1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Linda
The tropical wave that ultimately produced Hurricane Linda emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 16 and tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic. The convection increased markedly upon approaching the Lesser Antilles on September 21. The tropical wave's northern portion split off to the north and caused showers in Jamaica, the Bahamas and Cuba while the southern part continued and crossed Panama into the Pacific basin on September 25 as a group of disorganized cloud clusters. It took many days to organize and it was not until October 3 when organization improved and the wave became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Linda
The tropical depression moved toward the northwest while strengthening and became Tropical Storm Linda within 12 hours. As Linda then drifted to the north it was upgraded to a hurricane on October 5. Then, the hurricane reached its estimated peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 957 mbar (28.3 inHg) that same day. Linda began to weaken as it was following Kevin's track and entered to colder waters.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Linda
Linda turned the west-northwest and passed 60 miles (95 km) from Socorro Island, where it caused 80 mph (130 km/h) sustained winds on October 7. Later that day, Linda weakened to a tropical storm. On October 9, as Linda was following Kevin's track, the cyclone continued to weaken and was downgraded to a depression, although deep convection continued to intermittently appear. Finally, on early October 14, Linda dissipated. There were no reported casualties or damages from Linda.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Marty
On October 5, a tropical wave crossed Central America and it began to organize the next day. Based on satellite classifications, the weather system was upgraded to tropical depression status about 275 mi (445 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on October 7. It became a tropical storm on October 8 and was named Marty. It reached hurricane status early on October 10 while moving parallel to the coast of Mexico. There were several occasions when an eye was becoming apparent in satellite imagery but it never fully developed.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Marty
An upper trough over the Western United States forced Marty to moved toward the northwest and north for a while, bringing the hurricane to waters previously cooled by hurricanes Kevin and Linda. Then, Marty disorganized and weakened into a tropical storm. Also, the trough which forced Marty northward moved out of the area, which made that Marty turned sharply to the west, then west-southwest around a high pressure system. Marty weakened further and remained as a tropical depression. It finally dissipated on October 18.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Marty
On October 8, Marty was threatening enough to prompt the Mexican government to issue a tropical storm watch from Manzanillo to Acapulco. The warning was dropped on October 9 when Marty moved away. There were no associated casualties or damages with this tropical cyclone.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nora
On November 7, an area of convection associated with a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression, while located about 560 mi (900 km) to the southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. During that day the depression moved towards the northwest, intensified into a tropical storm and was named Nora later that day. On the next day, the storm gradually intensified further while temporarily moving towards the west, due to the flow field around a strengthening high pressure system located to the north of Nora. After developing an eye, Nora intensified into a hurricane.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nora
On November 9, Nora. It peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on November 10. A large trough moved in from the west and formed a low. Shear increased and disrupted Nora's convection. The low also caused an abrupt change of course to the northeast. Nora weakened to a depression on November 11 and dissipated the next day. Nora's remnants continued to the northeast, showing brief flare-ups of convection. No deaths or damage were reported to have occurred in association with Nora, despite probable rainfall totals of around 3 in (76 mm) within the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1991. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1997 season. This is the same list used for the 1985 season. Also, the name "Dolores" was misspelled "Delores" in this season; however in subsequent seasons, the typo was corrected.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
† – The initial spelling is Dolores, however the name Delores was used this season.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names that were slated for use in 1991 are shown below, however none of them were used.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names, Retirement
The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1992: Fefa. It was replaced in the 1997 season by Felicia.


1991 Pacific hurricane season, Season effects
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 1991 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 1991 USD.


1991 Pacific typhoon season
The 1991 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1991, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


1991 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1991 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems
32 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 30 became tropical storms. 17 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 5 reached super typhoon strength.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tim
On March 17, a cluster of thunderstorms grouped together which formed a low pressure area far east of the Mariana islands. The low pressure area rapidly intensified and became a tropical storm 4 days after formation. Favorable conditions allowed the system to continue to intensify into a Category 1 typhoon. High wind shear on March 25 caused the system to weakened, and it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Walt (Karing)
On May 3 an area of disturbed area formed south east of the Mariana Islands. A day later the system strengthened into a tropical depression, and continued to intensify into typhoon status four days later. The system showed annular characteristics on May 11, showing an axisymmetric shape. Walt reached peak intensity on May 12, before showing a distinct eyewall replacement cycle lasting four hours from late May 13 to May 14. When the eyewall replacement cycle was over, a new, larger eye measuring 65 kilometers across formed. Walt soon turned north east, becoming extratropical on May 17, before merging with another extratropical cyclone north east of Japan.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yunya (Diding)
After a month without any activity in the Western Pacific, a weak tropical depression (with winds of only 10 knots) developed just east of the Philippines and south of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough on June 11. Located in an area of little wind shear, it headed southwestward, developing spiral-band outflow and becoming a tropical storm on the 12th. As a small central dense overcast (CDO) developed over Yunya, it rapidly developed, becoming a typhoon on the 13th as it paralleled the eastern Philippines.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yunya (Diding)
The mid-level ridge forced Yunya westward, where it briefly reached a peak intensity of 195 km/h (120 mph) winds on the 14th. Subsequently, the eastward building of the subtropical ridge produced unfavorable vertical wind shear that weakened Yunya to a minimal typhoon before hitting Dingalan Bay, Luzon early on the 15th. Yunya left Luzon as a minimal tropical storm at Lingayen Gulf. It turned northward due to a break in the ridge, and dissipated on the 17th near southern Taiwan due to the vertical shear.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yunya (Diding)
Yunya would likely have been an uneventful cyclone had it not struck Luzon on the same day as the climactic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The ash cloud that normally would have been dispersed across the oceans was redistributed over Luzon by the cyclonic winds of the typhoon, greatly exacerbating the damage caused by the eruption. The water-laden ash fell over the evacuated Clark Air Base, as well as the rest of Luzon, resulting in downed power lines and the collapse of flat-roofed buildings. In some areas it was practically raining mud.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yunya (Diding)
Yunya exited Luzon through the Lingayen Gulf as a weak tropical storm and then turned north toward a break in the subtropical ridge. The system continued to weaken due to the strong vertical wind shear. It then brushed the southern coast of Taiwan as a tropical depression and finally dissipated before it could complete full recurvature into the mid-latitude westerlies. Yunya directly caused one death from the flooding and heavy rainfall it left.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Zeke (Etang)
At least 23 people were killed by Zeke on Hainan Island.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Amy (Gening)
145 mph Typhoon Amy, having developed on July 12 over the open Western Pacific, brushed southern Taiwan on the 18th. Its outflow became restricted, and Amy hit southern China on the 19th as a 120 mph typhoon. It caused heavy flooding, resulting in 99 casualties, 5000 people injured, and 15,000 people homeless. In addition, Amy caused the sinking of the freighter in a river, resulting in an additional 31 deaths.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Brendan (Helming)
Brendan was the third consecutive tropical cyclone to strike China during the month of July.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Caitlin (Ising)
Typhoon Caitlin developed from a disturbance in the eastern Caroline Islands. A tropical depression formed on July 23 as the system moved towards the northwest. Tropical Storm Caitlin was named the on the 24th and was upgraded to a typhoon the next day. Typhoon Caitlin though several hundred miles away increased the monsoonal flow over the Philippines. Heavy rains caused landslides in the Mt. Pinatubo region killing 16 people. As Caitlin turned to the north the storm passed 60 miles (97 km) to the west of Kadena AB, Okinawa at peak intensity of 110 mph.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Caitlin (Ising)
The heavy rains from Caitlin helped to relieve the ongoing drought on the island, one death was reported. Typhoon Caitlin then began to accelerate northwards and passed through the Korea Strait before turning extratropical in the Sea of Japan. Heavy flooding in South Korea killed 2 people and caused $4 million in damage.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression Enrique
Tropical Storm Enrique formed in the eastern Pacific basin, where it reached its peak intensity as a category 1 Hurricane, becoming Hurricane Enrique. Enrique lasted for several days drifting north of the Hawaiian Islands as a weak system. As Enrique approached the International Dateline, the system started to redevelop. Shortly after crossing the dateline, Enrique became a tropical storm again on August 1. It lasted for less than 24 hours before strong upper-level wind shear dissipated its convection, exposing the cyclone's circulation. No damages or casualties were caused by Enrique. It is one of only seven tropical cyclones to exist in all three tropical cyclone basins in the Pacific Ocean. The others are 1986's Georgette, 1994's Li and John, 1999's Dora, 2014's Genevieve and 2018's Hector.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ellie (Mameng)
Ellie was an unusually small typhoon which hit Taiwan as a tropical storm.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Fred (Luding)
Typhoon Fred organized from a monsoon trough situated to the east of the Central Philippines, a depression formed on August 11. The depression moved across northern Luzon Island, upon entering the South China Sea the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fred. Fred reached typhoon intensity on August 14 as the storm moved south of Hong Kong. Fred reached peak intensity of 110 mph (180 km/h) shortly before moving across Hainan Island. Fred then turned to the southwest across the Gulf of Tonkin and made a final landfall in northern Vietnam before dissipating. As Fred moved south of Hong Kong the oil rig support barge DB29 sank with 195 people on board; 22 people on board the ship were killed. On Hainan Island heavy flooding and landslides from Fred's rains killed 16 people.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Gladys
Minimal typhoon Gladys brushed by southern Japan on August 22. It moved to the northwest, and hit the Korean Peninsula on the 23rd. It caused more than 20 million yen of damage in Japan, more than 270 million won of damage in South Korea, and in South Korea, it left 103 dead or missing and more than 20,000 homeless.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ivy
Typhoon Ivy formed from a broad monsoon trough situated near Kosrae in the eastern Caroline Islands. A tropical depression formed on September 2 as the system moved towards the northwest, the next day the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Ivy. Ivy began to rapidly intensify and reached typhoon strength as the storm passed 130 miles (210 km) east of Tinian and Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands. On Saipan one drowning death was reported, but only minor damage was reported in the Northern Marianas.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ivy
Typhoon Ivy continued on a northwesterly path and reached peak strength of 130 mph (210 km/h) on September 7 prior to recurving to the northeast. Ivy paralleled the southeastern Japan coastline and turned extratropical 600 miles (970 km) to the east of Tokyo. As Typhoon Ivy made its closest approach to Honshū, Tokyo and surrounding areas were buffeted by high winds and heavy rains. Over 200 landslides were reported and one person was killed with 4 others missing.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kinna (Neneng)
Typhoon Kinna formed in a monsoon trough in the western Caroline Islands. A tropical depression began to organize on September 10 to the west of Guam, Tropical Storm Kinna was named later the same day. As Kinna moved towards the northwest the storm began to gather strength and reached typhoon intensity on September 12 just prior to turning north threatening Japan. On the 12th Typhoon Kinna made a direct landfall on southern Okinawa Island at peak strength of 105 mph (169 km/h). Kinna maintained peak intensity after recurving to the north-northeast and making landfall on Kyūshū Island.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kinna (Neneng)
Typhoon Kinna's eyewall passed directly over Nagasaki and Sasebo cities on September 13, both cities reported wind gusts of 115 mph (185 km/h). Kinna continued moving across Japan and became extratropical near the northern coast of Honshū Island. On Okinawa Kinna dropped more than 8 inches (200 mm) of rain, in Japan most of the damage occurred near Nagasaki. Throughout Japan and Okinawa 9 deaths were attributable to Typhoon Kinna's passage.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Mireille (Rosing)
On September 13, Tropical Depression 21W developed over the open Western Pacific. It tracked westward under the influence of the Subtropical Ridge, slowly organizing until becoming a tropical storm on the 15th. A small storm, Mireille rapidly became a typhoon on the 16th, but larger Tropical Storm Luke to its north and Typhoon Nat to its west kept Mireille a minimal typhoon. When the other two storms were far enough away, Mireille rapidly intensified, reaching super typhoon strength on the 22nd with a peak of 150 mph (240 km/h) winds.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Mireille (Rosing)
The storm recurved to the northeast, where it slowly weakened until hitting southwestern Japan on the 27th as a 105 mph (169 km/h) typhoon. Mireille continued to the northeast, and became extratropical later that day, after causing 52 casualties and heavy crop damage amounting to $3 billion (1991 USD). The name Mireille was retired after this season and was replaced by Melissa. The Panama flagged vessel MV "Darshan" loaded with cement clinker from Ube, Japan and intended to bound for Kuching, East Malaysia has grounded in the Eastern part of Hime-shima island "Princess Island".


