1988 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1988 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1988 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, NFL Draft
Six Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 Perth and Kinross District Council election
Elections to the Perth and Kinross District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1988 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 56th season in the National Football League.


1988 Philadelphia Eagles season
This season resulted an appearance in the postseason for the first time since 1981. The Eagles won the NFC East for the first time since 1980, but lost to the Chicago Bears in the NFC Divisional round during the Fog Bowl.


1988 Philadelphia Eagles season
In control of their own destiny for a playoff berth, but not the NFC East title on the final day of the regular season, Philadelphia dumped Dallas, 23–7, guaranteed a minimum of a wild card berth, but had to wait for the end to the Jets-Giants game at Giants Stadium to learn if they had clinched the division or not to avoid the Wild Card round. The Jets won the game, 27–21, on a late TD strike from Ken O'Brien to Al Toon, giving the Eagles the NFC East crown on the tiebreaker of having beaten the Giants in both regular-season meetings.


1988 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 1
The Eagles played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Tampa Stadium where temperatures reached 90-degrees. On the Eagles’ fourth play of the game, Bucs linebacker Kevin Murphy chased Cunningham out of the pocket, and he rolled to his left and floated a 37-yard TD to Mike Quick. The first quarter ended with the Eagles up 21 to 0 after Anthony Toney ran for a TD and Cunningham threw an 8-yard TD to Jackson. The Eagles even scored on a 38-yard TD run by safety Terry Hoage on the only carry of his 13-year career.


1988 Philadelphia Eagles season, Playoffs, Divisional
Known as The Fog Bowl in NFL lore, the Bears defeated the Eagles, 20–12, in a contest in which a heavy, dense fog rolled over Chicago's Soldier Field during the second quarter and cut visibility to about 15–20 yards for the rest of the game.


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1988 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in Major League Baseball. The Phillies finished sixth in the National League East with a record of 65 wins and 96 losses.


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
The Phillies were scheduled to play the Cubs in the first night game at Wrigley Field on August 8, 1988. The game began before an announced crowd of 39,008. The Cubs were leading 3 to 1 and coming to bat in the bottom of the fourth when the rain delay began. The umpires called the game after waiting two hours, ten minutes. The Cubs' first official night game came the following night against the Mets.


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season
Montreal Expos pitcher Pascual Pérez threw a five-inning rain-shortened no-hitter against the Phillies on September 24, 1988. It was the first no-hitter in Veterans Stadium history. Perez allowed one walk, and another Phillies baserunner reached on an error. Umpire Harry Wendelstedt waved off the game after a 90-minute rain delay after the game was stopped by a steady rain with one out in the top of the sixth. However, due to a statistical rule change in 1991, no-hitters must last at least nine innings to count. As a result of the retroactive application of the new rule, this game and thirty-five others are no longer considered no-hitters.


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Philadelphia Wings season
The Philadelphia Wings were one of the original four franchises in the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League, joining the New Jersey Saints, Washington Wave, and Baltimore Thunder in 1987. The Wings were still in a growing phase in 1988 and recorded 3 wins and 6 losses that season. Once again, though, the team was able to draw in fans, with a home attendance of 48,910 (over 12,000 per game). Star player Mike French moved upstairs into the Wings' general manager's chair during the year.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season
The 1988 PABL season is the sixth season of the Philippine Amateur Basketball League (PABL).


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Notable achievements
The Swift-PABL selection won the 3rd Asian Interclub basketball tournament held in Jakarta, Indonesia from April 9–18. Among the teams who participated were Samsung Electronics of Korea, Pandan Jaya of Malaysia, Asaba Club of Indonesia, Liaoning of China, Armed Forces of Singapore, and Orthodox of Jordan. Swift-PABL, coached by Nat Canson, defeated title-favorite Liaoning of China, 84–69, in the finale to complete a seven-game sweep.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Notable achievements
The players of the Swift-PABL selection were honored during the opening ceremonies of the International Invitational Cup semifinal round. Among those who received their plaques of recognition were Gilbert Reyes, Ric-Ric Marata, Ato Agustin, Paul Alvarez, Nelson Asaytono, Peter Aguilar and Hernani Demigillo.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, International Invitational Cup
The season opens on March 19. PBA superstar Robert Jaworski and Representative Freddie Webb were the guest of honors in the opening ceremonies. The Prelims determined the top three local teams, National Open champion RFM-Swifts and Philips Sardines are tied with six wins and two losses. Sta.Lucia Realtors, Mama's Love and Magnolia Ice Cream were at second place with similar 5-3 won-loss cards. In a playoff game to determine the third outright semifinal seat, the Realtors drew bye, Mama's Love beat Magnolia, 85-73 on April 18, and on the following day on April 19, Sta.Lucia advances outright with a 93-91 win over Mama's Love.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, International Invitational Cup
The six remaining teams battle for the last two semifinal slots and at the end of the single round, Magnolia Ice Cream made it 5-0 while Purefoods took the last ticket at 4-1. In the penultimate day of the eliminations, Agfa Colors default its game against Converse because its head coach did not bother to read the new schedule handed to him.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, International Invitational Cup
The Color Specialists protested the default and when the decision of the board was handed the next day, Agfa was squaring off with Purefoods and upon learning the protest was turned down, Agfa coach Eddie Reyes pulled out his first stringers to deliberately lose the game. Converse coach Jun Celis protested the action of Agfa, the All-Stars finish with three wins and two losses and had a chance to tie Purefoods had Agfa played its heart out.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, International Invitational Cup
Three seeded foreign teams participated in the semifinal round, Isuzu Motors of Japan, which had two 6-9 Americans; Ted Young and Dale Roberts, a sixth-round draftee of the Detroit Pistons in 1984, in the lineup. University of British Columbia representing Canada and Pelita Jaya of Indonesia, which had Daryl Smith and Gerardo Ramos as imports.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, International Invitational Cup
RFM-Swift's and Philips Sardines went on to play in the Best-of-three title series. The Hotdogs defeated the Sardine Masters, two games to one, winning the deciding third game in overtime, 99-93. Ricric Marata's jumper with 10 seconds left in regulation tied the count at 85-all and send the game into an extension period. Ric-Ric Marata and Alvin Patrimonio combined to spell the difference in the five-minute extension. Benjie Paras of Philips Sardines was named the tournament's reigning Most Valuable Player.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Freedom Cup
Mama's Love decided not to participate in the second conference. The six teams which made it to the semifinal round were Philips Sardines, Agfa Colors and Converse, the three teams which topped the eliminations to make it outright, joining them were RFM-Swifts, Magnolia and Sta.Lucia. In a one-round semifinals, Magnolia clinch the first finals berth with a 4-1 won-loss card, routing Swifts, 117-95, in their last assignment. The Sta.Lucia Realtors, which won their first three semis outing, took the other seat and will play the Ice Cream Makers in the finals.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Freedom Cup
Sta.Lucia with new coach Nemie Villegas, replacing Nat Canson at the start of the Freedom Cup, won the first game of the title series, 96-80. The Ice Cream Makers, who haven't beaten the Realtors in all four previous meetings, took the second game, 111-107, to tie the series and send the championship to a winner-take-all match. In the third and final game, Magnolia escaped with an 87-86 victory over Sta.Lucia to capture their third PABL title in a 2-1 series victory.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
The third conference opens on October 15 at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum with newcomers Burger City, Silver Horizon and the returning Concrete Aggregates Corporation. During the opening rites, the Board decided to adopt the theme "Unity For Sports Development". The eight participating teams play a single-round prelims with the top four advancing to the semifinal round, the next four teams will be joined by Shakey's-Baguio and Marsman Estate Plantation of Davao in another single round to determined the last two teams qualifying in the semis. McDonald's of Taiwan is the lone guest foreign squad and will be seeded in the semifinals.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
RFM-Swift Hotdogs were on top of the team standings after the eliminations with six wins and one loss, followed by Magnolia and Sta.Lucia, tied with five wins and two losses. Philips Sardines makes it outright with an 86-73 win against Concrete Aggregates in a playoff game on November 12.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
In the next round, Concrete Aggregates withdrew because of a depleted line-up, leaving only five teams to dispute the last two slots. Shakey's-Baguio enters the semifinal round and Burger City completed the cast with a 73-72 playoff win over Agfa Color Films on December 1.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Maharlika Cup
Magnolia Ice Cream and Philips Sardine Canners advances into the championship round with similar 5-1 won-loss record in the semifinals. Philips beat Magnolia, 93-83, on the last playing date on December 14 to close the door on the finals' hopes of McDonald's/Taipei. Philips Sardines won their first-ever PABL crown, blowing out defending champion Magnolia Ice Cream in the final half of a decisive 103-86 victory in Game three and a 2-1 series win. As expected, Benjie Paras of Philips was the runaway MVP winner.


1988 Philippine Amateur Basketball League season, Controversies
Five teams namely Purefoods, Agfa Colors, Converse, Philips Sardines and AFPSLAI troopers, tried to form a breakaway group during the months of July with a so-called National Amateur Basketball Association (NABA) as they were against the leadership of PABL chairman Joey Concepcion. BAP President Gonzalo "Lito" Puyat has spoken he cannot sanction the supposed new league.


1988 Philippine local elections
Elections for a new set of provincial and local city and municipal officials were held in the Philippines on January 18, 1988 under the new Constitution of the Philippines which was ratified in 1987.


1988 Philippine local elections, Background
Candidates from the PDP-Laban, KBL, PDP-Laban-Lakas ng Bansa, PDP, Biled Ti La Union, Nacionalista Party, Balane, PDP-Laban-Liberal Party, Magdalo, Cory Coalition, National Union of Christian Democrats, Independent Nacionalista ALLIEN, Laban, Pinaghiusa, CCA-Unido, Partido Demokrasya Sosyalista, OMPIA Party, Timawa Party and Unido-LP-Laban, and independents contested in the elections.


