1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Resistance and reprisals in the south
In December 1993, the U.S. Department of State accused Iraq of "indiscriminate military operations in the south, which include the burning of villages and forced relocation of non-combatants." On February 23, 1994, Iraq diverted waters from the Tigris river to areas south and east of the main marshlands, resulting in floods of up to 10 feet of water, in order to render the farmlands there useless and drive the rebels who have been hiding there to flee back to the marshes which were being drained of water.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Resistance and reprisals in the south
In March 1994, a team of British scientists estimated that 57% of the marshlands have been drained and that in 10 to 20 years the entire wetland ecosystem in southern Iraq will be gone. In April 1994, the U.S. officials said Iraq was continuing a military campaign in Iraq's remote marshes.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Resistance and reprisals in the south
Iraq saw further unrest in its Shia dominated provinces in early 1999 following the killing of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr by the government. Like the 1991 uprisings, the 1999 uprising was violently suppressed.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Kurdish sovereign enclave
In the north, fighting continued until October when an agreement was made for Iraqi withdrawal from parts of Iraq's Kurdish-inhabited region. This led to the establishment of the Kurdistan Regional Government and creation of a Kurdish Autonomous Republic in three provinces of northern Iraq. Tens of thousands of Iraqi soldiers dug-in along the front, backed by tanks and heavy artillery, while the Iraqi government established a blockade of food, fuel, and other goods to the area. The U.S. Air Force continued to enforce a no-fly zone over northern Iraq since March 1991, to defend Kurds fleeing their homes in northern Iraq, the U.S. military also built and maintained several refugee camps in 1991.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Kurdish sovereign enclave
This general stalemate was broken during the 1994–1997 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War, when due to the PUK alliance with Iran, the KDP called in Iraqi support and Saddam sent his military into Kurdistan, capturing Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. Iraqi government forces retreated after the U.S. intervened by launching missile strikes on southern Iraq in 1996. On January 1, 1997, the U.S. and its allies launched Operation Northern Watch to continue enforcing the no-fly zone in the north the day after Operation Provide Comfort was over.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Post–2003 trials
The trial of 15 former aides to Saddam Hussein, including Ali Hassan al-Majid (also known as "Chemical Ali"), over their alleged role in the murder of 60,000 to 100,000 people during the 1991 suppression took place in Baghdad in 2007 and 2008. According to the prosecutor, "the acts committed against the Iraqi people in 1991 by the security forces and by the defendants were one of the ugliest crimes ever committed against humanity in modern history."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, Aftermath, Post–2003 trials
Al-Majid was already sentenced to death in June 2007 for genocide regarding his role in the 1988 Operation Anfal when he was also convicted for his role in the events of 1991 and given another death sentence; he was executed in 2010. The issue was also given much attention during the trial of Saddam Hussein.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Prompted by foreign policy "realists" in his administration—such as Colin Powell, Brent Scowcroft and Richard Haass—Mr. Bush allowed Saddam to fly military aircraft to put down the uprising. While thousands of U.S. troops were still on Iraqi soil and in some cases were close enough to watch, the tyrant unleashed the power of modern weaponry against men, women and children.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Many Iraqi and American critics accused President George H. W. Bush and his administration of encouraging and abandoning the rebellion after halting Coalition forces at Iraq's southern border with Kuwait at the end of the Gulf War. In 1996, Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, admitted in his book My American Journey that, while Bush's rhetoric "may have given encouragement to the rebels", "our practical intention was to leave Baghdad enough power to survive as a threat to Iran that remained bitterly hostile toward the United States."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Coalition Commander Norman Schwarzkopf Jr has expressed regret for negotiating a ceasefire agreement that allowed Iraq to keep using helicopters, but also suggested a move to support the uprisings would have empowered Iran. Bush's national security adviser, Brent Scowcroft, told ABC's Peter Jennings "I frankly wished [the uprisings] hadn't happened ... we certainly would have preferred a coup."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
In 2006, Najmaldin Karim, president of the Washington Kurdish Institute, called it a "betrayal of Iraq", blaming the policy of "a dangerous illusion of stability in the Middle East, a 'stability' bought with the blood of Middle Easterners and that produced such horrors as the massive 1991 bloodletting of Iraqis who sought to overthrow Saddam Hussein."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Soon after the uprisings began, fears of a disintegrating Iraq led the Bush Administration to distance itself from the rebels. American military officials downplayed the significance of the revolts and spelled out a policy of non-intervention in Iraq's internal affairs. U.S. Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney stated as the uprisings began: "I'm not sure whose side you'd want to be on."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
On March 5, Rear Admiral John Michael McConnell, Director of Intelligence for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, acknowledged "chaotic and spontaneous" uprisings were under way in 13 cities of Iraq, but stated the Pentagon's view that Saddam would prevail because of the rebels' "lack of organization and leadership." On the same day, Cheney said "it would be very difficult for us to hold the coalition together for any particular course of action dealing with internal Iraqi politics, and I don't think, at this point, our writ extends to trying to move inside Iraq."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
The U.S. Department of State spokesman Richard Boucher said on March 6, "We don't think that outside powers should be interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq." On April 2, in a carefully crafted statement, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Margaret Tutwiler said: "We never, ever, stated as either a military or a political goal of the coalition or the international community the removal of Saddam Hussein." Other reasons given for not providing assistance to the uprising included fear of the "Lebanonization of Iraq," Iranian-backed Shias assuming power, and reluctance to recommit U.S. soldiers into fighting. President George H. W. Bush himself insisted three days later, just as the Iraqi loyalist forces were putting down the last resistance in the cities:


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
I made clear from the very beginning that it was not an objective of the coalition or the United States to overthrow Saddam Hussein. So I don't think the Shiites in the south, those who are unhappy with Saddam in Baghdad, or the Kurds in the north ever felt that the United States would come to their assistance to overthrow this man...I have not misled anybody about the intentions of the United States of America, or has any other coalition partner, all of whom to my knowledge agree with me in this position.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
The Bush Administration sternly warned Iraqi authorities on March 7 against the use of chemical weapons during the unrest, but equivocated use of helicopter gunships by the government. U.S. Major General Martin Brandtner, deputy director of operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, added that "there is no move on the [part of] U.S. forces... to let any weapons slip through [to the rebels], or to play any role whatsoever in fomenting or assisting any side."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Consequently, U.S. troops that were deployed in southern Iraq defended arsenals or blew up them altogether to prevent the rebels from arming themselves, blocked the rebels from advancing onto Baghdad and even actively disarmed some rebel forces; according to Middle East expert William B. Quandt, U.S. forces also "let one Iraqi division go through [their] lines to get to Basra because the United States did not want the regime to collapse." In addition the destroying captured munitions, the Bush Administration transferred some to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, and even returned some to the Iraqis; at the same time, the Bush Administration accused Iran of sending arms to the rebels.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
The U.S. abandonment of the 1991 revolution was cited by many analysts as an explanation for the fact that the skeptical Iraqi Shia population did not welcome the U.S.-led coalition forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq the way some officials of George W. Bush administration had predicted before the war began, remaining reluctant to rise up against Saddam until Baghdad fell. In 2011, the U.S. ambassador to Iraq, James F. Jeffrey, officially apologized to Iraqi politicians and southern tribal leaders for the U.S. inaction in 1991.


1991 Iraqi uprisings, U.S. non-intervention controversy
Adel Abdul Mahdi, a top Iraqi Shia political leader, commented: "At the least, from what we are facing now, this would have been a much better solution than the solution of 2003. The role of Iraq's people would have been fundamental, not like in 2003." A spokesman for a top Shia religious leader, Ayatollah Basheer Hussain Najafi, stated that "the apology of the U.S. has come too late, and does not change what happened. The apology is not going to bring back to the widows their husbands, and bereaved mothers their sons and brothers that they lost in the massacre that followed the uprising."


1991 Iraqi uprisings, In film
The southern rebellions were subjects of the 1999 film Three Kings by David O. Russell and the 2008 film Dawn of the World by Abbas Fahdel, as well as the 1993 Frontline documentary Saddam's Killing Fields by Michael Wood.


1991 Ireland rugby union tour of Namibia
The 1991 Ireland rugby union tour of Namibia. The Ireland national rugby union team made their first and, to date, only visit to Namibia in 1991. Richard Wallace made his full international debut in the first test game . Ireland played four matches, winning twice against Namibia B but losing both capped matches with the Namibia national rugby union team.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1991 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August and September with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on 14 September 1991.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby
The winner Ardfert Mick (named after Ardfert local Mike Mulrennan) won £30,000 and was trained by Matt O'Donnell, owned by Noel Clifford and bred by Maurice Harty. The race was sponsored by the Kerry Group's dog food product 'Respond'.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Matt O'Donnell entered eleven runners in an attempt to successfully defend the Respond Irish Derby title. All twelve safely negotiated the qualifying round. Among them was Farloe Melody and Ardfert Mick the winner of the Cox Cup at Newbridge Greyhound Stadium and Febo Champion Stakes, he had posted a new track record in the Cox Cup recording 28.68.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The fastest qualifier was Tipperary Cup champion Coalbrook Tiger in 30.13, followed by the John Coleman trained £10,000 Tennents Extra champion Satharn Lady in 30.17. Terrydrum Tico, Ardfert Mick and Coalbrook Tiger all successfully won their second round heats but Satharn Lady suffered a serious injury.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The quarter finals winners were Coalbrook Tiger (30.29), Farloe Melody (30.38), Terrydrum Tico (30.40), Mathews Gold (30.45), Early Potter (30.45) and Ask Clare (30.46). The first semi-final saw Farloe Melody defeat kennelmate Ardfert Mick before Super Gem provided a shock with a success over Coalbrook Tiger. Ask Clare beat the main English challenger Lyons Monk in the final heat.


