1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, Results, By region
The Act of Independence was supported by a majority of voters in each of the 27 administrative regions of Ukraine: 24 Oblasts, 1 Autonomous Republic, and 2 Special Municipalities (Kyiv City and Sevastopol City). Voter turnout was lowest in Eastern and Southern Ukraine. Calculating the "yes"-votes as a percentage of the total electorate reveals a lower percentage of all possible voters in Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, and Odessa Oblasts and Crimea supported Ukrainian independence than in the rest of the country.


1991 Ukrainian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 1 December 1991, the first direct presidential elections in the country's history. Leonid Kravchuk, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and de facto acting president, ran as an independent candidate and was elected with 61.6% of the vote.


1991 Ukrainian presidential election
An independence referendum held on the same day saw 92 percent of voters voting to secede from the Soviet Union. All six presidential candidates supported independence and had campaigned for a "yes" vote in the referendum.


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum
The Ukrainian sovereignty referendum was conducted on March 17, 1991, as part of the first and only Soviet Union referendum. Throughout the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, voters were asked two questions, with an additional question attached to the ballot in the historical region of Galicia which includes the Ukrainian provinces of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil.


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum
The referendum followed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine by the republic's parliament on July 16, 1990. In December 1991, Ukraine held its independence referendum, where 92.3 percent of the voters approved the August 24 declaration of independence.


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum, Republic-wide
Do you consider necessary the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the rights and freedom of an individual of any nationality will be fully guaranteed?


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum, Republic-wide
A boycott campaign reduced the against votes in Western Ukraine. The Ukrainian SSR included an additional question for all of the republic's citizens; the voters were asked:


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum, Republic-wide
Do you agree that Ukraine should be part of a Union of Soviet Sovereign States on the basis on the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine?


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum, Provincial
In the Galician provinces of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil, voters were asked an additional question regarding the creation of an independent state of Ukraine:


1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum, Provincial
Would you like Ukraine became an independent state, which can independently decide all questions of domestic and foreign policy, providing equal rights to citizens regardless of nationality and religious views?


1991 Umaglesi Liga
The 1991 Umaglesi Liga was the second season of top-tier football in Georgia. It began on 16 March and ended on 28 June 1991. In that season, Georgia was declared the independence from Soviet Union in April 1991, so the championship became national. The season was a transitional because from following season the schedule was changed to the autumn-spring schedule. Iberia Tbilisi were the defending champions.


1991 Union Square derailment
The 1991 Union Square derailment occurred shortly after midnight on August 28, 1991, a 4 Lexington Avenue Express train on the  New York City Subway's IRT Lexington Avenue Line derailed as it was about to enter 14th Street–Union Square, killing five people. It was the worst accident on the subway system since the 1928 Times Square derailment. The motorman was found at fault for intoxication and excessive speed, and served time in prison for manslaughter.


1991 Union Square derailment, Before the accident
The motorman assigned to operate the train, 38-year old Robert E. Ray, reported to the Woodlawn terminal on the 4 route to begin his eight-hour shift at 11:30 p.m. on August 27, 1991, fifteen minutes late. Despite visible signs that should have had Ray disqualified for duty that night, including bloodshot eyes and wearing tennis shoes, the dispatcher at the Woodlawn terminal that night, Percival Hossack, allowed Ray to go on-duty and assigned him a portable radio for use. Ray then took control of a ten-car R62 train, along with conductor David Beerram, departing Woodlawn at 11:38 p.m., six minutes late. Among the passengers on board was another conductor, Steve Darden, who had just finished his shift and was riding the train back home.


1991 Union Square derailment, Before the accident
Almost immediately, Ray overran the first stop, Mosholu Parkway, by five cars. Then Ray overran the next stop, Bedford Park Boulevard-Lehman College, by one car. In both instances, Beerram admonished Ray, but did not pull the emergency brake, which would have required a complex restarting procedure and made Ray's condition apparent, or radio the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA)'s command center about Ray's operation, as required by NYCTA regulations. As Ray's operation of the train became more erratic continuing down the line, both Beerram and the off-duty Darden warned him multiple times about his operation, but no one on board pulled the emergency brake to stop the train.


1991 Union Square derailment, Accident
During the night of August 27–28, 1991, there was construction on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line that required southbound express trains to switch to the local track. This required the trains to slow down to 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) before entering a diamond crossover to access a "pocket track" between the southbound local and express tracks. The pocket track had been part of the original design of the line, and was intended so that trains switching between tracks would not delay local and express trains that were not going through the switch.


1991 Union Square derailment, Accident
At about 12:12 a.m. on August 28, 1991, 44 minutes after leaving Woodlawn, Ray's erratic operation of the train finally led to disaster, as the train heading southbound with approximately 216 passengers, going at nearly 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), too fast for a tripcock to stop the train in time, derailed at the pocket track north of the 14th Street–Union Square station. Five passengers died, mostly in the second car, almost immediately, and 161 passengers were seriously injured. Several support columns were destroyed, causing the street above to immediately subside by 0.5 inches (1.3 cm). It was the deadliest subway accident to happen in New York since the Times Square disaster of 1928.


1991 Union Square derailment, Accident
The first car, #1440, which struck a steel pillar, was cut in half and had its roof sheared off, but its motorman's cab was not damaged. The second, #1439, was folded in half by the barrier between the express and local tracks. Car #1437 was split in half and folded around a support beam, and cars #1436 and #1435 were also seriously damaged. The cars lay tangled between the support beams. The train was damaged so badly that one emergency responder said that he "couldn't even tell where one car ended and another began at some points".


1991 Union Square derailment, Rescue, investigation, and trial
Because the accident occurred within earshot of the Transit Police command post in the Union Square station, and within the sight of two Transit Police officers waiting on the platform, response was rapid. The accident location was very close to the platform, which was used for triage, and field treatment took place at street level. Working conditions at the site were very cramped and hot, and it took until approximately 3:30 a.m. until Darden, the off-duty conductor on board, was the last injured passenger extracted from the train. In total, 121 passengers and 24 emergency responders (who suffered heat-related conditions or minor cuts and bruises) were taken to hospitals; sixteen passengers were injured seriously enough to be admitted. Debris was found as far away as 150 feet (46 m) from the lead car.


1991 Union Square derailment, Rescue, investigation, and trial
Ray later said that he had drunk heavily the day before his work shift because he was depressed that his ex-girlfriend would not let him see their two children, and that at the time of the accident he had fallen asleep. Ray was not hurt in the crash, so he walked into the station and identified himself, then sat on a park bench during the rescue operation. The NYPD later reported that he drank three beers after the accident. Ray was arrested at 5:30 a.m. while returning to his apartment building, and when tested approximately thirteen hours after the accident, his blood alcohol level was 0.21; the legal level in New York State was 0.10 at the time.


1991 Union Square derailment, Rescue, investigation, and trial
The facts that Ray had overshot the first two stops in the Bronx and had been warned repeatedly by Beerram and Darden to reduce his speed, and had not braked approaching 14th Street–Union Square, were brought up in the ensuing trial. On October 15, 1992, a jury acquitted Ray of murder but found him guilty of five counts of second-degree manslaughter, and on November 6 he was sentenced to five to fifteen years in prison plus terms of between one and seven years for assault on 26 of the injured passengers, all to run concurrently. He was released in April 2002.


1991 Union Square derailment, Aftermath
The day after the crash, the MTA announced that it would start randomly checking subway motormen and bus drivers for illegal substances, such as drugs or alcohol. Using figures from another fatal incident the previous year, the MTA estimated that it would have to pay between $5 million and $10 million to accident victims.


1991 Union Square derailment, Aftermath
Service on the Lexington Avenue Line resumed six days after the accident, on September 3, after completion of the site investigation and four days of round-the-clock debris removal and construction work, including the Labor Day holiday. The five R62 subway cars destroyed in the accident—the lead car, #1440, and four of the five following cars, #1435, #1436, #1437, and #1439—were scrapped. In addition to the support columns, two sets of track, a third rail, two signal sets, two switches, and an air compressor room had been destroyed. The switches and tracks were rebuilt, with the NYCTA removing the "pocket track" on which the train had derailed and replacing it with a simple diamond crossover. In addition, the NYCTA added diverging grade time signals to force trains to slow down earlier before crossing between tracks.


1991 Union Square derailment, Aftermath
Reporters at New York Newsday won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Reporting for their coverage of the accident.


1991 Union Square derailment, Aftermath
A 1992 study commissioned after the accident by the NYCTA found that some signals in the subway system, including several on the Lexington Avenue line, were spaced too closely for a train traveling at maximum speed to have time to stop, confirming the finding of safety investigators immediately after the crash; the issue resurfaced after a rear-end collision on the Williamsburg Bridge in 1995. Ultimately, the accident led to the phasing-in of communications-based train control and automated trains on the New York City Subway in the 21st century.


