1991 in Australian television, Debuts, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1991 in Azerbaijan
This is a list of events that took place in the year 1991 in Azerbaijan.


1991 in Bangladesh
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1991st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 991st  year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st  year of the 20th century, and the  2nd   year of the 1990s decade.


1991 in Bangladesh
The year 1991 was the 20th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was the first year of the first term of the government of Khaleda Zia.


1991 in Bangladesh, Climate, Cyclone
The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone (IMD designation: BOB 01, JTWC designation: 02B)  was among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record. On the night of 29 April 1991, it struck the Chittagong district of southeastern Bangladesh with winds of around 250 km/h (155 mph). The storm forced a 6-metre (20 ft) storm surge inland over a wide area, killing at least 138,866 people and leaving as many as 10 million homeless.


1991 in Bangladesh, Climate, Cyclone
During 22 April 1991, a circulation formed in the southern Bay of Bengal from a persistent area of convection, or thunderstorms, near the equator in the eastern Indian Ocean. Within two days, the cloud mass encompassed most of the Bay of Bengal, focused on an area west of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On 24 April, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) designated the system as a depression, and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) labeled the system as Tropical Cyclone 02B. Ships in the region reported winds of around 55 km/h (35 mph) around this time.


1991 in Bangladesh, Climate, Cyclone
From its genesis, the storm moved northwestward, being gradually strengthened, amplified by a wind surge from the south. By 26 April, wind shear had decreased to near zero as an anticyclone developed aloft the hurricane. Around this time, the cyclone rounded the western periphery of a large subtropical ridge over Thailand, and the storm turned northward between the ridge to the northeast and northwest. On 28 April, the flow of the southwesterlies caused the cyclone to accelerate to the north-northeast. This flow also amplified the storm's outflow, and the cyclone intensified further.


1991 in Bangladesh, Climate, Cyclone
By 12:00 UTC on 28 April, or about 31 hours before landfall, the JTWC was correctly forecasting a landfall in southeastern Bangladesh. Early on 29 April, the IMD upgraded the system to a super cyclonic storm – the highest category – and estimated peak winds of 240 km/h (150 mph). The JTWC estimated peak winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), the equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale or a super typhoon. The cyclone's high winds and low pressure, a rarity for the Bay of Bengal, ranked it among the most intense cyclones in the basin.


1991 in Bangladesh, Climate, Cyclone
At 19:00 UTC on 29 April, the cyclone made landfall about 55 km (35 mi) south of Chittagong in southeastern Bangladesh while slightly below its peak strength. Moving through the mountainous terrain of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the cyclone quickly weakened and crossed into northeast India, where it degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area.


1991 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1991 average official exchange rate for BDT was 36.60 per US$.


1991 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1991.


1991 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1991 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 90th season of competitive football in the country.


1991 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
São Paulo declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions by aggregate score of 1-0.


1991 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Relegation
The two worst placed teams in the first stage, which are Grêmio and Vitória, were relegated to the following year's second level.


1991 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Paysandu declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B champions by aggregate score of 2-1.


1991 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Promotion
The champion and runner-up, which are Paysandu and Guarani, were promoted to the following year's first level.


1991 in Brazilian football, Copa do Brasil
The Copa do Brasil final was played between Criciúma and Grêmio.


1991 in Brazilian football, Copa do Brasil
Criciúma declared as the cup champions on the away goal rule by aggregate score of 1-1.


1991 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1991.


1991 in Brazilian football, Women's football, Brazil women's national football team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil women's national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1991.


1991 in Brazilian football, Women's football, Brazil women's national football team
The Brazil women's national football team competed in the following competitions in 1991:


1991 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1991.


1991 in British music
This is a summary of 1991 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1991 in British music, Summary
Like 1990, this year saw 17 songs at number 1. The first number 1 of the year surprisingly came from heavy metal band Iron Maiden, scoring their first and only number one "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter" which stayed at the top for 2 weeks. The next number one was a track right at the opposite end of the musical spectrum – Enigma, with the calm and hypnotic "Sadness Part 1". Known as "Sadeness Part 1" almost everywhere else with its strong references to Marquis De Sade, Enigma redefined the new age, chill out genre.


1991 in British music, Summary
Romanian-German producer Michael Cretu mixed repeated trance-like dance beats with gregorian chants and whispered, erotic vocals provided by his wife, Sandra, who was also a popular artist in her own right at the same time throughout most of Europe, but never managed to crack the UK market. Enigma's debut concept album MCMXC ad also went straight to the top of the UK Album Chart in January.


1991 in British music, Summary
In the album charts Simply Red entered with Stars which would prove to be the second best selling album of the 90s and the best of 1991 and 1992. Although none of its singles reached no.1, title track "Stars" did make the top ten.


1991 in British music, Summary
February saw The Simpsons (specifically Bart) reach No. 1 with "Do the Bartman", from the album The Simpsons Sing the Blues which reached #6. The show had premiered on UK screens on the satellite channel Sky One in 1990, though it wouldn't premiere on terrestrial TV until 1996, on BBC One. The family became the first cartoon characters to hit No. 1 since The Archies did so in 1969, with "Sugar Sugar", and the follow-up ("Deep, Deep Trouble") also did well, peaking at No. 7 in April.


1991 in British music, Summary
In March, The Clash received their first number 1 with "Should I Stay or Should I Go", after being used in a commercial for Levi's. A month later, Cher scored her first UK solo No. 1 with "The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)", taken from the film Mermaids.


1991 in British music, Summary
Bryan Adams also reached No. 1 for the first time in July with "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You", from the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. Breaking the record held since 1955, it stayed there for sixteen consecutive weeks, a record that remains to this day. It also became the biggest selling single of the year, selling over a million copies.


1991 in British music, Summary
The Christmas number one single this year was Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", re-issued after the death of Freddie Mercury in November, coupled with "These Are the Days of Our Lives". As "Bohemian Rhapsody" had previously hit the top in 1975 (also becoming the Christmas number one) it became the first song ever, not counting re-entries, to hit number 1 twice.


1991 in British music, Summary
The death of Joy Finzi, who had founded the Finzi Trust in 1969 to commemorate her husband Gerald, was one of the most notable events on the classical music scene. Harrison Birtwistle's opera, Gawain, with a libretto by David Harsent, was performed for the first time on 30 May at the Royal Opera House.


1991 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1991.


1991 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1991.


1991 in Canadian television
This is a list of Canadian television related events from 1991.


1991 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Cape Verde.


1991 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Chile.


1991 in China
The following lists events in the year 1991 in China.


1991 in Cyprus
This is a list of events in the year 1991 in Cyprus.


1991 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1991.


1991 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1991.


1991 in Ecuadorian football
The 1991 season is the 69th season of competitive football in Ecuador.


1991 in Ecuadorian football, National team, Senior team
The Ecuadorian national team played eight matches in 1991: four at the Copa America, and four friendlies.


1991 in Ecuadorian football, National team, Senior team, Copa América
Ecuador played in 1991 Copa America held in Chile. For the Group Stage, they were drawn into Group B with Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, and Bolivia. They finished 4th in the group and didn't advance to the Final Round.


1991 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1991 in Estonia.


1991 in Estonian football
The 1991 season was the 71st season of competitive football (soccer) in Estonia, and the last one in the Baltic country as a part of the Soviet Union. The championship began in the spring of 1991. In the First Division or Premier League ("Meistriliiga") thirteen teams played, in the Second Division ("Esiliiga") twelve teams. The Third Division played in regional groups followed by a promotion play-off on completion of the group stage.


1991 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1991.


1991 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1991.


1991 in German television, Deaths
This German television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1991 in Ghana
1991 in Ghana details events of note that happened in Ghana in the year 1991.


1991 in Ghana, National holidays
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days."


1991 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1991 in Iceland.


1991 in India
Events in the year 1991 in the Republic of India.


1991 in Iran, Events
The United Nations Security Council identified Iraq as the aggressor of the Iran–Iraq War on 9 December 1991


1991 in Ireland, Events
Artist Robert Ballagh in favour of making 5p & 10p coins smaller in size to avoid confusion between the 5p to 1s or Shilling or 10p to 2s or Florin and all 5 banknotes from £5 to £100 smaller too in size.


1991 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1991.


1991 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1991 include:


1991 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian Arab terror attacks committed against Israeli targets during 1991 include:


1991 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1991 include:


1991 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1991.


1991 in Japan
Events in the year 1991 in Japan. It corresponds to Heisei 3 (平成3年) in the Japanese calendar.


1991 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1991.


1991 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Laos.