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Luke (Pepang)
Tropical Storm Luke formed from a disturbance that moved through the Northern Marianas and became a tropical depression on September 14 just to the west of the islands. The depression began to slowly intensify as it moved towards the west-northwest and Tropical Storm Luke was named on September 15. Luke reached peak intensity of 60 mph (97 km/h) prior to recurving to the northeast and weakening due to increased shear. Tropical Storm Luke then paralleled the southeastern Japan coastline, dropping heavy rains. The resulting flooding and landslides killed 8 people and left 10 others missing prior to Luke turning extratropical east of central Honshū Island.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Orchid (Sendang)
Typhoon Orchid formed from a broad monsoon trough that moved through the Northern Marianas and became a tropical depression on October 4 to the west of the islands. The depression moved on a westerly path and strengthened into Tropical Storm Orchid later the same day. Orchid then began to rapidly intensify and reach peak strength on 130 mph (210 km/h) on October 7 prior to turning to the northeast and accelerating. Typhoon Orchid paralleled the southeast coast of Shikoku and Honshū Islands.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Orchid (Sendang)
As Orchid brushed the islands 96 landslides and heavy flooding were reported in and around the Tokyo region, one person was reported killed due to flooding. Though a great distance away the waves from Orchid and Typhoon Pat combined to produce tremendous waves resulting in the deaths of 2 people on Guam.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruth (Trining)
Super Typhoon Ruth formed from a tropical disturbance the originated between Chuuk and Pohnpei, as the disturbance moved on a westerly path, a tropical depression formed on October 20. Tropical Storm Ruth was named on the 21st as the storm moved to the southwest of Guam and began to steadily intensity. Ruth reached typhoon strength on October 22 and became a super typhoon on the 24th as the storm reached peak intensity of 165 mph (266 km/h). Ruth began to slowly decline in strength as it neared the northern Philippines.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruth (Trining)
Ruth made landfall on October 27 on northern Luzon Island with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) before weakening to a tropical storm. Heavy flooding and numerous landslides were reported on Luzon Island as a result 12 people were killed. After departing Luzon Island Ruth recurved south of Taiwan and dissipated. Heavy seas caused the freighter Tung Lung to sink west of Taiwan, all 18 aboard were killed.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Seth (Warling)
A Category 4 Super Typhoon that affected the northern part of the Philippines. During most of Seth's early life, Seth remained a Tropical Storm, until it encountered warmer waters, where it began to reach its peak intensity on November 5. Seth peaked as a strong category 4 storm, but considerably weakened under typhoon strength when it made landfall in the Philippines as a Tropical Storm. After crossing through the Philippines near the end of its life, Seth stalled and dissipated about halfway between the Philippines and mainland Asia. Seth did feature a well defined eye, and struck the same area of the Philippines right after Super Typhoon Ruth did.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring)
50 mph (80 km/h) Tropical Storm Thelma hit the central Philippines on November 4. It slowly tracked across the Archipelago, bringing heavy flooding across the islands. Vertical shear weakened it as it continued westward, and it dissipated on November 8 just after hitting southern Vietnam. Thelma, though a weak storm, caused dam failures, landslides, and flash flooding, resulting in a horrendous death toll of 6,000 people. Due to the massive casualties, the name Thelma was retired and replaced with Teresa.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Yuri
Super Typhoon Yuri was the most powerful storm during the season, with winds reaching up to 120 knots (220 km/h), and a minimum recorded pressure of 895 mbar. This made Yuri the third most intense tropical cyclone on record at the end of 1991. Yuri caused $3 million (1991 USD) in damage to Pohnpei, including the loss of a radio tower. In Guam, the storm caused extensive beach erosion and destroyed between 60 and 350 buildings. There, damage totaled to $33 million (1991 USD). It is one of the most closely observed storms ever, Its eye was studied for research.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Zelda
Tropical Storm Zelda was the last storm of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names
During the season 29 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from mid-1989.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1995 season. This is the same list used for the 1987 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Retirement
Due to extensive damage and a high death toll, the JTWC retired the names Mireille and Thelma, which were replaced by Melissa and Teresa. Both names were first used in the 1994 season. PAGASA also retired the name Uring with similar reasons and was replaced by Ulding for the 1995 season.


1991 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects
This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 1991. The tables also provide an overview of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.


1991 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1991 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).


1991 Palanca Awards, Filipino division
“Ang Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Nano” by Lav Indico Diaz“Isang Hindi Malilimutang Tanghali sa Buhay ng mga Ginoo at Ginang ng Bitukang Manok” by Fernando Villarca Cao“Marino” by Reynaldo A. Duque“Si Ato sa Sangmagdamagang Pagtatakas sa Kawalang Malay” by Pat V. Villafuerte“Tatlong Bakas ng Paa” by Lorenzo Tabin


1991 Pan American Games
The 11th Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 2 to August 18, 1991. There were 4,519 athletes from 39 countries of the PASO community, with events in 33 different sports. The main stadium was the Estadio Panamericano, a multi-use stadium in Havana that holds 50,000 people.


1991 Pan American Games, Host city election
Havana was the only non-withdrawn bid to host the 1991 Pan American Games. At the Pan American Games (ODEPA) Assembly, from November 12 to 14, 1986, in Bridgetown, Barbados, Mar del Plata withdrew its bid, leaving Havana as the winner to host the Games. London, Ontario, Canada also submitted a bid, but withdrew from the bid process due to the federal government prohibiting all funding from any international multi-sport events (aside from the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics).


1991 Pan American Games, Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the  icon next to the column title. R


1991 Pan American Games, Mascot
The 1991 Games' mascot named Tocopan, was a combination of the country's national bird "Tocororo" and the first three letters of Panamerican.


