1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
On the morning of 4 January 1989, the aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy was sailing toward the eastern Mediterranean Sea for a scheduled port visit to Haifa, Israel. The carrier was over 120 miles (190 km) north of Libya and had aircraft operating roughly 80 miles (130 km) north of the country. Aircraft operating from the Kennedy included several flights of A-6 Intruders on exercises south of Crete, two pairs of F-14 Tomcats from VF-14 and VF-32 conducting combat air patrols, and an E-2 Hawkeye from VAW-126 providing airborne early warning and control.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
The easternmost combat air patrol station was provided by the two F-14s from VF-32 with aircraft call signs Gypsy 207 (crewed by Commander Joseph Bernard Connelly and Commander Leo F. Enwright in Bureau Number 159610) and Gypsy 202 (crewed by Lieutenant Herman C. Cook III and Lieutenant Commander Steven Patrick Collins in Bureau Number 159437). Although the Kennedy battle group was not operating within the contentious Gulf of Sidra and was 600 miles (970 km) away from Rabta, the battle group commander believed Libyan concerns over a U.S. attack increased the likelihood of a confrontation. He gave the American air crews a special briefing emphasizing their rules of engagement.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
At 11:55 local time, the airborne E-2 detected two Libyan MiG-23 Floggers taking off from Bomba (Al Bumbah) airfield near Tobruk, and observed them heading north toward the battle group. The two F-14s from VF-32 were directed to intercept the MiG-23s, while the F-14s from VF-14 covered the A-6s as they departed to the north. Using their onboard radars, the intercepting F-14s began tracking the MiG-23s when the Libyan aircraft were 72 nautical miles (133 km) away, at an altitude of 8,000 feet (2,400 m) and traveling at 420 knots (780 km/h; 480 mph). Unlike some previous aerial encounters in which Libyan pilots were instructed to turn back after detecting an F-14's radar signal sweep their aircraft, the MiG-23s continued to close on the American fighters with a head-on approach.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
As both pairs of aircraft converged, the E-2 and other U.S. eavesdropping assets in the area monitored radio communications between the Libyan aircraft and their ground controllers. The Americans listened to the MiG-23s receive guidance to intercept the F-14s from ground controllers at a radar station in Bomba. This radar station was one of several activated along the Libyan coast to support the MiG-23s.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
At 11:58, the F-14s made a left turn, away from the MiG-23s, to initiate a standard intercept. Seven seconds later, the MiG-23s turned back into the American fighters for another head-on approach and were descending in altitude. At this point, the F-14 aircrews began employing tactics to reduce the effectiveness of the MiG-23s' radars and the 12-mile-range AA-7 Apex missiles they were potentially carrying. The American aircraft started descending from 20,000 to 3,000 feet (6,100 to 910 m) to fly lower than the Libyan fighters.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
The drop in altitude was meant to prevent the MiG-23s from detecting the F-14s by using ocean clutter to confuse their onboard radars. The American pilots executed another left turn away from the Libyan aircraft during the descent. Moments after the F-14s created a 30-degree offset, the MiG-23s turned to place themselves back into a collision course and accelerated to 500 knots (930 km/h; 580 mph).


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
The air warfare commander on the Kennedy gave the American aircrews the authority to fire if they believed the MiG-23s were hostile. The F-14s turned away from the approaching MiG-23s two more times, and each time, the American aircrews saw the Libyan aircraft turn back toward them for a head-on approach. At 12:00:53, the Radar Intercept Officer (RIO) in the lead F-14, Commander Leo Enwright in Gypsy 207, ordered the arming of the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles on the American fighters, after what he determined was the fifth time the Libyan aircraft turned back toward them.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
The American aircrews armed their weapons when the opposing aircraft were less than 20 miles (32 km) away, the two groups closing in on each other at a rate of 1,000 knots (1,900 km/h; 1,200 mph). At a distance of about 14 nautical miles (26 km), the lead F-14 pilot, Commander Joseph Connelly, made a radio call to the carrier group's air warfare commander to see if there was any additional information in regard to the MiG-23s. There was no response to his call.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
At 12:01:20 and at a range of 12 nautical miles (22 km), Enwright fired an AIM-7, surprising Connelly, who did not expect to see a missile accelerate away from their aircraft. The missile failed to track toward its target. At a distance of about 10 nautical miles (19 kilometres), Enwright launched a second AIM-7, but it also failed to hit its target.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
The MiG-23s continued to fly directly toward the American fighters at 550 knots (1,020 km/h; 630 mph). The F-14s executed a defensive split, where both aircraft made turns in opposite directions. Both Libyan fighters turned left to pursue the second F-14, Gypsy 202. Connelly prepared Gypsy 207 for a right turn to get behind the MiG-23s as they went after the other American fighter. With the MiG-23s pointed directly at them, the crew of Gypsy 202 fired a third AIM-7 from roughly five miles (8.0 km) away and downed one of the Libyan aircraft.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Engagement
After executing a sharp right turn, Gypsy 207 gained a position in the rear quadrant of the remaining MiG-23. As the Libyan fighter was turning left and from a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 km), Connelly fired an AIM-9 missile, which downed its target. The second MiG-23 was hit by the AIM-9 at 12:02:36. The F-14s descended to an altitude of several hundred feet and returned at high speed to the carrier group. The Libyan pilots were both seen to successfully eject and parachute into the sea, but it is not known whether the Libyan Air Force was able to successfully recover them.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Aftermath
The following day, Libya accused the U.S. of attacking two unarmed reconnaissance planes which were on a routine mission over international waters. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi called for a United Nations emergency session to take up the incident. The U.S. claimed the American aircrews acted in self-defense due to demonstrations of hostile intent by the Libyan aircraft. Two days after the engagement, the Pentagon released photographs taken from the videotapes on the F-14s which, according to U.S. naval intelligence analysts, showed the lead MiG-23 armed with two AA-7 Apex missiles and two AA-8 Aphid missiles. The AA-7 can be either a semi-active radar-homing missile or an infrared-homing (heat-seeking) missile, and it can be fired at another aircraft from head-on. The imagery was used to prove the Libyan fighters were armed and helped support the U.S. position that the MiG-23s were hostile.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Aftermath
The intent for the Libyan aircraft on 4 January is not known for certain. Gaddafi could have believed the U.S. was preparing an attack on the chemical facility in Rabta and ordered his military to see if the aircraft offshore were bombers bound for targets in Libya. The possible reasons for the MiG-23s' flight profile range from a deliberate attack against the battle group to a radio breakdown with ground controllers leading to the Libyan fighters merging with the F-14s.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Aftermath
Details released three months after the incident revealed that the MiG-23s never turned on their onboard radars, needed to guide their AA-7 missiles at maximum range. The turns by the Libyan pilots prior to the first missile launch by the F-14s were considered too slight to be hostile, according to U.S. House Armed Services Committee chairman Les Aspin. Despite these findings, Aspin said the self-defense claim by the U.S. was still justified due to the continued acceleration of the MiG-23s as they closed the distance with the F-14s and Libya's history of firing first.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Legacy, F-14 Tomcat Bureau Numbers 159437, 159610
At the request of the National Air and Space Museum, the U.S. Navy provided Bureau Number (BuNo) 159610 to its Udvar-Hazy location near Dulles International Airport. Although Tomcat BuNo 159610 downed the Libyan MiG-23 as a VF-32 F-14A model Tomcat, it returned from that deployment and was entered into the F-14D re-manufacture program, later serving in a precision strike role as a VF-31 F-14D(R).


1989 air battle near Tobruk, Legacy, F-14 Tomcat Bureau Numbers 159437, 159610
As of June 2017, BuNo 159437 was still stored at the Aircraft Maintenance and Restoration Group (AMARG) facility at Davis-Monthan AFB. One of eight F-14s remaining in the AMARG complex, it has not been scrapped due to impending museum placement.


1989 air battle near Tobruk, In popular culture
Parts of the audio of the engagement were used in the 1992 movie Under Siege.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks
The 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks was an assault on the military barracks located in La Tablada, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by 40 members of Movimiento Todos por la Patria (MTP), commanded by former ERP leader Enrique Gorriarán Merlo. 39 people were killed and 60 injured by the time the Argentine army retook the barracks. The MTP carried out the assault under the alleged pretense of preventing a military coup supposedly planned for the end of January 1989 by the Carapintadas, a group of far-right military officers who opposed the investigations and trials concerning Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976-1983).


