1988 Stockholm municipal election
The Stockholm municipal election of 1988 was held on 18 September 1988 concurrently with the 1988 Swedish parliamentary election. This election used a party-list proportional representation system to allocate the 101 seats of the Stockholm City Council (Stockholms stadsfullmäktige) amongst the various Swedish political parties. Voter turnout was 81.4%.


1988 Stockholm municipal election
The Swedish Centre Party returned to the Stockholm City Council this year after dismal results in 1985 deprived them of a mandate.


1988 Stockholm municipal election
This election is the fourth in which the Stockholm Party succeeded in winning seats on the Stockholm City Council. It marks the high-water mark of the Stockholm Party's electoral success.


1988 Stuttgart Classic – Draw
Miloslav Mečíř won in the final 6–3, 6–2, against Andrés Gómez.


1988 Stuttgart Classic – Draw, Draw, Group One
Standings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.


1988 Stuttgart Classic – Draw, Draw, Group Two
Standings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.


1988 Sudan floods
In early August 1988, severe floods struck Khartoum, the capital of the Sudan. On August 4, the Khartoum area received 8.4 inches (210 mm) of rain in 24 hours, more than twice the usual annual rainfall. Heavy rains also fell on August 11 and 13. The rains and subsequent ground flooding destroyed an estimated 127,000 dwellings that had housed approximately 750,000 inhabitants (most of whom had previously been displaced from elsewhere in Sudan). In addition, food and water supplies, sanitation, transportation, and communications were seriously disrupted. Eighty people died in the flooding.


1988 Sugar Bowl
The 1988 Sugar Bowl was the 54th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Friday, January 1. Part of the 1987–88 bowl game season, it featured sixth-ranked Auburn Tigers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the undefeated #4 Syracuse Orangemen, an independent.


1988 Sugar Bowl
The game ended in a 16–16 tie after slightly-favored Auburn made a thirty-yard field goal in the final seconds.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Auburn
The Tigers (9–1–1) tied Tennessee on the road in September and lost 34–6 to independent Florida State at home in early November. They defeated Florida, Georgia, and Alabama to take the SEC title, and did not play LSU.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Syracuse
Unranked at the start of the season, the Orangemen won all eleven games and were unbeaten for the first time since winning the national championship in 1959. The most notable win was at home, 48–21 over defending national champion Penn State in mid-October. Quarterback Don McPherson was a consensus All-American and was the runner-up in the balloting for the Heisman Trophy.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Both televised by ABC, the game followed the Florida Citrus Bowl and kicked off shortly after 2:30 p.m. CST, two hours after the Cotton Bowl (CBS) and Fiesta Bowl (NBC) started, and over an hour before the Rose Bowl (NBC).


1988 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Auburn cracked the scoreboard first, following a 17-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Jeff Burger to wide receiver Lawyer Tillman, who had six receptions for 125 yards. In the second quarter, Syracuse tied the game at seven on a twelve-yard touchdown pass from Don McPherson to wideout Deval Glover. Auburn added a forty-yard field goal from Win Lyle to take a 10–7 lead into halftime.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
In the third quarter, Tim Vesling kicked a 27-yard field goal to tie the game at ten. In the fourth quarter, Lyle's second field goal was good from 41 yards, giving Auburn a three-point lead, but two field goals by Vesling put Syracuse ahead, 16–13. With four seconds remaining and the ball on the Syracuse thirteen, Auburn head coach Pat Dye opted for three points; Win Lyle kicked a thirty-yard field goal for Auburn and the game ended in a 16–16 tie.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
The game was a defensive battle, and the tie helped Syracuse cap an unbeaten season. McPherson was named the game's outstanding player, going 11-of-21 for 140 yards and one touchdown; he was sacked five times by the Auburn defense.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
Syracuse fans were outraged by Auburn's decision to tie the game, while Auburn fans found the choice uncontroversial. In protest of the decision by Auburn to tie the game, a Syracuse radio station mailed Auburn coach Dye 2,000 ugly ties, which Dye autographed and auctioned off, raising $30,000 for the Auburn general scholarship fund.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
Syracuse remained at fourth in the final AP poll, while Auburn dropped one spot to seventh.


1988 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
Syracuse and Auburn did not play again until the schools agreed to a home and home series in 2001 and 2002. Syracuse won the 2001 game in the Carrier Dome 31-14, and Auburn won the 2002 game at Jordan-Hare Stadium 37-34 in double overtime.


1988 Summer Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics (Korean: 1988년 하계 올림픽; RR: 1988nyeon Hagye Ollimpig), officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad (Korean: 제24회 올림픽경기대회; RR: Je 24hoe Ollimpiggyeong-gidaehoe) and commonly known as Seoul 1988 (Korean: 서울 1988), was an international multi-sport event held from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea. 159 nations were represented at the games by a total of 8,391 athletes (6,197 men and 2,194 women). 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics.


1988 Summer Olympics
The 1988 Seoul Olympics were the second summer Olympic Games held in Asia and the first time the Olympic Games were held in South Korea. As the host country, South Korea ranked fourth overall, winning 12 gold medals and 33 medals in the competition. 11,331 media (4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters) showed the Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games of the Cold War, as well as for the Soviet Union and East Germany, as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games in 1992. The Soviet Union utterly dominated the medal count, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. The results that got closest to that medal haul are China's 48 gold medals in 2008 and USA's 121 total medals in 2016.


1988 Summer Olympics
Compared to the 1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow) and the 1984 Summer Olympics (Los Angeles), which were divided into two camps by ideology, the 1988 Seoul Olympics was a competition in which the boycotts virtually disappeared, although they were not completely over. North Korea boycotted the 1988 Seoul Olympics, as well as five socialist countries including Cuba, an ally of North Korea. Albania, Ethiopia, and Seychelles did not respond to the invitation sent by the IOC.


1988 Summer Olympics
Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations; however, the country withdrew for financial reasons. Nonetheless, the much larger boycotts seen in the 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympics were avoided, resulting in the largest number of participating nations during the Cold War era. The 1988 Seoul Olympics are regarded as the Olympics that laid the groundwork for the end of the Cold War. Olympic boycotts ended completely at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics four years later.


1988 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through a vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of Nagoya, Japan. Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden, West Germany.


1988 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
After the Olympics were awarded, Seoul also received the opportunity to stage the 10th Asian Games in 1986, using them to test its preparation for the Olympics.


1988 Summer Olympics, Highlights
Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released at the opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, hours before the cauldron was lit. Balloon doves were released in 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996.


1988 Summer Olympics, Highlights
These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the opening ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming the five-colored Olympic Rings, as well as a mass demonstration of taekwondo. The skydiving team trained at SkyDance SkyDiving and had hoped the opening ceremony appearance would set the stage for skydiving becoming a medal event by 2000.


1988 Summer Olympics, Significance of 1988 Olympics in South Korea
Hosting the 1988 Olympics presented an opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea. The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the Park Chung-hee administration in the late 1970s. After President Park's assassination in 1979, Chun Doo-hwan, his successor, submitted Korea's bid to the IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization, provide protection from increasing threats from North Korea, and showcase the Korean economic miracle to the world community. South Korea was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 16th nation in the Summer Olympics, as well as the second Asian nation (following Japan in the 1964 Summer Olympics) and the first mainland Asian nation to host the Olympics.


1988 Summer Olympics, Significance of 1988 Olympics in South Korea
Influenced by the model of 1964 Tokyo Olympics as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in the international community in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a "coming-out party". The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China.


1988 Summer Olympics, Significance of 1988 Olympics in South Korea
In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated the 1988 Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the Olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the Seoul Olympics: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization and the legitimization of the military dictatorship.


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
Existing camps for "vagrants" (homeless persons) were ramped up before the 1988 Olympics. An Associated Press article states that homeless and alcoholic persons, "but mostly children and the disabled" were arrested and sent to these camps to prepare for the Olympics. In addition, a prosecutor had his investigation into the Brothers Home camp limited at a number of levels of government "in part out of fear of an embarrassing international incident on the eve of the Olympics."


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
In 1975, the previous president of South Korea had begun a policy of rounding up vagrants. According to government documents obtained by the Associated Press, from 1981 to 1986 the number of persons held increased from 8,600 to more than 16,000. Police officers often received promotions based on the number of vagrants they had arrested, and owners of facilities received a subsidy based on the number of persons held. There were multiple reports of inmates being raped or beaten, and sometimes beaten to death.


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
4,000 of these "vagrants" were held at the Brothers Home facility. Many of the guards were former inmates who had been "promoted" because of loyalty to the camp's owner. Various money-making operations were conducted such as manufacturing ball-point pens and fishing hooks, as well as clothing for Daewoo. Only a few inmates were paid belatedly for this work.


