1991 American League Championship Series
This was the first postseason series played entirely indoors, as both teams played in domed stadiums, with Toronto's retractable roof remaining closed for  games three, four and five.


1991 American League Championship Series
Minnesota outfielder Kirby Puckett was named the Series MVP, based on his .429 batting average, two home runs, and five RBI.


1991 American League Championship Series, Background
The Twins rose from last place in 1990 (a 74–88 record) and finished the 1991 regular season with a 95–67 record (.586), handily winning the American League West division crown by eight games over the Chicago White Sox. The Blue Jays were similarly successful during the 1991 season, compiling a 91–71 record (.562) and winning the American League East division by seven games over the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers.


1991 American League Championship Series, Background
The Twins and Blue Jays played their final regular season series against each other (after both teams had clinched their respective divisions and were resting their starters), with the Blue Jays winning two of the three games. Newspapers were predicting a series of tense and close contests in the following ALCS, as the Twins seemed to have the slightly stronger team, but the Blue Jays had won the season series between the two teams 8-4.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
Tuesday, October 8, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
Game 1 saw a surprise starter for Toronto as Blue Jays manager Cito Gaston chose knuckleballer Tom Candiotti to face the Twins over his new young gun Juan Guzmán and his left-handed ace Jimmy Key. Twins manager Tom Kelly opted to counter with All-Star Game starter and Minnesota native Jack Morris. Gaston would draw questions later when the decision seemingly swung the series against Toronto.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
In the bottom of the first, Dan Gladden singled and Chuck Knoblauch did the same. After a strikeout by Kirby Puckett, Twins first baseman Kent Hrbek flied out to center field, moving Gladden to third. Knoblauch stole second and with two on and two out, Chili Davis singled both home to give the Twins an early 2–0 lead.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
In the second, the Twins added two more runs. Shane Mack singled off Candotti, stole second, and moved to third on a line out to right by Mike Pagliarulo. He then scored on a Greg Gagne single, and consecutive singles again by Gladden and Knoblauch plated Gagne to give the Twins a 4–0 lead.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
In the third, Davis walked with one out, stole second, and scored on a double by Mack. Candiotti's line read: 16 batters faced, five runs, eight hits, and four stolen bases. He was also responsible for Mack, perched on second. But reliever David Wells, as well as the rest of the Blue Jays relievers, shut down the Twins and held them scoreless for the rest of the game.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
In the top of the fourth, the Blue Jays tried to claw back into the game. After a Roberto Alomar single, Joe Carter doubled and Blue Jays third base coach Rich Hacker sent Alomar home. Two perfect throws from the Twins nailed Alomar at the plate for the first out and the squelching of the Blue Jay rally. Carter went to third and scored on John Olerud's subsequent ground out to make the score 5–1.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
In the sixth, the Blue Jays got within a single run. Five consecutive singles by Devon White, Alomar, Carter, Olerud, and Kelly Gruber with only one out plated three runs and made the score 5–4. But Carl Willis came on to get the last two outs, and the Minnesota relief corps held the Blue Jays the rest of the way for a 5–4 victory for the Twins and starter Jack Morris. Rick Aguilera got the save while Candiotti was saddled with the loss.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 1
The victory gave the Twins a 1–0 lead in games in the ALCS. It also put them one win short of tying the post-season record for most consecutive wins at home held by the New York Yankees.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
Wednesday, October 9, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
The number-two pitchers on each staff squared off in Game 2, as Juan Guzmán took the hill for the Blue Jays against Kevin Tapani for the Twins. A win would not only give the Twins a 2–0 lead, but would also enable them to set the record for the most consecutive home field wins in post-season history, as they had won their first seven post-season games (including the 1987 playoffs and World Series) in the Metrodome. Unfortunately for the Twins, the Blue Jays came out swinging and held on for a 5–2 win.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
Devon White began the scoring in the top of the first when he singled, stole second, moved to third on Roberto Alomar's bunt, and scored on Joe Carter's single to give the Jays a 1–0 lead. In the third, White and Alomar struck for two more Blue Jays runs when White doubled, moved to third on Alomar's single, and both scored after Alomar stole second and Kelly Gruber singled both home with two outs. The Blue Jays led, 3–0.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
The Twins got a run back in the bottom of the third when Chuck Knoblauch singled, stole second, and scored on Kirby Puckett's single. Knoblauch scored again in the sixth when he walked, moved to second on Puckett's ground out, and scored on a single by Brian Harper. The run cut Toronto's lead to 3–2.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
Game 2 was a show for Devon White and Roberto Alomar, and in the seventh they put the contest out of reach. After Manuel Lee walked, the Twins relieved Tapani with Steve Bedrosian. White walked to put runners on first and second with one out. Alomar's single scored Lee, and White moved to third on an error by Shane Mack. White then scored his third run of the game on a sacrifice fly by Joe Carter, giving the Blue Jays a 5–2 lead. That was how the game ended.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 2
Guzman was the winning pitcher, and Tapani the loser. Duane Ward got his first post-season save. The Blue Jays ended Minnesota's quest for a record home winning streak and both teams headed to Canada with the games count standing at one win apiece.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3
With the series tied at one win apiece, the teams ventured across the border to Toronto's Skydome where Jimmy Key squared off against the Twins' 20-game winner, Scott Erickson. The Blue Jays quickly jumped out to a 2–0 lead in the first when with two out, Joe Carter homered, John Olerud walked, Kelly Gruber singled, and Candy Maldonado doubled Olerud home. Erickson was able to get the third out retiring Rance Mulliniks.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3
The Twins got on the board in the fifth. Shane Mack led off and hit a triple against the right field wall after Carter twisted an ankle trying to reach the ball and make a circus catch. On Kent Hrbek's grounder to second, Roberto Alomar attempted to get Mack out at the plate, but Mack beat the throw to score.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3
In the bottom half of the inning, manager Tom Kelly, responding to an inordinate number of throws over to first base and believing that Erickson was hesitant to pitch to Carter, took the unusual step of making a pitching change in the middle of an at-bat, bringing on reliever David West inheriting a 1-2 count. West then struck out Carter, Gruber and Maldonado. The Twins tied it in the sixth when Chuck Knoblauch doubled and scored on Kirby Puckett's single with a head-first slide at the plate. The tie got rid of Jimmy Key as David Wells came on in relief.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 3
The score stayed 2–2 until the tenth. Reliever Mike Timlin came on and after retiring Gene Larkin, gave up an eventual game-winning homer to pinch-hitter Mike Pagliarulo, who was hitting for Scott Leius. Kelly had made an unexpected lineup change having Greg Gagne bat seventh and Leius ninth, ultimately setting up Pagliarulo to face Timlin. Rick Aguilera closed out the bottom of the tenth with a 1–2–3 inning to give the Twins a 3–2 win and a 2–1 lead in games. The ankle injury to Joe Carter, the Blue Jays' most influential hitter, proved pivotal. Although Carter played in the next two games as the designated hitter, he was in obvious discomfort and was largely a non-factor, getting only one more hit in those two games.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4
For the fourth game, Morris returned to the mound for Minnesota against Toronto's Todd Stottlemyre. The Blue Jays took the lead in the bottom of the second, when Candy Maldonado singled to center, took second on a wild pitch by Morris, and came home on a single by Pat Borders. The Twins, however, came back in a big way in the fourth – Kirby Puckett hit a home run, Chili Davis, who had doubled, scored on a single by Mike Pagliarulo, and a two-run single by Dan Gladden plated both Pagliarulo and Shane Mack.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4
This turn of events gave the Twins a 4–1 lead. In the sixth, Brian Harper hit a leadoff double off of David Wells, then scored on Mike Pagliarulo's one-out double. Dan Gladden's RBI single off of Jim Acker made it 6–1 Twins. In the bottom of the inning, Kelly Gruber doubled with one out off of Jack Morris and scored on Pat Borders's two-out double. In the seventh, an error on Harper's ground ball with runners on first and second off of Mike Timlin allowed another Twins run to score.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 4
Next inning, Puckett's sacrifice fly with runners on first and third off of Timlin made it 8–2 Twins. In the ninth, Chili Davis hit a leadoff double off of Bob Macdonald and scored on Shane Mack's sacrifice fly after moving to third on another fly out. In the bottom of the inning, Roberto Alomar's RBI single with runners on first and third made it 9–3 Twins before Steve Bedrosian retired the next two batters to end the game, putting the Twins one win away from the World Series.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5
With their backs against the wall, the Blue Jays sent Candiotti to the hill for Game 5 against the Twins' Tapani. In the top of the first, Puckett hit a home run to give Minnesota a 1–0 lead. The Twins added another run the next inning, when Davis singled, moved to second and then third on consecutive passed balls by Toronto catcher Pat Borders, then came home on a single by Mack.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5
In the bottom of the second, Tapani struck out Maldonado and Blue Jays manager Cito Gaston disagreed with home plate umpire Mike Reilly. He continued arguing until Reilly finally tossed him. The ejection fired up Toronto who took a 3–2 lead in their half of the third courtesy of an RBI single by Alomar, an RBI double by Carter, and a groundout by Olerud. Alomar added a two-run single in the fourth to give the Jays a 5–2 lead.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5
In the sixth, the Twins stormed back to tie the game. Mack singled, stole second, then moved to third on a base hit by Pagliarulo. The Jays' third baseman Gruber tried to nab Mack at the plate when Gladden hit into a fielder's choice, but Borders tagged with the wrong hand and Mack scored. Knoblauch followed by lashing a double to right field that scored both Pagliarulo and Gladden, and the game was knotted at 5.