1991 Pan American Games medal table
The 1991 Pan American Games, officially known as the XI Pan American Games, were a continental multi-sport event held in Havana, Cuba, from August 2 to August 18, 1991. At the Games, 4,519 athletes selected from 39 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in events in 27 sports. Twenty-six nations earned medals during the competition, and fourteen won at least one gold medal.


1991 Pan American Games medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on medal counts published by several media organizations. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals won by the athletes representing a nation. (In this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code.


1991 Pan American Games medal table, Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the  icon next to the column title.


1991 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships
The 6th Pan American Junior Athletics Championships were held in Kingston, Jamaica, on July 18–20, 1991.


1991 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 347 athletes from about 26 countries:  Argentina (5), Bahamas (1), Barbados (4), Bermuda (3), Brazil (10), British Virgin Islands (2), Canada (65), Chile (6), Cuba (41), Dominica (1), Ecuador (8), Grenada (4), Guatemala (7), Guyana (1), Jamaica (49), Mexico (46), Netherlands Antilles (2), Panama (9), Paraguay (1), Peru (4), Puerto Rico (5), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2), Trinidad and Tobago (5), Turks and Caicos Islands (5), United States (47), Venezuela (14).


1991 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, Medal summary
Medal winners are published. Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History"website.


1991 Pan American Women's Handball Championship
The 1991 Pan American Women's Handball Championship was the third edition of the Pan American Women's Handball Championship, held in Brazil from 30 September to 6 October 1990. It acted as the American qualifying tournament for the 1992 Summer Olympics.


1991 Pan Pacific Open
The 1991 Toray Pan Pacific Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan that was part of the Tier II Series of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the eighth edition of the Pan Pacific Open and took place from 29 January through 3 February 1991. Fifth-seeded Gabriela Sabatini won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money as well as 300 ranking points.


1991 Pan Pacific Open, Finals, Doubles
Kathy Jordan /  Elizabeth Smylie  defeated  Mary Joe Fernández /  Robin White 4–6, 6–0, 6–3


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The fourth edition of the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in 1991 in Edmonton, Alberta, in the Kinsmen Sports Center from August 22–25.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle
The men's 100 metre freestyle competition at the 1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 23 at the Kinsmen Sports Center. The last champion was Brent Lang of US.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle
This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, both lengths being in freestyle.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle, Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle
The men's 200 metre freestyle competition at the 1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 22 at the Kinsmen Sports Center. The last champion was Doug Gjertsen of US.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle
This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in freestyle.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 metre freestyle, Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 50 metre freestyle
The men's 50 metre freestyle competition at the 1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 25 at the Kinsmen Sports Center. The last champion was Tom Jager of US.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 50 metre freestyle
This race consisted of one length of the pool in freestyle.


1991 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 50 metre freestyle, Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:


1991 Paraguayan Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Paraguay on 1 December 1991. The result was a victory for the Colorado Party, which won 122 of the 198 seats. Voter turnout was 51.7%. Following the election, a new constitution was published in 1992. The new constitution reintroduced the position of Vice President and allowed for the President to be elected by a plurality of the vote.


1991 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1991 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 12 teams. The national champions were Sol de América.


1991 Paris Open
The 1991 Paris Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 19th edition of the Paris Masters, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1991 ATP Tour. It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 28 October through 4 November 1991.


1991 Paris Open
The singles draw was headlined by ATP No. 1, Tokyo, Queen's, U.S. Open titlist, Australian Open, Wimbledon semi-finalist Stefan Edberg, Australian Open, Stockholm winner, Wimbledon, Monte Carlo, Indianapolis runner-up Boris Becker and Indian Wells, Miami and French Open champion Jim Courier. Other top seeds were Cincinnati winner Guy Forget, Pete Sampras, Sergi Bruguera and Karel Nováček.


1991 Paris Open, Finals, Singles
Guy Forget defeated  Pete Sampras, 7–6(11–9), 4–6, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4


1991 Paris Open, Finals, Doubles
John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd defeated  Kelly Jones /  Rick Leach, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2


1991 Paris Open – Doubles
Scott Davis and David Pate were the defending champions, but lost in the second round this year.


1991 Paris Open – Doubles
John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd won in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–2, against Kelly Jones and Rick Leach.


1991 Paris Open – Singles
Stefan Edberg was the defending champion but lost in the third round to Michael Chang. Guy Forget won the title, defeating Pete Sampras in the final, 7–6(11–9), 4–6, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4. Forget became the first French winner of the event.


1991 Paris Peace Agreements
The Paris Peace Agreements (Khmer: សន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១, French: Accords de paix de Paris), formally titled Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreements, were signed on October 23, 1991, and marked the official end of the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. The agreement led to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission (UNTAC) and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of a state. The agreement was signed by nineteen countries.


1991 Paris Peace Agreements
The Paris Peace Agreements were the following conventions and treaties:


1991 Paris–Dakar Rally
1991 Dakar Rally also known as the 1991 Paris–Dakar Rally was the 13th running of the Dakar Rally event. The rally was won by 1981 world rally champion, Ari Vatanen, for the third successive time and for the fourth time in five years. Stephane Peterhansel won the motorcycle category.


1991 Paris–Nice
The 1991 Paris–Nice was the 49th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 10 March to 17 March 1991. The race started in Fontenay-sous-Bois and finished at the Col d'Èze. The race was won by Tony Rominger of the Toshiba team.


1991 Paris–Roubaix
The 1991 Paris–Roubaix was the 91st running of the Paris–Roubaix single-day cycling race. It was held on 14 April 1991 over a distance of 267 kilometres (165.9 miles). 196 riders started the race, with only 96 finishing.


1991 Paris–Tours
The 1991 Paris–Tours was the 85th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 13 October 1991. The race started in Issy-les-Moulineaux and finished in Tours. The race was won by Johan Capiot of the TVM team.


1991 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament was played at Hart Center in Worcester, Massachusetts after the conclusion of the 1990–1991 regular season. Top seed Fordham defeated #3 seed Holy Cross, 84–81 (OT) in the championship game, to win the first Patriot League Tournament. The Rams were then defeated by Saint Francis (PA) in one of three play-in games to the  1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Patriot League Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All seven league members participated in the tournament, with teams seeded according to regular season conference record. Regular-season champion Fordham received a bye to the semifinal round, with the other six teams playing a quarterfinal round.


1991 Penn Quakers football team
The 1991 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1991 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1991 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1991 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, NFL Draft
Nine Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1992 NFL Draft.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season
The 1991 Pepsi Cola Hotshots season was the 2nd season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Occurrences
Pepsi Cola tendered an offer sheet to Purefoods forward Alvin Patrimonio, a five-year worth P25.3 million contract, which Purefoods expectedly matched, making Alvin Patrimonio the highest paid basketball player in the PBA.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Notable dates
March 21: Pepsi eked out a 131-129 win over Presto Tivoli which felt robbed of a strong chances in overtime when a referee's call decided the outcome of the game. Abet Guidaben sank two free throws with no time left on a foul slapped on Presto import Dwayne McClain. The Hotshots' win was their fourth in eight games as this was their first back-to-back victories in franchise history.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Notable dates
July 9: Abet Guidaben's go-ahead basket with eight seconds to go lift Pepsi to a repeat 107-106 overtime win over Shell for only their second victory in eight games in the All-Filipino Conference.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Notable dates
July 13: Pepsi stays alive in contention for a semifinal seat with a 99-88 win over Purefoods in Sta.Cruz, Laguna. The victory raised their record to three wins and six losses.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Notable dates
October 3: Import Perry McDonald led Pepsi to their second straight victory after they lost their first two games in the Third Conference. The Hotshots fashioned out a 144-130 win over Swift Mighty Meaties.


1991 Pepsi Hotshots season, Notable dates
October 27: Pepsi Hotshots beats Shell Rimula-X, 117-107, at the close of the elimination round for the conference-best eight wins and three losses. The Hotshots ride high on a six-game winning streak, the longest in franchise' two-year history, Pepsi won eight of their last nine games since Perry McDonald arrived to replace Donald Petties.


1991 Perfect Storm
The 1991 Perfect Storm, also known as The No-Name Storm (especially in the years immediately after it took place) and the Halloween Gale/Storm, was a nor'easter that absorbed Hurricane Grace, and ultimately evolved into a small unnamed hurricane itself late in its life cycle. The initial area of low pressure developed off the coast of Atlantic Canada on October 29. Forced southward by a ridge to its north, it reached its peak intensity as a large and powerful cyclone.


1991 Perfect Storm
The storm lashed the east coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding before turning to the southwest and weakening. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone before becoming a tropical storm. It executed a loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and turned toward the northeast. On November 1, the system evolved into a full-fledged hurricane, with peak sustained winds of 75 miles per hour (120 km/h), although the National Hurricane Center left it unnamed to avoid confusion amid media interest in the precursor extratropical storm.


1991 Perfect Storm
It later received the name "the Perfect Storm" (playing off the common expression) after a conversation between Boston National Weather Service forecaster Robert Case and author Sebastian Junger. The system was the twelfth and final tropical cyclone, the eighth tropical storm, and fourth hurricane in the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season. The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating.