1991 in Latin music
This is a list of notable events in Latin music (music from Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking areas from Latin America, Europe, and the United States) that took place in 1991.


1991 in Latin music, Best-selling records, Best-selling albums
The following is a list of the top 5 best-selling Latin albums of 1991 in the United States in the categories of Latin pop, Regional Mexican, and Tropical/salsa, according to Billboard.


1991 in Latin music, Best-selling records, Best-performing songs
The following is a list of the top 10 best-performing Latin songs in the United States in 1991, according to Billboard.


1991 in Libya
The following lists events that happened in 1991 in Libya.


1991 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1991 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1991, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1991 in Michigan, Population
In the 1990 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,295,29 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 2000, the state's population had grown by 6.9% to 9,938,444 persons.


1991 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1990 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1980 and 2000 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1991 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 150,000 based on 1990 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1980 and 2000 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1991 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in New Zealand.


1991 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 43rd New Zealand Parliament continued. Government was The National Party, led by Jim Bolger. National controlled nearly seventy percent of the seats in Parliament.


1991 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1991 in New Zealand television, 1991 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1991 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1991 film awards, 1991 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1991 films


1991 in New Zealand television
This is a list of New Zealand television events and premieres which occurred, or are scheduled to occur, in 1991, the 31st year of continuous operation of television in New Zealand.


1991 in New Zealand television, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on a New Zealand television network that had previously premiered on another New Zealand television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1991 in Norway, Popular culture, Sports
The World Junior Alpine Skiing Championships 1991 are held in Geilo and Hemsedal.


1991 in Norwegian football
The 1991 season was the 86th season of competitive football in Norway.


1991 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1991 in Norwegian music.


1991 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1991. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures, and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1991 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 with Dulce Pontes and the song "Lusitana paixão".


1991 in Portugal, Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1990–91 Primeira Divisão and 1991–92 Primeira Divisão; for the cup seasons, see 1990–91 Taça de Portugal and 1991–92 Taça de Portugal


1991 in Romania
This is a list of 1991 events that occurred in Romania.


1991 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1991.


1991 in Shooto
The year 1991 is the 3rd year in the history of Shooto, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the Japan. In 1991 Shooto held 7 events beginning with, Shooto: Shooto.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on January 13, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on March 29, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on May 31, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on August 3, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on August 25, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on October 17, 1991, at Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium in Osaka, Japan.


1991 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on December 23, 1991, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1991 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Singapore.


1991 in Somalia
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Somalia.


1991 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in South Africa.


1991 in South Korea, Kim Hak-sun "Comfort Women" Testimony
Until 1991, the international community largely had never heard the tragic stories of the "comfort women." "Comfort women" is the euphemistic phrasing referring to the women who endured sexual slavery until 1945, at the hands of the Japanese military in Japan and abroad up until the Pacific War ended (Soh, 1996). In 1991, survivor and eventual activist Kim Hak-sun publicly testified of the horrors she experienced as a military "comfort woman." Kim's public testimony paved the way for not only fellow Korean women to speak out about their abuse but global victims as well.


1991 in South Korea, Kim Hak-sun "Comfort Women" Testimony
In her late sixties, Kim Hak-sun gave the first public testimony of the life of a "comfort woman" in August 1991. In December 1991, she then filed a lawsuit against the Japanese government for their crimes during the Pacific War (Soh, 1996). Kim was joined by many other "comfort women" as they too filed lawsuits against the Japanese government. Their demands often included a "formal apology, compensation, construction of a monument, and correction of Japanese history textbooks to teach the truth about the 'comfort women'" (Soh, 1996).


1991 in South Korea, Kim Hak-sun "Comfort Women" Testimony
Many of the women that came forward after Kim's testimony shared similar horrific accounts of their times at these so-called "comfort stations." While in these camps, many women suffered from sexually transmitted diseases and would also be subjected to forced abortions (Luck, 2018). Due to the inhumane conditions and violence inflicted on these women, many died during their enslavement.


1991 in South Korea, Kim Hak-sun "Comfort Women" Testimony
The long-standing silence of the "comfort women" was due to many various factors. Many of the women, enslaved for these "comfort stations" were taken from "poor, rural families," thus leaving very few avenues for them to pursue justice later in life (Soh, 1996). Similarly, in the patriarchal society of Korea at the time, coming forward with such claims of sexual slavery would have been seen as bringing shame on her family. Many were left to bear the burden of their pain and injustice alone. The injustice only furthered as some of the survivors took their lives.


1991 in South Korea, Kim Hak-sun "Comfort Women" Testimony
Even after Kim Hak-sun's testimony, there was no formal acknowledgment, apology, or reparations given by the Japanese government until 1993. In 1993, the then Chief Cabinet Secretary, Kono Yohei, issued an apology and admitted to "the Japanese government's responsibility for the comfort station operations" (Young, 2014). However, many view the Japanese government's acknowledgment as "half-hearted" (Luck, 2018). Director of Asian studies at Temple University, Japan, Jeff Kingston, stated (while referencing the pledge of teaching about "comfort women" in the Japanese school curriculum), "… But this latter pledge has been broken. Twenty years ago, all of Japan's mainstream secondary school textbooks covered the comfort women, and now none of them do, at Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's behest." (Luck, 2018).


1991 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Sri Lanka.


1991 in Swedish football
The 1991 season in Swedish football, starting January 1991 and ending December 1991:


1991 in Swedish football, Events
The 1991 and 1992 seasons of the Swedish national leagues were played using a very unusual and complicated system involving separate leagues for spring and autumn, where teams playing at different levels during the spring could be playing in the same league during the autumn. It was even possible for a team playing in the third level (Division 2) at the start of the season to gain promotion to the first level (Allsvenskan) for the start of the next season. The footnotes linked at top of each league table and play-off round gives a full explanation of the promotion and relegation rules for the league or play-off in question.


1991 in Swedish television
This is a list of Swedish television related events from 1991.


1991 in São Tomé and Príncipe
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe.


1991 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1991 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 80 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1991 in Thailand
The year 1991 was the 208th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 46th year of the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as the year 2534 in the Buddhist Era. Significant events include the coup d'état against the government of Chatichai Choonhavan.


1991 in Ukrainian football
The 1991 season was the 61st season of competitive football in Ukraine which was part of the bigger Soviet Union.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Men, Soviet Top League
Six Ukrainian teams (Chornomorets Odesa, Dynamo Kyiv, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Shakhtar Donetsk, Metalurh Zaporizhia, and Metalist Kharkiv) play in this league, which also contains six teams from the Russian SFSR and four more from other union republics.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Men, Soviet First League
Two Ukrainian teams (Bukovyna Chernivtsi and Tavriya Simferopol) play in this league, which also contains 11 teams from the Russian SFSR and nine more teams from other union republics.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Men, Soviet Second League
Eleven Ukrainian teams (Karpaty Lviv, Zorya Luhansk, Nyva Ternopil, Nyva Vinnytsia, Torpedo Zaporizhzhia, Volyn Lutsk, SKA Odesa, Kremin Kreminchuk, Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv, FC Halychyna Drohobych, and Vorskla Poltava) play in this league and all in the west zone of the league. Beside Ukrainian teams in the west zone competed 11 other teams from various union republics. In whole there are three zones West, Center, and East.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Men, Soviet Lower Second League
26 teams play in this league, all of which are based in Ukraine.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Men, Ukrainian championship among KFK
94 teams play in this league, all of which are based in Ukraine. 1991 KFK competitions (Ukraine) season


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Women, Soviet Top League
Six Ukrainian teams (Arena Kyiv, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Lehenda Chernihiv, Luhanochka Luhansk, Nyva-Olimp Kyiv and Dynamo Kyiv) play in this league, which also contains nine teams from the Russian SFSR and nine more teams from other union republics.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Women, Soviet First League
Eight Ukrainian teams (Luys Simferopol, Bukovynka Chernivtsi, Chornomorochka Odesa, Svitlana Dnipropetrovsk, Nika Zaporizhia, ZSU Zaporizhia, Radosin Kyiv, and Debiut-88 Kharkiv play in this league, which also contains 18 teams from the Russian SFSR and six more teams from other union republics.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic leagues, Women, Soviet Second League
Six Ukrainian teams (Elehiya Bobrovytsia, Atlanta Sevastopol, Yunist-Helios Luhansk, Mriya Kirovohrad, Azovchanka Mariupol, and Soyuz Kharkiv), which also contains 8 teams from the Russian SFSR and four more teams from other union republics.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic cups, Men, Soviet Cup
The last Ukrainian team Chornomorets Odesa was eliminated in quarterfinals. Since semifinals for the Soviet Cup played three Russian teams and Ararat Yerevan.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic cups, Men, Soviet Cup
All Ukrainian teams withdrew the competition at quarterfinals due to dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since semifinals for the Soviet Cup played three Russian teams and Pamir Dushanbe.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic cups, Men, Cup of the Ukrainian SSR
The Cup of the Ukrainian SSR is a two-legged home-and-away series played among the Second League Ukrainian teams.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic cups, Men, Ukrainian Cup among KFK
The Ukrainian Cup among KFK is a republican cup contested among collectives of physical culture (CPhC or KFK) which in the Soviet Union had an amateur status compered to teams of masters which served as an official term for professional teams. Since 1989 the competition was not conducted.