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
By accident while on a hunting trip, prosecutor Kim Yong-won heard about and visited a work detail of prisoners in ragged clothes being overseen by guards with wooden bats and dogs. In his words, he knew immediately that "a very serious crime" was occurring, and in January 1987, he led a raid on the facility and found beaten and malnourished inmates. However, he received political pressure at various levels to reduce the charges against the owner, managers, and guards. In the end, the owner only served two-and-a-half years in prison.


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
The Brothers Home was a religious facility based on the Christian faith. There were in fact inspections by both city officials and church officials. However, these were scheduled inspections in which healthier inmates were presented in carefully planned and orchestrated circumstances. There were no unannounced inspections.


1988 Summer Olympics, Expansion of "vagrant" camps before Olympics
In the 1990s, construction workers found about 100 human bones on a mountainside outside the location of the former Brothers Home. Victims of the Brothers Home are seeking a government investigation into the crimes committed and accountability.


1988 Summer Olympics, 1988 Summer Olympics boycott
In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the International Olympic Committee worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the Eastern Bloc as had happened at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and communist countries. This prompted action by the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch, who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the "Mexico Declaration"  was adopted.


1988 Summer Olympics, 1988 Summer Olympics boycott
The declaration offered support for participation in the 1988 Olympics by all members of the Association of National Olympic Committees. The agreement with the Soviet Union was reached in 1987. After the Los Angeles games, East Germany had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of Munich as an alternative.


1988 Summer Olympics, 1988 Summer Olympics boycott
Another point of conflict was the involvement of North Korea in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president Fidel Castro, who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in Lausanne, Switzerland, the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted a joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea.


1988 Summer Olympics, 1988 Summer Olympics boycott
The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC. Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew for financial reasons.


1988 Summer Olympics, Official theme song
In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) decided to produce and distribute an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in the festival andconsolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song "Hand in Hand" was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock, and performed by singing group Koreana.


1988 Summer Olympics, Venues
Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games. New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games.


1988 Summer Olympics, Cost
According to The Oxford Olympics Study data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960, for which data is available, is US$5.2 billion.


1988 Summer Olympics, Sports
The 1988 Summer Olympics featured 23 different sports encompassing 31 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 237 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1988 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees
Athletes from 159 nations competed at the Seoul Games. Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. Guam made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.


1988 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees
In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul:


1988 Summer Olympics, Participating National Olympic Committees
^ Note: Brunei participated in the Opening Ceremonies and Closing Ceremonies, marking its first appearance at the Olympic Games, but its delegation consisted of only one swimming official.


1988 Summer Olympics, Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.


1988 Summer Olympics, Mascot
The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was Hodori. It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable Amur tiger, portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the Korean people. Hodori's female version was called Hosuni.


1988 Summer Olympics, Mascot
The name 호돌이 Hodori was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a compound of 호 ho, the Sino-Korean bound morpheme for "tiger" (appearing also in the usual word 호랑이 horangi for "tiger"), and 돌이 dori, a diminutive for "boys".


1988 Summer Olympics, Broadcasting
In the United States, NBC became the telecast provider hereafter for the Summer Games, after a five-Olympics run by American Broadcasting Company from 1968 to 1984.


1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time
1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time (titled as just One Moment in Time for some releases) is a compilation album that was released to coincide with the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The album was released on August 30, 1988 by Arista Records. The album features songs by some of the most popular artists at the time of the album's release, including the title track, "One Moment in Time" by Whitney Houston.


1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time, Track listing, US edition
Original track listing order. Song list order differed on various album covers.


1988 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics took place at Seoul Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea, on 2 October 1988 at 19:00 -20:45 KST (UTC+9)..


1988 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Ceremony, Parade of Nations
The flag bearers of 159 National Olympic Committees arrived into the Seoul Olympic Stadium. The flag bearers from each participating country entered the stadium informally in single file, ordered by ganada order of the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched all the athletes, without any distinction or grouping by nationality.


1988 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Barcelona 1992 performance
Barcelona, the host city of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games


1988 Summer Olympics closing ceremony, Speeches and the Games declared closed and the handover of the Olympic flag
SLOOG President Park Seh-jik deliver a speech in Korean, concluded and thank everyone. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch deliver  a speech in English, French, awards the Olympic Order in Gold to Park Seh-jik, President of the Seoul Organizing Committee and IOC President declare closed the Games of the XXIV Olympiad in Seoul, and accordance with tradition, and call upon the youth of the world to assemble 4 years from now in Barcelona, to celebrate the Games of the XXV Olympiad. He concluded in Korean. The Mayor of Seoul Kim Yong-rae handover the Olympic flag to IOC President, Juan Antonio Samaranch, who then handed it over to the Mayor of Barcelona, Pasqual Maragall. The flag was raised again on 8 February 1992 in Albertville for the opening ceremony of the 1992 Winter Olympics.


1988 Summer Olympics medal table
This is the full table of the medal table of the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul.


1988 Summer Olympics medal table
These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. Athletes from 52 countries won medals, leaving 108 countries without a medal. The Soviet Union utterly dominated the medal count, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals.


1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.


1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order
As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation South Korea marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (Korean), according with tradition and IOC guidelines. The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul, a traditional Korean alphabet.


1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order
Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" ("차이니스 타이페이") under 타 so that they did not enter together with conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China), which entered as "중화인민공화국" under 중. The Republic of the Congo entered as the "People's Republic of the Congo" ("콩고") under 콩 while the Democratic Republic of Congo entered under its former name, Zaire (자이르). Egypt, Iran, Iraq and Israel changed their order in consideration of the hostile relationship between the two countries.


1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, Parade order
A record of 160 nations entered the stadium with a combined total of 8,391 athletes. Eight nations made their Olympic debut, namely Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen. Cuba and North Korea boycotted the games for the second consecutive time. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC, while Madagascar and Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations.


1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers, List
The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics took place at Seoul Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea, on 17 September 1988 at 10:30 KST (UTC+9). The official song of this game was Hand in Hand, which was performed by Koreana. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Roh Tae-woo.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Ceremony, Opening
The ceremony was the last one at which doves were released. Since 1920, doves had been released at Olympic opening ceremonies. However, in Seoul many of the doves landed in the cauldron. When Olympic Torch bearer Sohn Kee-chung approached, some of the doves did not leave the cauldron and were burnt alive when the Olympic Flame was lit. The outcry meant that at future games, the doves were represented by inanimate objects or human actors.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Ceremony, Parade of Nations
The flag bearers of 160 National Olympic Committees entered the stadium, ordered by the Korean alphabet, and behind them marched the athletes.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Ceremony, Parade of Nations
It was also the last parade that involves East Germany, Soviet Union, West Germany and Yugoslavia, which was ceased to exist few years later.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Opening
SLOOC President Park Seh-jik delivered a speech in Korean, welcoming everyone. IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch delivered a speech in English and French. South Korean President Roh Tae-woo declared the Games of the XXIV Olympiad in Seoul opened.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Dignitaries in attendance
Most countries were represented by governmental-level representatives, and only a few world leaders came to the ceremony.


1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, Bibliography
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1988 Summer Olympics torch relay
The 1988 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from August 23 until September 17, prior to the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The route covered around 4,526 kilometres (2,812 mi) and involved over 1,856 torchbearers. Sohn Kee-chung, Chung Sun-man and Kim Won-tak lit the cauldron at the opening ceremony.


1988 Summer Paralympics
The 1988 Summer Paralympics (Korean: 1988년 하계 패럴림픽; RR: 1988nyeon hagye paeleollimpik),  were the first Paralympics in 24 years to take place in the same city as the Olympic Games. They took place in Seoul, South Korea. This was the first time the term "Paralympic" came into official use.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Background
The 1988 Summer Paralympics were the first Paralympic Games to be held under the aegis of the International Co-ordinating Committee (ICC). The ICC was accepted into the Olympic Family, which allowed greater co-operation by National Olympic Committees in regards to the organization of Paralympic Games. The Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) regarded the Paralympic Games as an extension of the Olympic Games and formulated a support plan which allowed sharing of Seoul Olympic manpower, facilities, equipment, and sharing of key personnel. The SLOOC gave a subsidy of $12,857,143 US dollars.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Background
It was not possible to use the Olympic Village so a new Paralympic Village, consisting of 10 apartment blocks, was created, providing catering, recreation, banking, post office facilities, medical centres, religious centres, and a shopping mall. The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games was also the first time both the Olympics and Paralympics used the same venues, and since then, every Winter and Summer Paralympic Games have been held in the same city as the Olympic Games.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Background
The Seoul Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC) designed the first Paralympic Symbol which was used from 1988–1994. The Five 'teardrops' (resembling the halves of the taeguk pattern, also found in the Korean flag) in the 'W' configuration and colours of the Olympic rings represented the five oceans and the five continents. This symbol was eventually changed in 1994, as it was considered to be too close to the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) 5-ring emblem. The 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games is considered as the genesis of the Modern Paralympic Games.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Opening Ceremony
During the Opening Ceremony there were more than 75,000 people within the Olympic Stadium with a then record of 3,057 competitors from 61 nations. The President of South Korea, Roh Tae-Woo, presented the new Paralympic flag to the President of the ICC, Jens Bromann. Paul Croft, competing in his second Paralympic Games, was the flag bearer for Australia during the Opening Ceremony. Parachutists in the Paralympic colors of blue, black, red, yellow, and green swept down into the Olympic Stadium following a procession of children in wheelchairs.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Opening Ceremony
The Olympic Torch was carried in by a one-legged South Korean Paralympic volleyball player and handed to a 19 year old athlete with cerebral palsy, who in turnpassed it to Cho Hyun-hui, a wheelchair athlete. Cho Hyun-hai was wheeled around the stadium by her 7-year-old daughter before handing the Torch to blind runner Lee Jae-oon, who linked hands with women's handball Olympic gold medalist Kiifi Hyun-mi, who together, were carried up by elevator platform to light the Olympic Flame.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Opening Ceremony
Chief Paralympic Organiser Koh Kwi-nam addressed the athletes by saying "The goal you as athletes should try to reach for in the Games is not to accomplish the Olympic slogan of 'faster, higher and farther' but to show the world your real selves as courageous challengers, glorious conquerors and impartial participants."