1991 Perfect Storm
Damage from the storm totaled over $200 million (1991 USD) and the death toll was thirteen. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 feet (10 m) struck the coastline from Nova Scotia to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the vacation home of then-President George H. W. Bush. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings.


1991 Perfect Storm
In portions of New England, the damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months earlier. Aside from tidal flooding along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily concentrated along the coast. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In the middle of the storm, the fishing vessel Andrea Gail sank, killing her crew of six and inspiring the book, and later movie, The Perfect Storm.


1991 Perfect Storm
Off the shore of New York's Long Island, an Air National Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed; four members of its crew were rescued and one died. Two people died after their boat sank off Staten Island. High waves swept two people to their deaths, one in Rhode Island and one in Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge to his death. The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm.


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
The Perfect Storm originated from a cold front that exited the east coast of the United States. On October 28, the front spawned an extratropical low to the east of Nova Scotia. Around that time, a ridge extended from the Appalachian Mountains northeastward to Greenland, with a strong high pressure center over eastern Canada. The blocking ridge forced the extratropical low to track toward the southeast and later to the west.


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
Hurricane Grace was swept aloft by its cold front into the warm conveyor belt circulation of the deep cyclone on October 29, with the storm completely absorbing Grace by the next day. The cyclone significantly strengthened as a result of the temperature contrast between the cold air to the northwest, and the warmth and moisture from the remnants of Grace. The low-pressure system continued deepening as it drifted toward the United States. It had an unusual retrograde motion for a nor'easter, beginning a set of meteorological circumstances that occur only once every 50 to 100 years. Most nor'easters affect New England from the southwest.


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
While situated about 390 miles (630 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of up to 70 mph (110 km/h). The nor'easter reached peak intensity at approximately 12:00 UTC on October 30 with its lowest pressure of 972 millibars. The interaction between the extratropical storm and the high pressure system to its north created a significant pressure gradient, which created large waves and strong winds. Between the southern New England coast and the storm's center, the pressure differential was 70 mbar (2.1 inHg).


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
A buoy located 264 miles (425 km) south of Halifax reported a wave height of 100.7 feet (30.7 m) on October 30. This became the highest recorded wave height on the Scotian Shelf, which is the oceanic shelf off the coast of Nova Scotia. East of Cape Cod, a NOAA buoy located at  reported maximum sustained winds of 56 mph (90 km/h) with gusts to 75 mph (121 km/h), and a significant wave height (average height of the highest one-third of all waves) of 39 feet (12 m) around 15:00 UTC on October 30. Another buoy, located at , reported maximum sustained winds of 61 mph (98 km/h) with gusts to 72 mph (116 km/h) and a significant wave height of 31 feet (9.4 m) near 00:00 UTC on October 31.


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
Upon peaking in intensity, the nor'easter turned southward and gradually weakened; by November 1, its pressure had risen to 998 millibars (29.5 inHg). The low moved over warm waters of the Gulf Stream, where bands of convection around the center began to organize. Around this time, the system attained subtropical characteristics. On November 1, while the storm was moving in a counter-clockwise loop, a tropical cyclone had been identified at the center of the larger low. (Although these conditions are rare, Hurricane Karl during 1980 formed within a larger non-tropical weather system.)


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
By around 14:00 UTC on November 1, an eye feature was forming, and the tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h); these estimates, combined with reports from an Air Force Reserve Unit flight into the storm and confirmation that a warm-core center was present, indicated that the system had become a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. The hurricane accelerated toward the northeast and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.


1991 Perfect Storm, Meteorological history
It made landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia, at 14:00 UTC on November 2, with sustained winds of 45 mph (72 km/h). While the storm was approaching the coast, weather radars depicted curved rainbands on the western side of the system. After crossing over Prince Edward Island, the storm fully dissipated late on November 2.


1991 Perfect Storm, Preparations and naming
For several days, weather models forecast the development of a significant storm off New England. However, the models were inadequate in forecasting coastal conditions, which in one instance failed to provide adequate warning. In addition, a post-storm assessment found an insufficient number of observation sites along the coast. On October 27, the Ocean Prediction Center noted that a "dangerous storm" would form within 36 hours, with its wording emphasizing the unusual nature of the storm. The National Weather Service likewise issued warnings for the potential storm, providing information to emergency service offices as well as the media. The public however was skeptical and did not recognize the threat. The timely warnings ultimately lowered the death toll; whereas the Perfect Storm caused 13 deaths, the blizzard of 1978 killed 99 people, and the 1938 New England hurricane killed 564 people.


1991 Perfect Storm, Preparations and naming
From Massachusetts to Maine, thousands of people evacuated their homes and sought shelter. A state of emergency was declared for nine counties in Massachusetts, including Suffolk County, as well as two in Maine. In North Carolina, the National Weather Service offices in Hatteras and Raleigh first issued a heavy surf advisory on October 27, more than eight hours before the first reports of high waves. That same day, a coastal flood watch and later a warning was issued, along with a gale warning. The Hatteras NWS office ultimately released 19 coastal flood statements, as well as media reports explaining the threat from the wind and waves, and a state of emergency was declared for Dare County, North Carolina. The warnings and lead times in the region were described as "very good".


1991 Perfect Storm, Preparations and naming
In Canada, the threat from the storm prompted the cancellation of ferry service from Bar Harbor, Maine, to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, as well as from Nova Scotia to Prince Edward Island and between Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.


1991 Perfect Storm, Preparations and naming
In its tropical cyclone report on the hurricane, the National Hurricane Center only referred to the system as "Unnamed Hurricane". The Natural Disaster Survey Report called the storm "The Halloween Nor'easter of 1991". The "perfect storm" moniker was coined by author and journalist Sebastian Junger after a conversation with NWS Boston Deputy Meteorologist Robert Case in which Case described the convergence of weather conditions as being "perfect" for the formation of such a storm. Other National Weather Service offices were tasked with issuing warnings for this storm in lieu of the typical NHC advisories. The OPC posted warnings on the unnamed hurricane in its High Seas Forecasts. The National Weather Service State Forecast Office in Boston issued Offshore Marine Forecasts for the storm. Local NWS offices along the East coast covered the storm in their Coastal Waters Forecasts.