1991 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Both Coalbrook Tiger and Farloe Melody made a hash of the start when the traps lifted, leaving Ask Clare in the lead pursued by his brother Ardfert Mick. Ardfert Mick took a first bend lead and drew clear. Coalbrook Tiger was knocked over and broke a hock. The win gave Matt O'Donnell two titles in a row and it was the first time that two full litter greyhounds had taken the first two places.


1991 Irish Masters
The 1991 Irish Masters was the seventeenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 2 to 7 April 1991. The tournament was played at Goffs in Kill, County Kildare, and featured twelve professional players.


1991 Irish Masters
Steve Davis won the title for the sixth time, beating John Parrott 9–5 in the final.


1991 Irish local elections
The 1991 Irish local elections were held in all counties and county boroughs on Thursday, 27 June 1991. They were postponed from June 1990 to allow the Local Government Act 1991 to be passed beforehand. Elections in non-county boroughs and towns were postponed until 1994.


1991 Island Games
The 1991 Island Games were the fourth Island Games, and were held in Åland Islands, from June 23 to June 29, 1991.


1991 Italian Grand Prix
The 1991 Italian Grand Prix (formally the Coca-Cola 62o Gran Premio d'Italia) was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 8 September 1991. It was the twelfth race of the 1991 Formula One World Championship.


1991 Italian Grand Prix
The 53-lap race was won by Nigel Mansell, driving a Williams-Renault, after he started from second position. Drivers' Championship leader, Ayrton Senna, finished second in his McLaren-Honda, having started from pole position, with Alain Prost third in a Ferrari. The win, Mansell's fourth of the season, enabled him to reduce Senna's championship lead to 18 points with four races remaining.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Pre-race
The big news between the Belgian and Italian Grands Prix revolved around young Michael Schumacher, who had made his debut for Jordan in Belgium. Schumacher had signed for Benetton while still being under contract to Jordan. After much legal wrangling the German was confirmed at Benetton, while Roberto Moreno went the other way, taking Schumacher's place at Jordan. Elsewhere Michael Bartels was back at Lotus, as Johnny Herbert had more commitments in Japanese Formula 3000.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
It was a third 1–2 in a row for Brabham in the Friday morning pre-qualifying session, with Mark Blundell back on top of the time sheets, eight tenths of a second faster than Martin Brundle. Olivier Grouillard was again third fastest for Fondmetal, his fifth pre-qualifying success of the season. Michele Alboreto took the last pre-qualification position in the Footwork, 1.5 seconds off Blundell's pace.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
In his best pre-qualifying performance in his four attempts so far, Fabrizio Barbazza just missed out in fifth place in the AGS, albeit 1.6 seconds slower than Alboreto. His team-mate Gabriele Tarquini debuted the new JH27 car, but its engine failed on the first lap. Tarquini reverted to the JH25B, but could only manage sixth fastest. Alex Caffi was a couple of tenths of a second further back in seventh in the other Footwork, while Pedro Chaves remained stuck in the pits after the worn engine in his Coloni refused to start.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
In qualifying, Ayrton Senna took pole again, with title rival Nigel Mansell second, the Englishman complaining of traffic on his final two hot laps. Gerhard Berger was third, followed by Riccardo Patrese, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Schumacher, Nelson Piquet, in his 200th Grand Prix, Moreno, and Pierluigi Martini, in the Ferrari powered Minardi.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Race report
At the start Senna got away well from Mansell, Berger, Patrese, and Alesi, with everyone making it through the Rettifilo double chicane. Moreno was an early casualty as he spun off on lap 2 with the Jordan's suspension breaking just before the spin also just behind the leaders.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Patrese at the front started to charge, first he disposed of Berger, and then Mansell. Martini had spun off in the Minardi by lap 8 at Roggia behind the leaders. On lap 26 Patrese passed Senna at the Ascari chicane, but on the following lap a gearbox failure took him out. Senna now led from Mansell and Berger, with Mansell pressuring Senna for the lead, and on lap 34 he took it with a perfectly timed out-braking manoeuvre going into the Ascari chicane.


1991 Italian Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Senna proceeded to pit for tyres and emerged down in fifth place, but in no mood to stay there. Senna proceeded to pass Schumacher going into Ascari, and then slipstreamed passed Berger into the first corner, and got back to second by passing arch-rival Prost going into the second chicane. Mansell meanwhile cruised to victory from Senna, Prost, Berger (despite pulling off just after the start/finish line with electrical problems), Schumacher, and Piquet, Alesi having retired with a blown engine. With four races to go Senna still led Mansell by 18 points, but this race confirmed that Mansell and Williams could beat Senna's McLaren in a straight fight.


1991 Italian Open (tennis)
The 1991 Italian Open (known as the Peugeot Italian Open for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 48th edition of the Italian Open, and was part of the ATP Super 9 of the 1991 ATP Tour, and of the Tier I Series of the 1991 WTA Tour. Both the men's and the women's events were held at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. The women's tournament was played from 6 May until 12 May 1991, and the men's tournament was played from 13 May until 20 May 1991. Emilio Sánchez and Gabriela Sabatini won the singles titles.


1991 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Omar Camporese /  Goran Ivanišević defeated  Luke Jensen /  Laurie Warder 6–2, 6–3


1991 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Jennifer Capriati /  Monica Seles defeated  Nicole Bradtke /  Elna Reinach 7–5, 6–2


1991 Italian Open – Men's Singles
Thomas Muster was the defending champion but lost to Goran Prpić in the third round.


1991 Italian Open – Men's Singles
Emilio Sánchez won the title, after Alberto Mancini retired with Sánchez leading 6–3, 6–1, 3–0 in the final.


1991 Italian electoral law referendum
An abrogative referendum on the electoral law was held in Italy on 9 June 1991. Voters were asked whether the clause of the law on the number of preference votes should be scrapped. The result was 95.6% in favour, with a turnout of 65.1%.


1991 Italian electoral law referendum, Background
In 1990 a group of reformers, led by Mario Segni, allied with the Radical Party began calling for change to a political system that had seen the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party emerge as the two largest parties in almost every election since World War II. They argued that this caused chronic inefficiency and that the adoption of the Westminster system would lead to a period of political strength. Initially they promoted a referendum on abolishing multiple preference votes in the open list proportional representation system used since 1946. They argued that the system had led to minor lobbies inside parties, with group of candidates allied against other candidates of the same list, causing instability.


1991 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1991 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fifth race of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 17–19 May 1991 at the Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica.


1991 Italy rugby union tour of Namibia
The 1991 Italy rugby union tour of Namibia was a series of matches played between in June 1991 in Namibia by Italy national rugby union team to prepare the 1991 Rugby World Cup.


1991 JSL Cup, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and Yomiuri won the championship.


1991 JSL Cup Final
1991 JSL Cup Final was the 16th final of the JSL Cup competition. The final was played at Nagoya Mizuho Athletics Stadium in Aichi on September 1, 1991. Yomiuri won the championship.


1991 JSL Cup Final, Overview
Yomiuri won their 3rd title, by defeating Honda 4–3 with Nobuhiro Takeda, Toninho, Kazuyoshi Miura and Tsuyoshi Kitazawa goal.


1991 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation
The 1991 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation (Chinese: 1991年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮) was held on January 1992. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.


1991 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1991 are as follows.


1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash
The 1991 Indonesian Air Force Lockheed C-130 Hercules crash happened on 5 October 1991 when an Indonesian Air Force Lockheed C-130H-30 Hercules, A-1324, crashed shortly after takeoff from Jakarta-Halim Perdana Kusuma Airport due to an engine fire.


1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash, Sequence of events
A-1324 (serial number - 4927, model L-82), was delivered from the 32nd Transport Squadron in June 1982. The military flight was from Jakarta to Bandung, and mainly consisted of Paskhas, (also called Orange Berets), returning to base after participating in an Indonesian Armed Forces Day ceremony.


1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash, Sequence of events
The aircraft had a crew of 12 and 122 airman passengers. The aircraft departed at 15:00 local time when, according to eyewitnesses on the ground, one of the engines caught on fire. The fire presumably damaged the wing mechanism, causing the left engine to fail. The aircraft lost control, crashed into the Training Center of the Ministry of Labor, and exploded. Rescue operations were hampered by heavy rain which began an hour after the crash. One of the pilots, Major Samsul Ilham, was found in the wreckage alive but seriously injured. He later died in the hospital the same day.


1991 Jakarta Indonesian Air Force C-130 crash, Sequence of events
A man survived the crash. Two people on the ground were also killed. With 135 fatalities, the crash was the deadliest aviation disaster to occur in Indonesia until the crash of Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 in 1997. It is now the sixth-deadliest.


1991 James Hardie 12 Hour
The 1991 James Hardie 12 Hour was an endurance race for production cars staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, on 31 March 1991. It was the first "Bathurst 12 Hour". Of the 24 starters, 20 were classified as finishers.


1991 James Hardie 12 Hour
The race was won by Allan Grice, Peter Fitzgerald and  Nigel Arkell  driving a Toyota Supra.


1991 James Hardie 12 Hour, Classes
The race was open to "Group E" cars  (officially Group 3E Series Production Cars) and other production cars.