1991 in Ukrainian football, Domestic cups, Women, Soviet Cup
The Soviet is a domestic cup contested by women's teams at the top division. Two last Ukrainian teams were eliminated at quarterfinals (Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and Lehenda Chernihiv).


1991 in Ukrainian football, Ukrainian clubs in international competition, 1991–92 European competitions
Dynamo Kyiv won 2–1 on aggregate. Dynamo Kyiv qualified for the Group stage.


1991 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1991 to Wales and its people.


1991 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in Zaire.


1991 in architecture
The year 1991 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1991 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1991 throughout the world.


1991 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1991  throughout the world.


1991 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1991  throughout the world.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
Portland Trail Blazers finished the regular season with the best record in the NBA with 63 wins and 19 losses and also led the Western Conference. The Chicago Bulls finished with the best record from the Eastern Conference with 61 wins and 21 losses. There were only 4 divisions in the NBA; Atlantic, Midwest, Central and Pacific. The Bulls and Trail Blazers won the Central and Pacific divisions respectively while the Boston Celtics and San Antonio Spurs won the Atlantic and Midwest divisions respectively. The Denver Nuggets had the worst record with 20 wins and 62 losses.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
However, they scored the most points; averaging 119.9 points per game. The Phoenix Suns set an NBA team record for most points in a regular season regulation game with 173 points against the Denver Nuggets. The Nuggets had the worst defense in the NBA, as they were allowing teams to score 130.9 points per game. Another record that was broken for this season was total assists for the whole season by John Stockton at 1164.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
Michael Jordan won the MVP award, earning 891 of 960 points possible. Magic Johnson of the Los Angeles Lakers finished 2nd in voting. Derrick Coleman won Rookie of the Year. Dennis Rodman won Defensive Player of the Year, Detlef Schrempf won Sixth Man of the Year and Scott Skiles won Most Improved Player.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
The first round of the 1991 Playoffs was still a best 3 out of 5 series. Portland Trail Blazers were tested and pushed to Game 5 before eventually beating the Seattle SuperSonics. The Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers, and Philadelphia 76ers were the only teams to sweep in the first round of the playoffs.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
After the first round, rest of the series were 7 games and the first team to win 4 games would move on to the next round. The 2nd round provided no game 7's as the Bulls, Detroit Pistons, Lakers and Trail Blazers moved on. Bulls would go on to sweep the Pistons in the Eastern Conference Finals and the Lakers battled out 6 games to overcome the Trail Blazers.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
The Finals was a match up between Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers. This was Michael Jordan's first appearance in the Finals and Magic Johnson's last trip. Johnson and the Lakers were no match for the Chicago Bulls as they lost 4 games to 1, giving Michael Jordan his first NBA Championship and his first finals MVP. After losing the first game of seven to the Los Angeles Lakers, Michael took his game to the next level. Over that five game span he averaged 31.2 points, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals, and 1.4 blocks.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
This exceeded his average in the regular season where he averaged 31.5 pts, 5.5 assists, 6.0 rebounds, 2.7 steals, and 1.0 blocks. Magic Johnson also took his game to the next level where he averaged 18.6 pts, 12.4 assists, 8.0 rebounds, 1.2 steals, and 0 blocks, but in the end Michael reigned superior.


1991 in basketball, Winners of major team competitions 1990–1991, Men
As for the whole playoffs, Michael Jordan also led the way with most points scored with 529. Dennis Rodman had the most rebounds at 177 while Magic Johnson finished with 1st in assists with 240.


1991 in chess
Below is a list of events in chess in 1991, as well as the top ten FIDE rated chess players of that year.


1991 in chess, Top players
(*) Beliavsky was tied with Ulf Andersson, Alexander Khalifman and Gata Kamsky


1991 in comics
Notable events of 1991 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1991 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1991.


1991 in film
The year 1991 in film involved some significant events. Important films released this year included The Silence of the Lambs, Beauty and the Beast, Thelma & Louise, JFK and Terminator 2: Judgment Day.


1991 in film, Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1991 by worldwide gross are as follows:


1991 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1991 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1991 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1991. For video games, see 1991 in video gaming.


1991 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1991 in the hammer throw for both men and women. One of the main events during this season were the World Championships in Tokyo, Japan, where the final of the men's competition was held  on Sunday August 25, 1991.


1991 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1991.


1991 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1991.


1991 in home video, Releases
The following films were released on home video on the following dates:


1991 in home video, Releases, Documentary home video releases
The following documentary home videos were released on the following dates:


1991 in home video, TV show releases
The following television shows were released on the following dates:


1991 in home video, International Home Video  releases
The following VHS were released on home video on the following dates:


1991 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1991.


1991 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1991.


1991 in motoring
1991 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry that occurred throughout the year 1991 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.


1991 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Vauxhall Astra was redesigned with the third-generation model in October 1991, seven years after the launch of the second generation model. It was available in 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 petrol engines as well as a 1.7 diesel (turbo or non-turbo). The 2.0 version came with 8-valve for the 2.0i CD and 2.0 SRi, while the 16-valve version came in the 130 mph+ GSi.


1991 in motoring, United Kingdom
All models got fuel injection as standard, as Britain prepared for the legislation which outlawed the sale of carburettor-engined cars after 1992.Also, parent brand Opel adopted the Astra name for the new car in Europe, ending the use of the long-running Kadett nameplate. In November, Vauxhall launched a new, small four-wheel-drive model, the Frontera which was offered as 3-door Sport or 5-door versions with a choice of a 2.4 petrol or a 2.3 diesel engine and was manufactured at its Luton plant.


1991 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Ford Motor Company introduced a Cosworth version of the Granada Scorpio and Escort, as well as the new generation Escort XR3i. It has also revived the RS2000 nameplate for the Escort range, with a new 2.0 16-valve Zetec model that was capable of more than 130 mph. There was also a new estate version of the Granada Scorpio which launched in early 1992.


1991 in motoring, United Kingdom
Rover updated its 800 Series executive model in November which now had a top speed of 135 mph on the turbocharged 2.0 Vitesse model. It also dropped the MG badge from faster versions of the Maestro and Montego models, which were now largely sold as budget offerings alongside the 200 and 400, but the MG badge was brought back for sale in 1992 on a remodelled, limited edition version of the MG B.


1991 in motoring, France
Peugeot launched a new entry-level model in November 1991 - the 106 - to slot into the range below the 205. With 1.1 and 1.4 petrol engines as well as a 1.5 diesel, the 106 was initially sold as only a three-door model. It was sold as a cheaper, more modern, though slightly smaller, alternative to the larger 205. Although the 205 was to continue for a few more years, the 309 would be replaced by 1993 with a new hatchback to be called the 306.


1991 in motoring, France
Citroën reentered the small family car market with its new ZX in March, launching in the UK in May which was the first of two replacements for the slightly larger BX. It comes with 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 petrol engines and 1.9 diesels (turbo or non-turbo).


1991 in motoring, France
Renault launched its new Clio supermini in the UK in March. The range was expanded with the launch of a 1.8 16-valve hot hatch that was capable of 126 mph as the successor to the discontinued R5 Turbo. The second-generation Espace people carrier launched and received a V6 engine for the first time, while there was also a minor redesign of the R19 small family hatchback and saloon.


1991 in motoring, Italy
Alfa Romeo gave a facelift to its 33 entry-level model, which had been on sale since 1983.


1991 in motoring, Japan
Nissan launched the Sunny which was available as a three-door hatchback, five-door liftback and five-door estate. The Sunny's chassis also formed the basis of the 100NX coupe. A replacement for the long-running Micra was planned for the following year, joining the Primera at the Sunderland plant.


1991 in motoring, Japan
Honda launched a new version of its Civic family car. The new range includes a three-door hatchback and four-door saloon, and a five-door version of the Rover-based Concerto, which had been on sale for two years. Meanwhile, the current Accord was the year's best selling car in the United States.