1988 Philippine local elections, Election Day
These elections were less fraudulent than the congressional elections, as the ruling party had limited capacity for wholesale fraud. The vigilance of the electorate, media, and the opposition safeguarded the exercise from manipulation. Elections in "hot spots" were postponed by COMELEC to prevent possible violent encounters between rivals. Most of the candidates endorsed by Cory Aquino won the support of the majority of the electorate.


1988 Phoenix Cardinals season
The 1988 Phoenix Cardinals season was the franchise's 69th season in the National Football League and the first season in Phoenix. The Cardinals would match their 7–8 record from 1987, but finished with one more loss, going 7–9, as 1987 was a one-game strike shortened season, and 1988 was a full 16 game season. The Cardinals move to Phoenix marked the first time an NFL team called a place in Arizona home.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships
The 1988 Pilkington Glass Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne in the United Kingdom and was part of Category 4 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 13 June until 19 June 1988. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her seventh at the event.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships, Finals, Doubles
Eva Pfaff /  Elizabeth Smylie defeated  Belinda Cordwell /  Dianne van Rensburg 6–3, 7–6(8–6)


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Svetlana Parkhomenko and Larisa Savchenko were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Parkhomenko with Leila Meskhi and Savchenko with Natasha Zvereva.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Meskhi and Parkhomenko lost in the second round to Belinda Cordwell and Dianne van Rensburg.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Savchenko and Zvereva lost in the semifinals to Eva Pfaff and Elizabeth Smylie.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles
Pfaff and Smylie won in the final 6–3, 7–6 against Cordwell and van Rensburg.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles
Helena Suková was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Pascale Paradis.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles
Martina Navratilova won in the final 6–2, 6–2 against Natasha Zvereva.


1988 Pilkington Glass Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Pittsburgh Gladiators season
The 1988 Pittsburgh Gladiators season was the second season for the Arena Football League (AFL) franchise.


1988 Pittsburgh Gladiators season, Roster
Rookies in italics updated February 11, 201328 Active, 0 Inactive, 0 PS


1988 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1988 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Roster
{{American football roster/Header| year = 	1988| team = Pittsburgh Panthers | teamcolors = f| offensive_players =|-| style="text-align:center;" | T| style="text-align:center;" | 62| style="text-align:left;" | Roman Matusz| style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | Jr|-|-| style="text-align:center;" | T| style="text-align:center;" | 71| style="text-align:left;" | Tom Ricketts| style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | Sr|-|-| style="text-align:center;" | C| style="text-align:center;" | 55| style="text-align:left;" | Bryan Schoch| style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" | So|-


1988 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1988 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 107th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 102nd in the National League. This was their 19th season at Three Rivers Stadium. The Pirates finished second in the National League East with a record of 85–75.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1988  Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 56th in the National Football League. Hall of Fame team founder and owner Art Rooney died at age 87 less than two weeks before the start of the season on August 25. The team wore AJR patches on the left shoulder the entire season in memory of "The Chief".


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The team finished the season at 5–11 failing to improve on their 8-7 record from 1987, and had their worst record since finishing an NFL-worst 1–13 in 1969. As of 2020, the 5–11 mark remains the team's worst record since 1969, and they have only finished with ten losses twice since, in 1999 and 2003.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The Steelers got off to a disappointing start. After winning their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys, the team lost six straight, their first six-game losing streak since 1969. The team never recovered after the skid, and at one point had a 2–10 record after a 27–7 loss to the Cleveland Browns. It was the Steelers worst start to a season since the merger. The Steelers did, however, finish the season on a positive note, winning 3 of their last 4 games to finish the season 5-11.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Chuck Noll controversy
During the season, due to the team's struggles there were calls from the media and fans for longtime head coach Chuck Noll to step down, particularly after an embarrassing loss to the eventual AFC champions Cincinnati Bengals 42-7. Following that game, Noll said that everyone "should go out and get law degrees", in reference to cornerback Dwayne Woodruff having recently passed the bar exam in preparation for his law career after he retired as well as Woodruff's bad game against the Bengals.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Chuck Noll controversy
Following the season, Noll intended to resign until defensive line coach Joe Greene got word and informed Dan Rooney (who had considered firing Noll), leading to Rooney and Noll to make some compromises. In exchange for lifetime employment with the team (Noll would be listed in media guides as an administrative advisor from his retirement from coaching until his death in 2014), Noll agreed to part ways with several members of his coaching staff.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Chuck Noll controversy
One negative side effect to Noll making changes to his coaching staff was the loss of defensive coordinator Tony Dungy. Rooney wanted Dungy demoted to defensive backs coach, but Dungy opted to leave for the Kansas City Chiefs, taking the same position with that team and working under their defensive coordinator--and Noll's eventual replacement--Bill Cowher. While Dungy would go on to have a Hall of Fame career as head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Indianapolis Colts, the loss of Dungy likely delayed his eventual ascension to head coach in the NFL.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason
The Steelers saw two of its last three remaining players who won all four Super Bowls retire in wide receiver John Stallworth and strong safety Donnie Shell, who were both from the team's famous Class of 1974 that saw four players go on to the Pro Football Hall of Fame (although Shell was undrafted, he was still from the same rookie class), and in the case of Stallworth, retired as the team's all-time leading receiver. (Stallworth's record was surpassed by Hines Ward in 2005.)


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason
Mike Webster, who was also from the Class of 1974, entered the season as the sole remaining member of all four Super Bowl teams. However, change appeared to be imminent when the team drafted Kentucky guard Dermontti Dawson in the second round of the 1988 draft. Although Dawson would be playing guard his rookie season alongside Webster, it was apparent that Dawson was drafted to be groomed as Webster's eventual replacement at center. Webster would be released by the Steelers in the following offseason, officially ending the team's link to all four Super Bowl clubs.


1988 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason
To the delight of Steelers fans, and even most of the players, the Mark Malone era officially ended in the offseason as well. Malone, who had lost the starting quarterback job to Bubby Brister the previous year, was traded to the San Diego Chargers during the offseason. Malone had also become hugely unpopular with fans and teammates for blaming his mistakes on other players and acting as if he were the "heir" to the QB position after the retirement of Terry Bradshaw. At one point, a locker room fight between Malone and the rest of the team ensued before being broken up by veteran offensive tackle Tunch Ilkin.


1988 Player's Canadian Open
The 1988 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The men's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women's tournament was held at the du Maurier Stadium in Montreal in Canada and was part of Tier II of the 1988 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from August 8 through August 14, 1988, while the women's tournament was held from August 15 through August 21, 1988.


1988 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso defeated  Andrew Castle /  Tim Wilkison 7–6(7–3), 6–3


1988 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Helena Suková defeated  Zina Garrison /  Pam Shriver 7–6, 7–6


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Men's Singles
Lendl successfully defended his title, defeating Kevin Curren 7–6, 6–2 in the final.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Doubles
Zina Garrison and Lori McNeil were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Garrison with Pam Shriver and McNeil with Betsy Nagelsen.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Doubles
McNeil and Nagelsen lost in the quarterfinals to Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Doubles
Garrison and Shriver lost in the final 7–6, 7–6 against Jana Novotná and Helena Suková.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Singles
Pam Shriver was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Natasha Zvereva.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Singles
Gabriela Sabatini won in the final 6–1, 6–2 against Zvereva.


1988 Player's Canadian Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 Players Championship
The 1988 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour, held March 24–27 at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach, southeast of Jacksonville. It was the fifteenth Players Championship and the first without "Tournament" in the title.


1988 Players Championship
Local resident Mark McCumber opened with 65 and won with 273 (−15), four strokes ahead of runner-up Mike Reid. McCumber's 72-hole score at the Stadium Course set a record; it was equaled in 1992 and broken in 1993.


1988 Players Championship
Jay Haas was disqualified on Thursday after playing with a bent putter. Davis Love III had a similar occurrence on Friday, while Curtis Strange reported that he signed an incorrect scorecard. (Strange won the next two U.S. Opens.)


1988 Players Championship
Weather delays on Saturday caused the leaders to complete only a few holes of the third round; play was resumed early on Sunday morning.


1988 Players Championship
Defending champion Sandy Lyle missed the 36-hole cut by six strokes, and the purse was increased 25% this year to $1.25 million.


1988 Players Championship, Venue
This was the seventh Players Championship held at the TPC at Sawgrass Stadium Course and it remained at 6,857 yards (6,270 m).


