1989–90 snooker season
The 1989–90 snooker season was a series of snooker tournaments played between July 1989 and May 1990. The following table outlines the results for ranking and the invitational events.


1989–90 snooker season, Official rankings
The top 16 of the world rankings, these players automatically played in the final rounds of the world ranking events and were invited for the Masters.


198X
198X is an arcade video game developed by Swedish team Hi-Bit Studios and published by Sonka. Released worldwide on January 23, 2020 for the Nintendo Switch, the game received a Metacritic rating of 65. An homage to arcade gaming in the 1980s, 198X's coming-of-age story follows an unnamed "Kid" as he discovers a video arcade in an abandoned factory and falls in love with video gaming. The gameplay of 198X's 5 chapters are each based around different arcade game genres that were popular at the time, such as beat 'em ups and horizontally-scrolling space shooters.


198X, Plot
In an introductory sequence entitled Beating Heart that plays like a side-scrolling beat 'em up, the teenage protagonist fights his way from the subway station and through the streets of the unnamed city in which he lives until he reaches a hospital where he is attacked by a hooded figure with glowing red eyes.


198X, Plot
Set in the 1980s, the game follows the Kid, the teenager from the introduction, who feels stuck in his childhood home in "sleepy suburbia" as he waits for his life to "move forward". One night, as the Kid wanders the streets of his unnamed city looking for anything to "make his heart skip a beat again", he stumbles onto an abandoned factory that was built "long before" the protagonist was born and now houses an arcade. Wondering if he found a place where he can fit in, he starts playing a horizontally scrolling space shooter entitled "Out of the Void".


198X, Plot
Feeling disconnected at school, the Kid's mind frequently returns to the arcade where he was "on an asteroid somewhere fighting space invaders." The only person he notices in school is "her", a "punk rocker from the south district" who's freedom the Kid admires. The story then cuts to the KId playing an arcade racing game entitled "The Runaway". During "The Runaway"'s second stage, the Kid explains that he's started to spend every night at the arcade, where every game he mastered made him "stronger" and "more confident".


198X, Plot
One evening, the Kid reminisces about his childhood and how "anything was possible" back then before "everyone got brainwashed" in high school. He then mentions how when you were a kid, "shadows seem darker and more terrifying" yet "more exciting" at the same time. The game then transitions to a ninja video game called "Shadowplay". That night, while walking to the arcade, the Kid reveals that his parents split up due to an incident involving the Kid's father.


198X, Plot
He also mentions that night was when "everything changed" at the arcade before 198X transitions into a role-playing video game entitled "Kill Screen" where the player has to defeat 3 dragons in order to solve a maze before fighting the unwinnable SHODAN-like final boss. Afterwards the Kid is seen sitting outside the arcade in the rain mentioning that he "was still there" but that "nothing was the same". Characters from 198X's various games begin to materialize around him, with the protagonist concluding that the "game was not over".


198X, Development
A KickStarter page for 198X was launched on May 3, 2018, With the developer Hi-Bit Studios seeking SEK 500,000 for the project. The goal was reached a little under a month later on June 2 with 1,920 backers pledging SEK 676,558.


198X, Reception
198X received a score of 65 on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Writing for Nintendo Life, Damien McFerren gave the game 8/10 stars, stating that while 198X had an "exceptional" soundtrack and cited Out of the Void as "perhaps the highlight of the entire game", he found the game to be too short, with McFerren able to breeze through the entirety of 198X in "around an hour". He also bemoaned the lack of replayability in the mini-games, which he found little point in returning to "outside of boosting your high score".


198X, Reception
In his review for GameSpot, James O'Connor gave 198X 5/10 stars, calling the game "mediocre" and stating that while the soundtrack "does a great job of evoking the arcade classics it is paying homage to" and calling Shadowplay "great" he ultimately concluded that 198X was a "great idea with middling execution" and that there's "not enough here for the game to feel like a proper ode to '80s arcades" and that "the Kid's plight, and his longing to escape his current life" don't totally connect".


198X, Reception
He finished the review by saying "198X feels more like a proof of concept than a final product." Eurogamer's Martin Robinson stated that he was "cynical" going into 198X due to seeing many other games like it before, but praised its style and the "pitch perfect pastiches" of classic arcade games, which he called "the most assured part of the whole package".


198X, Reception
Robinson, however, wasn't convinced by the story, chalking up his issues with it to either 198X being the first game in a planned series that just only found its feet at the end of the first title or the narrator who he found to "sound both bored and melodramatic at once".


198X, Reception
He concluded the review by stating the developer Hi-Bit Studios did "Fine work here" while stating that 198X is "nestled between near meticulous versions of key inspirations such as Ninja Warriors, OutRun, Gradius and R-Type and stated that "there's no greater compliment than to say that the tributes on offer here sit happily alongside the originals".


198th (East Lancashire) Brigade
The 198th (2/1st East Lancashire) Brigade was an infantry brigade of  the British Army that saw service during the First World War with the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division. Reformed in the Second World War as 198th Infantry Brigade it served with 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war, before disbanding in late 1943.


198th (East Lancashire) Brigade, First World War
The brigade was raised as a duplicate of the East Lancashire Brigade. It was part of the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, from those men in the Territorial Force who originally had not agreed to serve overseas. However, the brigade ended up serving in the trenches of the Western Front, suffering horrendous casualties in March 1918 during Operation Michael, the opening phase of the German Army's Spring Offensive. As with the rest of the division, the brigade suffered extremely heavy casualties and had to be completely reformed. The brigade saw service during the Hundred Days Offensive and the war ended on 11 November 1918.


198th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War
Both the brigade and division were disbanded in 1919, shortly after the end of the Great War. However, the brigade was reformed, now as the 198th Infantry Brigade, in the Territorial Army shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, as part of the expansion of the Territorial Army when war with Nazi Germany seemed inevitable. It was again assigned to the 66th (East Lancashire) Division. However, the 66th Division was disbanded in June 1940 shortly after the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated from Dunkirk.


198th (East Lancashire) Brigade, Second World War
After the disbandment of the 66th Division, the brigade was independent for six months before joining the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division until it was disbanded near the end of 1943. The 8th King's Regiment (Liverpool) and the 6th Border Regiment were retrained as Beach groups for the upcoming invasion of France and the 7th Borders were transferred to the 222nd Brigade (later 213th Brigade) and the 198th Infantry Brigade ceased to exist and was not reformed in the Territorial Army after the war.


198th Airlift Squadron
The 198th Airlift Squadron (198 AS) was the last flying squadron of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard (PRANG) 156th Airlift Wing located at Muñiz Air National Guard Base, in Carolina, Puerto Rico. The 198th last assigned aircraft was the WC-130H Hercules. The 198th was established in October 1944 as the 463d Fighter Squadron, was re-designated as the 198th and allotted to the PRANG in May 1946, redesignated from fighter to airlift in October 1998, and was inactivated on 31 December 2019.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Established in late 1944 at Peterson Field, Colorado as the 463d Fighter Squadron. Trained under XXII Bomber Command as a Very Long Range P-47N Thunderbolt bomber escort squadron, programmed for B-29 Superfortress escort duty from Okinawa. For four months they received combat training for long-range escort, strafing, and dive-bombing. Training delayed due to P-47N aircraft non-availability, finally equipped in the late spring of 1945 with the long-distance fighters.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
Deployed to Okinawa in June 1945 as part of the 507th Fighter Group and prepared for the invasion of Japan along with the 413th and 414th Fighter Groups, all equipped with P-47N. On 1 July 1945 it began flying airstrikes from Ie Shima, targeting enemy ships, railroad bridges, airfields, factories, and barracks in Japan, Korea, and China. On 8 August 1945 the group escorted B-29 bombers on a raid, shooting down several Japanese fighters.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II
The squadron flew some long distance fighter-bomber sweeps over Japanese Home Islands 1 July 1945 – 14 August 1945 but never performed operational B-29 escort missions due to the end of the war in August.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard
The wartime 463d Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 198th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Isla Grande Airport, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and was extended federal recognition on 23 November 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 164th Fighter Squadron was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 463d Fighter Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-47N Thunderbolts and was assigned to the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, operationally gained by Fourteenth Air Force, Air Defense Command.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The mission of the 198th Fighter Squadron was the air defense of Puerto Rico. The short runways of Isla Grande Airport at the time did not allow safe jet operations. The squadron was forced to move its aircraft to the runways at the still under-construction San Juan International Airport maintaining the rest of its organization at Isla Grande Airport. The 198th was upgraded to F-86D day/night/all-weather Sabre Interceptors.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
On 15 October 1962, the Puerto Rico Air National Guard was expanded to a Group status, and the 156th Tactical Fighter Group was recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 156th was transferred to Tactical Air Command, with the 198th becoming at Tactical Fighter Squadron and assigned to the 156th TFG. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 156th Headquarters, 156th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 156th Combat Support Squadron, and the 156th USAF Dispensary. With the transfer to TAC, the 198th received F-86H Sabre tactical fighters.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1967, F-104C Starfighers (and an F-104D two-seat trainer) were assigned to the 156th, upgrading the group to Mach-2 supersonic tactical fighter-bombers, replacing the elderly F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. The F-104C was equipped to carry bombs or rocket pods on under-wing and fuselage points. The upward-firing Lockheed C-2 rocket-boosted ejector seat was standard. The internal 20-mm rotary cannon of the F-104A was retained, as well as the ability to carry an AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile on each wingtip to fill an air defense interceptor mission.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1975, the F-104s were retired, the 198th being the last USAF unit to fly the Starfighters. They were replaced by A-7D Corsair II ground support aircraft. Although designed primarily as a ground attack aircraft, it also had limited air-to-air combat capability.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
The terrorist attack was the largest on American Air Force Base since the Vietnam War. The hostage situation in Iran at the time overshadowed this incident in the news media. The eleven National Guard planes at Muñiz Air Base were alleged by socialist organizations to be destined for use against popular insurgents in El Salvador. These allegations were never proven and may have been self-serving.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
In 1992 the A-7Ds were being retired, and they were replaced by Block 15 F-16A/B Fighting Falcons modified for Air Defense. The F-16 ADF was a standard block 15 model converted to air defense fighters for the Air National Guard, and would take over the fighter interception mission, providing the primary defense of North America against bombers and cruise missiles.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 156th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 156th Fighter Group. A few months later, on 1 June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC).


