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts Canadian women's national curling championship, was played February 23 to March 2 at Saskatchewan Place in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts
The winning Julie Sutton rink from British Columbia won the right to represent Canada not only at the 1991 Canada Safeway World Women's Curling Championship and the 1992 Scott Tournament of Hearts, but also at the 1992 Winter Olympics, as there were no Olympic Trials held for the 1992 Games.


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Alison GoringThird: Kristin TurcotteSecond: Andrea LawesLead: Cheryl McPhersonAlternate: Anne Merklinger


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Debbie ShermackThird: Jackie-Rae GreeningSecond: Diane AlexanderLead: Leanne UsherAlternate: Sandy Symyrozum


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Julie SuttonThird: Jodi SuttonSecond: Melissa SoligoLead: Karri WillmsAlternate: Elaine Dagg-Jackson


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Kathie AllardyceThird: Cathy OvertonSecond: Laurie EllwoodLead: Jill ProctorAlternate: Kim Overton


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Heidi HanlonThird: Kathy FloydSecond: Sheri StewartLead: Mary HardingAlternate: Ellen Brennan


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Cathy Cunningham Third: Maria ThomanSecond: Kathy O'DriscollLead: Susan WrightAlternate: Heather Martin


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Colleen JonesThird: Mary MattatallSecond: Kim KellyLead: Nancy ReidAlternate: Nancy Delahunt


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Heather HoustonThird: Lorraine LangSecond: Diane AdamsLead: Diane PushkarAlternate: Mary Susan Bell


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Angela RobertsThird: Kathy O'RourkeSecond: Susan McCurdyLead: Bea Graham-MacDonaldAlternate: Anne Dillon


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Francine PoissonThird: Katie BrownSecond: Cindy McHughLead: Margaret ProssAlternate: Agnes Charette


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Sandra PetersonThird: Jan BetkerSecond: Joan InglisLead: Marcia SchimlAlternate: Anita Ford


1991 Scott Tournament of Hearts, Teams
Skip : Anna LidgrenThird: Merna HensleySecond: Shelley AucoinLead: Rose PutlandAlternate: Margaret Lawrence


1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final
The 1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, also known as the B&Q Cup Final for sponsorship reasons, was an association football match between Hamilton Academical and Ayr United on 8 December 1991 at Fir Park in Motherwell. It was the second final of the Scottish Challenge Cup, and a continuation of the tournament organised the previous season to celebrate the centenary of the Scottish Football League.


1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final
The match was Hamilton Academical's first national final in 56 years since the Scottish Cup Final in 1935; whilst it was Ayr United's second consecutive appearance in the final of the tournament having lost the inaugural final the previous season. The tournament was contested by clubs below the Scottish Premier Division, with both finalists from the First Division. The only goal of the match came from Colin Harris for Hamilton Academical to win 1–0.


1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Route to the final, Hamilton Academical
Hamilton Academical entered the first round with 20 other clubs from the First and Second Divisions; six clubs received random byes into the second round. The club was drawn against Alloa Athletic in the first round at home and won 5–1 at Douglas Park. In the next round Hamilton Academical travelled to Partick Thistle where they won 2–1 to progress to the quarter-finals. With eight clubs left in the competition, Hamilton faced East Fife away from home and won 3–2 to qualify for the semi-finals where they played Raith Rovers at Douglas Park to win 2–1 and progress to the final; their first national final since 1935.


1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Route to the final, Ayr United
In the first round Ayr United played Dundee in a repeat of the previous season's final, which the club lost 3–2 after extra time. This time Ayr United won the match 2–0 at Dens Park to progress to the second round. The next round was a match at Ochilview Park to face Stenhousemuir where it ended 2–0 to Ayr United. With eight clubs left in the competition, the club played Stranraer at Somerset Park and won 2–0 for the third consecutive round and progress to the semi-final. The draw for the semi-final paired the club with Queen of the South which Ayr United won 3–2 to reach the final of the tournament for the second year in a row.


1991 Scottish Challenge Cup Final, Pre-match, Analysis
Both Ayr United and Hamilton Academical played two games each at their respective homes of Somerset Park and Douglas Park, and two away games in the rounds preceding the final. Ayr United scored a total of nine goals and conceded only two before the final, compared with Hamilton Academical's twelve goals scored and five conceded. Ayr United kept a total of three clean sheets whilst Hamilton Academical kept none. This was the first appearance for Hamilton in the Scottish Challenge Cup Final, whereas Ayr United had been defeated in final of the previous season in the competition's inaugural year.


1991 Scottish Cup Final
The 1991 Scottish Cup Final was the 106th final of the Scottish Cup, Scottish football's most prestigious knockout association football competition. The match took place at Hampden Park on 18 May 1991 and was contested by Scottish Premier Division clubs Motherwell and Dundee United. It was both Motherwell's and Dundee United's 6th Scottish Cup Final and also the first time the clubs had met in a Scottish Cup Final. The match was dubbed the "family final", as the manager of both clubs were brothers, Tommy McLean and Jim McLean.


1991 Scottish Cup Final
As Scottish Premier Division clubs, Motherwell and United both entered the competition in the third round. Neither club won all four of their ties at the first attempt, Dundee United requiring a replay to knock out Division Two club East Fife in the third round. United went on to defeat Division One clubs Airdrieonians and archrivals Dundee before eliminating Tayside derby rivals St Johnstone in the semi-finals. After winning against defending champions Aberdeen in the third round, Motherwell defeated Division One clubs Falkirk and Greenock Morton then the previous seasons runners-up, Celtic, in a replayed semi-final.


1991 Scottish Cup Final
The match was both clubs' 6th appearance in the final. However, it was Motherwell's first appearance in 39 years whilst Dundee United had reached the final only three seasons beforehand. Motherwell had previously won only one final whilst Dundee United had lost on all previous final appearances.


1991 Scottish Cup Final
Motherwell won the match 4–3 after extra time was played. They took the lead when Iain Ferguson headed in just after 30 minutes had been played. In the second half, Dundee United equalized through Dave Bowman. Motherwell went back in front thanks to 18-year-old Phil O'Donnell and their lead was then extended to 3-1 by Ian Angus. However, two goals from United, one from John O'Neil and a last minute equaliser from Darren Jackson made the score 3–3, forcing the match into extra-time. Substitute Stevie Kirk scored a header in the first half of extra-time to conclude victory for Motherwell.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Motherwell
As a Scottish Premier Division club, Motherwell entered the competition in the third round. They were drawn against fellow Premier Division club Aberdeen who were also defending champions having won the 1990 Scottish Cup Final. The match was played at Aberdeen's home of Pittodrie Stadium with Motherwell winning 1–0. The fourth round draw paired the club with Division One club Falkirk resulting in a 4–2 win at Fir Park to progress to the quarter-finals.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Motherwell
Another Division One club in the form of Greenock Morton was the club's opponent, with the two clubs playing out a 0–0 draw to force a replay at Cappielow. The replay ended in another draw at 1–1 and the game progressed to a penalty shootout with Motherwell winning 5–4. In the semi-finals Motherwell faced the previous season's runners-up, Celtic, at Hampden Park with the game ending in another 0–0 draw for the club. A week later in the replay, Motherwell triumphed in a 4–2 victory to progress to the Scottish Cup Final for the first time in 39 years since defeating Dundee in the 1952 Final.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Dundee United
Dundee United, also a Premier Division club entered the competition in the third round. They were drawn against Division Two club East Fife who had progressed from the first round. The clubs played out a 1–1 draw at Bayview Park to force a replay at Tannadice Park. In the replayed match United emerged victorious in a 2–1 win. The fourth round draw saw Airdrieonians visit Tannadice, with the club losing 2–0. In the quarter-finals, United were drawn against archrivals Dundee to set up a Dundee derby match at home.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Route to the final, Dundee United
United won the tie 3–1 to progress to the semi-finals where they faced other rivals St Johnstone from nearby Perth in a Tayside derby. Dundee United won the match 2–1 and booked a place in the final for the fifth time in the past ten years following appearances in the 1981, 1985, 1987 and 1988 finals.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
The match had been dubbed the "Family Final" by the media as the two opposing managers were brothers, Tommy McLean at Motherwell and Jim McLean at Dundee United.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
Dundee United dominated the opening stages of the match, with Hamish French having the ball in the net after only two minutes but had his goal disallowed for off-side, whilst Freddy van der Hoorn on seven minutes hit the inside of the post from 25 yards out, only to see the ball roll out for a goal kick. Motherwell began to settle, however, before the game then went in to something of a lull. The opening goal came on 32 minutes when Motherwell's Iain Ferguson headed the ball into the top corner past Alan Main. Dundee United's Jim McInally came close to equalising with a shot near the end of the first half, but Motherwell held on to their lead for half-time.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
Early in the second half, Motherwell goalkeeper Ally Maxwell was badly injured as a result of a challenge with United's John Clark. He was able to carry on after receiving treatment, but was in clear discomfort. Dundee United equalised on 55 minutes when Dave Bowman struck a 25-yard shot past the struggling Maxwell. Motherwell retook the lead a mere three minutes later when a Davie Cooper free-kick was flicked on by John Clark and headed past Alan Main by Phil O'Donnell. The Steelmen further extended their lead on 65 minutes when an Ian Angus shot from the edge of the penalty box flew into the top corner of the goal.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
Despite now being 3–1 down, Dundee United rallied and quickly pulled a goal back; John O'Neil heading in a Dave Bowman cross from the right. It was O'Neil's first competitive goal for United. Dundee United laid siege to the Motherwell goal for the rest of the second half, but Motherwell looked like holding on until in the last minute Darren Jackson equalised. In the final moments of the second half, Maurice Malpas had a chance to win it for United, but his shot was off-target.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
The final now went in to extra time. Four minutes in, Motherwell substitute Steve Kirk headed in at the back post to put Motherwell 4–3 ahead. Dundee United pushed on again in another effort to draw level, and near the end Maurice Malpas was denied a goal by a flying save from Maxwell. Shortly after that, John Clark shot past.