1988 Players Championship, Field
Fulton Allem, Isao Aoki, Paul Azinger, Seve Ballesteros, Dave Barr, Andy Bean, Chip Beck, Ronnie Black, Phil Blackmar, Jay Don Blake, Ken Brown, George Burns, Curt Byrum, Tom Byrum, Mark Calcavecchia, Jim Carter, Chen Tze-chung, Bobby Clampett, Keith Clearwater, Lennie Clements, Russ Cochran, John Cook, Fred Couples, Ben Crenshaw, Rodger Davis, Mike Donald, Ed Dougherty, Bob Eastwood, Danny Edwards, David Edwards, Dave Eichelberger, Steve Elkington, Brad Fabel, Nick Faldo, Brad Faxon, Rick Fehr, Ed Fiori, Raymond Floyd, Dan Forsman, David Frost, Buddy Gardner, Bob Gilder, Bill Glasson, Wayne Grady, David Graham, Hubert Green, Ken Green, Jay Haas, Gary Hallberg, Dan Halldorson, Donnie Hammond, Morris Hatalsky, Mark Hayes, Vance Heafner, Lon Hinkle, Scott Hoch, Mike Hulbert, John Huston, John Inman, Hale Irwin, David Ishii, Peter Jacobsen, Steve Jones, Tom Kite, Kenny Knox, Gary Koch, Billy Kratzert, Bernhard Langer, Wayne Levi, Bruce Lietzke, Bob Lohr, Davis Love III, Mark Lye, Sandy Lyle, Andrew Magee, John Mahaffey, Roger Maltbie, Dick Mast, Blaine McCallister, Mike McCullough, Mark McCumber, Pat McGowan, Rocco Mediate, Johnny Miller, Larry Mize, Gil Morgan, Jodie Mudd, Tsuneyuki Nakajima, Larry Nelson, Jack Nicklaus, Greg Norman, Andy North, Mac O'Grady, Mark O'Meara, David Ogrin, Akiyoshi Ohmachi, Steve Pate, Corey Pavin, Calvin Peete, Chris Perry, Kenny Perry, Dan Pohl, Don Pooley, Nick Price, Tom Purtzer, Sam Randolph, Mike Reid, Jack Renner, Larry Rinker, Loren Roberts, Bill Rogers, Clarence Rose, Dave Rummells, Bill Sander, Gene Sauers, Tom Sieckmann, Tony Sills, Scott Simpson, Tim Simpson, Joey Sindelar, Jeff Sluman, J. C. Snead, Craig Stadler, Payne Stewart, Ray Stewart, Curtis Strange, Mike Sullivan, Hal Sutton, Doug Tewell, Leonard Thompson, Bob Tway, Howard Twitty, Bobby Wadkins, Lanny Wadkins, Fred Wadsworth, Denis Watson, Tom Watson, D. A. Weibring, Mark Wiebe, Willie Wood, Ian Woosnam, Robert Wrenn, Fuzzy Zoeller, Richard Zokol


1988 Players Championship, Round summaries, Third round
Due to weather delays, McCumber completed the last fourteen holes of his third round on Sunday morning and went to his nearby home between rounds.


1988 Polish strikes
The 1988 Polish strikes were a massive wave of workers' strikes which broke out from 21 April, 1988 in the Polish People's Republic. The strikes, as well as street demonstrations, continued throughout spring and summer, ending in early September 1988. These actions shook the Communist regime of the country to such an extent that it was forced to begin talking about recognising Solidarity. As a result, later that year, the regime decided to negotiate with the opposition, which opened way for the 1989 Round Table Agreement.


1988 Polish strikes
The second, much bigger wave of strikes (August 1988) surprised both the government, and top leaders of Solidarity, who were not expecting actions of such intensity. These strikes were mostly organized by local activists, who had no idea that their leaders from Warsaw had already started secret negotiations with the Communists.


1988 Polish strikes, Background
Late 1980s was the time of deep economic crisis of Poland. The military regime of General Wojciech Jaruzelski did not carry out any radical reform of the economy in 1982-1983 following their imposition of Martial Law in Poland. Industrial production remained below the 1979 level. Average inflation rate climbed to 60% by 1988, and Poland’s hard-currency debt to the Western countries grew from $25 billion in 1981 to $43 billion in 1989. Furthermore, the military rule was a failure, even though Solidarity had been outlawed in 1982, which in turn forced its members to go underground. In those circumstances, anger and frustration of the nation grew, deepened by economic malaise, and constantly declining living standards. More than 60% of population lived in poverty, and inflation, measured by black-market rate of the U.S. dollar, was 1,500% in the period 1982 - 1987.


1988 Polish strikes, Background
On November 29, 1987, the Communists decided to seek popular support for a 110% price increase, calling the Referendum on political and economic reforms (see Referendums in Poland) supported by the old slogan of "democratization" as the only concession. The government of Zbigniew Messner lost the referendum - according to independent sources, with the turnout of around 30%, but officially, it was announced that 63.8% voters participated in it, and so, deputy prime minister Zdzisław Sadowski decided to go on with the price increase. The policy was introduced on February 1, 1988. It was the biggest hike since 1982. The operation was a failure, as the massive price increases were followed by 40% increase in wages, meant to offset the price increases. As a result, inflation rose at alarming speed, and by late 1989, near hyperinflation was reached.


1988 Polish strikes, Repressions against the Solidarity movement
In late 1987, Communist authorities initiated a wave of repressions of activists of underground Solidarity trade union and other oppositional organizations. On November 9, Kornel Morawiecki, leader of Fighting Solidarity was arrested. In the same year, Lech Wałęsa resumed his post as leader of Solidarity, where he remained until 1990. Meanwhile, local branches of the movement tried to legalize themselves in courts across Poland, but all these attempts were refused. On August 31, 1987, the 7th anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement, street demonstrations and clashes with police took place in Warsaw, Wrocław, Lublin, and Bydgoszcz. On March 8, 1988, on the 20th anniversary of the 1968 Polish political crisis, activists of the Independent Students Union organized demonstrations in Warsaw, Kraków and Lublin. Most active demonstrators were immediately repressed by the government.


1988 Polish strikes, Spring 1988 strikes
On April 21, 1988, 5000 workers of Stalowa Wola Steelworks organized a meeting, during which they demanded end of repressions of Solidarity activists, and 20,000 złoty salary increase. The first strikes broke out four days later, on April 25, 1988, in mass transportation centers in northern cities of Bydgoszcz and Inowrocław. On the next day, one of the biggest companies of the country, Vladimir Lenin Steelworks in Kraków, joined the strike. The workers demanded salary increase, re-employment of Solidarity activists, who had been fired during the martial law, as well as legalization of Solidarity.


1988 Polish strikes, Spring 1988 strikes
Meanwhile, a strike broke out in Stalowa Wola Steelworks. Both these actions were suppressed by the Communist security forces (ZOMO), supported by anti-terrorist units. In Stalowa Wola, a demonstration of force, together with threats of use of regular army troops, was sufficient, and the strikers gave up on April 30. In Kraków, however, the workers continued their action, therefore the government decided to use power. In the night of May 4/5, the steelworks were brutally pacified by the ZOMO and anti-terrorist units. In reaction to the attack, workers of several factories across the country organized protests and meetings.


1988 Polish strikes, Spring 1988 strikes
On May 1, 1988, opposition activists organized peaceful demonstrations in several Polish cities, such as Bielsko-Biała, Dąbrowa Górnicza, Gdańsk, Kraków, Łódź, Płock, Poznań, Warsaw, and Wrocław. They were attended by thousands of people, and in some places, street fights erupted. On the next day, a strike broke out in Lenin Gdańsk Shipyard, where workers demanded legalization of Solidarity. Soon, Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Andrzej Wielowieyski showed up in Gdańsk, ready to talk to the management of the plant. However, the talks were fruitless, and on May 10, after threats of use of force, the strike ended in the atmosphere of failure. The last strike of the spring took place in Szczecin, involving workers of city’s mass transit system.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes
During late spring and early summer of 1988, the situation in Poland did not improve. In several cities, local Solidarity branches unsuccessfully tried to legalize the union. On June 19, local elections took place, and Solidarity urged voters to boycott them. On July 26, government spokesman Jerzy Urban said that Solidarity permanently belonged to the past, and two days later, Polish sociologists announced that only 28% of Poles believed that government’s reforms would succeed. Most people thought that the reforms would end up with even deeper crisis. The first strike of summer 1988 took place in the Upper Silesian city of Jastrzębie-Zdrój, and it began on August 15.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Upper Silesia
On August 15, a strike broke out at the July Manifesto coal mine in Jastrzębie-Zdrój; the mine had been a center of strikes eight years earlier (see Jastrzębie-Zdrój 1980 strikes). Importantly, miners from July Manifesto tried to start a strike on May 15, 1988, but the main activists of Solidarity had been arrested by the Służba Bezpieczeństwa, whose  special agents got word of the plans. In the second half of August, further mines, most from southern Upper Silesia joined the strikers, and the Interfactory Strike Committee under Krzysztof Zakrzewski was founded in Jastrzębie-Zdrój. Miners from Jastrzębie-Zdrój were supported by a local priest, reverend Bernard Czernecki.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Upper Silesia
Communist secret services, as well as conformist Solidarity leaders, were completely surprised by the strikes in Upper Silesia. In a report dated August 14, 1988, special agents of Służba Bezpieczeństwa  wrote: “According to our sources, opposition leaders are not planning anything”. Later, some of the strikes were broken by the  Milicja Obywatelska special, antiriot detachments  - at Morcinek coalmine in Kaczyce (August 24), Lenin in Myslowice, and Andaluzja in Piekary. Almost all strikes took place in mines, whose employees were people transferred from other areas of Poland in the 1970s. Mines in “traditional” parts of Upper Silesia did not join the protestors, except for Andaluzja from Piekary Slaskie, and Lenin from Myslowice.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Upper Silesia
On September 2, Lech Wałęsa appeared in the July Manifesto coalmine, the last place that continued the strike. After his appeal, and a long argument, the miners decided to give up. The strike at July Manifesto was the longest one of Communist Poland.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Szczecin
On August 17, the Port of Szczecin began to strike. In the following days, other companies from Szczecin stopped working, and the Interfactory Strike Committee was founded. It issued a statement, which consisted of four points, one of which was the demand of legalization of Solidarity. On August 28, the Committee announced that Wałęsa was its sole representative. In response, Wałęsa sent to Szczecin a statement about his meeting with Czesław Kiszczak, during which the future Round Table talks had been discussed. Nevertheless, the strikes in Szczecin did not end until September 3. Wałęsa had informed the public about talks with the regime during the August 21 demonstration in Gdańsk.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Stalowa Wola
By far the biggest strike of summer 1988 took place in Stalowa Wola Steelworks, in which around 10,000 workers participated, and the plant was surrounded by militarized police units. The Stalowa Wola strike was so significant, that it was dubbed “the fourth nail in the coffin of Communism”.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Stalowa Wola
Since the Steelworks was an arms manufacturer, the factory, which in the 1980s employed around 21,000 people, was under a watchful eye of the security services, and its employees were strictly prohibited from undertaking any kind of oppositional activities. Nevertheless, across the 1980s, it was one of main centers of protests and demonstrations, and in spring of 1988, Stalowa Wola workers started the first strike of that year, which ended after a few days, and which was a prelude of the summer events.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Stalowa Wola
On August 22 in the morning, workers of the plant decided to organize a sit-in, with only one demand - legalization of Solidarity. This decision was crucial for further events in Poland, as strikes in Upper Silesia were slowly coming to an end. Led by Wieslaw Wojtas, the strike lasted 11 days. Workers were supported by local priests, and activists of the so-called Supporting Office, who delivered food, medicine, blankets, helped those beaten by government security forces, but also informed Western Europe about situation in Stalowa Wola.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Stalowa Wola
Every day, citizens of the town gathered by the Gate 3 to the steelworks, where local parish priest, reverend Edmund Frankowski, celebrated two masses (August 26, and 31), which were attended by up to 10,000 people. Frankowski actively supported the strikers, in the sermons, he urged the faithful to help the workers.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Stalowa Wola
The Stalowa Wola strike ended on September 1, after the personal request of Lech Wałęsa, who called Wiesław Wojtas, telling him: “You are great, but please, end the strike, I am asking you in the name of Solidarity”. Following Wałęsa's request, 4,000 workers left the factory on September 1, at 7 p.m. Together with around 15,000 inhabitants of the city, they marched to the Church of Mary, Queen of Poland, where they were greeted by reverend Frankowski, who said: “Illegal priest is welcoming participants of the illegal strike”.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Gdańsk
On August 19, a group of young activists began circulating leaflets, urging workers of the Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard to join striking miners from Jastrzębie-Zdrój. According to Alojzy Szablewski, who was leader of plant’s Solidarity, Lech Wałęsa was called, and during a meeting it was decided the strike would begin on Monday, August 22. On that day, at 7 a.m., some 3000 workers put away their tools. Their only demand was short - legalization of Solidarity.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Gdańsk
Soon afterwards, other main factories of Gdańsk joined the shipyard - Port Polnocny, Stocznia Polnocna, Stocznia Remontowa. Interfactory Strike Committee was founded, led by Jacek Merkel, and workers were supported by a number of personalities, such as Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Lech Kaczyński, and his twin brother Jarosław Kaczyński. Unlike in August 1980, the 1988 strike was different, as the government lacked power to force the strikers to give up. Furthermore, Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard was visited by a number of guests from abroad, including Boston Mayor Ray Flynn, in whose presence the use of force was not likely. The events in Gdańsk were described by Padraic Kenney as truly Orange Alternative strike. Workers of the Gdańsk Repair Shipyard mocked secret service and police agents, by making a styrofoam tank with the slogan: Leave your arms at the gate, we want dialogue.


