1991 Portuguese legislative election, Opinion polling
The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed were represented in parliament (1987-1991). Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1987 and 1991 for reference.


1991 Portuguese legislative election, Opinion polling
Note, until 2000, the publication of opinion polls in the last week of the campaign was forbidden.


1991 Portuguese presidential election
The Portuguese presidential election of 1991 was held on 13 January.


1991 Portuguese presidential election
The re-election of the hugely popular Mário Soares was never in doubt, specially after the then-ruling PSD, led by Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva announced its support. Therefore, the election held on 13 January 1991 was a landslide, and no second round was needed.


1991 Portuguese presidential election
As the election of a left-wing candidate was assured, other left-wing parties, the Portuguese Communist Party and the People's Democratic Union, presented their own candidates. The communists presented Carlos Carvalhas, who had been Assistant General Secretary of the Party a year before (Álvaro Cunhal was the secretary-general). Carvalhas would later be elected secretary-general, in 1992.


1991 Portuguese presidential election
On the right, as the Social Democratic Party supported Soares, the Democratic and Social Centre presented the only right-wing candidate, Basílio Horta.


1991 Portuguese presidential election
Mário Soares achieved the majority of the votes in every district of the country, and 295 of the then 305 municipalities. His score was the biggest ever in a presidential election in Portugal.


1991 Portuguese presidential election, Procedure
Any Portuguese citizen over 35 years old has the opportunity to run for president. In order to do so it is necessary to gather between 7500 and 15000 signatures and submit them to the Portuguese Constitutional Court.


1991 Portuguese presidential election, Procedure
According to the Portuguese Constitution, to be elected, a candidate needs a majority of votes. If no candidate gets this majority there will take place a second round between the two most voted candidates.


1991 Pot Black
The 1991 Pot Black was the first of the revived professional invitational snooker tournament after a 5-year absence and the 19th series altogether. It took place between 18 and 20 August 1991 and broadcast in September and October. This time, the tournament was held at Trentham Gardens in Stoke-on-Trent which formally hosted the International and it was played alongside the Junior Pot Black competition which also got revived, and featured sixteen professional players in a knock-out system. All matches until the semi-final were one-frame shoot-outs, the semi-final was aggregate score of two frames and the final being contested over the best of three frames.


1991 Pot Black
Broadcasts had been moved from primetime BBC2 to an afternoon slot on BBC1 and shown on Mondays and Wednesdays and the series started at 15:05 on Monday 2 September 1991,. Eammon Holmes was the new presenter for the series and three times Pot Black champion John Spencer joined Ted Lowe in the commentary box for the new series while John Williams remained as referee.


1991 Pot Black
Players in this year's series were the top 16 ranked players for the 1991–92 season including former Pot Black winners Doug Mountjoy, Steve Davis, Terry Griffiths and defending champion Jimmy White and former Junior Pot Black players Dean Reynolds, John Parrott and Stephen Hendry. The final was won by Davis by winning the title for the third time beating Hendry 2–1 and equalling John Spencer and Eddie Charlton.


1991 Preakness Stakes
The 1991 Preakness Stakes was the 116th running of the Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 18, 1991, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Hansel, who was jockeyed by Jerry Bailey, won the race by seven lengths over runner-up Corporate Report. Approximate post time was 5:32 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run over a fast track in a final time of 1:54 flat. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 96,695, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1991.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election
An election to Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council was held in May 1991. The Independent councilors retained the vast majority of seats. It was preceded by the 1987 election and followed, after local government re-organization, by the 1995 Pembrokeshire County Council election. On the same day there were elections to the other local authorities and community councils in Wales.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election, Ward Results, Burton (one seat)
No election was held as the sitting member, Jack Lewis, was unopposed; however he died before polling day.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election, Ward Results, Merlin's Bridge (one seat)
Affie Webb lost his seat after the drawing of lots.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election, Ward Results, Milford Haven, North and West (two seats)
An Independent had gained a seat from the Liberal Democrats at a by-election.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election, By-Elections 1991-1995, Burton by-election 1991
A by-election was held in the Burton ward  following the death of the sitting member shortly before the 1991 election.


1991 Preseli Pembrokeshire District Council election, By-Elections 1991-1995, St Dogmaels by-election 1991
A by-election was held in the St Dogmaels ward after no nominations were received for the regular election.


1991 Primera División de Chile
The 1991 Campeonato Nacional, was the 59th season of top-flight football in Chile. Colo-Colo won its eighteenth title following a 0–0 away draw against Coquimbo Unido on 18 December. Coquimbo Unido, as runner-up, and Universidad Católica, as Liguilla winners, also qualified for the next Copa Libertadores .


1991 Primera División de Chile, Promotion/Relegation Liguilla
Everton and Universidad de Chile will play in the 1992 Primera División


1991 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1991 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Princeton finished second in the Ivy League.


1991 Princeton Tigers football team
In their fifth year under head coach Steve Tosches, the Tigers compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents 253 to 171. Jim Freeman was the team captain.


1991 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton's 5–2 conference record placed second in the Ivy League standings. The Tigers outscored Ivy opponents 172 to 126.


1991 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton played its home games at Palmer Stadium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey.


1991 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The 1991 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 6 October 1991. It was the 70th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.


1991 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The winner was Suave Dancer, a three-year-old colt trained in France by John Hammond. The winning jockey was Cash Asmussen.


1991 Pro Bowl
The 1991 Pro Bowl was the NFL's 41st annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1990 season. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 1991, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,345. The final score was AFC 23, NFC 21.


1991 Pro Bowl
Art Shell of the Los Angeles Raiders led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert. The referee was Gordon McCarter.


1991 Pro Bowl
Quarterback Jim Kelly of the Buffalo Bills was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Players on the winning AFC team received $10,000 apiece while the NFC participants each took home $5,000.


1991 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election
The Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick held a leadership election in 1991 to replace its outgoing leader Barbara Baird Filliter. The winner was former Moncton mayor and member of parliament Dennis Cochrane, who later also won the riding of Petitcodiac in the 1991 general election.


1991 Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick leadership election
The candidates were Cochrane and St. Andrews mayor and teacher Bev Lawrence. Fredericton—York—Sunbury member of parliament Bud Bird and party president Emilien LeBreton were also expected to run but did not enter the race.


1991 Prudential-Bache Securities Classic
The 1991 Prudential-Bache Securities Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Orlando, United States that was part of the ATP World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and took place from April 1 through April 7, 1991. First-seeded Andre Agassi won the singles title, his second at the event after 1989.


1991 Prudential-Bache Securities Classic, Finals, Doubles
Luke Jensen /  Scott Melville defeated  Nicolás Pereira /  Pete Sampras 6–7, 7–6, 6–3


1991 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Puerto Rico on 8 December 1991. The amendments would guarantee:


1991 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
The changes were rejected by 54.1% of voters, with a turnout of 60.7%.


1991 Puerto Rico Open
The 1991 Puerto Rico Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Hyatt Regency Cerromar Hotel in San Juan in Puerto Rico that was part of the Tier IV category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from October 21 through October 27, 1991. Second-seeded Julie Halard won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.


1991 Puerto Rico Open, Finals, Doubles
Rika Hiraki /  Florencia Labat defeated  Sabine Appelmans /  Camille Benjamin 6–3, 6–3


1991 Pulitzer Prize
The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1991. The year was significant because not only were awards given for all categories, but two separate awards were given for International Reporting.


1991 Pulitzer Prize, Arts awards
Commissioned by The Philadelphia Orchestra and premiered by that orchestra on October 19, 1990.


1991 Punjab killings
Coordinates: The 1991 Punjab killings was a massacre of train passengers that occurred on 15 June 1991 in the Ludhiana district of the Indian State of Punjab, where Sikh Khalistani militants killed at least 80 to 126 passengers travelling in two trains.


1991 Punjab killings, Events
The militants stopped the two trains about a kilometre from Ludhiana station by pulling their emergency cords, triggering emergency brakes. They proceeded to open fire inside the trains at around 9:35 p.m. (IST), killing at least 80 passengers.


1991 Punjab killings, Events
On the second train, the Dhuri-Hisar passenger train, the militants fired indiscriminately. After the attackers fled, the train moved back to Badduwal station, where the rescue team arrived with doctors. Local villagers helped the survivors with food, water, medicine, and mental support.


1991 Punjab killings, Events
The attacks came less than five hours after polling closed in a national election already marred by violence and interrupted by the assassination of ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi around a month prior.


1991 Punjab killings, Events
Later that year, in December 1991, militants killed 49 more passengers, mostly Hindus, travelling on train from Ludhiana to Ferozepur.


