1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21
The 1991 Giro d'Italia was the 74th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Olbia, with a mountainous stage on 26 May, and Stage 11 occurred on 6 June with a stage from Sala Baganza. The race finished in Milan on 16 June.


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 11
6 June 1991 — Sala Baganza to Savona, 223 km (139 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 12
7 June 1991 — Savona to Pian del Re, 182 km (113 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 13
8 June 1991 — Savigliano to Sestriere, 192 km (119 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 14
9 June 1991 — Turin to Morbegno, 239 km (149 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 15
10 June 1991 — Morbegno to Aprica, 132 km (82 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 16
11 June 1991 — Tirano to Selva di Val Gardena, 220 km (140 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 17
12 June 1991 — Selva di Val Gardena to Passo Pordoi, 169 km (105 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 18
13 June 1991 — Pozza di Fassa to Castelfranco Veneto, 165 km (103 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 19
14 June 1991 — Castelfranco Veneto to Brescia, 186 km (116 mi)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 20
15 June 1991 — Broni to Casteggio, 66 km (41 mi) (ITT)


1991 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 21
16 June 1991 — Pavia to Milan, 153 km (95 mi)


1991 Giro del Trentino
The 1991 Giro del Trentino was the 15th edition of the Tour of the Alps cycle race and was held on 14 May to 17 May 1991. The race started in Riva del Garda and finished in Arco. The race was won by Leonardo Sierra.


1991 Giro di Lombardia
The 1991 Giro di Lombardia was the 85th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 19 October 1991. The race started and finished in Monza. The race was won by Sean Kelly of the PDM team.


1991 Gloucester City Council election
The 1991 Gloucester City Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Gloucester City Council in England.


1991 Gold Coast IndyCar Grand Prix
The 1991 Gold Coast IndyCar Grand Prix was the opening round of the 1991 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, held on 17 March 1991 on the Surfers Paradise Street Circuit, Queensland, Australia. This was the first ever race for the North American–based Champ Car World Series held in the Southern Hemisphere.


1991 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1991 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit received $10,000 and a medal from the Governor General of Canada. The winners were selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.


1991 Grand National
The 1991 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 145th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 6 April 1991.


1991 Grand National
It was the last Grand National to be sponsored by Seagram, a Canadian distillery corporation that had begun sponsoring the world-famous steeplechase in 1984. Aptly, the race was won by a horse named Seagram, in a time of nine minutes and 29.9 seconds.


1991 Grand National
Cheltenham Gold Cup winner Garrison Savannah looked likely to go on and win when he jumped the 30th and final fence, four lengths clear of his nearest challenger, 11-year-old Seagram. But Seagram made up the ground on the long run-in to secure victory. There was one equine fatality in the race when Ballyhane collapsed and died after finishing.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Bonanza Boy was sent off as favourite despite having finished well beaten in his two previous attempts at the race. Under Peter Scudamore the horse had previously won the Welsh Grand National at Chepstow in 1988 and '89 but had pulled up in the most recent renewal when partnered by Hywel Davies. When reunited with Scudamore, Bonanza Boy bounced back by winning the Ansell's National Handicap Chase at Uttoxeter three weeks before the National. Scudamore took the ride at Aintree and was, jointly with Chris Grant, the most experienced rider in the race, both taking their eleventh National mounts.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
The favourite was never in contention, being well to the rear on the first circuit and always just out of reach of the leaders on the second. He picked his way through tired horses to earn fifth place. Bonanza Boy returned for a fourth attempt at the National in 1992 but his best days were behind him and he failed to complete the course for the first time. He also lined up for a fifth and final time in the void race of 1993 and retired from racing in 1994 spending his days opening fetes and local events before dying in 2011 at the age of 30.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Garrison Savannah came to Aintree bidding to be only the second horse ever, and the first for over half a century to win the Cheltenham Gold Cup and Grand National in the same year. In partnership of Mark Pitman, son of trainer Jenny Pitman, the pair were well placed throughout and turned for home disputing the lead.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
At the penultimate fence the Cheltenham champion kicked on and built a lead of three lengths going to the final flight, which looked decisive when his lead increased after the fence but just as he approached the elbow the horse's stride shortened dramatically and he began virtually running on the spot to be caught in the final strides by the eventual winner.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
In defeat Garrison Savannah has often been cited in articles and television recollections of gallant National losers and in another ironic twist, his defeat is often likened to that of Crisp in 1973 when caught on the run in similar circumstances when being ridden by Pitman's father Richard. Pitman senior also had to recall his sons fate as a BBC reporter taking viewers through a rerun of the race. Garrison Savannah returned for three further attempts at the National, including the void race of 1993 but failed to repeat his performance of his first attempt. He however remains one of just two horses since the war to have won and finished second in chasings two major events in the same season. After a happy retirement, he died in 2005 at the age of twenty-two.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Rinus shared co second favourite spot with Garrison Savannah at 7/1, largely on the back of an impressive performance when finishing third in the previous year's race. In company of Neale Doughty, himself a winning rider in 1984 he was going very well, moving up to dispute the lead when he crashed through the twentieth fence and fell, being met with a huge gasp from the crowd in the stands. it proved to be the only time in ten attempts that Doughty had failed to complete the course.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Bigsun was another who had performed well in the National the previous year to finish sixth and with former winning rider Richard Dunwoody in the saddle, was well backed to improve on that at 9/1. They were in touch with the leaders and looking like they may be about to mount a serious challenge when a very bad mistake at Becher's Brook second time saw the horse come right down on his belly. Dunwoody somehow managed to stay on board but they had been brought to a complete standstill and any hope of victory was gone. They jumped another fence before Dunwoody pulled up with Bigsun having possibly pulled a muscle in the Becher's mistake.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Seagram was naturally popular among coincidence backers who noted the horse carried the name of the sponsors though his price of 12/1 had more to do with his recent victory in the Ritz Club Chase at Cheltenham. His detractors pointed to the horse being the smallest in the field as well as being partnered with the relatively inexperienced Nigel Hawke, one of fourteen riders making the National debut. Seagram was kept in mid division during the first circuit before moving into contention early on the second.


1991 Grand National, Leading contenders
Seagram was one of five disputing the lead after jumping the Canal turn but looked to have been beaten into second at the final flight before finding a second wind to streak past the tired Garrison Savannah in the final strides to win by five lengths. His rider Nigel Hawke admitted to being overawed by the attention victory brought and later claimed that he had settled for second place when jumping the final fence. Like many National winners, Seagram failed to achieve anything of note after his victory. He returned to tackle the Aintree fences twice more, once in the National and once in the Becher chase, failing to complete the course on either occasion. The horse, once described as easily bored, was eventually retired to the hunting field until his death in 1997, aged 17.


1991 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
The BBC provided coverage of the race for the sixtieth time on Radio and for the thirty-second consecutive year on Television, with this year's race broadcast as part of a Grand National Grandstand special. The Television commentary team was unchanged for the twentieth consecutive year in John Hanmer, Julian Wilson and lead commentator, Peter O'Sullevan who was calling his forty-sixth Grand National. The race was broadcast live across the United Kingdom at 3.20pm.


1991 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
Speaking in 1999, Hawke said of his victory: "It just all happened so quickly with Seagram that I couldn't really appreciate it. You never catch up with yourself. I wouldn't mind trying it again. I just happened to be on the right horse on the right day, which doesn't happen very often when you're a jockey. I found that out later."


1991 Grand Prix (snooker)
The 1991 Rothmans Grand Prix was a professional snooker tournament and the second of ten WPBSA ranking events in the 1991/1992 season, following the Dubai Classic and preceding the UK Championship. It was held from 14 to 27 October 1991 at the Hexagon Theatre in Reading, England.


1991 Grand Prix (snooker)
Stephen Hendry successfully defended the title by defeating Steve Davis 10–6 in the final. This was Hendry's third Grand Prix and his 12th ranking title overall.


1991 Grand Prix (snooker), Tournament summary
Defending champion Stephen Hendry was the number 1 seed with World Champion John Parrott seeded 2. The remaining places were allocated to players based on the world rankings.