1988 Polish strikes, Summer 1988 strikes, Gdańsk
The strikes in Gdańsk ended on September 1, and on September 3, both sides signed an agreement, according to which the communists promised not to persecute the strikers. The promise was broken, and hundreds of people were fired in the fall of 1988.


1988 Polish strikes, Outcome
At first, the government tried to threaten the protestors; on August 20, the Committee of National Defence announced preparations for introduction of national state of emergency. However, the determination of the workers made the Communists realize that talks with the officially non-existent trade union were inevitable. On August 31, General Czesław Kiszczak met with Lech Wałęsa. During the conversation, which was witnessed by Archbishop Bronisław Wacław Dąbrowski, Kiszczak appealed for putting an end to strikes, he also promised to take care of legalisation of Solidarity.


1988 Polish strikes, Outcome
Even though Solidarity activists in several centers opposed Wałęsa's appeal to end strikes, soon afterwards laborers returned to work. The last strikes, in the Port of Szczecin and the July Manifesto coal mine, lasted until September 3. On December 18, Wałęsa established the Solidarity Citizens' Committee, which opened way for the Polish Round Table Agreement.


1988 Polish strikes, Outcome
In 1988, director Andrzej Piekutowski made a documentary film Coal Miners’88, which presents strike in July Manifesto coal mine. Also, Pawel Smolenski and Wojciech Gielzynski wrote a book Workers’88.


1988 Pontins Professional
The 1988 Pontins Professional was the fifteenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1988 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1988 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 9 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 11 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1988 Pontins Professional
John Parrott won the event for the first time, beating Mike Hallett 9–1 in the final.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Filderstadt Tennis Centre in Filderstadt in West Germany and was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from 10 October to 16 October 1988. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her third consecutive and fifth in total.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Iwona Kuczyńska /  Martina Navratilova defeated  Raffaella Reggi /  Elna Reinach 6–1, 6–4


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions but only Navratilova competed that year with Iwona Kuczyńska.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Doubles
Kuczynska and Navratilova won in the final 6–1, 6–4 against Raffaella Reggi and Elna Reinach.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles
First-seeded Martina Navratilova was the defending champion and won in the final 6–2, 6–3 against Chris Evert.


1988 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Port Adelaide by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Port Adelaide on 26 March 1988. This was triggered by the resignation of Labor Party MP Mick Young over alleged mishandling of campaign donations.


1988 Port Adelaide by-election
The election was won by Labor candidate Rod Sawford, despite an 11.1% swing to the Liberal Party.


1988 Port Adelaide by-election
The 1988 Adelaide by-election had occurred just seven weeks earlier.


1988 Port Stephens state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Port Stephens on 5 November 1988 because the Court of Disputed Returns declared that the 1988 Port Stephens election was void because Bob Martin (Labor) handed government cheques to community groups during the campaign and this amounted to electoral bribery.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 25 September 1988 at the Autódromo do Estoril, Estoril. It was the thirteenth race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship. The 71-lap race was won by Alain Prost, driving a McLaren-Honda, with Ivan Capelli second in a March-Judd and Thierry Boutsen third in a Benetton-Ford. Prost's teammate and Drivers' Championship rival, Ayrton Senna, could only manage sixth.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying
McLaren gained their 9th front row of the year with Alain Prost in front of Ayrton Senna for the first time since France. Prost, whose MP4/4 had a brand new, stiffer chassis, set his fastest time early in Saturday qualifying, and then sat out the rest of the session, confident that Senna could not better the time. Senna indeed qualified second. They were ahead of Ivan Capelli in the atmospheric March-Judd, with Maurício Gugelmin in fifth behind the Ferrari of Monza winner Gerhard Berger. Both Capelli and Gugelmin expressed delight with their cars, especially in the fast corners.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying
After finishing third and fourth in Italy, the Arrows-Megatrons of Derek Warwick (10th) and Eddie Cheever (18th) struggled in Portugal. Both drivers complained of little grip on the rarely used Estoril circuit, which was compounded by slow turns which exposed the Straight-4 Megatron engine's lack of throttle response.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying
After missing the previous two races in Belgium and Italy due to illness, Nigel Mansell was back in his Williams-Judd. He complained of a sore neck but qualified 6th, less than 0.1 behind Gugelmin.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Qualifying
Julian Bailey (Tyrrell-Ford), Stefano Modena (EuroBrun-Ford), and the Zakspeeds of Piercarlo Ghinzani and Bernd Schneider all failed to qualify while Oscar Larrauri (EuroBrun-Ford) failed to pre-qualify.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
The first start was aborted when the Rial-Ford of Andrea de Cesaris stalled on the grid. The second start was aborted after Derek Warwick stalled his Arrows A10 and was hit by de Cesaris, with Luis Pérez-Sala (Minardi) and Satoru Nakajima (Lotus). Ayrton Senna led off at the third start, to the delight of the Portuguese crowd. At the start of lap 2, Alain Prost pulled out of Senna's slipstream to pass him. Senna moved violently over on Prost and forced him towards the pit wall at over 280 km/h (174 mph). The Frenchman nonetheless maintained his will to pass the Brazilian, not lifting off the throttle, and passed Senna into the first corner.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
Prost was not impressed with Senna's tactics and the pair exchanged words in the McLaren camp after the race. Senna countered Prost's anger by stating that he had almost been pushed onto the grass by Prost before the first corner after the start. Prost's lead built up to 7 seconds and would last until the flag, while Senna was being troubled by an erratic (and ultimately false) fuel readout which was telling him he was using too much. This allowed Capelli to close right up on him.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
On lap 22 the Italian out-braked Senna to excited acclaim and opened up a gap on him. It was the first time all season other than when Prost suffered from severe misfires at both the British and Italian GP's that a McLaren-Honda had been passed on track by any other car. Soon after Gerhard Berger also passed the McLaren, leaving Senna exposed to the attacks of Nigel Mansell's Williams. The Briton was closer on the corners, but the Honda turbo was superior in the fast sectors of the track.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
Berger had claimed the fastest lap in his pursuit of Capelli, but spun off on lap 36. He had accidentally set off his fire extinguisher, with the resultant freezing of his leg with carbon dioxide causing his foot to slip off the pedals. Berger had been attempting a cockpit adjustment to his car but on the bumpy Estoril surface simply hit the wrong button.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
On lap 55, Mansell and Senna attempted to lap the Tyrrell of Jonathan Palmer: during this manoeuvre Mansell hit the back off the McLaren and spun into the barriers though without any damage to Senna who continued on. Maurício Gugelmin, Nelson Piquet (Lotus-Honda), Michele Alboreto (Ferrari), Riccardo Patrese (Williams-Judd) and Thierry Boutsen (Benetton-Ford) were hotly contesting the last point place in 6th. On lap 29 Patrese retired with a split radiator and the next lap Piquet retired with clutch and gearbox problems. On lap 57, Senna, still having problems with his fuel readout, pitted for a tyre change and was passed by Alboreto, Boutsen and Derek Warwick, falling to 6th.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
Prost won from Capelli, who at one stage was catching the McLaren, but backed off to save his engine after seeing his teammate's car sitting beside the track with a dead engine; the gap at the line was 9.5 seconds and Prost himself was marginal on fuel. It was Capelli's first podium finish in Formula One and the first time a March had finished on the podium of a Grand Prix since the 1976 Italian Grand Prix.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
Fuel problems were a feature of this race: on the last corner of the race Alboreto's engine stuttered-his car was running out of fuel despite the gauge indicating he had plenty left. Boutsen passed him to get his 5th podium of the year and Warwick claimed 4th place. The dry Ferrari of Alboreto and McLaren of Senna were classified 5th and 6th.