1991 Union Square derailment, Aftermath
The NTSB recommended that speed indication systems be installed on subway cars. The NYCTA had been testing speed indication systems since 1990. By May 1994, gear unit type speed indication systems were installed on the R44s and R46s, and ring type speed indication systems were purchased for installation on 40% of R62As. In May 1994, a $203,064 bid was awarded for the procurement of 132 Doppler radar type speed indication systems for the R62s, the type of train damaged in the accident.


1991 United Kingdom census
A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 1991, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 21 April 1991. This was the 19th UK census.


1991 United Kingdom census
Census 1991 was organised by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland and the Census Office for Northern Ireland. Detailed results by region, council area, ward and output area are available from their respective websites. The cost of the census was estimated at £140m, or around £7 per household. 117,500 enumerators were employed to assist with collection of census forms in Great Britain.


1991 United Kingdom census
The 1991 census was the first UK census to have a question on ethnic group. In the 1991 UK census  94.1% of people reported themselves as being White British, White Irish or White Other with  5.9% of people reporting themselves as coming from other minority groups. Other new questions were on limiting long-term illness and term-time address for students. A question about central heating replaced the previously-used question on outside toilets.


1991 United Kingdom census
The census was also noted for a significant undercount of the population. Despite being compulsory, a total of 572,000 people failed to respond to both the census form and follow-up interviews, 220,000 of them being males aged 20 to 29. It has been suggested that part of the lack of response could be due to people attempting to avoid registration for the poll tax.


1991 United Kingdom census
A total of 342 people were prosecuted for not completing their census returns.


1991 United Kingdom local elections
Local elections were held in the United Kingdom in 1991. The results were a setback for the governing Conservative Party, who were left with their lowest number of councillors since 1973 - though their popular vote was an improvement from the 1990 local elections (John Major had succeeded Margaret Thatcher as prime minister in November 1990), and the Conservatives would go on to win the general election in 1992.


1991 United Kingdom local elections
Labour and the Liberal Democrats both benefited from the Conservative losses.


1991 United Kingdom local elections
The main opposition Labour Party gained 584 seats, bringing their number of councillors to 9,504 - their highest since 1975. Their projected share of the vote was 38%, a decline of 6% from the previous year. They overtook the Conservatives in number of councillors and would remain in that position until 2003.


1991 United Kingdom local elections
The governing Conservative Party lost 1,035 seats, leaving them with 7,985 councillors. Their share of the vote was projected to be 35%, an increase of 2% from the previous year.


1991 United Kingdom local elections
The Liberal Democrats gained 407 seats and had 3,672 councillors after the elections, a record number and a sign of their improving popularity after a series of disastrous performances in local and European elections after their formation in March 1988. Their projected share of the vote was 22%, up from 17% in 1990.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, Metropolitan boroughs
All 36 metropolitan borough councils had one third of their seats up for election.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Whole council
In 185 districts the whole council was up for election.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Whole council
Three of those districts - Oadby and Wigston, Tonbridge and Malling and Torbay - returned to whole councils elections having previously been elected by thirds.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Whole council
In 9 districts there were new ward boundaries, following further electoral boundary reviews by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Whole council
These were the last elections to the district councils of Langbaurgh-on-Tees, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees and Woodspring before they were made unitary authorities by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Whole council
These were also the last elections to the district councils of Beverley, Boothferry, Cleethorpes, East Yorkshire, Glanford, Holderness, Kingswood, Medina, Northavon, South Wight and Wansdyke before they were abolished and replaced by unitary authorities by the Local Government Commission for England (1992).


1991 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils, Third of council
In 111 districts one third of the council was up for election.


1991 United Kingdom local elections, Wales, District councils
These were the last elections to the district councils before they were abolished by the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection
A United Nations Secretary-General selection was held in 1991 to replace Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, whose second term would end on 31 December 1991. Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt was selected for a term ending on 31 December 1996, becoming the first Secretary-General from Africa.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection
The 1991 selection took place at a time of expectations for a "new world order," in which the United Nations would no longer be paralyzed by the superpower conflict of the Cold War. The expectations appeared to be fulfilled when the 1991 selection became the smoothest open selection in decades. No vetoes were cast against any of the African candidates on the ballot in 1991, in sharp contrast to the deadlocked 1981 selection and 1971 selection.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection
For the first time, the straw polling procedure was used from the first round of voting, establishing the innovation first tried in 1981 as the standard procedure for future selections. The 1991 selection also established the principle of regional rotation of the Secretary-Generalship, as the Third World countries voted as a bloc to deny the office to any non-African candidate.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Background
Prior to 1991, there had never been a Secretary-General from Africa. In 1981, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania received the most votes in the first round of voting, but he was vetoed by the United States. The selection then deadlocked as China vetoed Kurt Waldheim a record 16 times, while the United States vetoed or voted against Salim a total of 15 times. To break the impasse, Waldheim and Salim both suspended their candidacies, and Javier Pérez de Cuéllar was selected as the first Secretary-General from Latin America.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Background
As Javier Pérez de Cuéllar's second term drew to a close in 1991, the campaign for an African Secretary-General got underway. The Organisation of African Unity promised that its member states would vote against any non-African candidates in the General Assembly. The Non-Aligned Movement also endorsed the six official candidates from Africa. Since the Non-Aligned Movement included a majority of the votes in the UN General Assembly, it could block any candidate recommended by the Security Council. China again declared its support for a Secretary-General from Africa. However, the other four permanent members of the Security Council rejected the principle of regional rotation. The Soviet Union and France even considered extending Pérez's term for a couple of years, but he decided to retire.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Candidates
Six African candidates were nominated by the Organisation of African Unity. Two other Africans were nominated by their own countries. Non -African candidates were also nominated during the straw polling.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The last two open selections in 1971 and 1981 had turned into veto duels, as two of the permanent members each vetoed the other's preferred candidate over multiple rounds of voting. The deadlocked 1981 selection had finally been resolved by turning to straw polls to gauge the level of support for candidates. Instead of voting openly in closed session, members of the Security Council voted anonymously using a secret ballot. After a likely winner had been identified, the permanent members voted on colored ballot paper, while rotating members voted on white paper. Since the colored ballots would reveal the existence of a veto but not the identity of the vetoing member, the likelihood of a veto duel was reduced.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The 1991 selection adopted the 1981 procedure from the start, setting a precedent for future selections. The Security Council held six rounds of straw polling over a six-week period. The straw poll of 10 October 1991 was a partial poll. The second poll took place on 21 October 1991 and featured all nine candidates on the ballot. Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt and Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe led the straw poll with 10 votes each. Hans van den Broek of the Netherlands was the leading non-African candidate with 8 votes, one short of the number required for selection.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The third straw poll of 25 October 1991 was again won by Boutros-Ghali and Chidzero. All of the non-African candidates received at least seven 'discouraged' votes, corresponding to the number of Third World countries with rotating seats on the Security Council. However, the Third World countries did not vote for all the African candidates, some of whom received fewer than seven votes. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney also dropped out of the race, as he was facing the possible secession of Quebec from Canada.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The fourth straw poll was held on 11 November 1991. A crack opened in the Third World voting bloc, as Hans van den Broek received only six 'discouraged' votes.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The fifth straw poll on 12 November 1991 switched to blue ballot papers for the permanent members so that vetoes could be revealed. Chidzero placed first in the poll, and neither candidate received any vetoes. No vetoes were cast against any of the African candidates on the ballot, but all of the non-Africans were vetoed.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
The sixth straw poll on 21 November 1991 revealed a clear winner. Boutros-Ghali was selected by a vote of 11-0-4. Chidzero came in second with a vote of 7-2-6. France and Belgium convinced four of Chidzero's supporters to stop voting for him, stoked by fears that the United States was trying to delay the selection so that a compromise candidate could emerge, while Boutros-Ghali and Chidzero cancelled each other out.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, Selection
After the final straw poll, the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to recommend Boutros Boutros-Ghali. The General Assembly appointed Boutros-Ghali by acclamation to be Secretary-General of the United Nations for a term ending on 31 December 1996.


1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1996 selection
Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed in 1996 for a second term, receiving votes from 14 of the 15 members of the Security Council. However, he was vetoed by the United States due to disputes over UN peacekeeping missions and unpaid UN dues. After the other Security Council members failed to persuade the United States to change its position, the 1996 selection was thrown open to other candidates. Boutros-Ghali became the only Secretary-General to be denied a second term.


1991 United Nations Security Council election
The 1991 United Nations Security Council election was held on 16 October 1991 during the Forty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Cape Verde (for the first time), Hungary, Japan, Morocco, and Venezuela, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1992.


1991 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
The Security Council has 15 seats, filled by five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election.