1991 Grand Prix International de Paris
The 1991 Grand Prix International de Paris was held at the Halle Olympique in Albertville. It was the test event for the 1992 Winter Olympics. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1991 Grand Prix Passing Shot
The 1991 Grand Prix Passing Shot, also known as the Bordeaux Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, France that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 September until 15 September 1991. First-seeded Guy Forget, who entered on a wildcard, won the singles title.


1991 Grand Prix Passing Shot, Finals, Doubles
Arnaud Boetsch /  Guy Forget defeated  Patrik Kühnen /  Alexander Mronz 6–2, 6–2


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon
The 1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Palais des Sports de Gerland in Lyon, France, and was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from 14 October through 21 October 1991. Second-seeded Pete Sampras won the singles title.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon, Finals, Doubles
Tom Nijssen /  Cyril Suk defeated  Steve DeVries /  David Macpherson 7–6, 6–3


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Doubles
Patrick Galbraith and Kelly Jones were the defending champions, but did not participate together this year. Galbraith partnered Todd Witsken, losing in the quarterfinals. Jones partnered Rick Leach, losing in the first round.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Doubles
Tom Nijssen and Cyril Suk won the title, defeating Steve DeVries and David Macpherson 7–6, 6–3 in the final.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Singles
Marc Rosset was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Singles
Pete Sampras won the title, beating Olivier Delaître 6–1, 6–1 in the final.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse
The 1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and was held from 30 September until 6 October 1990. First-seeded Guy Forget won the singles title.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse, Finals, Doubles
Tom Nijssen /  Cyril Suk defeated  Jeremy Bates /  Kevin Curren, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles
The 1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Toulouse, France that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and was held from 30 September – 6 October.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles
The 1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and was held from 30 September – 6 October.


1991 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 43rd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
The beginning of the 1990s marked a golden age for Grand Prix motorcycle racing. The rivalry between Wayne Rainey and Kevin Schwantz was in full flow while Mick Doohan started to come into his own. Eddie Lawson had switched to Cagiva and started to have some respectable results. In a one-year quirk, only 13 races counted as, competitors were allowed to drop their two worst scores. The Yugoslavia round was dropped because of the civil war and replaced with a Grand Prix of Europe at Jarama. The Brazilian round was also dropped at the last minute over track safety concerns and replaced with a race held at Le Mans. The inaugural Malaysian Grand Prix was held at Shah Alam.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
For the 1991 season, Michelin decided to supply only the Rothmans Honda team with tires; everybody else used Dunlops.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Luca Cadalora won the 250 title in a dominating fashion with eight wins. In the 125 class, Italian teenager Loris Capirossi swept to the title for the second consecutive year.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1991 Grand Prix season calendar
The following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 1991:


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Results and standings, 500cc riders' standings
Points are awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.


1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Results and standings, 250cc riders' standings
Points are awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.


1991 Greek Ice Hockey Championship season
The 1991 Greek Ice Hockey Championship season was the third season of the Greek Ice Hockey Championship. The Aris Saloniki Penguins were league champions for the third year in a row.


1991 Green Bay Packers season
The 1991 Green Bay Packers season was their 73rd season overall and their 71st in the National Football League. The team finished with a 4–12 record under coach Lindy Infante, earning them fourth-place finish in the NFC Central division. 1991 was the last season the Packers played under Lindy Infante.


1991 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship
The 1991 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the 21st edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Sisimiut. It was won by Kissaviarsuk-33 for the sixth time in its history.


1991 Greenlandic general election
General elections were held in Greenland on 5 March 1991. Siumut emerged as the largest party in the Parliament, winning 11 of the 27 seats.


1991 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
The 1991 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens was the 25th edition of the Grote Prijs Jef Scherens cycle race and was held on 22 September 1991. The race started and finished in Leuven. The race was won by Wilco Zuijderwijk.


1991 Guelph municipal election
The 1991 Guelph municipal election was held on November 12, 1991, in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, to elect the Mayor of Guelph, Guelph City Council and the Guelph members of the Upper Grand District School Board (Public) and Wellington Catholic District School Board. The election was one of many races across the province of Ontario.


1991 Guelph municipal election
It was also the first since 1930 to use wards to elect members of city council rather a citywide vote. Two councillors were to be elected in each of the six new wards.


1991 Guildford Borough Council election
The sixth full elections for Guildford Borough Council took place on 2 May 1991. The Conservatives lost control of Guildford Borough Council for the first time since the council was created in the early 1970s. Overall the election resulted in a hung council with 19 Conservative councillors, 19 Liberal Democrats, 6 Labour and 1 independent.


1991 Guildford Borough Council election
Relative to the 1987 elections the Conservatives lost 11 seats, the Liberal Democrats gained 10 and one gain was made by an independent.


1991 Guildford Borough Council election
The Liberal Democrats gained all six seats in the Ash and Tongham area from the Conservatives consisting of the following wards Ash, Ash Vale and Tongham.


1991 Guildford Borough Council election
Additionally the Liberal Democrats gained four seats in the town of Guildford from the Conservatives. These 4 gains were as follows - the remaining Conservative councillor for Onslow ward; both Conservative councillors for Holy Trinity and one of the two Conservatives councillors for Christchurch.


1991 Guildford Borough Council election
An independent captured a seat from the Conservatives in the rural Tillingbourne ward to the south west of the borough.


1991 Haitian coup d'état
The 1991 Haitian coup d'état took place on 29 September 1991, when President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, elected eight months earlier in the 1990–91 Haitian general election, was deposed by the Armed Forces of Haiti. Haitian military officers, primarily Army General Raoul Cédras, Army Chief of Staff Phillipe Biamby and Chief of the National Police, Michel François led the coup. Aristide was sent into exile, his life only saved by the intervention of US, French and Venezuelan diplomats.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
The 1990 Haitian election was heralded as the first democratic election in Haiti's history. Aristide, a populist Roman Catholic priest, was the most controversial candidate of his party, the National Front for Change and Democracy (FCND). He was one of the only church figures to speak out against repression during the Duvalier years.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
However, due to the popularity of his populist Lavalas movement ("the flood" in Haitian Creole), which advocated the use of legislation and popular mobilization for economic reform, an end to corruption, and justice for the victims of the Haitian military and the Tonton Macoutes, he received the majority of the vote, with 67.5%.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
Despite having popular support, the transition of power was rocky. Aristide's political platform threatened the power of some of the Haitian elite, specifically those who supported the Duvalier family dictatorship. Aristide's main opposition was the Haitian army, on whom he attempted to enforce constitutional laws that had not previously been adhered to. These laws included the separation of the police from the army and its subsequent placement under the Ministry of Justice as well as the trial of military abuses against citizens by the military, when they were meant to be tried in civilian courts.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
The Haitian right mobilized in response to the Lavalas movement. A coup attempt against Aristide had taken place on 6 January, even before his inauguration, when Roger Lafontant, a Tonton Macoute leader under Duvalier, seized the provisional President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot and declared himself President. After large numbers of Aristide supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted to declare martial law, the Army crushed the incipient coup. Lafontant's trial was controversial, as he received a life sentence on the recommendation of Aristide, while the maximum sentence was set at 15 years.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
On 27 September 1991 Aristide gave a speech that critics believe advocated for the use of necklacing - also called Pere Lebrun in Haiti - as a form of execution, potentially referring to necklacing as a "beautiful instrument." Others argue that Aristide is referring to the constitution, since necklacing is never explicitly mentioned and earlier in the same speech Aristide refers ambiguously in similar ways to using the constitution as an instrument or tool— "Your tool in hand, your instrument in hand, your constitution in hand!"