1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, Race
Prost's 5th win of the year, and his first since France, along with Senna's 6th place, saw him remain in strong contention for his third World Championship.


1988 Prague Skate
The 1988 Prague Skate was held November 1988. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating.


1988 Preakness Stakes
The 1988 Preakness Stakes was the 113th running of the Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 21, 1988, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Risen Star, who was jockeyed by Eddie Delahoussaye, won the race by one and one quarter lengths over runner-up Brian's Time. Approximate post time was 5:34 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run over a fast track in a final time of 1:56-1/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 88,654, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1988.


1988 President's Cup Football Tournament
The 1988 President's Cup International Football Tournament (Korean: 제17회 대통령배 국제축구대회) was the 17th competition of Korea Cup. This edition was held from 16 to 28 June 1988 to prepare the 1988 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in their country, and was the largest scale among all-time Korea Cups. Czechoslovakia XI won the tournament after defeating Soviet Union XI in the final.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season
The 1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season was the 14th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Formerly known as Great Taste Milkmasters in the first two conferences.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Notable dates
March 20: Great Taste Instant Milk showed up without an import but its local crew was enough to roll back Shell Helix, 132-113, in the opening game of the season. The PBA found the Milkmasters import Charles Davis too tall for the 6-6 ceiling for imports and was forced to return home.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Notable dates
June 30: Pido Jarencio banged in a buzzer-beating side jumper to lift Great Taste to a 102-100 victory over Purefoods Hotdogs. The Milkmasters squandered a 19-point spread, 89-70, as the Hotdogs starring the debuting Alvin Patrimonio and Jojo Lastimosa clawed back to level at 100-all with 18 seconds left.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Notable dates
July 7: Great Taste scored a 125-121 win over Añejo Rum 65 for a fourth straight triumph in the All-Filipino Conference and remain unbeaten and on top of the standings. Allan Caidic scored 15 of his 34 points in the final quarter while Philip Cezar and Atoy Co provided the defensive gems to frustrate the Rum Masters comeback.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Notable dates
August 23: Allan Caidic fired a season high of 49 points and buried nine triples to power Great Taste to a 143-114 win over Alaska Milk in the second round of the All-Filipino Conference semifinals.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Notable dates
October 20: Import George Almones scored 45 points to lead Presto to a 143-130 win over Añejo Rum, spoiling the debut of Rum Masters import Joe Ward, who scored 55 points. The Ice Cream Makers improved to four wins and two losses while Añejo dropped to one win and five losses. Almones played his last game in the PBA and was replaced by Tony White in Presto's next game.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
During the first round of eliminations match between Great Taste and Ginebra on April 7, a near-fight took place with less than a minute left in a close game when Milk Masters' Reynaldo Ramos threw a sneaky punch on Ginebra import Jamie Waller's face, apparently in retaliation for what Waller did to his teammate Pido Jarencio, whose head was bumped by Waller on the floor during the battle for the loose ball.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
Coach Baby Dalupan was suspended by Commissioner Rudy Salud for one game for throwing into towel and deliberately lose their April 21 match against Alaska.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
Great Taste import Kenny Fields left the team without notice at the start of the second round of the semifinals in the Open Conference. The Milk Masters, which split their first four games in the semifinals, lost a chance for a playoff berth and played their last four games without an import.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
Forward Abe King returned to the team and played his first game of the season during the All-Filipino Conference, leading Great Taste to a 112-108 win over Alaska on July 28.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
With one week left before the start of the semifinal round of the All-Filipino Conference, point guard Bernie Fabiosa dislocated his shoulder in a rough, physical play during the second half of the game between Great Taste and Añejo on August 4, won by the Rum Masters on Robert Jaworski's buzzer-beating follow-up, Fabiosa's injury put him out for the rest of the season.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
During the Milkmasters' second outing in the semifinal round against Añejo Rum 65 on August 14, a brawl ensued in the Great Taste' bench late in the second quarter when Añejo's Dante Gonzalgo crashed into a seated Dennis Abbatuan and was on the receiving end of the blows dealt by Great Taste players Dennis Abbatuan, Abe King and Sonny Cabatu. The Milkmasters, which led by as many as 17 points and were up, 92-77, at the start of the final period, lost the game, 104-111, on a big, fourth quarter rally by the Rum Masters. Triggerman Allan Caidic went up to the stands after the game and mauled a heckler/Añejo fan, Caidic was not able to participate in the three-point shootout contest and was fined and suspended for one game by the Great Taste management for that mauling incident.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
On the last playing date of the semifinal round in the All-Filipino Conference on September 1, the Milkmasters were already out of contention from the finals race and they almost turn into a spoiler's role in San Miguel Beermen's quest for a playoff for the second finals berth. There was no time left and the score tied at 126 when Sonny Cabatu was fouled, sending him to the free throw line, a dejected beermen coach Norman Black was headed for exits when Cabatu missed his two charities and the game went into overtime. San Miguel escaped with a 138-137 win in the extension period.


1988 Presto Ice Cream Makers season, Occurrences
On December 11, the season's rivalry of the year comes to a close in Game four of the battle for third place between the now Presto Ice Cream (formerly Great Taste) and Añejo Rum 65, a free-for-all erupted in the third quarter when Añejo import Tommy Davis committed a dangerous foul on Philip Cezar, who crashed to the floor when Davis pulled his left shoulder, everything seems to be in order until Joe Ward confronted Cezar and Sonny Cabatu grabbed Ward's neck and hell broke lose after that with players from both squads joining in, including Atoy Co, who was in street clothes. the melee spilled all over the ringside area, engaging in punching, kicking and chair-throwing.


1988 Primera División de Chile
The 1988 Campeonato Nacional was Chilean football league top tier's 56th season. Cobreloa was the tournament's champion, winning its fourth title.


1988 Primera División de Chile, Liguilla Pre-Copa Libertadores, Semifinals
Deportes Iquique qualified for the final due to its better League head-to-head results (2-1 & 0-0)


1988 Primera División de Chile, Liguilla Pre-Copa Libertadores, Semifinals
Colo-Colo qualified for the final due to its better League head-to-head results (3-1 & 0-0)


1988 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1988 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Princeton tied for third in the Ivy League.


1988 Princeton Tigers football team
In their second year under head coach Steve Tosches, the Tigers compiled a 6–4 record and outscored opponents 269 to 208. Quarterback Jason Garrett was the team captain.


1988 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton's 4–3 conference record tied for third in the Ivy League standings. The Tigers outscored Ivy opponents 167 to 130.


1988 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton played its home games at Palmer Stadium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey.


1988 Pringles Light Classic – Doubles
Beth Herr and Candy Reynolds won in the final 4–6, 7–6, 6–1 against Lindsay Bartlett and Helen Kelesi.


1988 Pringles Light Classic – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Pringles Light Classic – Singles
Barbara Potter won in the final 6–2, 6–2 against Helen Kelesi.


1988 Pringles Light Classic – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The 1988 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 2 October 1988. It was the 67th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.


1988 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The winner was Tony Bin, a five-year-old horse trained in Italy by Luigi Camici. The winning jockey was John Reid.


1988 Prize of Moscow News
The 1988 Prize of Moscow News was the 23rd edition of an international figure skating competition organized in Leningrad, Soviet Union. It was held November 2–6, 1988. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating and ice dancing. Soviet skaters swept the men's podium, led by Vladimir Petrenko. American Tonya Harding won the ladies' title ahead of Natalia Lebedeva from the Soviet Union.


1988 Prize of Moscow News
Soviets Natalia Mishkutenok / Artur Dmitriev, who would medal at the European Championships later in the season, took the pairs' title ahead of their compatriots, Elena Bechke / Denis Petrov, who would end their season with the world bronze medal. Olympic silver medalists Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko won the ice dancing title for the third consecutive year.


1988 Pro Bowl
The 1988 Pro Bowl was the NFL's 38th annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1987 season. The game was played on Sunday, February 7, 1988, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,113. The final score was AFC 15, NFC 6.


1988 Pro Bowl
Marty Schottenheimer of the Cleveland Browns led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Minnesota Vikings head coach Jerry Burns. The referee was Dick Hantak.


1988 Pro Bowl
Bruce Smith of the Buffalo Bills was named the game's MVP. Players on the winning AFC team received $10,000 apiece while the NFC participants each took home $5,000.