1991 American League Championship Series, Game summaries, Game 5
In the eighth, Minnesota took the lead for good when Gladden singled and stole second, and after Knoblauch walked, came home on a single by Puckett, who took second on a throw home. Hrbek then drove both Knoblauch and Puckett in with a single to left, giving the Twins an 8–5 advantage. Rick Aguilera shut the door on the Jays in the bottom of the ninth, giving the Twins their second American League pennant in five years. To date, this is Minnesota's most recent pennant.


1991 American Professional Soccer League
These are the results of the 1991 American Professional Soccer League season.


1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 1–3 at Lakefront Arena at the University of New Orleans in New Orleans, Louisiana.


1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Louisiana Tech defeated New Orleans in the championship game, 61–56, to take home their third American South men's basketball tournament title in four years.


1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The Bulldogs received an automatic invitation to the 1991 NCAA Tournament as the #12 seed in the Southeast region. Regular season co-champion New Orleans received an at-large bid as the #14 seed in the Southeast region.


1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All seven conference members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records. The top seed, New Orleans, was given a bye into the semifinals while the other six teams were placed and paired into the initial quarterfinal round.


1991 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All games were played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana.


1991 Amstel Gold Race
The 1991 Amstel Gold Race was the 26th edition of the annual road bicycle race "Amstel Gold Race", held on Saturday April 27, 1991, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 244 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 185 competitors, with 123 cyclists finishing the race.


1991 Amílcar Cabral Cup
The 1991 Amílcar Cabral Cup was held in Dakar, Senegal.


1991 Anambra State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Anambra State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Chukwuemeka Ezeife won the election.


1991 Anambra State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Anambra State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Chukwuemeka Ezeife won the election.


1991 Andorran local elections
The 1991 Andorran local elections were held on 15 and 22 December. Voters elected the council members of the seven parishes of Andorra. Following the election, the communal councils elected the mayors and deputy mayors.


1991 Andorran local elections, Electoral system
Candidates were elected using a two-round plurality-at-large voting system with open lists. As parties were not legalised until 1993, all the lists were officially labelled as independent, although media classified them as government endorsed (if the list was supported by the outgoing government) or opposition (if candidates were part of the opposition). After the elections, the parish councils elected the consol major (mayor) and the cònsol menor (deputy mayor), which normally were the top candidates of the winning list.


1991 Andorran local elections, Electoral system
In some parishes, votes may had been invalid if voters didn't choose for candidates from at every single quarter.


1991 Andorran local elections, Results
Turnout was 75.6%, 6.0 pp lower than in 1987. Candidates favourable to the Andorran Government won in 4 out of 7 parishes.


1991 Antofagasta mudflows
The  1991 Antofagasta mudflow was a natural disaster in the city of Antofagasta, northern Chile, that occurred on the morning of June 18, 1991. The mudflow was triggered by an unusual rainfall of 42 mm during the night. Mudflows also affected the port of Taltal 180 km south of Antofagasta. 91 persons are confirmed to have died in the disaster and the whereabouts of an additional 19 have never been clarified. About 700 houses were either destroyed or damaged beyond repairs.


1991 Antofagasta mudflows
In Antofagasta the mudflows from the quebradas of La Cadena, Salar del Carmen, Baquedano and El Ancla were the most destructive. Other quebradas were less destructive mudflows developed were Huáscar, Jardines del Sur, Universidad de Antofagasta, Las Vertientes, Caliche, El Toro, Uribe, Riquelme, Farellones, Bonilla Norte, Bonilla Sur, Club Hípico and La Chimba.


1991 Antofagasta mudflows
Bus connection to and from Antofagasta to the south was severed as a number of lines suspended operations and police diverted transit to the city.


1991 Arab Athletics Championships
The 1991 Arab Athletics Championships was the seventh edition of the international athletics competition between Arab countries. It took place in Latakia, Syria from 1–4 October. A total of 39 athletics events were contested, 23 for men and 16 for women.


1991 Arab Athletics Championships
The marathon race was held on a short course in Latakia, and was ultimately dropped at the following edition. The men's 50 kilometres race walk (introduced in 1987) was removed from the programme, while the women's 100 metres hurdles was not held due to a lack of entries. The women's 10,000 metres and marathon, which were held in 1989, did not return on this occasion.


1991 Arab Cup Winners' Cup
The 1991 Arab Cup Winners' Cup was the second edition of the Arab Cup Winners' Cup held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates between 3 – 16 Dec 1991. The teams represented Arab nations from Africa and Asia. CO Casablanca of Morocco won the final against El-Mokawloon El-Arab of Egypt.


1991 Aragonese regional election
The 1991 Aragonese regional election was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 3rd Cortes of the autonomous community of Aragon. All 67 seats in the Cortes were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in 12 other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Aragonese regional election
The main loser in the election was the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), which lost all of its 6 seats. The Aragonese Party (PAR) also lost two seats. The main gainers were the main two national parties, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the newly created People's Party (PP). United Left also gained 1 seat.


1991 Aragonese regional election
The new legislature elected Emilio Eiroa of the PAR as the new President of Aragon by 34 votes to 33, after Hipólito Gómez de las Roces' refusal to reach a new agreement with the PP. All PAR and PP deputies supported Eiroa's election while the PSOE and IU deputies voted against. The tight arithmetic in the new legislature was further complicated in November 1992 when a PP deputy, Emilio Gomáriz, resigned from the PP, leaving him holding the balance of power between the PP-PAR bloc and the PSOE-IU bloc. In September 1993 the PSOE introduced a no-confidence motion against President Eiroa. In the subsequent vote Gomáriz appeared visibly nervous and claimed that he had received death threats against his children. He voted with the PSOE and IU deputies for Socialist José Marco as new President.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The Cortes of Aragon were the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Aragon, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Aragonese Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Government. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Aragon and in full enjoyment of their political rights.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The 67 members of the Cortes of Aragon were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of 13 seats, with the remaining 28 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations on the condition that the seat to population ratio in the most populated province did not exceed 2.75 times that of the least populated one.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Overview, Election date
The term of the Cortes of Aragon expired four years after the date of their previous election. Legal amendments earlier in 1991 established that elections to the Cortes were to be fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 10 June 1987, setting the election date for the Cortes on Sunday, 26 May 1991.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Overview, Election date
The Cortes of Aragon could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament except in the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional President within a two-month period from the first ballot. In such a case, the Cortes were to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called, with elected deputies merely serving out what remained of their four-year terms.


1991 Aragonese regional election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 34 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Cortes of Aragon.


1991 Arena Football League season
The 1991 Arena Football League season was the fifth season of the Arena Football League (AFL). The league champions were the Tampa Bay Storm, who defeated the Detroit Drive in ArenaBowl V.