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Tactical Fighter mission
In October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force "One Base – One Wing" policy, the status of the 156th was upgraded to a Wing; the 198th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the new 156th Operations Group.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Airlift Mission
In 1998, the Department of the Air Force issued the official order designating the 156th Fighter Wing as 156th Airlift Wing. The 156th was transferred to Air Mobility Command, being re-designated as the 156th Airlift Wing.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Airlift Mission
Beginning in June 1999, the major mission for the Wing became support of Operation Coronet Oak, which was transferred from Howard AFB, Panama when the base was closed as part of the turnover of the Panama Canal.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Airlift Mission
The mission also includes any other kind of contingency and logistics support. Aircrews provide theater mobility, embassy support and airdrops. They also fly people, food and mail.


198th Airlift Squadron, History, Puerto Rico Air National Guard, Airlift Mission Divestiture
The 198th Airlift Squadron was officially divested on 31 December 2019. The 156th Airlift Wing newly assigned mission will be to support Contingency Response (CRG) and to add a Combat Communications Squadron to its current Operations Group. The other groups within the wing structure remained the same. An official ceremony to inactivate the squadron will follow.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment
The 198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment (Russian: 198-й Александро-Невский пехотный полк) was an infantry regiment of the Russian Imperial Army that existed from 1811 until the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. It was named after the medieval Kievan Rus'  prince and military leader Alexander Nevsky.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, History
It was formed originally on 17 January 1811 in St Petersburg as a battalion and was given various names before being named for Alexander Nevsky on 25 March 1891, as the Alexander Nevsky Infantry Reserve Battalion. On 3 January 1899 it was expanded to the status of a regiment, becoming known as the Alexander Nevsky Reserve Infantry Regiment, and on 20 February 1910 it was completely reformed, being transferred from the reserve to active duty.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, History
The unit was combined with the 246th Reserve Infantry Gryazovetsky Battalion, stationed in Vologda, and the Arkhangelsk Reserve Battalion, becoming designated as the 198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment. While stationed in the city of Vologda from 1910 on, the unit took part in the parade there during the celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty and the 100th anniversary of the victory during the Patriotic War of 1812.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, History
When World War I broke out in 1914, the 198th Infantry Regiment was stationed in Vologda, part of the 50th Infantry Division of the 22nd Army Corps, which was headquartered in St Petersburg. It fought in the Battle of Łódź early on in the war and later took part in the fighting near Warsaw during Battle of the Vistula River. In 1916 the regiment fought in the Brusilov Offensive on the Southwestern Front against Austria-Hungary. During that time the regiment was part of the 1st Army, 2nd Army, and 4th Army.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, Insignia
The regiment had a banner that dated back to 1800, which earlier belonged to Count Liven's 1st Regiment of the Moscow Inspectorate. In 1913 it was given a new insignia which included a cross. It was one of the four Russian regiments that went to war in 1914 with its banner, which dated back to the times of Paul I.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, Regimental church
The church of the 198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment was founded in 1897. From 1910 the church was located in the city of Vologda on the shore of river with the same name. It had enough space for 500 people.


198th Alexander Nevsky Infantry Regiment, Known commanders
Includes commanders of the earlier Alexander Nevsky Reserve Infantry Battalion.


198th Battalion (Canadian Buffs), CEF
The 198th (Canadian Buffs) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 from The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, which was based in that city. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 3rd Reserve Battalion on March 9, 1918. The 198th (Canadian Buffs) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. J. A. Cooper.


198th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 198th Division(Chinese: 第198师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 3rd Brigade, 1st Column, 3rd Army Group of Huabei Military Region. Its origin could be traced to 4th Independent Brigade of Jicha Military District formed in June 1946.


198th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The division was a component of the 66th Corps. Under the flag of 198th division it took part in the Chinese civil war. In October 1950 the division entered Korea as a part of People's Volunteer Army with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men, consisting of the 592nd, 593rd, and 594th Regiments.


198th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In March 1951 the division pulled back from Korea. In September 403rd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment and 592nd Artillery Regiment were activated and attached to the division.


198th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)
In May 1961 the division was disbanded, and the divisional HQ was transferred to the Navy.


198th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The 198th Division(Chinese: 第198师)(2nd Formation) was formed in November 1969 from 5th District, Engineer Corps.


198th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
The first formation of the 198th Division had been disbanded earlier in the 1960s and the division HQ transferred to the Navy.


198th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)
From 1969 the division was a part of 66th Army Corps.


198th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 198th Infantry Brigade, was first formed as part of the United States Army Reserve's 99th Division. It was active from 1967 through 1971 and has been active since 2007 as an Infantry Training Brigade as part of the US Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia.


198th Infantry Brigade (United States), Operational history, Vietnam War
During the years of 1967–1971 as part of the Vietnam War the 198th was part of the United States Army's 23rd "Americal" Infantry Division. In 1968, elements of the 198th Infantry Brigade, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Nelson, participated in the Battle of Kham Duc. On 21 November 1969, Colonel Joseph G. Clemons, (of Pork Chop Hill fame), assumed command of the 198th Infantry Brigade.