1991 James Madison Dukes football team
The 1991 James Madison Dukes football team represented James Madison University as an independent during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by first-year head coach Rip Scherer, the Duke played their home games at Bridgeforth Stadium in Harrisonburg, Virginia. James Madison finished the season with an overall record of 9–4. They qualified for the NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship playoffs, beating Delaware in the first round before falling to Samford in the quarterfinals.


1991 Japan Series
The 1991 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1991 season. It was the 42nd Japan Series and featured the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions against the Central League champion Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Seibu won their second consecutive PL pennant to reach the series, and Hiroshima finished first in the CL for the sixth time in franchise history. Played at Seibu Lions Stadium and Hiroshima Municipal Stadium, the Lions defeated the Carp four games to three in the best-of-seven series to win the franchise's 10th Japan Series title. Seibu slugger and regular season stolen-base champion Koji Akiyama was named Most Valuable Player of the series. The series was played between October 19 and October 28 with home field advantage going to the Pacific League.


1991 Japan Series, Summary
PL Seibu Lions (4) vs. CL Hiroshima Toyo Carp (3)


1991 Japan national football team
This page records the details of the Japan national football team in 1991.


1991 Japan women's national football team
This page records the details of the Japan women's national football team in 1991.


1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship
The 1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship was scheduled over 11 rounds and contested over 10 rounds. 27 different teams, 47 different drivers, 5 different chassis and 3 different engines competed.


1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, Calendar
All events took place at venues located within the country of Japan.


1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, Calendar
Race 10 was started with the qualification times set for the race scheduled on September, 8.


1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, Calendar
The weekend in Fuji with the race cancelled on October, 27 saw only practice and qualification sections.


1991 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, Final point standings, Driver
For every race, points were awarded: 9 points to the winner, 6 to the runner up, 4 to third place, 3 to fourth place, 2 to fifth place, and 1 to sixth place. No additional points were awarded. The best 7 results count. No driver had a point deduction.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix
The 1991 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XVII Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Suzuka on 20 October 1991. It was the fifteenth round of the 1991 Formula One season. The 53-lap race was won by McLaren driver Gerhard Berger after he started from pole position. His teammate Ayrton Senna finished second and Riccardo Patrese was third for the Williams team.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Pre-race
Formula One moved to Japan with the fight for the title still open; this was the fifth year in a row that the title would be decided at the Suzuka circuit. Both championship contenders Ayrton Senna and Nigel Mansell knew exactly what they needed to do; Mansell had to win with help and Senna needed to beat Mansell.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Pre-race
There were several changes to the driver lineup, the most notable being at Leyton House where Ivan Capelli had been replaced by young Austrian Karl Wendlinger, with Capelli being freed up as a spare driver for Ferrari if Alain Prost decided not to enter. It was the first time the Leyton House/March team had not entered with Capelli as a named driver since their return to the grid in 1987, during which time he had partnered Mauricio Gugelmin in every race from 1988 onwards.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Pre-race
Elsewhere, AGS had run out of money and did not make the voyage to Japan, while fellow stragglers Coloni had hired local driver Naoki Hattori. Johnny Herbert was back behind the wheel of the Lotus after having missed a few races in the second half of the season due to Japanese Formula 3000 commitments.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
With the withdrawal of AGS from Formula One prior to this event, and the return of the Coloni team after missing the last grand Prix, the pre-qualifying pool was reduced to six cars.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
A Brabham topped the time sheets for the seventh time this season as Martin Brundle was fastest, over a second ahead of Alex Caffi in the Footwork. It was only the second time in seven attempts that the Italian had pre-qualified. His team-mate Michele Alboreto was third fastest, just under a tenth of a second slower. The fourth and final pre-qualifying position went to Gabriele Tarquini for Fondmetal, the second time in as many attempts that he had pre-qualified for his new team.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Pre-qualifying report
For the first time in 1991, the other Brabham failed to pre-qualify, as Mark Blundell suffered an oil leak in his Yamaha engine during the session. His time was only good enough for fifth place. Coloni had hired the 1990 Japanese Formula Three champion, Naoki Hattori, to replace Pedro Chaves for the last two races of the season, but the car broke down before Hattori was able to post a representative time.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Qualifying, Qualifying report
There were a number of accidents during the qualifying sessions, including young sensation Michael Schumacher and Ferrari driver Jean Alesi. The biggest of these accidents was the one that befell Éric Bernard who broke his ankle and would not take any further part in the race. At the end of the qualifying sessions it was a McLaren front row with Gerhard Berger ahead of Ayrton Senna. Mansell was third followed by the unhappy Alain Prost, Riccardo Patrese, Jean Alesi, Pierluigi Martini, Gianni Morbidelli, Michael Schumacher, and Nelson Piquet. Senna was right where he wanted to be, while Mansell knew he had his work cut out for him.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
At the start of the race Berger got away well and Senna blocked Mansell the way that Mansell had done to him in Portugal. Elsewhere Jean Alesi's day ended on the first lap in a cloud of smoke, his Ferrari engine having blown. At the end of lap 1 the order was Berger, Senna, Mansell, Patrese, and Prost. There was a huge accident on lap two when Andrea de Cesaris spun his Jordan while leading other cars, and the resulting accident took Wendlinger, Pirro, and Lehto with him. At the front Berger pulled off into the lead while Mansell hounded Senna. It all ended on lap 10 when Mansell made a mistake on the first corner and spun off. His Williams was stuck in the gravel and Mansell was out of championship contention.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
With the news of Mansell's retirement, Senna and Berger both went off into the distance, with Berger waving his recrowned world champion teammate through. The two ran in formation for the rest of the race with Senna letting Berger through on the last lap to win his first race for McLaren.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
Patrese finished third followed by Prost, Martin Brundle scoring the last points in the history of the Brabham team, and Stefano Modena in the Tyrrell. Senna had won his third world championship.


1991 Japanese Grand Prix, Race, Race report
This was the last time Senna, Prost, Piquet and Mansell raced together.


1991 Japanese Touring Car Championship
The 1991 Japanese Touring Car Championship season was the 7th edition of the series. It began at Sportsland SUGO on 19 May and finished after six events at Fuji Speedway on 10 November. The championship was won by Masahiro Hasemi, driving for Hasemi Motorsport.


1991 Japanese Touring Car Championship, Championship Standings
Points were awarded 20, 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 to the overall top 10 as well as top 10 finishers in each class, with no bonus points for pole positions or fastest laps. All scores counted towards the championship. In cases where teammates tied on points, the driver who completed the greater distance during the season was given the higher classification.


1991 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1991 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1991 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 22–24 March 1991 at the Suzuka Circuit.


1991 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
Noboru Ueda, who won the 125cc race on his Grand Prix motorcycle racing debut, would become the last rider to win on his debut until Can Öncü in 2018.


1991 Jello Tennis Classic
The 1991 Jello Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Indianapolis Racquet Club in Indianapolis, Indiana in the United States and was part of the Tier IV category of the 1991 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and ran from November 11 through November 16, 1991. First-seeded Katerina Maleeva won the singles title and earned $27,000 first-prize money.


1991 Jello Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Gigi Fernández defeated  Katrina Adams /  Mercedes Paz 6–4, 6–2


1991 Jigawa State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Jigawa State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Ali Sa'ad Birnin-Kudu won the election.


1991 Jigawa State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Jigawa State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Ali Sa'ad Birnin-Kudu won the election.


1991 John Hancock Bowl
The 1991 John Hancock Bowl was a college football bowl game played at Sun Bowl Stadium in El Paso, Texas between the University of Illinois Fighting Illini and the University of California, Los Angeles on December 31, 1991. The game was the final contest of the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season for both teams, and ended in a 6–3 victory for UCLA. Illinois and UCLA previously met in post-season at the 1984 Rose Bowl, in which UCLA upset #4 Illinois, 45–9. John Hancock Insurance sponsored the bowl game, and the contract between 1989 and 1993 stipulated the name to be John Hancock Bowl for the bowl game previously known as the Sun Bowl.


1991 John Hancock Bowl, Game summary
The Illini were playing their first game under new head coach Lou Tepper, who was named John Mackovic's replacement a little more than two weeks earlier when Mackovic took the head coaching job at Texas. The Illinois defense certainly came to play, holding the high-octane UCLA attack to just 268 yards of total offense. The Fighting Illini offense didn't fare much better, though, totaling 308 yards of its own in a classic defensive struggle. Illinois missed an early scoring opportunity when Jason Verduzco's pass was intercepted at the Bruin goal line.


1991 John Hancock Bowl, Game summary
The Illinois defense forced a UCLA fumble six plays later, but then promptly turned the ball back to the Bruins at the UI 24-yard line after a blocked punt. The Illinois defense stiffened and held UCLA to a field goal. Both teams traded punches until Illinois freshman Chris Richardson kicked a 27-yard field goal. The score remained tied until the opening drive of the fourth quarter when Illinois' Filmel Johnson fumbled a UCLA punt at the UI 11-yard line that lead to a 19-yard Louis Perez field goal. Illinois linebacker Mike Poloskey earned the Jimmy Rogers Jr. Trophy as the game's Most Valuable Lineman.


1991 John Hancock Bowl, Statistical summary
Rushing (Att.-Yds.-TD): UI - Steve Feagin 12-71-0; UCLA - Kevin Williams 24-52-0.


1991 John Hancock Bowl, Statistical summary
Passing (Att.-Comp.-Int.-TD-Yds. ): UI - Jason Verduzco 38-17-3-0-189; UCLA - Tommy Maddox 28-17-1-0-176.


1991 John Hancock Bowl, Statistical summary
Receiving (No.-Yds.-TD): UI - John Wright 9-94-0; UCLA - Sean LaChapelle 5-69-0, Ricky Davis 4-41-0.