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks
The Argentine president of the time, Raúl Alfonsín declared that the attack, which carried the ultimate goal of sparking a massive popular uprising, could have led to a civil war. Given a life sentence and imprisoned, as his comrades, in high security quarters, Gorriarán Merlo was eventually freed in 2003. He died on 22 September 2006 while awaiting surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, The assault on the barracks
On 23 January 1989, a group of approximatively 40 members of the Movimiento Todos por la Patria ("All for the Fatherland" Movement, "MTP", founded in 1986 by former ERP leader Enrique Gorriarán Merlo) attacked the 3rd Mechanized Infantry Regiment barracks in La Tablada (Regimiento de Infantería Mecanizada Nº 3, RIM3). They broke into the barracks by ramming a stolen truck into the main gate, followed by several other vehicles.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, The assault on the barracks
According to Clarín newspaper, three different versions about the attack exist. Ten days before the assault, lawyer and MTP member Jorge Baños had declared in a conference that the Carapintadas were planning a coup for the end of January. The Carapintadas were members of the Armed Forces that had rebelled against the national government three times in 1987 and 1988, protesting the investigations on human rights abuses during the "National Reorganization Process" (1976–1983). This has remained to this day the MTP's version, held in particular by the late Gorriarán Merlo who claimed that the MTP was fulfilling the constitutional obligation of "bear[ing] arms in defense of the fatherland and of [the] Constitution".


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, The assault on the barracks
The official report on the attack by head of the Army Francisco Gassino claimed in contrary that it was the MTP, formed of several former ERP members, that had planned a coup. A last version claims that the MTP was victim of a manipulation by intelligence services. A sociologist and professor who published an investigation into the attack believes the MTP had wider aims: "They weren’t planning to put down a coup. They were creating the false image of a coup, to set the scene, but were planning to take the barracks and from there start a revolution."


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, The assault on the barracks
The Argentine Army, assisted by the Buenos Aires Police (a total of 3,600 personnel) was called on to counterattack, and indiscriminately used white phosphorus (WP) in the zone, in violation of the Geneva Conventions, which in civil wars are only binding with the consent of both parties, and not at all in police actions. The use of WP in combat is forbidden by international law. In this case, it had the effect of completely burning the barracks and of carbonizing corpses. 39 people were killed and 60 injured during the attack (the majority by conventional weapons). Nine were military personnel, two were police officers and the 28 remaining were members of the MTP. Lawyer Jorge Baños was among the dead. In addition, 53 soldiers and police were wounded in the fighting.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, The assault on the barracks
The following day, President Raúl Alfonsín (UCR, 1983–89) visited the site, protected by Argentine Army commandos, along with federal the judge of Morón, Gerardo Larrambebere, who is today member of the court presiding over the 1994 AMIA bombing case.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Alleged human rights violations
Retired sergeant José Almada, who had participated in the capture of the MTP members, declared in 2004 that Iván Ruiz and José Díaz had been tortured. According to sergeant Almada, they referred to two persons who were not members of their brigade, and most probably SIDE agents. He identified one of them as Jorge Varando, chief of security of HSBC corporation in Buenos Aires during the December 2001 events. Furthermore, sergeant Almada declared that he had clearly heard a radio conversation ordering to kill two of the captured prisoners.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Alleged human rights violations
He also said that adjutant sergeant Esquivel, killed during the attack, had been in fact shot by the Army itself, after trying to get to his brother who had been taken prisoner. Sergeant Almada explicitly denounced the OAS report written by Jorge Varando and General Arrillaga, the highest-ranking official in charge of the repression, which aimed at disguising adjutant sergeant Esquivel's suspicious death.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Alleged human rights violations
José Almada said that he had tried to inform his hierarchy about these human rights violations, in accordance with article 194 of the Military Justice Code, but that they ignored him. He notably tried to inform General Martín Balza. He also informed head of Argentine Army, General Bonifacio Cáceres, also telling him about his concerns that his neighbours were insulting him, saying that they were responsible of new cases of desaparecidos. Moreover, in his complaint before justice, he also said he had informed former head of the Army Ricardo Brinzoni.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Alleged human rights violations
After Cáceres's retirement in 1989, colonel Gasquet threatened José Almada of 40 days of arrest — he was finally given two days of arrest on charges of wearing a beard, and then sent him to Paraná, Entre Ríos. Later, he was again sentenced to 30 days of arrest, confined to Crespo near Paraná and finally forced to retire. He still claims to this day he is still being "persecuted."


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Alleged human rights violations
The MTP guerrillas were also accused of human rights violations. As a conscript serving in the 3rd Infantry Regiment, Eduardo Navascues was taken prisoner early in the assault and suffered shrapnel wounds in the fighting that followed. Despite having been shot several years later in an attempt to silence him, he has given testimony in a recent court case alleging human rights abuses including physical and mental torture at the hand of the guerrillas. Another conscript, Private Víctor Eduardo Scarafiocco claimed that he and others were used as human shields by the guerrillas and that Private Héctor Cardozo was killed as a result.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Convictions
Twenty surviving members of the MTP were later convicted and given sentences ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment. They were judged under the Ley de Defensa de la Democracia (Argentina) (Defense of the Democracy Act) which deprive them of a right to appeal and to a new trial.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Convictions
Enrique Gorriarán Merlo was given a life sentence, and his ex-wife, Ana María Sívori, was sentenced to 18 years of imprisonment. During the oral and public trial, Gorriarán put into question the legitimacy of the process and objected to the circumstances of his capture in the suburbs of Mexico in October 1995, which he called a "kidnapping". He was charged with being co-author of qualified illicit association, rebellion, usurpation, homicide with aggravated circumstances, aggravated illegal privation of freedom and reiterated injuries. His ex-wife Sívori was charged with being co-author of qualified illicit association, and secondary participant to offenses of rebellion, doubly aggravated homicide, tentative of homicide, aggravated theft, reiterated injuries and co-author of the use of false identity documents.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Convictions
Most of those convicted in the attacks were placed in a maximum security cell block on the eighteenth floor of the  Caseros prison in Buenos Aires.


1989 attack on La Tablada barracks, Convictions
Finally, President Fernando de la Rúa (Alliance for Work, Justice and Education, 1999–2001) commuted the prison sentences. And two days before Néstor Kirchner's access to his functions, Interim President Eduardo Duhalde (member of the Justicialist Party) freed Gorriarán Merlo, on 23 May 2003, after 14 years of prison in high security quarters, who declared that it was "an act of justice". Gorriarán Merlo died of a cardiac arrest at the Hospital Argerich in Buenos Aires, while he was about to be operated of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, on 22 September 2006, at the age of 64.


1989 du Maurier Classic
The 1989 du Maurier Classic was contested from June 29 to July 2 at Beaconsfield Golf Club. It was the 17th edition of the du Maurier Classic, and the 11th edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour.


1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press
The 1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press was an attack in which two firebombs were thrown at the offices of a weekly newspaper, the Riverdale Press,  in the Riverdale community of the Bronx, New York City on February 28, 1989. The building was heavily damaged. Two California bookstores were also damaged in similar attacks.


1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press
The bombing took place shortly after the newspaper published an editorial defending Salman Rushdie during the controversy over The Satanic Verses.


1989 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Afghanistan.


1989 in American television
The year 1989 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.


1989 in American television, Programs, Debuting this year
The following is a list of shows that premiered in 1989.


1989 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Australia.


1989 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1989.


1989 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1989 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1989 in Australian television, Television, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1989 in Bangladesh
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1989th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 989th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th  year of the 20th century, and the  10th  and last year of the 1980s decade.


1989 in Bangladesh
The year 1989 was the 18th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the eighth year of the Government of Hussain Muhammad Ershad.


1989 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1989 average official exchange rate for BDT was 32.27 per US$.


1989 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1989.


1989 in Brazil
The following lists events that happened in the year 1989 in Brazil.


1989 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1989 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 88th season of competitive football in the country.


1989 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
As Vasco da Gama had a better season record than São Paulo, the club earned a bonus point to the final and the right to choose where the first leg of the final would be played.


1989 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Vasco da Gama declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions after reaching 3 points.


1989 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Relegation
The three worst placed teams in the relegation stage, which are Atlético Paranaense, Guarani and Sport, were relegated to the following year's second level. Coritiba was also relegated, after being excluded from the competition in the first stage.


1989 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Bragantino declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B champions by aggregate score of 3-1.


1989 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Promotion
The champion and the runner-up, which are Bragantino and São José, were promoted to the following year's first level.


1989 in Brazilian football, Copa do Brasil
The Copa do Brasil final was played between Grêmio and Sport.


1989 in Brazilian football, Copa do Brasil
Grêmio declared as the cup champions by aggregate score of 1-0.


1989 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1989.