1991 Argentine legislative election
The Argentine legislative elections of 1991 were held on four dates, 11 August, 8 September, 27 October and 1 December, though most polls took place on 8 September. Voters chose their legislators and governors and, with a turnout of 80%.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
Amid sudden hyperinflation and riots, Governor Carlos Menem exhorted voters in May 1989 that "following me will not disappoint you!" Elected in a landslide, his administration had a rocky start marked by an early stabilization plan that had failed by December and a series of corruption scandals surrounding his freewheeling in-laws. After a tentative stability had been achieved by the end of 1990, a new currency crisis in January 1991 led President Menem to transfer his Foreign Minister, Domingo Cavallo, to the Economics Ministry.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
Cavallo, an unorthodox economist remembered for having rescinded the Central Bank's hated Circular 1050 and its crushing interest rate surcharges during a stint as Central Bank President in 1982, was entrusted to bring stability to Argentina's shredded currency, the austral, and to begin the repair of Argentina's nearly non-existent relations with its foreign creditors (owed arrears on billions of debt since 1988) and the country's own sizable upper class (who held well over US$50 billion in assets abroad).


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
Backed partly by a then-record US$8 billion trade surplus in 1990 and partly by the assumption that Menem's free-market policies would encourage a wave of foreign direct investment, Cavallo's Convertibility Plan tied the Argentine currency to the U.S. dollar, leading a sharp drop in local interest rates and to a recovery in local deposits, lending and the depressed economy soon after the plan's March 27, 1991, introduction.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
Currency stability led particularly to lower inflation, which fell from 1,350% in 1990 to 84% in 1991; prices rose 1.3% in the month of August (the best showing since 1974) and the hitherto unpopular Menem saw his approval soar. Menem's turn against time-honored Justicialist Party tenets such as the support of labor laws and the encouragement of State enterprises (policies defined in the 1940s by the party's very founder, Juan Perón), led some in his party to run on splinter Peronist tickets, which did well - but came far from seriously challenging the official party ticket.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
Menem's contentious divorce from his wife of 25 years, Zulema Yoma, reports of massive corruption surrounding his in-laws and the resignation under indictment of his Public Works Minister and privatizations guru, Roberto Dromi, could not overshadow the improving economic climate among the electorate at large. The Justicialist Party's victory in the 1991 mid-term elections was not so much absolute as it was relative: the party made no inroads into their large majorities in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies or among the nation's governors; indeed, they lost 3 of their 17 governors elected in 1987.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
They did, however, increase their difference over the UCR, whose leader, former President Raúl Alfonsín, resigned amid scorn over the shadow his chaotic 1983-89 tenure seemed to cast over these polls. The UCR, in two upsets, wrested governorships in Catamarca and Chubut Provinces, however.


1991 Argentine legislative election, Background
The paramount Buenos Aires Province gave Vice-President Eduardo Duhalde a 2-to-1 victory over the UCR's gray eminence, former Economy Minister Juan Carlos Pugliese; in the Greater Buenos Aires area, on the other hand, one-time mutineer Col. Aldo Rico was able to translate voters' anger in the  over rising illegal immigration and crime rates into an unexpected 3 seats in Congress for his far-right MODIN. These elections helped consolidate the scandal-plagued Menem's tenuous grasp on the presidency, making them (in his words) "the day Menemism was born."


1991 Arizona Classic
The 1991 Arizona Classic was a women's  tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Scottsdale Princess Resort in Scottsdale, Arizona in the United States and was part of Tier IV of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the sixth, and last, edition of the tournament and was held from October 28 through November 3, 1991. Third-seeded Sabine Appelmans won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.


1991 Arizona Classic, Finals, Doubles
Peanut Louie Harper /  Cammy MacGregor defeated  Sandy Collins /  Elna Reinach 7–5, 3–6, 6–3


1991 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The 1991 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth season under head coach Larry Marmie, the Sun Devils compiled a 6–5 record (4–4 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in fifth place in the Pac-10, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 218 to 210.


1991 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The team's statistical leaders included Bret Powers with 1,500 passing yards, George Montgomery with 475 rushing yards, and Eric Guliford with 801 receiving yards.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1991 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth season under head coach Dick Tomey, the Wildcats compiled a 4–7 record (3–5 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in a tie for sixth place in the Pac-10, and were outscored by their opponents, 361 to 248. The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included George Malauulu with 674 passing yards, Billy Johnson with 682 rushing yards, and Chuck Levy with 289 receiving yards. Safety Tony Bouie led the team with 86 tackles.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team
Arizona’s season was mostly affected by a difficult schedule, along with injuries on the offense and inexperienced freshmen, as most of the starters from the 1990 team graduated. Also, the Wildcats lost to rival Arizona State for the first time in the Tomey era.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Ohio State
Arizona began the season on the road against Ohio State. It was only the second meeting between the Wildcats and Buckeyes, with the first one occurring in 1967, when Arizona upset legendary Ohio State coach Woody Hayes and the Buckeyes. This time, the Buckeyes came out and dominated a rebuilding Wildcat squad (the head coach of Ohio State was John Cooper, who went 0–2–1 against the Wildcats as Arizona State coach from 1985 to 1987 prior to being hired by the Buckeyes).


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington
In Arizona’s second consecutive visit to Washington, the Wildcats would end up getting humiliated by the Huskies, who then went on to share the national championship.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Miami (FL)
The Wildcats hosted second-ranked Miami in a rare October non-conference game. The Hurricanes would outplay an inexperienced Arizona team on its way to a dominant win. The Wildcats’ offense was riddled with injuries and used mostly reserved players as starters, whose lack of experience was a factor in the loss.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Miami (FL)
Due to Miami being favored to win big and the game unlikely to be competitive, as well as a late game kickoff, cable and national networks turned down the offer to air the game, which led to it being picked up by local broadcasters in the Miami and Tucson markets.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, USC
In their home finale, the Wildcats hosted USC. Arizona came out hot on both sides of the ball and easily defeated the Trojans. It was the Wildcats’ first home win over USC in their history, as their other wins against the Trojans came on the road. The USC coach, Larry Smith (the previous Arizona coach at the time), lost in Tucson as the opposing coach for the first time.


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
The Wildcats visited Tempe for the season finale against Arizona State. Arizona would play poorly all night and ASU scored enough to finally ended the Wildcats’ streak of dominance in the rivalry. It was ASU’s first win over Arizona since 1981 (despite a tie in 1987).


1991 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
A positive moment for the Wildcats occurred late in the game, when they blocked an ASU punt and returned it for a touchdown, which gave them some points. Arizona ended the season with four wins, which snapped a three-year streak of winning records.


1991 Arizona Wildcats softball team
The 1991 Arizona Wildcats softball team represented the University of Arizona in the 1991 NCAA Division I softball season. The Wildcats were coached by Mike Candrea, who led his sixth season. The Wildcats finished with a record of 56–16. They competed in the Pacific-10 Conference, where they finished fourth with a 11–9 record.


1991 Arizona Wildcats softball team
The Wildcats were invited to the 1991 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series to claim their first NCAA Women's College World Series Championship and first women's team championship in school history. This title would start a run of eight WCWS championships over seventeen seasons and lead to recognition as one of the top programs in the nation.


1991 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1991 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. Jack Crowe's team improved from a 3–8 record in 1990 to become bowl eligible again in 1991. Punter Pete Raether finished third in the nation in punting average, with 43.6 yards per boot. On the other side of the ball, punt returner Michael James averaged 14.3 yards per return, seventh in the nation.


1991 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
This season would end Arkansas' tenure in the Southwest Conference. The SWC had every team except Arkansas, Rice, and Baylor hit with sanctions or recruiting scandals in the 1980s (including SMU's "Death penalty" in 1987). The conference would finally be dissolved in 1996. The Razorbacks would next call the SEC home, beginning in 1992. South Carolina also joined the SEC that year.


1991 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The Hogs would enjoy a victory over arch-rival Texas in Little Rock, 14–13, in the final game as SWC opponents.


1991 Arkansas State Indians football team
The 1991 Arkansas State Indians football team represented Arkansas State University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season as an independent. Led by second-year head coach Al Kincaid, the team finished the season with a record of 1–10.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act
The Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act 1991, also known as the Six and Six Program, was enacted on October 1, 1991. The Act amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, also known as the Hart-Celler Act.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act
The Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act allows aliens who have served in the United States Armed Forces for at least period of 12 years to be granted special immigrant status. Immigrants who have served for 6 years may also obtain special immigrant status if they re-enlist so their total service commitment is 12 years. Special immigration status may also be awarded to those who have a "recommendation by the executive department under which such alien served or is serving."