1991 Scottish Cup Final, Match, Report
This time, however, Motherwell held on to full-time to win the cup, condemning Dundee United to their sixth Scottish Cup Final defeat in 17 years.


1991 Scottish League Cup Final
The 1991 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 27 October 1991 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 46th Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by Hibernian and Dunfermline Athletic. Hibernian won the match 2–0, thanks to goals from Tommy McIntyre and Keith Wright.


1991 Scottish League Cup Final, Route to the final, Hibernian
Scottish Premier Division club Hibernian (Hibs) entered the competition in the second round. They began their campaign with an away tie against Stirling Albion, but the match was in fact played at McDiarmid Park in Perth. This was because Annfield Stadium had an artificial turf, which gave visiting clubs the option of moving the match to a neutral venue. New signing Keith Wright scored in a 3–0 victory, then also scored in away victories against Kilmarnock and Ayr United.


1991 Scottish League Cup Final, Route to the final, Hibernian
Hibs were then drawn against league champions and League Cup holders Rangers. Hibs entered the match as underdogs, given Rangers' greater experience of playing in big matches and internationals. Wright gave Hibs the lead, however, exploiting an error by Andy Goram. This proved to be the only goal of the match, as John Burridge played well in goal for Hibs and both Mo Johnston and Ally McCoist missed chances for Rangers.


1991 Scottish League Cup Final, Route to the final, Dunfermline
Dunfermline Athletic, also a Scottish Premier Division club, entered the competition in the second round. Home victories against Alloa Athletic, St Mirren (after a penalty shootout) and Dundee United earned a place in a semi-final. Before the semi-final tie, however, Dunfermline sacked manager Iain Munro. The semi-final was played against Airdrieonians at Tynecastle. Dunfermline were losing 1–0 late in the game, but were controversially awarded a penalty kick by referee David Syme. The penalty was converted and Dunfermline progressed to the final by winning a penalty shootout.


1991 Scottish Masters
The 1991 Regal Scottish Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 11 and 15 September 1991 at the Motherwell Civic Centre in Motherwell, Scotland.


1991 Scottish Masters
Mike Hallett won the tournament by defeating Steve Davis 10–6 in the final.


1991 Seattle Mariners season
The Seattle Mariners 1991 season was their 15th since the franchise creation, and finished fifth in the American League West with a record of 83–79 (.512). It was the first winning season in franchise history. Home attendance at the Kingdome was the highest to date, exceeding 2.1 million.


1991 Seattle Mariners season
After the season, the contract of third-year manager Jim Lefebvre was not renewed, and he was succeeded by third-base coach Bill Plummer in 1992.


1991 Seattle Mariners season
This was the last full season under owner Jeff Smulyan; the club was sold the following July.


1991 Seattle Mariners season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1991 Seattle Mariners season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1991 Seattle Seahawks season
The 1991 Seattle Seahawks season was the team's 16th season with the National Football League. The 1991 season was the last season for head coach Chuck Knox, who left to become Head Coach of the Los Angeles Rams while President and general manager Tom Flores replaced him.


1991 Seattle Seahawks season
The Seahawks defense, led by future hall of Famer Cortez Kennedy, finished 8th on the season in both yards and scoring. This season was the last time a team played the same team in back to back games until the 2021 season when the Browns play the Ravens back to back, with a bye week in between.


1991 Seattle Seahawks season, Schedule, Regular season
Divisional matchups have the AFC West playing the NFC West.


1991 Segunda División B play-offs
The 1991 Segunda División B play-offs were the final playoffs for the promotion from 1990–91 Segunda División B to 1991–92 Segunda División. The first four teams in each group took part in the play-off. The teams played a league of four teams, divided into 4 groups. The champion of each group promoted to Segunda División.


1991 Segunda División de Chile
The 1991 Segunda División de Chile was the 40th season of the Segunda División de Chile.


1991 Senior League World Series
The 1991 Senior League World Series took place from August 11–17 in Kissimmee, Florida, United States. Pingtung, Taiwan defeated Pearl City, Hawaii twice in the championship game. It was Taiwan's fourth straight championship.


1991 Senior PGA Tour
The 1991 Senior PGA Tour was the 12th season since the Senior PGA Tour officially began in 1980 (it was renamed the Champions Tour in 2003 and PGA Tour Champions in 2016). The season consisted of 37 official money events with purses totalling $18,925,000, including four majors. Mike Hill won the most tournaments, five. The tournament results, leaders, and award winners are listed below.


1991 Senior PGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1991 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Senior majors are shown in bold.


1991 Seville City Council election
The 1991 Seville City Council election, also the 1991 Seville municipal election, was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 4th City Council of the municipality of Seville. All 31 seats in the City Council were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Seville City Council election, Electoral system
The City Council of Seville (Spanish: Ayuntamiento de Sevilla) was the top-tier administrative and governing body of the municipality of Seville, composed of the mayor, the government council and the elected plenary assembly. Elections to the local councils in Spain were fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years.


1991 Seville City Council election, Electoral system
Voting for the local assembly was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the municipality of Seville and in full enjoyment of their political rights, as well as resident non-nationals whose country of origin allowed Spanish nationals to vote in their own elections by virtue of a treaty. Local councillors were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each local council. Councillors were allocated to municipal councils based on the following scale:


1991 Seville City Council election, Electoral system
The mayor was indirectly elected by the plenary assembly. A legal clause required that mayoral candidates earned the vote of an absolute majority of councillors, or else the candidate of the most-voted party in the assembly was to be automatically appointed to the post. In the event of a tie, the appointee would be determined by lot.


1991 Seville City Council election, Electoral system
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of a determined amount of the electors registered in the municipality for which they were seeking election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. For the case of Seville, as its population was between 300,001 and 1,000,000, at least 5,000 signatures were required.


1991 Seville City Council election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 16 seats were required for an absolute majority in the City Council of Seville.


1991 Sheffield City Council election
Elections to Sheffield City Council were held on 2 May 1991. One third of the council was up for election. Since the previous election, Richard Old had defected from the Conservatives, sitting as an Independent Conservative. His failure to win re-election for the Ecclesall ward returned them to 11 seats.


1991 Sheffield City Council election, Election result
This result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the Council after the elections:


1991 Shell Rimula X season
The 1991 Shell Rimula X season was the 7th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Runner-up finish
The defending champions in the First Conference with five-time best import Bobby Parks back anew as expected finish on top of the eliminations with eight wins and three losses. Shell clinch the first finals berth on April 23 with its 12th win in 16 outings, a 141-124 victory over Diet Sarsi. The Turbo Chargers dropped their last three semifinal matches entering the championship rematch with Ginebra San Miguel.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Runner-up finish
Shell won Game one, halting the Ginebras' seven-game win streak in the semifinals and the first four games of the title-series went the same pattern as last year with the Turbo Chargers winning Games three and four to take a 3-1 lead in the best-of-seven series. In Game five, Shell was leading 85-80 in the first four minutes of the final quarter when Ginebra unleashed a 30-0 bomb to win going away and with the momentum on Ginebra's side, Shell lost Game six and the final game of the series.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Occurrences
The Turbo Chargers went down to one victory and six losses during the All-Filipino Conference and coach Arlene Rodriguez' contract was not renewed. The team's trainer Hercules Callanta took over from Rodriguez in their remaining assignments.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Occurrences
Ginebra assistant coach Rino Salazar accepted the offer of Shell to become their new head coach beginning the Third Conference.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Notable dates
July 11: Shell romped off with a convincing 105-96 win over Alaska Milk for only their second win in eight outings in the All-Filipino Conference.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Notable dates
September 29: After losing their first three games in the Third Conference, the Turbo Chargers finally gave their new coach Rino Salazar his first win, a 104-92 victory over Alaska Milkmen.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Notable dates
October 20: Shell blew a 21-point lead early in the final quarter but recovered in time to turn back Ginebra San Miguel, 126-120, and keep its slim, semifinal hopes alive. Michael Morrison, who was actually Shell's original choice for an import but was unavailable before the conference started, scored 39 points as he combined with Benjie Paras and Romy Dela Rosa for 94 points out of Shell's total output of 126.