1991 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows:


1991 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
To be elected, a candidate must receive a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. If the vote is inconclusive after the first round, three rounds of restricted voting shall take place, followed by three rounds of unrestricted voting, and so on, until a result has been obtained. In restricted voting, only official candidates may be voted on, while in unrestricted voting, any member of the given regional group, with the exception of current Council members, may be voted on.


1991 United Nations Security Council election, Endorsed candidates
Prior to the actual vote at the General Assembly, the Chairmen of the respective regional groups told the Assembly what countries enjoyed the endorsement of their respective regions. Mr. Flores Bermudez, the Permanent Representative of Honduras to the United Nations, had verified the endorsement of Venezuela for the Latin American and Caribbean Group. Mr. Goshu of Ethiopia verified the candidacies of both Cape Verde and Morocco as endorsed candidates for the African Group. Mr. Hatano of Japan verified the candidacy of Japan as the endorsed candidate for the Asian Group. Mr. Podtserob of the Soviet Union verified the support of the Eastern European Group for the candidacy of Hungary.


1991 United Nations Security Council election, Result
Voting was conducted on a single ballot. Ballots containing more states from a certain region than seats allocated to that region were invalidated. There was a total of 161 ballot papers.


1991 United States Grand Prix
The 1991 United States Grand Prix (formally the XXVIII Iceberg United States Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on March 10, 1991 in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the first race of the 1991 Formula One World Championship. The 81-lap race was won from pole position by Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda, with Alain Prost second in a Ferrari and Nelson Piquet third in a Benetton-Ford.


1991 United States Grand Prix
The race marked the respective debuts of future double World Champion Mika Häkkinen and the Jordan team. It was also the first F1 World Championship race in which ten points were awarded for a win rather than nine, as part of a revised scoring system introduced for 1991. However, it was also to be the last United States Grand Prix until 2000, due to poor attendances.


1991 United States Grand Prix
In the two previous years, the championship had been decided when Senna and Prost tangled at Suzuka. In 1989, their collision as team-mates secured Prost's third World Championship; in 1990, with Prost driving for Ferrari and still in title contention, it handed Senna his second crown. Controversy regarding the nature of the 1990 incident had created great anticipation for the rematch.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Several teams were required to participate in the Friday morning pre-qualifying sessions during 1991, in order to reduce the field to thirty cars for the main qualifying sessions on Friday afternoon and Saturday. At the midway point of the season, the pre-qualifying group was to be reassessed, with the more successful teams (over a twelve-month period consisting of the second half of 1990 and the first half of 1991) being allowed to avoid pre-qualifying thereafter, and less successful teams being required to pre-qualify from mid-season onwards.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Eight cars were to take part in pre-qualifying sessions during the first half of the 1991 season, after 1990 ended with no pre-qualifying sessions at the last two Grands Prix, due to the withdrawal of the EuroBrun and Life teams. Pre -qualifying was necessary again in 1991 due to the arrival of two new entrants: Jordan and Modena, which were entirely new teams, running two cars each. Another new name, Fondmetal, was essentially a continuation of the defunct Osella team and was running a single car. Also involved in pre-qualifying were Coloni, running one car, and Scuderia Italia, running two cars. These were the two least successful surviving teams over the past two half seasons. The fastest four cars would go through to the main qualifying sessions.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Jordan had signed veteran Italian driver Andrea de Cesaris, plus last season's Coloni driver Bertrand Gachot, who had much experience in pre-qualifying sessions. Their car was the all-new 191 powered by a Cosworth V8 engine. Modena's drivers were Italian Nicola Larini, another driver well used to pre-qualifying, and Belgian debutant Eric van de Poele. They would be driving the Lamborghini V12-engined Lambo 291, so named for the team's strong Lamborghini connections.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
Fondmetal had retained the French Osella driver Olivier Grouillard, and were starting the season with the Cosworth V8-powered Fondmetal FA1M-E, effectively last year's Osella, which itself was an update of their 1989 car. Coloni had brought the C4, a modified version of the C3 used in 1989 and 1990, which also had a Cosworth V8 engine. Their driver was the 1990 British Formula 3000 champion Pedro Chaves, from Portugal. Scuderia Italia were campaigning a Dallara chassis as usual, the all-new F191, powered by Judd V10 engines. The team retained Italian Emanuele Pirro, and hired Finnish driver JJ Lehto, who had driven for Onyx in 1990.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
In pre-qualifying in Phoenix, the Dallaras were easily the fastest cars in the session, with Pirro half a second faster than Lehto. Nearly two seconds slower in third was Larini in the Modena Lambo, and the fourth pre-qualifier was Gachot in the Jordan. Missing out in fifth place was de Cesaris in the other Jordan, who made a gear selection error on a faster lap, just ahead of Chaves, who crashed the Coloni during the session. Grouillard was seventh in the Fondmetal, complaining of a lack of grip, but bottom of the time sheets, nearly five seconds adrift of Grouillard, was van de Poele in the other Lambo. The Belgian had encountered a protester on the track during one run, after which his engine failed.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
Prior to arriving in Phoenix, the 1991 McLaren chassis had had only had one brief test session, and the two race cars were completed about 4 am Friday, six hours before the first practice session. Working to prepare the new car, Ayrton Senna claimed he had never gotten totally comfortable with the increasing complexity of the sport since helping Lotus introduce the first active suspension car in 1987, and he still found it hard to embrace the huge role of computers in achieving a proper setup.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
"Friday, to understand and interpret things properly, I worked with the engineers into the evening," Senna said. "It has been a long time since I did that. The engineers and I talked our way around the circuit, then we compared this with what the computer predicted. It was great because the computer confirmed almost everything, and it also showed where there was room for improvement."


1991 United States Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
The Ferraris of Alain Prost and Jean Alesi were expected to be the strongest team, but their V-12s and 7-speed semi-automatic gearboxes were not well suited to the tight turns and short straights of the street circuit. As it turned out, they were not the only ones plagued by gearbox problems throughout the race. To add insult to injury, Alesi, who had clinched the fastest time on Friday, ended his qualifying session clipping the tire barrier with his rear right wheel, ensuring he would qualify no higher than fifth place.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
On Sunday, Prost began his second season at Ferrari alongside Senna on the front row. At the start, he fell in behind the Brazilian, with Nigel Mansell slipping ahead of Riccardo Patrese. Alesi and Gerhard Berger followed, then Nelson Piquet, Roberto Moreno, Stefano Modena and Emanuele Pirro. A lap later, Alesi, in his first race for Ferrari, swept past Patrese, but by then Senna was pulling away. After ten laps, he had a lead of ten seconds over Prost.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Behind Senna, Patrese was involved in two successive three-way battles. First, after getting back by Alesi for fourth on lap 16, Patrese closed on Mansell who was immediately behind Prost. By lap 22, Patrese was close enough to attack his Williams team-mate but overshot onto the escape road, as Mansell swerved to avoid him. Upon rejoining, Patrese quickly latched onto Alesi and Berger, as the new three-car train now covered fourth through sixth places. Patrese had gotten past Berger when, suddenly, two of the top six runners retired on consecutive laps. On lap 35, Mansell pulled over when the Williams's new semi-automatic gearbox failed, and on the next time around, Berger's race ended as well.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Patrese passed Alesi for the second time, and Alesi pitted for new Goodyear tires on lap 43. He rejoined in seventh. Three laps later, Prost was being hounded by Patrese, and he also pitted, ceding second spot to the Williams. When the Ferrari crew had problems changing his right rear tire, the Frenchman dropped to seventh behind Modena's Tyrrell-Honda.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
On lap 48, Senna pitted without giving up the lead. Like Mansell, Patrese was having problems with the gearbox in his Williams, and when it selected neutral midway through Turn Seven, it caused him to spin out of second place. The car stopped on the outside of the track, perpendicular to the racing line.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Piquet and Mika Häkkinen (making his F1 debut) barely managed to avoid him as they passed, but before Patrese could get out of the car, Moreno, in the second Benetton, went straight across the bow of the Williams, removing the nose of Patrese's car and the right front wheel of the Benetton. Neither driver was injured. Patrese and Moreno's cars remained on the course throughout the race, and Bertrand Gachot, driving the first race for the new Jordan team and challenging Satoru Nakajima, spun later after swerving to avoid them.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
With Patrese out, Senna led Piquet, who was having to hold off Alesi, by over a minute. Alesi squeezed up to second on lap 53, while four laps later Prost disposed of Modena. Then on lap 70, Prost went from fourth to second in one move at turn five. With Alesi and Piquet running second and third, Piquet's Benetton pulled alongside Alesi– who had set the race's fastest lap while Prost was in the pits– in Turn Four, but could not get by. Down the straight, however, Piquet passed Alesi for second place. Prost also went by his new teammate on the left, and then sliced back to the right, between Alesi and Piquet, beating Piquet to the apex of Turn Five and regaining second place. By now Senna led by 40 seconds.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Gearbox troubles dropped Alesi to fifth before he retired less than 10 laps from the finish, leaving third place to Piquet who, like the two Tyrrells following, had never pitted for tires. Martini was pressing Satoru Nakajima for fifth, only to have his engine let go after 75 laps. A similar problem removed Gachot from eighth on the same lap, promoting Aguri Suzuki to sixth. The race ended a lap short of the planned 82 as the two-hour limit was reached, Senna taking the win having led every lap.