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act
There are no numerical limits on how many special immigrant status visas can be issued. Special immigrant status visa holders are able to obtain permanent resident status, and the same applies to their spouses and children.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act
Some applicants for special immigrant status are also immediately eligible for naturalization as US citizens.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, Provisions
There are a number of requirements that must be met before a person is able to apply for special immigrant status. 1. An applicant must have served on active duty in the US Armed Forces after October 15, 1978, for a period or periods totaling 12 years, or, for six years if he or she reenlists to fulfill a total active duty service obligation of at least 12 years;


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, Provisions
2. Spouses and children must also produce extensive documentation to gain special immigrant status.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Hart-Cellar Act
The Hart-Cellar Act (the Immigration and Nationality Act 1965) replaced the Immigration Act 1924 and eliminated the quota system put in place by the 1924 Act.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Hart-Cellar Act
The Hart-Cellar Act created a preference system that recognized skills and family relationships.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Hart-Cellar Act
"[A]ccording to De Genova, the 1965 legislation was celebrated as a liberal reform of the racist and exclusionary national-origins quota system that had been in place without substantial modification since 1882" 29 September 2014.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Hart-Cellar Act
The new system set numerical restrictions on visas. However, it excluded immediate relatives of U.S. citizens or special immigrants born in independent nations, former citizens of the US, ministers, or employees of the U.S. government abroad.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Immigration Act 1990
The Immigration Act of 1990 increased the number of employment-based visas that could be obtained by immigrants from 54,000 to 140,000 per year and was heralded as "the most significant reform of the legal immigration system of the United States in nearly 40 years".


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Immigration Act 1990
The objective of the 1990 Act was to improve "permanent immigration opportunities for most business persons, professionals and skilled workers" and its employment-based immigration changes became effective on October 1, 1991"


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Armed Forces Immigrant Adjustment Act 1991
The treaty that allowed Filipinos to enlist in the United States Armed Forces is no longer in effect. However, "special immigrant status is still a possible routed to permanent residency for some people without other options".


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Armed Forces Immigrant Adjustment Act 1991
Since eligibility under the Act was based on the status of the immigrant, service members were immediately eligible for naturalization based on service. However, foreign service members weren't well informed about the benefits of the Act.


1991 Armed Forces Immigration Adjustment Act, History, Armed Forces Immigrant Adjustment Act 1991
Rogie Delmando, a Filipino service member who positively benefited from the Act, argued that "service members should be advised of this naturalization option immediately available to them if he or she has not filed for naturalization yet". Delmando also suggested other routes which might be better for foreign service members:


1991 Armenian independence referendum
An independence referendum was held in the Armenia SSR on 21 September 1991 to determine whether to secede from the Soviet Union. It followed a declaration of independence on 23 August 1990. 99.5% of voters voted in favour, with a turnout of 95%. The country officially became an independent state on 23 September 1991.


1991 Armenian independence referendum, Background
The May 1990 Armenian Supreme Soviet election resulted in the formation of a non-Communist government led by Levon Ter-Petrosyan, chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. In December 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev proposed a referendum on the continuation of the Soviet Union, as a federative state. The Ter-Petrosyan government rejected the proposal on 1 March 1991 and decided instead to hold a referendum on independence.


1991 Armenian independence referendum, Aftermath
Following the referendum, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Armenia to join the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. However, the Armenian government signed an economic treaty with Russia that created a free-trade zone.


1991 Armenian independence referendum, Aftermath
Levon Ter-Petrosyan was elected the first president of Armenia in November 1991 and Armenia formally gained independence on 26 December 1991.


1991 Armenian independence referendum, Bibliography
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1991 Armenian presidential election
Presidential elections were held for the first time in Armenia on 17 October 1991. The result was a victory for Levon Ter-Petrosyan, who won 83% of  the vote. Turnout was 70%.


1991 Armenian presidential election, Results
Zori Balayan withdrew before election day, but remained on the ballot.


1991 Army Cadets football team
The 1991 Army Cadets football team was an American football team that represented the United States Military Academy in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Bob Sutton, the Cadets compiled a 4–7 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 226 to 196. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets lost to Navy, 24–3.


1991 Asian Athletics Championships
The ninth Asian Championships in Athletics were held in 1991 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.


1991 Asian Badminton Championships
The 1991 Asian Badminton Championships was the 10th tournament of the Asian Badminton Championships. It was held in Cheras Indoor Stadium, in Kuala lumpur, Malaysia, from 20 to 24 February 1991.


1991 Asian Baseball Championship
The 1991 Asian Baseball Championship was the sixteenth continental tournament held by the Baseball Federation of Asia. The tournament was held in Beijing, China for the first time. The tournament was won by the defending champions Japan; their tenth Asian Championship.


1991 Asian Baseball Championship
China became the sixth nation to host the tournament in its history, finishing 6th. Chinese Taipei (2nd), South Korea (3rd), Australia (4th), Philippines (5th) and Guam (7th) were the other participants.


1991 Asian Club Championship
The 1991 Asian Club Championship was the 11th edition of the annual Asian club football competition hosted by Asian Football Confederation.


1991 Asian Club Championship
Al-Hilal from Saudi Arabia won the final and became the first Asian Championship winner from Saudi Arabia.


1991 Asian Club Championship, Qualifying, First round
Pelita Jaya were later disqualified by the AFC due to crowd disturbances and a pitch invasion in their Champions Cup match at Geylang International.


1991 Asian Cross Country Championships
The 1st Asian Cross Country Championships took place 1991 in Fukuoka, Japan.


1991 Asian Judo Championships
The 1991 Asian Judo Championships were held at Osaka, Japan on 9-10, November.


1991 Asian Men's Handball Championship
The 1991 Asian Men's Handball Championship was the sixth Asian Championship, which was taking place from 22 August to 1 September 1991 in Hiroshima, Japan.


1991 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
The 1991 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship was the 6th Asian Championship, which took place from August 11 to August 16, 1991, in Perth, Western Australia.


1991 Asian Women's Handball Championship
The 1991 Asian Women's Handball Championship, the third Asian Championship, which was taking place from 22 to 31 August 1991 in Hiroshima, Japan. It acted as the Asian qualifying tournament for the 1992 Summer Olympics.


1991 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship
The 1991 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship was the 6th Asian Championship, which took place from September 14 to September 21, 1991, in Bangkok, Thailand.


1991 Asian Wrestling Championships
The following is the final results of the 1991 Asian Wrestling Championships.


1991 Associate Members' Cup Final
The 1991 Associate Members' Cup Final, known as the Leyland DAF Cup for sponsorship reasons, was the 8th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third Division and Fourth Division. The final was played at Wembley Stadium, London on 26 May 1991, and was contested by Birmingham City and Tranmere Rovers. Birmingham won the match 3–2, with Simon Sturridge and John Gayle scoring the goals for the winning team.


1991 Asturian regional election
The 1991 Asturian regional election was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 3rd General Junta of the Principality of Asturias. All 45 seats in the General Junta were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Asturian regional election
The Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) suffered a significant drop of its vote share, losing 6 out of the 8 seats it had held previous to the 1991 election and around 2/3 of its votes. On the other hand, all three Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), newly founded People's Party (PP) (successor party to the late People's Alliance) and United Left (IU) won seats. Additionally, the Asturianist Party (PAS) was able to overcome the 3% threshold in the Central District and entered the General Junta with 1 seat.


1991 Asturian regional election
After the election, Juan Luis Rodríguez-Vigil was elected President of Asturias, succeeding Pedro de Silva who did not stand for re-election to a third term in office.


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The General Junta of the Principality of Asturias was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Asturias, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Asturian Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Principality. Voting for the General Junta was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Asturias and in full enjoyment of their political rights.


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The 45 members of the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude. Seats were allocated to constituencies, which were established by law as follows:


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 39 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations.


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Election date
The term of the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias expired four years after the date of its previous election. Legal amendments earlier in 1991 established that elections to the General Junta were to be fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 10 June 1987, setting the election date for the General Junta on Sunday, 26 May 1991.


1991 Asturian regional election, Overview, Election date
The General Junta could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament except in the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional President within a two-month period from the first ballot. In such a case, the General Junta was to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called, with elected deputies merely serving out what remained of their four-year terms.


1991 Asturian regional election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 23 seats were required for an absolute majority in the General Junta of the Principality of Asturias.


1991 Athens Open
The 1991 Athens Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Athens, Greece that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 30 September until 7 October 1991. First-seeded Sergi Bruguera won the singles title.