1991 Perfect Storm, Preparations and naming
Beginning in 1950, the National Hurricane Center named officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes. The unnamed hurricane was reported to have met all the criteria for a tropical cyclone, but it was purposefully left unnamed. This was done to avoid confusion among the media and the public, who were focusing on the damage from the initial nor'easter, as the hurricane itself was not expected to pose a major threat to land. It was the eighth nameable storm of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season. Had the system been named instead, it would have received the name Henri, which was the next name on the 1991 list after Grace.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
The Halloween Storm of 1991 left significant damage along the east coast of the United States, primarily in Massachusetts and southern New Jersey. Across seven states, damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD). Over a three-day period, the storm lashed the northeastern United States with high waves, causing damage to beachfront properties from North Carolina to Maine. The coastal flooding damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses and closed roads and airports. In addition, high winds left about 38,000 people without power.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
The total without power was much less than for Hurricane Bob two months prior, and was fairly low due to little rainfall and the general lack of leaves on trees. Overall there were thirteen confirmed deaths, including six on board Andrea Gail, a swordfishing boat. The vessel departed Gloucester, Massachusetts, for the waters off Nova Scotia. After encountering high seas in the middle of the storm, the vessel made its last radio contact late on October 28, about 180 miles (290 km) northeast of Sable Island.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
Andrea Gail sank while returning to Gloucester, her debris washing ashore over the subsequent weeks. The crew of six was presumed killed after a Coast Guard search was unable to find them. The storm and the boat's sinking became the center-piece for Sebastian Junger's best-selling non-fiction book The Perfect Storm (1997), which was adapted to a major Hollywood film in 2000 as The Perfect Storm starring George Clooney.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
Despite the storm's severity, it was neither the costliest nor the strongest to affect the northeastern United States. It was weakening as it made its closest approach to land, and the highest tides occurred during the neap tide, which is the time when tide ranges are minimal. The worst of the storm effects stayed offshore. A buoy 650 miles (1,050 km) northeast of Nantucket, which was 60 miles (97 km) west of Andrea Gail's last known position, recorded a 73 ft (22 m) rise in wave height in 10 hours while the extratropical storm was still rapidly intensifying.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
Two buoys near the Massachusetts coast observed record wave heights, and one observed a record wind report. The United States Coast Guard rescued 25 people at sea at the height of the storm, including 13 people from Long Island Sound. A New York Air National Guard helicopter of the 106th Air Rescue Wing ditched during the storm, 90 miles (140 km) south of Montauk, New York, after it was unable to refuel in flight and ran out of fuel.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
After the helicopter had attempted a rescue in the midst of the storm, an 84-person crew on the Coast Guard Cutter Tamaroa arrived and rescued four members of the crew of five after six hours in hypothermic waters. The survivors were pilots, Major Christopher David Ruvola and Captain Graham Buschor, flight engineer Staff Sergeant James R. Mioli, and pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant John Spillane. The fifth member, pararescue jumper Technical Sergeant Arden Richard Smith, was never found. They were all featured on the show I Shouldn't Be Alive.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact
Following the storm's damage, President George H. W. Bush declared five counties in Maine, seven counties in Massachusetts, and Rockingham County, New Hampshire to be disaster areas. The declaration allowed for the affected residents to apply for low-interest repair loans. New Jersey governor Jim Florio requested a declaration for portions of the coastline, but the request was denied because of the funding needs of other disasters, such as Hurricane Hugo, Hurricane Bob, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The American Red Cross opened service centers in four locations in Massachusetts to assist the storm victims by providing food, clothing, medicine, and shelter. The agency deployed five vehicles carrying cleanup units and food, and allocated $1.4 million to provide assistance to 3,000 families.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
Along the Massachusetts coastline, the storm produced 25 ft (7.6 m) wave heights on top of a 4 ft (1.2 m) high tide. In Boston, the highest tide was 14.3 ft (4.4 m), which was only 1 ft (30 cm) lower than the record from the blizzard of 1978. High waves on top of the storm tide reached about 30 ft (9.1 m). The storm produced heavy rainfall in southeastern Massachusetts, peaking at 5.5 inches (140 mm). Coastal floods closed several roads, forcing hundreds of people to evacuate.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
In addition to the high tides, the storm produced strong winds; Chatham recorded a gust of 78 mph (126 km/h). Damage was worst from Cape Ann in northeastern Massachusetts to Nantucket, with over 100 homes destroyed or severely damaged at Marshfield, North Beach, and Brant Point. There were two injuries in the state, although there were no fatalities. Across Massachusetts, damage totaled in the hundreds of millions of dollars.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
Elsewhere in New England, waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) reached as far north as Maine, along with tides that were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal. Significant flooding was reported in that state, along with high winds that left areas without power. A total of 49 houses were severely damaged, 2 were destroyed, and overall more than 100 were affected. In Kennebunkport, the storm blew out windows and flooded the vacation home of then-President George H. W. Bush. The home sustained significant damage to its first floor.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
In Portland, tides were 3 ft (0.91 m) above normal, among the ten highest tides since record-keeping began in 1914. Along the coast, damage was worse than that caused by Hurricane Bob two months prior. Across Maine, the storm left $7.9 million (1991 USD) in damage, mostly in York County. More than half of the damage total was from property damage, with the remainder to transportation, seawalls, and public facilities. Although there were no deaths, there were two injuries in the state. In neighboring New Hampshire, coastal flooding affected several towns, destroying two homes.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
The storm destroyed three boats and damaged a lighthouse. High waves destroyed or swept away over 50,000 lobster traps, representing $2 million in losses (1991 USD). Damage was estimated at $5.6 million (1991 USD). Further west, high winds and coastal flooding lashed the Rhode Island and Connecticut coasts, killing a man in Narragansett, Rhode Island. Winds reached 63 miles per hour (101 km/h) in Newport, Rhode Island, causing power outages.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, New England and Atlantic Canada
Off the coast of Atlantic Canada, the storm produced very high waves, flooding a ship near Sable Island and stranding another ship. Along the coast, the waves wrecked three small boats near Tiverton, Nova Scotia, as well as nine boats in Torbay, Newfoundland and Labrador. In Nova Scotia, where the storm made landfall, precipitation reached 1.18 in (30 mm), and 20,000 people in Pictou County were left without power. The storm also caused widespread power outages in Newfoundland from its high winds, which reached 68 mph (110 km/h) near St. Lawrence. There were at least 35 traffic accidents, one fatal, in Grand Falls-Windsor due to slick roads. Prior to the storm's formation, there was a record 4.4 in (116 mm) of snowfall across Newfoundland. The storm caused no significant damage in Canada, other than these traffic accidents.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Mid-Atlantic states
In New York and northern New Jersey, the storm system left the most coastal damage since the 1944 Great Atlantic hurricane. Numerous boats were damaged or destroyed, killing two people off Staten Island. High winds swept a man off a bridge, killing him. High waves flooded the beach at Coney Island. In Sea Bright, New Jersey, waves washed over a seawall, forcing 200 people to evacuate. Further inland, the Hudson, Passaic, and Hackensack rivers experienced tidal flooding. Outside Massachusetts, damage was heaviest in southern New Jersey, where the cost was estimated at $75 million (1991 USD).


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Mid-Atlantic states
Across the area, tide heights reached their highest since the 1944 hurricane, leaving severe coastal and back bay flooding and closing many roads. The storm caused significant beach erosion, with 500,000 cubic yards (382,000 cubic meters) lost in Avalon, as well as $10 million damage to the beach in Cape May. The presence of a dune system mitigated the erosion in some areas. There was damage to the Atlantic City Boardwalk. Fire Island National Seashore was affected, washing away an entire row of waterfront houses in towns like Fair Harbor.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Mid-Atlantic states
Following the storm, there was a moratorium on clamming in the state's bays, due to contaminated waters. Along the Delmarva Peninsula and Virginia Beach, there was widespread water damage to homes, including ten affected houses in Sandbridge Beach, Virginia. Tides in Ocean City, Maryland, reached a record height of 7.8 ft (2.4 m), while elsewhere the tides were similar to the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Farther south
In North Carolina along the Outer Banks, high waves were initially caused by Hurricane Grace and later its interaction with a high pressure system. This produced gale-force winds and 12 ft (3.7 m) waves in the town of Duck. Later, the extratropical predecessor to the unnamed hurricane produced additional high waves, causing oceanfront flooding from Cape Hatteras through the northern portions of Currituck County. Flooding was first reported on October 28, when the ocean covered a portion of North Carolina Highway 12 north of Rodanthe; the route is the primary thoroughfare in the Outer Banks.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Farther south
Nags Head, Kitty Hawk, and Kill Devil Hills had large portions covered with water for several blocks away from the beach. The resultant flooding damaged 525 houses and 28 businesses and destroyed two motels and a few homes. Damage was estimated at $6.7 million (1991 USD). Farther south, the storm left 14 people injured in Florida. There was minor beach erosion and flooding, which damaged two houses and destroyed the pier at Lake Worth. In some locations, beaches gained additional sand from the wave action. Two people went missing off Daytona Beach after their boat lost power.


1991 Perfect Storm, Impact, Farther south
High waves destroyed a portion of State Road A1A. Damage in the state was estimated at $3 million (1991 USD). High waves also affected Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the Dominican Republic. In Puerto Rico, waves of 15 ft (4.6 m) affected the island's north coast, which prompted 32 people to seek shelter. The waves swept a person off a large rock to his death.


1991 Peruvian Segunda División
The 1991 Segunda División Peruana, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 10 teams. The tournament winner, Enrique Lau Chun.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1991 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 59th season in the National Football League.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
Despite having a 10–6 record and finishing with the top-ranked defense in the NFL, the Eagles failed to make the playoffs. During Week 1, quarterback Randall Cunningham was lost for the season with a knee injury.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
Statistics site Football Outsiders ranks the 1991 Eagles as the greatest defensive team in their ranking's history. Says Football Outsiders:


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1991 Eagles completely lap the field in terms of defensive DVOA. Only the 2002 Bucs had a better pass defense, and only the 2000 Ravens had a better run defense, and the Eagles were much more balanced than either of those teams.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
It's crazy to imagine how few points the Eagles might have given up if they were playing with a halfway-decent offense instead of losing Randall Cunningham to a torn ACL in the first game of the season. The Eagles were stuck depending on an over-the-hill Jim McMahon for 11 starts, plus Jeff Kemp for two and Brad Goebel for two. McMahon actually wasn't half bad ... but the other two quarterbacks were awful, especially Goebel who had no touchdowns with six interceptions. And the running game was dreadful, with 3.1 yards per carry as a team.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season
Still, the Eagles were fifth in the league in points allowed, and first in yards allowed by nearly 400 yards – and the team that was second in yards allowed is also on that top-ten defenses list, the 1991 New Orleans Saints. The Eagles allowed 3.9 yards per play, where no other team allowed fewer than 4.5. As bad as their running game was, their run defense was even better, allowing 3.0 yards per carry. Three-fourths of the starting defensive line was All-Pro (Reggie White, Jerome Brown, and Clyde Simmons). Linebacker Seth Joyner and cornerback Eric Allen made the Pro Bowl as well.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A "real" fresh start
On January 8, team owner Norman Braman opted not to renew the contract of Buddy Ryan, the Eagles' head coach since 1986. On the same day, Braman promoted then-offensive coordinator Rich Kotite, making him the 18th head coach in club history. They opened with a 3–1 mark, their best start since 1981, despite having lost Cunningham for the year due to a knee injury suffered at Green Bay thanks to a hit from Bryce Paup on opening day. After coming on to lead the Eagles to their solid start, backup QB Jim McMahon was also injured in Game 5, a shutout loss to the Redskins.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A winless October
With McMahon sidelined, the Birds offense would stall completely, including a stretch of 11 straight quarters without scoring a touchdown, culminating into a four-game skid. By mid-season, Philadelphia had used five different quarterbacks, including rookie Brad Goebel, Former Jets backup Pat Ryan and former Niners third-stringer Jeff Kemp in eight games and seen its record sink to 3–5.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A relatively healthy McMahon returns
Week 10 saw McMahon return to the lineup for a Monday night, 30–7 victory over the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants at Veterans Stadium. However, the following week at Municipal Stadium would be a little closer. The Eagles won 32–30 as Philadelphia spotted Cleveland a 23–0 lead early in the second quarter, before staging a comeback behind a battered McMahon (passing for 341 yards and three touchdowns). Before the game, McMahon's elbow was so swollen, his roommate Ron Heller had to tie his pony tail for him, and then told his lineman he wouldn't be able to play.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A relatively healthy McMahon returns
But Birds trainer Otho Davis used a concoction he calls "Grandma's Goop" on the elbow and McMahon was able to go. These wins would resurrect the season, and the Birds would continue this surge into contention for a playoff berth with a six-game winning streak (the club's longest since the start of '81). This upped their record to 9–5.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A relatively healthy McMahon returns
The signature win of the run was a 13–6 Monday night victory against the Oilers in Houston on December 2, later dubbed the "House of Pain" game for the Eagles' defense punishing Warren Moon and his receiving corps en route to victory.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, Heart of a champion
"In '91, I broke five ribs off my sternum in New York and bruised my heart. I could've punctured it, but it just bruised." -Jim McMahon, 2014The season ending rib injury to McMahon in Week 15 (a 19–14 win against the Giants) made way for a devastating loss at home to Dallas in Week 16, ending Philadelphia's playoff hopes. However, the season was highlighted by a 10–6 record, allowing the Eagles to join the 49ers as the only NFL clubs to post 10-or-more wins in each of the last four seasons. Both teams missed the postseason in '91 despite winning 10 games.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A defense that rewrote the record books
Philadelphia's defense finished the season ranked first in the NFL in fewest passing yards, rushing yards, and total yards allowed. As such, the Eagles became only the fifth club in NFL history and the first since 1975 to accomplish this rare triple. Five members of that defensive unit represented the Eagles in the Pro Bowl – DEs Reggie White and Clyde Simmons, DT Jerome Brown, and LB Seth Joyner were selected as starters while CB Eric Allen also made the NFC squad. The selection of White, Simmons, and Brown marked only the sixth time in NFL history that three defensive linemen from one team were elected to the Pro Bowl.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Overview, A defense that rewrote the record books
In addition, the Eagles' defense led the NFL in sacks and fumble recoveries and tied for the league lead in takeaways. The Eagles' 48 defensive takeaways in 1991 is tied for the most in the NFL in the 1990s.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL draft
The 1991 NFL draft was held April 21–22, 1991 at the Marriott Marquis hotel in Manhattan, New York. The Eagles with a 10–6 record in 1990 had the 19th or 20th pick in each round. They also held the number eight pick of the first round, choosing Antone Davis, an offensive tackle out of the University of Tennessee. The team's first round pick at number 19 was traded away earlier and acquired by the Green Bay Packers. Over the course of the 12-round draft, Philadelphia made 12 selections.


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14
The Eagles defense shut down the Oilers' run-and-shoot attack with four sacks, six forced fumbles (five lost) and 21 yards rushing on 11 attempts. Jerome Brown said after the game, "They brought the house, we brought the pain."


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Awards and honors
NFL Comeback Player of the Year – Jim McMahon QB


1991 Philadelphia Eagles season, Awards and honors
UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year – Reggie White DE


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
On April 28, 1991, the Phillies recorded the first triple-play in the history of Veterans Stadium. Tony Gwynn lined to second baseman Randy Ready. Ready stepped on second, and although he could have tagged the runner, threw to first baseman Ricky Jordan.


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
On May 6, 1991, Lenny Dykstra slammed his Mercedes-Benz red sports car into two trees while driving home from a bachelor party. Dykstra, suffered three broken ribs, a broken right collarbone and a broken right cheekbone. A broken rib punctured a lung and his heart was bruised, according to doctors. Phillies' catcher Darren Daulton was also in the car with Dykstra. Daulton suffered a broken left eye socket, a scratched left cornea and a heart bruise, doctors said.


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
On May 23, 1991, Tommy Greene threw a no-hitter against the Montreal Expos in Montreal. Greene was starting for only the second time in the season and 15th time in his major league career. He became the first visiting pitcher to hurl a no-hitter in Montreal's history as the Phillies defeated the Expos, 2–0 before an Olympic Stadium crowd of 8,833. Greene was pitching in place of Danny Cox who had suffered a pulled groin in his last start. Greene walked seven batters but also struck out 10.


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
Playing against the Cincinnati Reds on June 14, 1991, Von Hayes was hit by a pitch by Tom Browning which broke his arm. Hayes returned to action on September 6, 1991, against Houston. Hayes was traded to the California Angels in the off-season but Hayes would later cite Browning's pitch as ending his career, "I broke my arm when I was hit by a pitch from Tom Browning... and I was finished. I tried to make a comeback (with California) in 1992, but it was no good."


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
From July 30 to August 12, the Phillies won 13 straight games, tying the franchise record (in the modern era) set by the 1977 Phillies. The Phillies swept the Montreal Expos twice during the streak and made up nine games in the standings. The streak also helped them move from last place in the NL East to third by season's end.


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
On October 6, 1991, the most strikeouts were recorded against the Phillies in franchise history as David Cone of their division rival New York Mets struck out 19, tying a then-National League record for most strikeouts in a game, set by Steve Carlton against the Mets in their championship season of 1969 and Tom Seaver the following year. It was also the most strikeouts ever recorded by a pitcher at Veterans Stadium. The Mets won the game 7–0.


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Philadelphia Wings season
The 1991 Philadelphia Wings season marked the team's fifth season of operation.


1991 Philadelphia mayoral election
The 1991 Philadelphia mayoral election saw the election of Democrat Ed Rendell.


1991 Philadelphia mayoral election, Republican primary, Results
Following Rizzo's death, City Council candidate Joseph Egan was selected by the Philadelphia Republican Party to replace Rizzo as the nominee.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, New teams
Two new teams join the league, they are the Triple-V Saisaki Restaurant Group and RC Cola. Burger City takes a conference-leave while Philips Sardines transfer its franchise to A&W Rootbears.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
The season opens on February 9. After the double-round eliminations, Magnolia defeated Swift, 80-76, in a playoff game on March 27 for the sixth and last semifinals berth.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
Crispa 400 and Cebu's Mama's Love, in their second finals appearance since 1985, played in the championship. The Crispa 400s wins their 2nd PBL title in a 3-1 series victory. After losing Game One, 78-91, the 400s came back to take the next three games and clinch the crown.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
In a riotous second game which Crispa won, 99-95, the Powder Makers rallied from 21 points down to within two points with 24 seconds left but a bad call from the referee prompted fans from Cebu-based squad to react furiously and started pelting the court and in the process halting play for nearly 20 minutes.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
Crispa coach William "Bogs" Adornado, who took over the coaching position from Fortunato "Atoy" Co at the start of the season, won his first title as a mentor. Among his players are Johnny Abarrientos, Victor Pablo, Felix Duhig, Saturnino Garrido, Alejandro Lim, Kevin Ramas, Maximo Delantes, Roberto Jabar, Gil Lumberio, Victor Villarias and Edward Joseph Feihl.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
Mama's Love's Stevenson Solomon emerged as the league's leading rebounder and was adjudged Most Valuable Player.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Challenge Cup
The import-laced tournament reeled off on May 18 at the Loyola Center in Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City, under new PBL Commissioner Atty. Gregorio "Ogie" Narvasa.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Challenge Cup
The respective teams' imports were Mark Anthony Tillmon of Crispa 400s, who played for the Utah Jazz in the NBA, another NBA veteran Trent Jackson of Sta.Lucia, played one month for the Milwaukee Bucks in 1989, Hollman Harley of Mama's Love, Joey Johnson of Triple-V, Patrick Thompkins of Swift Hotdogs, Johnny Bell of the returning Burger Machine (formerly Burger City), Dominique Stephens of RC Cola, Melvin Reid of A&W Hamburger, and Richard Morgan of Magnolia Ice Cream.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Challenge Cup
Imports defections hurt the tournament, first to leave was Crispa's Mark Tillmon, who was replaced by Perry Bromwell, then Triple-V's Joey Johnson, who was replaced by Tyrone Pitts. Swift's Patrick Thompkins left the Hotdogs before a playoff with Burger Machine for a semifinal berth. Swift later pick a 6-3 Fil-American guard Mateo Caimol, reportedly a two-time MVP for an NCAA Division III school Erskine College of South Carolina, as his replacement. Sta.Lucia's Trent Jackson led the Realtors to a playoff for the second finals berth against Triple-V but decided to leave before the game and the Realtors lost to the Foodmasters, 81-88.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Challenge Cup
Triple-V in only their second conference, joined the ranks of champions by beating the Crispa 400s in the best-of-five finals series, 3 games to 1. The Foodmasters won Game One, behind import Tyrone Pitts, who scored 34 points as against Crispa's Perry Bromwell's only 10 points. In Game Two, Triple-V took a commanding 2-0 lead with a 106-98 victory behind once again on the explosive performance of Pitts, scoring 41 points. Crispa's proud legacy gave them a victory in the third game and avoided a possible sweep.