1991 Shell Rimula X season, Third Conference roster
Assistant coaches: Herc Callanta / Manuel Pineda Team Manager: Charlie Favis


1991 Sicilian regional election
The Sicilian regional election of 1991 was held on 16 June 1991.


1991 Sicilian regional election
Christian Democracy resulted by far the largest party, while the Italian Socialist Party came second. These two parties continued to govern the Region at the head of different coalitions which comprised in different times the Democratic Party of the Left, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party.


1991 Sierra Leonean constitutional referendum
A referendum on a new constitution was held in Sierra Leone in August 1991. Voting was held over four days (23, 26, 28 and 30 August). The new constitution would restore multi-party politics, as the country had been a one-party state since the 1978 constitutional referendum made the All People's Congress the only legally permitted party.


1991 Sierra Leonean constitutional referendum
Of the approximately 2.5 million voters, turnout was around 75%. The new constitution was approved by around 80% of voters, and came into force on 1 October. As a result, the 1978 constitution was repealed. Due to a coup eight months after the referendum, the first elections under the new constitution were not held until 1996.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake
The 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake occurred on June 28 at 07:43:55 local time with a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The thrust earthquake resulted in two deaths, around 100 injuries, and damage estimated at $33.5–40 million. The event occurred beneath the San Gabriel Mountains on the Clamshell–Sawpit Fault, which is a part of the Sierra Madre–Cucamonga Fault System. Instruments captured the event at a number of strong motion stations in Southern California.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Preface
Due to its history of generating great earthquakes (1857, 1906) the focal point of earthquake hazard assessment in California has been the strike-slip San Andreas System of faults. However, a system of faults, including the Sierra Madre–Cucamonga Fault System that runs along the border of the San Gabriel and San Fernando Valleys, has also caused a series of moderate to large events in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The westernmost portion of this fault system ruptured in 1971 and has been identified as one of six major fault systems that pose a threat to the highly populated region.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Preface
Geodetic research has shown that crustal shortening is occurring in the region of the Transverse Ranges at a rate of 0.33 inches (8.5 mm) per year. Although a number of earthquakes have occurred in the Los Angeles area since 1971, the rate of moderate events since then may not be typical, and few large events have occurred since records have been kept. The rate of contraction and too few moderate events that have occurred indicated to researchers that a deficit of seismic energy release exists, and that larger, but less frequent events may also contribute to the release of strain accumulation.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Tectonic setting
To the west of the San Andreas Fault, the southern edge of the Transverse Ranges has been in a state of contraction during the Quaternary Period, with active reverse faulting that has uplifted San Gabriel Mountains. The west-striking (and range-bounding) Sierra Madre–Cucamonga Faults, as well as the San Cayetano Fault and Santa Susana Faults all exhibit a component of left-lateral strike-slip motion and share a similar trend.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Malibu Coast–Santa Monica Fault lies at the southern flank of the Santa Monica Mountains and the Raymond Fault runs to the south of the Verdugo Mountains and meets the San Gabriel Mountains at Monrovia. The Clamshell–Sawpit Fault lies beneath the San Gabriel Mountains inline with the Raymond Fault. The characteristics of the various faults are difficult to interpret, but they all dip steeply to the north with several thousand feet of displacement.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Earthquake
The shock occurred on June 28, 1991, at 07:43:55 local time, and was the result of thrust faulting on the Clamshell–Sawpit Fault at the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Mountains. At less than 0.39 in (1 cm), the total amount of uplift was very minimal, considering the 6 ft 7 in (2 m) of vertical displacement that was observed during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The uplift initiated about two million years ago, and is a result of the convergence of the Pacific and North American Plates near the restraining bend of the San Andreas Fault.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The earthquake was felt from Santa Barbara in the north, to Palm Springs in the east, and south to the Mexico–United States border. It was centered about 7.5 miles (12.1 km) northeast of Sierra Madre. Hundreds of homes were damaged and at least three roads leading up to Mount Wilson were blocked by landslides. A woman was killed when a steel beam fell at the Santa Anita Park raceway in Arcadia and another woman died as a result of a heart attack in Glendale.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Also in Arcadia, a Motel 6 was badly damaged. Other structural damage resulted from the shock. For example, both Monrovia and Pasadena each had more than a dozen buildings that were uninhabitable, but for the most part damage was limited to cracked plaster and broken windows. The Pasadena City Hall had moderate damage consisting of a cracked wall, dislodged marble barriers in the restrooms, and an offset dome. In Sierra Madre, four apartment buildings and nine homes were also tagged as uninhabitable. Of the more than 100 injuries that were reported in Arcadia, Pasadena, Glendale, and Sierra Madre, most were cuts, bruises, and sprains, but some serious injuries also occurred.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
With an area of perceptibility of around 58,500 km2, the shock was felt from Santa Barbara and Bakersfield to San Diego, Palm Springs, and Las Vegas. This is about half the felt area that was seen during the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, which was felt over an area of 110,000 km2. The maximum intensity observed in the urban areas that were affected was VII (Very strong), but the intensity in the epicentral area is unknown because of its remote location in the mountainous Angeles National Forest, though rock slides and landslides occurred there as a result of strong shaking. Intensity VI (Strong) effects were observed over 1,100 km2, from Altadena and La Verne along the base of the mountains, to East Los Angeles.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Earthquake, Strong motion
The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) obtained 120 records from 48 ground response stations, 38 buildings, six dams, an airport control tower, and a power station. The individual stations that reported were as close as 2.5 miles (4 km) (Cogswell Dam) to as far as 50 miles (80 km) (Neenach), but most were within 40 km (25 mi). In downtown Pasadena, accelerations of .20g were measured at the bottom floor of three buildings, but the duration of strong motion was only about two seconds. At the Altadena station (8.1 mi (13 km) from the epicenter) .46g was recorded. The Cogswell Dam station recorded a peak horizontal acceleration of .58g, but no major damage occurred.


1991 Sierra Madre earthquake, Recurrence interval
Although the long term slip rate of the constituent faults that make up the Sierra Madre Fault Zone are not precisely known, several studies have put forth scenarios for possible future activity. Two independent reports suggested that if the complete (62 mi (100 km)) fault system were to rupture, it could result in a Ms 7.7 shock similar to the 1952 Kern County earthquake. One researcher stated that the recurrence interval for such an event would be greater than 5,000 years. Another proposal was for one of the seven individual segments to rupture in a M6.4–6.6 event, comparable with the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The recurrence interval for this type of event was placed at 200 years.


1991 Singaporean general election
General elections were held in Singapore on 31 August 1991. President Wee Kim Wee dissolved parliament on 14 August 1991 on the advice of Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The result was a victory for the People's Action Party, which won 77 of the 81 seats.


1991 Singaporean general election
Voter turnout was 95.0%, although this figure represents the turnout in the 25 constituencies to be contested, with PAP candidates earning walkovers in the other 41; this was the second general election, after the 1968, where PAP returned to power on nomination day due to a majority of walkovers; a collaborative effort amongst all the opposition parties headed by Chiam See Tong decided to not contest all seats, so as to reassure voters to vote in ease for the opposition, known as a "by-election effect". This was to date, the only election, where no Non-constituency Member of Parliament seats were offered, as the four seats won by the opposition is more than the minimum number of oppositions at three.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
This was the inaugural election for Prime Minister and current PAP secretary-general Goh Chok Tong after then-Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew stepped down on 28 November 1990. Goh decided to call a snap election merely three years after the last election to court a fresh mandate, setting Parliament's shortest term ever.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
An unprecedented four seats were won by the opposition, the biggest number since the 1963 election, and its share of votes fell for the third consecutive time since 1984, down to then-lowest share of 61.0%.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
The Singapore Democratic Party (SDP) had eight out of nine candidates came in among the top ten opposition candidates, with the party added two more spoils to the seat as well as retaining Potong Pasir SMC by leader Chiam See Tong in a record-69.6% vote, clocking in then the best performance for an opposition party at the time of the election at 48.6% of the votes and becoming the main opposition party in Parliament.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
The Workers' Party of Singapore (WP) made its second in-road into the legislature with the victory of its organizing secretary Low Thia Khiang (who previously contested Tiong Bahru GRC in the last election and Hougang SMC on this election), who would years later become WP secretary-general and leader (2001-2018). All three incumbents who were defeated in the election were one-term MPs including Seet Ai Mee, Ng Pock Too and Tang Guan Seng; only Tang returned to the 1997 election as a member in Ang Mo Kio GRC.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
At a post-election press conference on the night of 31 August, Goh glumly attributed the loss to his "open and consultative style of government" and pledged to re-evaluate his style. Since the introduction of the Non-Constituency Member of Parliament scheme in 1984, this was the first (and to date the only) election no NCMP seats were offered since four elected opposition seats exceeded the minimum of three NCMP seats allotted; the narrow defeat of WP's Eunos GRC team, helmed by Lee Siew Choh again, did not see to Lee's return as NCMP as a result. This was Lee's final legislature and electoral presence as he resigned from WP and retired from politics in 1993. The maximum of six Nominated MPs were appointed for this term, up from two Nominated MPs previously.


1991 Singaporean general election, Background
During the time where Ong Teng Cheong and Lee Hsien Loong were suffering from cancer, Goh went to call an by-election for his constituency (Marine Parade GRC), citing its best chances of winning for "political self-renewal" to get people of "ministerial calibre" to join the government under PAP, and paving the chance for J. B. Jeyaretnam to participate in the by-election after his ban expiring that year.