1991 United States Grand Prix, Race, Race report
After the race, Senna assessed his new car's performance: "I had small problems with the gearbox, and the car balance was not optimum, so it was very difficult to drive. I'm looking forward to running a proper circuit with proper conditions and see what the car can do."


1991 United States House of Representatives elections
There were six special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1991 during the 102nd United States Congress.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania
The 1991 United States Senate Special election in Pennsylvania was held on November 5, 1991, after incumbent Republican Senator John Heinz died in a plane crash on April 4 of that year. Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed to the seat by Governor Bob Casey, and won the general election over Republican Dick Thornburgh, a former Governor and U.S. Attorney General. Wofford became Pennsylvania's first Democratic Senator since Joseph S. Clark Jr. left office in 1969. Major-party candidates for this election were chosen by party committees, as the vacancy had happened too late for a primary to be held.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
House Majority Whip William H. Gray was a potential candidate for the Democrats, but he declined to run and surprisingly resigned from Congress in 1991 to serve as President of the United Negro College Fund from 1991 to 2004. The move was considered a complete surprise and prompted questions as to why he had done so. There was widespread speculation that he had been the subject of an investigation into alleged campaign finance irregularities and a grand jury investigation into his church's financial dealings. He was reported to have struck a deal with Republican Dick Thornburgh, the United States Attorney General and former Governor of Pennsylvania, that he would not run in the special election and in return Thornburgh would drop the investigation into him.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Incumbent Senator Wofford's win was impressive because as little as five months before the election, his own internal polls showed him trailing Thornburgh by upwards of 40 points. Both the state and national Democratic establishment were tepid toward Wofford's campaign, feeling that Governor Casey had missed a prime opportunity to select a top tier candidate and had instead created a situation where Republicans would take back the seat just months after losing it.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
In conjunction with his fundraising issues, Wofford also had difficulty communicating his message to the voters; because he had a bureaucratic as opposed to a political background, he spoke in a somewhat long-winded manner that received criticism in the media. With his large lead in the polls, Thornburgh laid back to avoid mistakes, which allowed Wofford to gain traction. Despite his elite upbringing, Wofford connected well with working class voters as he made access to healthcare a huge plank of his campaign. He also successfully derided Thornburgh for his connections to the president, as Bush's popularity was steeply declining due to a recession.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Thornburgh was unable to mount credible attacks against Wofford until after the Democrat had already established himself. As a result, Wofford was not only victorious in traditionally Democratic areas, such as Philadelphia city, Scranton, and metro Pittsburgh, but he also ran well in GOP strongholds. Wofford won three of the four suburban Philadelphia counties, which, although socially liberal, were strongly aligned with Republicans; the "roll-up-your-sleeves" style campaign ran by Wofford also allowed him to perform stronger than most Democrats in rural regions and to even win several usually Republican counties with a strong labor base.


1991 United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Wofford's victory proved to be a harbinger for Bill Clinton's victory in the presidential election held a year later. Wofford's campaign was run by Paul Begala and James Carville, who would go on to play key roles in the Clinton campaign. Democrats did very well across the state including in Allegheny County (Pittsburgh) and Philadelphia County (Philadelphia).


1991 United States embassy sniper attack in Bonn
On February 13, 1991, three members of the Red Army Faction (RAF) fired about 250 rounds using a military rifle at the United States embassy in Bonn, Germany.


1991 United States embassy sniper attack in Bonn
The suspects fired at the embassy from a distance of about 500 metres from Villa Von-Weiß-Straße 8, located across the Rhine river in Königswinter. The incident was linked to the ongoing Gulf War. In a note left at the scene, the RAF said the attack was done to combat American imperialism and to get it out of Iraq. The attackers escaped their positions in a stolen Volkswagen Passat car and were never caught. The embassy received some bullet holes and broken windows, but no major damage was caused.


1991 United States embassy sniper attack in Bonn
The same G1 rifle was used by the RAF in the killing of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder afterwards.


1991 United States embassy sniper attack in Bonn
In October 2001, new DNA tests of a hair left in the passenger seat of the Passat revealed that Daniela Klette may have been one of the suspects. Klette is an RAF member who was already suspected in other attacks, such as the prison bombing in Weiterstadt in 1993. Klette remains at large and nobody else has ever been convicted for the attack.


1991 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 5, 1991, in three states and one territory. Prior to the elections, Democrats held two seats and Republicans held one. The national balance of power did not change as a result of the elections, but the balance of power shifted in two states.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1991 United States Motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 1991 FIM Grand Prix motorcycle roadracing season, held on the weekend of April 19–21, 1991 at Laguna Seca Raceway. This event featured no fewer than four American riders on competitive equipment, plus two more on B-level machines, during the era of U.S. domination.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
QUALIFYING -- Kevin Schwantz wasn't getting the drive he wanted out of the corners in practice on his Suzuki RGVr500. "Rear wheel grip is definitely our biggest shortcoming. We're trying different combinations of raising and lowering the front and rear ends of the bike," Schwantz commented. He ended third-fastest in qualifying, later joking: "'The easiest way to correct our problem is to steer the front wheel in the direction of the slide."


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Australian Mick Doohan, Honda's number one man, encountered front-end difficulties while trying to secure a decent grid positive for the race. "I'll lay it in and it wants to run wide. I can't get it on a tight enough line," Doohan complained. Mick's race-day plan was to gear the machine down, so as to better allow the power of his NSR500 to turn the bike by drifting the rear Michelin.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Four-time World Champion Eddie Lawson told reporters he was spending a lot of time supporting his Cagiva on his knee because his front end was pushing fairly often. Lawson continued to adjust settings and qualified his Italian machine just behind Doohan.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Keen attention was paid to reigning 250cc champion John Kocinski, who was race-favorite Wayne Rainey's new teammate on a 500 at Marlboro Roberts Yamaha. He hustled his bike around Laguna less than one-tenth of a second slower than Rainey in practice. "The knowledge of riding the 250 doesn't pertain to riding a 500 - it's a totally different animal," explained Kocinski. "You've got a lot more braking to worry about and the acceleration areas are a lot different. You've got a slower apex speed, a much faster exit and a faster entrance too, so everything's got to change."


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Kocinski's fourth and third place finishes in the opening races of the season indicated that he wouldn't have much trouble transitioning to the more powerful machine, though. And like Rainey, he considered Laguna his home track. "Don't bet against me," John said on Saturday. "I'm going out there tomorrow to prove that I'm king of this place."


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
As expected, Rainey qualified ahead of Kocinski on pole position. "You've got to attack this race track. Bike set-up is critical here and same of the other guys had problems," Rainey observed. Less than one second covered 1st through 5th places on the starting grid.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
RACE -- For the main event Schwantz donned an Arai helmet custom painted in army camouflage as his personal tribute to the U.S. troops who risked their lives for operation Desert Storm. The rear of the helmet featured a caricature nicknaming him "Stormin' Kevin Schwantzkopf” in a nod to American general Norman Schwarzkopf.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
After the green light Schwantz and Rainey touched going over the turn one crest. Schwantz dove into the turn two hairpin first, followed closely by Rainey and Doohan. Rainey slipped inside Schwantz at the entrance to turn three. Schwantz changed his line to put the Suzuki side-by-side with Rainey heading toward turn four but Wayne had already begun to stretch a lead as they powered through the infield. Through the Corkscrew the order was Rainey, Schwantz, Doohan, Kocinski, Lawson and Wayne Gardner. Doohan had a problem coming down the hill and lost a few places. One lap later Rainey set the fastest time of the race, working his Dunlop tires to the limit, getting sideways out of the turn two, and pulling away steadily.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Kocinski ran his early laps carefully and then settled down to low 1:27 times that rivaled his teammate's. John didn't get by Schwantz into second place until the end of lap 5, squeezing him out on the brakes going into the turn eleven kink before the front straight. Perhaps a bit to eager to close the four-second gap to leader Rainey, Kocinski applied too much throttle coming out of the hairpin on lap 7 and was dumped from a highside crash. He jumped up immediately, unhurt, and attempted to rejoin the race. "I got it started again but it didn't sound too good," Kocinski lamented. “I think it may have got some dirt in the motor so there was no use going on."