1991 in motoring, Germany
Volkswagen launched the MK3 Golf in August 1991, although UK sales would not start until February 1992. The new model was voted European Car of the Year. The Golf GTI was available as only a 1.8 16-valve, which is capable of 125 mph. The Golf VR6 was launched, a 2.8 engined hatchback capable of 140 mph.


1991 in motoring, Germany
Audi redesigned its 80 and 100 ranges. A new cabriolet version of the 80 also went on sale.


1991 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1991 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1991 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1991 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1991.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Although the year 1991 is the year that grunge music made its popular breakthrough, heavy metal was still the dominant form of rock music for the year. So, Nirvana's Nevermind, led by the surprise hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit", was not the most popular U.S. album of the year. That award goes to heavy metal band Metallica and their self-titled 'black' album. Nirvana's success was eventually followed by other grunge bands like Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, in 1992 by Alice in Chains and Stone Temple Pilots, grunge climbed the U.S. charts for the next few years.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Its success eventually ended the reign of the glam metal and other hard rock groups that enjoyed massive success in the 1980s like Mötley Crüe, Poison, Warrant, Cinderella, and Ratt whose sales were still going strong by 1991. Also during the year, the rock band Guns N' Roses's popularity flourished with the release of their albums Use Your Illusion I & Use Your Illusion II, both selling over 15 million copies total.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Def Leppard's next album Adrenalize, released in March 1992, would go on to reach multi-platinum status and prove to be the last major commercial success for 1980s hair metal. A Tribe Called Quest's Low End Theory is released this year; it would go on to be considered one of the best hip hop albums of the 1990s. A Tribe Called Quest, along with De La Soul, Dream Warriors, Gang Starr and the Poor Righteous Teachers, help define what comes to be known as alternative rap with important releases this year.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
On 24 November, Queen frontman Freddie Mercury died. Mercury was at home in London on 24 November, due to AIDS complications. Rumors had been circulating that Mercury had AIDS and he confirmed it to the press a day before his death, but the death comes as a shock to millions of fans and the music industry. The remaining members of Queen form the Mercury Phoenix Trust and the following year, a tribute concert is staged in Wembley Stadium. A sell-out crowd in attendance witness the three surviving members reuniting to play along with performances by the likes of David Bowie, Elton John, Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Metallica, Annie Lennox, and George Michael.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" (released as a double A side with "These are the Days of Our Lives") goes to number one for the second time in the U.K., which is one of the few times a single has gone to number one in the same version more than once (another example is Chubby Checkers' "The Twist," which was No. 1 in 1960 & 1962). It is also the only time a single has gone to number one more than once on the UK Christmas charts. It has now spent a total of 14 weeks on top of the UK charts.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
During the year, Billboard Magazine started using Nielsen Soundscan for its sales source for the music charts. Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales data for Nielsen on 1 March 1991. The 25 May issue of Billboard published Billboard 200 and Country Album charts based on SoundScan "piece count data," and the first Hot 100 chart to debut with the system was released on 30 November 1991. Previously, Billboard tracked sales by calling stores across the U.S. and asking about sales – a method that was inherently error-prone and open to outright fraud.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Indeed, while transitioning from the calling to tracking methods, the airplay and sales charts (already monitored by Nielsen) and the Hot 100 (then still using the calling system) often did not match (for instance Paula Abdul's "Promise of a New Day" and Roxette's "Fading Like a Flower" reached much higher Hot 100 peaks than their actual sales and airplay would have allowed them to).


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Although most record company executives conceded that the new method was far more accurate than the old, the chart's volatility and its geographical balance initially caused deep concern, before the change and the market shifts it brought about were accepted across the industry. Tower Records, the country's second-largest retail chain, was originally not included in the sample because its stores are equipped with different technology to measure sales. At first, some industry executives complained that the new system – which relied on high-tech sales measurement rather than store employee estimates – was based on an inadequate sample, one that favored established and mainstream acts over newcomers.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
1991 is also the year CCM, or contemporary Christian music, reaches a new peak. Amy Grant, who had already crossed back and forth between CCM and Contemporary Pop in the mid-80s, achieves her first solo No. 1 hit on the pop charts with the hit single "Baby Baby," becoming the first single by a CCM artist to reach No. 1 (despite the fact the song was a pop song and was void of any Christian references). Another single, "That's What Love Is For," would also top the charts, this time in the Adult Contemporary field.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Meanwhile, Grant's album Heart In Motion reaches No. 11 on the pop chart and No. 1 on the Christian chart despite its non-religious objective, and quickly becomes a best-seller. Another CCM crossover artist in 1991 is Michael W. Smith, who achieves a Top Ten pop hit with his single "Place In This World." The subsequent album, Go West Young Man, is also a hit. Jon Gibson's hit "Jesus Loves Ya" still holds the record as the longest playing hit single in Christian music history. The track spent eleven weeks at No. 1 and became the top selling CCM single of 1991. Only three artists received more airplay on Christian radio stations in that year other than Gibson; Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith and BeBe & CeCe Winans.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
The massive success of Garth Brooks in this year sets the stage for the mid-1990s influx of pop-oriented country musicians. In addition, several soon-to-be pivotal bands form or release debuts, including Dave Matthews Band, Live, Phish, Spin Doctors and stoner metal (Kyuss, Sleep, The Obsessed). Massive Attack's Blue Lines, while unique at the time, pioneers the sound that would eventually become known as trip hop. Entombed's Clandestine and Dismember's Like an Ever Flowing Stream are early releases from the Scandinavian metal scene.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
On the other side of the Atlantic, New York death metal band Suffocation release their debut full-length Effigy of the Forgotten, often considered one of the most influential extreme metal albums ever recorded. Trance music rises to prominence in the underground dance scene of Frankfurt, Germany, pioneered by such producers as Dance 2 Trance and Resistance D. U2 release their seventh album Achtung Baby, considered by many of their fans to be their best album.


1991 in music, Events, Summary
Metallica also release their most commercially successful self-titled album, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers break through to the mainstream with their critically and commercially acclaimed Blood Sugar Sex Magik. R.E.M. release their massive commercial breakthrough album Out of Time. 1991 also brought us the revolutionary Sailing the Seas of Cheese, the first release of a Primus album on a major label. When it came to music, 1991 was one of the most successful years of the 1990s.


1991 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1991.


1991 in music, Top best albums of the year
All albums have been named albums of the year for their hits in the charts.'


1991 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1991.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
A junior objective synonym of Altispinax; new genus for "Acrocanthosaurus" altispinax Paul (1988).


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
A non-titanosauriform macronarian; new genus for "Gigantosaurus" robustus E. Fraas (1908).


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
Junior synonym of Supersaurus; replacement name for Ultrasaurus Jensen 1985 (preoccupied).


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, transferred to the genus Akialoa Olson et James, 1995 by Olson et James, 1995.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Accipitriformes, Horusornithidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1991, this is the type species of the new genus.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phasianidae, transferred to the genus Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 as Plioperdix hungarica Comb. nov. by Nikita V. Zelenkov & Andrey V. Panteleyev.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A member of the family Phasianidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Pavo aesculapi; Zelenkov (2016) transferred it to the genus Syrmaticus and raised it to the rank of a separate species Syrmaticus phasianoides.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Porzana estramosi; Zelenkov (2017) transferred it to the genus Zapornia and raised it to the rank of a separate species Zapornia veterior.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, the type and only species of the genus, no longer considered a bird.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Furnariidae, Philydorinae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a species of Rallicrex; Zelenkov (2017) transferred this species to the genus Rallus.


1991 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, the type species of the new genus.


1991 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian
Formerly assigned as an eosuchian diapsid, was restudied an classified as a varanopid synapsid.


1991 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1991 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1991 in poetry, Works published in English, United States, Poets represented in The Best American Poetry 1991 anthology
These 75 poets were represented in The Best American Poetry 1991 edited by David Lehman, with guest editor Mark Strand:


1991 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1991 in professional wrestling
1991 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1991 in radio
The year 1991 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting history.


1991 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1991.


1991 in science
The year 1991 in science and technology involved many significant events, some listed below.


1991 in spaceflight
This was the final year of the Soviet Union, and thus the end of the Cold War competition between the two space superpowers. The number of launches subsequently declined in the 1990s, and 2018 was the first year since 1990 to have more than 100 orbital launches.


1991 in spaceflight (January–June)
This is a list of spaceflights launched between January and June 1991. For launches between July and December, see 1991 in spaceflight (July–December). For an overview of the whole year, see 1991 in spaceflight.