198th Infantry Brigade (United States), Operational history, Post Vietnam
The 198th Infantry Brigade was reactivated on 15 May 2007 at Fort Benning, Georgia to serve as an Infantry Training Brigade.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 198th Infantry Division (German: 198. Infanterie-Division) was an infantry division of the German Heer during World War II.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Homefront, 1939 – 1940
The 198th Infantry Division was formed in the Prague-Plzeň area in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on 1 December 1939. Its initial personnel consisted of replacement formations staffed by recruits from Wehrkreis V. The two initial regiments of the 198th Infantry Division were the Infantry Regiments 305 and 308, with the former being assembled using personnel of the Infantry Replacement Regiments 5, 25, and 35, all part of the 155th Division, whereas the latter was assembled with manpower from the Infantry Replacement Regiments 78, 215, and 260, all part of the 165th Reserve Division. Additionally, the 198th Infantry Regiment was strengthened by the Light Artillery Detachment 235.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Homefront, 1939 – 1940
On 17 January 1940, the division was transformed into a full infantry division after the addition of the Landwehr Infantry Regiment 35, which was subsequently renamed Infantry Regiment 326. This regiment had previously been part of the 14th Landwehr Division. As a result, the 326th Regiment was primarily staffed by older soldiers, typically between ages 35 and 45. Furthermore, the Light Artillery Detachment 235 was strengthened with the staff as well as the 2nd Detachment of Artillery Regiment 223 from Wehrkreis IV. The resulting artillery formation was dubbed Artillery Regiment 235.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Homefront, 1939 – 1940
The initial divisional commander of the 198th Infantry Division, appointed on 10 January 1940, was Otto Röttig.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Denmark, 1940
The 198th Infantry Division participated in the German invasion of Denmark and was present for the occupation of Copenhagen on 9 April 1940. The 2nd Battalion of Infantry Regiment 326 was deployed permanently in occupied Denmark to become Guard Battalion Copenhagen. A new infantry battalion was formed to take its place within the 326th Regiment on 28 May 1940.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, France, 1940 – 1941
The division was subsequently deployed to France, but only arrived there in July 1940, too late to take part in the Battle of France, which had concluced on 25 June. The division remained on occupation duty in France until March 1941.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, France, 1940 – 1941
On 1 September 1940, Artillery Regiment 235 was equipped with an additional three batteries, the former 4th, 5th, and 6th Batteries of Artillery Regiment 300, to a total of nine. Furthermore, Artillery Regiment 235 was equipped with heavy artillery from the 4th Detachment of Artillery Regiment 300. This heavy artillery subsequently became the 4th Artillery Detachment of Artillery Regiment 235.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, France, 1940 – 1941
On 30 October 1940, the 198th Infantry Division passed the staff of Infantry Regiment 326 as well as the 3rd Battalions of both Infantry Regiments 305 and 308 to the 327th Infantry Division, a new division of the 13th Aufstellungswelle, where the staff and two battalions would help form the Infantry Regiment 595.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Romania and Greece, 1941
In March 1941, the 198th Infantry Division was ordered to Romania in preparation for the Battle of Greece. The division participated in the German invasion of Greece starting 5 April 1941. After the successful conclusion of that campaign, the 198th Infantry Division was put under supervision of Army Group South to participate in Operation Barbarossa.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
During the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the 198th Infantry Division initially fought west of the Dnieper, then took part in the attacks against Dnipropetrovsk. The city was captured by the 13th Panzer Division by 26 August 1941. On 14 August, the staff as well as the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of Infantry Regiment 326 were dissolved. These dissolutions had become necessary as a result of the large casualties that the division had sustained.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
Subsequently, the division participated in the advance towards the Mius river, and the Battle of Rostov, during which the German advance was eventually temporarily repelled. During the winter battles of 1941 and 1942, the 198th Infantry Division fought along the Mius river. They would eventually be reassembled on 19 February 1943, using personnel from Wehrkreis IX and V.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
On 10 April 1942, Röttig was replaced as divisional commander by Albert Buck. In the summer of 1942, the 198th Infantry Division participated in Case Blue and assisted in the Second Battle of Rostov. After the German victory at Rostov, the 198th Infantry Division fought in the Battle of the Caucasus between 1942 and 1943. Ludwig Müller was appointed as divisional commander, replacing Buck, who had been killed in action, on 6 September 1942. The 198th Infantry Division assisted the German capture of Novorossiysk after the Soviet landings in that region in February 1943. On 5 February 1943, Müller was replaced as divisional commander by Hans-Joachim von Horn.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
Later in the year 1943, the 198th Infantry Division fought in the Izium area between June and July, and participated in the German resistance against the Soviet Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation in August. As part of the German defeat at Kharkov, the 198th Infantry Division was heavily damaged and effectively reduced to Kampfgruppe strength.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
On 11 September 1943, the 3rd Battalions of each of the 198th Infantry Division's former Infantry Regiments, now called Grenadier Regiments, were dissolved, leaving Grenadier Regiments 305, 308 and 326 with two battalions each. Further, the 198th Infantry Division was equipped with Fusilier Battalion 198 and with Artillery Regiment 235, the latter still equipped with all four of its detachments.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Soviet Union, 1941 – 1944
In February 1944, the 198th Infantry Division was encircled in the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket. The division, already battered during the battles at Kharkov, managed to break out of the encirclement and escape, but suffered severe losses once again as it retreated to Romania. As a result, the division was taken out of the line in March 1944 and sent to Milovice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia for reinforcements.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front, 1944 – 1945
On 12 June 1944, in the immediate aftermath of the Allied Normandy landings, the 198th Infantry Division was using personnel of the Grenadier Regiment Bohemia within Shadow Division Bohemia, and sent to Narbonne in France to assist in the German defense against the Allied invasion. The division did so under the supervision of Otto Richter, who had been appointed to divisional command on 1 June 1944.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front, 1944 – 1945
Richter was replaced by Kurt Oppenländer on 1 August, who was in turn replaced by Alfred Kuhnert on 5 August, before Kuhnert eventually was replaced later that same month by Richter, who once again returned to his command post, but was then swapped out for Freiherr von Finck, an Oberstleutnant who had previously served as the division's general staff officer, on 28 August. Finck was in turn replaced by Otto Schiel on 3 September, who held the command post until January 1945.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front, 1944 – 1945
The 198th Infantry Division once more suffered heavy casualties during its retreat to the Vosges mountains. After the German retreat from France, several minor formations were folded into the 198th Infantry Division during its defensive operations in the Upper Rhine area. These formations included two battalions from Grenadier Regiment O/V, the Fortress Infantry Battalion 1432, the Fortress Machine Gun Battalion 40, the 8th Kriegsmarine Ship Cadre Battalion, parts of the 2nd Battalion of the Security Regiment 200, the remnants of Battalion Mahnke and Battalion Märker, as well as several additional smaller units and disorganized groups of retreating soldiers.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front, 1944 – 1945
In January 1945, the 198th Infantry Division took part in the attack of Army Group Oberrhein against Strasbourg, dubbed Operation Nordwind. This offensive failed and inflicted another round of heavy casualties on the division. By the end of January, the division was down to a strength of 6,800 men, about half of the planned manpower of an infantry division. On 18 January 1945, Schield was replaced as divisional commander by Konrad Barde.


198th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), History, Western Front, 1944 – 1945
In March 1945, large parts of the division were crushed in the Colmar Pocket. Parts of the formation did however manage to escape across the Rhine into Germany, where the remnants of the 198th Infantry Division continued to put up token resistance against the Western Allies. After retreating from the Neckar area, the division was taken prisoner by U.S. forces in Weilheim in Oberbayern. The last commander of the division, appointed on 26 April 1945, was Helmut Staedtke.


198th Motor Rifle Division
The 198th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army. It existed between 1979 and 1992 and was based in Divizionnaya, Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.


198th Motor Rifle Division, History
The division was activated in March 1979 in Divizionnaya, part of the 29th Army. It replaced the 12th Motor Rifle Division, which was transferred to Mongolia. The division is known to have included the 447th and 859th Motor Rifle Regiments, 503rd Tank Regiment, 1468th Antiaircraft Missile Regiment and the 934th Separate Communications Battalion. During the Cold War, it was maintained at 15% strength. In February 1988, the 29th Army became the 57th Army Corps, and the division became part of the new formation. In June 1992, the division was disbanded and became part of the 5517th Weapons and Equipment Storage Base, along with the 12th Motor Rifle Division.


198th New York State Legislature
The 198th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7, 2009, to December 31, 2010, during the later part of David Paterson's governorship, in Albany.


198th New York State Legislature
On June 8, 2009, began the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis.


198th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Roy J. McDonald changed from the Assembly to the Senate at the beginning of this legislature. Assemblyman Jose Peralta was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


198th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


198th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


198th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 198th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 198th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 9, 1864 and mustered in under the command of Colonel Horatio G. Sickel.


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 5th Corps, Army of the Potomac.


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service
The 198th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on June 4, 1865.


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service
Left Pennsylvania for Petersburg, Va., September 19, 1864. Siege of Petersburg September 1864 to April 1865. Poplar Springs Church September 29-October 2, 1864. Reconnaissance to Boydton Road October 8. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27-28. Warren's Raid to Weldon Railroad December 7-12. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5-7, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Junction, Quaker and Boydton Roads March 29. Lewis's Farm near Gravelly Run March 29. White Oak Road March 30-31. Five Forks April 1. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Marched to Washington, D.C., May 1-12. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.


198th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 117 men during service; 6 officers and 67 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 44 enlisted men died of disease.


198th Signal Battalion (United States)
The  198th Signal Battalion is an Expeditionary Signal Battalion in the Delaware Army National Guard. Delaware is known as the "First State," as referenced in their motto "First Regiment of First State." The unit specializes in command post node communications, providing broadband satellite voice and data connections for brigade sized battlefield elements. The unit includes Headquarters, Headquarters Company located in Wilmington, DE; A Company in Georgetown, DE; B Company in Hodges, SC; and C Company in Wilmington, DE. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), History
The 1st Delaware Regiment was raised on 9 December 1775 for service with the continental army under the command of Colonel John Haslet. Over the next 240 years, the regiment would see action during the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Global War on Terrorism. Since its inception, the 198th has served as Infantry, Coast Artillery, Anti- Aircraft Artillery and Signal. The unit's lineage and honors include 36 battle streamers from nearly every major war in US history.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), History
Although many 198th Soldiers volunteered for service in Korea and Vietnam, the unit was activated in August 1950 for service during the Korean War. The unit was assigned in 1951 through 1952 to defend the Washington and Baltimore Air Defense sectors. During this assignment many of these men were "pipelined" to the Korean War. The unit also saw extensive deployments during World War I and World War II, and again in support of the Global War on Terrorism, most recently in 2013–2014 to Kandahar, Afghanistan.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), History
This marked the first time since the Civil War that the 198th deployed as a full Battalion with its South Carolina based B Company. To honor this event, the 198th's Headquarters facility on Kandahar Air Field was named "Camp Cowpens," after the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina during the Revolutionary War.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Authorized 9 September 1775 in the Continental Army as the Delaware Regiment (also known as Haslet's Regiment)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Organized 13 January 1776 to consist of the following companies under the command of Colonel John Haslet:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Captain Joseph Stidham's Company – New Castle CountyCaptain Jonathan Caldwell's Company – Kent CountyCaptain David Hall's Company– Sussex CountyCaptain Henry Darby's Company – New Castle CountyCaptain Charles Pope's Company – Kent CountyCaptain Nathan Adams' Company – Kent CountyCaptain Samuel Smith's Company – New Castle CountyCaptain Joseph Vaughan's Company – Sussex County


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered into Continental Service 11 – 12 April 1776 at Dover and Lewistown


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 January 1777 as Colonel David Hall's Regiment as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Captain John Patten's CompanyCaptain Robert Kirkwood's CompanyCaptain James Moore's CompanyCaptain Enoch Anderson's CompanyCaptain Thomas Holland's CompanyCaptain John Learmonth's CompanyCaptain Gord Hazzard's CompanyCaptain Peter Jaquett's Company