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Schwartz inherited second place with Mick Doohan snapping at his heels after recovering from his miserable first lap. Doohan's Michelins began spinning on lap 4, so his lines were quite different from Schwantz's, who was great on the brakes but still had no drive. Doohan started leaving 50-foot long black streaks with his rear tire through turn one at 160 mph each lap, occasionally with the front wheel up pawing the air.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
“It was obvious that I was slowing him down," Schwantz said later. "Every time I looked back I just saw a big number three, I couldn't see any sky or anything. I ran as fast as I could but when the front started chattering I had to let him by." Doohan took over second on lap 21. By this time Rainey had an insurmountable lead so Mick held his Honda steady in second with Schwantz bringing the Suzuki in with a comfortable third.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
The scrap for fourth place was lively as Jean-Philippe Ruggia, Gardner, Lawson, and his Cagiva teammate Alexandre Barros interchanged positions several times in a four-man freight train. Ruggia finally pulled ahead of the group with Lawson finishing fifth. Barros chased Lawson home, with Gardner charging across the line in seventh place after a brief off-track excursion in turn six where he had crashed twice before in the previous two years. Juan Garriga, Adrien Morillas, and Didier de Radiguès rounded out the top ten.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Salinas-native Doug Chandler parked his Roberts B-Team Yamaha early in the race due to mechanical problems.


1991 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
According to Michael Scott, Kocinski was so upset after his crash that he drove away from the track recklessly and refused to pull over when stopped by a policeman; he was arrested and sentenced to community service.


1991 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Defensor Sporting won the championship.


1991 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1991 Utah State Aggies football team represented Utah State University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Big West Conference. The Aggies were led by head coach Chuck Shelton in his sixth and final year at Utah State and played their home games at Romney Stadium in Logan, Utah. The Aggies finished the season with an overall of record of 5–6, placing third in the Big West with a mark of 5–2.


1991 Utah Utes football team
In Ron McBride's second season with the team, he guided the Utes to their first winning record since the 1988 season, going 7–5, thus becoming bowl-eligible. They were not selected to play in any bowl games that year.


1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Uttar Pradesh in 1991. The Bharatiya Janata Party remained the largest party, winning 221 of the 425 seats.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake
The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake (also known as the Garhwal earthquake) occurred at 02:53:16 20 October local time with a moment magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). This thrust event was instrumentally recorded and occurred along the Main Central Thrust in the Uttarkashi and Gharwal regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand (then still part of Uttar Pradesh). High intensity shaking resulted in the deaths of at least 768 people and the destruction of thousands of homes.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Garhwal division in northern India, flanked by the Tons River to the west and the Alaknanda River to the east, is located at the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. In the region, the Indian Plate is moving northeastward at a rate of 5 centimeters (2.0 in) per year. The Main Central Thrust is the primary northwest-striking structure and dips to the north at 30–40°. The fault plane solutions from the parametric catalogs for the 1991 and 1999 events showed low-angle thrust faulting with varying amounts of strike-slip movement.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, Earthquake
Six three-axis accelerometers that were within 60 km (37 mi) captured the event, including two units that were close to the projection of the fault at the surface. Analysis of the data recorded by these devices revealed the distribution of slip, moment release over time, and the location of the maximum slip. The mechanism of the event was typical of the thrust system of the Himalayas, with maximum slip (1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)) occurring to the west and southwest of the hypocenter. Energy release began slowly and built to a crescendo four seconds after the initiation of the rupture.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Scientists from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK) conducted a survey of the affected areas between 27 October and 4 November. Their work revealed that more than 300,000 people in 1,294 villages were affected by the shock. Stone masonry homes (that usually supported heavy roofs) fared badly in areas where high intensity shaking occurred. The United States' National Geophysical Data Center indicates that 7,500 homes were damaged and another 7,500 were destroyed while the IITK report shows that up to 42,400 houses were damaged.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
Jain et al. 1992 stated that the shock was generally moderate while further clarifying the intensities that were observed at specific locations. Ghansyali, Gongotri, and Tehri were listed as experiencing intensity VII (Very strong) shaking and Bhatwari, Budhakedar, Krishanpur, Mahinanda, Maneri, and Uttarkashi were listed as experiencing intensity VIII (Severe) shaking.


1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
In a report that documented the study of strong motion recordings of the event, Jain & Das 1993 clarified that while Bhatwari and Uttarkashi experienced intensity VIII shaking at distances of 25 km (16 mi) and 40 km (25 mi) respectively, there was a small 20 km square mile area that experienced a maximum intensity of IX (Violent).


1991 Uzbek independence election
An independence referendum was held in the Republic of Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991, alongside presidential elections. The result was 98.3% of voters in favour, with a turnout of 94.1%.


1991 Uzbek independence election, Background
In a USSR-wide referendum held in March, 95% of voters in the Uzbek SSR voted in favour of preserving the Soviet Union as "a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the rights and freedom of an individual of any nationality will be fully guaranteed?". There was also a separate question asked only in the Uzbek SSR, with 95% of voters voting in favour of the proposal that the country "should remain part of a renewed Union (federation) as a sovereign republic with equal rights".


1991 Uzbek independence election, Background
However, following the attempted coup d'état in August, it was decided to seek independence. Independence was subsequently declared on 31 August, and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on 26 December 1991, three days before the referendum.


1991 Uzbek presidential election
Direct presidential elections were held for the first time in Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991. Their result was a victory for Islam Karimov of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, who won with 87.1% of the vote. Voter turnout was reported to be 94.2%. The elections were held alongside an independence referendum.


1991 Uzbek presidential election
The elections were the only presidential elections in Uzbekistan to date to feature a genuine opposition candidate. Every election since has been considered to feature only token opposition candidates. Karimov later ruled until his death in 2016.


1991 Uzbek presidential election, Background
Karimov had been elected the first President of the Uzbek SSR by the Supreme Soviet on 24 March 1990, with 491 votes in favour and 7 against.


1991 Uzbek presidential election, Candidates
Initially several prominent figures were interested in running. Besides Karimov and Muhammad Salih, a prominent opposition leader, Abdurakhim Pulatov from Unity and  Abdullah Utayev,  leader of Islamic Renaissance Party of Uzbekistan, both declared their candidacy. However, they were unable to register due to obstacles placed in their way by the government: Pulatov failed to gather enough signatures while Utayev was unable to register as his party was not recognized by the government. Pulatov claimed that the government wanted to prevent him from running due to a new election law which required candidates to collect signatures in only few days. Ultimately Salih was the only opposition candidate.


1991 Uzbek presidential election, Candidates
Despite having a real opposition candidate, Karimov was expected to win due to his control of government apparatus and state media. Salih was only given 15 minutes airtime on several television stations, while Karimov's speeches were aired regularly. Salih focused his campaign on promising to liberalize the political, social and economic spheres, while Karimov was focused on sovereignty and the social and spiritual revival of Uzbekistan.


1991 Uzbek presidential election, Results
Officially, Karimov was re-elected in a landslide, beating Salih with just over 87 percent of the vote. However, observers stated the election was heavily rigged by Karimov's government, with many violations of regulations and ballot stuffing. In the early election results, Salih had received 30% of vote and Karimov 40%, potentially requiring a second round. However, a few hours later the results were revised to state Karimov was the winner with over 50 percent of the vote. Several independent observers claimed that Salih had received over 50% of vote.


1991 Uzbek presidential election, Results
Salih told the Helsinki Commission that he had actually received 30% of vote, implying that he had conceded that Karimov was the winner of the election. However, he also protested the election process was unfair. He later joined Pulatov in demanding fresh elections under a new electoral law in a student protest. However, in the end Karimov's regime suppressed the protest and Pulatov and Salih later went into exile.


1991 V-League, First stage
19 participants divided into 3 groups playing double round robin;8 clubs qualified for quarterfinals, while 6 clubs entered relegationplayoffs, 3 clubs going down


1991 VFA season
The 1991 Victorian Football Association season was the 110th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Dandenong Football Club, after it defeated Werribee in the Grand Final on 22 September by nine points; it was Dandenong's third and final top-division premiership, won only two years after the club finished second-last with one win.