1991 Athens Open, Finals, Doubles
Jacco Eltingh /  Mark Koevermans defeated  Menno Oosting /  Olli Rahnasto 5–7, 7–6, 7–5


1991 Athens Open – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Javier Sánchez were the defending champions, but Casal did not participate this year. Sánchez partnered Goran Prpić, losing in the first round.


1991 Athens Open – Doubles
Jacco Eltingh and Mark Koevermans won in the final 5–7, 7–6, 7–5, against Menno Oosting and Olli Rahnasto.


1991 Athens Open – Singles
Mark Koevermans was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1991 Athens Open – Singles
Sergi Bruguera won the tournament, beating Jordi Arrese in the final, 7–5, 6–3.


1991 Atlanta Braves season
The 1991 Atlanta Braves season was the 26th in Atlanta and the 121st overall. They became the first team in the National League to go from last place one year to first place the next, doing so after remaining 9.5 games out of first at the All Star break. Coincidentally, the Braves' last-to-first feat was also accomplished by the 1991 Minnesota Twins, the team the would face in the 1991 World Series. The last Major League Baseball team to accomplish this was the 1890 Louisville Colonels of the American Association. The 1991 World Series, which the Braves ultimately lost, has been called the greatest World Series in history by ESPN.


1991 Atlanta Braves season
Despite finishing last in the National League West in 1990, the Braves managed to overtake the Los Angeles Dodgers for first place in 1991, clinching the division on the penultimate day of the regular season. This was the first of 14 consecutive division titles won by the Braves.


1991 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; Avg. = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1991 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1991 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games played; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts; BB = Bases on Balls


1991 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games played; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts; BB = Bases on Balls


1991 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games played; IP = Innings Pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts; BB = Bases on Balls


1991 Atlanta Braves season, National League Championship Series
Avery's amazing season continued with one of the greatest postseason performances of all-time. He shut out the Pittsburgh Pirates for 16.2 innings over two games and accumulated two 1-0 wins. His performance earned him MVP honors for the 1991 NLCS.


1991 Atlanta Braves season, World Series, Game 1
October 19, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 Atlanta Braves season, World Series, Game 2
October 20, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 Atlanta Braves season, World Series, Game 6
October 26, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 Atlanta Braves season, World Series, Game 7
October 27, 1991, at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota


1991 Atlanta Braves season, World Series, Game 7
For the first time since 1962, a seventh game of the World Series ended with a 1-0 verdict. It was also the second time in five that the home team won all seven games of a World Series.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season
The 1991 Atlanta Falcons season was the team's 26th season in the National Football League (NFL). It was also the final season they played at Fulton County Stadium, before moving into the Georgia Dome the following year. The season would be the most successful Atlanta compiled in almost a decade, with the team recording a winning record for the first time in nine years. Additionally, the team won its first playoff game since 1978, by defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card Game before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Washington Redskins in the divisional round.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season, Offseason, NFL draft
The Falcons' most notable selection in the 1991 NFL draft was future Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, who was drafted by in the second round, 33rd overall. Head coach Jerry Glanville did not approve of the drafting of Favre, saying it would take a plane crash for him to put Favre into the game. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. He only attempted four passes in his career at Atlanta, completing none of them.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season, Offseason, NFL draft
Favre's tenure in Atlanta was short-lived and after the season, he was traded to the Green Bay Packers, where he had his best years in and would play the next 16 years in and led the Packers to 11 playoff appearances, two Super Bowl appearances, and their 3rd Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXI. Favre also won 3 straight MVP awards, and was a 9-time Pro Bowler during his tenure in Green Bay.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season, Playoffs, Wild Card
Falcons quarterback Chris Miller completed the game-winning 61-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Michael Haynes with 2:41 left in the contest. Miller completed 18 out of 30 passes for 291 yards and 3 touchdowns.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season, Playoffs, Divisional
During their regular season meeting, Washington defeated Atlanta 56–17, with quarterback Mark Rypien throwing for 446 yards and 6 touchdowns. In this game the score was closer, but the result was still the same.


1991 Atlanta Falcons season, Playoffs, Divisional
Under rainy and muddy conditions, the Redskins forced 6 turnovers, held the ball for over 36 minutes, and scored two touchdowns in a span of 3:11 in the second quarter.


1991 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1991 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania from May 10–12. The double elimination tournament featured the top two regular-season finishers from both of the league's divisions. East top seed Rutgers defeated Massachusetts in the title game to win the tournament for the fifth time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Tournament.


1991 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, Seeding and format
Each division's top teams, based on winning percentage in the 16-game regular season schedule, qualified for the field. In the opening round of the four-team double-elimination format, the East Division champion played the West Division runner-up, and vice versa.


1991 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament
Rutgers's Jason Imperial was named Most Outstanding Player, and his teammate Dave Hoehler was named Most Outstanding Pitcher.


1991 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1991 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament was played from March 2 to March 4, 1991, and March 7, 1991, at the Palestra in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, except for the final that was played at Rec Hall in University Park, Pennsylvania. The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Penn State University won the tournament. Temple and Rutgers also received bids to the NCAA Tournament. Freddie Barnes of Penn State was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. The top six teams in the conference received first-round byes.


1991 Atlantic Championship
The 1991 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 13 rounds. There were also two non-championship events at Race City Speedway in Calgary. The SCCA Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was Jovy Marcelo.