1991 in spaceflight (July–December)
This is a list of spaceflights launched between July and December 1991. For launches between January and June, see 1991 in spaceflight (January–June). For an overview of the whole year, see 1991 in spaceflight.


1991 in sports
1991 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1991 in the Philippines
1991 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1991.


1991 in the Philippines, Television
These are TV programs that premiered and had their finales this year.


1991 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1991 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1991 in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union had a transitional government in 1991, during the fall of communism. Every republic in the union had growing nationalism until Christmas of 1991 when Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, abandoned the Union at the time of its dissolution. The dissolution created huge changes in politics and territorial claims. NATO scaled back its presence following the dissolution.


1991 in the Soviet Union, Events, July
George H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign START I treaty in Moscow


1991 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1991 in the United Arab Emirates.


1991 in the decathlon
This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1991 in the men's decathlon. One of the main events during this season were the 1991 IAAF World Championships in Tokyo, Japan, where the competition started on Thursday August 29, 1991, and ended on Friday August 30, 1991.


1991 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1991. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1991 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1991 in athletics.


1991 in video games
1991 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Mega Man 4, Street Fighter II, and The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, as well as several new titles such as Sonic the Hedgehog.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games
The year's highest-grossing game worldwide was Street Fighter II, which alone accounted for an estimated 60% of the global arcade game market, according to Coinslot magazine. The following table lists the year's top-grossing arcade game in Japan, the United Kingdom, United States, and worldwide.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the top ten highest-grossing arcade games of 1991, according to the annual Gamest and Game Machine charts.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Hong Kong and Australia
In Hong Kong and Australia, the following titles were the top-grossing arcade games on the monthly charts in 1991.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United States
In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games of 1991.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games
Sonic the Hedgehog was the best-selling home video game of 1991, with 2 million copies sold worldwide during the year.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
In Japan, according to Famicom Tsūshin (Famitsu) magazine, the following titles were the top ten best-selling 1991 releases, including later sales in 1992.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
The following titles were the best-selling home video games on the Famitsu charts in 1991. The charts were bi-weekly up until July 1991, when they switched to a weekly format.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the following titles were the best-selling home video games on the monthly Computer and Video Games (CVG) charts in 1991.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United States
In the United States, the following titles were the top three best-selling home video game releases of 1991.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United States
The following titles were the best-selling home video games of each month in 1991.


1991 in video games, Financial performance, Top game rentals in the United States
Blockbuster Video, an American chain of video rental shops, reported to GamePro that Sonic the Hedgehog for the Sega Genesis was the chain's highest-renting video game in 1991. Blockbuster also released a list of the top 10 highest-renting Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) titles of the year.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas
The 1991 outdoor National Hockey League (NHL) game in Las Vegas was an exhibition pre-season game between the New York Rangers and the Los Angeles Kings that took place on September 27, 1991, on an outside rink built over the parking lot of the Caesars Palace hotel and casino. This was the first official outdoor NHL game, and was part of the pre-season schedule for the 1991–92 NHL season for both teams.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, Background
Rich Rose, president of Caesars World Sports and a Rangers fan, first proposed having an exhibition ice hockey game outdoors in Las Vegas in 1988. His idea was met with criticism and incredulity, but Steve Flatow, the NHL's marketing director in 1991, thought it was an intriguing idea. Flatow suggested approaching the Los Angeles Kings, whose roster included Wayne Gretzky. With the Kings' interest, Flatow believed the Rangers would also be interested, and the game could therefore showcase high-profile teams from the two largest markets. Rose was able to convince the Kings' executive vice-president, Roy Mlakar, and the team's owner Bruce McNall. After that, Flatow helped Rose contact the Rangers, who agreed to play, and the event was scheduled for September 27, 1991.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, Background
The temporary seats and rink cost $135,000 to erect, and were ready two days prior to the event. The ice was laid down by Bob May of Ice Systems of America, under the directions of Michael Rzechula and Robert Krolak from ITI (now Ice Rink Supply). According to May, the outside ice rink in Las Vegas was "a big challenge", using three times the refrigeration equipment as one would for a regular rink. Fabric strips were laid into the ice as opposed to the usual painted stripes. The boards featured rotating and lit advertising panels, a concept using technology that was still in its infancy but later implemented in many NHL arenas. In-board advertisers included Toyota, Target, ITT Sheraton, Budweiser, Thrifty Car Rental, and Upper Deck trading cards.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, The game
The air temperature at puck drop was around 85 °F (29 °C), going as high as 95 °F (35 °C) during the course of the game, with 28% humidity, although the ice held up well. The Rangers started the game well, with goals by Tony Amonte and Doug Weight for a 2−0 lead at the end of the first period. In the second period, the Kings replied with goals by Tony Granato, Brian Benning, and Sylvain Couturier to take a 3−2 lead at the end of the second period. The Kings added two more goals in the third period by Jari Kurri and Wayne Gretzky for a 5−2 win.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, The game
The Kings were captained by Wayne Gretzky, while the Rangers had yet to name a captain for the upcoming season. The game was officiated by referee Rob Shick, with linesmen Mike Cvik and Shane Heyer.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, Broadcasting
The game was televised live on Prime Ticket, and, due to its uniqueness, has since been repeated numerous times on other networks, such as MSG Network and the NHL Network. During the game, Kings goaltender Kelly Hrudey wore a camera mounted on his mask, and shots from his point of view were used during the broadcast.


1991 outdoor NHL game in Las Vegas, Cancelled second game
A second exhibition game was scheduled between the Rangers and the Kings to take place on September 29, 1991, in Charlotte, North Carolina. The game, however, was cancelled, due to poor and unsafe ice conditions at the Charlotte Coliseum.


1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the last census of the population undertaken in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina before the Bosnian War. It was conducted during the final week of March 1991. For the 1991 census there were 109 municipalities of which ten were part of Sarajevo.


1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Usage
As the next census of Bosnia and Herzegovina was not held until 2013, the 1991 census was used as the basis for institutionalized affirmative action practices in the country, which ensure equal or proportional representation of the country's "constituent peoples" (Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs) in public institutions. Due to the ethnic cleansing campaigns that took place during the 1992 to 1995 war, the data for ethnicity was expected to be highly inaccurate.


1991 protest in Split
The 1991 protest in Split was a street protest against the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) held in Split, Croatia on 6 May 1991. The protest was organised by the Croatian Trade Union Association in the Brodosplit Shipyard and joined in by workers from other companies in the city and other residents of Split after radio broadcast appeals for help while the protesters marched through the streets. Ultimately, the protest drew 100,000 supporters.


1991 protest in Split
The march ended in a picket in front of the Banovina building, where the JNA had its headquarters in Split at the time. The protesters demanded an end to the JNA-imposed blockade of the village of Kijevo. Scuffles broke out in front of the building, and a JNA soldier was killed by a gunshot reportedly fired from the crowd. Four organisers of the protest were arrested a month later by the JNA, tried in a military court and convicted. They were released months later in a prisoner exchange. The protest caused the JNA to withdraw a portion of military equipment previously based in Split to more secure locations and increase its combat readiness there. The blockade of Kijevo was lifted through negotiations days after the protest.


1991 protest in Split, Background
In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, ethnic tensions worsened. The Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) then confiscated the weapons of Croatia's Territorial Defence (Teritorijalna obrana) in order to minimize resistance. On 17 August, tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs, centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin, parts of the Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Croatia.


1991 protest in Split, Background
After two unsuccessful attempts by Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval to deploy the JNA to disarm Croatian security forces in January 1991, and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March, the JNA itself, supported by Serbia and its allies, asked the federal Presidency to grant it wartime powers and declare a state of emergency. The request was denied on 15 March, and the JNA came under the control of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević.


1991 protest in Split, Background
Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than the preservation of Yugoslavia, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the federal Presidency. The threat caused the JNA to gradually abandon plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expanding Serbia. By the end of the month, the conflict had escalated to its first fatalities. The JNA intervened on the side of the insurgents, and prevented the Croatian police from taking action. In early April, the leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intent to integrate the area under their control, viewed by the Government of Croatia as a breakaway region, with Serbia.


1991 protest in Split, Background
In the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. In an effort to bolster its defences, it doubled police personnel to about 20,000. The most effective part of the force was the 3,000-strong special police. The Croatian view of the JNA's role in the Serb revolt gradually evolved from January 1991. The initial plan of Croatian President Franjo Tuđman was to win support from the European Community (EC) and the United States for Croatia, and he disregarded advice to seize JNA barracks and storage facilities in the country. Tuđman's stance was motivated by his belief that Croatia could not win a war against the JNA.