1991 VFA season, Association membership
Two clubs withdrew from the Association in 1991: Camberwell, which withdrew shortly before the start of the season; and Brunswick-Broadmeadows, which withdrew after playing three matches. As a result, the playing membership of the Association was reduced to twelve, the fewest since 1950.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal of Camberwell
The Camberwell Football Club had been in a weak on-field and off-field position since 1985. It had managed to maintain a reasonable team at Division 2 level until 1988; but, after the second division was abandoned at the start of 1989, it had been unable to compile a playing list which was competitive against the former Division 1 clubs, and had consequently endured two consecutive winless seasons.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal of Camberwell
The club intended to compete in the 1991 VFA season and made full preparations to do so; however, after suffering a twelve-goal loss in a pre-season match against Bendigo Football League club South Bendigo during March, the club recognised that its playing list was even less competitive than its 1990 list.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal of Camberwell
On 24 March, coach Gary Brice decided to walk out on the club rather than face another futile season; and within a week, the club announced its withdrawal from the 1991 season, stating that it would be better to attempt to consolidate its position and attempt to return for the 1992 season, rather than further ruin both its own reputation and the reputation of the Association by fielding an uncompetitive team. The club never managed to return to the Association; it played in the Victorian Amateur Football Association from 1992 until 1994 before folding.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal and folding of Brunswick-Broadmeadows
The financially struggling Brunswick Football Club had merged with the Broadmeadows Football Club in October 1989 in the hope of establishing a plan for future viability. However, throughout the 1990 season, fighting between Brunswick and Broadmeadows factions of the board had hindered the club's efforts to improve its situation, prompting the Association to sack the club's board in August 1990 and appoint an administrator. When the club was returned to a new board in September, it was still more than $250,000 in debt and at risk of Broadmeadows withdrawing from the merger; the Association recommended the club withdraw and join a suburban league, but it pressed on with preparations for the 1991 VFA season.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal and folding of Brunswick-Broadmeadows
The club tried to raise funds over the summer to clear its debts, but had too few fans and too few administrators; as a result it was left unable to make its match payments to players for the 1990 season, resulting in an exodus of most of its senior players. The inexperienced team which remained suffered three huge losses to begin the 1991 season – including a 250-point loss to eventual premiers Dandenong and a 97-point loss to eventual wooden-spooners Oakleigh – and announced its withdrawal from the season on 6 May 1991.


1991 VFA season, Association membership, Withdrawal and folding of Brunswick-Broadmeadows
Like Camberwell, Brunswick-Broadmeadows remained a non-playing member of the Association with the hope of consolidating its position and returning to playing in 1992, but this never happened, with the club folding soon after. The three games that the club had played were expunged from the VFA's records, and the rest of the fixture was redrawn to ensure all teams played an equal number of games.


1991 VFA season, Premiership season
In the home-and-away season, each team played eighteen games; the top five then contested the finals under the McIntyre Final Five system. The primary finals venue was North Port Oval, and the Grand Final was played at Princes Park.


1991 VFA season, Grand final
The 1991 Grand Final was a see-sawing contest with a close finish. After Werribee scored the first goal of the game, Dandenong scored the next four. Werribee then scored eight of the next nine goals, and kept Dandenong goalless in the second quarter, to hold a 30-point lead early in the third quarter. Dandenong scored the next five goals to reduce the margin, and took a 5-point lead into three quarter time.


1991 VFA season, Grand final
The final quarter is remembered for key events which swung the game in Dandenong's favour when scores were close late in the game: after 15 minutes of play, Werribee's Phil O'Keeffe was ordered off the ground for assaulting Dandenong's Ian Atkinson, resulting in a five-minute delay while Atkinson was stretchered from the ground, and a resulting free kick to Dandenong from which it scored a goal which put it six points in front – Atkinson's jaw was broken in three places, and O'Keeffe was suspended for six weeks for the assault.


1991 VFA season, Grand final
Werribee regained a one-point lead after 22 minutes from a Nick Walsh free kick, and Rohan Welsh regained the five-point lead for Dandenong a minute later. Werribee attacked over the next few minutes, and missed two short-range snap shots – the first by Stephen Sells, and the second a shot by Werribee captain-coach Leon Harris which was touched on the line in a diving save by Dandenong captain-coach Tony Elshaug – to reduce the margin to three points after 26 minutes. Werribee continued to attack over the following two minutes, before Dandenong rebounded and Sean Millane kicked the sealing goal in the 29th minute.


1991 VG
1991 VG is a very small near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 5–12 meters (16–39 feet) in diameter. It was first observed by American astronomer James Scotti on 6 November 1991, using the Spacewatch telescope on Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States.


1991 VG, Earth-like orbit
On 6 November 1991, Scotti discovered a faint object which was designated 1991 VG soon after discovery. The object's heliocentric orbit was found to be very similar to Earth's orbit and it was calculated that it would make a close approach to Earth in the month after discovery at 1.2 lunar distances or 0.003 AU (450,000 km; 280,000 mi) on 5 December 1991. 1991 VG also passed 0.0568 AU from Earth on 7 August 2017 and 0.0472 au on 11 February 2018.


1991 VG, Earth-like orbit
Given such an Earth-like orbit, the dynamical lifetime of such an object is relatively short with the object quickly either impacting Earth or being perturbed by Earth onto a different orbit. The similarity of its orbit with Earth was also very difficult to explain from natural sources, with ejecta from a recent Lunar impact or non-gravitational perturbations such as the Yarkovsky effect having been suggested. The first Earth Trojan asteroid, 2010 TK7, was later identified and such objects could well be a source for objects like 1991 VG.


1991 VG, Earth-like orbit
1991 VG has been a transient co-orbital of the horseshoe type in the past (for example between AD 1382 and 1667) and it will return to such in the future. In 1991-1992 it looped around the earth in a retrograde manner (east to west) with closest approach at 0.00306 au on 5 December 1991. It had an eccentricity of less than 1 with respect to the Earth from 23 February to 21 March 1992. This temporary capture has taken place multiple times in the past and it is expected to repeat again in the future.


1991 VG, Earth-like orbit
It is now falling behind the earth as it and the earth orbit the sun. The two will again be on the same side of the sun in November, 2038.


1991 VG, Earth-like orbit
Simulation has been performed for 5000 years into the future without detecting an impact on Earth. Around 400 BC there was an approach to a distance of around 0.001 au, closer than the moon (see Figure 1 in the paper by Carlos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos).


1991 VG, Possible monolithic structure
Since the discovery of 1991 VG, about 80% of small asteroids with absolute magnitudes fainter than 22.0 (corresponding to sizes smaller than about 200 meters) which have had their lightcurve measured have rotation periods under 2 hours. The so-called fast rotators are typically monolithic bodies or, alternatively, welded conglomerates with a sufficient intrinsic strength to counteract centrifugal forces. More slowly rotating asteroids are sometimes gravitationally bound aggregates or rubble piles.


1991 VG, Possible artificial origin
The uncertainty of the object's origin, combined with rapid variation in the object's brightness in images obtained during its close passage with Earth in early December 1991, led to some speculation that 1991 VG might be a spent rocket fuel tank. There was speculation that it could be a rocket body from a satellite launched in the early 1970s, or from the Apollo 12 mission. A detailed analysis of the available evidence confirms that there is no compelling reason to believe that 1991 VG is not natural.


1991 VG, Recovery
1991 VG was not observed between 1992 and 2017. But after 26 years, 1991 VG had returned to the vicinity of Earth. As part of a program by ESA and ESO to secure the orbit of faint but potentially threatening Near-Earth Objects, 1991 VG was recovered by the ESO VLT on 30 May 2017, at magnitude 25. With this recovery, the orbit of 1991 VG is now determined with a high precision. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 1 June 2017.


1991 VG, Recovery
The fact that it has stayed on a stable orbit for many years indicates not only that it is an inert object (i.e. not an active spacecraft), but also that its density is fairly high: an empty fuel tank, for instance, would have its orbit slightly changing in time due to the radiation pressure from the Sun. This strengthens the probability that 1991 VG is a near Earth asteroid.


1991 VG, Exploration
The Near-Earth Asteroid Scout is a planned mission by NASA to develop a low-cost CubeSat solar sail spacecraft capable of encountering near-Earth asteroids and taking high resolution images. It is expected to launch in 2021, and 1991 VG is the planned target.


1991 Valencia City Council election
The 1991 Valencia City Council election, also the 1991 Valencia municipal election, was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 4th City Council of the municipality of Valencia. All 33 seats in the City Council were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in thirteen autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Valencia City Council election, Electoral system
The City Council of Valencia (Valencian: Ajuntament de València, Spanish: Ayuntamiento de Valencia) was the top-tier administrative and governing body of the municipality of Valencia, composed of the mayor, the government council and the elected plenary assembly. Elections to the local councils in Spain were fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years.


1991 Valencia City Council election, Electoral system
Voting for the local assembly was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the municipality of Valencia and in full enjoyment of their political rights, as well as resident non-nationals whose country of origin allowed Spanish nationals to vote in their own elections by virtue of a treaty. Local councillors were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of five percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each local council. Councillors were allocated to municipal councils based on the following scale:


1991 Valencia City Council election, Electoral system
The mayor was indirectly elected by the plenary assembly. A legal clause required that mayoral candidates earned the vote of an absolute majority of councillors, or else the candidate of the most-voted party in the assembly was to be automatically appointed to the post. In the event of a tie, the appointee would be determined by lot.