1989 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
(1)Chile abandoned the match at 1–0. After an investigation, FIFA awarded Brazil a 2–0 win.


1989 in Brazilian football, Women's football, National team
The Brazil women's national football team did not play any matches in 1989.


1989 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1989.


1989 in British music
This is a summary of 1989 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1989 in British music, Summary
The very beginning of the year saw compilation albums excluded from the UK Albums Chart, and spun off into the new UK Compilations Chart from the week commencing 8 January 1989. Albums such as the Now series had regularly dominated the chart since 1983, with often up to 4 of the Number 1s each year being hit compilations. Now 13 was knocked off the top spot of the albums chart as a result of this new implementation.


1989 in British music, Summary
In the UK Singles Chart, eighteen singles reached number one. The first was a duet between teen idols Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan, "Especially for You", which had narrowly missed out on being 1988's Christmas number one single. The two would continue their success throughout the year, with Minogue getting her third number-one single; "Hand on Your Heart" in May followed by "Wouldn't Change a Thing" which peaked at No.2 in August, "Never Too Late" peaked at number four in October, and then her second number one album, Enjoy Yourself came in November.


1989 in British music, Summary
Donovan fared even better getting two number-one singles ("Too Many Broken Hearts" in March, and "Sealed With a Kiss" in June) and one album (Ten Good Reasons in May). The two enjoyed a highly publicised romance throughout the year until Minogue ended the relationship and began dating Michael Hutchence from the band INXS.


1989 in British music, Summary
Like many artists this year, Minogue and Donovan were produced by Stock Aitken Waterman, who were at the peak of their popularity in 1989. This year saw the production team re-launch Donna Summer's career, and she scored her first Top 10 hit for 10 years with "This Time I Know it's For Real" which made number three and followed it up with two more Top 20 hits ("I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" and "Love's About to Change My Heart") all from her album Another Place and Time, written and produced entirely by the trio.


1989 in British music, Summary
Also, the Reynolds Girls and Sonia both got the Stock Aitken Waterman treatment with their top 10 singles "I'd Rather Jack" by the much derided the Reynolds Girls, which reached number eight in March, and "You'll Never Stop Me Loving You" by Sonia which got to number one in July. Big Fun kick-started their short-lived pop career with a Stock Aitken Waterman produced cover of "Blame it on the Boogie" which got to number five.


1989 in British music, Summary
After a break the previous year, Madonna returned to number one for the sixth time in March with "Like a Prayer", though the music video caused controversy. Her album, from which this was the title track, also topped the charts and became one of her most critically acclaimed worldwide. The single was followed by three further top five hits in 1989; "Express Yourself" (number five), "Cherish" (number three) and "Dear Jessie" which peaked at number five over the Christmas period.


1989 in British music, Summary
May saw the Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden and producers Stock Aitken Waterman reach number one with a charity cover of the Gerry & The Pacemakers song "Ferry Cross the Mersey", released in aid of the Hillsborough disaster the previous month. The original reached number eight in 1964.


1989 in British music, Summary
Two sounds dominated the summer and autumn. The first came from Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers, where several old songs from the 1940s to 1960s were joined together to create a megamix, with 'Jive Bunny' (an animated rabbit) featuring in the music videos. "Swing the Mood" topped the charts for five weeks from July, "That's What I Like" for three weeks in October, and "Let's Party" for one week in December. Unlike the first two, the latter sampled Christmas songs from the 1970s and 1980s. Jive Bunny became the third artist ever to have their first three singles reach number one, after Gerry & The Pacemakers and Frankie Goes to Hollywood.


1989 in British music, Summary
The second was the italo house sound of Black Box, whose "Ride On Time" was the biggest-selling single of the year, and, at six weeks, spent the longest time at number one. Though the song heavily sampled Loleatta Holloway's "Love Sensation" from 1980, the music video featured a different singer miming to Holloway's vocals. This prompted legal action, so later pressings of the single featured a different singer – the then little-known Heather Small, who later went on to fame as the lead singer of M People in the 1990s.


1989 in British music, Summary
The same production team behind Black Box also reached number nine under the group name Starlight with the hit single "Numero Uno". The italio house sound continued with top ten hits from Mixmaster "Grand Piano" and FPI Project went to number nine with their version of "Going Back to My Roots/Rich in Paradise".


1989 in British music, Summary
Along with italo, the House music genre was still going strong in 1989. Inner City released numerous house hits during the year which all entered the Top 40, the biggest being "Good Life", which reached number four in January. Coldcut introduced Lisa Stansfield with her debut single "People Hold On", which reached number 11 in May and stayed in the Top 75 for 9 weeks. This was followed by her first solo hit, "This Is the Right Time" which hit number 13, but in October, she made it all the way to the top with "All Around the World" which stayed at number one for two weeks.


1989 in British music, Summary
The Rebel MC created a second wave house craze in October 1989 with his number-two hit "Street Tuff", and from Belgium, genre-defining Technotronic stormed to number two in November with their huge debut hit "Pump Up the Jam". Like Black Box, there was minor controversy over who was the actual singer of the track. The label officially credited French model Felly as the vocalist (who also appeared in the video), however, it was in fact American rapper Ya Kid K providing all the vocals. A third scandal involving credited vocalists also continued this year with the duo Milli Vanilli who hit the headlines when it was revealed that neither of them had performed vocals on any of their debut singles, including this year's number two smash from November, "Girl I'm Gonna Miss You".


1989 in British music, Summary
The teen-sensations of 1988, Bros, lost momentum and a band member this year, so a new boyband took their title and from the United States came New Kids on the Block and they soon became the latest pop sensations in Britain. Their debut single "Hangin' Tough" initially stalled early in the summer, but it was the follow-up "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" that went straight in at number one in the autumn. It would stay there for three weeks, paving the way for a re-release of "Hangin' Tough" in January 1990, and the multi-platinum success of their debut album of the same name.


1989 in British music, Summary
The year's Christmas number one single, and, indeed, the final number one of the 1980s, went to a new version of 1984's Christmas number one "Do They Know It's Christmas?". Produced by Stock Aitken Waterman, Band Aid II, like the original Band Aid, featured numerous famous music stars of the day, including both Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan, giving them the credit as appearing on both the first and last number one singles of the year. Donovan would also achieve the honour of the biggest selling album of the year with his "Ten Good Reasons" album going multi-platinum before the end of the year.


1989 in British music, Summary
One of the highlights of the Proms was the première of John Tavener's The Protecting Veil, performed by Steven Isserlis and the London Symphony Orchestra. Two new works by John McCabe were also premièred during the year: Sam Variations for violin, viola, cello, doublebass and piano, commissioned and performed by the Schubert Ensemble of London, and String Quartet No 5, performed by the Gabrieli Quartet at the Fishguard Festival. A choral work by McCabe's, Proud Songsters, was written to celebrate the 70th birthday of Stephen Wilkinson.


1989 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1989.


1989 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1989.


1989 in Canadian television
This is a list of Canadian television related events from 1989.


1989 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Cape Verde.


1989 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Chile.


1989 in China
Events in the year 1989 in the People's Republic of China.


1989 in Croatia, Events
The Croatian musical group Riva won the Eurovision Song Contest 1989.


1989 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1989.


1989 in Croatian television, Deaths
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1989 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1989.


1989 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1989.


1989 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1989 in Estonia.


1989 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1989.


1989 in France
This article lists events from the year 1989 in France.


1989 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1989.


1989 in German television, Deaths
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1989 in Germany
Events in the year 1989 in West Germany and East Germany.


1989 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1989 in Iceland.


1989 in India
Events in the year 1989 in the Republic of India.


1989 in India
1989 was a very important year in the history of World and India. That was the year in which Berlin Wall was brought down and Tiananmen Square protests happened.


1989 in India
In India this was the year of profound importance. It was the year, from which the  political discourse of India started to change, with events that heralded the rise of Hindu nationalism, Kashmir militancy, Mandal Politics, Indian cricket etc. and marked the shift from era of Single party rule to decades of Coalition governments ahead. In socio-political discourse of country, this was an year which started the shift of, sense of history in minds of people from a consesus based one that emerged post 1947 to contested one that emerged along with Ram Janmabhoomi Andolan.


1989 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1989.


1989 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1989 include:


1989 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Notable Palestinian militant operations against Israeli targets
The most prominent Palestinian Arab terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1989 include:


1989 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Notable Israeli military operations against Palestinian militancy targets
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1989 include:


1989 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Notable Israeli militant operations
The most prominent Israeli terror attacks committed against Palestinians during 1989 include:


1989 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1989.