1991 Singaporean general election, Electoral boundaries, Existing GRCs
Another group of changes were necessary as it increased from three seats to four. Some of them are in the basis of expansion due to the fast growth of towns. The newer divisions are those because of developments of Simei, Jurong West, Bishan and Pasir Ris respectively. Many existing Single Member Constituencies were either remain intact or absorbed to GRCs, though existing GRCs have also created newer divisions.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
The 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement was a treaty between China and the Soviet Union that set up demarcation work to resolve most of the border disputes between the two states. Initially signed by China and the Soviet Union, the terms of the agreement were resumed by Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The treaty resulted in some minor territorial changes along the border.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Background
The border between the Soviet Union and China had long been an issue of contention. The Sino-Soviet border was a legacy of various treaties between the Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire, the Treaty of Aigun and the Treaty of Beijing, in which Russia gained over 1 million km2 (400,000 mi2) of territory in Manchuria at China's expense, and another 500,000 km2 in the western regions from several other treaties. These treaties have long been regarded by Chinese as unequal treaties, and the issue partially arose again with the Sino-Soviet split, with tensions eventually leading to division-scale military clashes along the border in 1969.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Background
Even as tensions lessened and leaders on both sides adopted more conciliatory attitudes, the border issue remained unresolved. Despite their view of the previous border treaties as unequal ones, Chinese leaders were willing to negotiate on the basis of the modern boundaries. That left about 35,000 km2 of territory in dispute, with about 28,000 km2 in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan, 6,000 km2 elsewhere along the western border, and about 1,000 km2 along the Argun, Amur, and Ussuri rivers on the eastern border. Border negotiations were eventually resumed in 1987 at Mikhail Gorbachev's initiation. An agreement was reached on the eastern portion of the border on May 16, 1991, several months before the final dissolution of the USSR. Russia inherited most of the former Sino-Soviet border, and ratified the agreement in February 1992, while the other post-Soviet republics negotiated separate border agreements.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Agreement
The agreement largely finalized the 4,200 km (2,600 mi) border between the Soviet Union and China, except for a few disputed areas. The agreement states the intentions of both parties in resolving and demarcating the disputed border peacefully, identifies the various points of contention, and identifies the border as running through the center of the main channel of any river, based on the thalweg principle. The location of the main channel and the possession of the various islands would be decided in the course of the demarcation work.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Agreement
Various other articles stipulate military, usage, and traffic rights along the river borders. Two areas, Heixiazi and Abagaitu Islet, were excluded from the agreement, and their status would not be resolved until 2004. According to the estimates by Boris Tkachenko, a Russian historian, the treaty resulted in net territorial gain for China, which received about 720 km2, including some seven hundred islands.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Agreement
Because islands on the Argun, Amur, and Ussuri rivers often split the rivers into multiple streams, the location of the main stream (and thus the border) was often not immediately apparent. Obviously, each country would receive a greater number of islands if the recognized main channel was closer to the opposite bank. Thus, the demarcation work was often controversial and subject to local protests over disputed territories. The demarcation work continued nearly up until its 1997 deadline.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Western border
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the former Sino-Soviet border was now shared by Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Russia. While the majority of the disputed territories lay in the west, the Russian Federation inherited only about 50 km (26 mi) of the former western Sino-Soviet border. China negotiated separate border agreements with each of the post-Soviet republics on its western borders. (See e.g. the China–Kazakhstan border).


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Argun River
Menkeseli was a 17.5 km2 (7 mi2) region along the Argun River that according to the agreement should have been transferred to China. However, this was opposed by local Russian civilians, who used this area for fishing. The dispute was finally finalized in 1996, in which the region would be transferred to China but local Russian residents would be guaranteed special usage rights to the region.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Argun River
413 islands and islets along the river were disputed. The final apportionment has 204 islands in Soviet territory and 209 islands in Chinese territory.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Argun River
Specifically excluded from the agreement was the status of 5 km2 (2 mi2) Abagaitu Islet, on the border between China's Inner Mongolia and Russia's Chita Oblast and near the cities of Zabaykalsk and Manzhouli. In Chinese it is known by the Mongolian name of Abaigaitui, while the name in Russian is Bolshoy. This island would be transferred to China in subsequent agreements in 2004.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Amur River
The islands of the Amur river were subject to some border clashes between Soviet and Japanese forces during the Manchukuo period. After the invasion of Manchukuo during World War II, the Soviet Union unilaterally occupied many of the islands along the Amur River and prevented Chinese locals from entering. These islands were the site of several military skirmishes during the 1960s. Most of the disputed islands have been transferred to China. Of the 1,680 islands along the Amur, the agreement now recognizes 902 Chinese islands and 708 Russian islands.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Amur River
The two islands of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (32 km2) and Tarabarov island (4 km2) near Khabarovsk, along the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers were specifically excluded from the agreement. The two islands are referred to collectively in Chinese as Heixiazi, although the smaller Tarabarov is sometimes called Yinlong. The status of these islands was resolved in 2004, when Tarabarov and approximately 50% of Bolshoy Ussuriysky were transferred to China.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Ussuri River
Of almost 150 island groups on the Ussuri river, almost forty lay disputed. Many of these islands were the site of numerous skirmishes and clashes before and during the Sino-Soviet border conflict. Of the 320 islands along this river, the agreement recognizes 167 Russian islands and 153 Chinese islands.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Ussuri River
Kutsuzov is the largest island along the Ussuri. Under former Chinese possession it was known as Daxitong dao. Control was transferred to the Soviet Union during the Manchukuo period. Under the terms of the agreement, the island remained in Russia's possession.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Ussuri River
Damansky, or Zhenbao Island along the Ussuri River, was the site of the 1969 Damansky Island incident. After the conflict, the Chinese appear to have retained de facto control over the island. The agreement recognized China's de jure as well as de facto control.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Lake Khanka
Around 3 km2 (1 mi2) of territory at Lake Khanka near the village of Tury Rog was transferred to Chinese control.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Lake Khanka
West of Lake Khanka lay a section of territory unilaterally seized from Manchukuo by the Soviet Union in 1933. This territory, about 0.70 to 0.9 km2 (170 to 220 acres), has been transferred to Chinese control.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Suifen River
A delta forms at the junction of the Suifen and Granitnaya Rivers, which is also the location of the border. In 1903, the Russian Empire acquired control of the delta. The delta was later given to Manchukuo, which was then restored to China, but the Soviet Union retained control of the islands along the river. These islands have been transferred to China.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Granitnaya River
This dispute involves a section of the former land border near the Granitnaya River, which borders part of Heilongjiang Province and Ussuriysky District (now Ussuriysk urban district) of Primorsky Krai. The original Convention of Peking (Beijing) states this section of the border lies along the Granitnaya, but the origin of the river de facto lay inside Russian territory. With the 1991 agreement, Russia transferred 9 km2 (3.5 mi2) to China so that now the Sino-Russian border runs along the entire length of the river.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Tumen River
The Khasansky District lies near the Sino-North Korean border and the Sino-Russian border and included two disputed regions along the Tumen River. According to the agreement, 3 km2 (1 mi2) of territory would be transferred to China, and Chinese ships would gain the right to navigate the Tumen river. The territory transfer would connect a previously enclaved piece of Chinese territory to the rest of China (Fangchuancun).


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Tumen River
This portion of the agreement stirred up some controversy among some Russian officials from Primorsky Krai, as they felt that direct Chinese access to the Sea of Japan (through the Tumen River) would decrease the economic importance of Vladivostok and Nakhodka. Other arguments protested at potential pollution from Chinese economic development, the possibility of Chinese military vessels navigating the river, and the presence of a Russian cemetery commemorating the Lake Khasan Incident in the area. Finally, in June 1997, the Russian side proposed a resolution which would divide the disputed territory in half.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Tumen River
This was accepted by China in September of the same year, and in November, when the border demarcation work was declared finished, 1.6 km2 (0.6 mi2) were transferred to China, and 1.4 km2 (0.5 mi2) were retained by Russia. The Lake Khasan cemetery remained on the Russian side, and the Chinese officials underwent informal agreements to not build a port along the Tumen River.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Sino-Russian-North Korean border
The exact location of the Sino-Russian border along the left bank of the Tumen River was an area of contention (the entirety of the right bank of the river belonging to North Korea). The Convention of Peking (Beijing) set the location of border at 24 km (15 mi) above the mouth of the river, where it enters the Sea of Japan, but through Chinese negotiation was later moved to about 15 or 16 km (9 mi) above the mouth.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Sino-Russian-North Korean border
In 1964, both sides agreed to a border about 17 km (11 mi) above the mouth, and these terms were kept in the 1991 agreement. However, the Russian side preferred it to be set at 24 km, and the Chinese at 15 km. The final position was set at 18.3 km (11.3 mi) above the mouth of the river.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Disputed territories and their resolution, Sino-Russian-North Korean border
The final position of the triangular border, where China, Russia, and North Korea meet, was successfully demarcated in 1998 after trilateral negotiations from all three countries, and went into effect 1999.