1991 Valencia City Council election, Electoral system
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of a determined amount of the electors registered in the municipality for which they were seeking election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. For the case of Valencia, as its population was between 300,001 and 1,000,000, at least 5,000 signatures were required.


1991 Valencia City Council election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 17 seats were required for an absolute majority in the City Council of Valencia.


1991 Valencian regional election
The 1991 Valencian regional election was held on Sunday, 26 May 1991, to elect the 3rd Corts of the Valencian Community. All 89 seats in the Corts were up for election. The election was held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve other autonomous communities and local elections all throughout Spain.


1991 Valencian regional election
For the third and final time to date, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won a regional election in the Valencian Community, regaining the overall majority of seats it had lost in the 1987 election. This was the last time the PSOE was able to access the Valencian government on its own, and the last until the 2015 election in which it went on to form the regional government of the Valencian Community.


1991 Valencian regional election
As in other Spanish communities, the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) saw a substantial drop in its vote share, causing it to fall below the 5% threshold and lose all its 10 seats. The party's poor results across Spain led to the resignation of party leader and former Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez and to the eventual demise of the CDS as a relevant actor in Spanish politics.


1991 Valencian regional election
The main right of centre parties, both the newly founded People's Party (PP) (a merger of the People's Alliance (AP) and other right-wing parties) and the regionalist Valencian Union (UV), came out reinforced from the election, mainly at the cost of the declining CDS. However, they were left unable to command an overall majority of seats, unlike what happened in the city of Valencia in the same year's election, in which a post-election agreement between both parties managed to oust the PSOE from the city's government and elect 1987 AP regional candidate Rita Barberá as city mayor.


1991 Valencian regional election
United Left (IU) maintained the results obtained by the IU-UPV alliance in the 1987 election. Valencian People's Unity (UPV) had broken its alliance with IU in 1988 and was left out of the Courts as a result, being unable to surpass the 5% regional threshold to win seats.


1991 Valencian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The Corts Valencianes were the devolved, unicameral legislature of the Valencian autonomous community, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a President of the Government. Voting for the Corts was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Valencian Community and in full enjoyment of their political rights.


1991 Valencian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The 89 members of the Corts Valencianes were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 5 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied regionally. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Alicante, Castellón and Valencia. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of 20 seats, with the remaining 29 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations on the condition that the seat to population ratio in any given province did not exceed three times that of any other.


1991 Valencian regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.


1991 Valencian regional election, Overview, Election date
The term of the Corts Valencianes expired four years after the date of their previous election. Legal amendments earlier in 1991 established that elections to the Corts were to be fixed for the fourth Sunday of May every four years. The previous election was held on 10 June 1987, setting the election date for the Corts on Sunday, 26 May 1991.


1991 Valencian regional election, Overview, Election date
The Corts Valencianes could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament.


1991 Valencian regional election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 45 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Corts Valencianes.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash
On October 25, 1991, a Bell 206 carrying rock music concert promoter Bill Graham, his girlfriend Melissa Gold, and pilot Steve Kahn crashed into a transmission tower west of Vallejo, California, killing everyone on board. The cause of the accident was determined to be the pilot's intentional flight into known adverse weather conditions.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Accident
The Bell 206B JetRanger was operating under Federal Aviation Regulation Part 91, and departed from parking lot "F" of the Concord Pavilion around 9:45 pm, bound for the Commodore Center Heliport (KJMC) in Sausalito, California, about 27 mi (43 km) to the west-southwest. The pilot had received a weather briefing in which visual flight rules (VFR) flight was not recommended due to inclement weather. Before take-off, the pilot requested and received a special VFR clearance to pass through the airspace of Buchanan Field Airport on a northwest heading.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Accident
When the helicopter lifted off, the weather was one-half-mile visibility, gusty winds, heavy rain, and overcast with a 200-ft ceiling. Using pilotage to navigate from one landmark to another at an altitude just below the cloud base, the pilot proceeded through the city of Vallejo and began following California State Route 37. At 9:56 pm near the northernmost point of San Pablo Bay, the Bell 206B struck the top of a 223 ft (68 m) high-voltage transmission tower, located roughly 150 ft (46 m) south of Rt. 37, and became impaled on it. The aircraft exploded on impact and all three occupants suffered fatal injuries.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Aircraft and crew
The Bell 206B JetRanger registration number N3456M and serial number 1391, had an airframe total time of 6,279 hours and its last inspection was on September 9, 1991, seven logged hours before the accident.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Aircraft and crew
The pilot was 42-year-old Steve Kahn, who held valid airline transport, flight instructor, and commercial certificates, with 4,541 total flight hours logged.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Aftermath
The helicopter became welded to the tower and a large crane was required to remove and lower it to the ground. The JetRanger was written off as damaged beyond repair. A music concert at the Concord Pavilion was interrupted for a time due to a power surge, and 23,000 homes were left without power until morning. A section of Rt. 37 was closed for days afterward, and the tower was later repaired.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Investigation
The aircraft had to be left hanging from the tower until investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) could examine it. The inquiry found the pilot had considerable geographic knowledge of the area and decided to fly VFR when conditions would indicate use of instrument flight rules (IFR). Witnesses saw the helicopter flying parallel to Rt. 37 at about 200 ft (61 m) altitude above ground level and then explode as it collided  with the tower. The area sectional chart clearly showed the location and height of the high-voltage tower.


1991 Vallejo helicopter crash, Investigation
The NTSB's final conclusion was: "The pilot's intentional flight into known adverse weather, continued flight into instrument meteorological conditions, and improper altitude. Contributing to the accident were low ceilings, poor visibility, and restricted visual lookout."


1991 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1991 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Commodores were led by head coach Gerry DiNardo in his first season and finished with a record of five wins and six losses (5–6 overall, 3–4 in the SEC).


1991 Vanuatuan general election
General elections were held in Vanuatu on 2 December 1991. Ni-Vanuatu voters were invited to elect the 46 members of the national Parliament.


1991 Vanuatuan general election
By this date, Walter Lini of the Vanua'aku Pati had been Prime Minister for eleven years, the country's only leader since independence in 1980. Several months before the election, he was replaced by Donald Kalpokas as leader of the Vanua'aku Pati, and formed his own National United Party.


1991 Vanuatuan general election
Seven parties contested the election. The Union of Moderate Parties obtained 19 seats, the same number as during the previous election, but this time these were sufficient to place it in the lead. The Vanua'aku Pati and the National United Party obtained ten seats each, marking the VP's first electoral defeat.


1991 Vanuatuan general election
With no absolute majority, the UMP formed a ruling coalition with the NUP. Maxime Carlot Korman (UMP) became Vanuatu's first francophone Prime Minister, with NUP co-founder Sethy Regenvanu as deputy Prime Minister. Voter turnout was 71.3%.


1991 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1991 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by seventh-year head coach Andy Talley, the Wildcats played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania. Villanova finished the season with an overall record of 10–2 and a conference mark of 7-1, sharing the Yankee Conference title with Delaware and New Hampshire. Villanova qualified for the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship playoffs, losing to the eventual national champion, Youngstown State, in the first round.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1991 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cavaliers were led by 10th-year head coach George Welsh and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in fourth. Virginia was invited to the Gator Bowl, where they lost to Oklahoma.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team
The 1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team represented the University of Virginia during the 1991 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. It was the program's 52nd season of existence, and their 38th season in the Atlantic Coast Conference.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team
The season saw Virginia win their second NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, and their first outright championship. The title, sparked a three-year run where they would win the title three more times in what was considered a college soccer dynasty. Additionally, the Cavaliers won their second-ever ACC Men's Soccer Tournament and their 10th ACC regular season title.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team
The 1991 was the final season the Cavaliers played at Scott Stadium. The following year, they moved to 8,000-seat Klöckner Stadium.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team
The program boasted several  notable future players and coaches including Clint Peay and Claudio Reyna who collectively won over 100 caps for the United States men's national soccer team.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team, Squad
The following players played for Virginia's soccer team in 1991.


1991 Virginia Cavaliers men's soccer team, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1991 Virginia House of Delegates election
The Virginia House of Delegates election of 1991 was held on Tuesday, November 5. Just over a month earlier, on September 28, House Speaker A. L. Philpott died of cancer. Democratic floor leader Tom Moss led his party going into the election; Moss was elected Speaker two weeks later, after his conference maintained a majority in the chamber.


1991 Virginia Senate election
In the elections to the Senate of Virginia, United States in October 1991, the Republican Party gained 8 seats from the Democrats, but the Democrats retained a majority with 22 seats to the Republicans' 18. One electoral district was newly created and another two were merged into one.