1988 Summer Paralympics, Controversies
The Seoul Paralympic Games were not without controversies. The Iranian goalball team were disqualified for refusing to play against the Israeli team. It was deemed that the Iranian team had misused the sporting platform for political aims by the ICC who made immediate arrangements to send the team home. Asghar Dadkhan, the Iranian team manager, made a formal statement of apology pledging that all other Iranian athletes would compete with full regard to the regulations and would compete against Israel and any other nation.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Controversies
A Libyan team arrived at the Seoul Paralympic Games without having gone through the normal entry procedures. The SPOC urged the ICC to accept the Libyan team and a compromise was reached, permitting the Libyans to participate as observers. They could compete in the marathon event, however they would not have any medal entitlement, nor would they be officially recognized at the Closing Ceremony.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Controversies
Twenty-seven athletes were incorrectly awarded medals after the first round of competition in the men's and women's wheelchair slalom event. The mistake was discovered when officials realised that the medals should not have been awarded until after a second round of competition.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Sports
The games consisted of events in seventeen sports, including one demonstration sport, but the medals count for the official medal list. Powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Medal table
The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, South Korea, is highlighted.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Participating delegations
Sixty delegations took part in the Seoul Paralympics. Burma, which had taken part in the previous Games, was absent. The Seoul Paralympics occurred mere weeks after the 8888 Uprising and the military coup which brought the State Peace and Development Council to power. Burma would return as Myanmar in 1992.


1988 Summer Paralympics, Participating delegations
The Soviet Union made its Summer Paralympic début, having previously taken part in the 1988 Winter Paralympics. It was not only the USSR's first participation in the Summer Games, but was also to be its last, as the Union was dissolved prior to the 1992 Summer Paralympics. It won a total of 56 medals, of which 21 gold. Other countries who made first appearances were Bulgaria, Cyprus, Iran, Macau, Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Singapore and Tunisia.


1988 Summer Paralympics medal table
The 1988 Summer Paralympics medal table is a list of National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 1988 Summer Paralympics, held in Seoul, South Korea, from October 15 to 24, 1988.


1988 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code.


1988 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the  icon next to the column title.


1988 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 5–7 at the Richmond Coliseum in Richmond, Virginia.


1988 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Top-seeded UNC Charlotte defeated hosts VCU in the championship game, 81–79, to win their second Sun Belt men's basketball tournament.


1988 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 49ers, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament. No other Sun Belt members received at-large bids to the tournament.


1988 Sun Belt Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
There were no changes to the existing tournament format. All eight conference members were placed into the initial quarterfinal round and each team was seeded based on its regular season conference record.


1988 Sun Belt Conference men's soccer season
The 1988 Sun Belt Conference men's soccer season was the 12th season of men's soccer in the conference.


1988 Sun Bowl
The 1988 John Hancock Sun Bowl, part of the 1988 bowl game season, took place on December 24, 1988, at the Sun Bowl Stadium in El Paso, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Army Cadets, competing as a football independent. The game put Alabama's air attack against Army's ground attack, and ended with Alabama just edging past Army in the fourth quarter to win the game 29–28.


1988 Sun Bowl, Teams, Alabama
The 1988 Alabama squad finished the regular season with an 8–3 record and losses against Ole Miss, LSU and Auburn. The appearance marked the third for Alabama in the Sun Bowl, and their 41st overall bowl game appearance.


1988 Sun Bowl, Teams, Army
The 1988 Army  squad finished the regular season with a record of 9–2 with losses coming against Washington and Boston College. The appearance in the Sun Bowl marked the first for Army in the game, and their third overall bowl game appearance.


1988 Sun Bowl, Game summary
The Cadets opened the scoring with a one-yard Mike Mayweather touchdown run to take a 7–0 lead. The Crimson Tide responded with a 37-yard Philip Doyle field goal to cut the lead to 7–3 at the end of the first. In the second quarter, Army again scored on the run with Bryan McWilliams reaching the endzone on a 30-yard run. Alabama again responded with a 22-yard Philip Doyle field goal and a 7-yard Marco Battle touchdown reception from David Smith to close the gap to 14–13 at the half. Army went into halftime with a 14–13 lead by putting up 232 yards on the ground.


1988 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Alabama put together a 69-yard drive to take its first lead 20–14 in the game half way through the third quarter on a 23-yard Greg Payne touchdown reception. Army answered with another touchdown on the next drive to take the lead back at 21-20. On Alabama's next drive David Smith was intercepted by Army's O'Neal Miller who returned it 57 yards for a touchdown and a 28-20 lead. In the fourth quarter Alabama put together two scoring drives for a 32-yard Doyle field goal and a 2-yard David Casteal run to regain the lead at 29–28.


1988 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Army put up 350 yards on the ground against Alabama's 5th-ranked defense that gave up less than 100 yards per game on average during the season. Army Coach Jim Young said about the game "Alabama was one of the better teams in the country. We played them and beat them in everything except the score." The El Paso Times ranks this game 11th among the top Sun Bowl games ever.


1988 Sun Bowl, Legacy
Alabama quarterback David Smith later became a college football referee in the SEC; games he officiated include the 2013 Senior Bowl and 2018 Sun Bowl.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo in Japan that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 11 April through 17 April 1988. John McEnroe and Patty Fendick won the singles titles.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
John Fitzgerald /  Johan Kriek defeated  Steve Denton /  David Pate 6–4, 6–7, 6–4


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Robin White defeated  Lea Antonoplis /  Barbara Gerken 6–1, 6–4


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
Kathy Jordan and Betsy Nagelsen were the defending champions but only Nagelsen competed that year with Elizabeth Smylie.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
Nagelsen and Smylie lost in the quarterfinals to Lea Antonoplis and Barbara Gerken.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández and Betsy Nagelsen won in the final 6–1, 6–4 against Antonoplis and Gerken.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
Katerina Maleeva was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
Patty Fendick won in the final 6–3, 7–5 against Stephanie Rehe.


1988 Suntory Japan Open Tennis Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Super Bowl of Poker
The Super Bowl of Poker (also known as Amarillo Slim's Super Bowl of Poker or SBOP) was the second most prestigious poker tournament in the world during the 1980s. While the World Series of Poker was already drawing larger crowds as more and more amateurs sought it out, the SBOP "was an affair limited almost exclusively to pros and hard-core amateurs."


1988 Super Bowl of Poker
Prior to 1979, the only high dollar tournament a person could enter was the WSOP. 1972 WSOP Main Event Champion and outspoken ambassador for poker Amarillo Slim saw this as an opportunity. "The World Series of Poker was so successful that everybody wanted more than one tournament," he said. Slim called upon his connections and friendships with poker's elite to start a new tournament in the February 1979.


1988 Super Bowl of Poker
Before the SBOP had developed a reputation of its own, many of the most respected names in poker attended the tournament "more to support Slim and take advantage of the very fat cash games the event would obviously inspire." Slim modelled his SBOP after the WSOP with several events and a $10,000 Texas Hold'em Main Event.


1988 Super Bowl of Poker
One of the principal differences between the WSOP and the SBOP was the prize structure. The WSOP's prize structure was flat ensuring more people received smaller pieces of the prize pool. The SBOP typically used a 60-30-10 payout structure. In other words, only the first three places received money and generally in the ratio of 60% to first place, 30% to second place, and 10% to third. This payment schedule predominated the SBOP for the first 5 years of the event, but as the event grew the number of payouts increased while keeping the payout schedule top heavy.