1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement, Relation to Taiwanese mainland claim
The Republic of China now based in Taiwan does not recognize any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries, including this 1991 one, due to the requirements in the Constitution of the Republic of China and its Additional Articles. Neither does Russia recognize Taiwan as an independent country.


1991 Skate America
The 1991 Skate America was held at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in Oakland, California. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1991 Skate America, Results, Ladies
Harding performed a triple axel in her short program and free skating. She became the first woman to land the triple axel in the short program in major international competition.


1991 Skate Canada International
The 1991 Skate Canada International was held in London, Ontario on October 24–27. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1991 Sligo County Council election
An election to Sligo County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 25 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 Sligo Intermediate Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 1991 Sligo Intermediate Football Championship. Enniscrone won their first Intermediate title at the third attempt, after a narrow win over first-time finalists Drumcliffe/Rosses Point.


1991 Sligo Senior Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 1991 Sligo Senior Football Championship. The 1991 final brought down the curtain on a great rivalry, as Tubbercurry defeated St. Mary's in the final by a solitary point, in what was the seventh final meeting in twelve years between both clubs. This was Tubbercurry's 19th title in all, and would be their last of the twentieth century. The defending champions Shamrock Gaels crashed out of the championship in the opening round after defeat to Easkey.


1991 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final
Team:A. NearyJ. BrennanG. GilmartinP. GilmartinO. WynneP. ReganP. BrennanB. Kilcoyne (0-4)P. KilcoyneD. Killoran (1-1)P. Seevers (0- 1)J. StensonG. RingB. Murphy (0-1)J. Murphy


1991 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final
Team:G. YoungM. JordanH. GilvarryA. PowerN. MurrayJ. CliffordD. LynchT. Breheny (0-1)P. MullenM. GalvinJ. Kent (0-1)D. McGoldrick (0-2)D. Cummins (0-1)S. Henneberry (1-0)A. Burke (0-2)


1991 Sokoto State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Sokoto State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Yahaya Abdulkarim won the election, defeating SDP Zuberu Maigari.


1991 Sokoto State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Sokoto State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Yahaya Abdulkarim won the election, defeating SDP Zuberu Maigari. Yahaya Abdulkarim polled 485,889 votes, while Zuberu Maigari polled 101,729 votes.


1991 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election
The Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council elections were held on Thursday, 2 May 1991, with one third of the council as well as a double vacancy in St. Alphege to be elected. There had been a by-election in the interim, with the Independent Ratepayers & Residents gaining a seat in Shirley West from the Conservatives. The council fell to no overall control for the first time since its creation in 1973. Voter turnout was 46.0%.


1991 Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council election, Election result
This result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:


1991 Sonoma State Cossacks football team
The 1991 Sonoma State Cossacks football team represented Sonoma State during the 1991 NCAA Division II football season. Sonoma State competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference in 1991.


1991 Sonoma State Cossacks football team
The 1991 Cossacks were led by third-year head coach Tim Walsh. They played home games at Cossacks Stadium in Rohnert Park, California. Sonoma State finished the season as champion of the NCAC, with a record of nine wins and two losses (9–2, 5–0 NCAC). The Cossacks outscored their opponents 265–175 for the season. The nine wins and .818 winning percentage make 1991 the most successful season in the 20 years Sonoma State had a football team. The championship of the NCAC by Sonoma State also broke the string of 20 consecutive conference championships by UC Davis.


1991 Sonoma State Cossacks football team, Team players in the NFL
No Sonoma State players were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft.


1991 Soul Train Music Awards
The 1991 Soul Train Music Awards aired live on March 12, 1991 (and was later syndicated in other areas), honoring the best in R&B, soul, rap, jazz, and gospel music from the previous year. The show was held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California and was hosted by Patti Labelle, Luther Vandross and Dionne Warwick.


1991 South American Championships in Athletics
The 36th South American Championships in Athletics were held in Manaus, Brazil, between 28 and 30 June 1991.


1991 South American Cross Country Championships
The 1991 South American Cross Country Championships took place on February 2, 1991. The races were held in Ambato, Ecuador. Competitions open for youth athletes (under 17) were held for the first time.


1991 South American Cross Country Championships
Medal winners, and medal winners for junior and youth competitions were published.


1991 South American Cross Country Championships, Medallists
All results are marked "affected by altitude" (A), because Ambato is situated at an elevation of about 2,600 m above sea level.


1991 South American Junior Championships in Athletics
The 23rd South American Junior Championships in Athletics were held in Asunción, Paraguay from June 21–23, 1991.


1991 South American Junior Championships in Athletics, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 212 athletes from about 9 countries:  Argentina (47), Bolivia (6), Brazil (58), Chile (33), Colombia (6), Ecuador (16), Paraguay (28), Peru (12), Uruguay (6).


1991 South American Junior Championships in Athletics, Medal summary
Medal winners are published for men and womenComplete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website.


1991 South American Rugby Championship
The 1991 South American Rugby Championship was the 17th edition of the competition of the leading national Rugby Union teams in South America.


1991 South American Rugby Championship
For the first time, the tournament wasn't played in a host country, but in different venues in each countrie participating.


1991 South American U-17 Championship
The 1991 South American Under-17 Football Championship (Spanish: Campeonato Sudamericano Sub-17 Paraguay 1991, Brazilian Portuguese: Campeonato Sul-Americano Sub-17 Paraguai 1991) was the 4th edition of the South American Under-17 Football Championship, a football competition for the under-17 national teams in South America organized by CONMEBOL. It was held in Paraguay from 4 to 19 May 1991.


1991 South American U-17 Championship
Brazil were crowned champions, and together with Argentina and Uruguay, which were the top three teams of this tournament, qualified for the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Italy.


1991 South American U-17 Championship, Venues
The main venue was Estadio Defensores del Chaco, Asunción with some games being played at Estadio Manuel Ferreira and Estadio General Pablo Rojas in the same city. Estadio Juan Canuto Pettengill, Itauguá and Estadio Feliciano Cáceres, Luque were also used.


1991 South American U-17 Championship, First stage
The top two teams in each group advanced to the final stage.


1991 South American U-17 Championship, First stage
When teams finished level of points, the final rankings were determined according to:


1991 South American U-17 Championship, Final stage
When teams finished level of points, the final rankings were determined according to the same criteria as the first stage, taking into account only matches in the final stage.


1991 South American U-17 Championship, Goalscorers
There were 86 goals scored in 26 matches, for an average of 3.31 goals per match.


1991 South American U-17 Championship, Qualified teams for FIFA U-17 World Championship
The following three teams from CONMEBOL qualified for the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship.


1991 South American U-20 Championship
The South American Youth Championship 1991 was held in Puerto Ordaz and San Cristóbal, Venezuela. It also served as qualification for the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1991 South American U-20 Championship, Qualification to World Youth Championship
The three best performing teams qualified for the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship
The 1991 South American Women's Football Championship (Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Femenino 1991) was held in Maringá, Brazil between 28 April and 5 May 1991. It was the first staging of the South American Women's Football Championship and determined the CONMEBOL's single qualifier for the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship
Brazil won the tournament, that was played with only three teams: Brazil, Chile and Venezuela. Adriana was the tournament's top scorer, with four goals. Chile's Ada Cruz was elected as the best player.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship
In 1988, the Venezuelan Football Federation (FVF) had expressed interest in hosting the tournament.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship, Results
The tournament was set up in a round-robin format, where each team played one match against each of the other teams within the group. The first placed team in the group won the tournament and qualified for the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup in China.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship, Results
Two points were awarded for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss.


1991 South American Women's Football Championship, Results, Final standings
Brazil won the tournament and qualified for the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup.


1991 South Asian Games
The 1991 South Asian Games (or 5th SAF Games) were held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 22 December to 31 December 1991.


1991 South Australian electoral boundaries referendum
A referendum on electoral redistributions in South Australia was held on 9 February 1991. The proposal put to voters would require the South Australian Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission to redistribute the electoral boundaries following every election, and to consider a broader range of criteria when reviewing boundaries: specifically, "to draw the boundaries in such a way that the party with the majority of (the two-party) vote would also win the majority of seats and so be able to form government". The proposals were accepted by a wide margin.


1991 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1991 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as an independent team in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season finishing with a 3–6–2 record. The Gamecocks were led by Sparky Woods in his third year as head coach.


1991 South Carolina Gamecocks football team, Roster
Bobby Fuller* QBWright Mitchell QBDesi Sargent QBBrandon Bennett* RBLeroy Jeter* RBRob DeBoer RBTerry Wilburn RBAlbert Haynes RBEddie Miller* WRRobert Brooks* WRDavid Pitchko WRAsim Penny WRBralyn Bennett WRBill Zorr WRDarren Greene WRMike Whitman* TEMatthew Campbell TEBoomer Foster TERoderick Howell TEMathew Campbell TEErnest Dye* OLKenny Farrell* OLJay Killen* OLAntoine Rivens* OLRich Sweet* OLVincent Dinkins OLKevin Rosenkrans OLCedric Bembery* DLBobby Brown* DLMarty Dye* DLTroy Duke DLDavid Turnipseed DLErnest Dixon* LBEric Brown* LBGerald Dixon* LBRobert Gibson* LBKeith Franklin LBJoe Reaves LBKeith Emmons LBToby Cates* DBJerry Inman* DBBru Pender* DBTony Watkins* DBFrank Adams DBCedric Surratt DBNorman Greene DBDaren Parker P


1991 South Dublin County Council election
An election to South Dublin County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 South Kesteven District Council election
The 1991 South Kesteven District Council election for the South Kesteven District Council was held in South Kesteven in 1991.