1991 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1991 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament was held in Greenville, SC from May 11th through May 14th. Clemson won the tournament and earned the Atlantic Coast Conference's automatic bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season was the first season since 1984 in which no hurricanes developed from tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was the least active in four years due to higher than usual wind shear across the Atlantic Ocean. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 2 off the southeast United States and dissipated without causing significant effects. Two other tropical storms in the season – Danny and Erika – did not significantly affect land. Danny dissipated east of the Lesser Antilles, and Erika passed through the Azores before becoming extratropical. In addition, there were four non-developing tropical depressions. The second depression of the season struck Mexico with significant accompanying rains.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season
The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Bob, which at the time was among the ten costliest United States hurricanes. After brushing the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Long Island in New York, the hurricane made landfall on Rhode Island. It caused $1.5 billion in damage (1991 USD), mostly in Massachusetts, and 17 fatalities. The strongest hurricane of the season was Claudette, which reached peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) near Bermuda. It passed near the island but did not cause any damage.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season
Fabian was the only tropical storm to move over or near Cuba or Florida, producing heavy rainfall but no damage. Hurricane Grace, the final named storm of the season, provided the energy that led to the development of a powerful nor'easter known as the Perfect Storm. Originating from an extratropical storm, the Perfect Storm intensified while moving westward toward New England, leaving $200 million in damage and causing coastal damage from Puerto Rico to Florida and northward through Canada. It later transitioned into a hurricane over the Gulf Stream, finally dissipating over Nova Scotia on November 2.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal forecasts
Before the start of the season, hurricane expert William M. Gray released his forecast for the year's activity, a yearly practice that he began in 1984. In early April, Gray anticipated a "mild" season with fewer than ten tropical storms, of which less than six would become hurricanes. Later that month, the Weather Research Center forecast ten named storms and six hurricanes, of which five would become major hurricanes while three would hit the United States. In early June, Gray released an updated report that predicted the formation of eight tropical storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane. The revised June total was very close to the actual season activity, with the exception of forecasting one fewer major hurricane. However, a later revision in August incorrectly anticipated less activity, when Gray predicted seven storms and three hurricanes.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary
Overall activity in 1991 was below normal. This was partially due to decreased tropical cyclogenesis from African tropical waves, which are troughs that move across the ocean with associated convection. In most seasons, the majority of storms develop from tropical waves. Of the season's twelve tropical cyclones, only five originated from tropical waves; in addition, only three of the eight tropical storms were from tropical waves, and none had the characteristics of a Cape Verde-type hurricane. From late April to late November, there were 73 tropical waves that exited the west coast of Africa.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary
The total was higher than average, although many of them were poorly defined and had little thunderstorm activity. The waves traversed the Atlantic Ocean further south than normal, typically not becoming convectively active until moving across northern South America. Cyclogenesis was also suppressed by higher than normal wind shear, as well as low rainfall amounts across the Sahel. There were also no tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico for only the third time in the 20th century, after 1927 and 1962. The season produced twelve tropical depressions, which was the lowest in five years. The eight tropical storms was the lowest amount in four years. Four of the storms developed into hurricanes, although for the first time in over 24 years, none of the hurricanes originated from tropical waves.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Seasonal summary
The season's activity was reflected with a low cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 36. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total, the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ana
The first storm of the season was Ana, which originated from a cold-core low that persisted east of Jacksonville, Florida, by June 25. The system moved in a clockwise motion around an anticyclone located over Florida. The cold-core low gradually developed to the surface, and on June 29, a low pressure area formed within a surface trough over the Bahamas. It moved westward across southern Florida, dropping heavy rainfall along its path. Punta Gorda recorded a statewide peak of 7.86 in (200 mm) of precipitation.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ana
The low moved northwestward and later curved northeastward, exiting into the Atlantic Ocean near Saint Augustine by early on July 2. Although it was initially disorganized as it moved offshore, the convection quickly developed in organization, and by 1800 UTC that day it had developed into Tropical Depression One about 85 mi (135 km) south of Charleston, South Carolina.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ana
As the depression moved northeastward parallel to the southeast United States coastline, it dropped light rainfall, although portions of Virginia recorded more than 5 inches (130 mm). Late on July 3, a buoy reported sustained winds of 38 mph (61 km/h) over a period of eight and a half minutes. As a result, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Ana. The storm accelerated east-northeastward toward a stalled frontal zone, entering an area of increased wind shear. Despite these hostile conditions, Ana strengthened slightly, reaching peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Moving over cooler waters and interacting with the frontal zone, the circulation became broad as the thunderstorms diminished. On July 5, Ana became extratropical in the northern Atlantic Ocean about 680 mi (1,090 km) to the south of Cape Race.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Two
A tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa on June 20, and no significant development occurred until it became Tropical Depression Two in the western Gulf of Mexico on July 5. On its first advisory, a tropical storm watch was issued for from Baffin Bay, Texas, southward to Tampico, Tamaulipas. Nearing the coast of Mexico, the depression attained its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1,007 mbar (29.7 inHg). Failing to intensify further, Tropical Depression Two made landfall near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, on July 6.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Two
The National Hurricane Center issued the final advisory on July 7, although the circulation persisted until July 9 southwest of Texas. The depression had only minor impacts in Mexico and Texas, other than rainfall. Precipitation was heaviest in the state of San Luis Potosí, where the rainfall peaked at 17.47 in (444 mm) in Tamazunchale.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Bob
Hurricane Bob originated from a decaying cold front, developing into a tropical depression early on August 16 near the Bahamas. It produced an area of organized convection, and the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bob roughly 18 hours after forming. It gradually organized over the Gulf Stream, and based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters, Bob attained hurricane status on August 17. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane began to turn towards the north-northeast in response to a subtropical ridge over the Atlantic and the trough over the southeastern United States.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Bob
After further intensification off the Carolinas, Bob reached peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) to the east of Virginia on August 19, making it a major hurricane. Significantly cooler sea surface temperatures resulted in weakening. After brushing Long Island, the center of Bob moved over Block Island, Rhode Island. About 40 minutes later it struck Newport, Rhode Island, with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h), making it a Category 2 hurricane. It rapidly weakened to tropical storm intensity while moving through the remainder of New England, hitting Rockport, Maine, early on August 20. After crossing New Brunswick, Bob became extratropical in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and lasted another nine days before dissipating west of Portugal.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Bob
The hurricane first affected the Carolinas, spawning four confirmed and nine unconfirmed tornadoes in North Carolina. One person each died in North and South Carolina, and about 10% of houses in the Outer Banks sustained minor roof damage. As the storm moved up the coast, heavy rain fell on the western side of the center. High winds left 300,000 people without power on Long Island. In neighboring Connecticut, strong winds downed trees across the region, with damage heaviest in the southeastern portion near the coast.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Bob
Damage was heaviest as Bob made its final landfall, with wind gusts of 105 mph (168 km/h) reported on Block Island, Rhode Island. The hurricane produced extensive beach erosion which destroyed coastal roads in the state. Monetary damage was greatest in Massachusetts, and along Bob's path through southeastern New England more than 60% of people were left without power. High tides and strong winds destroyed boats and houses along the Massachusetts coastline. The heaviest rainfall from the hurricane fell at the Portland International Jetport in Maine, where 8.24 in (209 mm) fell during its passage.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Bob
Across the United States, damage totaled $1.5 billion (1991 USD), including over $1 billion in Massachusetts. The high damage total made Bob among the ten costliest U.S. hurricanes at the time. In addition, there were 15 fatalities in the country. In Canada, high waves killed two people. In Fredericton, New Brunswick, tropical storm-force winds downed trees and power lines.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Four
One of the few vigorous tropical waves of the season emerged from the western coast of Africa with a large area of convection in late August. On August 24 it developed into a tropical depression near Cape Verde. Upon first forming, the depression had a circular area of convection near the center. It was initially well-organized, but the depression was not expected to intensify due to marginal water temperatures; tropical cyclones generally require warm waters to develop. By August 25, the system lost much of its deep convection, and on August 26 the depression dissipated to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Five
Around the same time as the previous system dissipated, another tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 26. On August 28 it formed into a tropical depression about 560 mi (900 km) southwest of Cape Verde. Upon developing, the depression had a small area of convection with a spiral rainband, and the NHC anticipated slow strengthening to tropical storm status. With a ridge to the north, the depression maintained a general westward track. Ultimately, the depression failed to organize significantly. By August 29, it had a broad and poorly organized circulation with only scattered convection. Due to cool water temperatures, the system was unable to maintain deep convection, and on August 31 the depression degenerated into a tropical wave about 400 miles (645 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Claudette
The origins of Claudette were non-tropical, developing on September 4 about 650 mi (1,000 km) southeast of Bermuda from an upper-level disturbance. Following its formation, it developed slowly while moving southwestward, and on September 5 it intensified into Tropical Storm Claudette. Conditions were favorable for development, with low wind shear and a large anticyclone providing outflow, or the outward wind flow from a storm. On September 6 at 0600 UTC, Claudette attained hurricane status. It underwent rapid intensification, and early on September 7 a reconnaissance flight reported that Claudette attained major hurricane status with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Based on satellite estimates, Hurricane Claudette attained its peak intensity with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure 944 mbar (27.9 inHg).