1991 Philippine Basketball League season, Challenge Cup
In the title-clinching Game Four, regulation ended at 78-all, and in the extension period with the rule first-to-score seven points, the Foodmasters scored seven points first to win, 85-78, and in the process wrapped up its first championship. Triple-V coach Derrick Pumaren led his second PBL team to a title after numerous championships with Magnolia, the Triple-V roster includes Verne Villarias, Allen Sasan, Jolly Escobar, Arthur Ayson, Ronald Cahanding, Dwight Lago and Django Rivera.


1991 Philips Open
The 1991 Philips Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the ATP World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and took place from 16 April through 22 April 1991. Unseeded Martín Jaite won the singles title.


1991 Philips Open, Finals, Doubles
Rikard Bergh /  Jan Gunnarsson defeated  Vojtěch Flégl /  Nicklas Utgren 6–4, 4–6, 6–3


1991 Phoenix Cardinals season
The 1991 Phoenix Cardinals season was the 72nd season the team was in the National Football League (NFL). The team failed to improve on their previous output of 5–11, winning only four games. After beginning the season 2–0, the Cardinals suffered a tough schedule and lost their last eight matches to finish 4–12. This was the ninth consecutive season the Cardinals failed to qualify to the playoffs.


1991 Phoenix Cardinals season
The Cardinals’ 196 points scored is the lowest total in franchise history for a 16-game season.


1991 Phoenix Cardinals season, Regular season, Schedule
The 1991 Cardinals suffered from a very tough schedule playing in a powerful NFC East that provided the first four Super Bowl winners of the 1990s, and seven of ten between 1986 and 1995. Football statistics site Football Outsiders calculated that the 1991 Cardinals played the second-toughest schedule based on strength of opponent of any NFL team between 1989 and 2013, although Pro Football Reference argues that the 1991 Cardinals suffered the ninth toughest non-strike schedule since 1971. The Cardinals played just two games against opponents with losing records – both amongst their first five games and both won – whilst ten opponents including all their last five finished 10–6 or better.


1991 Pilkington Glass Championships
The 1991 Pilkington Glass Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne in the United Kingdom that was part of Tier II of the 1991 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from 17 June until 22 June 1991.


1991 Pilkington Glass Championships, Finals, Doubles
Larisa Savchenko-Neiland /  Natalia Zvereva defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Jana Novotná 2–6, 6–4, 6–4


1991 Pirveli Liga
1991 Pirveli Liga was the 2nd season of the Georgian Pirveli Liga. The Pirveli Liga is the second division of Georgian Football. It consists of reserve teams and professional teams.


1991 Pittsburg State Gorillas football team
The 1991 Pittsburg State Gorillas football team was an American football team that won the 1991 NCAA Division II national championship.


1991 Pittsburg State Gorillas football team
The team represented Pittsburg State University as a member of the Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) during the 1991 NCAA Division II football season. In their second season under head coach Chuck Broyles, the Gorillas compiled a 13–1–1 record (8–0–1 against conference opponents), won the MIAA championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 555 to 226. They qualified to participate in the Division II playoffs and advanced to the national championship game, defeating Jacksonville State by a 23–6 score. It was Pittsburg State's third national championship.


1991 Pittsburg State Gorillas football team
Wide receiver and return specialist Ronnie West received the Harlon Hill Trophy as the best player in Division II football.


1991 Pittsburg State Gorillas football team
The season was the 84th for Pittsburg State competing in football and its third as a member of NCAA Division II. The team played its home games in at Carnie Smith Stadium in Pittsburg, Kansas.


1991 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1991 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. This was Pitt's first season as a football member of the Big East Conference. They had been an independent since the program's inception in 1890.


1991 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1991 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 110th in franchise history; the 105th in the National League. This was their 22nd season at Three Rivers Stadium. For the second consecutive season, the Pirates won the National League East Division Title with a record of 98–64. The Pirates finished the season with the best record in the league. They were defeated four games to three by the Atlanta Braves in the 1991 National League Championship Series. During the season, John Smiley won 20 games – the last to do so for the Pirates in the 20th century.


1991 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1991 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 59th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League.


1991 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The Steelers struggled early as Neil O'Donnell took over from Bubby Brister at quarterback. The Steelers ended the season winning their last two games, 17–10, over the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns at Three Rivers Stadium to finish with a 7–9 record. Following the season Chuck Noll announced his retirement, ending his 23-year career in which he won four Super Bowls while posting an overall record of 209–156–1.


1991 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Staff
Notable additions include Adrian Cooper, Neil O'Donnell and Ernie Mills.


1991 Plaid Cymru presidential election
The 1991 Plaid Cymru presidential election was held following the resignation of Dafydd Elis Thomas, who had led the party since 1984 after his announcement that he would stand down as an MP at the 1992 general election.


1991 Plaid Cymru presidential election
On 18 September 1991 it was reported that Dafydd Wigley was to stand for the post of President of Plaid Cymru, nominations closed a week later on 24 September with Dayfydd Wigley being the only candidate.


1991 Plaid Cymru presidential election
Wigley formally took over as leader at Plaid Cymru's conference which was held over the weekend of 26/27 October 1991.


1991 Plaid Cymru presidential election
Wigley would go onto lead Plaid until his resignation in 2000 by which point the party had increased its number of MPs from three to four, gained their first two MEPs and won 17 out of the 60 available seats in the inaugural election to The National Assembly for Wales.


1991 Plateau State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Plateau State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Fidelis Tapgun won the election.


1991 Plateau State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Plateau State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Fidelis Tapgun won the election.


1991 Players Championship
The 1991 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held March 28–31 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the eighteenth Players Championship.


1991 Players Championship
Steve Elkington birdied the final hole to win the title at 276 (−12), one stroke ahead of runner-up Fuzzy Zoeller. Elkington won a second Players six years later in 1997.


1991 Players Championship
Defending champion Jodie Mudd missed the 36-hole cut by five strokes.


1991 Players Championship, Venue
This was the tenth Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course, set at  6,896 yards (6,306 m) for a second year.


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
1. The top 125 PGA Tour members from the Final 1990 Official Money List:


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
John Adams, Fulton Allem, Billy Andrade, Tommy Armour III, Paul Azinger, Ian Baker-Finch, Dave Barr, Andy Bean, Chip Beck, Phil Blackmar, Jay Don Blake, Jim Booros, Bill Britton, Mark Brooks, Billy Ray Brown, Brad Bryant, Tom Byrum, Mark Calcavecchia, David Canipe, Brian Claar, Keith Clearwater, Russ Cochran, John Cook, Fred Couples, Ben Crenshaw, Jay Delsing, Mike Donald, Ed Dougherty, Bob Eastwood, David Edwards, Steve Elkington, Bob Estes, Brad Fabel, Brad Faxon, Rick Fehr, Dan Forsman, David Frost, Fred Funk, Jim Gallagher Jr., Robert Gamez, Buddy Gardner, Bob Gilder, Bill Glasson, Wayne Grady, Ken Green, Jay Haas, Gary Hallberg, Jim Hallet, Donnie Hammond, Morris Hatalsky, Nolan Henke, Scott Hoch, Mike Hulbert, John Huston, Hale Irwin, Peter Jacobsen, Lee Janzen, Steve Jones, Tom Kite, Kenny Knox, Wayne Levi, Bruce Lietzke, Bob Lohr, Davis Love III, Mark Lye, Andrew Magee, John Mahaffey, Billy Mayfair, Blaine McCallister, Mark McCumber, Rocco Mediate, Larry Mize , Gil Morgan, Jodie Mudd, Larry Nelson, Greg Norman, Mark O'Meara, Steve Pate, Corey Pavin, David Peoples, Chris Perry, Kenny Perry, Peter Persons, Don Pooley, Nick Price, Tom Purtzer, Larry Rinker, Loren Roberts, Bill Sander, Gene Sauers, Ted Schulz, Tom Sieckmann, Tim Simpson, Joey Sindelar, Mike Smith, Craig Stadler, Ray Stewart, Curtis Strange, Hal Sutton, Brian Tennyson, Doug Tewell, Jim Thorpe, Kirk Triplett, Bob Tway, Howard Twitty, Stan Utley, Scott Verplank, Bobby Wadkins, Lanny Wadkins, Tom Watson, D. A. Weibring, Mark Wiebe, Bob Wolcott, Willie Wood, Jim Woodward, Robert Wrenn, Fuzzy Zoeller, Richard Zokol


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
Emlyn Aubrey, Payne Stewart, Raymond Floyd, Mike Reid, Tony Sills, Scott Simpson, and Jeff Sluman elected not to play


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
3. Any foreign player meeting the requirements of a designated player, whether or not he is a PGA Tour member:


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
4. Winners in the last 10 calendar years of The Players Championship, Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, PGA Championship, and World Series of Golf:


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
David Graham, Jerry Pate, Seve Ballesteros, Calvin Peete, Bernhard Langer Andy North, Hubert Green, Roger Maltbie


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
6. Six players, not otherwise eligible, designated by The Players Championship Committee as "special selections":


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
Mark Hayes, Masashi Ozaki, Peter Senior, Craig Parry, Denis Watson, Mark McNulty


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
7. To complete a field of 144 players, those players in order, not otherwise eligible, from the 1991 Official Money List, as of the completion of the USF&G Classic:


1991 Players Championship, Eligibility requirements
Dan Halldorson, Dave Rummells, Bart Bryant, John Daly, Jeff Maggert, Neal Lancaster, Dan Pohl


1991 Plymouth City Council election
The 1991 Plymouth City Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Plymouth City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. The Labour Party gained control of the council from the Conservative Party, who had held it since its creation in 1973.