1991 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1991 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana. The team was coached by head coach Jim Colletto.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season
The 1991 Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs season was the 4th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
The March 17 game between Purefoods and Shell was put under protest when Hotdogs import Richard Hollis converted on a follow-up shot as time expired giving the Hotdogs a one-point win, 124-123. The controversial match was ordered to be replayed and scheduled on April 9.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
When Purefoods defeated Pepsi Hotshots, 105-95 in Cabanatuan City on March 23, a fistfight occurred between guards Dindo Pumaren and Jun Reyes of Pepsi with only 1:30 left in the game. It was further aggravated when hotdogs rookie Joey Santamaria entered the fray.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Following a 107-124 loss to Shell during the first round of the semifinals in the First Conference on April 18, coach Baby Dalupan has submitted his resignation, citing indifferences with the Purefoods management as his reason for quitting the team. Assistant coach Ely Capacio took over the vacant spot left by the league's winningest coach.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Import Richard Hollis left the team unnoticed prior to their must-win situation against Ginebra San Miguel during the last playing date of the semifinals in the First Conference on May 2. It was the second time in Purefoods history that an import deserted them in an all-important game.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Pepsi Cola tendered an offer sheet amounting to P25.3 million for the services of Hotdogs' forward Alvin Patrimonio, whose contract expired on June 30. The Purefoods management matched Pepsi's tempting offer, making Alvin Patrimonio the highest paid cager in the league.


1991 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Championship
The Purefoods Tender Juicy Hotdogs won their first All-Filipino crown over corporate rival Diet Sarsi. The finals victory was the Hotdogs' second title in the last three conferences.


1991 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The 1991 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia were announced on Monday 10 June 1991 by the office of the Governor-General.


1991 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June.


1991 Queensland four year terms referendum
The Queensland parliamentary term extension referendum was a one-question referendum held in the Australian state of Queensland on 23 March 1992. Electors were asked if they approved of extending the maximum term of the Parliament of Queensland from three years to four years. The referendum was conducted by the Electoral Commission Queensland (ECQ).


1991 Queensland four year terms referendum
The referendum failed, with 811,078 No votes (51.1%) received to 772,647 Yes votes (48.9%).


1991 Queensland four year terms referendum
A later 2016 referendum which combined an extension to four years with fixed-term elections was successful.


1991 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards
The 1991 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards (Chinese: 1991年度十大中文金曲得獎) was held in 1991 for the 1990 music season.


1991 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大中文金曲) of 1991 are as follows.


1991 Racha earthquake
The 1991 Racha earthquake occurred in the province of Racha, Georgia, at 9:12 UTC on 29 April. Centered on the districts of Oni and Ambrolauri on the southern foothills of the Greater Caucasus mountains, it killed 270, left approximately 100,000 homeless and caused severe damage, including to several medieval monuments. It had a magnitude of 7.0 and was the most powerful earthquake recorded in the Caucasus.


1991 Racha earthquake, Tectonic setting
Georgia lies between the two mountain chains of the Greater Caucasus in the north and the Lesser Caucasus in the south. These two sets of mountains have both resulted from the continuing effects of the collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Greater Caucasus consists of a southward-directed fold and thrust belt that has been active since the Oligocene. Racha lies close to the southern margin of this thrust belt and the earthquake is interpreted to be caused by rupture of the active thrust front.


1991 Racha earthquake, Damage
The earthquake affected 700 villages and settlements, destroying 46,000 houses and making 100,000 people homeless. The number of casualties was reduced because most of the inhabitants were working in the fields at the time of the earthquake, 13:13 local time. Many important historical monuments were badly damaged, particularly the Archangel Church near Zemo Krikhi and the Mravaldzali church, which were completely destroyed.


1991 Racha earthquake, Damage
Much of the damage associated with the earthquake was caused by landslides triggered by the shaking, rather than the shaking itself. The most common type were rock falls, followed by debris slides, slumps, earth slides, rock-block slides and rock avalanches. The most destructive was a large debris avalanche, which destroyed the village of Khokheti, killing 50 of the inhabitants. A large mass of Jurassic volcanic rock fell onto water-saturated alluvium, combining to form the debris avalanche.


1991 Racha earthquake, Damage
The debris avalanche, which had an estimated volume of over 3 million m3, swept down a valley through Khokheti, blocking the Gebura River, forming a 100-m-high dam, that breached soon afterwards, causing more destruction. Two of the earth slides showed a delayed movement, with most displacement occurring a few days after the main shock. The Chordi landslide was active before the earthquake and showed only minor movement at the time of the main shock. Two to three days later, the slide started to move at about 8 m per day, destroying the village of Chordi. On 18 May, the slide was still moving at 2 m per day. This slide moved on claystone of the Maikop Formation and had a total volume of about 20 million m3.


1991 Racha earthquake, Damage
The large aftershock on 15 June caused extensive damage in the Java to Tskhinvali area. At least 8 people were killed and 200 injured. However, due to a protest rally by the local people, dozens, but not hundreds, were killed. The village of Khakhet was destroyed.


1991 Racha earthquake, Characteristics
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.0. A maximum intensity of IX on the MSK scale was observed. The calculated focal mechanism showed that the earthquake was a result of low-angle reverse faulting on a fault plane dipping at about 35° to the north-northeast. This was confirmed from the distribution of aftershocks, which defined a clear plane of this orientation. Analysis of the detailed velocity structure around the rupture zone suggested that it coincided with a marked change in seismic velocity, consistent with it representing the interface between Mesozoic sediments and the underlying crystalline basement. The 1,500-m-high Racha Ridge is thought to have been uplifted by repeated earthquakes of this type.


1991 Racha earthquake, Characteristics
The mainshock was followed by a complex series of aftershocks extending over several months, which caused further damage and casualties The largest of the aftershocks, which consisted of two events about two seconds apart, had a magnitude of Ms = 6.5 and occurred on 15 June with an epicenter near Java. On 23 October 1992, a magnitude-6.7 earthquake occurred about 100 km east of the aftershock zone. It was also due to reverse faulting on a north-northeast-dipping plane, although with a significant dextral (right lateral) strike-slip component.


1991 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1991 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 64th staging of the Railway Cup, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-provincial hurling tournament. The championship began on 10 March 1991 and ended on 7 April 1991.


1991 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 7 April 1991, Connacht won the cup following a 1-13 to 0-12 defeat of Munster in the final. This was their 8th Railway Cup title and their second in succession after winning the last cup title in 1989.


1991 Recopa Sudamericana
The 1991 Recopa Sudamericana was the third Recopa Sudamericana, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores and Supercopa Sudamericana competitions. However, this edition never needed to be played as Olimpia of Paraguay won both the 1990 Copa Libertadores and 1990 Supercopa Sudamericana.


1991 Recopa Sudamericana
Olimpia were declared automatic winners of the Recopa Sudamericana after their triumph in the Supercopa Sudamericana.


1991 Recopa Sudamericana
The case of a team being crowned champion of a competition without having played any match, was unprecedented in the history of international football.


1991 Refuge Assurance Cup
The 1991 Refuge Assurance Cup was the fourth and last competing of the Refuge Assurance Cup, for the most successful teams in the Sunday League. It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 1 and 15 September 1991. The tournament was won by Worcestershire who defeated Lancashire by 7 runs in the final at Old Trafford, Manchester.


1991 Refuge Assurance Cup, Format
The cup was an end-of-season affair. The counties finishing in the top four of the 1991 Refuge Assurance League competed in the semi-finals. The top two teams were drawn at home. Winners from the semi-finals then went on to the final at Old Trafford, Manchester, which was held on 15 September 1991.


1991 Refuge Assurance League
The 1991 Refuge Assurance League was the twenty-third competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League. The competition was won for the first time by Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club.


1991 Refuge Assurance League, The season
Somerset played Lancashire at Taunton on Friday 5 July 1991 to be the first Sunday League game not to be played on a Sunday.


1991 Refuge Assurance League, The season
Nottinghamshire beat Derbyshire, the previous seasons champions, in the final round of matches at Trent Bridge to claim the title. Tom Moody of Worcestershire had an excellent season scoring a record 917 runs (including 5 centuries).


1991 Refuge Assurance League, Refuge Assurance Cup
Following the end of the Sunday League season, the top four teams in the Sunday League competed for the Refuge Assurance Cup. Worcestershire emerged as victors, defeating Lancashire in the final.


1991 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
The 1991 Rhineland-Palatinate state election was held  on 21 April 1991 to elect the members of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. The incumbent coalition government of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) led by Minister-President Carl-Ludwig Wagner was defeated, losing its majority. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) moved into first place, forming a coalition with the FDP. SPD leader Rudolf Scharping was subsequently elected as Minister-President.


1991 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate.


1991 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, Election result
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1991 Rhode Island Rams football team
The 1991 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented the University of Rhode Island in the Yankee Conference during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their 16th season under head coach Bob Griffin, the Rams compiled a 6–5 record (3–5 against conference opponents) and tied for fourth place out of nine teams in the conference.


1991 Ribble Valley by-election
The Ribble Valley by-election, in Lancashire, England, took place on 7 March 1991 following the elevation of United Kingdom MP David Waddington to the House of Lords. Michael Carr of the Liberal Democrats won election at his third attempt.


1991 Ribble Valley by-election
The seat, based largely on the market town of Clitheroe, had previously been safely Conservative but at the time the controversial Margaret Thatcher's "Poll Tax" policy was used by opposition parties against the Conservative candidate. The tax was abolished soon afterwards by Thatcher's successor John Major, who had succeeded Thatcher on her resignation in November 1990.