1991 protest in Split, Protest
The immediate cause for a confrontation with the JNA in Split was a blockade of the village of Kijevo, where Croatian authorities had established a new police station, imposed on 29 April. The village was surrounded by the JNA, commanded by Colonel Ratko Mladić, and the Serb insurgent forces, cutting access and preventing delivery of supplies. Tuđman called on the public to bring the siege to its end.


1991 protest in Split, Protest
The protest took place on 6 May 1991 in Split, organised by the Croatian Trade Union Association in Brodosplit Shipyard, in response to Tuđman's earlier statement. The protest started out with 10,000 shipyard workers, but ultimately drew approximately 100,000 people, from the shipyard and other factories in Split to a protest march through the city, carrying Croatian flags. The protest march grew in number as more citizens joined in, following radio broadcast messages calling for support.


1991 protest in Split, Protest
In order to prevent the  Yugoslav Navy from intervening using ships equipped with water cannons, Jadrolinija ships were used to obstruct access to the port. The protesters picketed around the Banovina building, which housed the command centres of the JNA Military-Maritime District and the Yugoslav Navy at the time. The protesters demanded lifting of the blockade of Kijevo, withdrawal of armoured personnel carriers parked in front of the Banovina building and hoisting of a Croatian flag on the building itself.


1991 protest in Split, Protest
During the protest, the crowd assaulted a JNA armoured personnel carrier and managed to remove a machine gun mounted on the vehicle, while one of the protesters, Ivica Balić, hoisted a Croatian flag at the building to singing of the Croatian anthem by the crowd. In a scuffle which broke out in front of the building, Saško Gešovski, a JNA conscript from Macedonia, was killed by a shot fired from the crowd. By the end of the afternoon, the crowd removed the Yugoslav flag from the building, moved away and dispersed.


1991 protest in Split, Aftermath
Besides Gešovski, there were no fatalities, but several JNA soldiers were wounded. Gešovski's death sparked demonstrations in the Macedonian capital, Skopje, in June. Protesters accused Tuđman of being responsible for the murder. The Croatian Government refused to express regret for Gešovski's killing, and the Serbian media pointed to the young Macedonian's death as proof that Tuđman's government had revived the fascist Ustaše, which controlled Croatia during World War II.


1991 protest in Split, Aftermath
Then-mayor of Split Onesin Cvitan claimed that Gešovski was fired upon from the Banovina building. However, the Croatian State Attorney's Office contradicted him, claiming that Gešovski was killed by someone in the crowd picketing in front of the building. An investigation was launched but the case was dropped because of lack of evidence. The JNA's security service in Split, run by Colonel Ljubiša Beara, identified Mato Sabljić, Ivan Begonja, Roland Zvonarić and Branko Glavinović as organisers of the protest where the killing occurred and arrested them on 5 June.


1991 protest in Split, Aftermath
They were put on trial at a military court in Sarajevo on 19 August, convicted and sentenced to one and a half to eight years in prison. The group was imprisoned in Foča until 25 November, when they were exchanged for JNA prisoners of war. The protest is commemorated annually in Split and a monograph covering the event was issued in 2011.


1991 protest in Split, Aftermath
In the wake of the protest, the JNA increased combat readiness of its garrison in Split and elsewhere in Dalmatia and withdrew a part of artillery and personnel from Split to its bases located away from the coast. Furthermore, the Military-Maritime District of the JNA ordered its garrisons to stock up potable water and prepare power generators for use if the supply of electricity were cut. The JNA evacuated itself from Split by 4 January 1992, pursuant to agreements ending the Battle of the Barracks.


1991 protest in Split, Aftermath
The siege of Kijevo was lifted days after the protest through negotiations and two weeks after the JNA blockaded the village. However, the arrangement proved short-lived as JNA units, again led by Mladić, attacked Kijevo and destroyed a substantial part of the village. The attack began when Croatian forces refused to surrender to Croatian Serb leader Milan Martić. It was one of the first instances where the JNA openly sided with the insurgent Serbs in the rapidly escalating Croatian War of Independence.


1991 protests in Belgrade
The 1991 protests in Belgrade happened on the streets of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and Yugoslavia when a protest rally turned into a riot featuring vicious clashes between the protesters and police.


1991 protests in Belgrade
The initial mass rally that took place on 9 March 1991 was organized by Vuk Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), an opposition political party in Serbia, protesting the rule of Slobodan Milošević and his Socialist Party of Serbia, particularly their misuse of Radio Television Belgrade. Two people died in the ensuing violence, and the government then ordered the Yugoslav People's Army onto the city streets. The police detained several prominent SPO officials and banned two media outlets considered unfriendly to the government. The protests are referred to in Serbian as Devetomartovski protest, i.e. the March 9 protest, after this initial event.


1991 protests in Belgrade
The next day, in reaction to the events of the previous day, more protests drew large and diverse crowds, including leaders of the Democratic Party (DS), with some referring to it as a "Velvet Revolution". The next day still, the government supporters responded by organizing a counter-rally of their own. The protests ended on March 14 as the leaders of SPO were released from police custody. The government replaced the director of the state TV as well as the Minister of the Interior.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Beset by a multitude of political and economic issues, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia still existed in March 1991, with Socialist Republic of Serbia as its biggest and most populous constituent part. Multi-party political system had been introduced less than a year earlier, in 1990, meaning that instead of the Communist League's (SKJ) Serbian branch (SKS) that exclusively ruled for 45 years, Serbia's political landscape was once again, for the first time since the early 1940s, dotted with many parties.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
However, only three parties could boast any kind of actual significance: Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), and Democratic Party (DS) led at the time by Dragoljub Mićunović and featuring high-ranking members Zoran Đinđić and Vojislav Koštunica who would both later rise to greater prominence.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
In addition to political turbulence in each of the country's six constituent republics, the security situation in SFR Yugoslavia was deteriorating as well. Incidents were especially frequent in the Socialist Republic of Croatia where the two constituent ethnic groups — Croats and Serbs — began clashing following the May 1990 election victory of the right-wing nationalist Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) that pursued secessionism from the Yugoslav federation, a policy which the Serbs protested and actively obstructed by engaging in a series of actions collectively termed the Log Revolution. By spring 1991, the situation in SR Croatia got extremely tense, and just days before the March 9 protest in Belgrade, the incident in Pakrac occurred.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Meanwhile, in SR Serbia, Milošević firmly controlled all the pillars of power: he himself was the President of the Republic; his party SPS, thanks to its huge parliamentary majority (194 seats out of 250), easily formed a stable government headed by prime minister Dragutin Zelenović (former communist apparatchik, at that moment extremely loyal to Milošević).


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Additionally, through party-installed people like the Radio Television Belgrade general-director Dušan Mitević, Milošević had a tight grip on the most important and influential media outlets, often using them for his own ends, although still not as blatantly and brazenly as he would later throughout the 1990s once the wars and UN sanctions set in.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
On the other hand, opposition led most prominently by SPO (19 parliamentary seats out of 250) and to a lesser extent DS (7 seats) was often plagued by internal squabbles, ego clashes, and low-level skullduggery.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Though Drašković and SPO had already been engaged in the, often dirty and personal, political battle with Slobodan Milošević, his wife Mira Marković, and their allies within the Serbian administration, this antagonism particularly intensified following the joint parliamentary and presidential elections of December 9, 1990 where Milošević and Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) scored an overwhelming victory, but Drašković also had a notable showing with over 800,000 votes in the presidential race that made him the most significant opposition figure.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Since their access to state-controlled media, either print or electronic, was fairly limited, Drašković and his party frequently criticized and ridiculed Serbian leadership through the SPO-published weekly magazine Srpska reč, edited by his wife Danica. One of the issues in February 1991 depicted Mira Marković with a Stalin-like moustache and a headline "Šta hoće generali" (What Do Generals Want).


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
The administration's answer was an anti-SPO commentary read by TV Belgrade's journalist Slavko Budihna during central daily newscast Dnevnik 2 on February 16, 1991. Among other things Budihna read:


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
...nearly all of appearances by SPO members in the media, including the letter to Franjo Tuđman, published in Vjesnik this week, have finally revealed in full sight what was clear long ago – that the Serbian political right is fully prepared to co-operate with pro-Ustashe and profascist Croatia, or any other extreme right movement for that matter, despite it being against the vital historical interests of the Serbian people....