1989 in Japan
Events in the year 1989 in Japan. In the history of Japan, it marks the final year of the Shōwa period, Shōwa 64, upon the death of Emperor Shōwa on January 7, and the beginning of the Heisei period, Heisei 1 (平成元年 Heisei gannen, gannen means "first year"), from January 8 under the reign of his son the current emperor emeritus. Thus, 1989 corresponds to the transition between Shōwa and Heisei In the Japanese calendar.


1989 in Japan
1989 was the first year of Heisei in Japan as well as the all-time peak of the Nikkei 225 stock market average.


1989 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1989.


1989 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Laos.


1989 in Latin music
This is a list of notable events in Latin music (music from the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking areas of Latin America, Latin Europe, and the United States) that took place in 1989.


1989 in Latin music, Best-selling records, Best-selling albums
The following is a list of the top 5 best-selling Latin albums of 1990 in the United States divided into the categories of Latin pop, Regional Mexican, and Tropical/salsa, according to Billboard.


1989 in Latin music, Best-selling records, Best-performing songs
The following is a list of the top 10 best-performing Latin songs in the United States in 1990, according to Billboard.


1989 in Libya
The following lists events that happened in 1989 in Libya.


1989 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1989 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1989, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1989 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The Associated Press (AP) selected the top stories in Michigan for 1989 as follows:


1989 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1989 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1989 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1989 in Michigan, Companies
The following is a list of major companies based in Michigan having at least $500 million in sales in 1989.


1989 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in New Zealand.


1989 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 42nd New Zealand Parliament continued. The fourth Labour Party government was in power.


1989 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1989 in New Zealand television, 1989 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1989 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1989 film awards, 1989 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1989 films


1989 in New Zealand television
This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1989.


1989 in New Zealand television, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on a New Zealand television network that had previously premiered on another New Zealand television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1989 in North Korea, Events
1–8 July 1989:13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang


1989 in Norway, Popular culture, Sports
3 November – Torgeir Bryn becomes the first Norwegian to play in the NBA, when he played 2 minutes for the Los Angeles Clippers against Houston Rockets.


1989 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1989 in Norwegian music.


1989 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events effecting Philippine television in 1989. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1989 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 with Da Vinci and the song "Conquistador".


1989 in Portugal, Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1988–89 Primeira Divisão and 1989–90 Primeira Divisão.


1989 in Romania
This is a list of 1989 events that occurred in Romania.


1989 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1989.


1989 in Shooto
The year 1989 is the 1st year in the history of Shooto, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the Japan. In 1989 Shooto held 3 events beginning with, Shooto: Shooto.


1989 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on May 18, 1989, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1989 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on July 29, 1989, at The Yoyogi National Stadium Second Gymnasiu in Tokyo, Japan.


1989 in Shooto, Shooto: Shooto
Shooto: Shooto was an event held on October 19, 1989, at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.


1989 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Singapore.


1989 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in South Africa.


1989 in South Korea, Events
July 12: Lotte World, a major recreation complex in Seoul, South Korea, is opened to the public. It consists of the world's largest indoor amusement park.


1989 in South Korea, Events
October 26: 10th anniversary of the assassination of Park Chung-hee.


1989 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in Sri Lanka.


1989 in Swedish football
The 1989 season in Swedish football, starting January 1989 and ending December 1989:


1989 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1989 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 78 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1989 in Thailand
The year 1989 was the 208th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 44th year of the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as the year 2532 in the Buddhist Era.


1989 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1989 to Wales and its people.


1989 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1989 in the Republic of Zaire.


1989 in Zaire, Sources
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1989 in anime, Deaths
This anime-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1989 in anime, Deaths
This article related to a particular year is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1989 in architecture
The year 1989 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1989 in association football
This is a list of the football (soccer) events of the year 1989 throughout the world.


1989 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1989  throughout the world.


1989 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1989  throughout the world.


1989 in chess, Top players
Kasparov and Karpov remained the top two players in the world, positions that they had held since July 1982. Over the year, English players Nigel Short and Jonathan Speelman moved up the list, whilst Dutch player Jan Timman fell out of the top 10, having stood third in the January 1988 list.


1989 in chess, Events, Grandmasters Association World Cup
The Grandmasters Association held six World Cup tournaments over 1988 and 1989, with some of the world's best players invited. The last three of these tournaments were held in 1989.


1989 in chess, Events, European Team Championship
The gold medal on the first board was won by Olivier Renet of France with 6/9. Valery Salov of USSR was second with 5/8.


1989 in chess, Titles awarded, Grandmaster
In 1989, FIDE awarded the Grandmaster title to the following 17 players:


1989 in chess, Titles awarded, Woman Grandmaster
In 1989, FIDE awarded the title Woman Grandmaster to the following 2 players:


1989 in chess, Other events
The game between Ivan Nikolić and Goran Arsović in Belgrade 1989 lasted for over 20 hours and consisted of 269 moves. This is still the record number of moves played in a single tournament game. The game was eventually drawn.


1989 in comics
Notable events of 1989 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1989 in comics, Awards, Eagle Awards
Presented in 1990 for comics published in 1989, distributed at the 1990 United Kingdom Comic Art Convention [UKCAC] by Paul Gambaccini and Dave Gibbons.


1989 in comics, Awards, Eisner Awards
No awards were presented in 1990, a transition year when Comic-Con International took over administration of the awards.


1989 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1989.


1989 in film, Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1989 by worldwide gross are as follows:


1989 in film, Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1989 by domestic (United States/Canada) gross are as follows:


1989 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1989 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1989 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1989. For video games, see 1989 in video gaming.


1989 in hammer throw
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by JJMC89 bot III (talk | contribs) at 20:55, 9 April 2020 (Moving Category:Years in hammer throwing to Category:Hammer throw by year per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1989 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1989 in the hammer throw for both men and women.


1989 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1989.


1989 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1989.


1989 in home video, Movie releases
The following films debuted on home video in 1989 on these dates:


1989 in home video, TV show releases
The following television shows were released on video on the following dates:


1989 in jazz
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 63.143.205.78 (talk) at 17:40, 16 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1989 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1989.


1989 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1989.


1989 in motoring
1989 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1989 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.


1989 in motoring, United Kingdom
The new Ford Fiesta used the same floorplan as the original 1976 version, but with a new bodyshell which, for the first time, was available with five doors as well as three. The range included a 1.0 unit and a 1.6 8-valve CVH engine which fit under the bonnet of the XR2i, which had fuel injection. There was also a 1.4 Ghia model, sold only as a 5-door with electric front windows and the option of anti-lock brakes. The Escort received a minor update with a new badge at the rear and some trim revisions and enjoyed its best-ever sales year in the UK with over 180,000 sold.


1989 in motoring, United Kingdom
Rover Group plc launched a new 200 Series in October which unlike the previous four-door saloon car, was a hatchback available with five doors with a three door version to follow later. The Rover 400 Series saloon would launch in April 1990, effectively replacing the saloon version of the previous 200 Series. The 200 Series was powered by a range of new K-Series petrol engines ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 litres. There was also a 1.8 turbo-diesel.


1989 in motoring, United Kingdom
The hatchback was marketed as a Ford Escort rival, but the slightly larger saloon was competing against cars such as the Ford Sierra and Vauxhall Cavalier. Following the launch of these new model ranges, Maestro and Montego production was reduced, while a new version of the Metro was planned for sale in 1990. The long-running Mini celebrated its 30th year in production.


1989 in motoring, United Kingdom
Jaguar became part of the Ford Motor Company, five years after being privatised in its sell-off from British Leyland. Updated versions of the Jaguar XJS coupe and convertible were planned.


1989 in motoring, United Kingdom
Vauxhall reentered the coupe market, eight years after the Cavalier Sport Hatch went out of production. The new entrant in this sector was the Calibra, which was based on the front-wheel drive chassis of the latest Cavalier, and used the Cavalier's 2.0 8-valve and 16-valve engines while the MK2 Astra received a minor facelift with the saloon version now called the Astra Belmont.


1989 in motoring, France
Renault launched its R19 range, a three- and five-door hatchback aimed to compete with cars such as the Ford Escort and Volkswagen Golf. It succeeded the R9 and R11 ranges, and was powered by 1.4 and 1.7 petrol engines as well as a 1.9 diesel.


1989 in motoring, France
Peugeot launched the 605 range, a four-door saloon with 2.0 four-cylinder and 2.9 V6 petrol engines as well as a 2.1 turbo-diesel.


1989 in motoring, France
Citroen replaced its CX range with the XM featuring self-levelling oleo-pneumatic suspension. Its engines were all sourced from the Peugeot 605, but unlike the Peugeot, the XM was available as an estate as well as a hatchback although it wouldn't launch until 1991 while the CX version continued until then.