1991 Junior League World Series
The 1991 Junior League World Series took place from August 12–17 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Spring, Texas defeated Henderson, Nevada in the championship game.


1991 Junior Pot Black
The 1991 Junior Pot Black was the fourth staging of the junior snooker tournament and the first since 1983 which was held in the Trentham Gardens at Stoke-on-Trent and was played alongside the senior competition which also got revived this year. 8 young players were competing in a knockout format. The matches are one-frame shoot-outs, a two frame aggregate score in the semi-final and best of three frames in the final.


1991 Junior Pot Black
Broadcast during school holiday mornings on BBC1 on the first week and BBC2 during the second, the series started at 11:05 on Tuesday 20 August 1991. Eammon Holmes presented the programme with Ted Lowe and John Spencer as commentators and John Williams as referee.


1991 Junior Pot Black
Future professional players in this revived series include Ronnie O'Sullivan, Matthew Stevens and Lee Walker. O'Sullivan won the series beating Ireland's Declan Murphy 2–0 with a 92 break in the first frame.


1991 Junior World Acrobatic Gymnastics Championships
The 1991 Junior World Sports Acrobatics Championships was the second edition of the acrobatic gymnastics competition, then named sports acrobatics, and took place in Beijing, China, from September 26 to September 28, 1991. The competition was organized by the International Federation of Sports Acrobatics (IFSA).


1991 K League
The 1991 Korean Professional Football League was the ninth season of K League since its establishment in 1983.


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open
The 1991 KAL Cup Korea Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It was the fifth edition of the Seoul Open and was played at Seoul in South Korea from 15 April through 22 April 1991. Unseeded Patrick Baur won the singles title.


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open, Finals, Doubles
Alex Antonitsch /  Gilad Bloom defeated  Kent Kinnear /  Sven Salumaa 7–6, 6–1


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Grant Connell and Glenn Michibata were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open – Doubles
Alex Antonitsch and Gilad Bloom won in the final 7–6, 6–1, against Kent Kinnear and Sven Salumaa.


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Alex Antonitsch was the defending champion, but he lost in the quarterfinals this year.


1991 KAL Cup Korea Open – Singles
Patrick Baur won the tournament, beating Jeff Tarango in the final, 6–4, 1–6, 7–6(7–5).


1991 KFK competitions (Ukraine)
The 1991 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1991 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union. It was 27th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964 and the last season of the Soviet KFK competitions. The top three teams eventually qualified to the 1992 Ukrainian First League, the other top performers from each group qualified for the 1992 Ukrainian Transfer League.


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC's Mohammed Dabo Lere won election for a first term, defeating SDP's Ango Abdullahi.


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election
Mohammed Dabo Lere emerged party candidate in the NRC gubernatorial primary. He picked James Bawa Magaji as his running mate. Ango Abdullahi was the SDP candidate.


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election, Electoral system
The Governor of Kaduna State is elected using the plurality voting system.


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election, Primary election, NRC primary
The NRC primary election produced Mohammed Dabo Lere as the party's candidate.


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election, Primary election, SDP primary
The SDP primary election was contested by Professor Ango Abdullahi and Barr. Adamu Audu Maikori. Abdullahi won the primary run-off election polling 166,857 votes (59.7%) while his closest rival, Maikori, scored 67,312 votes (21%).


1991 Kaduna State gubernatorial election, Results
There were only two political parties allowed by law, NRC and SDP. NRC candidate Mohammed Dabo Lere won election for a first term, defeating SDP's Ango Abdullahi.


1991 Kalabahi earthquakes
The 1991 Kalabahi earthquakes struck the sea adjacent to Timor on July 4, leaving twenty three people dead and injuring 181. The two quakes, which took place two-and-a-half seconds apart, measured 6.9 on the Mw scale.


1991 Kalabahi earthquakes, Geography
Kalabahi was the epicenter of the earthquake, 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) east from Jakarta, the Indonesian capital. With a calculated depth of 33.3 kilometres (21 mi), the earthquake was in the ocean between the Timor and Alor islands.


1991 Kalabahi earthquakes, Damage and casualties
The earthquake struck Timor with a magnitude of 6.9. The earthquake caused 3 fatalities on Alor alone, and 181 injuries. 1,150 buildings were destroyed and at least 5,400 civilians were left homeless.


1991 Kalabahi earthquakes, Damage and casualties
Damage by the epicenter was estimated at 1991 USD $7,700,000.


1991 Kandua hand-chopping
After 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, a mob belonging to Communist Party of India attacked Gopal Patra a leader of Indian National Congress. The CPM members chopped off his hands and legs and  ripped off the breasts of two women. The mob chopped off the hands of seven villagers who voted for Congress. Case was filed at Amta police station and the arrested CPM men were released on bail.


1991 Kandua hand-chopping
The victims allege that their hands were chopped off for supporting Congress, but they were neglected by the Congress party. Anandabazar Patrika reports that the attacks were made with swords, rods and spear. 119 people were named in FIR. The accused killed Gopal Patra with swords and chopped off the breasts of one woman. Then they burned 100 huts in the village.


1991 Kandua hand-chopping
In 2016, CPM leader Surjya Kanta Mishra mentioned that hand chopping was wrong, after CPM and Congress formed political alliance against Trinamool Congress during 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea
The 1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea was a two-week, end of season tour of Papua New Guinea by the Australia national rugby league team. The Australians played five matches on the tour, including two Test matches against the Papua New Guinea national rugby league team. The tour began on 29 September and finished on 13 October.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea
As of 2017 this remains the only full Kangaroo Tour of Papua New Guinea.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Leadership
As he had been since 1989, Bob Fulton was the coach of the Kangaroos. Mal Meninga was the team captain.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Touring squad
Eleven of the 23 man squad had played for Australia in their 2-1 Trans-Tasman Test series win over New Zealand earlier in the year. Among those selected to tour but who were ultimately ruled out with injury were Penrith test players and 1991 premiership winners Greg Alexander, Mark Geyer and John Cartwright as well as Canberra Raiders halves Laurie Daley and Ricky Stuart.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
The Australian's played five games on the tour, winning all five.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
Northern Zone:  David Buko, Tweedy Malagian, Charlie Vee, John Markham, Lance Tirava, Elison Ketauwo, David Gilpu, Mathias Kin, Michael Matmillo, Patrick Kiap, Nande Yer, John Piel (c), Goro Arigae. Res - Joe Tonar, Chris Sari, Jacob Danny, Dick Moiga.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
Australia:  Gary Belcher, Willie Carne, Mal Meninga (c), Andrew Ettingshausen, Rod Wishart, Peter Jackson, Geoff Toovey, Martin Bella, Kevin Walters, Glenn Lazarus, Craig Salvatori, Ian Roberts, Bradley Clyde. Res - Cliff Lyons, Brad Fittler, Chris Johns, Scott Gourley.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
Australian forward Craig Salvatori suffered an ankle injury during the game and did not play again on tour.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
Island Zone:  Normyle Eremas, Arnold Tivelit, Henry Hairoi, August Joseph, James Kapia, Willie Langer, Billy Kennedy, Pisai Maevo, Bernard Bate, David Gaius, Jimmy Peter, Ben Lakur, Apelis Walia. Res - Phillip Nagatia, Ken Oki, Cliff Rich, Albert Levy.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour
Australia:  Gary Belcher (c), Willie Carne, Peter Jackson, Brad Fittler, Chris Johns, Cliff Lyons, Kevin Walters, Steve Roach, Kerrod Walters, Glenn Lazarus, Gary Coyne, Andrew Gee, Scott Gourley. Res - Geoff Toovey, Martin Bella, Ian Roberts, Andrew Ettingshausen.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour, 1st Test
Reserve forward Scott Gourley who had made 5 rugby union test appearances for Australia in 1988 before switching to rugby league with St. George, became Australia's 41st dual-rugby international.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour, 1st Test
Highlands Zone:  John Okul, Francis Abba, David Gomia, Thomas Tumbo, Joe Rema, Dimbi Ongugo, Gigmai Ongugo, Leslie Hoffman, Maima Kawage, Yami Kamisive, Joe Paraka (c), Philip Humar, John Yawing. Res - Michael Angra, Mek Kepo, John Passigan, Michael Kiap.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour, 1st Test
Australia:  Gary Belcher, Willie Carne, Chris Johns, Mark McGaw, Rod Wishart, Cliff Lyons, Geoff Toovey, Glenn Lazarus, Kevin Walters, Gary Coyne, Bruce McGuire, Scott Gourley, Bradley Clyde (c). Res - Kerrod Walters, Martin Bella, Brad Fittler, Peter Jackson.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour, 1st Test
Australia won a bruising encounter 28–3 over Highlands Zone in Mount Hagan.


1991 Kangaroo tour of Papua New Guinea, Tour, 2nd Test
This test match also doubled as a Group Stage game for the 1989-92 Rugby League World Cup. Gary Belcher, Martin Bella, Cliff Lyons and Gary Coyne all played their last tests for Australia.


1991 Kano State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kano State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya won the election, defeating SDP Magaji Abdullahi.


1991 Kano State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1991 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 22nd season in the National Football League and 32nd overall. They failed to improve on their 11–5 record from 1990 and finished with a 10–6 record. Compared to the Chiefs' 1990 campaign, Steve DeBerg’s consistency had dropped. The running game made up for lost time as Christian Okoye ran for 1,031 yards for the season, Barry Word was productive, and rookie Harvey Williams was outstanding in limited playing time. The Chiefs defeated their division rival, the Los Angeles Raiders in the Wild Card round, resulting in the franchise's first playoff victory since Super Bowl IV in 1970. The next week, the Chiefs lost to the Buffalo Bills in the divisional playoffs.