1991 Ribble Valley by-election
The then-young Liberal Democrats maintained the record of their parent parties at often scoring by-election "scalps" by winning apparently-safe seats, although rarely holding them at subsequent general elections. Indeed, despite their victory at Ribble Valley, the Lib Dems lost the seat a little over a year later at the 1992 general election to the Conservative Nigel Evans who has held the seat ever since.


1991 Rice Owls football team
The 1991 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University in the Southwest Conference during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third year under head coach Fred Goldsmith, the team compiled a 4–7 record.


1991 Riklis Classic
The 1991 Riklis Classic, also known as the Tel Aviv Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was played at the Israel Tennis Centers in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat HaSharon, Israel from October 7 through October 14, 1991. Unseeded Leonardo Lavalle, who entered the main draw as a qualifier, won the singles title.


1991 Riklis Classic, Finals, Doubles
David Rikl /  Michiel Schapers defeated  Javier Frana /  Leonardo Lavalle 6–2, 6–7, 6–3


1991 Riklis Classic – Doubles
Nduka Odizor and Christo van Rensburg were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Odizor partnered Bryan Shelton, losing in the semifinals. van Rensburg partnered John-Laffnie de Jager, losing in the first round.


1991 Riklis Classic – Doubles
David Rikl and Michiel Schapers won the title, defeating Javier Frana and Leonardo Lavalle 6–2, 6–7, 6–3 in the final.


1991 Riklis Classic – Singles
Andrei Chesnokov was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.


1991 Riklis Classic – Singles
Leonardo Lavalle won the tournament, beating Christo van Rensburg in the final, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3.


1991 Riojan regional election
The 1991 Riojan regional election was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 3rd General Deputation of the autonomous community of La Rioja. All 33 seats in the General Deputation were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Riojan regional election
The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) saw an increase in support and obtained 16 seats, one short of an overall majority. The newly founded People's Party (PP), whose leader Joaquín Espert had lost the regional government in 1990 to a motion of no confidence, won two additional seats compared to People's Alliance's results in 1987, for a total of 15. The Riojan Party (PR) was able to maintain its 2 seats after a convoluted legislature, while United Left remained 0.5 percentage points short of entering the General Deputation. The Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) did not reach the required 5% threshold either and lost all its seats.


1991 Riojan regional election
As a result of the election, the incumbent PSOE–PR coalition, led by regional premier and PSOE leader José Ignacio Pérez Sáenz, was re-elected for a full term in office. This would be the last time that the PSOE would win a regional election and would be able to form a government in La Rioja until 2019.


1991 Riojan regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The General Deputation of La Rioja was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of La Rioja, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Riojan Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Autonomous Community. Voting for the General Deputation was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in La Rioja and in full enjoyment of their political rights.


1991 Riojan regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The 33 members of the General Deputation of La Rioja were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied regionally.


1991 Riojan regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in La Rioja. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.


1991 Riojan regional election, Overview, Election date
The term of the General Deputation of La Rioja expired four years after the date of its previous election. Legal amendments earlier in 1991 established that elections to the General Deputation were to be fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 10 June 1987, setting the election date for the General Deputation on Sunday, 26 May 1991.


1991 Riojan regional election, Overview, Election date
The General Deputation of La Rioja could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament except in the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional President within a two-month period from the first ballot. In such a case, the General Deputation was to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called, with elected deputies merely serving out what remained of their four-year terms.


1991 Riojan regional election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 17 seats were required for an absolute majority in the General Deputation of La Rioja.


1991 Rivers State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Rivers State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Rufus Ada George won the election.


1991 Rivers State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Rivers State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Rufus Ada George won the election.


1991 Rochford District Council election
Elections to Rochford Council were held on 2 May 1991. One third of the council was up for election.


1991 Roller Hockey World Cup
The 1991 Roller Hockey World Cup was the thirtieth roller hockey world cup, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports. It was contested by 12 national teams (6 from Europe, 3 from South America, 1 from North America, 1 from Africa and 1 from Oceania). The group A was played in the city of Braga and all the other games were played in Porto, in the north of Portugal, the chosen city to host the World Cup.


1991 Roller Hockey World Cup
Portugal won his 13th title, defeating surprise finalists, the Netherlands, by 7-0, in the final. It was the first title for Portugal since 1982. Because of its importance, the final was attended by the Portuguese President, Mário Soares.


1991 Romania rugby union tour of New Zealand
The 1991 Romania rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of matches played between May and June 1991 in New Zealand by Romania national rugby union team to prepare the 1991 Rugby World Cup.


1991 Romanian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Romania on 8 December 1991. The new constitution was approved by 79.1% of voters.


1991 Rome summit
The 1991 Rome summit was the 12th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Rome, Italy took place on 7–8 November 1991.


1991 Rome summit, Background
The United States, with Germany's support, proposed reconfiguring NATO's military. The military planners projections contemplated an emphasis smaller, highly mobile forces geared for fast reaction to an array of potential contingencies other than the defense of Western Europe against a conventional large-force assault. The re-constituted NATO-assets would be flexibly available for a broadly defined range of NATO-directed missions. The unanimous agreement with the essentials of these proposed changes was officially confirmed at the Rome summit. Although the French joined in principle in agreeing to the reformation of NATO's military, this did not signal that France would re-join NATO's military structure.


1991 Rome summit, Accomplishments
The Alliance's New Strategic Concept was published on the first day of the summit.


1991 Rome summit, Accomplishments
The Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation was issued on the second day of the summit.


1991 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 31st edition of the Ronde van Nederland cycling race, which was held from August 12 to August 17, 1991. The race started in Dordrecht (South Holland) and finished after 878.6 kilometres in Gulpen (Limburg).


1991 Roscommon County Council election
An election to Roscommon County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from six electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 Rose Bowl
The 1991 Rose Bowl was the 77th Rose Bowl Game, played on January 1, 1991. The #8 Washington Huskies built a 33–7 halftime lead and defeated the #17 Iowa Hawkeyes 46–34.


1991 Rose Bowl
Washington sophomore quarterback Mark Brunell was named the Player of the Game. The 80 points scored in the game broke the previous Rose Bowl record of 79, which had stood for nearly thirty years (set in the 1963 Rose Bowl). This record, in turn, stood for more than twenty years until it was broken in the 2012 Rose Bowl. This was Iowa's 5th Rose Bowl appearance. In 2006, an ESPN Classic poll of the top 20 Rose Bowls named this game as the 20th best Rose Bowl.


1991 Rose Bowl, Pre-game activities
The Pasadena Tournament of Roses announces the 1991 Royal Court on Tuesday, October 17, 1990, all leading up to the Rose Queen selection ceremony the following week. On Tuesday, October 23, all seven young women are on the historic steps of Tournament House in Pasadena when the 1990–91 Tournament of Roses President Roy L. Coats being accompanied by outgoing Queen Yasmine Delawari with a bouquet of roses will be placed on the hands of a successor. The top honor goes to 17-year-old Cara Payton Rullman, a senior at San Marino High School and a resident of San Marino, California, becomes the 73rd Rose Queen to reign over the 102nd Rose Parade and the 77th Rose Bowl Game on New Year's Day.


1991 Rose Bowl, Pre-game activities
The game was presiding over by the 1991 Tournament of Roses Royal Court and Rose Parade Grand Marshal Bob Newhart. Members of the court are: Princesses Dawn Gray, Pasadena, Pasadena City College; Tisha Mei-Lin Kong, San Marino, San Marino High School; Harini Reddy, Arcadia, Westridge School; Jessica Roegler, Altadena, John Muir High School; Wendy Schnee, Pasadena, Westridge School; and Andrea Uyeda, Pasadena, Polytechnic School.


1991 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Washington scored 23 points in the second quarter and built a sizable 33–7 lead at halftime. The teams each scored a touchdown in the third quarter, taking the score to 39–14. With a 25-point lead, Washington substituted reserves early in the fourth quarter, and the Hawkeyes quickly scored two touchdowns. Washington responded with a touchdown to put the score at 46–26; Iowa followed with the final score of the game, a touchdown and two-point conversion to bring the final score to 46–34, the closest Iowa had been since the middle of the second quarter. Washington (10–2) was elevated to #5 in both polls and Iowa (8–4) dropped one notch to finish eighteenth in both polls.


1991 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships
The 1991 Continental Grass Court Championships was an ATP-tennis tournament held in Rosmalen, Netherlands. It was played on outdoor grass courts and was part of the ATP World Series. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from June 10 through June 16, 1991. Christian Saceanu won the singles title.


1991 Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, Finals, Doubles
Hendrik Jan Davids /  Paul Haarhuis defeated  Richard Krajicek /  Jan Siemerink 6–3, 7–6


1991 Rudrapur bombings
1991 Rudrapur bombings were bombings by the suspected terrorists in 1991 in Rudrapur city in Indian state of Uttarakhand. Two bombs were exploded on 17 October 1991. The first bomb exploded when people were watching Ramlila in the public ground. After 15 minutes the second bomb went off near the hospital where injured were being taken. The bombings killed more than 40 people and injuring 140 people. Later BSTK and the Khalistan National Army claimed the responsibility for the bombings.