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Background
It has been suggested that Aristide also threatened elite  bourgeoisie families in that speech, for not supporting his government enough. A social network analysis of Haitian elites who participated in the coup has suggested that more central families were more likely to have been accused of participating in the coup and more likely to benefit financially.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Coup d'état
The coup was brief, with some conflict the night of 28 September 1991, but the bulk of the action taking place on 29 September, ending with Aristide deported to France in exile and Cédras announcing the success of the coup at 11 p.m. on the night of Monday, 30 September. On the night of 28 September, some army bases and police stations mutinied, aligning themselves with Cédras over the Aristide administration. At daybreak, soldiers fired on Aristide's residence and his armored personnel carrier as he traveled to the National Palace. Soldiers overtook the palace, captured Aristide and led him to army headquarters. There, Venezuelan, French, and US ambassadors successfully negotiated with coup leaders for Aristide's life. Aristide was forced into exile and flew to France, later visiting the United States and speaking before the United Nations.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Coup d'état
An outburst of popular protest associated with the coup also claimed lives. Silvio Claude, the leader of the Christian Democratic Party and a critic of both the Duvaliers and Aristide, was murdered by a mob. Roger Lafontant was also murdered in prison during the coup, however the circumstances surrounding his death have never been made clear.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
The army justified the coup as a necessary intervention, claiming that Aristide was meddling in army affairs. Cédras announced his victory at 11 p.m., on 29 September, via a televised broadcast, saying, "Today, the armed forces find themselves obligated to assume the heavy responsibility to keep the ship of state afloat. After seven months of democratic experience, the country once again finds itself a prey to the horrors of uncertainty. With all Haitians we will bring the ship to port." At least 26 people were killed and 200 wounded in the fighting, and gunfire lasted through the night.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
During the Aristide government the military's reputation in regard to human rights began to improve, however this was quickly reversed after the coup. The military targeted pro-Aristide elected officials, as well as rural development and peasant organizations, neighborhood and community associations, and trade unions. Literacy, pro-democracy, students' and women's groups were also persecuted. Civilian deaths increased during this period, as did incidences of mass arrests without warrants. Before his assassination in 1993, pro-democracy activist Antoine Izmery claimed, that 10,000 people had died as a result of political violence following the coup.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
Around 250,000 people had fled the city of Port-au-Prince by December 1991, fleeing not only political violence but economic hardship. However, persecution was not limited to the cities. Peasants made up a large part of Aristide's voter base, and thus were subject to military violence, including the destruction of food-storage silos and the killing of livestock.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
The military regime reduced freedom of the press by silencing radio stations, the most important news medium in the country. On the first day of the coup, at least 10 radio stations were destroyed or shut down. Radio personnel were arrested, tortured, and even executed. Significant arrests include those of Jacques Gary Simeon (head of Radio Caraibes), Paul Jean-Mario (a reporter for Radio Antilles), and Felix Lamy (director of Radio Galaxie).


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
The military's human rights abuses sparked an exodus of Haitian boat people. A tent camp was set up at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base for those who were picked up by the US Coast Guard. As of 4 February 1992, more than 14,000 Haitian refugees had arrived at Guantanamo, but only 3609 qualified to apply for political asylum. The Bush administration began repatriation of refugees on 3 February 1992. On 24 May, Executive Order 12807 was issued, which ended all screening of the Haitian boat people.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, Aftermath
This order violated the international principle of nonrefoulement, although the administration argued that this was irrelevant and claimed the reason for the refugee crisis was economic, due to the economic embargo, and not due to political persecution. Given the direct correlation between the refugee crisis and an uptick in political violence in Haiti, it is clear that the Bush administration's claim failed to encompass the whole situation. The Supreme Court supported the administration's rejection of refugees, deciding that the Refugee Convention did not apply on the high seas. After declaring its intention to close the Guantanamo camp, the US began to return Haitians immediately after their interception, without allowing them to apply for asylum. The only way to apply for asylum now was through the US embassy in Port-au-Prince.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, International organizations
Early on, international organizations such as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United Nations condemned the coup and expressed their support for Aristide's regime. The OAS implemented a trade embargo in October 1991. On 24 November 1992, the UN adopted a resolution urging member states to impose a trade embargo, although it did not impose a world-wide oil and arms embargo until 23 June 1993. The Governor's Island Agreement, signed on 3 July 1993, attempted to forge a compromise between Aristide and Cedras, in that sanctions would be lifted following Aristide's return to power by 30 October.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, International organizations
The accord also promised amnesty for coup leaders, assistance in modernizing the Haitian army, and the establishment of a new Haitian police force. Sanctions were suspended following the appointment of a Prime Minister chosen by Aristide, but reimposed in October 1993 following accusations of renewed human rights violations by the military regime.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, International organizations
The economic blockade had severe effects on an already-impoverished country. 140,000 private-sector jobs were lost. To compensate with the lack of fuel, people cut down more trees, which accelerated deforestation. The lack of electricity had a massive impact on public health, as vaccines and medications could not be preserved.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, United States response
Initially, the Bush administration followed the international community in denouncing the military coup, calling for a restoration of democracy and the reinstatement of Aristide. However, they soon reversed their policy, stating that the return of Aristide was not a requirement for the restoration of democracy. The administration's willingness to compromise with the military junta was perceived as US government support of Cédras, and sparked a number of protests by Haitian-Americans.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, United States response
The Clinton administration was more supportive of reinstating a broad democracy in Haiti. After large, pro-Aristide demonstrations in the United States, President Bill Clinton, with the support of the United Nations, pressured the coup regime to step down. On 31 July 1994, United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 authorized a United States-led multinational force under unified command and control to restore Aristide to office, under Operation Uphold Democracy. United States military forces were deployed in Haiti, and on 15 October 1994, the Clinton administration returned Aristide to Haiti to complete his term in office.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, International response, Response in the region
The response of other Caribbean states to the crisis varied, but was generally anti-refugee. The Dominican Republic, which supported the Haitian military regime, sought to stem the flow of over 30,000 refugees with an increased police and army presence on the border. The Bahamas had a similar response to refugees. Even countries such as Jamaica who allowed refugee settlement offered minimal processing. Some countries, such as Venezuela, directly refused to accept refugees for settlement, despite displaying support for the Aristide regime. Following Aristide's return in November 1994, a number of Caribbean states introduced programs for the repatriation of Haitians living in their countries. The most significant numbers came from the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic, and Turks and Caicos.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, US involvement
Francois and Biamby received military training in the US: Biamby received infantry training at Fort Benning, Georgia, and Francois received small-arms and ammunition repair training at the Army Ordnance School in Aberdeen, Maryland, and also at the Savanna Army Depot in Illinois. It is frequently reported that Cedras also received US training, but the Pentagon denies having evidence of this. It is unknown to what degree US assistance empowered or assisted the leaders of the coup, and to what degree the involvement of the CIA aided or subverted the regime.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, US involvement
Despite the US role in the 1994 Operation Uphold Democracy to reinstall Aristide to power, questions remain about its involvement in the coup itself. Emmanuel Constant later reported that CIA agents were present with Cédras at the army headquarters during the coup, but the CIA denied prior knowledge. Additionally, the CIA "paid key members of the coup regime forces, identified as drug traffickers, for information from the mid-1980s at least until the coup."


1991 Haitian coup d'état, After the coup
Aristide was returned to power on 15 October 1994 and remained in power until 1996, following a democratic election and a peaceful transferral of power. He then returned to the presidency in 2001, but was ousted again in a 2004 coup d'état.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, After the coup
Prior to Aristide's reinstatement Cedras and Biamby left the country and settled in Panama. Both, in addition to Francois, were convicted for their roles in the Raboteau Massacre and received the mandatory sentence of forced labor for life. However, as all three men were convicted in absentia and have not returned to Haiti, they have not served their sentences.


1991 Haitian coup d'état, After the coup
Members of the coup regime, notably the Chief of National Police, Michel François, were accused of drug smuggling at a much greater rate than before the coup. A 1992 US State Department report noted that Aristide was "planning new policies and institutions to combat narcotics trafficking, [and] his ouster... crippled narcotics control efforts in Haiti." An internal 1993 US Congress memo stated that "all those jailed for drug-trafficking have been released and... Michel François has personally supervised the landing of planes carrying drugs and weapons." Francois was arrested in Honduras in 1997 and held on drug charges for several months, but released after a US extradition request was denied. His current whereabouts are unknown.


1991 Hall of Fame Bowl
The 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl featured the fourteenth-ranked Clemson Tigers and the sixteenth-ranked Illinois Fighting Illini. It was the fifth edition of the Hall of Fame Bowl.


1991 Hall of Fame Bowl
Clemson's Chris Gardocki kicked an 18-yard field goal as the Tigers built a 3–0 lead. They led 10–0 after DeChane Cameron threw a 14-yard touchdown pass to Doug Thomas. In the second quarter, Clemson got another touchdown pass from Cameron, and a 34-yard interception return from Arlington Nunn giving Clemson a 24–0 halftime lead. Gardocki kicked field goals of 26 and 43 yards in the third and fourth quarter, respectively, as Clemson pulled away for a 30–0 victory.