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
The Serbian citizens' interests are of no concern to the SPO members, their only aim is to use the dissatisfaction as well as the difficult position Serbian and Yugoslav economies find themselves in to create chaos in Serbia. Such a scenario, rehearsed and performed from Chile to Romania, is well-known and easily recognized, but in Serbia it won't and it mustn't play out.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
The following day, February 17, the commentary got published in its entirety in that day's issue of Politika ekspres daily. Drašković's response to this blatant misuse of the media was to demand an immediate retraction, but several days later on February 19 TV Belgrade management, specifically its news division chief Predrag Vitas, turned him down explaining that "retractions are issued only in the cases of dissemination of inaccurate information, but not for commentaries". Determined not to let this go, the following day, February 20, Drašković issued a call to the streets for March 9 where the protesters would publicly demand the retraction of the original defamatory piece. From then on Drašković often referred to TV Belgrade in derisive terms as "TV Bastille":


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
To SPO members and sympathizers. Dear friends! TV Belgrade continues to spread lies about us. In the commentary broadcast during TV Belgrade's Dnevnik 2 on February 16 they said we co-operate with pro-Ustashe Croatia and that we're creating chaos in Serbia. They won't issue a retraction. They're convinced they can get away with anything. Those journalists on their staff with conscience and professional integrity are being persecuted and fired. The municipal elections are coming up. They're obviously intent on repeating the propaganda crime that, along with election theft, led the communists to election victory in December.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
We mustn't let them get away with it this time. We must liberate TV Bastille. Let's gather on Saturday, March 9, at high noon, at our old spot on the Republic Square in front of Prince Mihailo. From there we'll go towards the TV Belgrade building. The fortress of lies must fall. No force should scare us, nor stop us. Almost all of the TV Belgrade employees are with us. The entire democratic Serbia is with us. All free television stations and all of the free journalists of the world are also with us. With bravery and strength on March 9 at noon in front of Prince Mihailo.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
Still, while the immediate cause for the demonstration was ostensibly specific and narrow, this protest also had a wider ideological aspect. From its very name Protest against red star over to numerous examples of royalist insignia among the crowds, Drašković was very much whipping up old Chetnik – Partisan issues that were at the time beginning to be talked about again publicly after almost 50 years.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
When SPO called the protest for March 9, DS was on the fence. Their relationship with SPO at the time was somewhat on the cool side because two of DS prominent figures, Kosta Čavoški (one of the 13 founders) and Nikola Milošević (high-ranking member), recently left the party to form their own and were now openly co-operating with SPO. On top of that, ideologically speaking, the two parties had very little in common other than their general anti-Milošević stance. And this protest initially was not clearly anti-Milošević as much as it was brought on by the feud SPO had with state TV.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
In the end, no DS members were on the list of speakers but many still decided to show up at the protest in their individual capacity.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Background
The motives for the protest varied. It has been variously described as an anti-war protest, or as a protest against the confrontational policies of the SPS, particularly against their complete exclusion of the opposition from state politics.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
In the days following Drašković's call to the streets, SPO reiterated its demand for the retraction of the controversial newscast commentary, but also formulated an official list of demands. They wanted the Serbian National Assembly, as an institution that founded TV Belgrade, to "prohibit SPS and SK-PzJ from creating and conducting the television network's editorial and staff hiring policies". They also wanted TV Belgrade's two channels to be "non-partisan and accessible to all political parties in proportion to their size and voter strength".


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
Furthermore, they demanded resignations from the key TV Belgrade personnel — director Dušan Mitević, as well as four other editors and on-air personalities: Slavko Budihna, Predrag Vitas (head of the news division), Ivan Krivec, and Sergej Šestakov. And finally, they demanded "cessation of the practice of obstructing the work of Studio B and Yutel". Other opposition parties, including the Democratic Party (DS), People's Peasant Party (NSS), People's Radical Party (NRS), New Democracy (ND), Democratic Forum, and Liberal Party, joined and supported the set of demands.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
In the days leading up to the protest Milošević seemed intent not to let it take place.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
On Thursday, March 7, the city of Belgrade police branch issued a special junction banning the protest while citing "the location and the time of day when the rally is scheduled as disruptive to the public order and unobstructed flow of traffic". As an alternative, they suggested the wide open space at Ušće as the location for the protest, but SPO immediately refused to move the protest location.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
Seeing that the gathering at the Republic Square would not be allowed by the police thus realizing the potential for street clashes, Drašković appeared interested in some kind of a last-minute mediation attempt or indirect deal by having his SPO MPs call for an immediate parliamentary meeting. However, they were flatly rejected by the SPS majority. Finally, on March 8, just one day before the scheduled protest, SPO MPs demanded a personal meeting with Milošević in his cabinet, but this time Milošević didn't even dignify their request with a response.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Lead-up to the March 9 rally
Milošević's administration appeared confident, even arrogant, about possessing enough means and support to stop the protest from taking place.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
March 9, 1991 was a pleasant, partly sunny, slightly windy Saturday in late winter. The protest was scheduled to take place at the Republic Square in Belgrade, a wide open area right in the city's downtown core. In the early morning, the square was already filled with a substantial crowd. The police presence was also heavy. Just after 10 a.m. the police (consisting of members from all over Serbia as well as the police reserve members) established control over most streets in the city centre and blocked major roads heading into Belgrade.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
This led to numerous incidents throughout different parts of the city centre before the protest rally even started as the police tried, often brutally, to impede the stream of people heading to the square. Soon after, the battles started at the square itself as the police started using armoured vehicles, water cannons, and tear gas in an attempt to drive the protesters out of the square. Enraged protesters immediately began responding, some of them armed with sticks, traffic sign poles, crowbars or whatever else they could get their hands on.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
The crowd from the adjoining streets jeered the police, chanting angrily at them to "go to Pakrac" or to "go to Kosovo". Some of the others from the crowd that managed to get into the square made allusions to the Romanian Revolution of 1989 chanting "alea alea Securitatea" while calling Milošević a fascist.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
While battles and skirmishes were already taking place for more than an hour, mass bedlam started around 11:30 a.m. when a large crowd of protesters held in check up to that point near the Ruski car restaurant managed to break through the police cordon. Yelling "Ustaše, Ustaše" at the police, the protesters started moving further into the square near the monument while the police tried unsuccessfully to stop them with a water cannon.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Simultaneously, the scheduled speakers, including Drašković, had trouble making it into the square. Along with his entourage consisting of some 200 SPO members, a little after 11:30 a.m. Drašković was being held at the intersection of November 29 Street and Vašingtonova Street, surrounded by the police cordon that didn't want to let them join the protesters at the Republic Square. He tried to reason with them, appealing with their chiefs to let him into the square "in order to calm the crowd and prevent bloodshed". Some 15 minutes later, the police let them through without much resistance.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Getting into the square, the impressive crowd size probably surprised even Drašković himself as the entire area was literally flooded with people. Flanked by the individuals loyal to him (including several prominent members of the Belgrade underworld such as Đorđe "Giška" Božović and Aleksandar "Knele" Knežević who essentially acted as his bodyguards), Drašković climbed the Prince Mihailo Monument and attempted to address the large crowd using a megaphone.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Estimates on the number of people in the crowd vary: under 70,000, around 100,000, or in excess of 150,000.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Realizing very few could hear him, Drašković then decided to seek permission from nearby National Theater personnel to address the crowds from its balcony, which provided a nice view of the entire square.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Permission was granted by then-director Vida Ognjenović (incidentally a prominent DS member), so Drašković took to the balcony and began a fiery speech often interrupted by thunderous applause:


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Serbia, may God give us the dawn of freedom in our homeland as well.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
I'm not going to tell you everything that has happened since this morning; we all broke through different police barriers and therein showed that no obstacle will stop us.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
I said it a month ago – even when the Bolsheviks didn't believe me – and I'll say it again right this moment: today, in front of our righteous Prince [referring to the statue of Prince Mihailo Obrenović that dominates the square, and especially in a few moments when we start marching on TV Bastille, we will show Serbian heart and we will show Serbian persistence.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Heroes, I remind you of the words of our pan-Serbian patriarch of our pan-Serbian mind, vladika Njegoš: ‘Svak je rođen za po jednom mreti’. They've got until 3:30 p.m. to issue a retraction and tender resignations and if they do that we'll return here to this pan-Serb gathering of national unity. Because of the brutal police charge on the unarmed people, we also demand that the Minister of the Interior resign at the very next parliamentary session.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
The President of the Republic [Slobodan Milošević] has to weigh between two choices in front of him: on one end of the scale are your lives as well as lives of many policemen because I heard our boys seized a lot of automatic weaponry in fights with police today – on that scale there are so many lives, Serbia's freedom, honour, and peace – while on the other end of the scale there are only 5 resignations and 1 retraction.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Let the President decide what he wants, I have made my choice: I will lead the charge on Television today, fully ready to die!