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized September 1780 – August 1781 from new and existing companies as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Captain Robert Kirkwood's CompanyCaptain Peter Jaquett's CompanyCaptain William McKennan's Company (mustered in August 1781 at Christiana Bridge)Captain Paul Quenoualt's Company (mustered in August 1781 at Christiana Bridge)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered out of Continental service 3 November 1783 at Christiana Bridge


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized in Delaware as follows: Light Infantry, 1st Regiment organized by 10 October 1793 at Wilmington, under the command of Captain David Bush


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered into federal service 23 May 1813 at Wilmington; mustered out of federal service 31 July 1813; mustered into federal service 28 August 1814; mustered out of federal service 3 January – 13 March 1815


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Artillery Company, 2d Brigade – prior to 9 April 1793 at Dover, under the command of Captain FurbeeMustered into federal service 23 May 1813 at Dover; mustered out of federal service 2 September 1814


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
1st Company, Light Infantry, 8th Regiment – prior to 22 February 1799 at Georgetown, under the command of Captain Benton HarrisMustered into federal service 2 March 1813; mustered out of federal service 4 May 1813 at Lewes; mustered into federal service 6 May 1813; mustered out of federal service 31 July 1813; mustered into federal service 6 August 1814; mustered out of federal service 11 January 1815Reorganized 6 March 1827 as the 1st Company of Light Infantry, 1st Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized in 1831 as the Light Infantry Battalion, attached to the 8th Regiment of Delaware Militia, with companies as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Georgetown Minute Men – organized 19 July 1831, Captain Edward L. Wells commandingVolunteer Company, Light Infantry – organized 14 September 1831, Captain Coulter commandingVolunteer Company, Light Infantry – organized 14 November 1831, Captain Thomas McIlwain CommandingVolunteer Company, Light Infantry – organized 17 November 1831, Captain Gilley G. Short, commanding


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized from 1849 to 1861 as separate companies as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Kirkwood Rifle Corps – organized 30 June 1846 at Georgetown, Captain Caleb R. Layton, commanding; attached to the 13th Regiment of MilitiaCompany B, Artillery – organized 2 February 1849 at Wilmington; redesignated 29 February 1858 as the National GuardsColumbia Rifle Corps – organized prior to July 1858 at Wilmington


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Companies A and B, Delaware Blues – organized prior to September 1860 as Bell and Everett Political ClubsUnion Volunteers – organized in 1861 at CamdenMcLane Rifles – organized prior to 1861 at Wilmington


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 2–22 May 1861 as the 1st Delaware Volunteer Infantry Regiment and mustered into federal service at Wilmington; mustered out of federal service 2–26 August 1861


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 10 September-19 October 1861 and mustered into federal service for three years at Wilmington; mustered out of federal service 12 July 1865 near Munson's Hill, Virginia


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 4 April 1869 in the Delaware Volunteers as the 1st Zouave Regiment, with the organization of Company A (Smyth Zouaves)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized in 1880 in the Organized Militia of Delaware as the Regiment of Infantry


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
(Organized Militia of Delaware redesignated 17 April 1885 as the Delaware National Guard)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered into federal service 9–19 May 1898 as the 1st Delaware Volunteer Infantry at Middletown; mustered out of federal service (less Companies A, B, G, and M) 16 November 1898 at Wilmington (Companies A, B, G, and M mustered out of federal service 19 December 1898 at Wilmington)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized during 1899–1900 in the Delaware National Guard as the 1st Infantry Regiment


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Mustered into federal service 8–9 July 1916 at New Castle; mustered out of federal service 15–16 February 1917


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Called into federal service 25 July 1917; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Regiment (less Headquarters elements and Companies A, D, and K) reorganized and redesignated 9–14 October 1917 as the 3d Battalion, 114th Infantry and assigned to the 29th Division


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 27 February 1918 as the 59th Pioneer Infantry and relieved from assignment to the 29th Division


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Demobilized (less Companies B, C, and D) 8 July 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey (Companies B, C, and D demobilized 7 August 1919 at Camp Upton, New York)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and federally recognized 15 September 1921 in the Delaware National Guard as the 198th Artillery Regiment (Coast Artillery Corps), with headquarters at Wilmington, and the Separate Battalion, Coast Artillery, Delaware National Guard (see ANNEX 1)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
198th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), redesignated 16 August 1924 as the 198th Coast Artillery


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
(3d Battalion organized 1 January 1943 while in federal service)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Regiment broken up 1 March 1944 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 198th Antiaircraft Artillery GroupInactivated 24 December 1945 at Camp Anza, CaliforniaReorganized and federally recognized 27 August 1946 at Wilmington Location changed 13 January 1958 to New Castle


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
1st Battalion as the 736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun BattalionInactivated 2 January 1946 at Camp Stoneman, CaliforniaReorganized and federally recognized 16 October 1946 at WilmingtonExpanded 10 October 1949 to form the 736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion and the 156th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
156th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion redesignated 20 July 1951 as the 156th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion; on 1 October 1953 as the 156th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion ordered into active federal service 29 August 1950 at Wilmington; released from active federal service 2 August 1952 and reverted to state controlReorganized and redesignated 1 October 1953 as the 736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
2d Battalion as the 945th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons BattalionInactivated 15 February 1946 at Hokkaido, JapanReorganized and federally recognized 17 October 1946 with headquarters at DoverRedesignated 24 October 1949 as the 193d Antiaircraft Artillery Gun BattalionReorganized and redesignated 20 July 1951 as the 193d Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons BattalionRedesignated 1 October 1953 as the 193d Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
3d Battalion as the 373d Antiaircraft Artillery BattalionInactivated 29 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, CaliforniaConsolidated 16 May 1946 with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 198th Antiaircraft Artillery Group


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 198th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, 736th, 156th, 193d, 280th (see ANNEX 1), and 945th (organized 20 November 1956) Antiaircraft Artillery Battalions consolidated 1 April 1959 to form the 198th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2d, 4th, and 5th Gun Battalions, the 3d Automatic Weapons Battalion, and the 6th Detachment


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 April 1962 to consists of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th Automatic Weapons Battalions and the 6th Detachment


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 May 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Automatic Weapons Battalions and the 6th Detachment


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 31 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Regiment broken up 1 January 1970 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
1st and 2d Battalions consolidated to form the 198th Signal BattalionHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery, 3d Battalion as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 198th Transportation Battalion (see ANNEX 2)(remainder of 3d Battalion – hereafter separate lineage)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 1 April 1979 as the 198th Signal Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
(Federal recognition withdrawn 15 April 1989 from Company B, 198th Signal Battalion)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 1 September 1990 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 198th Signal Battalion (Companies A and C concurrently reorganized as Companies C and B, 242d Signal Battalion - hereafter separate lineages)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Ordered into active federal service 28 July 2006 at Wilmington; released from active federal service 23 January 2008 and reverted to state control


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Consolidated 1 September 2007 with the 280th Signal Battalion (see ANNEX 2), and consolidated unit reorganized in the Delaware and South Carolina Army National Guard as the 198th Signal Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Ordered into active federal service 9 April 2013 at home stations; released from active federal service 13 May 2014 and reverted to state control


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Organized 16 November 1920 in the Delaware National Guard from former elements of the 1st Infantry as the 1st Separate Battalion, Coast Artillery


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 10 July 1925 as the 261st Coast Artillery Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Expanded and reorganized 15 April 1940 to form the 261st Coast Artillery Regiment (2nd Battalion allotted to the New Jersey National Guard)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Inducted into federal service 27 January 1941 at home stations; concurrently, regiment broken up and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, and 1st Battalion as the 261st Coast Artillery Battalion at Georgetown, Delaware. Moved to Fort DuPont, Delaware January 1941. Elements deployed to Fort Miles, Delaware 5 June 1941. This unit served as the National Guard component of the Harbor Defenses of the Delaware, principally at Fort Miles, Delaware.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
2nd Battalion as the 122nd Coast Artillery Battalion (AA) (hereafter separate lineage)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
261st Coast Artillery Battalion disbanded 1 October 1944 and remaining personnel transferred to the 21st Coast Artillery Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
21st Coast Artillery Battalion inactivated 1 April 1945 at Fort Miles, Delaware


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reconstituted 25 August 1945 and allotted to the Delaware National Guard


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized, redesignated federally recognized 24 October 1949 as the 945th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion with headquarters at Georgetown


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Redesignated 1 October 1953 as the 945th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized and redesignated 20 November 1956 as the 280th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Organized 1 January 1970 in the Delaware Army National Guard at Milford as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 198th Transportation Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Converted and redesignated 1 November 1971 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 280th Signal Battalion


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 April 1979 as the 280th Signal Battalion, with headquarters at Georgetown


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
Reorganized 1 September 1993 in the Delaware and Connecticut Army National Guard with headquarters at Georgetown


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Lineage
HOME AREA:  Delaware (less Company B at Abbeville, South Carolina)


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
A gold color metal and enamel insignia 1 1/16 inches (2.70 cm) in height overall consisting of the shield and motto of the coat of arms.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is white, the old color of Infantry. The eleven mullets represent the eleven battles and campaigns in which the organization served during the Civil War, and the red fleur-de-lis is for World War I service. The red is also the color of the Coast Artillery.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 198th Coast Artillery on 13 Jun 1934. It was redesignated for the 736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 26 Jan 1951. On 6 Apr 1961, the insignia was redesignated for 198th Artillery. The distinctive unit insignia was redesignated for the 198th Signal Battalion on 19 Oct 1978.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
Argent, a fleur-de-lis Gules; on a chief Azure eleven mullets, a row of five above a row of six.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon
That for the regiments and separate battalion of the Delaware National Guard: On a wreath of the colors, Argent and Gules, a griffin's head erased Azure eared and beaked Or, langued Gules, collared Sable, fimbriated Argent and thereon three plates. Motto FIRST REGIMENT OF FIRST STATE


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism
The shield is white, the old color of Infantry. The eleven mullets represent the eleven battles and campaigns in which the organization served during the Civil War, and the red fleur-de-lis is for World War I service. The red is also the color of the Coast Artillery.