1988 Super Bowl of Poker, 1988 Tournament
The 1988 SBOP was possibly one of the most notable years in the tournament's history. Two future Poker Hall of Famer's Stu Ungar and Jack Keller were playing heads-up for the right to claim the title. Stu won the event and went on to become the only person to win three SBOP Main Events. The loser, Jack Keller, ended up winning two SBOP Main Events. The Main Event was not the only final table that Jack made it to in 1988. Jack faced off against another future Poker Hall of Famer at the $1,000 Ace to Five Draw tournament. This time he fell short to Chip Reese.


1988 Superbike World Championship
The 1988 Superbike World Championship was the inaugural FIM Superbike World Championship season. The season started on 3 April at Donington Park and finished on 3 October at Manfeild Autocourse after 9 rounds.


1988 Superbike World Championship
American Fred Merkel won the riders' championship and Honda won the manufacturers' championship.


1988 Superbike World Championship, Race calendar and results
The second Le Mans race was not held due to schedule issues.


1988 Superbike World Championship, Championship standings
For the first ever Superbike World Championship round at Donington Park, and for the only time in the championship's history, the race results were combined to determine an overall winner; double points were awarded on that occasion, as well as in the only race held in Le Mans.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores
The 1988 Supercopa Libertadores was the inaugural year of the competition. The tournament was open to all the past winners of the Copa Libertadores. It commenced on 10 February and concluded on 18 June. A total of 13 football clubs entered the first round draw.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores
It was won by Argentinian side Racing over Brazilian side Cruzeiro 3–2 on aggregate after a two-legged final. The tournament's top scorer was Sergio Oliveira of Nacional and Antonio Alzamendi of River Plate with 4 goals each.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores, Qualified teams
Up until the beginning of 1988, thirteen teams had won the Copa Libertadores at least once since its inaugural season in 1960.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores, Knockout bracket
* Although Racing and Santos FC played in a first round tie, their series was placed in the quarterfinals due to the winner Racing getting a bye to the semifinal.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores, First stage
The matches were played from 10 February to 20 April. Teams from the same nation could not be drawn against one another.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores, Quarter-finals
The matches were played from 28 April to 18 May. Racing Club received a bye into the next round.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores, Semi-finals
The matches were played from 25 May to 3 June.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores Finals
The 1988 Supercopa Sudamericana Finals was the final of the first ever Supercopa Libertadores football tournament. It was contested by Argentine club Racing and Brazilian club Cruzeiro. The first leg of the tie was played at Estadio Juan D. Perón, where Racing beat Cruzeiro 21. In the second leg, held in Mineirão stadium in Belo Horizonte, both teams tied 11.


1988 Supercopa Libertadores Finals
Racing Club won the cup 3–1 on points (3–2 on aggregate), achieving their first Supercopa trophy and winning an international title for the first time since 1967.


1988 Supercopa de España
The 1988 Supercopa de España was two-leg Spanish football matches played on 21 September and 29 September 1988. It contested by Barcelona, who were Spanish Cup winners in 1987–88, and Real Madrid, who won the 1987–88 Spanish League. Real Madrid won 3–2 on aggregate.


1988 Supercoppa Italiana
The 1988 Supercoppa Italiana was a match played by the 1987–88 Serie A winners Milan and 1987–88 Coppa Italia winners Sampdoria. It took place on 14 June 1989 at the San Siro in Milan, Italy, and was the first edition of the trophy. Milan won the match 3–1.


1988 Supercoppa Italiana
Although originally scheduled for August 1988, it was played in June 1989, due to the 1988 Summer Olympics being held in the same period.


1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 10th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs, and opposed Porto and Vitória de Guimarães of the Primeira Liga. Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1987–88 Primeira Divisão and the 1987–88 Taça de Portugal, whilst Vitória de Guimarães qualified for the Supertaça by being the cup-runner.


1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
The first leg which took place at the Estádio D. Afonso Henriques, saw Vitória de Guimarães defeat Porto 2–0. The second leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas saw a 0–0 scoreline (2–0 on aggregate), which claimed the Vimaranenses a first Supertaça.


1988 Sutherland District Council election
Elections to the Sutherland District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Suzuka 500 km
The Suzuka 500 km, was the second round of the 1988 All Japan Sports Prototype Championship  was held at the Suzuka Circuit, on 10 April, in front of a crowd of approximately 24,000.


1988 Suzuka 500 km, Report, Entry
A total of 26 cars were entered for the event, across three classes ranging from Local Prototypes to Group C Prototypes.


1988 Suzuka 500 km, Report, Qualifying
The pairing of Vern Schuppan and George Fouché took pole position for Trust Racing Team, in their Porsche 962GTi ahead of the European partnership of Kenny Acheson and Emanuele Pirro for the Omron Racing Team, in their Porsche 962C, by over 1.06secs.


1988 Suzuka 500 km, Report, Race
The race was held over 86 laps of the Suzuka circuit, a distance of 500 km (actual distance was 503.911 km). Eje Elgh and Maurizio Sandro Sala took the winner spoils for the Rothmans Porsche Schuppan Team, driving their Porsche 962C. The pair won in a time of 2hr 59:12.876mins., averaging a speed of 93.726 mph. Second place went to Vern Schuppan and George Fouché in the Trust Racing Team’s Porsche 962GTi who finished about 20seconds adrift. Also, the lead lap, was the third placed Porsche 962CK6 of Kris Nissen and Harald Grohs.


1988 Swan Premium Open
The 1988 Swan Premium Open was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney, Australia and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 16th edition of the tournament and ran from 10 through 16 October 1988. Fifth-seeded Slobodan Živojinović won the singles title.


1988 Swan Premium Open, Finals, Doubles
Darren Cahill /  John Fitzgerald defeated  Martin Davis /  Brad Drewett 6–3, 6–2


1988 Swan Premium Open – Doubles
Darren Cahill and Mark Kratzmann were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Cahill with John Fitzgerald and Kratzmann with Broderick Dyke.


1988 Swan Premium Open – Doubles
Dyke and Kratzmann lost in the first round to Peter Doohan and Laurie Warder.


1988 Swan Premium Open – Doubles
Cahill and Fitzgerald won in the final 6–3, 6–2 against Martin Davis and Brad Drewett.


1988 Swan Premium Open – Singles
Ivan Lendl was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Swan Premium Open – Singles
Slobodan Živojinović won in the final 7–6, 6–3, 6–4 against Richard Matuszewski.


1988 Swatch Open
The 1988 Swatch Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 17th edition of the tournament and took place from 11 April through 17 April 1988. Third-seeded Henri Leconte, who entered the event on a wildcard,  won the singles title. It was his second singles title at the event after 1985.


1988 Swatch Open, Finals, Doubles
Guy Forget /  Henri Leconte defeated  Heinz Günthardt /  Diego Nargiso 4–6, 6–3, 6–4


1988 Swatch Open – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez were the defending champions, but none competed this year.


1988 Swatch Open – Doubles
Guy Forget and Henri Leconte won the title by defeating Heinz Günthardt and Diego Nargiso 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final.


1988 Swatch Open – Singles
Henri Leconte won the title by defeating Jérôme Potier 6–2, 6–2 in the final. It was the 7th title for Leconte on his career and the first one since 1986, when he won his last two titles at Geneva and Hamburg.


1988 Swedish Golf Tour
The 1988 Swedish Golf Tour was the fifth season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments held in Sweden, Denmark and Finland.


1988 Swedish Golf Tour, Schedule
The season consisted of 17 events played between May and October.


1988 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
The 1988 Swedish Golf Tour was the third season of the Swedish Golf Tour, a series of professional golf tournaments for women held in Sweden and Denmark.


1988 Swedish Golf Tour (women)
The tour shared Tournament Directors with the 1988 Swedish Golf Tour, Hans Ström, Bengt Norström and Claes Grönberg, plus Charlotte Montgomery. The player council consisted of Pia Nilsson, Hillewi Hagström, Viveca Hoff and Liv Wollin. Tournaments were played over 54 holes with no cut, the SI and LET events over 72 holes with cuts.


1988 Swedish Golf Tour (women), Schedule
The season consisted of 8 tournaments played between May and August, where two events were included on the 1988 Ladies European Tour.


1988 Swedish Open
The 1988 Swedish Open, also known as the Volvo (Ladies) Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden and was part of the Grand Prix circuit of the 1988 Tour, as well as the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the 41st edition of the tournament and was held from 11 July through 17 July 1988. Marcelo Filippini won the singles title.


1988 Swedish Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Patrick Baur /  Udo Riglewski defeated  Stefan Edberg /  Niclas Kroon 6–7, 6–3, 7–6


1988 Swedish Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Sandra Cecchini /  Mercedes Paz defeated  Linda Ferrando /  Silvia La Fratta 6–0, 6–2


1988 Swedish Open – Men's Doubles
Stefan Edberg and Anders Järryd were the defending champions, but they did not participate as a team, Edberg reached the final with Niclas Kroon.