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
His last proclamation put the present police squadron (led by Milošević loyalist Radovan "Badža" Stojičić) in full alert mode. After Drašković finished, other people took the microphone, among them Milan Paroški, Žarko Jokanović, Leon Koen, Milan Komnenić and Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz. Dragoslav Bokan and Borislav Pekić were also present.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Around noon, in the middle of Mihiz's speech, police moved into the square with tear gas and a full-blown battle began. However, overwhelmed and outnumbered by the crowd the police retreated while trying to keep the angry protesters in check with water cannons. The situation was deteriorating by the second, flower beds were being overturned and broken off into smaller pieces of concrete to be thrown onto police vehicles. Drašković did not seem fazed by scenes of violence below, and if anything was only spurring them on. At one point he even bizarrely yelled "Juuuuuuriš" (Chaaaaaarge) into the microphone the way a field general would at the scene of battle.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
The protest then spilled into adjoining streets and squares and most of the downtown Belgrade soon resembled a war zone. By this time, the police managed to regroup and reinforce their numbers and began responding and attacking a lot more forcefully.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Still, for about seven hours the protesters almost controlled the city as the majority of the police was guarding the TV Belgrade building and Dedinje. According to sources, some 200 policemen and 180 security guards in addition to 200 television staffers with basic military training who were given AK-47s were guarding the television building.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
In the afternoon, Drašković, along with a large group of protesters, unsuccessfully attempted to storm the National Assembly of Serbia session. As he exited the building, he was arrested along with SPO deputy president Jovan Marjanović. Among the policemen handling Drašković's arrest was Naser Orić.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Serbian President Slobodan Milošević demanded that the Presidency of Yugoslavia deploys troops of the Yugoslav People's Army to suppress the protest. Borisav Jović contacted other members of the Presidency by phone and the Army was indeed deployed, but the Slovenians later claimed the move was made unconstitutionally.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
In the evening, Milošević took to the public airwaves to address the nation. While not mentioning anyone by name he characterized the day's events as being orchestrated by "forces of chaos and madness threatening to restore everything that the people of Serbia rose against half a century ago".


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 9
Radio B92 and Studio B television were banned and stopped broadcasting. Additionally, 203 protesters were injured and further 108 were arrested on March 9.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Casualties
The protest claimed two lives. On March 9 around 3:30 pm while running away from the crowd of protesters in Masarikova Street near Beograđanka, 54-year-old policeman Nedeljko Kosović died from repeated blows to the head.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Casualties
Later in the day, 17-year-old protester Branivoje Milinović was killed by a stray bullet. The circumstances of his death are conflicting as some reports claim he died as the crowd was storming the SR Serbia parliament building while others say he was killed by a rubber bullet when a group of policemen on the corner of Admirala Geprata Street and Kneza Miloša street opened fire in the direction of protesters in front of London Cafe. The investigation into his death was recently reopened.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
The next day, March 10, Belgrade awoke to the anti-opposition headline "Rušilački pohod" (Destructive Crusade) on the front page of Politika, the most important of the four dailies being published in the city at the time. Edited by the Milošević loyalist Žika Minović, the rest of that day's issue was not much different — of the 51 total pieces about the previous day's events, 49 presented a strong condemnation of the opposition, SPO, and Drašković.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
Večernje novosti, edited by Rade Brajović, ran a fairly balanced March 10 issue, mostly covering the events neutrally and avoiding emotional outbursts in favour of either side. However, according to the paper's journalist Miroslav Turudić, at the staff meeting that very Sunday evening the editor-in-chief Brajović objected to the paper's coverage of the protests. Along with deciding to steer the coverage in the following day's issue clearly to the Milošević's side, Brajović also published a commentary in which he openly criticizes his staff's previous coverage of the protests.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
DS held a press conference with its president Dragoljub Mićunović as well as members Zoran Đinđić and Vojislav Koštunica on hand, voicing support to arrested Drašković and SPO while condemning government actions. Đinđić described the events of the previous day as "the police carrying out a plan, a one man's personal plan, one man who decided that this protest cannot and will not happen" going on to say that "the catastrophe occurred due to the inability of those giving orders to the police to adapt to the rapidly changing situation on the ground".


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
During late evening hours, a large crowd again began to gather, but this time in front of the Terazije fountain. The protest now assumed a more civil tone, although there were still incidents on Branko's Bridge when a group of 5,000 University of Belgrade students heading into the city centre from their residence in Studentski Grad in order to join the protesters got stopped by police. Pepper spray was used and some of the students were beaten, but all of them were eventually allowed to pass through and join the crowd at Terazije (among the individuals negotiating with the police on the bridge was a Democratic Party (DS) member Zoran Đinđić).


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
Gatherings in front of the Terazije fountain were notably led and moderated by actor Branislav Lečić with various figures from Serbian public life such as screenwriter Dušan Kovačević, actor Rade Šerbedžija, and even Serbian Patriarch Pavle taking turns addressing the crowd. In his speeches, Lečić often referred to the rally as "Velvet Revolution" while holding a stuffed panda toy and drawing parallels with the Czechoslovak protests of November 1989.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 10
The protest also expanded in terms of the political figures that joined it with DS members now officially taking part. The anti-government component was now much more prominently displayed among the crowds. The protesters, composed largely of students, demanded freedom for Drašković and Jovan Marjanović. In addition to earlier protests for the resignation of Dušan Mitević, they now wanted the Minister of Interior Radmilo Bogdanović to resign too. They also sought the lifting of the broadcast ban for Radio B92 and RTV Studio B.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 11
On March 11, the Serbian government regrouped by organising a mass counter-rally at their old stomping grounds Ušće. Called under the name "For the defense of the Republic, for constitutionality, freedom, and democracy", the rally attempted to show that protesters at the Republic Square and Terazije in no way represented the wishes and desires of the majority of the Serbian population. Using previously developed and tested astroturfing methods, they bussed many workers into Belgrade from other parts of Serbia for the occasion and also used its grip on state TV to inflate the crowd size.


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, March 11
Still, a good portion of the crowd was there on its own volition, especially older individuals and many pensioners that were always Milošević's core support. Instead of Milošević addressing the gathered crowd, the speaking was left to his party's most publicly prominent members and ideologues at the time: Mihailo Marković, Dušan Matković, Živorad Igić, Radoman Božović, Petar Škundrić, etc. The most controversial speech of the day was Matković's, at times referring to protesters as "hooligans" and inciting their own supporters to "do away with them".


1991 protests in Belgrade, Protest, Up to March 14
The protests persisted and after four days of mostly peaceful demonstration (there were further skirmishes with police on March 11), they achieved their aims: Drašković and Marjanović were freed and Mitević and Bogdanović were replaced.


1991 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The list below consists of the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1991. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.


1991 riot in Zadar
The 1991 riot in Zadar was an act of violence that took place in the Croatian city of Zadar on 2 May 1991. Following an incident in the Zadar hinterland in which a Croatian policeman was killed, reportedly by SAO Krajina militiamen, Croatian civilians vandalized, destroyed and looted properties belonging to ethnic Serbs and Yugoslav companies in the city.


1991 riot in Zadar, Background
Tensions between Croats and Serbs increased steadily through 1990 and 1991 following the electoral victory of Croatia's nationalist Croatian Democratic Union party, led by Franjo Tuđman. Many Serbs were deeply unhappy about the prospect of living as a minority in an independent Croatia. In the summer of 1990, they took up arms in the largely Serb-populated regions of inland Dalmatia, calling the breakaway region "SAO Krajina", sealing roads and effectively blocking Dalmatia from the rest of Croatia. The insurrection spread to the eastern region of Slavonia in early 1991, when paramilitary groups from Serbia itself took up positions in the region and started to expel non-Serbs from the area, reportedly associated with the Serbian Radical Party.


1991 riot in Zadar, Background
On 2 May 1991, paramilitaries killed twelve Croatian policemen in  Borovo Selo and reportedly mutilated some or all of the bodies. This was, at the time, the bloodiest single incident in the Croatian conflict, and it caused widespread shock and outrage in Croatia. The killings produced an immediate upsurge in ethnic tensions.


1991 riot in Zadar, Riot
On 2 May, a 23-year-old Croatian policeman, Franko Lisica, was killed near Polača in northern Dalmatia. The police attributed his death to close range enemy weapons fire, presumably by Krajina Serb militiamen.


1991 riot in Zadar, Riot
Later the same day, on 2 May 1991, a group of people entered Zadar from its southeastern suburb of Gaženica, starting a riot whose apparent aim was to destroy and loot properties belonging either to ethnic Serbs or to Yugoslav companies such as JAT.