198th Signal Battalion (United States), Coat of arms, Background
The coat of arms was originally approved for the 198th Coast Artillery on 19 Jun 1933. It was redesignated for the 736th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion on 26 Jan 1951. On 6 Apr 1961, the insignia was redesignated for 198th Artillery. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 198th Signal Battalion on 19 Oct 1978.


199
Year 199 (CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as year 952 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


199 (number)
199 (one hundred [and] ninety-nine) is the natural number following 198 and preceding 200.


199 BC
Year 199 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Tappulus (or, less frequently, year 555 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 199 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


199 Byblis
199 Byblis (minor planet designation: 199 Byblis) is a medium-sized main belt asteroid.


199 Byblis
It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on July 9, 1879, in Clinton, New York and named after Byblis, an incestuous lover in Greek mythology.


199 Fremont Street
199 Fremont Street is a class-A office skyscraper in South of Market district of San Francisco, California. The 111 m (364 ft), 27-story tower was designed by KMD Architects (Kaplan Mclaughlin Diaz), and completed in 2000.


199 Lives: The Travis Pastrana Story
199 Lives: The Travis Pastrana Story is a 2008 documentary film about the life of off-road racing legend Travis Pastrana by ESPN films.


199 Lives: The Travis Pastrana Story
In fall of 2009, 199 Lives was released on DVD and made available for download via Microsoft's Xbox Live Video Marketplace.


199 Park Lane
199 Park Lane was a British soap opera that aired on BBC1 in 1965. Airing twice a week, the series was set in a luxury block of flats in London.


199 Park Lane
A total of 18 episodes were broadcast, the first two with the titles "The New Tenant" and "Decision". The series was later wiped by the BBC and no episodes survive in the archives.


1990
1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1990th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 990th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th  year of the 20th century, and the  1st   year of the 1990s decade.


1990
Important events of 1990 include the Reunification of Germany and the unification of Yemen, the formal beginning of the Human Genome Project (finished in 2003), the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the separation of Namibia from South Africa, and the Baltic states declaring independence from the Soviet Union amidst Perestroika. Yugoslavia's communist regime collapses amidst increasing internal tensions and multiparty elections held within its constituent republics result in separatist governments being elected in most of the republics marking the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia.


1990
Also in this year began the crisis that would lead to the Gulf War in 1991 following the Iraq invasion and the largely internationally unrecognized annexation of Kuwait. This annexation resulted in a crisis in the Persian Gulf involving the issue of the sovereignty of Kuwait and fears by Saudi Arabia over Iraqi aggression against their oil fields near Kuwait. This led to Operation Desert Shield being enacted with an international coalition of military forces being built up on the Kuwaiti-Saudi border with demands for Iraq to peacefully withdraw from Kuwait. Also in this year, Nelson Mandela was released from prison, and Margaret Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after more than 11 years.


1990
1990 was an important year in the Internet's early history. In the fall of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web. Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside CERN the following year. 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET, a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content web search engine, Archie, on September 10.


1990
September 14, 1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient.


1990
Due to the early 1990s recession that began that year and uncertainty due to the collapse of the socialist governments in Eastern Europe, birth rates in many countries stopped rising or fell steeply in 1990. In most western countries the Echo Boom peaked in 1990; fertility rates declined thereafter.


1990
Encyclopædia Britannica, which ceased printing in 2012, saw its highest all time sales in 1990; 120,000 volumes were sold that year.


1990 (Daniel Johnston album)
1990 is the eleventh album by American singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston. It was released in January 1990, through record label Shimmy Disc.


1990 (Daniel Johnston album), Background
1990 is Daniel Johnston's first solo album to have been recorded in a professional studio, albeit only partly. Whilst a majority of the tracks featured are studio recordings made at Noise New York by producer Kramer, others are home demos or live recordings. ' Tears Stupid Tears' and 'Don't Play Cards with Satan' were recorded live at CBGBs on April 22, 1988, and 'Careless Soul' as well as 'Funeral Home' were recorded live on two dates in 1989.


1990 (Daniel Johnston album), Background
Johnston alludes to the album's troubled production in the film The Angel and Daniel Johnston – Live at the Union Chapel when he mentions that the album had originally intended to be called 1989, but they had not been able to release it that year. The LP was released on Shimmy-Disc in January 1990 to widespread acclaim.


1990 (Daniel Johnston album), Background
"Held the Hand", "Lord Give Me Hope", and "Don't Play Cards With Satan" all originally appeared on Merry Christmas


1990 (Daniel Johnston album), Background
"True Love Will Find You in the End" originally appeared on Retired Boxer


1990 (Daniel Johnston album), Track listing
All tracks are written by Daniel Johnston, except as noted.


1990 (TV series)
1990 is a British then-futuristic political drama television series produced by the BBC and shown in 1977 and 1978.


1990 (TV series), Summary
The series is set in a dystopian future in which Britain is under the grip of the Home Office's Public Control Department (PCD), a tyrannically oppressive bureaucracy riding roughshod over the population's civil liberties.


1990 (TV series), Summary
Dubbed "Nineteen Eighty-Four plus six" by its creator, Wilfred Greatorex, 1990 stars Edward Woodward as journalist Jim Kyle, Robert Lang as the powerful PCD Controller Herbert Skardon, Barbara Kellerman as PCD Deputy Controller Delly Lomas, John Savident, Yvonne Mitchell (in her last role), Lisa Harrow, Tony Doyle, Michael Napier Brown, and Clive Swift.


1990 (TV series), Summary
Two series, of eight episodes each, were produced and broadcast on BBC2 in 1977 and 1978. The series was never repeated but was released on DVD in 2017. Two novelisations based on the scripts were released in paperback by the publisher Sphere; Wilfred Greatorex's 1990, and Wilfred Greatorex's 1990 Book Two.


1990 (TV series), Summary
Jim Kyle (Edward Woodward) is a journalist on the last independent newspaper, called The Star, who turns renegade and fights the PCD covertly. The officials of the PCD – headed by Controller Herbert Skardon (Robert Lang) – in turn, try to find proof of Kyle's subversive activities. Skardon's two Deputy Controllers are Delly Lomas (Barbara Kellerman), who has an ambiguous personal relationship with Kyle, and Henry Tasker (Clifton Jones); however, in the second series, these two Deputies were replaced by Lynn Blake (Lisa Harrow), a former love interest of Kyle's.


1990 (TV series), Summary
(In the novelisation of episodes from Series Two, the explanation given for the replacement of Delly Lomas was that she had been "relegated to obscurity in the Dundee Branch of the PCD"; no explanation is given for Henry Tasker's departure.) Kyle was aided and abetted by Import/Export Agent Dave Brett (Tony Doyle) and provided from time to time with Top Secret government information by the mysterious "Faceless" (Paul Hardwick), who is a top-level government official tapped into the PCD. The whole government machine is headed by Home Secretary Dan Mellor (John Savident), replaced in office in Series Two (supposedly through Kyle's efforts) by Kate Smith (Yvonne Mitchell).


1990 (TV series), Background
Exposition in this series was mainly performed by facts occasionally dropped into dialogue requiring the viewer to piece together the basic scenario.


1990 (TV series), Background
This state of affairs was precipitated by an irrecoverable national bankruptcy in 1981, triggering martial law followed by a general election in which only 20% of the electorate voted. The economy (and imports) drastically contracted forcing stringent rationing of housing, goods and services. These are distributed according to a person's LifeScore as determined (and constantly reviewed) by the PCD on behalf of the union-dominated socialist government. As a consequence, the higher-status individuals appear to be civil servants and union leaders.


1990 (TV series), Background
An exception to this are import/export agents, who appear to be immune to state control due to their importance to the remnants of the economy. The House of Lords has been abolished and turned into an exclusive dining club. State ownership of businesses appears to be close to 100% and prohibition of wealth and income appears to be very high. The reigning monarch is male due to the unfortunate death of the previous monarch (Elizabeth II) but his identity is never made clear.