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Claudette
After peaking, Claudette began steady weakening. Around that time, a hurricane watch was issued for the island of Bermuda, which was later upgraded to a warning. The hurricane turned to the northwest, passing 136 miles (219 km) east of Bermuda as a Category 1 hurricane on September 8. Winds on the island peaked at 23 mph (37 km/h), with gusts to 32 mph (51 km/h), and waves reached up to 8 ft (2.43 m) in height. By September 10, Claudette weakened to tropical storm status as it accelerated eastward. The next day it deteriorated further to tropical depression status, and the next day Claudette became extratropical to the southwest of the Azores. It persisted two more days until dissipating over the Azores.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Danny
One of the most vigorous tropical waves of the season (which also led to the formation of Hurricane Jimena in the eastern Pacific) was first observed in western Africa on September 2. Three days later it emerged from the coast at Dakar, moving into the tropical Atlantic Ocean with rainbands around its convection. By early on September 7, the system organized into Tropical Depression Seven about 300 mi (480 km) south-southwest of Cape Verde. Upon developing, the depression had a broad circulation, located in an environment generally favorable for intensification. With a strong ridge to the north, the depression tracked steadily westward. After remaining a tropical depression for about 36 hours, the system became better organized and developed well-defined banding features. Based on satellite intensity estimates, the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Danny on September 8.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Danny
Upon becoming a tropical storm, only slow strengthening was forecast, due to the presence of an upper-level trough to its west. The storm ultimately reached peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), which it maintained for about 36 hours. On September 10 it attained its organizational maximum after developing a central dense overcast. Later that day, an upper-level low increased wind shear over the storm, which exposed the circulation from the deep convection. As Danny approached the Lesser Antilles, it weakened to tropical depression status on September 11.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Danny
Later that day, a Hurricane Hunters flight was unable to locate a closed circulation, which indicated that Danny degenerated into a tropical wave about 150 mi (240 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. The remnants tracked to the northwest and later to the north before being absorbed by a frontal system.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Erika
The origins of Tropical Storm Erika were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on September 2. It moved northwestward, passing through Cape Verde the following day. The system had most of the thunderstorms along the southern portion of the wave as it maintained a very large low-level circulation. Thunderstorms began developing on September 7, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Eight the following day about 920 mi (1480 km) northeast of the Lesser Antilles; at the same time, it was located about midway between Hurricane Claudette and Tropical Storm Danny. Initially the center was difficult to locate on satellite imagery, but despite the proximity with Claudette, conditions were generally favorable for intensification. By late on September 9, the depression had become much better organized, and based on satellite estimates the NHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Erika.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Erika
Upon becoming a tropical storm, Erika began a motion to the northeast. There was initial uncertainty whether Erika or nearby Claudette would become the dominant system through their interaction. On September 10, the storm developed a central dense overcast as it attained its peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). It accelerated east-northeastward toward the Azores along the northern periphery of a ridge, briefly interacting with Claudette. By September 11, the convection had diminished, leaving the center exposed as Erika underwent extratropical transition. Shortly thereafter it passed through the Azores, striking São Miguel Island. Nearby Santa Maria Island reported tropical storm force winds with gusts to 67 mph (107 km/h), prompting the closure of the airfield for several hours. On September 12, Erika weakened to a tropical depression before completing the transition into an extratropical cyclone. It dissipated later that day.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fabian
Tropical Storm Fabian developed on October 15 in the western Caribbean from the interaction of a cold front and a tropical wave. Initially the storm was disorganized, with its strongest winds located primarily east of the center. An eastward-moving upper-level trough imparted a northeast motion as well as unfavorable wind shear. After reaching peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), Fabian crossed the Isle of Youth before crossing western Cuba. There, it dropped heavy rainfall, including 5 in (130 mm) in a six-hour period in one location.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Fabian
By early on October 16, the center was becoming difficult to locate as Fabian moved through the Florida Straits. It passed just southeast of the Florida coastline, prompting the closure of two state parks and dropping 4.19 in (106 mm) of rainfall in Conch Key. Effects were minimal, with winds gusting to 32 mph (52 km/h) in Key West. The storm later moved through the Bahamas and became extratropical as it interacted with an approaching front.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Ten
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on October 19. Moving westward, it developed a weak circulation on October 23. Despite the presence of strong shear, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression at 2200 UTC on October 24 about 1100 miles (1775 km) east of the Lesser Antilles. This was based on a rating of 1.5 on the Dvorak technique, which is a method of estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones via satellite. At the time of development, the depression had a small area of convection near and east of the center, and due to the wind shear it was never expected to intensify. By October 25, the circulation had become dissociated from the convection. The depression dissipated soon after without affecting land.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Grace
On October 23 a mid-level low formed south of Bermuda. By two days later it had become a surface low, and on October 26 it developed into a subtropical storm. The system was labeled as such due to the initial lack of deep convection over the center, although following an increase in thunderstorms the NHC reclassified it as Tropical Storm Grace late on October 27. By that time, the storm had executed a path generally to the northwest.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Grace
Grace continued to intensify and organize, and based on Hurricane Hunter reports the storm was upgraded to a hurricane early on October 28. Shortly thereafter, Grace turned sharply to the east due to the influence of a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone off the New England coast. An eye developed in the center of Grace, despite shallow convection.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Grace
As the hurricane accelerated eastward, it attained a peak intensity of 100 mph (155 km/h) on October 29. The rapid motion caused an asymmetry in the wind field, and the center passed approximately 50 mi (80 km) south of Bermuda without significantly affecting the island. A rapidly approaching cold front absorbed Grace on October 29, contributing moisture to the developing extratropical storm that was eventually known as the Perfect Storm. As a tropical cyclone, Grace produced squally conditions across Bermuda, but no damage was reported. The hurricane generated large swells along the East Coast of the United States, causing minor beach erosion.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve (The Perfect Storm)
The origins of the Perfect Storm were from an area of low pressure that developed off Atlantic Canada on October 28. It moved southward and westward as an extratropical cyclone due to a ridge to its north, and reached its peak intensity. The storm lashed the East Coast of the United States with high waves and coastal flooding, before turning to the southwest and weakening. Moving over warmer waters, the system transitioned into a subtropical cyclone before becoming a tropical storm. It executed a loop off the Mid-Atlantic states and turned toward the northeast. On November 1 the system evolved into a full-fledged hurricane with peak winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The tropical system weakened, striking Nova Scotia as a tropical storm before dissipating.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve (The Perfect Storm)
Damage totaled over $200 million (1991 USD) and the death toll was thirteen. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to 30 ft (9.1 m) struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the vacation home of George H.W. Bush, the president at the time. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve (The Perfect Storm)
In portions of New England, damage was worse than had occurred from Hurricane Bob two months prior. However, aside from tidal flooding along rivers, the storm's effects were primarily along the coastline. A buoy off the coast of Nova Scotia reported a wave height of 100.7 ft (30.7 m), the highest ever recorded in the province's offshore waters. In the middle of the storm, the Andrea Gail sunk, claiming the lives of its crew of six, which later inspired the book as well as the movie The Perfect Storm.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Twelve (The Perfect Storm)
Off the coast of New York, a Coast Guard helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed, and although four members of its crew were rescued, one was killed. Two people died after their boat sank off Staten Island. High waves swept a person to their death in both Rhode Island and Puerto Rico, and another person was blown off a bridge in New York. The tropical cyclone that formed late in the storm's duration caused little impact, limited to power outages and slick roads; one person was killed in Newfoundland from a traffic accident related to the storm. Had the storm been named, it would have received the name Henri.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names
The list below shows the names that appeared on the tropical cyclone naming list in the Atlantic basin in 1991. Although the Perfect Storm later evolved into a hurricane, which could have been named "Henri", the National Hurricane Center left it unnamed due to the heavy damage and media interest in the predecessor extratropical storm. It later received the name the Perfect Storm after a conversation between Boston National Weather Service forecaster Robert Case and author Sebastian Junger. The names not retired from this list in 1991 appeared again on the naming list for the 1997 season. This is the same list used for the 1985 season, with the exception of the names Erika and Grace, which replaced the names Elena and Gloria after the 1985 season, and were used for the first time in 1991. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names, Retirement
At their meeting in the spring of 1992, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Bob from the list above due to its high impact. The name that replaced it on the naming list for the 1997 season was Bill.


1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1991 USD.