1989 in motoring, Germany
Mercedes-Benz launched a new version of its SL sports car for the first time in 18 years, available with a 3.0 V6 or 5.0 V8 engine.


1989 in motoring, Germany
BMW replaced the 13-year-old 6 Series with the new 850i.


1989 in motoring, Italy
The Fiat Regata saloon and "Weekend" estate ceased production, and were replaced by the Tipo-based Tempra saloon and "Station Wagon". It was powered by the same 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 petrol engines which power the Tipo models, but offered a larger boot. The Station Wagon came with the option of seven seats.


1989 in motoring, Italy
Lancia launched a new saloon version of the Delta - the Dedra - to replace the Prisma. It used the same engine and chassis as the hatchback, and was also available with a 2.0 turbo engine from the Delta Integrale.


1989 in motoring, Japan
Mazda launch the new MX5 two-seater roadster. It offered a style similar to the 1968 Lotus Elan.


1989 in motoring, Japan
Nissan launched a new 200SX 2+2 sports coupe powered by a 2.0 16-valve turbo engine, capable of nearly 140 mph.


1989 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1989 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1989 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1989 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1989.


1989 in music, Albums released
All releases are an LP record unless otherwise stated. Multiple entries for the same day are arranged alphabetically by the album's name. Release dates may vary in different countries.


1989 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1989.


1989 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1989.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Conodont paleozoology
German paleontologist and stratigrapher Heinz Walter Kozur (1942-2013) described the conodont genus Mesogondolella.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Plesiosaurs
preoccupied by the ant genus Turneria Forel, 1895; renamed Morturneria Chatterjee and Creisler, 1994


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
An Accipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
A Ciconiidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
A Nyctibiidae, transferred to the Steatornithidae by Mourer-Chauviré, 2013, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Iberomesornithiformes Sanz et J. F. Bonaparte, 1992, Concornithidae Kurochkin, 1996, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
A Podargidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
A member of the family Rhynochetidae. Theuerkauf & Gula (2018) considered this species to be a junior synonym of the extant kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus).


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Alexornithiformes Brodkorb, 1976, Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in paleontology, Paleozoology, Vertebrate paleozoology, Archosauromorphs
A Fregatidae, Limnofregatinae Olson, 1977, this is the type species of the new genus.


1989 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1989 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1989 in poetry, Works published in English, United States, Anthologies in the United States
Poems by these 75 poets were included in The Best American Poetry 1989, edited by David Lehman, with Donald Hall, guest editor:


1989 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1989 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1989 in professional wrestling
1989 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1989 in race walking
This page lists the World Best Year Performance in the year 1989 in both the men's and the women's race walking distances: 10 km, 20 km and 50 km (outdoor).


1989 in radio
The year 1989 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting.


1989 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1989.


1989 in science
The year 1989 in science and technology involved many significant events, some listed below.


1989 in sports
1989 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1989 in the British Virgin Islands
Events from the year 1989 in the British Virgin Islands.


1989 in the Philippines
1989 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1989.


1989 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1989 in the United Arab Emirates.


1989 in the United States, Events, September
September 30; Walter White is uncovered as Hiesenberg, and Hank Schraeder is missing


1989 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1989. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1989 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1989 in athletics.


1989 in video games
1989 saw many sequels and prequels in video games, such as Phantasy Star II, Super Mario Land, and Super Monaco GP, as well as several new titles such as Golden Axe, Bonk's Adventure and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1989.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Hong Kong and United Kingdom
In Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, the following titles were the top-grossing arcade games of each month.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United States
In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1989.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
The following titles were the top ten best-selling home video games of 1989 in Japan, according to the annual Family Computer Magazine (Famimaga) charts.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, RoboCop for the ZX Spectrum was the best-selling home video game of 1989. The following titles were the best-selling home video games of each month in the United Kingdom during 1989.


1989 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United States
In the United States, the following titles were the best-selling home video games of each month in 1989.


1989 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed titles, Famitsu and CVG reviews
In Japan, the following 1989 video game releases entered Famitsu magazine's "Platinum Hall of Fame" for receiving Famitsu scores of at least 35 out of 40.


1989 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed titles, Famitsu and CVG reviews
In the United Kingdom, the following titles were Computer and Video Games (CVG) magazine's highest-rated games of 1989.


1989 in video games, Top-rated games, Critically acclaimed titles, English-language reviews
Notable video game releases in 1989 that have accumulated overall critical acclaim from at least four contemporary English-language sources include:


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed
The 1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed was an act carried out by members of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, a Kashmiri political organisation on 8 December 1989, in Jammu and Kashmir. Rubaiya was the daughter of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, then the Home minister of India in the V. P. Singh government. The kidnappers demanded the release of thirteen of their members. in exchange for Rubaiya's release. The Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah In agreement with the Central government accepted their demands and freed the jailed militants.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed
Yasin Malik is currently under trial for the kidnapping and exchange of five militants.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Rubaiya
Rubaiya Sayeed, then 23 years old, was the third daughter of Mufti Mohammad Sayeed. She was then a medical intern at Lal Ded Memorial Women's Hospital.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Modus operandi
She was kidnapped at 3:45 p.m. on 8 December 1989, about 500 metres from her home at Nowgam when she was returning from the Lal Ded Memorial Women's Hospital in a local mini bus. Four people forced her out of the vehicle at gunpoint into a waiting Maruti car and disappeared.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Demands of abductors and negotiations
Representatives of  the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front telephoned the local newspaper Kashmir Times at about 5:30 p.m., stating that their group's mujahideen had kidnapped Dr Rubaiya Sayeed, and that she would remain their hostage until the government released Sheikh Abdul Hameed, a JKLF "area commander" Ghulam Nabi Butt, younger brother of  the convicted and hanged rebel Maqbool Butt; Noor Muhammad Kalwal; Muhammed Altaf; and Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Demands of abductors and negotiations
The editor, Muhammad Sofi, phoned both the Home Minister and the government to pass on the news. The chief minister Farooq Abdullah cut short his holiday in London and returned to Delhi. Senior IB and police officials, including Ved Marwah, Director General of the National Security Guards, reached Srinagar before dawn the next day.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Demands of abductors and negotiations
The negotiations opened through Zaffar Meraj of the Kashmir Times, while Shabnam Lone, daughter of A.B. Ghani Lone and Maulvi Abbas Ansari of the Muslim United Front were tapped as possible channels. Later, a judge of the Allahabad High Court, Moti Lal Bhat, entered the picture. A friend of Mufti, he began negotiating directly with the militants on behalf of the home minister.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Demands of abductors and negotiations
At 3:30 a.m. on 13 December 1989, two Union Cabinet Ministers, Inder Kumar Gujral and Arif Mohammad Khan, personally flew into Srinagar, believing that Farooq was coming in the way of a deal because Farooq held the view that abject surrender to the militants' demands would open the floodgates.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Demands of abductors and negotiations
At 7:00 p.m. on 13 December 1989 Dr. Rubaiya Sayeed was set free, two hours after the government released the five jailed militants. Thousands of young men gathered at Rajouri Kadal to take them out in a triumphant procession, but they quickly disappeared to their hideouts.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Aftermath
Years later Farooq Abdullah claimed that his government was threatened with dismissal by the central government if the militants were not exchanged for Rubaiya. The kidnapping set the stage for heightened militancy in the state and the mass support for militants could be clearly seen in the streets. Many say the abduction was the watershed in the Kashmir insurgency. Had the V P Singh government not buckled down, things would have been different," they say, "The JKLF would not have harmed Rubaiya due to public sentiment. In 1999 three JKLF militants Shoukat Ahmed Bakshi, Manzoor Ahmed Sofi and Mohammad Iqbal Gandroo  were granted bail after 9 years.