1988 Swedish Open – Men's Doubles
Patrick Baur and Udo Riglewski won the title, defeating Stefan Edberg and Niclas Kroon, 6–7, 6–3, 7–6 in the final.


1988 Swedish Open – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Swedish Open – Men's Singles
The defending champion was Joakim Nyström but he lost in the quarterfinals to the seventh seeded, Marcelo Filippini from Uruguay, who went on to win the singles title.


1988 Swedish Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Swedish Open – Women's Doubles
Penny Barg and Tine Scheuer-Larsen were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Swedish Open – Women's Doubles
Sandra Cecchini and Mercedes Paz won in the final 6–0, 6–2 against Linda Ferrando and Silvia La Fratta.


1988 Swedish Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Swedish Open – Women's Singles
Sandra Cecchini was the defending champion but lost in the final 7–5, 6–1 against Isabel Cueto.


1988 Swedish Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Swedish football Division 1, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and Örebro SK and Halmstads BK won the championship.


1988 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1988 season.


1988 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden on 18 September 1988. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party in the Riksdag, winning 156 of the 349 seats.


1988 Swedish general election, Results, By municipality
Votes by municipality. The municipalities are the color of the party that got the most votes within the coalition that won relative majority.


1988 Swedish general election, Results, By municipality
Cartogram of the map to the left with each municipality rescaled to the number of valid votes cast.


1988 Swedish general election, Results, By municipality
Map showing the voting shifts from the 1985 to the 1988 election. Darker blue indicates a municipality voted more towards the parties that formed the centre-right bloc. Darker red indicates a municipality voted more towards the parties that form the left-wing bloc.


1988 Swedish general election, Results, By municipality
Votes by municipality as a scale from red/Left-wing bloc to blue/Centre-right bloc.


1988 Swedish general election, Results, By municipality
Cartogram of vote with each municipality rescaled in proportion to number of valid votes cast. Deeper blue represents a relative majority for the centre-right coalition, brighter red represents a relative majority for the left-wing coalition.


1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 12–14 August 1988 at the Anderstorp circuit.


1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Eddie Lawson on pole. Wayne Rainey gets the start from Niall Mackenzie and Didier De Radiguès.


1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the end of the first lap it's Rainey, Lawson, Wayne Gardner, Christian Sarron, De Radiguès, et al. Lawson passes 3 riders on the straight as if he's angry for his performance at Donington.


1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lawson soon through on Rainey and gets a large lead on a group with Gardner, now in 2nd and Rainey in 3rd.


1988 Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lawson almost highsides out of first place, but keeps it together to the end. Rainey fades to 5th.


1988 Swiss referendums
Five referendums were held in Switzerland in 1988. The first two were held on 12 June on a federal resolution on the constitutional principles behind a co-ordinated transport policy and on a popular initiative on lowering the retirement age to 62 for men and 60 for women. Both were rejected by voters. The final three referendums were held on 3 December on three popular initiatives "against real estate speculation", "for the shortening of labour time" and on limiting immigration. All three were rejected.


1988 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1988 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Orangemen were led by eighth-year head coach Dick MacPherson and played their home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. They were invited to the 1989 Hall of Fame Bowl, where they defeated LSU.


1988 São Paulo FC season
The 1988 season was São Paulo's 59th season since club's existence.


1988 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Trans America Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament (now known as the Atlantic Sun Men's Basketball Tournament) was held March 10–12 at Ocean Center in Daytona Beach, Florida.


1988 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
Texas–San Antonio upset top-seeded Georgia Southern in the championship game, 76–69, to win their first TAAC/Atlantic Sun men's basketball tournament. The Roadrunners, therefore, received an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament, their first Division I tournament appearance.


1988 TAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
For the second straight year, only the top eight teams in the conference standings were invited to the tournament.


1988 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1988 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 4–7 overall and 2–6 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Jim Wacker, in his sixth year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1988 TFL Statewide League season
The 1988 TFL Statewide League premiership season was an Australian rules football competition, staged across Tasmania, Australia over eighteen (18) roster rounds and six (6) finals series matches between 2 April and 17 September 1988. This was the third season of statewide football and the League was known as the Cascade-Boags Statewide League under a dual commercial naming-rights sponsorship agreement with both Cascade Brewery in Hobart and Boag's Brewery in Launceston.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Participating Clubs, Leading Goalkickers: TFL Statewide League
Note: Hobart's Wayne Fox led the goalkicking at the completion of the roster series, but Devonport's Chris Reynolds later equalled Fox during the finals series, Reynolds booted his only goal in the Grand Final in the final quarter to move ahead of Fox by a single goal.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The 1988 TFL Statewide League Season was a momentous season in Tasmanian football, and one which would see the TFL Premiership Cup head North for the first time in history.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The season got underway on 2 April, North Hobart, Glenorchy, Hobart and Clarence were the early season flag-favourites in the eyes of most football experts, nobody predicted the rise of Roland Crosby's Devonport, a team which had performed credibly in the first half of 1987 but, owing to a lack of fitness, fell away badly in the second half to miss the finals, the Blues had been in the doldrums for many years having won only one flag since their 1938 NWFU premiership.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Hobart started in magnificent form with Wayne Fox booting 13-goals (six in the third quarter) on the opening day, the Tigers routed New Norfolk with a 20.12 to 2.3 second half in recording a 121-point win while the remaining favourites all started with victories.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Devonport and the Burnie Hawks had started the season well, the Blues booted 36.7 (223) with a 14.4 second quarter to smash a helpless New Norfolk by 175-points in round three whilst in Hobart the Hawks demolished Glenorchy at KGV on the same day by 77-points to set up the Coastal Showdown on 24 April.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
A TFL Statewide League record crowd of 5,423 rolled up to West Park Oval, (a record which stood until 2000), to watch the two sides slug it out with the Hawks coming away with a narrow victory, with over 12,000 attending the round of matches the future of the competition looked to be a rosy one.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Violence was to rear its ugly head at several matches in 1988, the round five clash between New Norfolk and Glenorchy at Boyer Oval featured several ugly incidents on-field and during the last quarter a brawl erupted in the main grandstand, play was halted as up to 100 people surged across the ground to join in the melee as spectators seated in the stand scattered to escape the violence, a large group of fans milled around the boundary line in front of the stand to hurl abuse which was eventually broken up by police officers.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
This continued a series of incidents involving the two clubs, two seasons previous at Boyer, Glenorchy's players sitting on the interchange bench at the foot of the main grandstand were pelted with stones by young New Norfolk supporters.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
By mid-season, Devonport and Hobart (under new captain-coach Mark Browning) had firmed as flag favourites, Hobart demolished North Hobart by 114-points on 25 June to sit in second place but would then suffer a disastrous slump in form and lose their next six matches (while holding 30+ point leads in at least three of those) to drop out of contention, North Launceston under new captain-coach Steven Goulding would show a marked improvement on its first two seasons in the League by winning nine matches and performing with distinction throughout the season, finishing only two wins outside the five by season's end, with their finals aspirations going down in the last round.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Glenorchy put together a good run leading into the finals as did the Burnie Hawks, Clarence's inconsistent form cost them their chance at finals action and the Roos promptly missed the finals for the first time since 1978.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Round 17 on 13 August saw two players rack up their 100th goal of the season only three and a half minutes apart – Hobart's Wayne Fox booted his 100th goal twenty-six minutes into the third quarter of the match against Sandy Bay at North Hobart Oval, whilst at KGV, Devonport's burly full-forward Chris Reynolds notched up his century at the thirty-minute mark of the third quarter in his side's loss to Glenorchy.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
In the final round, the Burnie Hawks eked out a narrow victory over a desperate New Norfolk at Boyer to hang on to fifth spot, with North Launceston failing to beat Devonport at Devonport costing the Robins a spot in the Five, North Hobart also needing a win to ensure their spot in the finals held out Clarence by 16-points at home to claim fourth spot by 0.21%.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
At the other end of the table, New Norfolk and South Launceston had both had very poor seasons with just five wins between them, New Norfolk held a public meeting in an attempt to raise funds in the town to try to entice an ex-VFL player to come down and coach the Eagles with a long-term view of recruiting some experienced players to the club.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The finals series got underway on 27 August with Glenorchy outlasting Sandy Bay in a high-standard Qualifying Final at North Hobart, whilst the following day, the fireworks would explode big-time at Devonport in the Elimination Final between Burnie Hawks and North Hobart.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
In one of the most violent matches seen in Tasmanian football for years, the Hawks would race away with the match early and not give the disappointing Demons a sniff.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Hawks defender Dale Whish-Wilson sparked off much of the violence when he was reported for an ugly incident involving North Hobart's Mark McQueen in the third quarter, some 60-metres behind play.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
So angry were the North Hobart players that the whole Demon team raced in to confront Whish-Wilson, Burnie Hawks coach Warren "Putt" McCarthy had ordered Whish-Wilson from the ground after the incident and as he was leaving the ground the Demon players chased him over the boundary line, across the cement bike track and over the fence in front of the Frank Matthews Stand to continue the brawl.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
In a media interview after North Hobart's 63-point loss, coach Garry Davidson lashed out at the umpiring standards, labeling them 'a joke' claiming his 'younger players were bashed out of the match by thugs with no protection whatsoever from the umpires'.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
For his part, Whish-Wilson was suspended for four matches by the TFL tribunal, a suspension which also riled Garry Davidson for its leniency, and Devonport police announced its intention to charge Whish-Wilson with assault following the incident on McQueen and he was later charged and sentenced to serve 49-hours of community service orders. McQueen spent two nights in the North West General Hospital following the incident.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Devonport and Glenorchy would meet at North Hobart in the Second Semi Final, the Blues proved too good all day despite a late rally by the Magpies, going on to win by 20-points to become the first Northern-based side to play in a TFL Grand Final.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The Burnie Hawks travelled to KGV the following day to meet Sandy Bay in the First Semi Final, the Seagulls had been in solid form all season finishing in third spot, and despite leading by 34-points in the second quarter the Bay would see their lead evaporate but still held onto a decent, 21-point lead at three-quarter time.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The Burnie Hawks ran all over a frustrated, disappointed and dispirited Seagull team to win by 14-points, sending the Bay out in straight sets and keeping the dream of an all-Coastal Grand Final alive for another week.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The Preliminary Final saw Glenorchy and the Burnie Hawks do battle at North Hobart Oval for the right to challenge Devonport in the Grand Final, the Hawks (and their predecessor Cooee) had a lamentable record at North Hobart having never won there previously and had also given up a 50-point lead over North Hobart there earlier in the season.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The match was a massive anti-climax as Glenorchy bolted out to a 69-point lead at half-time, the Hawks having booted only one major to the long break.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
As the rain fell late in the third quarter, much of the crowd left in droves as the Magpies continued to romp away with the contest, eventually winning by a record 110-points, the Hawks would not win at North Hobart Oval for another six years.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
An all-time TFL Statewide League record crowd of 17,878 attended the Grand Final in showery and gloomy conditions, a massive brawl erupted prior to the opening bounce, caused in part by the brass band failing to leave the ground on time when the players were in their positions and ready to go.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
So fearsome was the brawl that the umpires decided to start the match without waiting for the siren to sound, several stoushes continued around the ground and the Blues continued on their merry way with a five-goal to one opening term.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
The second and third quarters were low scoring and the Blues continued to hold sway by 20-points at the final change.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
Devonport showed why they were the best team in the competition in 1988 by romping away in the final quarter in wet conditions to triumph by 43-points and become the first club to take the TFL premiership cup away from the South in 110-years. The win made even more meritorious by the fact that their coach, Roland Crosby later revealed he had suffered from heart problems late in the season.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, Season Summary
At North Hobart Oval, the 560-seat Doug Plaister Stand, built at a cost of $1.25 million and jointly funded by the Tasmanian Government, Hobart City Council and the TFL was opened on 10 September 1988 for the Preliminary Final between Glenorchy and the Burnie Hawks.