1991 Halloween blizzard
The 1991 Halloween blizzard was a powerful storm that caused a period of heavy snowfall and ice accumulation, which affected parts of the Upper Midwest of the United States, from October 31 to November 3, 1991. Over the last week of October 1991, a large storm system over the Atlantic Ocean (1991 Perfect Storm) blocked most of the weather patterns over the eastern half of the United States, and in turn, moisture from the Gulf of Mexico was funneled straight northward over the affected region.


1991 Halloween blizzard
By the time the precipitation stopped falling, many cities in the eastern half of Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin had witnessed record early-season snowfall accumulations, while parts of southern Minnesota and northern Iowa were crippled by a large ice storm. Arctic air that was pulled southward behind the storm had combined with the heavy snow pack to produce many record low temperatures. Between the blizzard and the ice storm, 22 people were killed and over 100 were injured.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Meteorological synopsis
The 1991 Halloween Blizzard developed from a strong arctic cold front that pushed south and east through the central United States several days prior. On October 28, temperatures to the east of the cold front were above normal. High temperatures reached into the 70s from the middle Mississippi River Valley south into northern Texas, and into the 80s across much of central and southern Texas. Meanwhile, high temperatures remained below 20 degrees Fahrenheit across most of Montana and Wyoming.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Meteorological synopsis
The contrast between the two air masses was stark, and by the morning of October 29 the cold front was about halfway through Texas. At 6 am CST, the temperature in the western Texas city of Amarillo had dropped to 22 degrees with a strong northerly breeze. Farther east in Texas, the temperature was 64 in Dallas – a 42-degree temperature difference over about 300 miles (480 km). In the northern United States, morning lows were much colder. Temperatures were in the single digits across Montana and Wyoming and in the teens in North Dakota and South Dakota.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Meteorological synopsis
By October 30, the cold front had pushed east to the Texas shoreline with the Gulf of Mexico, and stalled in that location. As an upper-level shortwave trough approached the Southern Plains, it aided the development of an area of surface low pressure along the sharp temperature gradient near the Texas Gulf Coast. The development of low-pressure systems along coastal fronts in this fashion is relatively common in the cool season along the Texas Gulf Coast and along the Atlantic Seaboard near the Gulf Stream current.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Meteorological synopsis
From October 30 – 31, this low-pressure system slowly became better organized over Texas, before it ejected north over the Mississippi River Valley. This meridional trajectory of a low pressure track (almost due north from the western Gulf) is climatologically favorable to produce very heavy snowfall in the winter months because it allows copious amounts of moisture to flow north where it can interact with colder air. Cooler readings lingered at the very end of October across the Upper Midwest, and a re-enforcing pool of Arctic air was just beginning to push southeast through the western Canadian Provinces.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Meteorological synopsis
On November 1, the low-pressure system moved north from western Illinois into the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the minimum pressure fell about 24 millibars in 24 hours, indicative of rapid deepening and strengthening of the cyclone. The low pressure eventually became occluded, weakened, and then continued to dissipate as it pushed east across northern Ontario in subsequent days.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Precipitation
The precipitation from this system began falling as snow in Iowa late on October 30, and by the morning of October 31, it had changed over to ice and spread northward across southeast Minnesota. During Halloween day, the precipitation spread to the north, where it fell mostly as rapidly accumulating snow. The snow continued to develop northward, eventually spreading into the Minnesota Arrowhead. Eventually all of the precipitation changed over to snow, and in some areas it would continue falling until November 3.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Precipitation, Snow
The heavy snow began falling across east central Minnesota and northwest Wisconsin during the late afternoon hours of October 31. By midnight, the Twin Cities had already recorded 8.2 in (20.8 cm) of snow. This not only set a record for the largest amount of snow on that date, but also for the most snow ever recorded in the Twin Cities during the month of October. As the storm system pushed its way northward, more communities in eastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin began to experience similar conditions; and thundersnow occurred as far north as Duluth.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Precipitation, Snow
Over the next two days the snow continued to fall, leading to additional snowfall of one to two feet (30 cm to 60 cm). By the time the snowfall ended on November 3, the storm had dropped 36.9 in (93.7 cm) on Duluth, the largest single snow storm total in Minnesota history at that time. The Twin Cities received 28.4 in (72.1 cm), setting a single-storm record for the metropolitan area.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Precipitation, Snow
In all, at least one foot (30 cm) of snow fell in a swath approximately 100 mi (160 km) wide from south central Minnesota, northeastward into northwestern Wisconsin and into the Minnesota Arrowhead. A more narrow band of 2+ ft (60+ cm) of snow fell from the Twin Cities to Duluth and northward.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Precipitation, Ice
Areas of southern Minnesota and Iowa along and south of the I-90 corridor did not see as much snow, but instead saw a major ice storm. Though the precipitation started out as snow in these areas, it changed over to ice during the day on October 31 and continued falling over the next day. Ice accumulations as high as 2–3 in (6 cm–9 cm) were recorded in these areas before the precipitation changed to snow. Up to 10 in (25.4 cm) of snow proceeded to fall on top of ice accumulations from the previous day, making travel even more treacherous. Up to 1 inch of ice accumulation was reported as far south as Omaha, Nebraska.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Impact
Most of Minnesota, western Wisconsin and northern Iowa were heavily impacted by the storm. $63+ million in damages was reported from fallen power lines, and $5 million in crop damages were reported in Iowa. Eleven counties in southern Minnesota were declared federal disaster areas, and 52 counties in Iowa were declared disaster areas. At least 100,000 people lost power because of the weight of the ice downing power lines, and in some cases it took up to a week for the power to be restored.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Impact
Many roads were closed both from the snow and ice, including long stretches of I-90, I-35 and I-29 in Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota. Highway snow removal was hindered by record cold temperatures that followed the storm and transportation was hampered for many days. Nine hundred schools and business were closed in Minnesota alone. The storm occurred on a Thursday night. Schools in Minong, Wisconsin (40 miles southeast of Superior) were closed even the Monday following the storm. Twenty-two people died in this storm, twenty in Minnesota and two on the Mississippi River near La Crosse.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Records
In eastern Minnesota, the Halloween Blizzard shattered many of the previous October snowfall records. The 28 inches that fell in the Twin Cities on October 31 was more snow than had ever been recorded in any October in its recorded history. November 1 saw similar daily records fall, but with a more wide reaching area from most of central Minnesota eastward to La Crosse and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Following the storm Arctic air poured southward from Canada to produce many record low temperatures in these same areas.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Records
Bismarck, North Dakota, sank to −10 °F on October 31, breaking their previous record low of 6 °F (−14 °C) by 16 degrees. Record snow and cold was recorded as far south as Nebraska and Colorado. The Arctic air also spread over Chicago, recording a low of 11 on November 4.


1991 Halloween blizzard, Records
Four weeks later on November 29 – 30, another large storm system dropped as much as 18 inches of snow over these same areas. These two storms combined to set a single-month record for most snowfall in the Twin Cities and Duluth.


1991 Hamburg state election
The 1993 Hamburg state election was held on 2 June 1991 to elect the members of the 14th Hamburg Parliament. The incumbent government was a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) led by First Mayor Henning Voscherau. As the SPD won an absolute majority of seats, it formed government alone, and Voscherau continued in office.