1990 (TV series), Background
The currency is the Anglodollar (which replaced the pound sterling in 1982 due to hyperinflation) which appears to have little value overseas due to the international boycott of British exports. The armed forces have been run down to the extent that they are little more than an internal security force. This is made clear in one episode where the RAF is depicted as consisting of little more than a handful of Harrier Jump Jets and a few dozen counter-insurgency helicopters. Despite this National Service has been re-introduced (via the Youth Behaviour Control Act 1984 which enforces conscription). The Genetic Crimes Act 1985 makes sexual offences punishable by execution. It is said that in 1986 two army generals and a retired air chief marshal attempted a coup against the government, but it failed.


1990 (TV series), Background
Although running the bureaucratic dictatorship, the state appears to shy away from explicit political violence, preferring to set up psychiatric pseudo-hospitals called "Adult Rehabilitation Centres" which employ electro-convulsive treatments to 'cure' dissidents. Ordinary criminals found guilty of traditional and new economic and social crimes are prevented from clogging up the prison system by having short sentences during which they are force-fed "misery pills" (via the Oral Swallowing Induction Device), which induce severe depression and agony during their incarceration.


1990 (TV series), Background
Despite this, fatalities and injuries do occur due to the PCD's lack of democratic accountability but these are misreported or ignored by the state-controlled press and television or are suppressed by the print unions on the last independent newspaper in the UK. The state can also declare a person to be a "non-citizen" which denies them any entitlement whatsoever to consumer goods, accommodation or food. (This often happens to sex offenders, even ones who have served their sentence and been released.) Labour is controlled by a mandatory closed shop in every workplace.


1990 (TV series), Background
For at least part of the series, the country is on a three-day working week, presumably to conserve energy or to promote full employment through job sharing. Taking a second job ("moonlighting") is illegal, as is "parasitism", defined as claiming state benefits while fit for work. Ombudsman's Courts which are fixed in favour of the state are the key part of the legal system.


1990 (TV series), Background
Emigration is a key problem with a steady "brain drain" countered by PCD Emigration officers who try to watch every port and airfield. Despite this, professional and skilled labour is fast disappearing from the country in a similar manner to East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall.


1990 (TV series), DVD release
Simply Media released 1990 on DVD in the UK during 2017.


1990 (The Temptations album)
1990 is a 1973 album by The Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, their final LP written and produced by Norman Whitfield.


1990 (The Temptations album), Music and lyrics
The LP was the center of a number of problems. The Temptations were dissatisfied with Whitfield's socially conscious message tracks, which were by now failing commercially, and desired to get back to singing ballads. Whitfield relented some here, placing message tracks such as "1990" and "Ain't No Justice" alongside love songs such as "Heavenly" and "You've Got My Soul on Fire".


1990 (The Temptations album), Release and promotion
The album's first single, the Rose Royce-backed and Dennis Edwards-led funk track "Let Your Hair Down", was its only Top 40 hit. The ballad "Heavenly", sung by Richard Street and Damon Harris, was caught in the center of a disc jockey boycott against Motown. A Motown executive did not thank the United States' DJs while accepting an award for the Temptations at the 1974 American Music Awards, and, as a result, the DJs refused to play "Heavenly". "You've Got My Soul on Fire", another Edwards-led funk track, also stalled out on the pop charts.


1990 (The Temptations album), Release and promotion
The Temptations remained dissatisfied with Whitfield's "slave-driver" like production mentality and his tendency to overshadow the Temptations' contributions to their own records by emphasising his production techniques and creating extended instrumental tracks with only a few verses of vocals. Group leader Otis Williams complained to Motown chief Berry Gordy, who replaced Whitfield with Jeffrey Bowen for their next LP, 1975's A Song for You. Whitfield left Motown soon afterward, and started his own label, Whitfield Records, which released several hits from Rose Royce.


1990 (The Temptations album), Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "Not only isn't this good Motown, it isn't good Motown psychedelic—except for some sharp strumming on the title track (a half-assed indictment of/tribute to America) it never takes off rhythmically or vocally."


1990 1. deild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Havnar Bóltfelag won the championship.


1990 1. deild, Results
The schedule consisted of a total of 14 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away.


1990 1. deild karla
The 1990 season of 1. deild karla was the 36th season of second-tier football in Iceland.


1990 1. divisjon (women)
The 1990 1. divisjon season, the highest women's football (soccer) league in Norway, began on 28 April 1990 and ended on 6 October 1990.


1990 1. divisjon (women)
18 games were played with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Number nine and ten were relegated, while two teams from the 2. divisjon were promoted through a playoff round.


1990 12 Hours of Sebring
The Nissan Present the 38th Annual 12 Hours of Sebring International Grand Prix of Endurance, was the third round of both the 1990 IMSA GT Championship season and was held at the Sebring International Raceway, on 17 March 1990.


1990 2. divisjon
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Jevansen (talk | contribs) at 01:45, 10 September 2020 (Moving from Category:1. divisjon seasons to Category:Norwegian First Division seasons using Cat-a-lot). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1990 2. divisjon
The 1990 2. divisjon was a Norwegian second-tier football league season. This was the last season the second tier was named 2. divisjon. From the 1991 season and onwards, the name of the second level of the Norwegian football league system has been 1. divisjon.


1990 2. divisjon
The league was contested by 24 teams, divided into two groups; A and B. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1991 Tippeligaen. The second placed teams met the 10th position finisher in the Tippeligaen in a qualification round where the winner was promoted to Tippeligaen. The bottom three teams inn both groups were relegated to the new 2. divisjon.


1990 2. divisjon, Overview, Summary
Sogndal won group A with 48 points and Lyn won group B with 45 points. Both teams promoted to the 1991 Tippeligaen. The second-placed teams, Bryne and Eik met Lillestrøm in the promotion play-offs. Lillestrøm won the qualification and remained in the Tippeligaen.


1990 2. divisjon, Promotion play-offs, Results
Lillestrøm won the qualification round and remained in the Tippeligaen.


1990 24 Hours of Daytona
The 1990 SunBank 24 at Daytona was a 24-hour endurance sports car race held on February 3–4, 1990 at the Daytona International Speedway road course. The race served as the opening round of the 1990 IMSA GT Championship.


1990 24 Hours of Daytona
Victory overall and in the GTP class went to the No. 61 Castrol Jaguar Racing Jaguar XJR-12 driven by Davy Jones, Jan Lammers, and Andy Wallace. Victory in the GTP Lights class went to the No. 36 Erie Scientific Racing Argo JM16 driven by John Grooms, Michael Greenfield, and Frank Jellinek. The GTO class was won by the No. 15 Tru-Cur/Roush Racing Mercury Cougar XR-7 driven by Robby Gordon, Calvin Fish, and Lyn St. James. Finally, the GTU class was won by the No. 71 Peter Uria Racing Mazda RX-7 driven by Peter Uria, Bob Dotson, Jim Pace, and Rusty Scott.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1990 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 58th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 16 and 17 June 1990.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Track changes
Two chicanes were introduced along the Mulsanne Straight prior to the race. This was done to reduce the maximum speed of the cars after the Sauber C9 of Kenny Acheson reached 400 km/h (249 mph) the previous year. FISA refused to renew the licence for the track unless the chicanes were installed to comply with a ruling passed by the World Motor Sport Council. The ruling decreed no circuit licensed by FISA may have a straight longer than 2km.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
The Sauber team did not compete after backers Mercedes pulled out of the race when it was declared a non-championship event.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
Qualifying was dominated by Nissan. Mark Blundell in car #24 pulled out a phenomenal lap to qualify six seconds faster than anyone else (helped by the turbo wastegate sticking wide open), with the Japanese marque securing first, third, fourth and fifth on the grid. They were split by the Brun Porsche driven by Oscar Larrauri. The #25 Nissan which qualified fifth had a very short race. The car had to start from pit lane due to an issue with the gearbox, but it didn’t even complete a full lap before the problem proved terminal and it had to pull up.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
The opening hours of the race looked much the same as qualifying, the Nissans swapping the lead with the Brun Porsche, whilst the Jaguars moved up the field after a sub-par qualifying. But four hours in a major incident occurred. Gianfranco Brancatelli driving the #24 collided with the Toyota of Aguri Suzuki at the Dunlop curve, the Japanese driver was uninjured but his car and the barrier were destroyed.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
Although the Nissan only had to pit to fix a damaged front nose, it was the beginning of the teams downfall; all of their cars would suffer from various problems during the night, with the #24 and #83 both dropping out. The incident also allowed the Jaguars to take control of the race, #1 in the lead with #4 and #3 also at the sharp end. Their sister car, #2, lost time when Franz Konrad beached it in the gravel at Indianapolis.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
As night fell problems began to hit the Jaguar team, with both #1 and #4 hit by engine trouble, allowing #3 to assume the lead. The problems would eventually put the 1 out, and it sparked  a crucial decision from team boss Tom Walkinshaw. He decided to remove Eliseo Salazar (who’d yet to drive) from the 3 and replace him with their top driver Martin Brundle from the 1, in an attempt to maximise the cars chances. The Chilean would subsequently be transferred into the 4 to replace Luis Pérez-Sala.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
The decision paid off, as the #3 dominated the second half of the race allowing Brundle, John Nielsen and Price Cobb to claim victory by four laps, Jaguar’s second in three years. Second place looked like it was heading to the Brun Porsche, but with just 15 minutes of the race remaining it blew its engine. A heartbreaking result for the little team who had been the fastest Porsche all week. This allowed the no. 2 Jaguar of Jan Lammers, Andy Wallace and Konrad to complete a 1-2 for the British marque.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
The misfortune of the Brun car also promoted the Japanese Alpha Racing Porsche, driven by the all-British crew of David Sears, Tiff Needell and Anthony Reid to a shock podium finish and the honour of top Porsche, ahead of the more fancied Joest car. The remaining Nissan, the all-Japanese #23, completed the top five.