1991 South Pacific Games
The 1991 South Pacific Games, held from 7–21 September 1991 at Port Moresby and Lae in Papua New Guinea, was the ninth edition of the South Pacific Games. This was the first time that events at one games had been held in two cities. The decision to do so was to allow both locations to benefit from the construction of new facilities.


1991 South Pacific Games
Host nation Papua New Guinea topped the medal table for the first time at a South Pacific Games with a total of 100 medals won.


1991 South Pacific Games, Sports
17 sports were contested at the 1991 South Pacific Games:


1991 South Pacific Games, Notes
More than 2,000 athletes took part in the 1991 Games, which had more athletes and competitions than Auckland's 1990 Commonwealth Games.


1991 South Pacific Games, Notes
Western Samoa initially took the men's basketball gold medal but the team was disqualified after a citizenship controversy, in which players were deemed ineligible.


1991 South Pacific Games, Notes
Squash: There were individual and team events for men and women. PNG won all four gold medals. The South Pacific Games Council had announced in 1978 that squash would be included in the Games, and it was played in 1979, 1983, 1987, and 1991.


1991 South Pacific Games, Notes
Swimming: French Polynesia's 14-year-old star Daine Lacombe won five gold medals in the pool.


1991 South Pembrokeshire District Council election
An election to South Pembrokeshire District Council was held in May 1991. The Independents maintained a majority. It was preceded by the 1987 election and followed by the 1995 Pembrokeshire County Council election (following re-organization of local government). On the same day there were elections to the other local authorities and community councils in Wales.


1991 South Tipperary County Council election
An election to South Tipperary County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for an eight-year term of office.


1991 Southeast Asian Games
The 1991 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 16th Southeast Asian Games, was a multi-sport event held in Manila, the Philippines from 24 November to 3 December 1991, with 28 sports featured in the games. This was the second time that the country hosted the games and its first since 1981. It was officially opened by President Corazon Aquino at the Rizal Memorial Stadium in Manila through a colorful opening ceremony. It was the only SEA Games at that time where the overall championship was heavily contested. The deciding medal came from the last sporting event - women's marathon where Indonesia got the gold medal.


1991 Southeast Asian Games
Four sports (archery, canoeing, sailing, and triathlon) were held in venues in Subic Bay.


1991 Southeast Asian Games
Fourteen years after the 1991 SEA Games, the country hosted the 2005 SEA Games. Another 14 years later, the Philippines hosted the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, which is the first that the event took place in the whole country.


1991 Southeast Asian Games
This logo of 1991 Southeast Asian Games was created by Ernesto A. Calaguas.


1991 Southeast Asian Games, Concerns and controversies
The Philippines should have tallied a total of 91 gold medals, but one of the gold medals from boxing was proclaimed unofficial. The said gold medal should have been fought by a Filipino boxer against a Thai boxer, but the latter was found positive in the doping tests. The gold medal was, at first, given to the Philippines, but after a few days, the SEAG Organizing Committee declared that there will be no gold and silver medalists for the said event in boxing because there was no battle fought.


1991 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1991 Southeastern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Alex Box Stadium in Baton Rouge, LA from May 16th through May 19th. Florida won the tournament and earned the Southeastern Conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Southend-on-Sea Borough Council election
The 1991 Southend-on-Sea Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Southend-on-Sea Borough Council in Essex, England. One third of the council was up for election.


1991 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1991 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament was held at College Park in Charleston, SC from April 27 through April 30. Fourth seeded Furman won the tournament and earned the Southern Conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. It was the Paladins first tournament win.


1991 Southern Conference Baseball Tournament
The tournament used a double-elimination format, with top seeded The Citadel receiving a bye to the second day in order to compensate for the odd number of teams in the league.


1991 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 1–3, 1991 at the Asheville Civic Center in Asheville, North Carolina. The East Tennessee State Buccaneers, led by head coach Alan LeForce, won their third Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Seven of the conference's eight members participated in the tournament (Marshall was ineligible). Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1991 Southern Illinois Salukis football team
The 1991 Southern Illinois Salukis football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Gateway Collegiate Athletic Conference (GCAC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Under third-year head coach Bob Smith, the team compiled a 7–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents) and tied for second place in the conference. The team played its home games at McAndrew Stadium in Carbondale, Illinois.


1991 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team
The 1991 Southern Miss Golden Eagles football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern Mississippi as an independent during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first year under head coach Jeff Bower, the team compiled a 4–7 record.


1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held February 28–March 1 at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana.


1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Northeast Louisiana defeated Texas–Arlington in the championship game, 87–60, to win their second Southland men's basketball tournament.


1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The Indians received a bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament as the #15 seed in the Midwest region.


1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Just four of the eight conference members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records, with tournament play beginning with the semifinal round.


1991 Southland Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Games in the quarterfinal round were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games were played at Fant-Ewing Coliseum in Monroe, Louisiana.


1991 Southwest Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1991 Southwest Conference Baseball Tournament was the league's annual postseason tournament used to determine the Southwest Conference's (SWC) automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. The tournament was held from May 16 through May 18 at Olsen Field on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, TX.


1991 Southwest Conference Baseball Tournament
The number 1 seed Texas Longhorns went 3-0 to win the team's 10th SWC Tournament under head coach Cliff Gustafson.


1991 Southwest Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The tournament featured the top four finishers of the SWC's 8 teams in a double-elimination tournament.


1991 Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 8–10, 1991 at Reunion Arena in Dallas, TX.


1991 Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 2 seed Texas 120–89 to win their 6th championship and receive the conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Southwest Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format and Seeding
The tournament consisted of an 9 team single-elimination tournament with the 8 and 9 seeded teams play in a play-in game to decide the 8th spot.


1991 Southwest Conference Women's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Southwest Conference Women's Basketball Tournament was held March 6-9, 1991 at Moody Coliseum in Dallas, TX.


1991 Southwest Conference Women's Basketball Tournament
Number 1 seed Arkansas defeated 3 seed Texas Tech 60-51 to win their 1st championship and receive the conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Southwestern Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football team
The 1991 Southwestern Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southwestern Louisiana (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) as an independent during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their sixth year under head coach Nelson Stokley, the team compiled a 2–8–1 record.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships
The 1991 Soviet Athletics Championships was the 63rd and final edition of the national championship in outdoor track and field for the Soviet Union. It was held on 10–13 July at Republican Stadium in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR. The competition was held within the 1991 Soviet Spartakiad. A total of 42 events were contested over four days. The marathon competition was held earlier on 21 April in Bila Tserkva.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships
The competition did not receive interest from several of the nation's top athletes, including Sergey Bubka, and audience attendance was also low. No team score was assigned for the Republics of the Soviet Union, as had been done in previous years. The championships formed part of the qualification for the Soviet team at the 1991 World Championships in Athletics. The highlight performance was Lyudmila Narozhilenko's Soviet national record of 12.28 seconds in the women's 100 metres hurdles. This made her the third fastest women ever in the event (after Bulgarians Yordanka Donkova and Ginka Zagorcheva) and remains one of the fastest performances of all time for the event.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships
This was the final Soviet Athletics Championships as the dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred in December that year. After this point, the newly independent republics began to hold their own national championships. Given the organisational disarray, the former Soviet states sent a Unified Team at the Olympics in 1992, which was selected through the 1992 CIS Athletics Championships – the last time the former Soviet countries held a united athletics event.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships, Soviet Marathon Championships
The Soviet Marathon Championships and Spartakiade Marathon took part within the same race on 21 April in the city of Bila Tserkva, though placings differed for men as under Spartakiade rules each Republic of the Soviet Union could enter a maximum of three athletes for their team. The top two placers in the men's race, Vladimir Bukhanov and Vadim Sidorov, were not part of a republic's team, hence they were declared first and second in the Soviet Championships, but the Spartakiade title went to the third placer, Aleksandr Vychuzhanin of the Russian SFSR. The level of participation was not as high in the women's race, thus the top three women were all part of a team and the Championships and Spartakiade results were identical.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships, Soviet Winter Racewalking Championships
The Soviet Winter Racewalking Championships were held 16–17 February in Sochi. Participants competed on the route laid along Tchaikovsky Street. The women's 10 km winner Alina Ivanova finished one second slower than her Soviet record set in 1989.


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships, Soviet Winter Throwing Championships
The Soviet Winter Throwing Championships were held on 23–24 February in Adler at the Labor Reserves stadium. The women's hammer throw world record was improved twice at the meeting, first by Larisa Shtyrogrishnaya (63.08 m), and then by Alla Fyodorova (64.44 m).


1991 Soviet Athletics Championships, Soviet Cross Country Championships
The Soviet Cross Country Championships were held on 24 February in Kislovodsk, Russian SFSR.