1991 Hamburg state election, Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the 13th Hamburg Parliament.


1991 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season
The 1991 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 34th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 42nd overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 4th place in the East Division with a 3–15 record and failed to make the playoffs. It was the first time in team history (under the Tiger-Cats banner) that the Tiger-Cats missed the playoffs in consecutive years.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election
The Hamilton municipal election, 1991, was held on November 12, 1994, to select one Regional Chairman, one Mayor, two alderman for each of the city's eight wards for a total of sixteen members of the Hamilton, Ontario City Council, and members of both English and French Public and Catholic School Boards. This election marked one of the most stunning turnovers in local history, with four incumbent aldermen being defeated by political newcomers and Ward 3 Alderman Brian Hinkley being soundly defeated in his bid for the mayoralty against incumbent Mayor Bob Morrow.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
In late October, an article ran in the Hamilton Spectator critiquing the mayor for what was perceived as political self-aggrandizing while noting that his 1988–1991 term was marked by successes for the city. In the piece, Morrow noted that he felt his strongest competition would come from Ward 3 Alderman Brian Hinkley, a New Democrat with an extensive record at city hall.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
In early debates, most notably one hosted by Hamilton's Junior Chamber of Commerce, Hinkley was an aggressive opponent of Morrow's leadership style, accusing the mayor of "over-promising and under-delivering to the community." Morrow attacked Hinkley for his ties to the New Democrats and his stance on the Red Hill Valley Parkway.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
Hinkley focused his campaign on the lack of real choice offered to Hamiltonian voters in past elections, even running with the slogan, "This time you have a real choice." Widely critiqued in local media for leading what was known as the "Gang of Four" New Democratic caucus on council, Hinkley gained a reputation as a strong worker with community-based issues, relating well with constituents and ensuring that Hamilton's marginalized people had a voice at the decision making table.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
For his part in the race, Michael Baldasaro attempted to repeat his 1988 success, garnering over 7,500 votes against Morrow. Baldasaro announced he would be creating political trading cards for his campaign, though there was no follow-up as to the status of the project. Though he was contesting the mayoral election, a disciple of his Church of the Universe sought election in Ward 6, dividing Baldasro and campaign manager Walter Tucker's attention.


1991 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
Political newcomer Bill Jones as, at the time, a 30-year-old employee of Dofasco, was less than enthusiastic about his chances, telling the Spectator he did not expect to win, rather make a statement about the state of Hamilton's politics at the time. Jones was not affiliated with any political party, and had not sought elected office before entering the race for mayor. An advocate of more direct democracy, Jones wanted to cut the mayor's salary and put constituent needs ahead of political goals. When asked why he did not seek the open aldermanic seat in Ward 3 where he lived, Jones said that he felt the mayor would have more say.


1991 Handsworth riots
The third Handsworth riot occurred on 2 September 1991 in Handsworth, an inner-city area of Birmingham, when a power cut plunged the area into darkness and sparked a looting spree in local shops. 200 police officers in riot gear were called in to bring the unrest under control. Hundreds of shops and houses were looted and cars were stolen. This occurred around the same time as rioting in Oxford, Dudley, Tyneside and Cardiff.


1991 Handsworth riots
This was the third time in a decade that Handsworth had been the scene of major rioting, following a riot in 1981 and the worst wave of rioting in 1985, in which two people were killed. A fourth riot took place 14 years later.


1991 Harlow District Council election
The 1991 Harlow District Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Harlow District Council in Essex, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. The Labour Party retained control of the council, which it had held continuously since the council's creation in 1973.


1991 Harlow District Council election, Election result
All comparisons in vote share are to the corresponding 1987 election.


1991 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1991 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Harvard finished third in the Ivy League.


1991 Harvard Crimson football team
In their 21st year under head coach Joe Restic, the Crimson compiled a 4–5–1 record and were outscored 223 to 203. John Lausch was the team captain.


1991 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard's 4–2–1 conference record placed third in the Ivy League standings. The Crimson outscored Ivy opponents 163 to 160.


1991 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.


1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election
Haryana Legislative Assembly election, 1991 were held in Indian state of Haryana to elect 90 members of the state's legislative assembly. The 90 members were elected by First-past-the-post system from 90 constituencies.


1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, Results
Indian National Congress' Bhajan Lal was elected Chief Minister of Haryana after his party gained majority seats.


1991 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team
The 1991 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the Western Athletic Conference during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bob Wagner, the Rainbow Warriors compiled a 4–7–1 record.


1991 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1991 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 67th season in the Australian Football League and 90th overall.


1991 Heinz Southern 500
The 1991 Heinz Southern 500, the 42nd running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on September 1, 1991 at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina. Contested over 367 laps on the 1.366 mile (2.198 km) speedway, it was the 21st race of the 1991 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Harry Gant of Leo Jackson Motorsports won the race.


1991 Heinz Southern 500
Kyle Petty returned to the race since breaking his leg at Talladega in May.


1991 Hemsworth by-election
The Hemsworth by-election, 1991 was a parliamentary by-election held in England on 7 November 1991 for the House of Commons constituency of Hemsworth in West Yorkshire. The seat had become vacant on the death of the Labour Member of Parliament George Buckley (British politician), who had held the seat since the 1987 general election.


1991 Hemsworth by-election
The Labour candidate, Derek Enright, held the seat for his party.


1991 Hessian state election
The 1991 Hessian state election was held on 20 January 1991 to elect the members of the Landtag of Hesse. The incumbent coalition government of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP) led by Minister-President Walter Wallmann was defeated. The Social Democratic Party (SPD) narrowly became the most popular party, but tied with the CDU in number of seats. The SPD subsequently formed a coalition with The Greens, and SPD leader Hans Eichel became Minister-President.


1991 Hessian state election, Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the previous Landtag of Hesse.


1991 High Peak Borough Council election
Elections to High Peak Borough Council in Derbyshire, England were held on 2 May 1991. All of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.


1991 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1991 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 7th Tournament in the history of the conference. It was played between February 27 and March 10, 1991. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, the home venue of the NHL's Boston Bruins. By winning the tournament, Boston University received the Hockey East's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1991 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play with each round being a single-elimination game. In the first round, the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third seed and sixth seeds, and the fourth seed and fifth seeds played with the winners advancing to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the highest and lowest seeds and second highest and second lowest seeds play with the winners advancing to the championship game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1991 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1991 Hokkaido gubernatorial election
A gubernatorial election was held on 7 April 1991 to elect the Governor of Hokkaido Prefecture.


1991 Holiday Bowl
The 1991 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 30, 1991, in San Diego, California. It was part of the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the seventh ranked Iowa Hawkeyes, and the unranked BYU Cougars. The teams played to a 13–13 tie.


1991 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
Iowa scored on a 13-yard touchdown run from tailback Mike Saunders, opening up a 6–0 lead, for the first quarter's only points. In the second quarter, Saunders added a 5-yard run, putting the Hawkeyes up 13–0. Ty Detmer's 9 yard scoring strike to Peter Tuipulotu making it 13–6. In the fourth quarter, Detmer found Scotty Anderson for a 27-yard strike, as BYU evened the score at 13-13.


1991 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
With 4:19 remaining in the game, BYU got the ball on their 23-yard line. After six plays, the Cougars reached the Hawkeye 18-yard line. The ensuing play resulted in Detmer's only interception when his pass deflected off his intended receiver and was intercepted by co-Defensive MVP Carlos James, who also had 4 tackles. BYU had 80 rushing yards, 350 passing yards, 1 turnover, 64 return yards, and 32:23 time of possession. Iowa had 125 rushing yards, 221 passing yards, 1 turnover, 38 return yards, and 27:37 time of possession. Ty Detmer went 29-of-44 for 250 yards, two touchdowns and one interception. Josh Arnold had eight tackles (with three being for losses, which totaled to 33 yards lost by Iowa) while being named defensive MVP.


1991 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
It was the first tie ever in the Holiday Bowl, and it was also the lowest scoring Holiday Bowl. It was the final college game for Detmer, who won the Heisman Trophy the previous season. This is also the last tie football game in major college football bowl history.