1991 Rudrapur bombings
It was one of the most significant incidents of the region to employ an IED for the explosion.


1991 Rugby World Cup
The 1991 Rugby World Cup was the second edition of the Rugby World Cup, and was jointly hosted by England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France: at the time, the five European countries who participated in the Five Nations Championship. This was the first Rugby World Cup to be staged in the northern hemisphere, with England the hosts of the final. Also for the first time, qualifying competitions were introduced as the number of entrants had increased from 16 nations four years before to a total of 33 countries.


1991 Rugby World Cup
The eight quarter-finalists from 1987 qualified automatically with the remaining eight spots contested through qualifiers by 25 countries. This resulted in only one new side qualifying for the tournament, Western Samoa replacing Tonga. The same 16-team pool/knock-out format was used with just minor changes to the points system. South Africa was again not included because of sanctions imposed on the country by the IRB, due to the government's apartheid policies.


1991 Rugby World Cup
The pool stages produced a major shock when Western Samoa, who were making their debut in the tournament, defeated 1987 semi-finalist Wales 16–13 in Cardiff. Along with the other results in the group, this led to the elimination of Wales, who finished third in Pool 3. Also notable in pool play was that Canada finished second in their pool to qualify for the quarter-finals, which remains their best performance in the World Cup.


1991 Rugby World Cup
Fiji, as quarter-finalists four years earlier, had expected to occupy that position, but after the upset loss to Canada and a hammering by France, they lost even their final match against the unfancied Romanian team. Earlier, the opening match had pitted the holders New Zealand against the hosts England: New Zealand overturned a narrow half-time deficit to win the match and the pool, both teams qualifying for the quarter-finals with easy victories in their other matches. Scotland beat Ireland to top their pool, again both teams qualifying.


1991 Rugby World Cup
In the quarter-finals, neither Canada nor Western Samoa proved a match for New Zealand or Scotland, respectively. Meanwhile, England knocked out 1987 finalist France in a bruising encounter. Australia pipped Ireland 19–18 in a thrilling match at Lansdowne Road, with a last-gasp try from fly-half Michael Lynagh coming after the Irish took an unexpected 18–15 lead. The semi-finals produced two tight matches: England overcame Scotland 9–6, a late drop goal deciding a tryless match in a torrential downpour at Murrayfield Stadium, and Australia defeated the defending champions New Zealand 16–6 at Lansdowne Road.


1991 Rugby World Cup
The final was played at Twickenham Stadium in London, and saw Australia triumph 12–6 against England, with a first-half try from prop Tony Daly.


1991 Rugby World Cup, Qualification
The following 16 teams, shown by region, qualified for the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Of the 16 teams, eight of those places were automatically filled by quarter-finalists from the 1987 World Cup and did not have to play any qualification matches. 25 nations competed in a qualification process designed to fill the remaining eight spots, bringing the total participation to 33 nations. In the event, there was only one change from the 1987 tournament, with Western Samoa appearing in place of Tonga.


1991 Rugby World Cup, Format
As in the 1987 Rugby World Cup the 16 nations were divided into four pools of four nations, with each nation playing their other pool opponents once, every nation playing three times during the pool stages. Nations were awarded 2 points for a win, 1 for a draw and zero for a loss, the top two nations of every pool advanced to the quarter finals. The runners-up of each pool faced the winners of a different pool in the quarter finals. The winners moved on to the semi finals, with the winners then moving onto the final, and the losers of the semi finals contesting a third/fourth place play off.


1991 Rugby World Cup, Format
The points system that was used in the pool stage was which was changed from 1987 was as follows:


1991 Rugby World Cup, Format
A total of 32 matches (24 in the pool stage and eight in the knock-out stage) were played throughout the tournament over 30 days from 3 October 1991 to 2 November 1991.


1991 Rugby World Cup, Statistics
The tournament's top point scorer was Ireland's Ralph Keyes, who scored 68 points. David Campese and Jean-Baptiste Lafond scored the most tries, six in total.


1991 Rugby World Cup, Broadcasters
The event was broadcast in the United Kingdom by ITV who took over the rights from the BBC.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final
The 1991 Rugby World Cup Final was the final match of the 1991 Rugby World Cup, the second edition of the rugby union competition, to decide the world champions. The match was played on 2 November 1991 at Twickenham Stadium, London, and was contested by the host nation England, and Australia (also known as the Wallabies). Australia won the match 12–6.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
England had reached the final by playing an attritional, forward dominated game, but appeared to respond to heavy public criticism from David Campese and rejected this style of play in the final. Jason Leonard later said in his autobiography that the decision to change the tactics was made by Roger Uttley, Geoff Cooke, Will Carling and Rob Andrew.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
Leonard also said that most of the forwards were unhappy with the decision and they said to the coaches and Carling that they needed to go back to the huge, forward-dominated game that had helped them win four matches since their opening round loss to New Zealand. They chose to play a more expansive and open game, but failed to master it in the short time they had to practice it. The change in play was an attempt to unsettle the Australians, however, this proved flawed.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
There were also arguments over the composition of England's back row and back line, following selectoral decisions taken at the semi-final stage which resulted in two men playing out of position.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
Simon Halliday, nominally a centre, playing on the wing instead of the somewhat fragile Nigel Heslop (who had taken a serious pounding in the quarter-final against France) and the injury-prone Chris Oti, was a selection of necessity which worked well enough to be retained as England's first choice selection for a year afterwards: but the dropping of the No. 8 specialist Dean Richards in order to accommodate both of the two in-form blind-side flankers Mike Teague (who played out of position at #8) and Mick Skinner, who had previously been competing for one position at #6, raised considerable critical comment.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
Even though Richards had been exposed as badly short of form and fitness during England's summer tour of Australia, and was viewed by the English press as the most culpable in their defeats, he was the specialist in the position, an integral part of England's 1991 Grand Slam, and was back to his best by the autumn: however, Teague had also been Player of the Series for the British Lions on their successful tour of Australia in 1989, albeit playing at #6 with Richards at #8: and Skinner was the man in the best current form of all of them, arguably ahead of Teague for the blind-side flanker position. So the choice of three men in two positions was never going to be an easy one, and the selectors went with the man who had shown the best previous form against the opponents they were facing.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
Australia, meanwhile, were a settled unit, having already hammered England in the summer months, and also inflicted the first two defeats on New Zealand since the 1987 World Cup: then making that up to three victories in four matches against the now-ageing All Blacks, knocking the champions out 16–6 in the semi-final.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
Their passage had not been entirely smooth, though, and they had come perilously close to going out at the quarter-final stage when Gordon Hamilton's late try, a flank-forward outsprinting winger David Campese to the line, gave Ireland the lead unexpectedly: however, offered a penalty in front of the posts which would have tied the scores in the final minute, Australia opted to run the ball instead of kick, and fly-half Michael Lynagh scored the try which put them through 19–18.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Before the game
In David Campese - despite his discomfiture against Hamilton - they also boasted the joint top try-scorer of the tournament, with six. Their centre pairing of Horan and Little was also regarded as the best in the world - marginally ahead of England's Carling and Guscott, although the views on this were by no means unanimous.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Match summary, First half
In front of a crowd of over 56,000 spectators at Twickenham stadium, the English and Australian teams met for battle. For both teams it was their first Rugby World Cup Final. Australia's resilient defence was to the fore in the opening half. Viliami Ofahengaue and Simon Poidevin both performed well in continually holding up the English attacking threat. Australia opened the scoring on 27 minutes with a Michael Lynagh penalty. Despite English dominance in possession, the only try of the match was scored just three minutes later by prop Tony Daly, touching down for a try following Ofahengaue's break from a line-out and subsequent drive from the Australian forwards. Michael Lynagh converted the try. At half-time Australia led England 9–0.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Match summary, Second half
Will Carling, Rob Andrew and Roger Uttley insisted that England continue their open, running style but it failed to crack the Australians. Several of the English forwards, such as Jason Leonard, Brian Moore and Peter Winterbottom were reportedly furious at the decision, Leonard mentioned in his autobiography that both Moore and Winterbottom kept on telling Carling that the tactics needed to change as the English pack was clearly destroying the Australian pack up front. Webb put England on the scoreboard after an hour with a successful penalty kick. Lynagh added a further penalty for the Wallabies after 65 minutes.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Match summary, Second half
With the score at 12–3 to Australia, England had secured an overlap in an attack. Peter Winterbottom looked to pass to England winger Rory Underwood but the pass was knocked down by David Campese. This was seen as a deliberate knock-on designed to foil an England score. Welsh referee Derek Bevan awarded the penalty and waved away England calls for a penalty try. Jonathan Webb slotted his second penalty of the game but no further England points were to follow.


1991 Rugby World Cup Final, Match details
This match was the last broadcast by Australia's national broadcaster the ABC.


1991 Rugby World Cup qualifying
For the 1991 Rugby World Cup, 16 nations participated in the finals tournament, half of which came through qualifying matches, and the other were granted automatic entry as they were quarter-finalists at the 1987 Rugby World Cup. The 25 teams taking part in regional qualifiers together with the 8 teams which qualified automatically brings to 33 the total number of teams participating in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.