1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, Aftermath
Yasin Malik is currently under trial for the kidnapping and exchange of five militants.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador
During the Salvadoran Civil War, on 16 November 1989, Salvadoran Army soldiers killed six Jesuits and two others, the Caretaker's wife and daughter, at their residence on the campus of Central American University (known as UCA El Salvador) in San Salvador, El Salvador. Polaroids of the Jesuits' bullet-riddled bodies were on display in the hallway outside the Chapel. Roses were planted just outside in the garden where the priests were murdered.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador
The Jesuits were advocates of a negotiated settlement between the government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), the guerilla organization that had fought the government for a decade. The murders attracted international attention to the Jesuits' efforts and increased international pressure for a cease-fire, representing one of the key turning points that led toward a negotiated settlement to the war.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Events
Note: All descriptions of events are taken from the Truth Commission's report and the summary of accusations admitted by the Spanish court against the members of the Salvadoran military who were sentenced for the crime.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Events
The Salvadoran army considered the Pastoral Centre of UCA El Salvador (a.k.a. Central American University) to be a "refuge of subversives". Colonel Juan Orlando Zepeda, Vice-Minister for Defence, had publicly accused UCA El Salvador of being the center of operations for FMLN terrorists. Colonel Inocente Montano, Vice-Minister for Public Security, said that the Jesuits were "fully identified with subversive movements." In negotiations for a peaceful solution to the conflict, Jesuit priest Ignacio Ellacuría had played a pivotal role. Many of the armed forces identified the Jesuit priests with the rebels, because of their special concern for those Salvadorians who were poorest and thus most affected by the war.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Events
Members of the Atlacatl Battalion, an elite unit of the Salvadoran Army implicated in some of the most infamous incidents of the Salvadoran Civil War, were a rapid-response, counter-insurgency battalion created in 1980 at the U.S. Army's School of the Americas, which was then located in Panama. On the evening of 15 November, Atlacatl Colonel Guillermo Alfredo Benavides Moreno met with officers under his command at the Military College. He informed them that the General Staff considered the recent rebel offensive "critical", to be met with full force, and that all "known subversive elements" were to be eliminated. He had been ordered to eliminate Ellacuría, leaving no witnesses. The officers decided to disguise the operation as a rebel attack, using an AK-47 rifle that had been captured from the FMLN.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Events
The soldiers first tried to force their way into the Jesuits' residence, until the priests opened the doors to them. After ordering the priests to lie face-down in the back garden, the soldiers searched the residence. Lieutenant Guerra then gave the order to kill the priests. Fathers Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, and Segundo Montes were shot and killed by Private Grimaldi. Fathers Amando López and Moreno were killed by Deputy Sergeant Antonio Ramiro Avalos Vargas. The soldiers later discovered Father Joaquín López y López in the residence and killed him as well. Deputy Sergeant Tomás Zarpate Castillo shot housekeeper Julia Elba Ramos and her 16-year-old daughter, Celina Mariceth Ramos; both women were shot again by Private José Alberto Sierra Ascencio, confirming their deaths.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Events
The soldiers removed a small suitcase containing photographs, documents, and $5,000. They then directed machine gun fire at the façade of the residence, as well as rockets and grenades. They left a cardboard sign that read "FMLN executed those who informed on it. Victory or death, FMLN".


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Victims
*  Ignacio Ellacuría Beascoechea, S.J., the rector of the university;


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Victims
All but Celina Ramos were employees of UCA El Salvador. Another Jesuit resident, Jon Sobrino, was delivering a lecture on liberation theology in Bangkok. He said he had grown accustomed to living with death threats and commented: "We wanted to support dialogue and peace. We were against the war. But we have been considered Communists, Marxists, supporters of the rebels, all that type of thing." When The New York Times described the murdered priests as "leftist intellectuals" in March 1991, Archbishop John R. Quinn of San Francisco objected to the use of that characterization "without qualification or nuance". He offered the paper the words of Archbishop Helder Camara: "When I feed the hungry, they call me a saint. When I ask why they have no food, they call me a Communist."


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Reaction
The murders attracted international attention and increased international pressure for a cease-fire. It is recognized as a turning point that led toward a negotiated settlement to the war.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Reaction
The U.S. government, which had long provided military aid to the government, called on President Cristiani to initiate "the fullest inquiry and certainly a rapid one". It condemned the murders "in the strongest possible terms". Senator Claiborne Pell, chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said: "I am devastated by these cold-blooded murders, which appear intended to silence human rights activity in El Salvador. I appeal most urgently for an end to the fighting and for a cease-fire ... and ask that those responsible for these murders be brought to justice as swiftly as possible."


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Reaction
An editorial in The New York Times catalogued a series of similar crimes that had gone unpunished and warned that "What's different this time is America's horrified impatience". It warned that the U.S. Senate would end U.S. aid if the government of El Salvador "cannot halt and will not punish death squads".


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in El Salvador
Nine members of the Salvadoran military were put on trial. Only Colonel Guillermo Benavides and Lieutenant Yusshy René Mendoza were convicted. The others were either absolved or found guilty on lesser charges. Benavides and Mendoza were sentenced to thirty years in prison. Both were released from prison on 1 April 1993 following passage of the Salvadoran Amnesty Law by a legislature dominated by anti-guerilla and pro-military politicians.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in El Salvador
It was enacted to promote social and political reconciliation in the aftermath of the civil war, but its support came from the political factions most closely allied with the right-wing armed groups identified by the report as responsible for most wartime violations of human rights. The trial's outcome was confirmed by the report presented by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of El Salvador, which detailed how Salvadoran military and political figures concealed vital information in order to shield those responsible for the massacre. The report identified Rodolfo Parker, a lawyer and politician who later led the Christian Democratic Party and became a member of the Legislative Assembly. It said he "altered statements in order to conceal the responsibility of senior officers for the murder."


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in El Salvador
The Jesuits in El Salvador, led by José María Tojeira, UCA's former rector, continued to work with the UCA's Institute of Human Rights, founded by Segundo Montes, to use the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, to bypass the Salvadoran Amnesty Law of 1993 and expose the role of higher military officers in the murders.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in El Salvador
In July 2016, the Supreme Court of El Salvador found the Amnesty Law unconstitutional, citing international human rights law. Benavides returned to prison a few weeks later to serve his sentence.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in El Salvador
In May 2017, the Jesuit community in El Salvador asked the Ministry of Justice and Public Security to commute the sentence of Benavides, who had served four years of his thirty-year sentence. They said that he had admitted and regretted his actions and that he posed no danger. Jose Maria Tojeira, head of UCA's Human Rights Institute, called him a "scapegoat" for those who ordered the murders and who remained unpunished.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
In 2008, two human rights organizations, the Center for Justice and Accountability and the Spanish Association for Human Rights, filed a lawsuit in a Spanish court, against the former Salvadoran president Alfredo Cristiani and 14 members of the Salvadoran military, alleging their direct responsibility for the 1989 massacre. Judge Eloy Velasco admitted this lawsuit in 2009, on the basis of the principle of universal justice. Neither the Jesuits not the UCA were parties to this lawsuit.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
During the course of this judicial process, an unidentified witness confessed to his own participation in the massacre and implicated the High Command of the Salvadoran Military and Cristiani. Judge Velasco's resolution on the demand initially included investigations on the 14 implicated members of the Salvadoran Military, excluding the former Salvadoran president, but including the Military High Command represented by General (Colonel, at that time) René Emilio Ponce (who then was chief of defence of El Salvador). However, this new testimony opened up the investigation into former president Cristiani as well.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
Evidence made available for journalists included handwritten notes taken during a meeting of the Salvadoran Military High Command at which the massacre was allegedly planned, and both the military's High Command and the country's Executive were probably aware of, if not directly involved in, these planning meetings. Declassified CIA documents later indicated that for many years the CIA knew of the Salvadoran government's plans to murder the Jesuits.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
On 30 May 2011, the court ruled against twenty members of the Salvadoran military finding them guilty of murder, terrorism, and crimes against humanity. It ordered their immediate arrest. President Cristiaini was not included in the ruling. According to the substantiation of the ruling, the accused took advantage of an initial war context to perpetrate violations of human rights, with the aggravating character of xenophobia. Five of the murdered scholars were Spanish citizens. The propaganda against them, that prepared the context for the murder, called them leftist neoimperialists from Spain, who were in El Salvador to reinstate colonialism. Those found guilty face sentences that total 2700 years in prison.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
The ruling of the Spanish court specifies that the Jesuits were murdered for their efforts to end the Salvadoran civil war peacefully. The planning of the murder started when peace negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the FMLN had broken down in 1988. The leadership of the Salvadoran military were convinced that they could win the war against the FMLN militarily. They interpreted Ignacio Ellacuría's efforts for peace negotiations as an inconvenience that had to be eliminated.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
The operation against the Jesuits involved cooperation between several military institutions. It consisted of a psychological campaign to delegitimize the Jesuits in the media, accusing them of conspiracy and cooperation with FMLN; military raids against the university, and the Jesuits' home, in order to map and plan the operation; and finally the massacre, perpetrated by the Atlacatl battalion.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
On August 2011, it was discovered by a human rights organization, The Center for Justice and Accountability that one of the twenty Salvadoran military officers indicted in a Spanish court, "Inocente Orlando Montano Morales", a former government vice minister of public safety, was living in Massachusetts for a decade using his real name. He was subsequently charged with immigration fraud and perjury, resulting in a plea deal with U.S. authorities, before being extradited to Spain in November 2017 to stand trial for his participation of the assassination of Father Ignacio Ellacuría.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legal proceedings in Spain
On May 9, 2019, the Office of the Prosecutor of the National Court in Madrid recommended a prison term of 150 years to be served upon Inocente Montano. The trial of Montano Morales began on June 8, 2020. In September 2020, Morales was convicted of the priests' murders and sentenced to 133 years in prison.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Recognition
On the 20th anniversary of the massacre, President Mauricio Funes awarded the Order of José Matías Delgado, Grand Cross with Gold Star, El Salvador's highest civilian award, to the six murdered priests. Funes knew them personally, considered some of them friends, and credited their role in his professional and personal development.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Recognition
Several academic chairs and research centers are named for them:


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Recognition
Most of these scholars are also credited for lasting contributions to the fields of philosophy, theology and liberation theology (Ellacuría), psychology (Martin-Baró), and social anthropology/migration studies (Montes). Some of their scholarship has been published by UCA Editores and others, but much of their material still remains uncategorized or unpublished.