1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
The season began on July 27 when Jan Stenerud, the hero of Super Bowl IV, was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
But the Chiefs rebounded to win four straight games, including an October 7 game in which the Chiefs trounced the Buffalo Bills 33–6. It was the Chiefs' first home Monday Night Football game since 1983. On October 13, The Chiefs blasted the Miami Dolphins 42–7 as Christian Okoye ran for 153 yards.


1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
On December 22, the Chiefs won 27–21 against the Raiders. The victory gave the Chiefs a home playoff game against the team; a loss would have meant playing in Los Angeles again the following week. It was the first playoff game in Kansas City in 20 years.


1991 Kansas City Chiefs season
Quarterback Steve DeBerg completed 14 of 20 passes for 227 yards and 2 touchdowns. Barry Word rushed for 152 yards, and J. J. Birden caught 8 passes for 188 yards and 2 touchdowns. During the game, the Chiefs didn't have to punt and held the ball for almost 40 minutes.


1991 Kansas City Royals season
The 1991 Kansas City Royals season involved the Royals finishing 6th in the American League West with a record of 82 wins and 80 losses.


1991 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1991 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1991 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1991 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big 8 Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1991 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1991 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Bill Snyder. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. 1991 saw the Wildcats finish with a record of 7–4, and a 4–3 record in Big Eight Conference play.


1991 Kansas State Wildcats football team
1991 saw the first winning season for Kansas State since 1982. Kansas State recorded their first shutout of an opponent since September 20, 1975, when they shut out Wichita State at home. The Wildcats shut out Missouri on November 16, 1991.


1991 Karl Schäfer Memorial
The 1991 Vienna Cup took place in Vienna. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and ice dancing.


1991 Katsina State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Katsina State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Saidu Barda won the election, defeating SDP Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.


1991 Katsina State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Katsina State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Saidu Barda won the election, defeating SDP Umaru Musa Yar'Adua.


1991 Kazakh presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Kazakhstan for the first time on 1 December 1991. Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected with 99% of the vote, based on a turnout of 88.2%.


1991 Kazakh presidential election, Background
On 24 April 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR established the post of President of the Kazakh SSR and chose its chairman Nursultan Nazarbayev to be the president for a term of 6 years.


1991 Kazakh presidential election, Background
Due to the preceding events of the collapse of the Soviet Union, on 16 October 1991, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR set the election day for 1 December. The law established requirements for a 100,000 signatures in order to be qualified to be a presidential candidate, which coincided with the requirements of the relevant law of the Russian SFSR, although the population of the Kazakh SSR was several times smaller.


1991 Kazakh presidential election, Background
On 24 October 1991, Nazarbayev was registered by the Central Election Commission to be the incumbent candidate with his running mate Yerik Asanbayev to be on a secret ballot.


1991 Kazakh presidential election, Background
The members of the Supreme Council proposed a writer, Olzhas Suleimenov, to be the candidate but he declined the offer. Hasen Qojahmetov, leader of the Jeltoqsan National Democratic Party, did not have the required number of signatures for the election.


1991 Kebbi State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kebbi State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Abubakar Musa won the election, defeating SDP Abubakar Koko.


1991 Kebbi State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Kebbi State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Abubakar Musa won the election, defeating SDP Abubakar Koko. Abubakar Musa polled 296,961 votes, while Abubakar Koko polled 102,543 votes.


1991 Kent Cup
The 1991 Kent Cup was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament held in Beijing in 1991. Joe Swail won the event, defeating Marcus Campbell 5–0 in the final, and received £5,000 prize money.


1991 Kent Cup, Main draw
Group matches were decided on the aggregate score across two frames. The scores in points are shown. Players in bold denote match winners.


1991 Kent Cup, Main draw
Group BEach player won one match. Leung qualified as the player that made the highest break in the group.


1991 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1991 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Pete Cordelli, the Golden Flashes compiled a 1–10 record (1–7 against MAC opponents), finished in a tie for ninth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 307 to 159.


1991 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Brad Smith with 645 rushing yards, Kevin Shuman with 943 passing yards, and Shawn Barnes with 558 receiving yards.


1991 Kentucky Derby
The 1991 Kentucky Derby was the 117th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 4, 1991, with 135,554 people in attendance.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Heading into the Derby, it was seen as a wide-open race with multiple horses having a chance at victory.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Fly So Free had an impressive resume coming into the race. He won the Grade-3  Tremont Breeders' Cup Stakes, the Grade-1 Champagne Stakes, the Grade-1 Breeders' Cup Juvenile, the Grade-2 Hutcheson Stakes, the Grade-2 Fountain of Youth Stakes and the Grade-1 Florida Derby. Through these wins, he had already defeated most of the field in various races.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Best Pal also had an impressive resume with multiple wins at the Grade-3 1990  Balboa Stakes, the Grade-2 Del Mar Futurity, the Grade-1 Norfolk Stakes and the Grade-1  Hollywood Futurity. He also finished ahead of Sea Cadet at the 1991 Santa Anita Derby.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Hansel had won the Grade-3 July 1990  Tremont Breeders' Cup Stakes, the Grade-2 September 1990 Arlington-Washington Futurity Stakes, the March 1991 Grade-2  Jim Beam Stakes(where he defeated Wilder Than Ever) and the April 1991 Grade-2 Lexington Stakes. However, he was defeated soundly twice by Fly So Free.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Strike the Gold had won the April 1991 Blue Grass Stakes defeating favorite Fly So Free by a half-length after finishing 2nd to Fly So Free at the 1991 Florida Derby.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Green Alligator captured the April 1991 Grade-3 California Derby in his only stakes win.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Quintana was victorious at the March 1991 Grade-3 Rebel Stakes winning over fellow 1991 Kentucky Derby competitor, Corporate Report.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Alydavid won the Grade-3 April 1991  Derby Trial Stakes and was a half-brother of Strike the Gold.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Sea Cadet won the January 1991 El Camino Real Derby and the March 1991 San Felipe Stakes, placing multiple positions ahead of Green Alligator.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Mane Minister picked up smaller victories in the January 1991 listed Santa Catalina Stakes and the 1991 listed Pirate Cove Stakes.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Paulrus, Another Review, Corporate Report, Happy Jazz Band, Forty Something, Lost Mountain, Subordinated Debt and Wilder Than Ever had never won a stakes race and were seen as wildcards.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Dinard won the Grade-2 1991 San Rafael Stakes. He defeated Best Pal in what was called "the single most compelling performance of the year" in the Grade-1 1991 Santa Anita Derby. He was considered an early favorite for the Kentucky Derby, but suffered a foreleg injury and was declared out.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Olympio, winner of the 1991 Arkansas Derby, who had traded wins with Dinard, was also seen as a possible candidate for the Kentucky Derby. However, his owners decided to skip the race for the 1991 Preakness Stakes, where he finished 7th.


1991 Kentucky Derby, The Road to the 1991 Kentucky Derby
Cahill Road was also seen as a contender after winning the April 1991 Wood Memorial Stakes, but injured his left front leg in the victory and was retired.


1991 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1991 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Bill Curry, the Wildcats compiled a 3–8 record (0–7 against SEC opponents), finished in last place in the SEC, and were outscored by their opponents, 268 to 190. The team played its home games in Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky.


1991 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Pookie Jones with 954 passing yards, Terry Samuels with 307 rushing yards, and Neal Clark with 647 receiving yards.


1991 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kentucky gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1991. Incumbent Governor Wallace Wilkinson was not eligible to seek a second term due to term limits established by the Kentucky Constitution, creating an open seat. At the time, Kentucky was one of two states, along with Virginia, which prohibited its governors from serving immediate successive terms. The Democratic nominee, Lieutenant Governor Brereton Jones, defeated Republican nominee and U.S. Congressman Larry J. Hopkins to win a term as governor.


1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
The 1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election was held on 18 June 1991 to elect members to the Niyamasabha. The incumbent LDF government, which was in power from 1987, decided to seek a fresh mandate one year ahead of the expiry of its term. The decision was prompted by the announcement of the elections to the Lok Sabha and the Front's good showing in the elections to the local bodies held in the previous year.


1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
The elections saw the LDF losing power and the UDF returning to power after four years. K. Karunakaran, the leader of the UDF alliance, was sworn in as the Chief Minister of the state on 24 June 1991.


1991 Kerry County Council election
An election to Kerry County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 27 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting.


1991 Kids' Choice Awards
The 5th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was held on April 22, 1991, at Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, California. The show was hosted by Corin Nemec. The 1991 Kids' Choice Awards introduced the KCA Hall of Fame Award.


1991 Kids' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Below is a partial list of nominees and complete list of winners. Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order.


1991 Kildare County Council election
An election to Kildare County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 25 councillors were elected from six electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 Kilkenny County Council election
An election to Kilkenny County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for an eight-year term of office.


1991 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1991 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 97th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board since 1887. The championship began on 20 April 1991 and ended on 13 October 1991.


1991 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Glenmore were the defending champions, however, they were beaten by St. Martin's at the semi-final stage.


1991 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 13 October 1991, Ballyhale Shamrocks won the championship after a 3-16 to 1-08 defeat of St. Martin's in the final. It was their ninth championship title overall and their first title in two championship seasons.