1991 Rugby World Cup qualifying, Automatic qualifiers
The five tournament hosts, as well as all quarter-finalists from the previous (1987) Rugby World Cup, automatically qualified for the final tournament.


1991 Rugby World Cup qualifying, Regional qualifiers, Asia and Oceania
In qualification for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, Asia and Oceania were combined. The qualifying round-robin tournament was played in Japan in April 1990. The top two teams (Western Samoa and Japan) qualified for the finals and were allocated to Pool 3 and Pool 2, respectively.


1991 Rugby World Cup qualifying, Regional qualifiers, Americas
Three nations from the Americas competed in qualifying matches for the 1991 Rugby World Cup. Because the Americas region had three places at the 1991 Rugby World Cup, all three participating counties from the Americas—Argentina, Canada and the United States—qualified for the finals tournament, with the qualifying tournament deciding to which pool each team would be allocated at the finals.


1991 Rugby World Cup qualifying, Regional qualifiers, Americas, Results
Canada, Argentina and the United States qualified for the 1991 Rugby World Cup, with Canada allocated to Pool 4, Argentina to Pool 3 and the United States to Pool 2.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads
This article lists the official squads for the 1991 Rugby World Cup that took place in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and France between 3 October and 2 November 1991.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads
Players marked (c) were named as captain for their national squad. All details, such as number of international caps and player age, are current as of the opening day of the tournament on 3 October 1991.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool A, England
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool A, Italy
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool A, New Zealand
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool A, United States
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool B, Ireland
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool B, Japan
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool B, Scotland
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool B, Zimbabwe
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool C, Argentina
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool C, Australia
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool C, Wales
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool C, Western Samoa
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool D, Canada
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool D, Fiji
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool D, France
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup squads, Pool D, Romania
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by World Rugby.


1991 Rugby World Cup statistics
This article documents statistics from the 1991 Rugby World Cup, jointly hosted by England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France from 3 October to 2 November.


1991 Rugby World Cup statistics, Team statistics
The following table shows the team's results in major statistical categories.


1991 Rugby World Cup statistics, Hat-tricks
Unless otherwise noted, players in this list scored a hat-trick of tries.


1991 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification
The 1991 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification was a qualifying tournament for the 1991 Rugby World Cup  which was jointly hosted by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Confederation of African Rugby was allocated one place (Africa 1) and a tournament took place in Zimbabwe, which was won by the home team.


1991 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification, Format
In May 1991 four nations played in a round-robin tournament with each nation playing their opponents once and every nation playing three times.


1991 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification, Format
All six matches were played at the Police Ground, Harare, Zimbabwe.


1991 Rugby World Cup – European qualification
In 1989-1990, 14 European teams competed for the two available positions in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.


1991 Rugby World Cup – European qualification, Round 3
Italy and  Romania qualified to 1991 Rugby World Cup, Pool 1 and Pool 4, respectively.


1991 Russian presidential election
The 1991 Russian presidential election was held in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on 12 June 1991. This was the first Russian presidential election in the country's history. The election was held roughly three months after Russians voted in favor of establishing a presidency and holding direct elections in a referendum held in March that year. The result was a victory for Boris Yeltsin, who received 58.6% of the vote.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background
In the election of the Supreme Soviet of Russia's Congress of People's Deputies of Russia lower chamber members in the 1990 Russian legislative election, communist candidates won 86% of the seats. On 31 May 1990, Boris Yeltsin was elected Chair of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation in a vote by the body's members; this made him the de facto leader of the Russian SFSR. The vote had been relatively close, as Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had unsuccessfully tried to convince enough members of the Supreme Soviet to vote against Yeltsin.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background
Yelstin made an active effort to push for the creation of an office of president and for a popular election to be held to fill it. Many saw this as a desire by Yeltsin to have a mandate and power separate from the tensely divided legislature. He ultimately succeeded in having Russia hold a referendum on 14 March 1991 on whether Russia should create offices of President and Vice President, and hold elections to fill them. Russians voted in favor of creating and holding elections to these offices.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background
Following the referendum, there was a period of more than a week in which a stalemate had caused the Congress of People's Deputies to go without deciding whether or not to vote on whether the Russian Federation should have a directly elected president. On 4 April the Congress of People's Deputies ordered the creation of legislation to authorize the election. While still failing to set an official date for the election, the Congress of People's Deputies provisionally scheduled the election for 12 June. This provisional date would later become the official date of the election. Ultimately, the Congress of People's Deputies would approve for an election to be held, scheduling its initial round of voting to be held roughly three months after the referendum had been decided. The election would jointly elect individuals to serve five-year terms as president and vice-president of the RSFSR.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background
Several sub-national elections were scheduled to coincide with the first round of the presidential election. This included mayoral elections in Moscow and Leningrad, and executive elections in federal subjects such as Tatarstan. There were also sub-national referendums scheduled to coincide with the presidential election. These included a number of referendums in which cities were determining whether or not residents wanted to revert to their historic city names, such as in Sverdlovsk (historically Yekaterinburg) and Leningrad (historically Saint Petersburg).


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Electoral system
In a difference to subsequent Russian presidential elections, a vice-presidential candidate stood for election alongside with the presidential candidate. Similarly to the United States presidential election system, the candidature of Vice President of the RSFSR was exhibited along with the candidacy of the President of the RSFSR as a joint entry on the ballot paper. Preliminary legislation outlining the rules of the election was passed on 24 April by the Supreme Soviet of Russia; however, it ultimately took the Supreme Soviet until three weeks before the day of the election to finalize the rules that would govern the election.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Electoral system
Any citizen of the RSFSR between the ages of 35 and 65 were eligible to be elected president. Any citizen of the RSFSR over the age of 18 was eligible to vote. 50% turnout was required in order to validate the election. The winner would need to have captured 50% of the votes cast. The president would be elected to a five-year term, and could serve a maximum of two terms. Originally, the election law stipulated that, once sworn-in, the president would be required to renounce their membership of any political parties. On 23 May, the parliament voted to remove this requirement.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Electoral system
All candidates needed to be nominated before they could achieve ballot registration. Candidates could be nominated by RSFSR political parties, trade unions, and public organizations. There were two ways for candidates to achieve ballot registration. The first was by providing proof of the having the support of 100,000 voters (a signature drive). The second way for candidates to obtain registration is if they received the support of 25% of the members of the Congress of People's Deputies, which would vote on whether or not to add such candidates to the ballot. On 6 May, it was announced that the deadline for nominations would be 18 May. This was also the deadline for nominating a vice-presidential running mate. Candidates were provided 200,000 rubles in public financing for their campaigns.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Electoral system
In May 1991, there were some calls to postpone the election, rescheduling it for September. Those urging the postponement of the elections argued that the time before the scheduled 12 June election day provided too brief of a period for nominating candidates and campaigning. In response to these calls, election commission chairman Vasilii Kazakov argued that the law stipulated that the election would be held on 12 June and that the proposed postponement of the election would only serve to "keep Russia seething" for another three months. In mid-May, election commission chairman Vasilii Kazakov announced that the election would be budgeted at 155 million rubles.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Electoral system
The results of the first round were to be counted and announced by a 22 June deadline. It had ultimately been determined that, if needed, a runoff would be scheduled to be held within two weeks after the first round.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Presidential authority
Due to the rushed circumstances behind the creation of the office and organization the election, many aspects of the office of President were not clear. Sufficient legislative debates were not held to outline the scope of presidential powers. It was unclear, for example, whether the president or the Congress of People's Deputies would hold ultimate legislative authority.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Presidential authority
One of the few stipulations that was made was that a two-thirds vote in the Congress of People's Deputies had the power, only if such a vote were recommended by the newly created constitutional court, to remove the president if they violated the constitution, laws, or oath of office. Work on drafting a law to outline the presidency itself began on 24 April, with approximately two months until the inaugural holder was set to occupy the office.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Presidential authority
Under the initial draft the president was the chief executive in the RSFSR, but did not have the right to dismiss the Supreme Soviet or the Congress of People's Deputies or suspend their activities. The president could not be a people's deputy and, once elected, would have needed to suspend their membership in all political parties.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Presidential authority
On 25 May, the newly-founded conservatives group in the Congress of People's Deputies blocked legislation championed by Yeltsin that would have explicitly allowed the president to remove local executives from office if the RSFSR Constitutional Court found them guilty of violating Russian Federation laws. The Supreme Soviet committee that had been tasked with redrafting the Russian Constitution deadlocked over the powers of the presidency. Attempts to reach a single resolution would continue after the election.


1991 Russian presidential election, Background, Presidential authority
By November, the committee would give up on reaching a single resolution, and opted to instead present two different drafts, one created by Yeltsin allies and one created by Yeltsin opponents. Neither of these would be approved. The failure to resolve these matters would ultimately lead to the later eruption of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis.