1988 Puerto Rican general election
The 1988 Puerto Rican general elections were held in Puerto Rico on 8 November 1988. Rafael Hernández Colón of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) was re-elected Governor, whilst the PPD also won a majority of seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate. Voter turnout was 84.5%.


1988 Punjab floods
In 1988, Punjab had its most disastrous floods when all the rivers in Punjab overflowed killing and displacing thousands of people.


1988 Punjab floods
In four days from 23 to 26 September, 634 mm rainfall fell in Bhakra area. People lost their crops. Beas Bhakra Management Board was accused and held responsible for triggering off the flood by releasing the waters from dam which burst the banks.


1988 Punjab floods
B. N. Kumar, chairman of Bhakra Beas Management Board, was shot dead by militants as a revenge of Beas Bhakra Management Board's role in floods.


1988 Punjab floods
9,000 of Punjab's 12,989 villages were flooded, of which over 2,500 were completely marooned or simply washed away. This was the biggest flood in Punjab's history as it disrupted the lives of over 34 lakh people. As people were trying to survive and manage, the Union Agriculture Minister Bhajan Lai infamously said that the floods were a blessing in disguise - his logic being that it would increase Punjab's ground water level.


1988 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1988 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season
The 1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season was the 1st season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Newest member
The Purefoods Corporation burst into the basketball scene when they joined the Philippine Amateur Basketball League (PABL) two years ago in 1986. When the Tanduay ballclub announces its gonna take a leave of absence beginning the 1988 PBA season, Purefoods acquired its rights and the contracts of six of the Tanduay players namely; Ramon Fernandez, Freddie Hubalde, Padim Israel, Willie Generalao, Jose Yango and Onchie Dela Cruz, and were able to lure the best amateur standouts for its maiden appearance in the PBA.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Newest member
An added bonus was the offer for Fernandez to serve as the team's playing-coach of the team, thus becoming the third player-coach in the league following Anejo Rhum's Robert Jaworski and San Miguel Beer's Norman Black. As for their import in the Open Conference, company officials Rene Montemayor and Chot Reyes beat other teams in hiring the services of David Thirdkill, the previous year's Open's Best Import who led Tanduay Rhum to the championship.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Newest member
One player Purefoods wanted to sign up was Alvin Patrimonio, and a tug-of-war between his amateur team RFM-Swifts and Purefoods has drawn reactions from both PBA and amateur cage officials, led by BAP president Lito Puyat. Patrimonio's projected stint in the pro league was finalized when the PBA and the BAP adopted a compromise apprenticeship program that would enable the likes of Patrimonio, Jerry Codinera, Jojo Lastimosa and Glenn Capacio to play in the pro league and at the same time still be available for international tournaments. The BAP ordered RFM-Swift's, Patrimonio's PABL team, to release him to the PBA without any conditions as he is set to don Purefoods' jersey come June 30.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Finals stint
Purefoods Hotdogs placed runner-up in the first two conferences of the season, they came so close of winning their first championship in a cinderalla fashion against San Miguel Beermen, the Hotdogs went up, 3-2 in the series but lost the final two games.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Finals stint
As the odds-on favorite to win the All-Filipino title, the Hotdogs lost to crowd-favorite and arch-rival Añejo Rum 65 in the finals where the center of controversy was the management's decision to bench their former playing-coach Ramon Fernandez starting Game two of the championship series.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
March 22: Purefoods playing coach Ramon Fernandez concentrate on his bench chores because of a slight left ankle injury and he tasted his first win as a coach and the Hotdogs their franchise' first victory, a 119-107 humbling of Shell Helix. The win erased the stigma of an opening day blowout loss to San Miguel Beermen.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
April 5: In the much-awaited first meeting between Purefoods and Ginebra San Miguel, the Hotdogs carved out a 116-110 win and climb into a share of the lead with San Miguel Beermen with their third straight win. Purefoods limited the Ginebras to a single three-pointer by Joey Loyzaga in a five-minute spell in the third quarter to erase a 68-57 deficit and surge in front, 78-71.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
May 8: David Thirdkill hit a buzzer-beating jumper as Purefoods nip Alaska, 120-119, for their third straight win in the semifinals of the Open Conference. The Hotdogs retain solo leadership with nine wins and four losses.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
May 22: Purefoods had to overcome a four-point deficit in the last two minutes of regulation period and forces extension with arch rival Ginebra San Miguel and squeezes through with a 111-109 overtime triumph that sends the Hotdogs to the Open Conference finals and a championship date with San Miguel Beermen in their maiden appearance in the league.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
July 3: In his second game as a pro, prize rookie Alvin Patrimonio scored 22 points as Purefoods scored a 110-106 win over Shell.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
July 12: Purefoods rallies from 19 points down to pull off a 114-110 come-from behind win over Añejo Rum 65 (formerly Ginebra San Miguel) in their first meeting in the All-Filipino Conference.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
August 11: Ramon Fernandez scored a conference-high 47 points in leading the Hotdogs to a 132-125 victory over San Miguel Beermen at the start of the All-Filipino Conference semifinals.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
August 18: Purefoods turn back Añejo Rum, 109-106, for their 11th victory in 16 games. The Hotdogs trailed, 102-106, with one minute left in the ballgame. Al Solis buried a triple to cut the deficit to a point with 50 seconds remaining which started Purefoods' final 7-0 windup.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
August 23: Purefoods preserve a 119-116 triumph over San Miguel Beermen for their 12th win in 17 games at the start of the second round of the semifinals and moved within a win of nailing the first finals berth in the All-Filipino Conference. It was the fourth straight victory by the Hotdogs over the Beermen since losing to San Miguel in the Open finals.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Notable dates
October 23: Purefoods snapped out of their eight-game losing streak since the All-Filipino title playoffs with their first win in the Third Conference after six losses. The Hotdogs overcame Alaska import Willie Bland's 70 points in scoring a pulsating 148-147 overtime win over the Airmen. New hotdogs' import Kenny Travis played the hero's role and finished with 35 points while Perry Young was the top scorer for Purefoods with 50 points.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Amateur standout Alvin Patrimonio finally debuted in the PBA on June 30.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
After four games in the All-Filipino Conference and leading his team to two victories and two losses, playing-coach Ramon Fernandez gave up his coaching chores to assistant coach Cris Calilan.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Veteran Freddie Hubalde was traded to Shell for rookie Joshua Villapando in late July and with few weeks left before the end of the elimination round in the All-Filipino Conference.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Purefoods management bench Ramon Fernandez starting Game two of the All-Filipino championship against Añejo Rum, Fernandez watch his team lose the finals series in Game four while sitting at courtside.


1988 Purefoods Hotdogs season, Occurrences
Barely a week after Purefoods lost to Añejo Rum 65 in the All-Filipino finals series, Ramon Fernandez was traded to San Miguel Beermen in exchange for Abet Guidaben in a repeat of a similar trade that took place three years ago.


1988 Quebec Esso Cup
The 1988 Quebec Esso Cup was an international under-17 ice hockey tournament held in Quebec, Canada. It was the second installment of what is now known as the World U-17 Hockey Challenge. The USSR, led by Pavel Bure, took their first ever gold medal in the tournament, while the Swedish team featuring Mats Sundin won the silver. The hosts Canada Quebec won their second consecutive medal in the tournament with the bronze.


1988 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia were announced on Monday 13 June 1988 by the office of the Governor-General.


1988 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June.


1988 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards
The 1988 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards (Chinese: 1988年度十大中文金曲得獎) was held in 1988 for the 1987 music season.


1988 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大中文金曲) of 1988 are as follows.


1988 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1988 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 62nd staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup began on 15 October 1988 and ended on 16 October 1988.


1988 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 16 October 1988, Leinster won the cup after a 2-14 to 1-12 defeat of Connacht in the final at Casement Park. This was their 19th Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1979.


1988 Rainha Cup
The 1988 WTA Brasil Open (also called the Rainha Cup) was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Guarujá in Brazil and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 7 November through 13 November 1988. Third-seeded Mercedes Paz won the singles title.


1988 Rainha Cup, Finals, Doubles
Bettina Fulco /  Mercedes Paz defeated  Carin Bakkum /  Simone Schilder 6–3, 6–4


1988 Rainha Cup – Doubles
Katrina Adams and Cheryl Jones were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Rainha Cup – Doubles
Bettina Fulco and Mercedes Paz won in the final 6–3, 6–4 against Carin Bakkum and Simone Schilder.


1988 Rainha Cup – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Rainha Cup – Singles
Neige Dias was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Andrea Vieira.