1991 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship, Results, Group A
Advance to semi-finals  Advance to quarter-finals  Advance to relegation play-off


1991 Kincardine and Deeside by-election
The Kincardine and Deeside by-election was a parliamentary election held in Kincardine and Deeside, Scotland, on 7 November 1991, caused by the death of the Conservative Member of Parliament, Alick Buchanan-Smith on 29 August 1991.


1991 Kincardine and Deeside by-election
The result was a Liberal Democrat gain from the Conservatives, with Nicol Stephen elected as the new MP. Stephen held the seat until the 1992 general election when it was regained by the Conservatives. The Labour candidate, Malcolm Savidge, who finished in fourth place at this by-election, went on to be elected as the MP for Aberdeen North at the 1997 general election. Nicol Stephen was elected as Member of the Scottish Parliament for Aberdeen South in 1999 and became Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats in 2005.


1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 27 July 1991. It was the 41st running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.


1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The winner was Fahd Salman's Generous, a three-year-old chestnut colt trained at Whatcombe in Oxfordshire by Paul Cole and ridden by Alan Munro. Generous's victory gave his owner, trainer and jockey their first win in the race.


1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
The race attracted a field of nine runners, all trained in the United Kingdom. The favourite was Generous, who had won the Epsom Derby by five lengths before defeating Suave Dancer in the Irish Derby. Two of Generous's best regarded challengers were trained by Michael Stoute: Saddler's Hall was a three-year-old colt who had bypassed the Derby but won the King Edward VII Stakes at Royal Ascot by six lengths, whilst the four-year-old Rock Hopper had won the Hardwicke Stakes and the 1991 Princess of Wales's Stakes.


1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Another major contender was Sanglamore, the Henry Cecil-trained winner of the Prix du Jockey Club and the Prix d'Ispahan. Clive Brittain's Newmarket stable had three runners: the dual Earl of Sefton Stakes winner Terimon, the Chester Vase runner-up Luchiroverte and the Derby Italiano winner Hailsham. The other runners were Tiger Flower, the only female contender, and Sapience, the winner of the Ebor Handicap and the 1990 Princess of Wales's Stakes. Generous headed the betting at odds of 4/6 ahead of Saddler's Hall (6/1), Sanglamore (7/1) and Rock Hopper (8/1).


1991 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Hailsham went into the lead from the start and set a strong pace from Saddler's Hall, Luchiroverte and Generous. When Hailsham began to weaken with five furlongs left to run, Saddler's Hall took the advantage and led the field into the straight ahead of Generous, Luchiroverte  and Rock Hopper, with Sanglamore making progress on the outside. Two furlongs from the finish, Generous accelerated past Saddler's Hall and quickly went several lengths clear of the field. Sanglamore moved into second place but could make no impression on the leader. Generous won easily by seven lengths from Sanglamore, with Rock Hopper and Terimon in third and fourth places. Sapience came home fifth ahead of Saddler's Hall, with long gaps back to Luchiroverte, Tiger Flower and Hailsham.


1991 Kiribati parliamentary election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Number 57 (talk | contribs) at 23:25, 17 March 2020 (Ref wording). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1991 Kiribati parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Kiribati on 8 May 1991, with a second round on 16 May. All candidates for the 39 seats ran as independents, with more than 15 of the incumbent MPs losing their seats. Voter turnout was 65.9%.


1991 Kiribati presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Kiribati on 3 July 1991. The result was a victory for Teatao Teannaki, who won 46.3% of the vote. Voter turnout was 73.7%.


1991 Kogi State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kogi State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Abubakar Audu won the election.


1991 Kogi State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Kogi State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Abubakar Audu won the election.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre
1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre refers to the massacres of minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians in the village Kokkadichcholai near the eastern province town of Batticaloa. The massacre happened on June 12, 1991, in which 152 civilians were killed. The Sri Lankan government instituted presidential commission to investigate the massacre. The commission found the commanding officer negligent in controlling his troops and recommended that he be removed from office. The commission also identified 19 members of the Sri Lankan military as responsible for mass murder. In a military tribunal that followed the presidential commission in the capital city of Colombo, all the 19 charged soldiers were later acquitted.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, Background information
Batticaloa district forms part of the Eastern province of Sri Lanka. Within the Batticaloa district, during the late 1980s and early 1990s a total of 1,100 civilians were disappeared and assumed killed. In the cluster of villages around Kokkadicholai there were two notable massacres, one in 1987 and the 1991 incident.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre
On the 12 June 1991 following a Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)  landmine attack on the Sri Lankan Army, a number of Tamil civilians in the Kokkadichcholai region were massacred by the Sri Lankan Army. The Human Rights agency University Teachers for Human Rights (UTHR) estimates that over 123 civilians were killed, although the Sinhalese dominated police force (who are known to minimise evidence), certified the death of only 32 individuals. Locals also reported that six Tamil women were raped, including two sisters.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre
The elder one was found by her father trying to conceal her breasts with her plaited hair, whilst the younger sister was found in a shop in a state of shock. The police also denied there was rape, although this has been contradicted privately by medical officials afraid to speak out in public.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, The incident
Kokkadicholai is in reality a collection of number of hamlets close to the lagoon west of Batticaloa city. The dominant ethnic group was the minority Sri Lankan Tamils belonging to the Mukkuvar caste who were mostly farmers. There was an army camp within the main hamlet that used to be supplied with food via a ferry that was transported by a tractor to the camp. On June 12, 1991, about 12:45 PM an improvised explosive device was detonated under a supply tractor that killed two Sri Lankan Army soldiers.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, The incident
Following the explosion, more soldiers started moving from Kokkadichcholai to the scene of the explosion. At this army camp, there was also a group of 10 militants who belonged formerly to the paramilitary group Peoples Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE). Some of this group too went with the soldiers towards the scene but they were disarmed by the soldiers. These disarmed paramilitary cadres went back to the village and warned the civilian an attack on them was imminent.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, The incident
Most able men and some women were able to get away but a group of individuals who couldn’t get away took refuge at a rice processing mill belonging to a one Kurukulasingam. It was estimated that over a hundred people were in this house. It was reported by survivors that a group of soldiers from Kokkadichcholai entered the mill premises and opened fire. Many inside the mill were killed, and those in the adjoining house injured. Once the soldiers left survivors and onlookers went to the mill to inspect the status of the dead.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, The incident
It was estimated that about 35 people were milling around the premises when another group of another six soldiers thrust the onlookers into the premises and shot them along with the 5 previously injured. The soldiers then attempted to set fire to the corpses. Amongst the dead were old people, women, and children. Later on 17 youngsters were taken from a nearby hamlet called Mudalaikudah to the crater caused by the explosion and killed and their bodies burnt. Number of properties were also burnt as well as property looted.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, The incident
As the army stayed within the camp on the 13th, amongst the early visitors to the massacre site were the rebel LTTE group who took photographic records of the corpses. (see images ).As the sun rose the corpses began to stink, at about 2.00 p.m. the villagers buried most of the corpses.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, Government reaction
On June 16 an official party including the Prime Minister, Bradman Weerakoon and local members of parliament one Casinadar, Joseph Pararajasingham and Karunakaran were brought to the Kokkadichcholai army camp by helicopter. As the army Army maintained that those killed were Tigers and that it was unsafe to go to the villages, the prime minister's party was airlifted back to Batticaloa and taken to the rest house. As the prime minister was unable to meet the affected people, local M.P Joseph Pararajasingham met the people. By June 20 changes were made at the Kokkadichcholai camp by adding new officer was in charge.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, 1991 massacre, Casualty estimates and rape allegations
According to UTHR, the number of victims according to leading local citizens following a house to house check, 67 bodies were identified and buried and a further 56 were missing (a total of 123). Most of the missing persons are presumed dead and cannot be identified, because like the seventeen burnt in the mine crater, they had been mostly burnt to ashes. The rice mill had the largest number of bodies - 43, although the police (with a history of minimising evidence) maintained that only 32 were killed. The locals also reported that at least six women (including two sisters) were raped, and despite the police denials, this was confirmed privately by medical officials.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, Government investigation
After international community began to put more pressure on Sri Lanka for its human rights record, the government instituted an independent Commission of Inquiry into a massacre by soldiers at Kokkadichcholai in the east in June 1991 - the first inquiry of its kind ever held in Sri Lanka.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, Government investigation
According to Human Rights Watch, in 2002 the then Sri Lankan government authorities appeared more willing than in past years to acknowledge official responsibility for atrocities. On January 31, 2002  Sri Lankan army personnel in Batticaloa publicly acknowledged their role in large-scale massacres of civilians in the east, mentioning notorious attacks in Kokkaddicholai, Sathurukkondaan, Vanthaarumoolai, and Batticaloa. In February 2002, the attorney general reportedly issued indictments against more than six hundred police and armed forces personnel implicated in disappearances that occurred before 1994, many in connection with counterinsurgency operations against the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) organization. On June 28, two soldiers were sentenced to six years in prison and fined Rs. 2,500 (U.S. $27) each for their role in an abduction and murder in 1989.


1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre, Government investigation
The independent commission instituted to look into the Kokkadichcholai incident  recommended that compensation of some 5.25 million rupees (approximately CDN$210,000) to be paid to next of kin of those who were killed (67 were identified) and to people who lost property in the rampage. The commission also recommends prosecution of the soldiers involved. In 2001 the army accepted responsibility for the large scale massacre at the hamlet of Kokkadicholai. A military tribunal found the commanding officer guilty of failure to control his troops and illegal disposal of the bodies, and he was dismissed from service. The other 19 soldiers under trial were acquitted but nevertheless sent to the front lines in the north of the country as a punishment. A number of organizations have expressed regret over this decision


1991 Korfball World Championship
The 1991 Korfball World Championship was the 4th edition of the major international korfball competition. It was held in Belgium on April 2–6, in the cities of Antwerp, Berchem, Brussels, Ghent and Turnhout. In a very close final, Belgium defeated Netherlands by 11–10.