1991 Russian presidential election, Campaigning
Although Yeltsin ran as an independent, he was supported by Democratic Russia. Despite the fact that four candidates were members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikolai Ryzhkov was the only one who was officially nominated by the party. The other communists participating in the election ran as self-nominated candidates.


1991 Russian presidential election, Campaigning
Yeltsin was the vast favorite to win the election. Rather than coalescing around a single candidate to challenge Yeltsin, the forces of the Soviet Communist establishment instead fielded a number of candidates, with Ryzhkov being their official candidate.


1991 Russian presidential election, Campaigning
Since no candidate was believed to have a chance of outright defeating Yeltsin in the first round of the election, Communists hoped that a wider field of candidates would increase the odds that they could siphon enough support away from Yeltsin that they could force the election into a runoff (which would occur if no candidate captured more than 50% of the votes cast). Communists believed that the political climate in Russia might be different by the fall, and perhaps less favorable to Yeltsin. Thus, they wagered that, by the time that a runoff vote might be held, Yeltsin might be in a weaker position as a candidate. Ultimately, Yeltsin succeeded in capturing a majority of the votes cast in the first round, negating the need for a runoff to be held.


1991 Russian presidential election, Campaigning
Having an immensely comfortable lead, Yeltsin ran a relatively low-intensity campaign. Rather than heightening rhetoric and rallying voters, Yeltsin took a far more relaxed approach, taking very few shots at his challengers and offering very little specifics in regards policy. In contrast, his opponents, trailing Yeltsin's gargantuan lead and having very little time left to decrease their deficit, took many shots at him and at each other.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct
While widely celebrated both in Russia and abroad as a breakthrough in Soviet/Russian democratization, the election was not entirely free and fair. Nevertheless, many commentators have regarded the 1991 elections to have been more free and fair than all subsequent Russian presidential elections.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Campaign law violations
Several candidates' campaign apparatuses continued to campaign after the time limit on election day, after which they were supposed to cease campaign activities. Zhirinovsky unsuccessfully attempted to contest the results of the election, accusing Yeltsin of using the resources of his office to assist his own campaign effort. He alleged that such resources went above what candidates could afford using the permitted public financing, and thus should be considered a campaign finance violation serious enough to nullify Yeltsin's victory.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Interventions by Mikhail Gorbachev's government
Despite officially remaining neutral and endorsing no candidate, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev sought to prevent a victory by frontrunner Boris Yeltsin. Gorbachev attempted to convince more candidates to run. He did this in a hope that a greater number of candidates would increase the likelihood that other candidates would be able to siphon enough support away from Yeltsin that his vote share would be under 50%, thus ensuring that a runoff vote to be held.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Interventions by Mikhail Gorbachev's government
Despite the fact that the military was supposed to have been depoliticized, its decisions were still orchestrated by the CPSU, and the military was utilized in the CPSU's attempt to stop Yeltsin from winning the election. On 30 April, Colonel General Nikolai Shlyaga, chief of the Main Political Administration, told representatives of that body that the army should be working to influence the outcome of the RSFSR presidentialelection. Shlyaga called for the establishment of election committees and urged that servicemenbe briefed on the relative merits of the presidential candidates. This was perceived to be an army-sponsored campaign against Boris Yeltsin. In early June, the Defense Ministry issued a directive to commanders in the city of Arkhangelsk forbidding "spy-democrats" from campaigning for the RSFSR presidency among military units. This blocked pro-Yeltsin forces from conducting campaign activities directly targeting military votes. Meanwhile, such campaigning in support of Ryzhkov continued to be allowed.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Interventions by Mikhail Gorbachev's government
On the eve of the election, in what was seen as a politically-motivated move, the chief Soviet prosecutor announced that he was looking into currency violations by Yeltsin. The 11 June edition of Sovetskaya Rossiya featured a front-page article written by Nikolai Trubin, the Procurator General of the Soviet Union, which denounced Yeltsin for illegal offers to sell millions of rubles for dollars at several times the official rate. This was a deal that was never implemented but for which then-RSFSR Deputy Prime Minister Gennadii Fil'shin had resigned the previous February.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Interventions by Mikhail Gorbachev's government
Actions to sway the election against Yeltsin were not perpetrated solely by officials in Soviet Union government. Conservative members of the RSFSR government also took similar actions. On the eve of the election, RSFSR Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev (a conservative government figure) came forward to claim that allegations that Yeltsin had appointed an alleged Italian mafioso as RSFSR honorary consul were true.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias
There was a significant media bias in favor of Ryzhkov. CPSU media outlets, particularly towards the end of the campaign, attacked Yeltsin, accusing him of authoritarianism and incompetence. Many newspapers also had a strong bias favoring Ryzhkov; two days before the election, Pravda published a strong attack on Yeltsin, calling him "disloyal, authoritarian and incompetent." Pro-Yeltsin publications, and occasionally anti-Yeltsin publications, were critical in their coverage of Zhirinovsky. They belittled his candidacy and characterized him variably as "possessed" as well as a "Brownshirt" (Nazi), fascist, chauvinist, and Stalinist.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias
The coverage varied between Russia's two major television channels. The RSFSR-run RTR gave positive coverage to Yeltsin, while the central Soviet government-run ORT criticized him and provided broad coverage to the views of his opponents. ORT cast biased coverage of proceedings in the Russian legislature, broadcast a lengthy documentary on Ryzhkov shortly before the election, and also broadcast many anti-Yeltsin programs. It also largely disregarded the candidacy of Zhirinovsky in its coverage, allotting him just 2.5 hours of coverage to him against the 24 hours of coverage given to Yeltsin.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias
On 27 April, Leonid Kravchenk, Chairman of the Soviet State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting and the All-Union State Broadcasting Company, banned a scheduled broadcast by RSFSR TV (operator of RTR), a media entity of the RSFSR government which had been irregularly broadcasting since the previous year.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Media bias
It was soon reported that Kravchenk might possibly try to violate his agreement with the Russian government and block regular broadcasts by RTR during the campaigning period, depriving Yeltsin's government of their own state media outlet to utilize as a campaign tool; however, the station was allowed to launch its regular broadcasts on 13 May. Nevertheless, in many places local Communist authorities interfered with the signals of pro-Yeltsin broadcasts by the network. There was no signal interference experienced by ORT's anti-Yeltsin broadcasts.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Procedural irregularities
A number of procedural irregularities were reported by the Russian press. Some ballots were distributed which had mistakenly been printed without a seal containing the signature of an electoral commission member on their reverse sides. Consequentially, votes cast with such errant ballots were deemed void. Additionally, one ballot printing location in the Moscow Oblast printed 25,000 ballots which had mixed up presidential and vice-presidential candidate pairings.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Sabotage
Several campaigns saw acts of sabotage during the campaign period. On May 16, an explosion occurred in room being used to store the signatures being gathered for Yeltsin's candidacy at the Democratic Russia headquarters in Moscow. The Baltimore Sun called it "the first political bombing in the capital for more than a decade." Sovetskaya Rossiya placed blame on the Libertarian (Radical) Party of the Soviet Union for perpetrating the attack, however they denied involvement. A stand at the building of Orenburg's socio-political information centre containing Ryzhkov campaign material was destroyed.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Voter boycotts
On 28 May, the Tatarstan Supreme Soviet declared that Tatarstan would not "officially take part" in the election. This came following two weeks of public protests against the election in Tatarstan. There was strong political opposition in Tatarstan to the election, as it was regarded as infringing upon Tatarstan's claim to sovereignty. As a consequence, turnout in Tatarstan was 36.6%. Meanwhile, the election for President of Tatarstan, which was held the same day, saw turnout surpassing 60%.


1991 Russian presidential election, Conduct, Voter boycotts
A boycott of the election in Bashkortostan was encouraged by the newly founded group A Movement for a Sovereign Bashkortistan. The group was jointly formed by the Bashkir People's Party and the Tatar Democratic Party of the Bashkir ASSR.


1991 Russian presidential election, Debates
Televised debates were held featuring candidates. Despite having originally agreed to participate in the debates, Yeltsin ultimately chose not to.


1991 Russian presidential election, Opinion polls
Opinion polls indicated a strong likelihood of a Yelstin victory. On the day of the election, an analysis by The Times indicated that even the opinion polls that were the most pessimistic of Yeltsin's support still showed him garnering between 36% and 52% of the vote. Less pessimistic polls showed him garnering an even greater share of the vote. Most opinion polls showed Yeltsin far ahead of other candidates. Many showed him receiving more than 60% of the vote.


1991 Russian presidential election, Opinion polls
On the eve of the election, many polls incorrectly indicated that Bakatin was going to place third. Polls failed to reflect Zhirinovsky's strong performance. Three weeks prior to the election polls showed him with only 0.5% support.


1991 Russian presidential election, Results
Yeltsin decisively won a majority of the vote in the first round of the election, thus forgoing the need for a second round. On 13 June he was reported to have won the election by Soviet media. Vasilii Kazako, Chairman of the Central Election Commission, confirmed Yeltsin's victory. Official results were certified on 19 June.