1988 Rainha Cup – Singles
Mercedes Paz won in the final 7–5, 6–2 against Rene Simpson.


1988 Rainha Cup – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak
The 1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak of November 28, 1988, was the most destructive of the seven tornadoes reported in northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia between 1:00 AM and 5:45 AM The Raleigh tornado produced over $77 million in damage, along with four fatalities (two in the city of Raleigh, and two in Nash County) and 154 injuries. The damage path from the storm was measured at 84 miles (135 km) long, and .5 miles (0.8 km) wide at times.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, Synopsis
A surface-level pressure trough was located east of the Appalachian mountains and extended from Maryland to Georgia. A warm front previously located in the coastal plains had moved into the piedmont, separating air with temperatures and dew points in the 50s to the northwest from southeastern air with temperatures in the 70s and dew points in the 60s. A large upper level progressive amplitude trough stretched from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi Gulf Coast, and an also large amplitude ridge was situated over the western Atlantic with an axis extending from Bermuda to the Canadian Maritimes. A subtropical jetstream axis extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Savannah River Basin. A polar jet stream was located over the Ohio River valley. Positive buoyant energy was estimated at 1200 j/kg over the Raleigh area


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, Synopsis
All that weekend, the Storm Prediction Center was watching the eastern half of the United States for possibility for severe weather, according to WRAL-TV.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, The Raleigh tornado
Rated at F4 strength (see Fujita scale), the Raleigh tornado touched down shortly after 1:00 AM on Monday, November 28 in Umstead State Park, between the western city limits of Raleigh and Raleigh-Durham International Airport. It was spawned by a high-precipitation supercell that formed east of Charlotte in the southern Piedmont region and began to exhibit severe and rotational characteristics as it crossed nearby Chatham County; earlier in the afternoon and evening, strong thunderstorms had been noted in the Charlotte area and also in the mountainous northwest corner of North Carolina.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, The Raleigh tornado
However, at 1:00 AM no severe thunderstorm or tornado watch had been issued for Raleigh and Wake County, North Carolina. The weather conditions were believed to not be conducive to the development of such storms. Also, according to a Raleigh News & Observer article on the 25th anniversary of the storm, Joseph M. Pelissier, deputy meteorologist at the National Weather Service office at RDU Airport, stated that the tornado formed almost directly above the airport where there was a blind spot in the radar system.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, The Raleigh tornado
Warnings were quickly issued as the storm began carving a path through suburban north Raleigh, damaging or destroying nearly 2500 residences and over 75 businesses including entire shopping centers. By 1:30 AM, the tornado had moved out of northern Wake County and into Franklin County, North Carolina. Fluctuating between F1 and F3 in strength, the storm finally dissipated after crossing I-95 between Roanoke Rapids and the Virginia state line. Overall, four people were killed: 2 children in Raleigh, 9-year-old Janet Barnes and 12-year-old Pete Fulghum, and a couple in their mobile home in Nash County. The tornado was responsible for destroying 425 residences and 78 businesses, including a K-Mart. Over 157 people were injured as a result of the storms.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, Additional tornadoes
Shortly after the Raleigh tornado formed, a second supercell produced a weak (F1) tornado near Alberta, Virginia and I-85.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, Additional tornadoes
After the Raleigh tornado dissipated, the parent supercell spawned a weaker second tornado (F2) that caused minor damage in a brief touchdown near Seaboard, North Carolina. The storm then spawned a third (also F2) tornado that produced $500,000 in damage in Southampton County, Virginia, Isle Of Wight County, Virginia, and the City of Franklin, Virginia.


1988 Raleigh tornado outbreak, Additional tornadoes
Meanwhile, a third supercell later produced weak (F0 and F1) tornadoes in Pamlico County, North Carolina, Hyde County, North Carolina, and the Manteo area on Roanoke Island in Dare County, North Carolina.


1988 Refuge Assurance Cup
The 1988 Refuge Assurance Cup was the first competing of the Refuge Assurance Cup, for the most successful teams in the Sunday League. It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 7 and 18 September 1988. The tournament was won by Lancashire County Cricket Club who defeated Worcestershire County Cricket Club by 52 runs in the final at Edgbaston, Birmingham.


1988 Refuge Assurance Cup, Format
The cup was an end-of-season affair. The counties finishing in the top four of the 1988 Refuge Assurance League competed in the semi-finals. The top two teams were drawn at home. Winners from the semi-finals then went on to the final at Edgbaston which was held on 18 September 1988.


1988 Refuge Assurance League
The 1988 Refuge Assurance League was the twentieth competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League. The competition was won for the third time by Worcestershire County Cricket Club.


1988 Refuge Assurance League, Refuge Assurance Cup
Following the end of the Sunday League season, the top four teams in the Sunday League competed for the Refuge Assurance Cup. Lancashire emerged as victors, defeating Worcestershire in the final.


1988 Remscheid A-10 crash
The 1988 Remscheid A-10 crash occurred on December 8, 1988, when an A-10 Thunderbolt II  attack jet of the United States Air Force crashed onto a residential area in the city of Remscheid, West Germany. The aircraft crashed into the upper floor of an apartment complex. In addition to the pilot, five people were killed. Fifty others were injured, many of them seriously.


1988 Remscheid A-10 crash
According to press reports the plane was engaged in a low-altitude flight exercise. It belonged to a unit from Bentwaters Air Base but at the time of the accident was stationed at Nörvenich Air Base, a so-called Forward Operation Location (FOL).


1988 Remscheid A-10 crash
The flight leader, Captain Marke F. Gibson, was leading his flight followed by his wingman, Captain Michael P. Foster. The cause of the accident was attributed to spatial disorientation, after both planes encountered difficult and adverse weather conditions for visual flying. Captain Gibson was able to maneuver his aircraft to safety, but Captain Foster's aircraft crashed into the houses in Stockder Strasse.


1988 Remscheid A-10 crash, Aftermath
When the number of cancer cases in the vicinity of the accident rose disproportionately in the years after, suspicion rose that the jet, contrary to US statements, may have been loaded with ammunition containing depleted uranium. This was denied by the US military. However, 70 tons of top soil from the accident scene was removed and taken away to a depot (which also happens to be standard procedure for cleanup when a large amount of jet fuel is spilled on populated ground, such as in a plane crash). Also, film material taken during the top-soil removal show radiation warning signs. 120 residents and rescue workers reported skin diseases. Medical diagnosis concluded that these symptoms related to toxic irritative Dermatitis.


1988 Remscheid A-10 crash, Aftermath
Damages accounted to approximately DM 13 million and were covered 75% by the US Air Force and 25% by the West German Government.


1988 Republican National Convention
The 1988 Republican National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States was held in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana from August 15 to August 18, 1988. It was the second time that a major party held its convention in one of the five states known as the Deep South, coming on the heels of the 1988 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Atlanta, Georgia. Much of the impetus for holding the convention in the Superdome came from the Louisiana Republican National Committeewoman Virginia Martinez of New Orleans, who lobbied on behalf of her adopted home city as the convention site as a member of the RNC Executive Committee.


1988 Republican National Convention
The convention nominated Vice President George H. W. Bush for president, as expected. The second spot on the ticket was not publicly known before the convention; James Danforth "Dan" Quayle, U.S. Senator of Indiana, was selected as Bush's vice presidential running mate. The revelation of Quayle's selection as running mate did not come until the second day of the convention, when NBC News broke the story. As of 2020, it was the last time a major party's presidential candidate announced his vice presidential choice during his party's convention.


1988 Republican National Convention
The convention featured speeches by Joe Paterno, Pat Robertson, a keynote address by New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, and the music of the Jimmy Maxwell Orchestra. Actress Helen Hayes attended the conference at age 88.


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
The convention is perhaps best known for Bush's "thousand points of light" speech accepting the nomination. Written by Peggy Noonan and Craig R. Smith, it included the "read my lips: no new taxes" pledge that was the most popular sound bite coming out of the convention. The successful speech gave him a "bounce" that he was able to capitalize on to win the 1988 presidential election.


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
President Ronald and Nancy Reagan were honored on August 15. Reagan made a major speech on the opening night of the convention, as he would for the last time in 1992.


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
Other speakers included Bob Dole, Elizabeth Dole, Arizona junior senator John McCain, Jeane Kirkpatrick and former President Gerald Ford.


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
President Reagan's Remarks at the Republican National Convention on August 14, 1988


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
President Reagan's Address to the Republican National Convention, August 15, 1988


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
Nancy Reagan's Address to the Republican National Convention on August 15, 1988


1988 Republican National Convention, Speakers
Celebration after President Reagan's Speech at Republican National Convention on August 15, 1988


1988 Republican National Convention, Voting
With rumblings of opposition to the Quayle nomination, it was decided to have it ratified by voice vote, something that the Republicans had never done before, but would become standard practice in the decades to come.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries
From January 14 to June 14, 1988, Republican voters chose their nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Incumbent Vice President George H.W. Bush was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Republican National Convention held from August 15 to August 18, 1988, in New Orleans, Louisiana.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Vice President George H. W. Bush had the support of President Ronald Reagan and pledged to continue Reagan's policies, but also pledged a "kinder and gentler nation" in an attempt to win over some more moderate voters. Bush faced some prominent challengers for the GOP nomination, despite his front-runner status.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
At the start of the primary election season in early 1988, televangelist Pat Robertson's campaign was attacked because of a statement he had made about his military service. In his campaign literature, he stated he was a combat Marine who served in the Korean War. Other Marines in his battalion contradicted Robertson's version, claiming he had never spent a day in a combat environment. They asserted that instead of fighting in the war, Robertson's primary responsibility was supplying alcoholic beverages for his officers. (See Education and military service).


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
In 1987 Donald Trump, then known as a New York real estate executive and registered as a Republican, hinted in various television interviews that he was considering running for President. He took out a series of newspaper ads in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe criticizing Reagan's foreign policy for being too expensive. He also vocally advocated reducing foreign aid to Japan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia; accelerating nuclear disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union; and eliminating the federal deficit.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Mike Dunbar, an important Republican operative, started a "draft Donald Trump" movement to try to convince him to run in the New Hampshire primaries. However, Trump eventually announced at a political rally arranged by Dunbar in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that he would not seek the Republican nomination. In 2015 Trump claimed that Bush adviser Lee Atwater asked him to consider the vice-presidential nomination, but added that the discussion "never really went much further than that". Trump would later win the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and go on to win the presidential election against his Democratic opponent Hillary Rodham Clinton.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Robertson's campaign got off to a strong second-place finish in the Iowa caucuses, ahead of Bush. Robertson did poorly in the subsequent New Hampshire primary, however, and was unable to be competitive once the multiple-state primaries like Super Tuesday began. Robertson ended his campaign before the primaries were finished. His best finish was in Washington, winning the majority of caucus delegates. However, his controversial win has been credited to procedural manipulation by Robertson supporters who delayed final voting until late into the evening when other supporters had gone home. He later spoke at the 1988 Republican National Convention in New Orleans and told his remaining supporters to cast their votes for Bush, who ended up winning the nomination and the election. He then returned to the Christian Broadcasting Network and has remained there as a religious broadcaster.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus (that he had won back in 1980), behind Senator Bob Dole and Robertson. Dole was also leading in the polls of the New Hampshire primary, and the Bush camp responded by running television commercials portraying Dole as a tax raiser, while Governor John H. Sununu stumped for Bush. These efforts enabled the Vice President to defeat Dole and gain crucial momentum. Embittered by his loss in New Hampshire, Dole told Bush directly, on live television that evening, to "stop lying about my record."