1991 Korfball World Championship, Pool matches
Pts = Points P = Played games W = Win (2p)L = Lost


1991 Korfball World Championship, Pool matches
F = Korfs favourA = Korfs againstD = Difference korfs (KF-KA)


1991 Korfball World Championship, Pool matches
* Portugal was awarded third place because it lost a match after extra-time. USA ranked above Australia on korf difference.


1991 Kosovan independence referendum
An independence referendum was held in Kosovo, then known as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo. between 26 and 30 September 1991. The dissolved  Provincial Assembly had declared the Republic of Kosova a sovereign and independent state on 22 September 1991. Over 99% of voters voted in favour of independence, with a turnout of 87%. The referendum was boycotted by Serbs living in the region, who comprised around 10% of the population.


1991 Kosovan independence referendum, Background
In order to pass, the referendum required a turnout of at least 66.7% and at least half of those voting in favour.


1991 Kosovan independence referendum, Aftermath
The only United Nations member who recognised the Republic of Kosova was Albania, with a resolution recognising the country passed in the Parliament of Albania on 21 October.


1991 Kremlin Cup
The 1991 Kremlin Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 2nd edition of the Kremlin Cup, and was part of the World Series of the 1991 ATP Tour. It took place at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia, from 4 November through 10 November 1991. Fourth-seeded Andrei Cherkasov won the singles title.


1991 Kremlin Cup, Finals, Doubles
Eric Jelen /  Carl-Uwe Steeb defeated  Andrei Cherkasov /  Alexander Volkov, 6–4, 7–6


1991 Kremlin Cup – Doubles
Hendrik Jan Davids and Paul Haarhuis were the defending champions, but Haarhuis did not participate this year. Davids partnered Ģirts Dzelde, losing in the first round.


1991 Kremlin Cup – Doubles
Eric Jelen and Carl-Uwe Steeb won the title, defeating Andrei Cherkasov and Alexander Volkov 6–4, 7–6 in the final.


1991 Kremlin Cup – Singles
Andrei Cherkasov was the defending champion and  won in the final 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 7–6(7–5), against Jakob Hlasek.


1991 Kvalserien
The 1991 Kvalserien was the 17th edition of the Kvalserien. It determined which team of the participating ones would play in the 1991–92 Elitserien season and which three teams would play in the 1991–92 Swedish Division 1 season.


1991 Kwara State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Kwara State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi won the election.


1991 Kwara State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Kwara State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. SDP candidate Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi won the election.


1991 Kyrgyz presidential election
Presidential elections was held for the first time in Kyrgyzstan on 13 October 1991. The only candidate was Askar Akayev, who won 95.4% of the vote. Voter turnout reported to be 89.0%.


1991 L.League
Statistics of L. League in the 1991 season. Yomiuri SC Ladies Beleza won the championship.


1991 LFF Lyga
Final tables of the Lithuanian Championship in 1991 are presented below. Lithuanian Football Federation (LFF) organizes three football leagues: A Lyga (the highest), 1 Lyga (second-tier), and 2 Lyga (third-tier), which comprises several zones. 1991 was a transitional year: it was decided to adopt western fall-spring model. Therefore the season lasted only one round from March to June. Prior to that there was the 1990 Baltic League


1991 LPGA Championship
The 1991 LPGA Championship was the 37th LPGA Championship, played June 27–30 at Bethesda Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C.


1991 LPGA Championship
Meg Mallon shot a final round 67 (−4) to win the first of her four major titles, one stroke ahead of runners-up Pat Bradley and Ayako Okamoto. All three were tied for the lead at 207 (−6) after 54 holes, and played in the final grouping on Sunday. They came to the final hole tied at nine under par; all three put their drives in the fairway and had putts for birdie, but only Mallon converted. She won the U.S. Women's Open two weeks later.


1991 LPGA Championship
This was the second of four consecutive LPGA Championships at Bethesda Country Club.


1991 LPGA Tour
The 1991 LPGA Tour was the 42nd season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from January 18 to November 10. The season consisted of 34 official money events. Pat Bradley and Meg Mallon won the most tournaments, four each. Bradley led the money list with earnings of $763,118.


1991 LPGA Tour
The season saw the first tournament in Australia, the Daikyo World Championship. There were five first-time winners in 1991: Danielle Ammaccapane, Michelle Estill, Meg Mallon, Melissa McNamara, and Nancy Scranton.


1991 LPGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1991 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1991 LSU Tigers baseball team
The 1991 LSU Tigers baseball team represented Louisiana State University in the 1991 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Tigers played their home games at Alex Box Stadium. The team was coached by Skip Bertman in his 8th season at LSU.


1991 LSU Tigers baseball team
The Tigers won the College World Series, defeating the Wichita State in the championship game.


1991 LSU Tigers baseball team, Tigers in the 1991 MLB Draft
The following members of the LSU Tigers baseball program were drafted in the 1991 Major League Baseball Draft.


1991 LSU Tigers football team
The 1991 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University for the 1991 NCAA Division I-A football season. Under head coach Curley Hallman, the Tigers had a record of 5–6 with a Southeastern Conference (SEC) record of 3–4. It was Hallman's first season as head coach at LSU.


1991 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1991 La Flèche Wallonne was the 55th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 17 April 1991. The race started in Spa and finished in Huy. The race was won by Moreno Argentin of the Ariostea team.


1991 Labatt Brier
The 1991 Labatt Brier, the Canadian men's curling championship, was held from March 3 to 10 in Hamilton, Ontario. The 1991 Brier also constituted the trials that decided the Canadian men's representatives for the curling tournament at the 1992 Winter Olympics.


1991 Labatt Brier
In the final, Kevin Martin of Alberta defeated Randy Woytowich of Saskatchewan to win his first Brier.


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Kevin Martin Third: Kevin Park Second: Dan Petryk Lead: Don Bartlett Alternate: Jules Owchar


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Gerry Kent Third: Brian Collison Second: Tom Shypitka Lead: Ken McHargue Alternate: Lorne Qually


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Jeff Stoughton Third: Dave Iverson Second: Ken Tresoor Lead: Garry Vandenberghe Alternate: Howard Restall


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Gary Mitchell Third: Grant Odishaw Second: Rick Perron Lead: Mike Butler Alternate: Terry Odishaw


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : John Boland Third: Phil Kieley Second: Robert Skanes Lead: Dave Mayne Alternate: Gerry Parrott


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Rick Lang Third: Scott Henderson Second: Ross Tetley Lead: Art Lappalainen Alternate: Jack Kallos Jr.


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Dan Bentley Third: Jim Walsh Second: Darren Bentley Lead: George Xidos Alternate: Trevor Bagnell


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Russ Howard Third: Glenn Howard Second: Wayne Middaugh Lead: Peter Corner Alternate: Larry Merkley


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Robert Campbell Third: Peter Gallant Second: Mark O'Rourke Lead: Mark Butler Alternate: Peter MacDonald


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Kevin Adams Third: Rob MacLean Second: Don Reddick Lead: Andrew Carter Alternate: Pierre Charette


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Randy Woytowich Third: Brian McCusker Second: Wyatt Buck Lead: John Grundy Alternate: Jim Packet


1991 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Chuck Haines Third: Malcolm Florence Second: Craig Tuton Lead: Doug Bryant Alternate: Lionel Stokes


1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet took place on 23 October 1991. Under the rules then in effect, the Commons members of the Parliamentary Labour Party elected 18 members of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet, who were then assigned portfolios by the leader. The Commons members of the PLP separately elected the Chief Whip, and the Labour peers elected the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. In addition, the Leader of the Labour Party and Deputy Leader (Neil Kinnock and Roy Hattersley, respectively) were members by virtue of those offices.


1991 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
The election did not result in any changes to the Shadow Cabinet.


1991 Ladies European Tour
The 1991 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1991. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).


1991 Ladies European Tour, Tournaments
The table below shows the 1991 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.


1991 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1991 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lafayette tied for second in the Patriot League.


1991 Lafayette Leopards football team
In their eleventh year under head coach Bill Russo, the Leopards compiled a 6–5 record. Dave Levine and Tim Moncman were the team captains.


1991 Lafayette Leopards football team
The Leopards outscored opponents 312 to 277. Lafayette's 3–2 conference record earned a three-way tie for second in the six-team Colonial League standings.


1991 Lafayette Leopards football team
Lafayette played its home games at Fisher Field on College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1991 Lagos State gubernatorial election
The 1991 Lagos State gubernatorial election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Michael Otedola won the election.


1991 Lagos State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The gubernatorial election was conducted using an open ballot system. Primaries for the two parties to select their flag bearers were conducted on October 19, 1991.


1991 Lagos State gubernatorial election, Conduct
The election occurred on December 14, 1991. NRC candidate Michael Otedola won the election.


1991 Langbaurgh by-election
The Langbaurgh by-election, 1991 was a by-election held on 7 November 1991 for the British House of Commons constituency of Langbaurgh, in the former county of Cleveland in North East England. It was the final by-election of the 1987-1992 parliament, and was held just five months before the 1992 general election.


1991 Langbaurgh by-election
The seat had become vacant on the death of the Conservative Member of Parliament Richard Holt on 20 September 1991. Holt had held the seat since the 1983 general election.