1990 24 Hours of Le Mans, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 3. divisjon
The 1990 3. divisjon, the third highest association football league for men in Norway. From 1991, the third tier was renamed as 2. divisjon.


1990 3. divisjon
22 games were played in 6 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Drøbak/Frogn, Elverum, Haugar, Fana, Surnadal and Tromsdalen were promoted to the 2. divisjon. Number ten, eleven and twelve were relegated to the 4. divisjon.


1990 480 km of Dijon
The 1990 480 km of Dijon was the fifth round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Circuit de Dijon-Prenois, France. It took place on July 22, 1990.


1990 480 km of Dijon
Following a heavy accident involving the #14 Richard Lloyd Racing and #26 Obermaier Racing entries on the first lap, the race was red-flagged. A restart was performed several minutes later, with the race running its original distance.


1990 480 km of Dijon, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Dijon, Official results
† - #29 Chamberlain Engineering was disqualified for taking a short-cut in order to return to the pits.


1990 480 km of Donington
The 1990 480 km of Donington was the seventh round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Donington Park, United Kingdom. It took place on September 2, 1990.


1990 480 km of Donington, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Donington, Official results
† - #3 and #4 Silk Cut Jaguars both were disqualified for using more than their allowed amount of fuel.


1990 480 km of Mexico City
The 1990 480 km of Mexico City was the ninth and final round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, Mexico. It took place on October 7, 1990.


1990 480 km of Mexico City, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Mexico City, Official results
† - #1 Team Sauber Mercedes was disqualified for using more than its allowed amount of fuel.


1990 480 km of Montreal
The 1990 480 km of Montreal (promoted as the Player's Ltée Mondial Montréal) was the eighth round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Canada. It took place on September 23, 1990.


1990 480 km of Montreal
The race was ended just after half distance due to a heavy accident. Jésus Pareja's Brun 962C collided with a manhole cover which had been pulled free by the ground effects of the car ahead of it, leading to a large fire. Concern over the manhole covers led to the organizers stopping the race a few laps later, with half points being awarded due to failing to complete 75% of the race distance.


1990 480 km of Montreal
This race also saw the competition debut of Peugeot, with their new 905.


1990 480 km of Monza
The 1990 480 km of Monza was the second round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Italy. It took place on April 29, 1990.


1990 480 km of Monza, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Monza, Official results
† - #20 Team Davey was disqualified for being underweight in post-race inspection.


1990 480 km of Nürburgring
The 1990 480 km of Nürburgring was the sixth round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Nürburgring, West Germany. It took place on August 19, 1990.


1990 480 km of Nürburgring, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Silverstone
The 1990 480 km of Silverstone was the third round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Silverstone Circuit, United Kingdom. It took place on May 20, 1990.


1990 480 km of Silverstone, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Silverstone, Official results
† - #24 Nissan Motorsports Intl. and #20 Team Davey were listed as not classified due to taking too long to complete the final race lap.


1990 480 km of Silverstone, Official results
‡ - #2 Team Sauber Mercedes had its qualifying times disallowed for receiving outside assistance while on the track during the qualifying session.


1990 480 km of Spa
The 1990 480 km of Spa was the fourth round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Belgium. It took place on June 3, 1990.


1990 480 km of Spa, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Suzuka
The 1990 480 km of Suzuka was the opening round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Suzuka Circuit, Japan. It took place on April 8, 1990.


1990 480 km of Suzuka, Official results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).


1990 480 km of Suzuka, Official results
† - #27 Obermaier Primagaz was disqualified for being underweight in post-race inspection.


1990 AAA Championships
The 1990 AAA Championships was an outdoor track and field competition organised by the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA), held from 3–4 August at Alexander Stadium in Birmingham, England. It was considered the de facto national championships for the United Kingdom, ahead of the 1990 UK Athletics Championships.


1990 ABC Championship for Women
The 1990 Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Women were held in Singapore. The championship is divided into two levels: Level I and Level II.


1990 ABC Under-18 Championship
The 1990 ABC Under-18 Championship was the eleventh edition of the Asian Championship for Junior Men. The tournament took place in Nagoya, Japan from August to 2 September 1990.


1990 ABC Under-18 Championship
Japan won their first-ever championship after breezing past Syria in the championship match, 82-63. Defending champions China, edged out the Philippines, 96-93 in the battle for third place.


1990 ABC Under-18 Championship
The top three teams represented Asia to the 1991 FIBA Under-19 World Championship.


1990 ABN World Tennis Tournament
The 1990 ABN World Tennis Tournament (known as such in 1990 for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 18th edition of the event known that year as the ABN World Tennis Tournament, and part of the ATP World Series of the 1990 ATP Tour. It took place at the Rotterdam Ahoy arena in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from 26 February through 4 March 1990. First-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.


1990 ABN World Tennis Tournament, Finals, Doubles
Leonardo Lavalle /  Jorge Lozano defeated  Diego Nargiso /  Nicolas Pereira 6–3, 7–6


1990 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Doubles
Miloslav Mečíř and Milan Šrejber were the defending champions, but neither of them competed that year. Leonardo Lavalle and Jorge Lozano won the title, defeating Diego Nargiso and Nicolas Pereira 7–6, 6–4, in the final.


1990 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles
Jakob Hlasek was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to seventh seed Jonas Svensson.Brad Gilbert won the title, defeating Jonas Svensson 6–1, 6–3, in the final.


1990 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1990 Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place in Charlotte, North Carolina, at the second Charlotte Coliseum. Georgia Tech won the tournament, defeating Virginia, 70–61, in the championship game. Brian Oliver of Georgia Tech was named tournament MVP. This was the only time both teams in the ACC Tournament final have been from outside the state of North Carolina until the 2021 ACC finals matchup between Florida State and Georgia Tech.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship
The 1990 AFC U-16 Championship, was the fourth iteration of the AFC U-16 Championship, a tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and held every two years for Asian under-16 teams.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship
United Arab Emirates was the host nation. The tournament was played out in Dubai, Sharjah, and Abu Dhabi.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship, Group stage, Group B
The then-reigning U-16 world champions Saudi Arabia withdrew, citing Blue Diamond Affair.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship, Sources
This article about an association football competition within the area covered by the Asian Football Confederation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification
This page provides information of the qualification process of the 1990 AFC U-16 Championship.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification, Groups, Group 1
The group consisted of Iran, Jordan, Yemen,  and the matches were played in Persepolis, Iran.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification, Groups, Group 2
The group consisted of Iraq, Oman, Qatar, Syria, and the matches were played in Muscat, Oman.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification, Groups, Group 3
The group consisted of Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the matches were played in Manama, Bahrain.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification, Groups, Group 5
The group consisted of Bangladesh, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand. The matches were played in Bangkok, Thailand, in May 1990. It is known that South Korea beat Thailand by 1–0, Malaysia by 2–0, and draw Bangladesh 2–2.


1990 AFC U-16 Championship qualification, Groups, Group 7
The group consisted of Brunei, Philippines, Japan, Indonesia. The matches were played in Jakarta, Indonesia.


1990 AFC Youth Championship
The Asian Football Confederation's 1990 AFC Youth Championship was held in Jakarta, Indonesia in 1990. The tournament was won by for the seventh time by Korea Republic in the final against North Korea.


1990 AFC Youth Championship qualification
Qualification for the 1990 AFC Youth Championship. The main sources for information are RSSSF.com and FIFA Technical Report 1991 (see external links). In cases where the two sources disagree, FIFA's report is documented here.


1990 AFC Youth Championship qualification, Groups, Group 2
The group consisted of Kuwait and Qatar. Kuwait withdrew due to the Gulf War, so Qatar qualified automatically.