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Once the multiple-state primaries began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his. The Republican party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana. Bush was nominated unanimously.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Primary race
In his acceptance speech, Bush made an energetic pledge, "Read my lips: No new taxes", a comment that would come to haunt him in the 1992 election.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
After Bush locked up the nomination in March, conventional wisdom leaned toward the notion of a Southern running mate to balance the ticket. The former Governor of Tennessee, Lamar Alexander, was seen by many as the most logical choice, and some early reports described him as Bush's personal preference. Another high-profile possibility, also from Tennessee, was the former Senate Majority Leader and White House Chief of Staff Howard Baker. Despite the early attention – which included a supportive editorial written by former President Richard Nixon – Baker told the press he would prefer to be left out of consideration.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
Bush's running mate, however, would not be revealed until August 16, allowing speculation to intensify all the way to the national convention. Bob Dole, who was considered a leading contender based on his second-place finish in the primaries, expressed impatience with the wait but nonetheless made plain his keen desire for the job. So too did Jack Kemp, who confidently told reporters that he would make "a terrific campaigner and a terrific candidate and a terrific vice president". Both men were thought to rank high on Bush's list of potential picks.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
Other highly rated prospects included two people quite close to Dole. His wife, Elizabeth Dole, had served as Transportation Secretary under President Reagan and was a popular figure among conservatives and women – two key demographics that Bush was struggling to galvanize. A second option was Dole's fellow U.S. Senator from Kansas, Nancy Kassebaum.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
Other figures who were believed to be under Bush's close consideration included the Governor of Nebraska Kay Orr, the former Governor of Pennsylvania Dick Thornburgh, the Governor of New Jersey Tom Kean, and the sitting U.S. Senators Bill Armstrong of Colorado, Pete Domenici of New Mexico, and Richard Lugar and Dan Quayle, both of Indiana.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
U.S. Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming was also widely believed to be a possible selection, but he publicly stated that he wasn't interested in the position. This placed him in the company of Baker and others who had declared that they did not want to be considered, such as the Governor of California George Deukmejian and the Governor of Illinois Jim Thompson. Shortly ahead of the convention, however, Bush reopened speculation about all of them when he implied that he would not necessarily give up on any demurring prospects.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
Long-shot possibilities included several Republicans who were popular in their home states but held limited name recognition nationally, such as U.S. Representative Lynn Martin of Illinois, the Governor of South Carolina Carroll Campbell, and the two U.S. Senators of Missouri, John Danforth and Christopher Bond. Nontraditional selections who were seen as credible alternatives included the National Security Advisor Colin Powell, the former UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Education Secretary William Bennett, former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus, and even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.


1988 Republican Party presidential primaries, Running mate
Bush announced his selection of 41-year-old Dan Quayle on the second day of the convention.


1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection
This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1988 election. Incumbent Vice President George H.W. Bush won the 1988 Republican nomination for President of the United States, and chose Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as his running mate. The selection of Quayle surprised many of Bush's closest advisers, who had expected Bush to pick a more well-known running mate. However, Bush adviser Roger Ailes helped convince Bush that Quayle would be able to effectively attack the Democratic presidential nominee, Michael Dukakis. Bush also liked Quayle's youth and felt that Quayle would make for a loyal vice president. The Bush-Quayle ticket ultimately defeated the Dukakis-Bentsen ticket in the 1988 election.


1988 Rhode Island Rams football team
The 1988 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented the University of Rhode Island in the Yankee Conference during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their 13th season under head coach Bob Griffin, the Rams compiled a 4–7 record (3–5 against conference opponents) and tied for seventh place out of nine teams in the conference.


1988 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1988 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican Edward D. DiPrete defeated Democratic nominee Bruce Sundlun with 50.83% of the vote.


1988 Rice Owls football team
The 1988 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team compiled a 0–11 record.


1988 Roller Hockey World Cup
The 1988 Roller Hockey World Cup was the twenty-eighth roller hockey world cup, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports. It was contested by 10 national teams (5 from Europe, 2 from South America, 2 from Africa and 1 from North America). All the games were played in the city of A Coruña, in Spain, the chosen city to host the World Cup.


1988 Ronde van Nederland
These are the results for the 28th edition of the Ronde van Nederland cycling race, which was held from August 15 to August 20, 1988. The race started in Groningen (Groningen) and finished after 859 kilometres in Gulpen (Limburg).


1988 Rose Bowl
The 1988 Rose Bowl was the 74th edition of the college football bowl game, played on January 1, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The Michigan State Spartans defeated the USC Trojans 20–17 in a bowl rematch that was much closer than the 27–13 Spartan victory in the regular season. Michigan State linebacker Percy Snow was named the  Player of the Game.


1988 Rose Bowl
This was the last Rose Bowl game televised by NBC Sports, ending a 37-year partnership. ABC Sports picked up rights to broadcast the game the following year.


1988 Rose Bowl
This was the Big Ten's first Rose Bowl win in seven years.


1988 Rose Bowl, Teams
The teams opened the season against each other in East Lansing, Michigan in a nationally-televised game on Labor Day night. Michigan State took advantage of three USC turnovers to defeat the Trojans, 27–13.


1988 Rose Bowl, Teams, Michigan State Spartans
Led by head coach George Perles, a former Pittsburgh Steelers assistant coach, Michigan State had its best team in many years. The Spartans beat traditional Big 10 powers Michigan and Ohio State, and won the Big Ten by 1½ games over Indiana and Iowa, who tied for second place. They followed up the USC win by a 31–8 loss at Notre Dame, and then a 31–3 home loss to Florida State. The season got back on track with a 19–14 win at Iowa. A dramatic 17–11 win over in state rival Michigan occurred on October 10.


1988 Rose Bowl, Teams, Michigan State Spartans
On October 31, the Spartans defeated Ohio State, making this the first season since the 1966 National Championship when the Spartans defeated both Michigan and Ohio State. The Indiana Hoosiers also had beaten Michigan and Ohio State, and the meeting between Michigan State and Indiana on November 14 determined the Big Ten championship. Michigan State won 27–3 to clinch their first Rose Bowl appearance since the 1965 season. They are the only team in college history to not only beat Big 10 powers Ohio State and Michigan in the same season, but also the USC Trojans twice.


1988 Rose Bowl, Teams, USC Trojans
USC struggled early and was only 4–3 after seven games, but won its next three to set up a showdown with rival UCLA (9–1)  for the Pac-10 title and Rose Bowl berth. The UCLA Bruins, with Troy Aikman at quarterback and Gaston Green at running back were favored, and led 13–0 at halftime. It could have been worse, as on the last play of the first half, UCLA's Eric Turner intercepted a deflected pass at the UCLA goal line and had nothing but green grass ahead of him as he appeared primed to return it for a touchdown.


1988 Rose Bowl, Teams, USC Trojans
But USC QB Rodney Peete ran down Turner and tackled him at the 10-yard line as time expired. USC had cut the lead to 13–10, and then midway through the 4th quarter, quarterback Rodney Peete threw to WR Erik Afholter in the back of the end zone. Afholter juggled the ball atop his shoulder pad as he slid out the end zone; television replays indicated no possession but the referees ruled it a touchdown. Leading 17–13, USC then intercepted Aikman as he tried to lead UCLA back and ran out the clock.


1988 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The game was a rematch of the season opener in East Lansing that Michigan State won 27–13. The game was dominated by defense; the story was Michigan State linebacker and game most valuable player Percy Snow, who had 17 unassisted tackles, and four USC turnovers. The Spartans also had their 1988 All-American running back Lorenzo White proved to be a cut-back slashing workhorse with 35 carries for 113 yards by the start of 4th quarter .


1988 Rose Bowl, Game summary
After USC tied the game early in the fourth quarter at 17, Michigan State marched to a game-winning field goal by John Langeloh with four minutes to play. The key play of the drive was a third down play in which Michigan State quarterback Bobby McAllister was nearly sacked, then scrambled and at the last instant found receiver Andre Rison at the sideline for a first down that kept the drive alive. USC had time to try to come back, and Trojan quarterback Rodney Peete led USC on a drive to the Spartan 29-yard line with two minutes to play. But Peete fumbled the next snap, Michigan State recovered, and the Spartans ran out the clock. Lorenzo White's performance in this game combined with his superb 4 year Career helped notch his recent January 2019 election to the College Football Hall of Fame .


1988 Ross and Cromarty District Council election
Elections to the Ross and Cromarty District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Rous Cup
The 1988 Rous Cup was the fourth staging of the Rous Cup international football competition, based around the England–Scotland football rivalry. For the second year in succession, a third team was invited to create a three-team tournament.


1988 Rous Cup
After having Brazil's participation in the previous year, the FA again invited South American opposition to participate, this time Colombia.


1988 Rous Cup
England won the competition for a second time after being the only team to win a game; the two other matches ended in draws.