1988 TFL Statewide League season, 1988 TFL Statewide League Ladder, Round 4
(Saturday, 23 April, Sunday, 24 April & Monday, 25 April 1988)


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Doubles
The doubles tennis tournament for the 1988 Taipei Women's Championship was a 16-team single-elimination tournament.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Doubles
Cammy MacGregor and Cynthia MacGregor were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Doubles
Patty Fendick and Ann Henricksson won in the final 6–2, 2–6, 6–2 against Belinda Cordwell and Julie Richardson.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. All four seeded teams received byes into the quarterfinals.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Singles
The singles tournament for the 1988 Taipei Women's Championship was a 32-draw with qualifiers.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Singles
Anne Minter was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Singles
Stephanie Rehe won in the final 6–4, 6–4 against Brenda Schultz.


1988 Taipei Women's Championship – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top five seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 Taipei Women's Championships
The 1988 Taipei Women's Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Taipei, Taiwan and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 18 April through 24 April 1988. Third-seeded Stephanie Rehe won the singles title.


1988 Taipei Women's Championships, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Ann Henricksson defeated  Belinda Cordwell /  Julie Richardson 6–2, 2–6, 6–2


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
The 1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 13th season in the National Football League the 13th playing their home games at Tampa Stadium and the 2nd under head coach Ray Perkins. Perkins had by now rebuilt the Buccaneers as the NFL's youngest team, having replaced so many veterans that leadership became an issue. A strong draft produced several starters, including standout offensive tackle Paul Gruber. The team was largely competitive and showed an ability to outplay opponents in the second half of games, but continued their tendency toward mental errors, and finished with a disappointing 5–11 record.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season
Second-year quarterback Vinny Testaverde was inconsistent: an effective leader at times, as in their late-season upset of the AFC-leading Buffalo Bills, mistake-prone at others. His 35 interceptions are still (as of 2017) a team record. His frequent costly errors caused the coaching staff to lose confidence in him, and at one point to replace him with backup Joe Ferguson. The team finished the season on a strong note with wins in two of their final three games, including respectable performances against two playoff contenders.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason
National Football League Players Association figures showed the Buccaneers to have the lowest average salaries in the NFL, despite having one of the league's highest-paid players in Vinny Testaverde. Team assistant Phil Krueger disputed the accuracy of the figures. The team filed suit against former linebacker Hugh Green, saying that he still owed more than half of the signing bonus that he was required to repay as part of his trade to Miami.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason
Founding coach John McKay was honored with election to the College Football Hall of Fame.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Personnel moves
The team was especially active in the offseason, with as many as 123 players on the roster over the summer. They had finished the previous season as the league's youngest team, with an average age of 25, and with the release of several veterans were expected to get even younger. The team declined to make qualifying offers to tackle Marvin Powell and punter Frank Garcia, who became free agents with the expiration of their contracts.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Personnel moves
Powell spoke highly of the team and fondly of his days in Tampa, a sharp contrast with his acrimonious departure from the New York Jets, who were later cleared of charges of unfair labor practices that were filed when the Jets released him a week after he was elected union president. Several free agents were signed during the offseason, including former Hurricanes and Dolphins linebacker Jay Brophy, and former Buccaneer replacement player Harold Ricks. Former starting quarterback Steve DeBerg was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs for safety Mark Robinson and a pair of draft choices.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Personnel moves
The move was considered to be a calculated risk, because the team gained a draft pick and a player at a problem area, while they lost experience from a young team. The departure of DeBerg, combined with the loss of quarterbacks coach Marc Trestman to the Cleveland Browns, left only Perkins, who also served as the team's head coach, general manager, and offensive coordinator, to coach Testaverde. Robinson, who had been unable to break into the Chiefs’ starting lineup behind Deron Cherry and Lloyd Burruss, reunited with Chiefs’ secondary coach Doug Graber, now the defensive coordinator at Tampa Bay.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Personnel moves
The team's initial qualifying offers to Scot Brantley, George Yarno, and Bobby Kemp were later withdrawn. Injuries had affected Brantley's play over the last several years. Kemp had started all non-strike games the previous season, but was released due to his lack of speed. Yarno requested the release so that he might have a chance to catch on with another team after being told that his chances of making the team were poor. Several of the previous season's backups were released, including Steve Bartalo, Charles Gladman, Harold Ricks, Conrad Goode, and Mike Stensrud.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Personnel moves
Ricks and Gladman were replacement players who had been retained by the team when regular play resumed. Kicker Van Tiffin and defensive back Rodney Bellinger were signed as free agents. They were also rumored to be interested in acquiring receiver Wes Chandler from San Diego. Buffalo Bills linebacker Eugene Marve was acquired for a 1989 draft pick. Marve was a longtime Bills starter who was made expendable by the drafting of Shane Conlan. Perkins later referred to the trade as an "absolute steal". The acquisition of Marve allowed the team to release their leading tackler Jeff Davis, whose request for a trade they had been unable to accommodate.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Coaching changes
The Buccaneers’ 1988 coaching staff was nearly identical to their 1987 staff, with the exception of Perkins taking over the quarterback-coaching duties from the departed Marc Trestman, and the addition of Mike Shula as an offensive assistant. Shula became the NFL's youngest assistant coach, having been a draft pick of the team the previous year. Perkins had close ties to Shula, having coached him in college, and having been coached by his father, Don Shula, as a receiver with the Baltimore Colts. Shula assumed some of the responsibility for coaching Vinny Testaverde, although Shula was 17 months younger than Testaverde and was drafted in the same year.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, NFL draft
A pair of draft-day trades gained the Buccaneers two extra fourth-round picks; Perkins reasoning that after the first dozen or so selections, the talent level is fairly similar between the next 100 players.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, NFL draft
The Buccaneers traded their second-round pick, the 30th overall, to the Philadelphia Eagles for their second- and fourth-round picks, the 39th- and 83rd-overall. The second-round pick at #39 was then traded to the San Francisco 49ers for their second- and fourth- round picks, the 53rd- and 108th-overall. The Buccaneers also had Kansas City's fourth- and eighth-round picks, from the Steve DeBerg trade. The sixth-round pick used to select Shawn Lee came from the 49ers in exchange for Keith Browner. The Buccaneers’ original fourth-round pick had been traded to New England, for a 1987 fifth-round pick. Their third-round pick was used to select Dan Sileo in a 1987 supplemental draft.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
Despite pre-draft talk that they would select South Carolina wide receiver Sterling Sharpe with their fourth-overall pick, the Buccaneers took Wisconsin tackle Paul Gruber. Gruber was considered to be the best offensive lineman in the draft, and Perkins said that he would have drafted Gruber even if the Buccaneers had the first overall selection. Perkins had never drafted an offensive lineman higher than the fourth round, but left tackle had been a problem spot the previous season, and Perkins compared Gruber's abilities to those of John Hannah.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
Perkins said that his change of mind about spending high picks on left tackles came about because the way that many teams were now lining up their best athletes at right end or outside linebacker had caused left tackle to become a skill position. The selection of Gruber had a ripple effect on the rest of the draft, as it affected the Jets’ and Giants’ selections shortly thereafter.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
The only well-known player the Buccaneers drafted was Lars Tate, who had scored 30 touchdowns at Georgia. Perkins claimed that Tate was the running back that the team had rated highest before their trades were made, and that they were surprised to find him still available in the lower second round. Robert Goff was expected to provide help with the pass rush, and John Bruhin was selected because he was the highest-rated player available. William Howard was considered to be a good short-yardage and goal-line running back.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