1991 Polish parliamentary election
The 1991 Polish parliamentary election was held on  27 October 1991 to elect deputies to both houses of the National Assembly. The 1991 election was notable on several counts. It was the first parliamentary election to be held since the formation of the Third Republic, the first entirely free and competitive legislative election since the fall of communism, the first completely free legislative election of any sort since 1928, and only the fifth completely free election in all of Polish history.


1991 Polish parliamentary election
Due to the collapse of the Solidarity movement's political wing, the 1991 election saw deep political fragmentation, with a multitude of new parties and alliances emerging in its wake. Low voting thresholds within individual constituencies, along with a five percent national threshold allocated to a small portion of the Sejm, additionally contributed to party fragmentation. As a result, 29 political parties gained entry into the Sejm and 22 in the Senate, with no party holding a decisive majority. Two months of intense coalition negotiations followed, with Jan Olszewski of the Centre Agreement forming a minority government along with the Christian National Union, remnants of the broader Center Civic Alliance, and the Peasants' Agreement, with conditional support from Polish People's Party, Solidarity and other minor parties.


1991 Polish parliamentary election
460 members of parliament (poseł) were elected; 391 from 6980 candidates from 37 regional lists of candidates and 69 from country-wide lists of candidates. In the Sejm elections, 27,517,280 citizens were eligible to vote, 11,887,949 (43.2%) of them cast their votes, 11,218,602 (94.4%) of those were counted as valid. In the Senate elections, 43.2% of citizens cast their votes, 96.5% were valid.


1991 Polish parliamentary election
Elections were supervised by the National Electoral Commission (Państwowa Komisja Wyborcza). 37 regional (okręgowe) commissions were formed, and 22,341 district (obwodowe), staffed by 197,389 citizens.


1991 Polish parliamentary election
A remarkable 111 parties competed and 29 parties (listed below) won Parliamentary seats. The success of the frivolous Polish Beer-Lovers' Party with 16 seats gained news coverage worldwide.


1991 Pontins Professional
The 1991 Pontins Professional was the eighteenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1991 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1991 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 9 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 11 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1991 Pontins Professional
Neal Foulds won the event for the second time, beating Mike Hallett 9–6 in the final.


1991 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 1991 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Filderstadt Tennis Centre in Filderstadt, Germany and was part of the Tier II of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 14 October to 20 October 1991. Unseeded Anke Huber won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1991 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Jana Novotná defeated  Pam Shriver /  Natasha Zvereva 6–2, 5–7, 6–4


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1991 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril on 22 September 1991. It was the thirteenth race of the 1991 FIA Formula One World Championship.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 71-lap race was won from pole position by Riccardo Patrese, driving a Williams-Renault. Patrese's team-mate and Drivers' Championship challenger, Nigel Mansell, led until a pit stop went wrong, resulting in his disqualification from the race. Ayrton Senna finished second in a McLaren-Honda, thus increasing his lead over Mansell in the championship to 24 points with three races remaining, with Jean Alesi finishing third in a Ferrari.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Pre-race
The only change to the driver line-up was that Johnny Herbert was back at Lotus, replacing Michael Bartels, who had failed to qualify in his three outings for the team.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
It was the fourth consecutive 1–2 for the Brabham team in Friday morning pre-qualifying, with Martin Brundle outpacing his team-mate Mark Blundell by just 0.049 of a second. Third was Gabriele Tarquini in the AGS, just under three tenths of a second off the pace in the new JH27. The Footwork of Michele Alboreto was fourth, the Italian's fourth pre-qualifying success in five attempts.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
The four drivers to miss out included Tarquini's team-mate Fabrizio Barbazza in fifth position, although he was closer to the pace than in previous events, driving the new AGS JH27 for the first time. Olivier Grouillard could only manage sixth place on this occasion for Fondmetal, his eighth pre-qualifying failure this season, and the Frenchman was sacked by the team after the Grand Prix weekend. Alex Caffi struggled again in the other Footwork in seventh place, his fourth failure in five pre-qualifying attempts, in contrast with his team-mate Alboreto. At the bottom of the time sheets, Pedro Chaves was unable to post a representative time at his home event in the Coloni, but the team announced it had been purchased by Italian shoe designer Andrea Sassetti.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
The sunny Estoril was a popular venue among the drivers and qualifying saw a bit of a role reversal with the top teams' second drivers beating the championship contenders with Riccardo Patrese on pole alongside Gerhard Berger, with Ayrton Senna and Nigel Mansell third and fourth respectively. The top ten was rounded out by Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Maurício Gugelmin, Pierluigi Martini, Ivan Capelli, and Michael Schumacher, the Benetton team a little off their usual pace.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
On Sunday Morning Prost's Ferrari had a rather dramatic blowup in the warmup, and the Frenchman had to start the race in the spare car. The start was very eventful with Patrese getting away well and with Mansell aggressively chopping across the front of Senna. Unimpressed, he tried to retake Mansell going into the first turn but Nigel held his line and then proceeded to sweep underneath Berger to grab second at the second corner. After lap 1 the order was Patrese, Mansell, Berger, Senna, and Alesi.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Mansell seemed content to shadow Patrese until lap 18 when he slipstreamed past his teammate on the main straight and proceeded to pull away. Things were looking good for Williams until Mansell came in for his stop on lap 29 and disaster struck: a communications mix-up by the pit crew resulted in Mansell being sent off with the right rear wheel of his car not properly attached. The wheel rotated clean off and a frustrated Mansell was left stranded in the pit lane. In the heat of the moment, the crew scampered over to the car and fitted a fresh wheel outside of the pit box, a violation of the rules.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Mansell emerged in 17th place and started a charge through the field; he was up to sixth when he was finally shown the black disqualification flag on lap 51. He would, however, keep the fastest lap of the race, set on lap 43. The incident left Patrese comfortably in the lead from Berger and Senna, and Senna went second when Berger's engine blew on lap 37, he was followed out of the race by Prost's Ferrari, which also decided it had enough.


1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
On lap 40 the order was Patrese, Senna, Alesi, Martini, and Capelli, with the latter three being involved in an exciting battle for third place; Alesi didn't make errors despite being under pressure from the Minardi, and so the order remained unchanged until the late stages when the fifth placed Capelli suffered a front wing problem and ended up in the barriers, he came in the pits for a front wing change but retired only a lap later. Patrese cruised home to his second win of the season and fifth of his career. Senna was second and tightened the screw on his third drivers title. Alesi, Martini, Piquet, and Schumacher rounded out the top six. With three races to go Senna led Mansell by 24 points.


1991 Portuguese legislative election
The Portuguese legislative election of 1991 took place on 6 October. The election renewed all 230 members of the Assembly of the Republic. There was a reduction of 20 seats compared with previous elections, due to the 1989 Constitutional revision.


1991 Portuguese legislative election
The Social Democratic Party, under the lead of Cavaco Silva, won a historic third term and won with an absolute majority for the second consecutive turn, achieving a higher share than in the previous election, losing, however, 13 MPs due to the reduction of the overall number from the original 250 to 230. Cavaco Silva became the first Prime Minister since Hintze Ribeiro, in 1904, to lead a party into three successive democratic election victories.


1991 Portuguese legislative election
The Socialist Party, at the time led by Jorge Sampaio, the future President of Portugal, increased its share by 7% and gained 12 MPs, but did not manage to avoid the absolute majority of the Social Democrats. Like four and six years earlier, and like 1979 and 1980, the PS failed to win a single district. In the first legislative election after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the communist dominated Democratic Unity Coalition lost much of its electoral influence, losing 14 MPs and 4% of the voting, but were able to hold on to the district of Beja by a slight margin over the PSD.


1991 Portuguese legislative election
On the right, the CDS could not recover its past influence, mainly to the effect of tactical voting for the Social Democratic Party by right-wing voters, increasing its parliamentary group by only 1 MP. The National Solidarity Party, using a populist campaign, achieved for the first time an MP, in what would be the only presence of such party in the Parliament.


1991 Portuguese legislative election
Voter turnout fell to 67.8%, and for the first time below 70% of the electorate.


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs was reduced in 1989, during the Constitutional amendments, to 230 from the previous 250. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
For these elections, and compared with the 1987 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the 5th legislature (1987-1991) and that also partook in the election:


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Campaign period, Candidates' debates
No debates between the main parties were held as the PSD leader and Prime Minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, refused to take part in any debate.