1990 AFL Grand Final
The 1990 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and the Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 6 October 1990. It was the 94th annual grand final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1990 AFL season. The match, attended by 98,944 spectators, was won by Collingwood by a margin of 48 points, marking that club's 14th premiership victory.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
During the first half of the 20th century Collingwood was very successful, winning the majority of its premierships during this time. However since winning the 1958 VFL Grand Final, Collingwood had made nine unsuccessful grand final attempts in 32 years (including a draw in the 1977 VFL Grand Final against North Melbourne). Essendon had last played a grand final in 1985, which it had won against Hawthorn; that match was the last game of Collingwood coach and then-Hawthorn forward Leigh Matthews' playing career.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
At the conclusion of the home and away season, Essendon had finished first on the AFL ladder with 17 wins and 5 losses. Collingwood had finished second with 16 wins and 6 losses. The top five qualified for the finals, which were played under the McIntyre Final Five system.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
Collingwood and West Coast played a draw in the qualifying final at Waverley Park in the first week of the finals. The match was replayed the following week, with Collingwood winning convincingly by 59 points to advance to the second semi-final against Essendon. In the second-semi final, Collingwood scored ten goals to two after half time to win by 63 points and advance to the grand final. Essendon faced West Coast in the preliminary final, winning by 63 points, to earn its place in the grand final.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
Collingwood's drawn qualifying final with West Coast caused the grand final and all other finals to be delayed by a week from the originally scheduled dates, which proved both controversial and commercially challenging.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
It was controversial because, when Essendon played the second semi-final, it had been 21 days since its last competitive match (having received the minor premier's bye, followed by a bye for the replayed final); although the club played an unofficial practice match against 12th-placed Fitzroy during the second week, the extra week off was thought to have affected Essendon's form and contributed to its losses in the second semi-final and, ultimately, the Grand Final.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Background
It also caused an unprecedented commercial and logistical challenge as a large number of league and corporate events related to grand final week, had to be rescheduled, impacting travel, venues and hotels; drawn finals had occurred before, but the number and scale of corporate grand final week events had increased significantly since the last time a drawn finals match forced the grand final to be rescheduled in 1972. As a result, starting from 1991, the rules were changed to allow extra time to be played in drawn finals (excluding the grand final) to ensure the grand final date would not change.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, First quarter
The match began with Essendon starting strongly, as the Bombers' beanpole full-forward Paul Salmon kicked two early goals from strong marks. The signs looked ominous for Collingwood who were unable to penetrate before a classic goal by Peter Daicos from the boundary followed by a late goal by Gavin Brown from an Essendon turnover gave the inaccurate Magpies a three-point lead, and considerable momentum, at the first change.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, First quarter, Quarter time brawl
At the sounding of the quarter time siren, a wild brawl erupted in the Essendon forward pocket drawing all players on the ground and spreading to include team officials. During the brawl, Gavin Brown was flattened by Terry Daniher in retaliation for Brown felling Kieran Sporn. The umpires, police, stadium security and Channel Seven boundary rider Bernie Quinlan were needed to restore order. In the aftermath ten players and officials were reported (see below for details). The violent brawl, beamed live across Australia and the world, shocked viewers, fans and officials alike, and would be the catalyst for the AFL to crack down on violence in the game, leading to greater penalties and severe fines for players engaging in brawls.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Second quarter
Following the brawl, the umpires took a hard line on any indiscretions. Collingwood, playing in front at the contests, benefitted from this, and won several free kicks and fifty metre penalties, from which they scored five goals in the first nine minutes of the quarter. Essendon never really recovered from this purple patch, and after finishing with six goals to one in the second quarter, Collingwood led by 34 points at half time.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Third quarter
Collingwood continued strongly after half time, whilst Kevin Sheedy had shuffled his Essendon players into different position all across the ground in an attempt to bridge the deficit, mirroring his successful 3/4 time efforts in the 1984 VFL Grand Final. Craig Starcevich was knocked out by Terry Daniher after taking a mark, with Mick McGuane taking his kick and scoring from the resultant 50 metre penalty. Peter Daicos scored a spectacular goal from near the behind post to extend Collingwood's margin to 46 points. Essendon scored the next two goals midway through the third quarter with two quick goals, before Gavin Brown goaled late to give Collingwood a 40-point lead at three-quarter time.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Fourth quarter
Essendon attacked and dominated the play early in the last quarter but could only manage behinds, including hitting the post twice from set shots. After absorbing the Essendon pressure for twenty minutes, Collingwood's Doug Barwick scored the first goal of the quarter, with a snap shot from 25 metres. The siren sounded soon after Damian Monkhorst scored to make the margin 48 points. Essendon was held goalless in the final quarter.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Fourth quarter
The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Collingwood's Tony Shaw for being judged the best player afield, with 32 possessions in an inspirational display. He was the first team captain to be awarded the medal.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Fourth quarter
This win represented the first for Leigh Matthews as coach. He had previously captained Hawthorn to grand finals in the 1980s, and later went on to coach the Brisbane Lions to three premierships (the first of them against Kevin Sheedy's Bombers) in the 2000s.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Match summary, Fourth quarter
Many of Essendon's senior players would retire or move on in the following two seasons, however their next grand final appearance came three years later, when the Baby Bombers (so named because of the high number of players they had under 21) surprised the football world and won the 1993 AFL Grand Final against Carlton. Collingwood did not win another premiership for 20 years, until they defeated St Kilda in 2010.


1990 AFL Grand Final, Tribunal
Ten players and officials were reported on a total of seventeen offences as a result of the brawl:


1990 AFL Grand Final, Postscript
In a tragic postscript, Collingwood player Darren Millane, who was in possession of the ball when the final siren sounded, died in a car accident one year and one day after this match.


1990 AFL draft
The 1990 AFL draft was the 5th annual draft of Australian rules footballers to the 14 clubs in the Australian Football League. It consisted of the national draft held at the end of the 1990 season, the pre-season draft, held before 1991 AFL season and a mid-season draft.


1990 AFL draft
Clubs receive picks based on the reverse of the position in which they finish on the ladder during the season. This was introduced as an equalisation strategy in response to the increasing transfer fees and player salaries.


1990 AFL draft, National draft rules
The minimum draft age for the 1990 national draft was 16. Other than the West Coast Eagles, clubs were allowed to select only one West Australian player each and South Australian players were restricted to be only selected by the Adelaide Football Club which would join the AFL for the 1991 AFL season. Players in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory could only be selected by clubs other than the Brisbane Bears and the Sydney Swans respectively if the player was older than 19 and not required by the 'local' club. Faced with these restrictions the league reduced the number of choices from 8 to 6. In exchange for the SA moratorium, the Crows were excluded from the draft (they could pick any South Australian, but only South Australians).


1990 AFL draft, Background
The talent pool was clearly shallow and most clubs shied away from investing too much hope in the draft. A number of the Victorian clubs, notably Richmond and Fitzroy, couldn't afford to recruit established players so stuck with country footballers and young unproven youngsters. Clubs were believed to be looking to Tasmania as perhaps the only recruiting ground which hadn't been ravaged. The under-19's competition was still in operation and clubs had only to list players who had been drafted, and those over the age of 19. Essendon and North Melbourne at this point for example had very talented reserves sides drawn from their metropolitan zones (these zones would later provide the basis for the Northern Knights under-18 teams).


1990 AFL draft, Pre-draft
Pre -draft picks included Brisbane taking Darryl White from the Northern Territory which had become their 'zone'. Mitchell White and Glen Jakovich were fair additions to the West Coast Eagles squad. There were a number of notable trades. Brisbane traded Mark Roberts to North Melbourne who also secured Peter Mann from the Eagles. Geelong gave up forwards David Cameron and Shane Hamilton to get Brisbane's number 1 draft pick. The most noteworthy trade though was Hawthorn getting the rights to Darren Jarman, who turned down the chance to join the Adelaide Crows. Incidentally the Rohan Smith listed is the St Kilda one, not the Footscray one. Future Channel 7 commentator Russell Morris left Hawthorn for St Kilda.


1990 AFL draft, Players
Richmond drafted Matthew Clarke and Nick Daffy. Despite the restrictions on recruiting South Australians, Richmond skirted the rule because these two played in Mount Gambier and were registered with clubs in the Western Border Football League (VCFL). Melbourne drafted Allen Jakovich, who although a Western Australian was playing for South Australian National Football League (SANFL) side Woodville, and Brisbane were able to draft two Western Australian Football League (WAFL) players in Peter Worsfold (John's brother) and David Ogg. Matt Clape, Jakovich, Todd Ridley, James Cook, Jason McCartney, Scott Crow, Matthew Young, Stuart Anderson and Paul Sharkey were modestly successful. Matthew Burton, Fabian Francis and Derek Hall would all find success at different AFL clubs.


1990 AFL draft, Players
The only two definite successes were James Hird and Jamie Shanahan.


1990 AFL draft, Bits and pieces
Jason McCartney kept a diary on behalf of The Age newspaper detailing the weeks leading up to the draft. In it he reveals the confusion and uncertainty that a young footballer feels. McCartney from Nhill in Victoria (near the SA border) was hesitant about moving to Melbourne. He went to Adelaide as a guest of Glenelg Football Club and watched the AFL grand final on the big screen, as well as watching Glenelg lose the SA Grand Final the next day.


1990 AFL draft, Bits and pieces
With Sydney and Brisbane having the first draft picks he signed for Glenelg on a two-year deal. When Sydney and Brisbane traded their selections his hopes lifted. Geelong told him that they would take Hooper first and would be attempting to get the second pick to take McCartney. Geelong were unable to manufacture a trade and Carlton ended up with the selection (they swapped ruckman Warren McKenzie to Sydney). Ian Collins, Geoff Walsh, Bruce Comben and Kinnear Beatson all drove up to Nhill to meet with McCartney, and the next morning David Parkin rang him to ask if everything went well.


1990 AFL draft, Bits and pieces
On draft day Carlton opted for Tasmanian James Cook. Parkin said that he felt that Cook had the potential to be an even better player. Collingwood drafted him and McCartney openly admitted he was devastated and that Collingwood was last on his list of clubs.