1991 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1991 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. Coached by Pat Dye, the team finished the season with a 5–6 record and ended their streak of 9 straight winning seasons.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders
The 1991 Austin yogurt shop murders is an unsolved multiple homicide case in Austin, Texas. On Friday, December 6, 1991, four teenage girls, 13-year-old Amy Ayers (or Ayres), 17-year-old Eliza Thomas, 17-year-old Jennifer Harbison and Jennifer's 15-year-old sister Sarah, were murdered. Jennifer and Eliza were employees of the store while Sarah and her friend Amy were in the shop to get a ride home with Jennifer after it closed at 10pm.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders
In the last half hour a man who was trying to hustle customers in front of him and asked one if he was a cop, was permitted to use the toilet in back taking a very long time and may have jammed a rear door open. A couple who left the shop just before 10pm, when Jennifer locked the front door to prevent more customers entering, reported seeing two men at a table acting furtively.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders
Around midnight a police patrolman reported a fire in the shop, and responders discovered the bodies of the girls inside. The victims had been shot in the head; some had been raped. A .22 and a .380 pistol were used to commit the murders, and the perpetrator(s) probably exited out through a back door that was found unlocked. The organized method of operation, ability to control the victims, and destruction of evidence by arson indicated an adult experienced in crime rather than teenagers, according to one of the original detectives on the case.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders
Austin Police Department has DNA from an unknown male as a result of one of the rapes. A Y-chromosome match for the perpetrator DNA has been found in a research database of the Federal Bureau of Investigation but it has  declined to reveal the identity of the man in accordance with the law of anonymity for donors, and because thousands of men could bear this fragment of DNA, which is unable to identify individuals.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
Shortly before midnight on Friday, December 6, 1991, a patrolling Austin police officer noticed a fire coming from an I Can't Believe It's Yogurt! shop and reported it to his dispatcher. After it was extinguished, firefighters discovered four nude bodies. Each had been shot in the head execution style with a .22 lead bullet. Sarah's hands had been bound behind her with a pair of panties and she had also been gagged and raped. Jennifer was not bound but her hands were behind her back. Eliza had been gagged and her hands were also tied behind her back. All three had been severely charred and shot in the back of the head.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
Unlike the others, Amy's body was found in a separate part of the shop. She was not charred but she had received 2nd and "very early" 3rd degree burns on 25-30% of her body. She was found with a "sock-like cloth" around her neck. She had been shot the same as the others however the bullet had missed her brain. She also had a second bullet which did severe damage to her brain. It exited through her lateral cheek and jawline.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
It is thought that the killers had stacked all 4 bodies on top of another but Amy pulled herself off and managed to crawl to a different part of the store. Sarah's and Eliza's bodies were found stacked on top of each other with Jennifer's body next to them which is theorised to have been stacked on top of them but had been disturbed when Amy crawled away. Autopsy results show high levels of a BTU output which suggests an accelerant may have been used.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
Initial investigations had produced a large number of persons of interest, among them a 15-year-old caught with a .22 (not established to be the murder weapon) in a nearby mall days after the murders. Although he initially gave promising information, after tough questioning, the detectives decided that he was trying to get himself out of the gun charge and eliminated him and three petty criminal friends which he had implicated. None of whom were older than 17 years old at the time.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
Several years later, a new detective on the case theorized that the four teens from 1991 were credible suspects. They were now in their twenties. In a string of interrogations conducted by various detectives, confessions were obtained from some of the suspects. They said all four had participated in the murder. No record was kept of what was said to the men in the 1991 interrogations, making it impossible to know whether the detectives had supplied information to the suspects in the initial interrogations.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
Such information could be used to implicate the suspects in later interrogations, if they were to reference it. Two of the four were sent to trial, entirely for their self-incriminating statements. The prosecution went into a great detail about the horrific nature of the crimes against the young victims, but  presented no hard evidence other than the confessions. The two were convicted, one being sentenced to death, and the other sentenced to life imprisonment because he had been 15 at the time.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
However, the prosecution's tactic of using excerpts of each one's alleged confessions at the other's trial was ruled to have violated the Confrontation Clause because the co-defendant was non-testifying. Both convictions were overturned on the Confrontation Clause alone, and the men were freed in 2009. The prosecution insisted that they would be re-tried. However, forensic investigation showed that the DNA found in a victim was not theirs, nor was that of the other two implicated in their confessions. The prosecution consequently abandoned plans for a retrial. Texas courts later decided that those released were not entitled to compensation, because they had not proven that they did not commit the crime.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Murders
One of the detectives in the interrogations, Hector Polanco, had been accused of coercing false confessions in the notorious case of  Christopher Ochoa and Richard Danziger. Both were released after 13 years in prison; Danziger was assaulted in prison which resulted in permanent brain damage. Seven jurors from the trials have stated that they would not have convicted the men had this evidence been available at the time.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events
At the time of the murders, a known serial killer, Kenneth Allen McDuff, was in the area. He had a history of multiple murders involving teenagers, but was soon ruled out. He was executed on November 17, 1998.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, False confessions
Austin police admit that over fifty people, including McDuff on the day of his execution, had confessed to the yogurt shop murders. A confession in 1992 by two Mexican nationals, held by Mexican authorities, was soon disputed and finally ruled false.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 1999: Four suspects arrested
Initial investigations had produced a large number of persons of interest, among them a 15 year old caught with a .22 (not established to be the murder weapon) in a nearby mall days after the murders, but after tough questioning detectives eliminated him and three friends. Several years later a new detective on the case decided that the four teenagers were credible suspects. Two of the four were sent for trial because on their self incriminating statements, and convicted.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 1999: Four suspects arrested
However, the prosecution's tactic of using excerpts of each one's alleged confessions at the other's trial was ruled to have violated the Confrontation Clause because the co-defendant's was nontestifying. The confessions lacked proof, such as leading police to where the .380 was. Both convictions were overturned and the men freed in 2009. The prosecution insisted they would be re tried. However, timely DNA evidence showed that despite their so called confessions to rape the DNA found in a victim was not theirs, or of the other two implicated in their confessions and the prosecutor abandoned plans for a retrial.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 1999: Four suspects arrested
The investigation was complicated by matters internal to the Austin Police Department. Detective Hector Polanco was fired for allegedly coercing confessions. A relationship between Springsteen's father and Austin police data-processing employee Karen Huntley prompted her transfer. Polanco was later reinstated after suing the city for discrimination based on race. He would eventually be promoted and retire with a full pension. He was also involved in coercing a false confession in a previous murder case, which led to the false imprisonment of Christopher Ochoa and Richard Danziger. Both were released after 13 years in prison; Danziger was assaulted in prison which resulted in permanent brain damage.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2006: Springsteen conviction overturned
In 2006, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overturned Springsteen's conviction on the basis of an unfair trial. The U.S. Supreme Court refused to reinstate the conviction in February 2007.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2008: Scott and Springsteen request DNA tests
On August 20, 2008, the defense lawyers for Scott and Springsteen requested DNA testing of alternative suspects. No matches against evidence discovered earlier that year were found. Seven jurors from the trials have stated that they would not have convicted the men had this evidence been available at the time.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2009: Release of Scott and Springsteen
On Wednesday, June 24, 2009, Judge Mike Lynch ruled, in response to Travis County District Attorney Rosemary Lehmberg's request that one of the trials be continued, that defendants Springsteen and Scott be freed on bond pending their upcoming trials. At 2:50 p.m. that day, they both walked out of the Travis County Jail with their attorneys.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2009: Release of Scott and Springsteen
Later that day, Lehmberg responded to Lynch's decision with the following statement:


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2009: Release of Scott and Springsteen
On October 28, 2009, all charges were dismissed against Scott and Springsteen.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Subsequent events, 2010: Death of Maurice Pierce
On December 23, 2010, Austin police officer Frank Wilson and his rookie partner, Bradley Smith, conducted a traffic stop on a vehicle driven by Maurice Pierce, (who had been a suspect in the yogurt shop killings), in the northern part of the city. After a brief foot pursuit, Pierce struggled with Wilson before removing a knife from his belt and stabbing Wilson in the neck. Wilson, who survived his injuries, subsequently pulled out his gun and shot and killed Pierce.


1991 Austin yogurt shop murders, Book
The murders were the subject of Beverly Lowry's 2016 nonfiction book Who Killed These Girls? Cold Case: The Yogurt Shop Murders, Corey Mitchell's 2016 nonfiction book Murdered Innocents and the novel See How Small by Scott Blackwood.


1991 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours 1991 are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 1991 by the Governor General of Australia, Bill Hayden.


1991 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.


1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand
The 1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand consisted of two matches played by the Wallabies in August 1991.


1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand
This tour was made two weeks after the New Zealand tour of Australia. The Wallabies lost the only test with the All Blacks.


1991 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 1991 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title for drivers of Formula Brabham racing cars. The winner of the championship was awarded the 1991 CAMS Gold Star.


1991 Australian Drivers' Championship
Touring car driver Mark Skaife won his first Australian Drivers' Championship. All seven rounds of the series were held at the new Eastern Creek Raceway in Sydney.


1991 Australian Drivers' Championship, Calendar
Championship points were awarded on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top ten finishers in each round. Australian Formula 2 cars were invited to compete in Rounds 4, 5, 6 & 7 however only the ten best placed Formula Brabham drivers were eligible to score points. The best six performances from the seven rounds were counted towards a driver's points total.


1991 Australian Endurance Championship
The 1991 Australian Endurance Championship was a CAMS sanctioned Australian motor racing title open to Group 3A Touring Cars. The championship, which was the eighth running of the Australian Endurance Championship, began on 8 September 1991 at Sandown Raceway and ended on 6 October at the Mount Panorama Circuit after two rounds. The title was won by Mark Gibbs and Rohan Onslow who shared a Bob Forbes Racing Nissan Skyline GT-R. The 1991 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, which was run concurrently with the Endurance Championship, was awarded to the Nissan Motor Co (Australia).


1991 Australian Endurance Championship, Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1991 Australian Endurance Championship and the 1991 Australian Manufacturers' Championship.


1991 Australian Endurance Championship, Race calendar
The 1991 Australian Endurance Championship and the 1991 Australian Manufacturers' Championship were contested concurrently over a two round series with one race per round.


1991 Australian Endurance Championship, Results, Australian Endurance Championship
Note: Other placings in the Endurance Championship have not been ascertained.


1991 Australian Endurance Championship, Results, Australian Manufacturers Championship
Note: Other placings in the Manufacturers' Championship have not been ascertained.