1991 Virginia Slims of California
The 1991 Virginia Slims of California was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Oakland Coliseum Arena in Oakland, California in the United States and was part of the Tier II category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 20th edition of the tournament ran from November 4 through November 10, 1991. Second-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money as well as 300 ranking points.


1991 Virginia Slims of California, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Gigi Fernández defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver 6–4, 7–5


1991 Virginia Slims of Chicago
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Chicago was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago, Illinois in the United States and was part of the Tier II  category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was held from February 11 through February 17, 1991. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her 11th at the event and earned $70,000 first-prize money as well as 300 ranking points.


1991 Virginia Slims of Chicago, Finals, Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Jana Novotná defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver 6–2, 6–4


1991 Virginia Slims of Florida
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Florida was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Boca Raton, Florida in the United States that was part of Tier I of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from March 4 through March 10, 1991. Second seeded Gabriela Sabatini won the singles title, her second consecutive at the event and third in total.


1991 Virginia Slims of Florida, Entrants, Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:


1991 Virginia Slims of Florida, Finals, Doubles
Larisa Neiland /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Meredith McGrath /  Samantha Smith 6–4, 7–6(7–3)


1991 Virginia Slims of Houston
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Houston was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Westside Tennis Club in Houston, Texas in the United States that was part of Tier II of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and was held from April 15 through April 21, 1991. First-seeded Monica Seles won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Houston, Finals, Doubles
Jill Hetherington /  Kathy Rinaldi defeated  Patty Fendick /  Mary Joe Fernández 6–1, 2–6, 6–1


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Manhattan Country Club in Manhattan Beach, California in the United States that was part of the Tier II category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from August 12 through August 18, 1991. First-seeded Monica Seles won her second consecutive singles title at the event and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles, Finals, Doubles
Larisa Neiland /  Natasha Zvereva defeated  Gretchen Magers /  Robin White 6–1, 2–6, 6–2


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Doubles
Gigi Fernández and Jana Novotná were the defending champions, but none competed this year.


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Doubles
Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva won the title by defeating Gretchen Magers and Robin White 6–1, 2–6, 6–2 in the final.


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Doubles, Seeds
The first four seeds received a bye to the second round.


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Singles
Monica Seles was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, by defeating Kimiko Date 6–3, 6–1 in the final. Despite the win, Seles lost the world No. 1 spot to Steffi Graf, as her opponent needed to be in a high ranking in order to Seles to earn bonus points (Date was No. 112 while Gabriela Sabatini, defeated at the semifinals, was No. 3)


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Singles
Date also became the first japanese female player on reaching the final of any Tier II tournament.


1991 Virginia Slims of Los Angeles – Singles, Seeds
The first eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Maryland Farms Racquet Club in Brentwood, Tennessee in the United States and was part of Tier IV of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the sixth and last edition of the tournament and ran from November 4 through November 10, 1991. Fourth-seeded Sabine Appelmans won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville, Finals, Doubles
Sandy Collins /  Elna Reinach defeated  Yayuk Basuki /  Caroline Vis 5–7, 6–4, 7–6(9–7)


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville – Doubles
Kathy Jordan and Larisa Neiland were the defending champions, but none competed this year.


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville – Doubles
Sandy Collins and Elna Reinach won the title by defeating Yayuk Basuki and Caroline Vis 5–7, 6–4, 7–6(9–7) in the final.


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville – Singles
Natalia Medvedeva was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Katrina Adams.


1991 Virginia Slims of Nashville – Singles
Sabine Appelmans won the title by defeating Adams 6–2, 6–4 in the final.


1991 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at The Greens Country Club in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in the United States that was part of Tier IV of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the sixth edition of the tournament was held from February 18 through February 24, 1991. First-seeded Jana Novotná won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma, Finals, Doubles
Meredith McGrath /  Anne Smith defeated  Katrina Adams /  Jill Hetherington 6–2, 6–4


1991 Virginia Slims of Palm Springs – Doubles
The tournament was completely cancelled due to inclement weather. Only 4 first-round matches were completed.


1991 Virginia Slims of Palm Springs – Doubles, Seeds
The top four seeds received a bye to the second round.


1991 Virginia Slims of Palm Springs – Singles
Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and successfully defended her title, defeating Monica Seles in the final, 6–2, 7–6(8–6).


1991 Virginia Slims of Palm Springs – Singles, Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1991 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Philadelphia Civic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States that was part of the Tier II category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from November 11 through November 17, 1991. First-seeded Monica Seles won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia, Finals, Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Larisa Neiland defeated  Mary Joe Fernández /  Zina Garrison-Jackson 6–2, 6–4


1991 Virginia Slims of Washington
The 1991 Virginia Slims of Washington was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard court at the William H.G. FitzGerald Tennis Center in Washington, D.C. in the United States and was part of the Tier II category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 18th and last edition of the tournament and ran from August 19 through August 24, 1991. Second-seeded Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won the singles title and earned $70,000 first-prize money.


1991 Virginia Slims of Washington, Finals, Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Larisa Neiland defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Natasha Zvereva 5–7, 6–1, 7–6(12–10)


1991 Virginia Tech Hokies football team
The 1991 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Frank Beamer.


1991 Virginia's 7th congressional district special election
A special election for Virginia's 7th congressional district was held on November 5, 1991 because the previous congressman D. French Slaughter Jr. had resigned due to a series of strokes. George Allen, who would later become Governor of Virginia and then a United States Senator, won with over 60% of the vote.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix was the penultimate round of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 6–8 September 1991 at the Bugatti Circuit located in Le Mans. France.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix
Originally meant to be held in Brazil, that race was cancelled for safety reasons, so the FIM decided to add a second French round. It is the only time in FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing history two rounds were held in France during a season. The race's name was used for this race only, after the European Grand Prix moniker had been used for a race in Jarama that replaced the Yugoslavian race.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
John Kocinski on pole. Kevin Schwantz gets the start from Kocinski, Mick Doohan, Wayne Gardner and Wayne Rainey.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Schwantz and Doohan battle for 1st, but at ten laps to go, Rainey just needs to stay in 3rd place to win the championship.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Rainey speculates that Kocinski let him take 3rd so he could win the championship, though he told team manager Kenny Roberts he didn't want Kocinski's help.


1991 Vitesse du Mans motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Kenny Roberts: "There were a lot of races where we shouldn't have won, and we really wouldn't have won if it wasn't for Wayne. There's a lot of races where had we had anyone else, it wouldn't have happened. Wayne was very, very determined to win it this year. Some years you can say the bikes were definitely better or our engineering was better, but this year Wayne was definitely better."


1991 Volkswagen Cup
The 1991 Volkswagen Cup was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Fairhall in Leipzig in Germany that was part of Tier III of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 30 September until 6 October 1991. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title, her second consecutive at the event, and earned $45,000 first-prize money as well as 240 ranking points.


1991 Volkswagen Cup, Finals, Doubles
Manon Bollegraf /  Isabelle Demongeot defeated  Jill Hetherington /  Kathy Rinaldi 6–4, 6–3


1991 Volta a Catalunya
The 1991 Volta a Catalunya was the 71st edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 6 September to 12 September 1991. The race started in Manresa and finished in Tortosa. The race was won by Miguel Induráin of the Banesto team.


1991 Volvo International
The 1991 Volvo International was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center in New Haven, Connecticut in the United States and was part of the Championship Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and ran from August 12 through August 19, 1991. Petr Korda won the singles title.


1991 Volvo International, Finals, Doubles
Petr Korda /  Wally Masur defeated  Jeff Brown /  Scott Melville 7–5, 6–3


1991 Volvo International – Doubles
Jeff Brown and Scott Melville were the defending champions but were forced to withdraw before the final against Petr Korda and Wally Masur.


1991 Volvo International – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1991 Volvo International – Singles
Derrick Rostagno was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Goran Ivanišević.


1991 Volvo International – Singles
Petr Korda won in the final 6–4, 6–2 against Ivanišević.


1991 Volvo International – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1991 Volvo PGA Championship
The 1991 Volvo PGA Championship was the 37th edition of the Volvo PGA Championship, an annual professional golf tournament on the European Tour. It was held 24–27 May at the West Course of Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, a suburb southwest of London.


1991 Volvo PGA Championship
The event was won by Seve Ballesteros, defeating Colin Montgomerie in a playoff. It was his second Volvo PGA Championship win.


1991 Volvo PGA Championship, Round summaries, Playoff
The playoff took place on the par four 1st; Ballesteros hit a golf buggy with his drive, but hit a 5-iron to 3 feet with his second shot, setting up a birdie three. Montgomerie could only manage par.


1991 Volvo San Francisco
The 1991 Volvo San Francisco was a men's  tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California in the United States and was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the 103rd edition of the tournament and was held from February 4 through February 10, 1991. Sixth-seeded Darren Cahill won the singles title and earned $33,800 first-prize money.