1991 Russian presidential election, Results
Yeltsin became the first popularly elected leader in the history of Russia. His inauguration was held 10 July.


1991 Russian presidential referendum
A referendum on creating the post of President of Russia was held in the Russian Federal Republic on 17 March 1991. The referendum was held alongside a referendum of the preservation of USSR. Prior to the referendum, the Russian head of state was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR, elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR. With 71.4% of voters approving the proposal, the post of President of the Russian SFSR was introduced, and two months later Boris Yeltsin was elected as the first president.


1991 Russian presidential referendum, Question
Do you consider it necessary to introduce the post of President of the RSFSR elected by popular vote?


1991 Russian presidential referendum, Gallery
People's Deputy of USSR Yury Afanasyev at a Moscow rally in support Boris Yeltsin and Russian presidential referendum


1991 Russian presidential referendum, Gallery
Moscow mayor Gavriil Popov at a rally in support of the referendum


1991 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team
The 1991 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Doug Graber, the Scarlet Knights compiled a 6–5 record, scored 217 points, allowed 217 points, and finished in sixth place in the Big East Conference. The team's statistical leaders included Tom Tarver with 1,969 passing yards, Antoine Moore with 627 rushing yards, and James Guarantino with 740 receiving yards.


1991 Ryder Cup
The 29th Ryder Cup Matches were held September 27–29, 1991, on The Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Golf Resort in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, southwest of Charleston.


1991 Ryder Cup
The United States team won the competition by 141⁄2 to 131⁄2 points, winning back the Cup on the 18th hole of the final match. Bernhard Langer missed a six-foot (1.8 m) par putt which would have won his match and clinched a 14-all tie and retained the Ryder Cup for Europe. It was the first win for the U.S. since 1983, after consecutive losses to Europe in 1985 and 1987 and a tie in 1989. Due to the fierce competition, gamesmanship and general over-exuberance of the U.S. Team and their fans, these Ryder Cup Matches became known as the "War on the Shore."


1991 Ryder Cup
The Ocean Course later hosted the PGA Championship in 2012 and 2021.


1991 Ryder Cup, Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format in 1991 was as follows:


1991 Ryder Cup, Format
With a total of 28 points, 141⁄2 points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.


1991 Ryder Cup, Teams
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1991 Ryder Cup.


1991 Ryder Cup, Teams
The selection process for the European team remained the same as used since 1985, with nine players chosen from the 1991 European Tour money list at the conclusion of the German Open on August 25 and the remaining three team members being chosen immediately afterwards by the team captain, Bernard Gallacher. Gallacher had announced before the final event that he would choose Nick Faldo as one of his picks. He also announced that he would select José María Olazábal, who was then in the 9th and final automatic spot, even if he dropped out of the top nine.


1991 Ryder Cup, Teams
At the time Olazábal and Faldo were second and third in the world rankings. Olazábal had just won The International on the PGA Tour. Eamonn Darcy, in 7th place in the points list, chose to miss the German Open. However, with David Gilford earning £4,320 in prize money, Sam Torrance tying for 3rd place and Paul Broadhurst losing a playoff, Darcy dropped to 10th place in the final list, £58.26 behind Gilford. Olazábal dropped to 11th place in the points list but had been assured of selection anyway. Gallacher chose Mark James as his third choice in preference to Darcy.


1991 Ryder Cup, Individual player records
Each entry refers to the Win–Loss–Half record of the player.


1991 Ryder Cup, Steve Pate injury controversy
On the eve of the games, Steve Pate and some other members of the U.S. team were involved in a minor caravan crash causing Pate to bruise his ribs and need hospital treatment. Much was discussed by the U.S. captain to either replace him at the last minute or carry on as planned. The decision was taken to allow Pate to participate in the games causing him to sit out the first three sessions of play. The only session he played in was a four-ball on Saturday afternoon, losing to Bernhard Langer and Colin Montgomerie.


1991 Ryder Cup, Steve Pate injury controversy
Prior to the first singles tee off on Sunday the U.S. team announced that Steve Pate was unable to play in the singles due to his earlier sustained injury. As a result, the match he was due to contend with David Gilford was automatically halved causing Gilford to miss out his singles match.


1991 Ryder Cup, Steve Pate injury controversy
This brought heavy criticism from the general media and the European team feeling a sense of bad sportsmanship on behalf of the Americans. Especially considering U.S. captain Dave Stockton had chosen to play Pate in an earlier match thus risking causing further unnecessary injury to the player. In post-match interviews serious questions were asked of the American's reasoning and tactics behind claiming half a point for one of their weaker players.


1991 Ryder Cup, Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies
Ballesteros and Azinger had previously locked horns in 1989 when Ballesteros tried to have a scuffed ball taken out of play which Azinger disagreed with.


1991 Ryder Cup, Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies
The bad blood escalated at Kiawah Island when on the morning of the Friday foursomes with Ballesteros partnering José María Olazábal against Paul Azinger and Chip Beck the Europeans noticed the Americans had changed the compression of the ball on the 7th tee which is in violation of the one-ball rule. Ballesteros accused his opponents of doing this at least three times since the start of the match. On speaking with the referee at first Azinger flatly denied it.


1991 Ryder Cup, Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies
However once it had become apparent to the Americans that they were not called up on the violation at the time of incident therefore could no longer be penalized by loss of hole they admitted to switching their ball. This incident was the stem of accusations of the U.S. side of repeated gamesmanship, bad sportsmanship and ill tactics in many future matches to come.


1991 Ryder Cup, Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies
On the morning of the Saturday foursomes with Ballesteros partnering José María Olazábal against Raymond Floyd and Fred Couples, Ballesteros developed a small cough. After noise was coincidentally made during swings made by the United States Team on the first 2 holes, Floyd approached Ballesteros with a severe warning that he was "better than you (Ballesteros) could ever be at this" and that if Ballesteros did not stop he would reciprocate with force.


1991 Ryder Cup, Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies
Since the mid-1980s, the European team had dominated the event including wins in 1985, 1987 and retaining the cup in 1989. With exception to 1993, the European team continued to dominate until ill feelings between the two sides came to a head in an explosive match at Brookline in 1999 where the U.S. side and their fans were again accused of having the mindset of "anything to win" going against the spirit of how the matches were intended to be played.


1991 SANFL Grand Final
The 1991 South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Grand Final saw the North Adelaide defeat the West Adelaide by 75 points. The match was played on Saturday 5 October 1991 at Football Park in front of a crowd of 39,276.


1991 SANFL season
The 1991 SANFL season was the 112th season of the highest level Australian rules football Competition in South Australia.Woodville and West Torrens merged at the end of the 1990 season resulting in the competition reducing from 10 to 9 clubs.


1991 SCCA Escort World Challenge
The 1991 SCCA Escort World Challenge was the second running of the Sports Car Club of America's World Challenge series. It was the final year under sponsorship from Escort radar detectors. The series would not find another corporate sponsor until television network SpeedVision bought the series in 1999. The race in Mexico would be their final race outside of North America (i.e. the United States and Canada) until their race in Puerto Rico twelve years later. The series also added a Super Sport group alongside its World Challenge and Super Production groups. The series would also adopt a 24-hour race at Mosport Park.


1991 SCCA Escort World Challenge, Results
Mitch Wright /  Tommy Archer /  Bobby Archer Lou Gigliotti /  Leighton Reese /  Brad Hoyt /  Mark Behm /  John Petrick


1991 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 SEC Men’s Basketball Tournament took place from March 7–10, 1991 at the Memorial Gymnasium on Vanderbilt University’s campus located in Nashville, Tennessee. The Alabama Crimson Tide won the tournament and received the SEC’s automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament by defeating the Tennessee Volunteers by a score of 88–69.


1991 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament
Television coverage of the first round, the quarterfinals, and semifinals were regionally syndicated by Jefferson Pilot Sports, and the championship game was nationally televised on ABC.


1991 SEC Men's Basketball Tournament
Note: The Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team was not qualified to participate in either the SEC or NCAA tournaments of both 1990 and 1991 due to NCAA probation.


1991 SEC Women's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 SEC Women's Basketball Tournament took place from March 1 to March 4, 1991, in Albany, Georgia.


1991 SEC Women's Basketball Tournament
LSU won the tournament by beating Tennessee in the championship game.


1991 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1991 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1991 college football season.