1991 Soviet Cup Final
The 1991 Soviet Cup Final was a football match that took place at the Lenin's Central Stadium, Moscow on 23 June 1991. The match was the jubilee 50th Soviet Cup Final and it was contested by PFC CSKA Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow. The Soviet Cup winner CSKA qualified for the Cup Winners' Cup first round for the Soviet Union. CSKA played their 7th Cup Final winning on 5 occasions including this one. For Torpedo it was their 15th Cup Final and for the ninth time they were defeated at this stage.


1991 Soviet Cup Final
This match was the final match played by CSKA and USSR national team goalkeeper Mikhail Yeriomin. Yeriomin was in a serious car accident the evening after the final and died at a hospital on 30 June 1991 from his injuries.


1991 Soviet Cup Final, Road to Moscow
All sixteen Soviet Top League clubs did not have to go through qualification to get into the competition, so CSKA and Torpedo both qualified for the competition automatically. The last year defending champions Dynamo Kyiv were eliminated administratively in the first round of the competition (1/16 final) by FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin after winning their home game 7–1 (later changed to -:+).


1991 Soviet Cup Final, Previous encounters
Previously these two teams met each other in the early editions of the competition on several occasions. However this was their first time and the last that they met in the finals of the Soviet Cup. Previously their contested each other four times in semifinals of this competition since 1944.


1991 Soviet First League
Soviet First League 1991 was the last season of the Soviet First League. With the collapse of the Soviet Union the football structure was reformed. All of its participants have entered the Top Divisions of the republics of their origin, except of Dinamo Sukhumi that because of the 1992-93 War in Abkhazia was dissolved.


1991 Soviet First League
Due to the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, a process of dissolution of the Soviet Union accelerated as well as a process of decommunization in former union republics. Number of cities changed their names returning to their original names.


1991 Soviet First League, Teams, Replaced or withdrawn teams
With fall of the Soviet Union, the promoted FC Daugava Riga was dissolved and replaced with FC Pardaugava Riga that was based on the junior squad of the Latvian national football team (U-21) and took part in the 1990 Baltic League placing only 15th out 17 teams.


1991 Soviet Lower Second League, Zone 1
1991 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR was the last season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Soviet Lower Second League. The competition was won for the first time by FC Naftovyk Okhtyrka.


1991 Soviet Lower Second League, Zone 1, Teams, Renamed teams
Prior to the start of the season Avanhard Rivne was renamed to Veres Rivne.


1991 Soviet Second League
1991 Soviet Second League was the last edition of the Soviet Second League competition. There were three groups (known as zones) with 66 teams in total (22 in each group). Competitions in the last year "Baltic League" were not held as the Soviet Union was crumbling down.


1991 Soviet Second League
Next seasons all of the clubs competed in their own national championships and most of them at the top level.


1991 Soviet Second League B
1991 Soviet Lower Second League was the second and the last season of the Soviet Second League B since its reestablishing in 1990. The league was divided into 10 zones (groups) with 217 participants.


1991 Soviet Second League B
At least four out those 10 zones were part of republican championships. Among those republics were Ukrainian SSR, Armenian SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, and Kazakh SSR. Five more zones were dominated majorly by clubs of the Russian SFSR and one more zone was a collective competition among clubs of the Central Asia less the Kazakh SSR.


1991 Soviet Second League B
Four former Soviet republics that technically were still part of the Soviet Union conducted separate competitions. Among those republics were Baltic republics Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR as well as Georgian SSR. An attempt to conduct separate Soviet Baltic League that conducted in 1990 fell through and separate Baltic clubs (predominantly from the Latvian SSR) were allowed to compete in regular league competitions of the Soviet Union.


1991 Soviet Second League B, Political situation
The Soviet football competitions were conducted with the ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between the Soviet Armenia and the Soviet Azerbaijan. Because of that some clubs that territorially were located in the Azerbaijani SSR (i.e. Artsakh Stepanakert from Stepanakert) were nonetheless allowed to competed in republican championship of the Armenian SSR.


1991 Soviet Second League B, Political situation
Following the end of the football season, in the Moldavian SSR started a hot phase of the Transnistria conflict that was initiated by Soviet authorities led by Igor Smirnov and supported by the Odessa Military District authorities. At the same time political situations in Tajikistan and Georgia following their first presidential elections were deteriorating and escalated into so called Georgian Civil War and Tajikistani Civil War with a direct intervention of the Russian Armed Forces.


1991 Soviet Second League B, Political situation
In December 1991 there was signed Belavezha Accords between representatives of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine.


1991 Soviet Second League, Zone East
1991 Soviet Second League, Zone East was the last season of association football competition of the Soviet Second League in the Zone East. The competition was won by FC Okean Nakhodka.


1991 Soviet Second League, Zone East
The group (zone) consisted predominantly out of Soviet Central Asia clubs. With fall of the Soviet Union and discontinuation of Soviet competition, most clubs of the group joined their top national leagues.


1991 Soviet Second League, Zone West
1991 Soviet Second League, Zone West was the last season of association football competition of the Soviet Second League in the Zone West. The competition was won by FC Karpaty Lviv.


1991 Soviet Second League, Zone West
The group (zone) consisted predominantly out of Ukrainian clubs. With fall of the Soviet Union and discontinuation of Soviet competition, most clubs of the group joined their top national leagues. Because of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (Operation Ring), many clubs refused to travel to Azerbaijan and were awarded technical losses.


1991 Soviet Top League
The 1991 Soviet Top League season was the 54th since its establishment and the last one. Dynamo Kyiv were the defending 13-times champions. A total of sixteen teams participated in the league, twelve of them have contested in the 1990 season while the remaining four were promoted from the Soviet First League due to withdrawals. The representatives of the Baltic states as well as Georgia chose not to take part in the competition.


1991 Soviet Top League
The season began on 10 March and lasted until 2 November 1991. The season was won by PFC CSKA Moscow that returned to the top league prior to the last season while winning the Soviet Cup competition as well. Due to participants withdrawal in the preceding season four new teams entered the league. Upon the conclusion of the season no clubs were relegated and 12 out of its 16 participants formed a base for either the Russian or the Ukrainian competitions, while other four participants joined their own newly formed national leagues. If the Soviet Union had remained intact, Metalist Kharkiv and Lokomotiv Moscow would have been relegated to the Soviet First League for the next season, while FC Rotor Volgograd and FC Tiligul Tiraspol would have been promoted to the Top League for 1992.


1991 Soviet Top League
The top six clubs of the league later entered European competitions for their respective nations. The Ukrainian clubs chose to qualify through a separate national competition.


1991 Soviet Top League, Participating teams
The league was expanded to 16 after the last season, during which number of clubs left the Soviet competitions (from Georgia and Baltic states). The last-placed FC Rotor Volgograd of the 1990 Soviet Top League lost promotion/relegation playoff to Lokomotiv Moscow and was relegated to the 1991 Soviet First League. Rotor Volograd returned to the Soviet First League after two seasons absence, while at the same time Lokomotiv Moscow returned to the Soviet Top League after only a one-season absence.