1991 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1991 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as a member of the Patriot League during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its sixth year under head coach Mark Duffner, the team compiled an 11–0 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the Patriot League championship, and was ranked No. 3 in the NCAA Division I-AA Football Committee poll. The team played its home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1991 Hong Kong Challenge
The 1991 Hong Kong Challenge was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament held in Hong Kong in 1991. Stephen Hendry won the title, defeating James Wattana 9–1 in the final, and received £20,000 prize money, out of a total prize fund of £72,000. Gary Wilkinson compiled the highest break of the tournament, 125, during his quarter-final loss to Steve Davis.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election
The 1991 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The election of the members of functional constituencies was held on 12 September 1991 and the election of geographical constituency seats was held on 15 September respectively. It was the first ever direct election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history. There were 18 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 21 members from functional constituencies, 17 members appointed by the Governor, and 3 official members.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election
A coalition of the United Democrats and the Meeting Point, together with other smaller parties, groups and independents in the pro-democracy camp had a landslide victory, getting 16 of the 18 geographical constituency seats. Two-seat constituency two vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency. The voting system helped the pro-democracy coalition win with landslide success and faced criticisms. In the end, the government prescribed simple plurality in the next election.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Background
After the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed in December 1984 stated the sovereignty of Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, the pace of the democratisation towards a government of high autonomy towards 1997 became a major political debate. The Hong Kong government denied the demand of the pro-democracy groups of introducing direct elections in the 1988 Legislative Council elections, due to the main opposition from Beijing and the conservative business and professional elites.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Background
As a result, the electoral methods of the functional constituencies being elected by different business and professional sectors and the Electoral Colleges being elected by the District Boards and the two municipal councils (Urban Council and Regional Council) remained in the 1988 elections but it was promised by the government that direct elections would be introduced in the 1991 elections.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
The Hong Kong government's assumed the two-seat constituencies would produce a mixture of liberal, rural conservative and business representatives as well as some members of the "united front" organisations which supported by Beijing, as the voters would cast their ballots for prominent individuals rather than a "party" label. However, the two-seat and two-vote system benefited the pro-democracy coalition in the end.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
The election was largely affected by the events in May and June 1989 in China when the Tiananmen Square protest was bloodily cracked down by the Beijing government. The events sparked the great fear among the Hong Kong population who closely concerned or enthusiastically supported the student movement. The pro-democracy groups supported the student protests by forming the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China in May 1989.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
After the crackdown, the liberal leaders, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah had been labelled as "subversives" by the Beijing government and expelled form the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee. In 1990, members of the three major pro-democracy groups, the Meeting Point, the Hong Kong Affairs Society and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood came together under the banner of the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
The pro-democracy liberals won a landslide in the geographical constituency direct elections. The United Democrats led by Martin Lee became the largest party, by winning 12 of the 18 seats in the geographical constituencies. Two other seats went to its ally Meeting Point headed by Anthony Cheung. Frederick Fung, Chairman of the ADPL won a seat in Kowloon West. Of the remaining seats, one went to a liberal independent Emily Lau, one to an independent incumbent Andrew Wong and the other to an incumbent rural conservative Tai Chin-wah.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
The conservative Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong, newly founded in 1990 mainly by business and professional groups favouring collaboration with Beijing, polled only 5.1% of the vote. None of its candidates were elected in the direct elections. The pro-Beijing "united front" organisations received only 7.9% of the vote and were also very easily defeated. Chan Yuen-han, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) candidate in Kowloon Central polled about 11,000 votes fewer than the second place United Democrat, Dr. Conrad Lam and was about 23,000 votes behind the winner, United Democrat Lau Chin-shek. In Island East, Cheng Kai-nam who had the support of a pro-Beijing group, Hong Kong Citizen Forum, polled 29,902 against the United Democrats' leader Martin Lee, who received 76,831 votes.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, Overview
The advantage of the liberals was balanced with the functional constituency indirectly elected by the limited electorates of the business and professional sectors as well as the appointed members by the government. the Chief Secretary Sir David Ford said on television that the elections should be seen in the context of a 50% registration rate, of whom perhaps only 50% might turn out at the polls therefore the majority who were not represented would be reserved by appointing members who might be thought to represent those who had not registered or had not voted.


1991 Hong Kong legislative election, General results
Note: There were also 18 members appointed by the Governor and 3 Ex-Officio members.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
The 1991 Hong Kong District Board elections were held on 3 March 1991. Elections were held in all 19 districts of Hong Kong for 274 members from directly elected constituencies, which counted for about two-thirds of the seats in the District Boards.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
It was the first of the three-tier elections in 1991, followed by the May Urban and Regional Council elections and the September Legislative Council election in which direct elections would be introduced for the first time. In preparation for these elections, both the liberal pro-democracy and conservative pro-business forces formed political parties to the contest in the coming elections. The pro-democracy party United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) formed as a grand alliance for the pro-democrats in April 1990, the more middle-class oriented Hong Kong Democratic Foundation (HKDF) formed in October 1989 and the pro-business conservative Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDF) formed in November 1990.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
About 420,000 voters cast their votes, which counted for 32.5 per cent of the total electorate, higher than the 30.3 per cent of the previous 1988 elections but lower than the 38.9 per cent in the first District Board elections in 1982. 81 incumbents were elected without contest. 70 pre cent of the candidates were affiliated with political groups and public organisations. The newly established liberal United Democrats emerged as the biggest winner in the election, winning 56 seats out of 80 candidates which won evenly in each region.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
The conservative Liberal Democratic Federation claimed to have won 50 seats out of 89 candidates, although many of them ran as independents of whom only 35 openly acknowledged their LDF affiliation. Three of the seven candidates from the Democratic Foundation got elected, while the other pro-democracy groups, the Meeting Point won 11 out of 13 bids and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) got 14 out of 17 candidates elected.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
Out of 30 pro-Beijing candidates who contested in the election, 24 of whom were elected, including each five candidates in Eastern District and Kwun Tong, eight candidates and eight other Beijing-friendly candidates in Kowloon Central. The pro-Beijing Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions also fielded 16 candidates, of whom 12 were elected, despite most of them ran under their local affiliations and only three of them ran openly with FTU endorsement. The satisfying results encouraged the pro-China camp to field their own candidates in the coming Urban Council and Legislative Council elections.


1991 Hong Kong local elections
After the elections, Governor David Wilson appointed 140 members to the District Boards.


1991 Hong Kong local elections, Results, General outcome
Note: Some of the candidates with multiple affiliations are overlapped in this chart.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections
The 1991 Urban Council and Regional Council elections were the municipal elections held on 5 May 1991 for the elected seats of the Urban Council and Regional Council respectively. The election saw the direct rivalry between the newly established political parties, the liberal United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) and the conservative Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDFHK) which the liberal forces won a landslide victory.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections, Overview
For the Urban Council, 15 seats were the directly elected by the general residents and ten seats were elected by the Hong Kong Island and Kowloon District Boards members and 15 appointed by the Governor. For the Regional Council, 12 seats were directly elected and nine seats were elected by the New Territories District Boards members, with 12 appointed members and three ex officio members of the chairman and two vice-chairmen of the Heung Yee Kuk. The first-past-the-post voting system was in use.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections, Overview
The elections were one of the three elections in the year, which came after the March District Board elections and before the September Legislative Council election in which direct elections would be introduced for the first time. Major political forces realigned themselves on the eve of the elections. The liberal pro-democracy activists and professionals came together as the United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) in preparation for the elections in April 1990, while the conservative pro-business forces founded the Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDFHK) in November 1990 to counter the pro-democracy forces. The United Democrats became the biggest winner in the District Board elections, sweeping 52 seats, as compared to LDF's 24 seats. It was seen as the rehearsals of those parties for the more important Legislative Council election in September.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections, Overview
A total number of 59 candidates contested for 25 seats, excluding the two uncontested seats in each councils. 392,496 electorates cast their votes, which counted more than 23.3 per cent of the total registered voters, about six per cent higher than the elections in 1989. Four of the contesting incumbents were defeated including Peter Chan Chi-kwan who had served for 22 years. The two-term incumbent Wong Shui-sang was also defeated by Gilbert Leung Kam-ho.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections, Overview
The two newly established political parties, the liberal pro-democracy United Democrats, and its allies, and the conservative pro-business Liberal Democratic Federation, with the support of the older grassroots organisation Hong Kong Civic Association, contested heavily in the districts like North Point, Southern District, Kowloon City East, Wong Tai Sin South, Tuen Mun West and Tai Po. The United Democrats won 11 seats as result, more than one-third in each council, including Sha Tin where Lau Kong-wah and Wong Hon-chung both won a seat in preparation for contesting the Legislative Council direct election in September, while the LDF won only three seats.


1991 Hong Kong municipal elections, Results
Note: Some of the candidates with multiple affiliations are overlapped in this chart.


1991 Hopman Cup
The 1991 Hopman Cup was the third edition of the Hopman Cup, an international mixed teams tournament played at the Burswood Entertainment Complex in Perth, Western Australia. The event was held from 27 December 1990 through 4 January 1991.


1991 Hopman Cup
Twelve teams competed in the tournament with the top four seeded teams (United States, Spain, Switzerland and the Soviet Union) each receiving a bye into the quarter-finals. The remaining eight teams played in the first round. In the final which was played on 4 January, Yugoslav pair, Goran Prpić and Monica Seles won both of their singles matches to defeat the American pair, Zina Garrison and David Wheaton without needing to go with the mixed doubles (which was also won by Yugoslavia).