1991 SWAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 SWAC Men's Basketball Tournament was held February 28–March 2, 1991 at the Health and Physical Education Arena in Houston, Texas. Jackson State defeated Texas Southern, 70–66 in the championship game. The Tigers lost a play-in game to Coastal Carolina, therefore no SWAC teams reached the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Sabah political arrests
Political arrests was carried out between 1990 and 1991 to crack down on opposition leaders in Sabah, Malaysia, and their alleged plans to secede the state from Malaysia, allegedly known as Operation Talkak. Seven men were detained under the Internal Security Act (ISA). All seven men were leaders or prominent members the Kadazan Cultural Association (KCA), Institute for Development Studies (IDS), Sabah Foundation, and opposition party Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), and were placed under two-year detention orders.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Events leading up to Operation Talkak, February 1990
Jeffrey Kitingan, 42, director of IDS, younger brother of Chief Minister of Sabah Pairin Kitingan, is charged in a high court with seven counts of corruption. The corruption charges are in regards to the export of timber. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad denies that the Kitingan case is politically motivated.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Events leading up to Operation Talkak, July 1990
PBS calls for a 50-50 redistribution of revenue from Sabah's resources, particularly from crude oil. At the time, the distribution is 95–5, with 95% going to the federal government and 5% to Sabah. Sabah produces a fifth of Malaysia's total crude oil output. State election was held on 16 to 17 July. Before the election, PBS left the Barisan Nasional coalition and won with a two-thirds majority in the state assembly.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Events leading up to Operation Talkak, October 1990
Four days before the Malaysian general election, PBS withdraws from Barisan Nasional (BN), and joins opposition party Semangat 46. According to Bernard Dompok, the relationship between PBS and BN had always been an uneasy one, since PBS came to power during the Sabah state elections in 1985.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, May 1990
Damit Undikai, 54, PBS member and former Special Branch officer, is arrested by Special Branch police forces on 18 May, for allegedly heading plans to secede Sabah from the Malaysian federation.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, May 1990
Albinus Yudah, 41, chief of security at Borneo Rest House, member of PBS and KCA, and former police constable, is arrested on 25 May.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, May 1990
Benedict Topin, 37, PBS member, Executive Secretary of KCA, is arrested on 25 May. The Malaysian police claims to have been monitoring him since 1987.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, July 1990
Abdul Rahman Ahmad, 51, Assistant Superintendent of Police, Sabah, is arrested on 7 July.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, January 1991
Maximus Ongkili, senior researcher and deputy chief director of IDS, nephew of Jeffrey Kitingan and Chief Minister of Sabah Joseph Pairin Kitingan, electoral press consultant to Pairin Kitingan during the 1990 Sabah state and national elections, is arrested on 3 January.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, January 1991
Vincent Chung, manager of administration and personnel, Sabah Foundation, is arrested on 19 January.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Chronology of Events, January 1991
Joseph Pairin Kitingan, Chief Minister of Sabah, Huguan Siou (Paramount Leder) of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association (KDCA), president of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), is pressed with corruption charges. Almost a year earlier, his brother Jeffrey Kitingan was pressed with similar charges.


1991 Sabah political arrests, Present day
Present-day political conditions in Sabah and Malaysia have taken a surprising turn, in comparison with the conditions during Operation Talkak. Several of the previously detained figures have gone on to assume prominent positions in the current Malaysian government. These political conditions, and political choices of the previously detained figures, have been met with mixed receptions by the public.


1991 Sacramento State Hornets football team
The 1991 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State University during the 1991 NCAA Division II football season.


1991 Sacramento State Hornets football team
Sacramento State competed in the Western Football Conference. The Hornets were led by head coach Bob Mattos, in his fourteenth year. They played home games at Hornet Stadium in Sacramento, California. The team finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses (8–2, 3–2 WFC). Overall Sacramento State outscored its opponents 367–224 for the season.


1991 Sacramento State Hornets football team, Team players in the NFL
No Sacramento State players were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft.


1991 Sacramento State Hornets football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1991, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis
On April 4, 1991, 41 employees and customers were taken hostage and held at a Good Guys! electronics store at the corner of 65th and Stockton in Sacramento, California, near the Florin Mall for approximately eight hours by four gunmen. Near the end of the hostage crisis, six were killed: three hostages and three of the four hostage-takers. The fourth hostage-taker was captured by authorities, and an additional 14 hostages were injured during the crisis. To this day, the hostage crisis remains the largest hostage rescue operation in US history, with over 40 hostages having been held at gunpoint.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Background
The four gunmen were all Vietnamese immigrants: brothers Loi Khac Nguyen, 21; Pham Khac Nguyen, 19; and Long Khac Nguyen, 17; and their friend, Cuong Tran, 17. The Nguyens had fled Vietnam as a family of eight in 1979 at the peak of the first wave of Vietnamese refugees, first sailing to Malaysia and remaining anchored there for the first seven months, then waiting for four more months in an Indonesian refugee camp before they arrived in California in 1980. The entire family lived in a two-bedroom apartment 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) from the Good Guys! store. Cuong Tran had moved with his parents into a new home in Elk Grove 15 months before the hostage crisis.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Background
Tran and Long Nguyen were friends and classmates at Florin High School; both had been expelled in March 1991 after stealing athletic equipment and attempting to set fire to the building. Loi Nguyen had attended Valley High School but dropped out during his senior year. Pham Nguyen was attending William Daylor High School (a continuation school) after having transferred from Valley following attendance issues.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Background
On the day of the hostage crisis, Pham Nguyen briefly came to school and asked to be excused with a toothache. The Nguyen brothers told their parents they were going fishing at the Sacramento River.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Start of the siege
At approximately 1:00 p.m., on April 4, 1991, the four young gunmen drove into the parking lot of the Good Guys! electronics store, in the South Area of Sacramento County. The group left their vehicle, a 1982 Toyota Corolla, and entered the store armed with three pistols and a shotgun. They had purchased the guns legally at a local sporting goods store the prior week, following a background check and waiting period. Although reported, the gunmen were not members of the Oriental Boys gang, and the hostage-taking and subsequent crisis were not considered to be gang-related.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Start of the siege
They herded customers and staff into a group, including a shoplifter attempting to leave the store, and began shooting at the ceiling of the store. One employee escaped after being ordered to lock the doors. Although initial reports indicated they had taken the hostages after a failed robbery attempt, subsequent statements to hostages and negotiators instead proved "they were attempting to gain notoriety," according to Sacramento County Sheriff Glen Craig. They were frustrated with their lives in the United States since it was difficult to find good jobs and expressed a desire to travel to Thailand and fight the Viet Cong, according to two of the hostages.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Law enforcement and media response
When the 9-1-1 call came in at 1:33 p.m., the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Detail (SED) was already in the process of gearing up in anticipation of executing a previously planned drug raid. They immediately paged off-duty team members and began preparations to rush to the scene along with the Department's Critical Incident Negotiations Team (CINT) and other local and state law enforcement agencies.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Law enforcement and media response
As the situation developed, the local media descended on the area in force, broadcasting the unfolding incident. They were able to get footage of the event because of the store's huge glass front doors, which allowed video crews to see into the store where the hostage-takers lined up some of the hostages in front of the entrance as human shields.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
In accordance with standard operating procedure, the team obtained a floor plan of the building, which was copied and distributed to team members. The SED team was told that there was only one entrance to the store that was not alarmed: a freight entrance located at the rear of the store. Their only option would be to enter the store's showroom, where the hostages were being held, through a fabrics store on the north side of the building. The entry team gained entrance to the fabric store and slowly moved into position. The criminals apparently heard movement by the police amid shouts of "stay away from the door" coming from inside the store itself.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
One of the entry team members removed a ceiling panel in the hallway between the two buildings and inserted a pole-mounted mirror. He was able to observe the subjects directing hostages to place large boxes against the back door to block entry. Once the door was barricaded, the area was abandoned. A fisheye camera was installed by the team but was of limited use because of the design of the store, showing only a portion of the showroom near the door. By this time, the hostages had been tied up with speaker wire and had been arranged inside the store's glass front entrance doors in standing and kneeling positions.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
For more than two hours, the department's CINT tried to end the incident peacefully by negotiating with the hostage-takers. Negotiations were initially conducted from police headquarters, and a special negotiation team took over on-site after a few hours from a bank that had been evacuated. The hostage-takers demanded $4 million, forty 1,000-year-old ginseng roots, four bulletproof vests, a 50-troop military helicopter, and transportation for everyone to Thailand after a refueling stop in Alaska. Throughout the incident, the hostage-takers did not present a consistent set of demands to the negotiators.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
One demand that remained constant was for bulletproof vests. During early negotiations, one of the requested vests was exchanged for what was to be the release of nine hostages, although only three were released initially; the police officer who took the first vest to them stripped to his underwear to prove he was unarmed. Loi Nguyen sent a woman to retrieve the vest and threatened to shoot her children if she did not return; after she retrieved the vest, they were the first three hostages to be released.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
In addition to the hostage exchange, another benefit was that it allowed police to gain information on the current situation in the store. One of the released hostages revealed that the shots heard earlier had been the hostage-takers shooting at the store's security cameras and that none of the hostages had been harmed up to this point. Soon thereafter, more shots were heard, but this was the hostage-takers testing the vest. Approximately an hour later, another woman and her three children were released; an eighth hostage was released at 8:20 p.m., bearing a message that they would start to shoot the other hostages shortly.


1991 Sacramento hostage crisis, Event, Surveillance and negotiation
At one point during the negotiations, the leader of the hostage-takers, who called himself "Thai" (later shown to be Loi Nguyen), agreed to surrender to the police but only if they were allowed to retain their bulletproof vests and weapons while in prison. The police negotiator informed Loi Nguyen that he would have a short sentence and his vest and guns would be returned upon his release. He set down the phone and began to discuss the situation with his partners.