1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, Legacy
The murders have inspired activism in the United States against U.S. imperialism from intellectuals such as Noam Chomsky. They have also been referenced in the arts, such as Act I of the Video Read-Opera "Marisette's Voice."


1989 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The list below consists of the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1989. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.


1989 riots in Argentina
The 1989 riots were a series of riots and related episodes of looting in stores and supermarkets in Argentina, during the last part of the presidency of Raúl Alfonsin, between May and June 1989. The riots were caused by the rampant hyperinflation and food shortage, and were associated with legal protests and demonstrations.


1989 riots in Argentina
The first riots started in Rosario, the third-largest city in the country, when people demanded supermarkets to give away food; they quickly spread to other cities, specially in Greater Buenos Aires. The national government established a state of emergency. More than 40 people were arrested, and there were 14 dead (20 according to unofficial reports). Eventually President Alfonsín resigned, and president elect Carlos Menem took office six months in advance, in July.


1989 riots in Argentina, Build-up
In August 1988 the Alfonsín government launched a new economic plan, called Plan Primavera, intended to contain inflation. It included price controls, negotiated with 53 leading companies, and exchange rate controls, the freezing of state workers' wages, and negotiations with the labour unions. The plan soon proved a failure. Interest rates rose uncontrollably, and the Central Bank's foreign currency reserves were depleted, as it sold U.S. dollars to preserve the value of the Argentine austral. The economic establishment withdrew deposits from the banks, withheld the dollars brought in by exports, and purposefully delayed the paying of taxes.


1989 riots in Argentina, Build-up
During May 1989, the exchange rate (while fixed in theory) rose from 80 to 200 australes to the dollar. In Rosario, the inflation rate of May reached 96.5%. There was a shortage of basic products in supermarkets and stores, and their price tags were updated several times in the same day.


1989 riots in Argentina, Build-up
The results of the general elections held on 14 May 1989 were overwhelmingly favourable to the Justicialist Party. The volatile situation prompted talks about the possibility of anticipating the assumption of the president elect. In Rosario, mayor Horacio Usandizaga resigned, fulfilling a promise that he would leave office if Menem got elected.


1989 riots in Argentina, Build-up
Wednesday, 24 May was a bank holiday. The first isolated riots erupted in Rosario and Córdoba. On 28 May the president announced an emergency economic plan. That night the riots and episodes of looting became generalized in Rosario, especially in the southern neighbourhoods, where most of the larger supermarkets were concentrated at the time, and the next day they spread to the nearby industrial corridor and to other cities, accompanied in certain cases by road blockades and cacerolazos.


1989 riots in Argentina, The riots in Rosario
The rioters broke into supermarkets, food stores and smaller businesses, in groups of varying size (as small as 20 people and as large as 1,000). In most cases they were young, and included a significant proportion of women and children, who doubled as willing human shields against the police. Though most were motivated by hunger and took only food, many also stole cash registers, furniture, refrigerators, etc. Common robbers as well as ostensibly middle-class people could be found among the crowd, as well as people who loaded stolen merchandise on cars and other motor vehicles. The violence was directed at the businesses, not the people, although there were some isolated incidents of owners being hurt or hurting others when trying to defend their shops, and attacks on some police stations.


1989 riots in Argentina, The riots in Rosario
Police action was rather passive during the first two days, which contributed to the generalization of the riots. Whether they were overwhelmed by its massive dimensions is a matter of discussion; some hypotheses point to orders from a faction of the provincial government. Some neighbours claimed that the police was merely "guarding" the robbers, as the security forces only shot some rounds into the air and few arrests were made.


1989 riots in Argentina, The riots in Rosario
This changed on 29 May, when the president declared a state of emergency for 30 days. The city was militarized and divided into three operational areas. School classes were suspended, banks were closed, public transportation was shut down, and a curfew was imposed.


1989 riots in Argentina, The riots in Rosario
By the beginning of June the riots ceased, as the situation was controlled by the security forces and the municipal and national governments began to deliver food assistance. The national government also ordered the creation of hundreds of soup kitchens.


1989 riots in Argentina, Riots in 1990
The beginning of 1990 saw a new, albeit much smaller wave of riots, mainly February and March, in Rosario and Greater Buenos Aires. The economic crisis had not abated, and many businesses had resumed operating with physical barriers. The riots were contained quickly, again with delivery of food assistance to the poorer neighbourhoods.


1989 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and KA won the championship. FH's Hörður Magnússon was the top scorer with 12 goals.


1989 Ürümqi unrest
The 1989 Ürümqi unrest, also known as May 19, 1989, incident (Chinese: 1989年乌鲁木齐“5.19”骚乱事件) took place in the city of Ürümqi, capital of Xinjiang in China in May, 1989, which began with Muslim protesters marched and finally escalated into violent attack against Xinjiang CPC office tower at People's Square on May 19, 1989.