1991 Hopman Cup, First round
The opening match of the 1991 Hopman Cup featured local Elizabeth Smylie and Pat Cash taking on Great Britain pair in Sarah Loosemore and Jeremy Bates. Despite losing the opening tie in straight sets, Australia qualified through to the quarter-finals in the mixed doubles.


1991 Horsham District Council election
The 1991 Horsham District Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Horsham District Council in England. It was held on the same day as other local elections. The Conservatives retained control of the council with a reduced majority. The Liberal Democrats gained a net total of 7 and Independent candidates had 2 councillors elected.


1991 Horsham District Council election, Council Composition
Prior to the election, the composition of the council was:


1991 Horsham District Council election, Ward results, Itchingfield & Shipley
Keen D. was elected in Itchingfield & Shipley as a Conservative in 1987, when this seat was last contested.


1991 Houston Astros season
The Houston Astros' 1991 season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League West.


1991 Houston Astros season
The Astros finished 65-97, which tied the 1965 and 1975 clubs for the most losses in franchise history at the time.


1991 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Houston Cougars football team
The 1991 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cougars were led by second-year head coach John Jenkins and played their home games at the Houston Astrodome in Houston, Texas. Houston compiled an overall record of 4–7 and a mark of 3–5 in conference play, placing seventh in the SWC.


1991 Houston Oilers season
The 1991 Houston Oilers season was the 32nd season and their 22nd in the National Football League (NFL). Haywood Jeffires would become the second Oiler to have 100 receptions in a season. The first Oiler to accomplish the feat was Charley Hennigan in 1964. Jeffires would be the fifth receiver in NFL history to have a 100 reception season. The Oilers scored 386 points and gave up 251 points. The franchise earned its first division title since the AFL-NFL merger, having last won a division title in the 1967 American Football League season. The franchise finished the season with 11 wins compared to 5 losses and appeared twice on Monday Night Football.


1991 Houston Oilers season, Playoffs, AFC Wild Card
After leading 14–10 at halftime, the Oilers stopped the Jets twice inside the 5-yard line in the second half to preserve the victory. Houston quarterback Warren Moon threw two touchdowns in the first half, both to Ernest Givins for 5 and 20 yards. This would be the team's last playoff win while playing in Houston and would not win another playoff game until the Music City Miracle during the 1999 playoffs, their third season in Tennessee and their first season as the Titans.


1991 Houston Oilers season, Playoffs, AFC Divisional Playoff
Trailing 24–23 with 2:07 left in the game, quarterback John Elway led the Broncos from their own 2-yard line to the winning 28-yard field goal with 16 seconds remaining. On the drive, he converted on two fourth downs. On fourth down and 6 from the Denver 28, he rushed for 7 yards. Then on fourth down and 10, he completed a 44-yard pass to wide receiver Vance Johnson.


1991 Houston Oilers season, Playoffs, AFC Divisional Playoff
The Oilers jumped to a 14–0 lead with quarterback Warren Moon's two touchdown passes to wide receivers Haywood Jeffires and Drew Hill for 15 and 9 yards, respectively. Elway then completed a 10-yard touchdown to Johnson, but kicker David Treadwell missed the extra point. Moon responded by throwing a 6-yard touchdown to wide receiver Curtis Duncan to give Houston a 21–6 lead, but Denver running back Greg Lewis scored a 1-yard touchdown before halftime. In the second half, the Oilers were limited to only a 25-yard field goal by kicker Al Del Greco, which gave Houston a 24–16 lead in the fourth quarter. The Broncos then marched 80 yards to score on Lewis' 1-yard touchdown run to cut the deficit to 24–23.


1991 Houston Oilers season, Playoffs, AFC Divisional Playoff
Elway's comeback is now known solely as The Drive II.


1991 Houston mayoral election
The Houston Mayoral Election of 1991 took place on November 5, 1991. The race was officially non-partisan. Bob Lanier defeated five term incumbent mayor Kathy Whitmire. A run-off election was held on December 7, 1991.


1991 Houston mayoral election
Most white voters of all economic levels voted for Lanier. His strongest tallies came from affluent neighborhoods like River Oaks, Meyerland, Uptown, Memorial and Sharpstown; in those areas he won with 60 to 65 percent or more of the vote. Lanier won 75 percent of the votes in his home Houston precinct. In racially mixed areas such as Westbury and Alief, Lanier had the majority of votes with his main opponent, Sylvester Turner, having finished in a close second place. Lanier did not win in Montrose and many African-American neighborhoods.


1991 Houston mayoral election, Results
Turner would later campaign in 2003 but took third place. He won the mayoral runoff on December 12, 2015.


1991 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1991 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State University during the 1991 NCAA Division II football season. Humboldt State competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference in 1991.


1991 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1991 Lumberjacks were led by first-year head coach Fred Whitmire. They played home games at the Redwood Bowl in Arcata, California. Humboldt State finished with a record of six wins and five losses (6–5, 2–3 NCAC). The Lumberjacks were outscored by their opponents 223–247 for the season.


1991 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Humboldt State players were selected in the 1992 NFL Draft.


1991 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 1991 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hungaroring on 11 August 1991. It was the tenth race of the 1991 Formula One World Championship. The 77-lap race was won from pole position by Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda, with the Williams-Renaults of Nigel Mansell and Riccardo Patrese second and third respectively.


1991 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
In the Friday morning pre-qualifying session, a Brabham topped the time sheets for the second Grand Prix in succession. However, this time it was Mark Blundell who was fastest, over 1.4 seconds faster than his team-mate Martin Brundle in second. Third was Olivier Grouillard for Fondmetal, the third time the Frenchman had pre-qualified this season. The fourth pre-qualifier was Michele Alboreto in the Footwork.


1991 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
The four entrants who failed to pre-qualify were, unusually, within two seconds of the slowest pre-qualifier. Fifth was Gabriele Tarquini in the AGS, less than two tenths of a second slower than Alboreto. Alex Caffi was sixth in the other Footwork, 1.4 seconds behind Tarquini. Just a tenth further back was the other AGS of Fabrizio Barbazza, who was only two tenths faster than the Coloni of Pedro Chaves. It was the Portuguese driver's tenth failure to pre-qualify from ten attempts this season.


1991 Hungarian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
Nigel Mansell and Williams were on a roll as Formula One arrived in Hungary, while Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost were ordered by FISA to work out their differences following their confrontation in the German Grand Prix. Senna was also angry with his McLaren team after he had run out of fuel in the two previous races, losing valuable points to Mansell. During the practice session, McLaren made the first test for the semi-automatic gearbox on their car. Senna proceeded to dominate qualifying, taking pole by over a second from Riccardo Patrese, Mansell, Prost, Gerhard Berger, Jean Alesi, Emanuele Pirro, Stefano Modena, Ivan Capelli, and Martin Brundle.


1991 Hungarian Grand Prix, Race, Race report
At the start, Senna and Patrese both got away well, but Senna managed to keep the lead, with Mansell, Prost, Berger, and Alesi rounding out the top six. Mansell followed and hounded his teammate, but Senna was unable to pull out a significant gap. Meanwhile, Prost's day ended early with an engine failure, just adding to the misery that was the 1991 season for the three time champion. Mansell eventually got past Patrese and set off after Senna, but on a track that is not conducive to passing, he had to settle for second. Senna duly won from Mansell, Patrese, Berger, Alesi, and Capelli. Senna now led the world championship by 12 points as the teams packed up and headed to Belgium. Senna dedicated this victory to the late Soichiro Honda, founder of Honda, who died days before the Grand Prix weekend.


1991 Hypo-Meeting
The 17th edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on 15 and 16 June 1991 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition featured a men's decathlon and a women's heptathlon. The meeting was the most major combined events competition prior to the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 IAAF Grand Prix Final
The 1991 IAAF Grand Prix Final was the seventh edition of the season-ending competition for the IAAF Grand Prix track and field circuit, organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was held on 20 September at the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.


1991 IAAF Grand Prix Final
Sergey Bubka (pole vault) and Heike Henkel (high jump) were the overall points winners of the tournament. They were the first field athletes to win the series, all previous winners having come from track events. The programme featured 17 athletics events, ten for men and seven for women, marking a reduction by one from the last series.