1991 Langbaurgh by-election
The by-election was won by the Labour candidate, Ashok Kumar.


1991 Langbaurgh-on-Tees Borough Council election
The 1991 Langbaurgh on Tees Council election took place in May 1991 to elect members of Langbaurgh-on-Tees Council in England. The whole council was up for election under new boundaries and it would be the final election to Langbaurgh Borough Council, before it was replaced by Redcar and Cleveland Borough Council in 1995.


1991 Langbaurgh-on-Tees Borough Council election
The Labour party won the most seats and regained overall control of the council.


1991 Lao League
The 1991 Lao League was the second recorded season of top flight football in Laos. Lao Army FC won the championship, their second title, with Public Health Ministry finishing second, their best ever performance.


1991 Laois County Council election
An election to Laois County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 25 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 Las Vegas mayoral election
The 1991 Las Vegas mayoral election took place on April 2, 1991 to elect the mayor of Las Vegas, Nevada. The election was held concurrently with various other local elections, and was officially nonpartisan. It saw the election of Jan Laverty Jones. With Jones winning a majority in the initial round of the election, no runoff was needed.


1991 Las Vegas mayoral election
Jones' election as mayor made her the first woman ever to serve in any capacity on the Las Vegas City Council.


1991 Las Vegas mayoral election
Jones was seen as having won, in part, due to strong support from female voters and strong support from trade unions.


1991 Latvian SSR Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 20 teams, and Forums Skonto won the championship.


1991 Latvian independence and democracy referendum
An independence referendum was held in the Latvian SSR on 3 March 1991, alongside a similar referendum in the Estonian SSR the same day. Known as the "Popular Survey about the independence of the Republic of Latvia", voters were asked "are you in favour of a democratic and independent Republic of Latvia". It was approved by 74.9% of voters, with a turnout of 87.6%. Latvian Republic civilians registered in Soviet Army units also had the right to vote in this poll.


1991 Latvian independence and democracy referendum
The independence of Latvia was finally restored on August 21, 1991.


1991 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 1991 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 1991 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre.


1991 Laurence Olivier Awards, Productions with multiple nominations and awards
The following 17 productions, including one ballet and one opera, received multiple nominations:


1991 Leeds City Council election
The Leeds City Council elections were held on Thursday, 2 May 1991, with one third of the council and a vacancy in Horsforth to be elected.


1991 Leeds City Council election
The upsurge in Labour support recorded the previous year mostly unwound, allowing the Conservatives and the renamed Liberal Democrats a more successful election - although the latter also looked to be recovering from their disastrous merger, fielding a more convincing slate and gaining a moderate rise in their vote. The surprise Conservative losses of 1990 election were all defended this time round - although only narrowly in the case of Weetwood, with Halton and Pudsey North being much safer and Aireborough actually a gain from the Lib Dems. Labour managed a gain a seat apiece from the main opposition parties, with a comfortable win in Burmantofts from the Lib Dems and snatching the last Conservative seat in Morley North to further extend their record majority.


1991 Leeds City Council election
Meanwhile, the Greens stood in over a third of the wards - their strongest slate in over a decade, and the Liberals won third place in each of the handful of wards they stood in. Notably absent were the enduring CPGB and David Owen's Social Democrats, both parties having chosen to dissolve themselves by the time of election.


1991 Leeds City Council election, Election result
This result has the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:


1991 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1991 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1991 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lehigh tied for second in the Patriot League.


1991 Lehigh Engineers football team
In their sixth year under head coach Hank Small, the Engineers compiled a 9–2 record. Rich Clark, Jarrod Johnson and Glenn Kempa were the team captains.


1991 Lehigh Engineers football team
The Engineers outscored opponents 363 to 235. Lehigh's 3–2 conference record earned a three-way tie for second place in the six-team Patriot League standings.


1991 Lehigh Engineers football team
A six-game win streak to start the year resulted in Lehigh appearing in the weekly national rankings from mid-October to early November. A loss to unranked Colgate bounced the Engineers from the top 20, and they finished the year unranked.


1991 Lehigh Engineers football team
Lehigh played its home games at Goodman Stadium on the university's Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1991 Leitrim County Council election
An election to Leitrim County Council took place on 27 June 1991 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 22 councillors were elected from four electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1991 Lesotho coup d'état
The 1991 Lesotho coup d'état was a military coup that took place in Lesotho on 30 April 1991, led by Colonel Elias Phisoana Ramaema. It led to the resignation of Prime Minister General Justin Lekhanya, who held the office since the 1986 coup d'état.


1991 Lesotho coup d'état
Colonel Ramaena besieged the government and forced Prime Minister Lekhanya to resign. During Ramaena's two years in power, a new constitution restoring the powers of the Parliament was adopted. Multi-party general election was held on 27 March 1993, with the assistance of the Secretariat of the Commonwealth of Nations, at the request of the government.


1991 Libertarian National Convention
The 1991 Libertarian National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois from August 29 to August 31, 1991. Andre Marrou of Alaska was chosen as the  Libertarian Party's nominee for president in the 1992 election.


1991 Libertarian National Convention
This was the first Libertarian National Convention to receive national television coverage, with C-SPAN broadcasting the convention.


1991 Libertarian National Convention
Libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates.


1991 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for presidential nomination, First ballot
Andre Marrou was elected on the first ballot, gathering a majority of the voting delegates, securing nomination.


1991 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination
A separate vote was held for the vice presidential nomination. Nancy Lord was nominated on the third ballot.


1991 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination, Second ballot
After the second ballot, Ruwart dropped out of the race.


1991 Libertarian National Convention, Voting for vice presidential nomination, Third ballot
Nancy Lord defeated Richard Boddie on the third ballot, securing the Libertarian Party nomination for Vice President.


1991 Liberty Bowl
The 1991 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 29, 1991, in Memphis, Tennessee. The 33rd edition of the Liberty Bowl, the game matched the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Air Force Falcons.


1991 Liberty Bowl, Background
The Falcons finished 3rd in the Western Athletic Conference while the Bulldogs finished tied for 4th in the Southeastern Conference. This was Air Force's third consecutive Liberty Bowl; it was Mississippi State's first bowl appearance since 1981, and first Liberty Bowl since 1963.


1991 Liberty Bowl, Game summary
One yard scoring runs by fullback Jason Jones and Rob Perez gave the Falcons a 14-0 first quarter lead, with Perez's touchdown coming six plays after the kickoff returner fumbled the ball back to the Falcons. Shannon Yates recovered a fumble and ran 35 yards for a touchdown to make it 21-0. Sleepy Robinson threw a touchdown pass to Trenell Edwards to culminate a 76-yard drive with :35 remaining in the half.


1991 Liberty Bowl, Game summary
While the Falcons only scored three points in the third quarter, they controlled the ball for 13:12, though Scott Hufford scored on a 31-yard touchdown run on the 2nd play of the fourth quarter. Michael Davis ran for a touchdown to make it 31-15 with 7:23 remaining, but the Falcons held on to win. Rob Perez ran for 318 yards while only attempting two passes in the entire game. Air Force outgained the Bulldogs in time of possession by 37:34-22:26.


1991 Liberty Bowl, Aftermath
Air Force quarterback Rob Perez was named game MVP. He had also been MVP of the prior edition of the Liberty Bowl, making this the first (and to date, only) instance of a player being named Liberty Bowl MVP more than once. The Falcons finished the season ranked number 25 in the AP Poll. They reached the Liberty Bowl again the following season. The Bulldogs next played in the Liberty Bowl in 2007.


1991 Liechtenstein local elections
Local elections were held in Liechtenstein in 1991 to elect the municipal councils and the mayors of the eleven municipalities.


1991 Liechtenstein local elections, Election system
The municipal councils (German: Gemeinderat) are composed of an even number of councillors plus the mayor (German: Gemeindevorsteher). The number of councillors is determined by population count: 6 councillors for population under 500; 8 councillors for population between 500 and 1,500; 10 councillors for population between 1,500 and 3,000; and 12 councillors for population over 3,000.


1991 Liechtenstein local elections, Election system
Councillors were elected in single multi-member districts, consisting of the municipality's territory, using an open list proportional representation system. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage in a secret ballot. The mayors were elected in a two-round system. If none of the candidates achieved a majority in the first round, a second round would have been held four weeks later, where the candidate with a plurality would be elected as a mayor.


1991 Liechtenstein referendum
Two referendums were held in Liechtenstein on 22 September 1991. Voters were asked whether they approved of amendments to a law on noise protection, as well as introducing a five-day week at schools. Both proposals were rejected.


1991 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito's 1991 season was the club's 61st year of existence, the 38th year in professional football, and the 31st in the top level of professional football in Ecuador.


1991 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season, Competitions, Serie A, Third Stage
Note: Includes Bonus Points earned from the previous rounds: El Nacional (1.5); Emelec & LDU QUito (0.5)


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The 1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1 season is the third season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1. A total of 10 teams participated in the season.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
Terengganu and Kelantan were promoted from Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
Under the new format, only the top six teams in Divisyen 1 and the Divisyen 2 champions and runners-up will be involved in the Malaysia Cup. Malaysia Cup was played from the quarter-final stage, scheduled for November after the league was finished. The Malaysia Cup quarter-final and semi-final matches will be played on a home and away basis.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1
The season kicked off on 27 April 1991. Johor ended up the season by winning the title.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1, Teams
10 teams competing in the third season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
The 1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2 season is the third season of Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2. A total of eight teams participated in the season.


1991 Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 2
Perlis and Sarawak were relegated from Liga Semi-Pro Divisyen 1.