1989 Ürümqi unrest
The immediate cause was a book called Sexual Customs (《性风俗》) published in 1987 which purported to describe the sexual life of Muslims and provoked some Hui people from Gansu, Ningxia and Xinjiang. The protesters, mainly Uyghur and Hui, initially conducted orderly march in the previous days and demanded for the government to destroy Sexual Customs and punish the book authors. However, the protest ended up rioting, where nearly 2,000 rioters overthrew cars,  smashed windows and some attacked staff at CPC office. The government dispatched 1000 policemen and 1200 armed police soldiers to disperse the crowd and arrested 173.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike
The 1989–1990 British ambulance strike was part of a dispute over pay between ambulance crews and the government with action lasting from 7 September 1989 to 23 February 1990. Ambulance workers were aggrieved that their pay had fallen behind that of firefighters, with which it had been linked in 1985. A government pay offer of 7.5% was rejected by the five ambulance workers unions who demanded a 25.8% rise. Union action started with an overtime ban but escalated to a full refusal of crews to attend non-emergency calls in November.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike
The government used the British Army, volunteer ambulances and the police to mitigate the effects of the strike. A pay deal of 16.9% was reached on 23 February 1990 and the ambulance crews returned to work. The strike was regarded as a success for the union, who had carefully cultivated public opinion throughout.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Background
Ambulance provision in the United Kingdom was organised on a local basis by separate ambulance services. The pay and conditions of employees in these services had last been agreed by the Standing Commission on Pay Comparability in 1979. The commission recognised that morale was low and recommended a pay increase of 25.8% (at a time when annual inflation was around 16%). Despite this the ambulance workers had gone on strike in 1981–2 over pay, with emergency cover being provided by the police. As a result of the strike a new salary scale was agreed in November 1985, linking pay to that of firefighters.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Background
The fire brigades union (and police) secured favourable pay settlements which broke the link and, by 1989 ambulance workers were paid 11% less than firefighters. The ambulance workers, represented by five trade unions, considered they had been forgotten and that the service was being run "on the cheap". The unions sought to restore the link established in the 1985 settlement and petitioned the government for a £20 per week pay rise for their members. They also wanted funding to train their members in paramedic skills.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Background
The Conservative government, led by Margaret Thatcher, was keen not to raise inflation by awarding further pay increases. It was also carrying out reform of the National Health Service and thought a win over the unions would help cement this. In May 1989 the government offered a 7.5% pay rise; the unions recommended that their members accept this but it was rejected by a large majority. The unions seem to have underestimated the feelings of their members.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Limited service
Ambulance service crews voted on 7 September by a 4:1 majority to implement an overtime ban and a ban on rest-day working from 13 September. The ambulance services had relied on these additional hours to provide non-emergency services such as the transport of patients between hospitals. The services mitigated the effect of the union action by using private taxis to transport patients and asking, where possible, that patients provide their own transport. The health secretary, Kenneth Clarke, rejected an offer by the unions to enter arbitration on 22 September, causing negotiations to collapse. Later that month ambulance service officers and controllers voted to join the overtime ban from 4 October, reducing the options available to the ambulance services.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Limited service
From late September the negotiating committees of the ambulance officers and ambulance crew unions agreed to operate jointly; despite previous tension between the two. Roger Poole was selected as chief negotiator for the workers in the dispute and eventually came to represent members from five separate unions. Ambulance drivers in particular had been reliant upon overtime payments to supplement their basic wage and by early October were warning that they may have to soon return to work. The union responded in mid-October by escalating the action in an attempt to restart negotiations.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Limited service
A ban on some clerical work and non-urgent patient transfers was implemented. The latter caused issues as in previous actions doctors had responded by simply labelling all transfers as urgent, increasing the volume of work for the thinly stretched ambulance services. Other measures included lock-outs and sit-ins at depots and a public petition that eventually attracted 4 million signatures in support of the ambulance workers.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Limited service
There was little government response to the new measures, apart from to put the British Army on standby from 30 October to provide ambulance services if needed. The unions escalated matters further from November with emergency ambulance crews restricted to emergency 999 calls only and not providing transfer services, as they had previously.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
The government responded to the union escalation by threatening to dock the pay of crews who refused to carry out non-emergency work or to suspend them. The unions then advised that if any member was suspended then all members in that ambulance service should declare themselves as suspended. However the union asked that these members continue to provide an emergency service, though they would be unpaid.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
In London some 2,500 ambulance workers, responsible for 455 ambulances in 71 depots, were suspended by 7 November. The government thought that allowing ambulance workers to continue to respond to emergency calls on an unpaid basis would be bad publicity and the police and army were called in to provide emergency coverage. The first army ambulances were deployed on 8 November in London and, together with police and volunteer ambulance crews, ran 51 vehicles that day. This marked the first occasion that army ambulances had been used since the Winter of Discontent.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
In Glasgow ambulance crews voted, by a narrow margin and against the advice of their union officials, for an all-out strike from 1 December, including the withdrawal of an emergency response. The strike lasted until 3 December and Scottish Secretary Malcolm Rifkind arranged for 30 army ambulances to provide emergency cover based out of Territorial Army (TA) drill halls. These, and police-manned ambulances, had responded to 200 calls by the early hours of 2 December. Rifkind alleged that the crews in Edinburgh had also refused to respond to emergency calls, though the crews disputed this.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
By December the British Army were providing emergency ambulance services in Lincolnshire, Hertfordshire, Derbyshire and South Yorkshire. In Surrey Royal Navy and Royal Air Force drivers were also used, alongside ambulances single-crewed by ambulance service managers, to provide a service based out of police stations and TA drill halls.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
The ambulance unions attempted to reopen negotiations by dropping demands for a cut to working hours, additional leave and further long service perks. The government refused to make any compromises and, with few options left the unions carried out further action in January. Crews were instructed to refuse calls put through by the ambulance service and to only respond to those made directly by the police, medical services and general public. The unions hoped this would require the deployment of more army ambulances and swing public opinion behind them.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Strike
The unions asked the public to demonstrate support for the strike by lining the streets at mid-day on 30 January. At around this time some union members lost patience and crews in West Sussex, Manchester and North-West London went on wildcat strikes of all services; a London-wide strike was narrowly averted at a meeting of shop stewards. In other places ambulance crews began to drift back to work.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Resolution
In February the government made an indication that it was considering a revised pay offer but this was actually a stalling tactic, as they were waiting for public opinion to turn against the unions. The unions themselves were losing large amounts of their funds in paying strike benefits to their members. The National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) alone had paid out almost £1 million while both the Transport and General Workers' Union  and GMB were in deficit because of the strike.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Resolution
The non-ambulance crew members of these unions questioned why such large amounts were being spent on action which affected only a small portion of the membership. Indeed, the costs were so high that a pay dispute for ancillary workers, some of the lowest paid in the health service, was postponed because of a lack of funds.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Resolution
The unions escalated the strike further on 15 February, instructing members not to follow any orders issued by senior ambulance service managers. By this point the British Army was operating in 18 ambulance service areas.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Resolution
The two parties were brought together for conciliation talks by the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. A joint industrial council was formed to consider a deal but talks broke down over the issue of back-pay for suspended workers. The government eventually relented on this issue and talks resumed on 22 February. A mutually acceptable pay rise of 16.9% over two years was agreed in the early hours of 23 February. The government also granted a £500 per year bonus to ambulance crew members with additional medical training and a further 2% pay rise in services that could offset the cost through efficiency savings.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Resolution
A vote of ambulance service workers approved the deal by 4:1; members of NUPE, the largest ambulance union, voted 85% in favour on a 74% turnout. The strike, one of the most successful of the Thatcher era, was called off. Poole claimed that the settlement he secured "drove a coach and horses" through the government's pay policy and in recognition of his success was named a runner-up in the Today programme's Man of the Year award. The strike led to greater recognition of the skill involved in the work of the ambulance crews and began their transformation into multi-skilled paramedics.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Public opinion
The strike has been noted for the close attention paid to public opinion during the dispute. The ambulance unions worked hard to court public approval and conducted polling throughout the strike to judge this. The recent Marchioness disaster  of 20 August 1989 reminded the public of the importance of the emergency services and the ambulance crews' decision to respond to the Deal barracks bombing of 22 September 1989 was well received. The unions' efforts to ensure emergency cover was preserved was judged to be key to maintaining public approval. It was also noted that Poole's calm demeanour was well received by the public while Clarke's brusque manner and confrontational negotiation style led him to be perceived as a bully.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Public opinion
The government attempted to mobilise public opinion against the strike by briefing the press on alleged incidents where ambulance crews had refused to respond to emergencies. These included claims, later proved false, that a crew in Becontree had refused to respond to a call about a newborn baby found in a ditch; that another crew refused to attend a call-out to a man with a severed foot and that one West Midlands ambulance station refused to provide emergency coverage for 48 hours. Clarke was questioned over these false claims in parliament after which they ceased.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Public opinion
Another public relations move was implemented on 17 November; the government's pay offer of 6.5% over 12 months was amended to 9% over 18 months. While having little cost impact this appeared more generous. The Department of Health also took out full-page advertisements in national newspapers from 27 November, ostensibly to provide information on ambulance coverage but largely an attempt to sway public opinion. The unions judged that these were ineffective. Opinion polls conducted during the strike showed public support of around 80% in favour of strikers, including support of 75% among conservative voters. At its highest, only 10% of the public supported the government.


1989–1990 British ambulance strike, Public opinion
It was judged that the unions' appointment of Poole as a single spokesman and negotiator was a good move, especially when compared with the government's fragmented response. A number of different spokesmen acted for the government and sometimes gave contradictory briefings leading to a public perception of a lack of coordination and competence. The Labour Party was steadfast in its support for the strike but there were splits in the Conservative Party, encouraged by lobbying from the unions. Some Conservative backbenchers spoke with Clarke privately to suggest that he agree a resolution to the strike. The Labour Party attempted to capitalise on this by raising a debate in parliament on the government's handling of the strike. This had the opposite effect as Conservative MPs rallied to support the government.


1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature
The 176th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1989 and 1990 during the governorship of Michael Dukakis. William Bulger served as president of the Senate and George Keverian served as speaker of the House.


1989–1990 Transnistrian referendum
A referendum on the formation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was held in Transnistria between 1989 and 1990. The first voting took place in Rîbnița on 3 December 1989. In Tiraspol voting was held on 28 January. After the June congress of the local Soviet, voting was held in the districts of Bender, Dubăsari, Sloboza, Camenca and Grigoriopol. The overall total showed 95.8% voting in favour. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was declared at the second meeting of the Soviet on 2 September 1990.


1989–1990 Vendée Globe
The Vendée Globe Challenge which later became the 1st edition of the Vendée Globe is a none stop round the world sailing race. The race was a none stop east to west round the world The start was given on November 26, 1989, from the Sables-d'Olonne. This race initially had thirteen boats and seven at the finish, due to multiple abandonments, which is common in this "Everest of the Sea" that is the Vendée Globe. It was won by Titouan Lamazou on 15 March 1990 creating the first benchmark of the event, which will hold as a record until the 1996–1997 edition.