1991 IAAF Grand Prix Final
The competition preceded the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, which hosted its athletics competition at the same location a year later.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held inAntwerp, Belgium, at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24,1991. A report on the event was given in The New York Times.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Complete results for senior men, junior men, senior women, junior women, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 633 athletes from 51 countries. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
The Junior men's race at the 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Antwerp, Belgium, at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24, 1991. A report on the event was given in The New York Times.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 143 athletes from 31 countries in the Junior men's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race
The Junior women's race at the 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Antwerp, Belgium, at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24, 1991. A report on the event was given in The New York Times.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 127 athletes from 30 countries in the Junior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
The Senior men's race at the 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Antwerp, Belgium, at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24, 1991. A report on the event was given in The New York Times.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 237 athletes from 44 countries in the Senior men's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Antwerp, Belgium, at the Linkeroever Racecourse on March 24, 1991. A report on the event was given in The New York Times.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 126 athletes from 30 countries in the Senior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 3rd IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palacio Municipal de Deportes San Pablo in Seville, Spain from March 8 to March 10, 1991. It was the first Indoor Championships to include relay races as well as women's triple jump, albeit as a non-championship event. There were a total number of 518 athletes participated from 80 countries.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres
The men's 1500 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres, Results, Heats
First 4 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 200 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 2 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres
The men's 3000 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres, Results, Heats
First 4 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
The men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 10 March. It was the first time that this event was contested at the World Indoor Championships.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay, Medalists
* Runners who participated in the heats only and received medals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay, Results, Heats
First 2 teams of each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 5000 metres walk
The men's 5000 metres walk event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres
The men's 60 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 12 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 2 of each semifinal (Q) and next two fastest (q) qualified for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles
The men's 60 metres hurdles event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 4 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres, Results, Final
Note: William Tanui had originally won in 1:46.94, but was later disqualified for breaking from his lane too early.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump
The men's high jump event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's high jump, Results, Qualification
Qualification: 2.24 (Q) or at least 12 best performers (q) qualified for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump
The men's long jump event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's long jump, Results, Qualification
Qualification: 7.80 (Q) or at least 12 best performers (q) qualified for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's shot put
The men's shot put event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's triple jump
The men's triple jump event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 1500 metres, Results, Heats
First 4 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres
The women's 200 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 200 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 3000 metres
The women's 3000 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 3000 metres walk
The women's 3000 metres walk event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay
The women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 10 March. It was the first time that this event was contested at the World Indoor Championships.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres
The women's 60 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 4 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles
The women's 60 metres hurdles event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 4 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8, 9 and 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump
The women's high jump event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's high jump, Results, Qualification
Qualification: 1.87 (Q) or at least 12 best performers (q) qualified for the final.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's long jump
The women's long jump event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 8 and 9 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's shot put
The women's shot put event  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 10 March.


1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's triple jump
The women's triple jump  at the 1991 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on 9 March. This event was held for the first time at the World Indoor Championships, and as it was a demonstration event, the medals won here did not count towards the total score in the medal table.


1991 IAAF World Race Walking Cup
The 1991 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held on 1 and 2 June 1991 in the streets of San Jose, California, USA. The event was also known as IAAF Race Walking World Cup. The course followed a loop along Park Avenue and Almaden Boulevard, north and east of the intersection.


1991 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Results, Team (men)
The team rankings, named Lugano Trophy, combined the 20km and 50km events team results.


1991 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Participation
The participation of 309 athletes (218 men/91 women) from 33 countries is reported.


1991 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The 1991 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships was the ninth and final edition of the annual international road running competition organised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). The competition was hosted by the Netherlands on 13 October 1991 in Nieuwegein and featured one race only: a 15K run for women. There were individual and team awards available, with the national team rankings being decided by the combined finishing positions of a team's top three runners. Countries with fewer than three finishers were not ranked.


1991 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
Romania's Iulia Olteanu defended her title from the 1990 race with a winning time of 48:42 minutes. In the tightest ever finish seen in the competition's history, four women finished within the space of three seconds. Andrea Wallace of Great Britain took the runner-up spot while Germany's Uta Pippig edged out Soviet athlete Nadezhda Ilyina for third place by a fraction of a second. Pippig led Germany to its first team title at the competition with the former East German being backed up by former West German teammates Kerstin Pressler and Iris Biba.


1991 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The Romanian women, headed by Olteanu, were two points adrift in second, with Georgeta State in seventh and Nuța Olaru in 16th place. In third, the Soviet Union took a sixth consecutive team medal (having reached the podium on every occasion it entered a team) through the performances of Ilyina, Marina Rodchenkova and Yelena Zhupiyeva.


1991 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The ending of this championships series coincided with the IAAF launching the 1992 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships a year later, thus a women's road world championship remained in the form of the half marathon distance.


1991 IBF World Championships
The 1991 IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991.


1991 IBF World Championships, Host city selection
Copenhagen and Hong Kong submitted bids to host the championships.


1991 IBF World Championships – Men's doubles
The 1991 IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991. Following the results of the men's doubles.


1991 IBF World Championships – Men's singles
The 7th IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991. Following the results of the men's singles.


1991 IBF World Championships – Mixed doubles
The 7th IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991. Following the results of the mixed doubles.


1991 IBF World Championships – Women's doubles
The 7th IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991. Following the results of the women's doubles.


1991 IBF World Championships – Women's singles
The 7th IBF World Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1991. Following the results of the women's singles.


1991 IBF World Championships – Women's singles, Qualification
Sara Ussher -  Sabine Aberer: 7-11, 11-2, 11-1  Helle Andersen -  Nicole Baldewein: 12-10, 12-9 Bang Soo-hyun -  Yuliani Santoso: 11-5, 11-5 Felicity Gallup -  Martine de Souza: 12-10, 11-6 Susanna Kauhanen -  Ana Laura de la Torre Saavedra: 11-2, 11-4 Astrid Crabo -  Annika Nyström: 11-0, 11-2 Zhou Qianmin -  Tan Lee Wai: 11-2, 11-5 Marie-Helene Loranger -  Esther Sanz: 11-8, 11-5


1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1991 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Tacen, Yugoslavia (now in Slovenia) under the auspices of International Canoe Federation at the Tacen Whitewater Course. It was the 22nd edition. This was one of the last events held in Yugoslavia prior to the Yugoslav wars and subsequent breakup. Slovenia would declare its independence on 25 June, just two days after the event ended. It also marked the first time Germany competed as a nation following the reunification of East Germany and West Germany the previous year.


1991 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1991 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Paris, France.


1991 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The men's competition consisted of eight Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Five events were held for the women, all in kayak. This was the first championship with a unified German team for the first time since 1938 following separate East German and West German teams that competed from 1950 to 1990.


1991 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championships
The 1991 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championships was the fourth edition of the IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championship was held in United States in the city of Detroit from 4–11 August. The host club was SEMROCC Racing with the tracks location in Freedom Hill Park in the Sterling Heights area of the city. A large entry of over 120 drivers attended the event., October 1991


1991 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship
The 1991 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship was the eighth edition of the IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship. It took place between 3 and 9 March 1991 in Jilin, China. The tournament was won by Japan, who claimed their sixth title by finishing first in the standings. China and North Korea finished second and third respectively.


1991 IIHF European Cup
The 1991 European Cup was the 27th edition of the European Cup, IIHF's premier European club ice hockey tournament. The season started on October 11, 1991, and finished on December 30, 1991.


1991 IIHF European Cup
The tournament was won by Djurgårdens IF, who beat Düsseldorfer EG in the final.


1991 IIHF European Cup, First group round, Group C standings
SC Bern, Dukla Jihlava, TPS, Düsseldorfer EG, Dynamo Moscow,  Djurgårdens IF   :  bye


1991 IIHF European U18 Championship
The 1991 IIHF European U18 Championship was the twenty-fourth playing of the IIHF European Junior Championships. The Soviets, playing for the last time as a unified nation, placed 2nd, and the Germans, playing for the first time as a unified nation, placed 5th (despite allowing 61 goals in 6 games).


1991 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group A
Played April 4–11  in Spišská Nová Ves and Prešov, Czechoslovakia.