Of the second day's choices, Kerry Goode was considered particularly intriguing. One of Perkins’ former players at Alabama, he had been one of the Southeastern Conference's top running backs before suffering a knee injury, and after recovering had been unable to get past Bobby Humphrey into the starting lineup. With defensive line considered to be the team's most pressing need, they drafted North Alabama tackle Shawn Lee in the sixth round, and North Carolina tackle Reuben Davis in the ninth. Lee, a converted linebacker, impressed scouts with unusual speed and agility for a defensive lineman.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
The team drafted four running backs for the second year in a row. Despite the draft's unusual depth of talent at wide receiver, the Buccaneers’ only selection at that position was 11th-round choice Frank Pillow of Tennessee State University. Several receivers the Buccaneers were interested in were taken by the team picking directly ahead of them, including Brett Perriman and Michael Haynes.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Offseason, Draft selections
Following the draft, the team announced the signing of James Wilder Sr. to a new contract,< and traded a 12th-round 1989 draft choice to the Indianapolis Colts for recently signed quarterback Joe Ferguson. They also traded veteran tackle Ron Heller to the Seattle Seahawks for defensive lineman Randy Edwards and a 1989 draft pick. Heller requested the trade, apparently before an incident the previous season in which Perkins broke two fingers while punching Heller in the head.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
Before the season, Perkins identified linebacker and offensive line as the team's strengths, and safety, wide receiver, and defensive end as the team's biggest needs. 74 players reported to the University of Tampa for the opening of training camp, only twenty of whom were on the team when Perkins was hired, and only three of whom (Gerald Carter, Joe Ferguson, and James Wilder) were 30 or older. The team's leading tackler three of the last four years, linebacker Jeff Davis held out of training camp in a contract dispute.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
Perkins attempted to trade him, but Davis was considered by most teams to be past his peak, and there were no willing takers. With newly acquired Eugene Marve performing well, Perkins released Davis outright. Davis was later signed by San Diego, but failed to make the team out of preseason. Lacking a game-breaking receiver, the team pursued Ron Brown of the Rams, but eventually signed Patriots holdout Stephen Starring. One of the defensive line questions was solved by the emergence of ninth-round draft pick Reuben Davis midway through camp. His preseason performance moved him ahead of John Cannon into a starting role. Perkins reported difficulty finding a second safety to play along with Mark Robinson, until the Jets cut Harry Hamilton in a salary dispute.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
The team found signing its two top draft picks to be difficult. Paul Gruber's agent Ralph Cindrich made public statements to the effect that their contract offer was offensive, although executive Phil Krueger countered that the team's offer was higher than what Bennie Blades, the player drafted ahead of Gruber, had signed for; and that Cindrich was demanding that Gruber be paid more than first-overall pick Aundray Bruce. Only when owner Hugh Culverhouse got involved in the negotiations did Gruber sign, ending a holdout that lasted for a month.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
Gruber signed a five-year contract that not only made him the highest-paid offensive lineman in NFL history, but it set a precedent for linemen to be paid on par with defensive stars, and was so much higher than the regular salary ceiling that it was expected to change the NFL's salary structure for offensive linemen.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
Perkins’ often-harsh treatment of players was in evidence as tight end Calvin Magee walked out of camp, due to pressure to lose 19 pounds in two weeks. Perkins refused to honor Magee's request for a trade, calling it a "cop-out". Rookie fullback William Howard was singled out for his poor physical condition when he was the first to drop out of the 12-minute run on the first day of training camp, although Perkins later praised his toughness. Perkins did, however, ease back from the three-a-day practices of the previous season's training camp, which had been described as the most difficult in NFL history.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
The second week of preseason saw the Buccaneers give up five sacks in a 23–3 loss to the Cleveland Browns. With near-daily changes to the offensive line due to injury, the team could not protect the passer, while their own pass rush was ineffective. Perkins said afterward that they didn't deserve to be called a football team. Perkins repeated that assessment after a game against the Atlanta Falcons, which Tampa Bay lost 19–14 despite outgaining the Falcons 401–304. Perkins would name no more than five of the team's eighty players as having played well.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Preseason
The game was followed by the cut of fifteen players, including Monte Robbins, a punter on whom the team had just spent a fourth-round draft pick. Improvement was shown in the final exhibition game, a matchup with the Buffalo Bills at Vanderbilt Stadium in Nashville, but it still resulted in a winless preseason. By the end of preseason, eight of the previous year's opening-day starters were no longer with the team, and four more had been demoted to backup roles.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Regular season
The Buccaneers entered the season with the worst five-year winning percentage of any NFL team since World War II, including the expansion Buccaneers and their 26-game losing streak. They began the season with an embarrassing 41–14 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, in which Vinny Testaverde was ineffective against the Eagles’ starters. This was followed with surprisingly competitive performances against quality teams, leading Perkins to reverse his previous estimation that the Buccaneers didn't deserve to be called a team.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Regular season
Problems in pass defense became evident early, with Perkins reluctant to put his secondary in man-to-man coverage, and no sacks through the first two games. The team frequently had to play from behind, being outscored 71–0 in the first quarter through the first seven games. They did not score any first-quarter points until a matchup with the Vikings in the eighth week of the season, but they outscored their opponents 61–14 in the fourth quarter in those seven games. If the first quarter were not counted, the Buccaneers would have started the season 6–1 instead of 2–5.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Regular season
Perkins identified the team's main problem spots as turnovers, in which the Buccaneers led the NFL, and an inability to stop the pass on third downs. He praised Testaverde's ability to come back from costly early errors and to perform well late in games as the sign of a potentially great quarterback. However, Perkins’ insistence on a one-dimensional running attack displayed a lack of confidence in Testaverde, and was easy for opponents to defend against. Perkins pointed to a late-season upset of the AFC-leading Buffalo Bills as evidence of the team's improvement through the season.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Regular season
This was confirmed by defensive lineman Kevin Kellin, who returned to the team after an 11-week absence to find their attitude changed. The team ended on a strong note, winning two of three games. Their run defense, which had been ranked 21st in the league the previous year, improved to 4th in the NFL. Bruce Hill's 1,040 receiving yards were the second-highest total in team history, behind only Kevin House's 1,176. Mark Carrier's 970 receiving yards left the team 30 yards short of having only the seventh pair of 1,000-yard receivers in league history.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 1: vs Philadelphia Eagles
The cheers that greeted Vinny Testaverde as he took the field turned to boos after his first three passes, all incompletions. The Philadelphia Eagles took a 34–0 halftime lead, aided by Testaverde's three interceptions, to which he added two more in the second half. Randall Cunningham scored two touchdowns passing and one rushing before sitting out the second half, along with Anthony Toney, Mike Quick, Reggie White, and Keith Byars. Quick and Keith Jackson caught touchdown passes, while Toney rushed for one and Terry Hoage added to his two interceptions by scoring on a fake punt. It was the Eagles' highest point total since 1981.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 2: at Green Bay Packers
The Buccaneers broke their nine-game losing streak with a 28-yard field goal by Donald Igwebuike on the final play of the game. Vinny Testaverde led a 56-yard drive to set up the kick, which followed Max Zendejas' missed 52-yard attempt. They capitalized on the Packers' mistake-prone play, which included a Brent Fullwood fumble that led to a Lars Tate touchdown run, and a late-game fourth-down conversion at the Buccaneer 35 that was called back by a penalty.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 2: at Green Bay Packers