1991 Soviet Top League, Participating teams
Beside the fourth placed Lokomotiv three more teams were promoted and included the champion (FC Spartak Vladikavkaz) and the runners-up of the 1990 Soviet First League (FC Pakhtakor Tashkent and FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Mikhail Yeremin (15 / -14), Dmitri Kharine (11 / -8), Aleksandr Guteyev (6 / -10). Defenders: Sergei Kolotovkin (25 / 1), Sergei Fokin (25 / 1), Dmitri Galiamin (21 / 2), Dmitri Bystrov (21), Oleg Malyukov (19), Vasili Ivanov (15), Valeri Minko (8), Viktor Yanushevsky (8), Mikhail Sinyov (1). Midfielders: Valeri Broshin (30 / 4), Dmitri Kuznetsov (29 / 12), Igor Korneev (29 / 10), Mikhail Kolesnikov (28 / 2), Vladimir Tatarchuk (24 / 5), Aleksandr Grishin (5), Dmitri Karsakov (1), Lev Matveyev (1). Forwards: Oleg Sergeyev (30 / 9), Valeri Masalitin (18 / 7), Sergey Dmitriev (16 / 4), Ilshat Faizulin (3).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred in during the season: Dmitri Kharine (from Dynamo Moscow), Lev Matveyev (from Zvezda Perm), Sergey Dmitriev (from  Xerez CD), Viktor Yanushevsky (from  Tennis Borussia).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred out during the season: Mikhail Yeremin (deceased), Dmitri Karsakov (to FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny), Dmitri Galiamin, Dmitri Kuznetsov, Igor Korneev (all to  Espanyol), Vladimir Tatarchuk (to  Slavia Prague), Valeri Broshin (to  Kuopion Palloseura), Sergei Fokin (to  HJK Helsinki), Sergey Dmitriev (to  Stahl Linz).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Stanislav Cherchesov (30 / -30). Defenders: Dmitri Popov (30 / 5), Vasili Kulkov (22 / 1), Andrei Mokh (20 / 1), Dmitri Khlestov (14), Boris Pozdnyakov (10), Yevgeni Bushmanov (8 / 1), Dmitri Ananko (7), Dmitri Gradilenko (6), Sergei Bazulev (4), Sergei Chudin (1). Midfielders: Hennadiy Perepadenko (28 / 5), Valery Karpin (28 / 3), Aleksandr Mostovoi (27 / 13), Andrei Ivanov (23), Igor Shalimov (22 / 5), Fyodor Cherenkov (22 / 3), Oleg Ivanov (14), Valeri Popovitch (6), Igor Kozlov (2), Oleg Imrekov (1), Aleksandr Karatayev (1), Serhiy Perepadenko (1). Forwards: Dmitri Radchenko (29 / 13), Valeri Shmarov (19 / 6).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
One own goal scored by Viktor Vasilyev (FC Spartak Vladikavkaz).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred in during the season: Andrei Mokh (from Dynamo Moscow), Dmitri Radchenko (from Zenit Leningrad), Igor Kozlov (from CSKA Moscow), Fyodor Cherenkov (from  Red Star).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred out during the season: Igor Shalimov (to  Foggia), Vasili Kulkov, Aleksandr Mostovoi (both to  Benfica), Valeri Shmarov (to  Karlsruher SC), Boris Pozdnyakov, Oleg Imrekov (both to  FC Stahl Linz), Sergei Bazulev (to  OLS), Andrei Mokh (to  Espanyol), Hennadiy Perepadenko (to  Hapoel Tzafririm).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Valeri Sarychev (17 / -12), Aleksandr Podshivalov (14 / -8). Defenders: Andrei Afanasyev (27 / 1), Aleksei Yushkov (24 / 5), Aleksandr Polukarov (19 / 1), Mikhail Solovyov (17), Maksim Cheltsov (5). Midfielders: Gennadi Grishin (29 / 7), Igor Chugainov (28 / 2), Sergei Shustikov (28 / 1), Sergey Agashkov (26 / 3), Andrei Kalaychev (23 / 2), Nikolai Savichev (21 / 3), Dmitri Ulyanov (16 / 1), Sergei Zhukov (9), Oleg Shirinbekov (8 / 1), Sergey Borisov (7), Vladimir Yeryomin (3), Aleksei Arefyev (1). Forwards: Yuri Tishkov (24 / 8), Vadim Rogovskoy (14), Yuri Matveyev (12 / 1), Aleksandr Kuzmichyov (6), Andrei Talalayev (5), Aleksandr Gitselov (3).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred in during the season: Aleksandr Podshivalov (from Ararat Yerevan), Aleksei Yushkov, Yuri Matveyev (both from Uralmash Sverdlovsk), Igor Chugainov (from Lokomotiv Moscow), Vladimir Yeryomin (from Chornomorets Odessa).


1991 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred out during the season: Aleksandr Polukarov (to  Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. ), Vadim Rogovskoy (free agent), Oleg Shirinbekov (to  Vasas SC), Vladimir Yeryomin (to FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia), Aleksei Yushkov (to Dynamo Moscow), Aleksandr Gitselov (to  Zagłębie Lubin), Sergei Zhukov, Aleksei Arefyev (both to  Abahani Dhaka), Yuri Matveyev (to Uralmash Yekaterinburg), Aleksandr Kuzmichyov (to Lokomotiv Moscow).


1991 Soviet Union referendum
A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union. The question put to voters was


1991 Soviet Union referendum
Do you consider necessary the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the rights and freedom of an individual of any ethnicity will be fully guaranteed? (Russian text: Считаете ли Вы необходимым сохранение Союза Советских Социалистических Республик как обновлённой федерации равноправных суверенных республик, в которой будут в полной мере гарантироваться права и свободы человека любой национальности? )(Russian transliteration: Schitayete li Vy neobkhodimym sokhraneniye Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik kak obnovlonnoy federatsii ravnopravnykh suverennykh respublik, v kotoroy budut v polnoy mere garantirovat'sya prava i svobody cheloveka lyuboy natsional'nosti?)


1991 Soviet Union referendum
The referendum was made with the aim of approving the Union of Sovereign States.


1991 Soviet Union referendum
In Kazakhstan, the wording of the referendum was changed by substituting "equal sovereign states" for "equal sovereign republics".


1991 Soviet Union referendum
In Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Kyrgizia additional questions were asked about sovereignty and independence of these republics.


1991 Soviet Union referendum
While the vote was boycotted by the authorities in Armenia, Estonia, Georgia (though not the breakaway province of Abkhazia, where the result was over 98% in favour, and in South Ossetia), Latvia, Lithuania, and Moldova (though not Transnistria or Gagauzia), turnout was 80% across the rest of the Soviet Union. The referendum's question was approved by nearly 80% of voters in all nine other republics that took part. It was the only referendum in the history of the Soviet Union, as the August Coup prevented the formation of the renewed federation, causing the Soviet Union to be dissolved on 26 December 1991.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
On December 24, 1990, deputies of the 4th Congress of People's Deputies, having voted by name, decided to consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured human rights and freedoms of any nationality. The referendum considered five questions:


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
On the same day, at the initiative and insistence of General Secretary and President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Congress adopted two decisions on holding a referendum on the private ownership of land [6] and on the preservation of the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign of Soviet Socialist Republics [7]. For the adoption of the first resolution voted in 1553 deputies, against - 84, abstained - 70. For the adoption of the second resolution voted in 1677 deputies, against - 32, abstained - 66.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
However, concerning the first decision the Chairman YH Kalmykov later explained at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Supreme Council Committee for Legislation, the president asked to refrain from holding a referendum on the issue of private property.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
Second course was given to the decree. It said that "due to numerous appeals of workers expressed concern about the fate of the USSR, and given that the preservation of a single union state is the most important issue of public life, affects the interests of each person, all the Soviet Union's population", the Congress of People's Deputies USSR decided:


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
1. Conduct a referendum of the USSR to address the issue of maintaining the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign Soviet Socialist Republics, taking into account the results of voting for each country separately. 2 . To instruct the USSR Supreme Council set a date for the referendum and ensure its measures. — Resolution of the USSR from LICs December 24, 1990 No. 1856-1


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
On 27 December 1990, Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decided to enact it adopted on the day the Law of the USSR "On the popular vote (Soviet Union referendum)".


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
According to Art. 5 of the Law of the USSR "On the popular vote (Soviet Union referendum)"  Law of the USSR referendum destination belonged to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and on matters not related to the exclusive jurisdiction of the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, in the period between congresses – the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
"Based on the fact that no one, except the people can not take the historical responsibility for the fate of the USSR, pursuant to the decision of the fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in accordance with the law on the referendum of the USSR" On January 16, 1991 the Supreme Council USSR decided that to:


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
1. Carry out the entire territory of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 17 March 1991, for the Soviet Union referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union as a federation of equal republics.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
2. Turn on the ballot for secret voting the following wording of the question put to referendum, and the answers of voting:"Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will fully guarantee the rights and freedoms of all nationalities." "Yes or no".


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Overview
3. To determine the results of voting by the Union Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole, taking into account the results of voting for each country separately.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Results, In republics not participating in the Soviet referendums
An official referendum had been held in Estonia on 3 March 1991 on whether to restore the Estonian republic that had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. The result was 77.8% in favour of restoring the Estonian republic. Latvia also held an official referendum on 3 March 1991, when the overwhelming majority voted to restore the independent Latvian republic. Lithuania had held a referendum on 9 February 1991, in which 93% of voters had approved independence.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Results, In republics not participating in the Soviet referendums
And Georgia was to hold its own independence referendum two weeks later, and Armenia on 21 September.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Results, In republics not participating in the Soviet referendums
Consequently, in these republics pro-Soviet front-organisations organised voluntary referendums without official sanction. Turnout of voting here was considerably less than 50% of the franchised voters of these countries, but this information was not included in the official statement of the Central Commission of the Referendum of USSR.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Additional questions
In several of the republics, additional questions were added to the ballot. In Russia, an additional question was asked on whether an elective post of the president of Russia should be created. In Kirghizia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan the additional question was on the sovereignty of their republics as part of a new union.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Additional questions, Kirghizia
In Kirghizia, voters were also asked "Do you agree that the Republic of Kirghizistan should be in the renewed Union as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 62.2% of voters, although turnout was lower at 81.7%, compared to 92.9% in the Union-wide referendum.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Additional questions, Ukraine
In Ukraine, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Ukraine should be part of a Union of Soviet sovereign states on the basis on the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine?" The proposal was approved by 81.7% of voters. Ukraine later held its own referendum on 1 December, in which 92% voted for independence.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Additional questions, Ukraine
At the same day a referendum in the Galician provinces Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil asked the three regions of the USSR about the creation of independent state of Ukraine. 88% of the voters in this referendum supported Ukraine's independence.


1991 Soviet Union referendum, Additional questions, Uzbekistan
In Uzbekistan, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Uzbekistan should remain part of a renewed Union (federation) as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 94.9% of voters, with a turnout of 95.5%. On 29 December, 98% of Uzbeks would vote for full independence.


1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt made by communist hard-liners of the Soviet Union to take control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the party. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials who formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP). They were hard-line opponents of Gorbachev's reform program, angry at the loss of control over Eastern European states, and fearful of the new union treaty that was about to be signed.