Packers nose tackle Jerry Boyarsky suffered a broken arm that required the insertion of a plate and caused him to miss the rest of the season. The injury left the Packers with only three healthy linemen, and required defensive end Blaise Winter to fill in at nose tackle. Phil Epps also went on injured reserve with a broken wrist. Tampa Bay linebacker Ervin Randle left the game with a shoulder injury and was replaced by rookie free agent Sidney Coleman, who made seven tackles, recovered a fumble, and was awarded a game ball. Perkins later praised the team for continuing to fight, despite turning the ball over in Buccaneer territory on a Testaverde fumble late in the fourth quarter. He also reported pleasure with Testaverde's interception-free performance.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 3: vs Phoenix Cardinals
The Phoenix Cardinals took a 20–3 halftime lead, then withstood a Buccaneer rally to get their first win of the season. Cliff Stoudt played the second half in relief of Neil Lomax, who had a sore hip. Stoudt threw the game-winning touchdown, a 42-yard pass to Jay Novacek. That followed a play in which Lars Tate dove over the line, regained his feet, and ran 47 yards for a touchdown to give the Buccaneers their only lead of the game. The Buccaneers also scored on a James Wilder Sr. run and a Vinny Testaverde pass to Bruce Hill. Stump Mitchell rushed for 110 yards and a touchdown. The Cardinals 475 yards of offense nearly matched their highest total from the previous season.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 4: at New Orleans Saints
A Bobby Hebert first-quarter touchdown pass and two Morten Andersen field goals lifted the New Orleans Saints past the Buccaneers. The matchup faced Hebert, the NFC's highest-rated passer, against Testaverde, the NFC's lowest-rated. Testaverde was sacked four times and hurried repeatedly by a constant Saints pass rush, but was only intercepted once. After failing to block several blitzers, Lars Tate was replaced with Kerry Goode, who led the team in rushing with ten carries for 44 yards in his NFL debut. Goode also ran for a touchdown which was erased by a penalty, and dropped a pass in the end zone.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs Green Bay Packers
The Buccaneers defeated the winless Packers with a fourth-quarter rally led by Vinny Testaverde, who tied the game with a 19-yard touchdown pass to Bruce Hill. Donald Igwebuike kicked the winning field goal with 12 seconds remaining. A strong defense made up for the Buccaneers' early lack of offense. An apparent fumble return touchdown by Kevin Murphy was called back when the officials ruled the ball dead, but he intercepted a Randy Wright pass for a 35-yard touchdown on the next play. The offense improved in the second half, when the Buccaneers placed more emphasis on their running game.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 5: vs Green Bay Packers
Testaverde passed for 300 yards, including a stretch of six consecutive completions that gained 107 yards and the touchdown to Hill, and threw two potential touchdowns that were dropped by Mark Carrier in the end zone. Perkins later praised Testaverde for keeping his poise instead of getting frustrated after throwing four interceptions, and said that it was the most physical game the Buccaneer defense had played with him as coach.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Minnesota Vikings
The Buccaneers took a 10–7 halftime lead, after controlling the ball for 12:17 of a second quarter in which they allowed the Vikings only three offensive plays. A third-quarter James Wilder fumble set up the Vikings' second touchdown. Stephen Starring caught a late Hail Mary pass that put the Buccaneers in range for a game-winning field goal, but confusion over the play call allowed time to run out before the kick could be made.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 6: at Minnesota Vikings
Perkins accepted blame for the loss, saying that he had not prepared the team for that specific situation; but players said that he should not take the blame, and that the score should not have been close given the number of mistakes made. Kerry Goode led the team in rushing, with 82 yards on 14 carries. The loss denied Tampa Bay the opportunity to tie the Vikings for second place in the NFC Central.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts
Vinny Testaverde set a new career high of 469 passing yards in a second-half rally that overwhelmed the Colts' defense, but was not enough to overcome the Buccaneers’ early errors. The Buccaneers gave up three sacks, were penalized 10 times for 86 yards, and allowed the Colts to score touchdowns on five consecutive possessions. Eric Dickerson rushed for two touchdowns, and Eugene Daniel returned an interception for another. Indianapolis rookie quarterback Chris Chandler threw a 28-yard touchdown pass to Bill Brooks and rushed for another, and was able to evade several potential sacks to gain first downs rushing.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts
Still, the Buccaneers' comeback hopes ended only when a potential Bruce Hill pass reception on fourth-and-two with 59 seconds left was defensed by ex-Buccaneer John Holt, with Holt making contact with Hill but not drawing a flag. Hill caught two touchdowns and a career-high 162 yards, which gave him a season yardage total second only to Jerry Rice in the NFC. Right guard Dan Turk suffered a knee injury, and was replaced in the lineup by rookie John Bruhin. Ron Hall had 7 catches for 121 yards. Don Smith and Lars Tate each rushed for a touchdown, although fullback James Wilder missed the game with an injury and the Buccaneers rushed for a season-low 39 yards.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 7: at Indianapolis Colts
Testaverde's 469 yards were a career-high (including high school, college, and professional play), the second-most in club history, tenth-most in NFL history, and the most thrown in a game since Ken O'Brien's 479 in 1986. It was the second-best performance by a second-year quarterback in NFL history, next to Dan Marino's 470 yards in 1984. His 340-second-half yards are a club single-half record, and his .595 completion percentage was the best in his career to date. The performance raised his passer rating enough to move him out of last place in the NFC, raised his season completion percentage above .500 for the first time, and left him leading all NFL quarterbacks in both yardage (1,839) and interceptions (16) thrown.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 8: vs Minnesota Vikings
The Buccaneers scored their first first-quarter points of the season en route to an early 10–7 lead, before Vinny Testaverde's six interceptions led to a 49–20 Vikings victory. The six interceptions set a Vikings club record. The Buccaneers committed a total of seven turnovers, all of which led to Vikings touchdowns. Some players were angered over printed comments that several Vikings players considered the Buccaneers to be a mediocre team, and so had taken them lightly on their first meeting. The interceptions gave Testaverde 22 for the season, putting him on pace to break George Blanda's NFL record of 42. The performance came one week after Testaverde's 469-yard game against Indianapolis, which had led him to speak of "turning the corner" in his pro career.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 9: vs Miami Dolphins
A combination of the previous week's poor performance and a back injury led to Vinny Testaverde's surprise replacement by Joe Ferguson as the starter. Ferguson completed 26-of-37 passes for 291 yards and two touchdowns, and nearly led a fourth-quarter comeback. For the second week in a row, Buccaneer turnovers led to all of an opponents' scores. This time, running backs Kerry Goode, Lars Tate, and William Howard combined for four fumbles, leaving the team with a −20 giveaway/takeaway ratio for the season. The Dolphins scored on two touchdown passes from Dan Marino to Mark Clayton, and a Tony Franklin field goal.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 10: at Chicago Bears
The Bears played the game with Mike Tomczak replacing the injured Jim McMahon at quarterback, and with Vince Tobin filling in for head coach Mike Ditka, who was in a hospital recovering from a mild heart attack suffered the previous week. Tomczak completed 18 of 26 passes for 269 yards, including 4 completions for 87 yards and a touchdown to Dennis McKinnon. Thomas Sanders and Neal Anderson scored on one-yard runs. The touchdown to McKinnon was the Bears' first third-quarter touchdown of the season. The Buccaneers scored on a 21-yard touchdown pass from Vinny Testaverde to Bruce Hill.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 10: at Chicago Bears
Testaverde completed 22 of 52 passes for 305 yards. He was intercepted twice, but Perkins praised Testaverde's performance, saying that he played with "more discipline and more control" than in his six-interception performance on Oct. 23. The Buccaneers had early success running against the Bears' top-ranked run defense, but fell behind as the Bears came to life following Donald Igwebuike's 45-yard second-quarter field goal. The Buccaneers were able to hold the Bears to only 69 yards rushing, although Bears players later attributed their avoidance of the ground game to the ease with which they were able to pass. The game was played on the occasion of Ray Perkins' 47th birthday.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 11: at Detroit Lions
Lars Tate, Kerry Goode, and William Howard combined for 223 yards rushing, which allowed Vinny Testaverde to overcome his early struggles. Testaverde passed for a season-low 107 yards, but was 5-for-5 in the second half, including a 26-yard pass to Bruce Hill with 16 seconds left that set up Donald Igwebuike's winning field goal. Tate's 106 yards rushing made him the first Buccaneer to rush for over 100 yards since James Wilder's 130-yard performance against the Lions two years prior.