1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
During qualifying Senna was hampered by a sprained left wrist having injured it during a game of beach soccer in Bali where he had taken a small holiday after winning the championship in Japan. His injury was such that there was speculation the teams test driver Emanuele Pirro would drive in his place, but the new World Champion refused to be sidelined and took his place in Adelaide, though he admitted that driving the MP4/4 on a tight, bumpy street circuit while nursing a sprained wrist was hard.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
Prost on the other hand had spent his time between Suzuka and Adelaide playing golf at a resort in the Australian state of Queensland. There was also speculation that Honda would run their V10 engines (intended for 1989) in Adelaide instead of the V6 turbo. However, team boss Ron Dennis explained that racing the V10 was never part of the 1988 plan, and that with the RA168-E proving so dominant, Honda wanted to finish the turbo era on the highest possible note.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
Third on the grid on both days was Nigel Mansell in his atmospheric Williams-Judd, though he was 1.7 seconds slower than Senna. Mansell was ahead of 1987 pole winner Gerhard Berger in his turbocharged Ferrari. Fifth was Nelson Piquet, finally finding some balance in his Lotus on the only street circuit he liked, despite a couple of spins in qualifying. Mansell's teammate Riccardo Patrese lined up sixth.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
Gabriele Tarquini (Coloni), Julian Bailey (Tyrrell), Pierre-Henri Raphanel (Larrousse-Lola making his first appearance in F1 in place of Yannick Dalmas who had contracted Legionaire's Disease) and Bernd Schneider (Zakspeed) all failed to qualify. The Osella of Nicola Larini with its ancient "Osella V8" turbocharged engine (which started life as the Alfa Romeo 890T in 1983 and was actually the most powerful car in the 1988 field with approximately 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS)) failed to pre-qualify.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
For the most part in 1988, qualifying and race times had generally been faster than those set in 1987, showing the advances in development despite the leading turbo powered cars having approximately 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS) less than they had the previous year. In Adelaide the drop in power meant a big difference to the top speeds on the 900-metre-long Brabham Straight and times were slower as a result. In 1987 the faster cars were topping 320 km/h (199 mph) on the straight, while in 1988 those speeds were down to 300 km/h (186 mph) or less. Senna's 1988 pole time was 0.481 slower than Berger's time in 1987 while Berger himself, driving an updated version of his 1987 Ferrari, was 2.25 seconds slower than his 1987 pole time of 1:17.267.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
Prost led off the start from Senna, Berger, Piquet, and Mansell in his last race for Williams before joining Ferrari in 1989. By lap 4, Prost's lead over Senna was 5.5 seconds, with Berger close behind the Brazilian. Michele Alboreto's last race for Ferrari ended in retirement shortly after the start, when he collided with Alex Caffi's Dallara.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
Berger passed Senna on lap 5 at the Racetrack Hairpin, a tight second-gear right hander at the end of the Brabham Straight, and began a determined drive, catching and passing Prost at the same place on lap 14. He had a three-second lead when he came up to lap Stefano Modena in the EuroBrun and René Arnoux in the Ligier on lap 23. Arnoux appeared to ignore his mirrors and the blue flags instructing him to let Berger past, causing the Ferrari's left front wheel to ride the Ligier's rear right wheel and send both cars into a spin. Berger retired immediately with suspension damage, putting Prost back into the lead with Senna second.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
Behind the McLarens, Piquet was maintaining third ahead of the Williams pair of Patrese and Mansell. The Italian opened a small gap on his teammate and closed on Piquet, making several attempts to pass the Brazilian. However, he spun on lap 53, letting Mansell past. The Englishman was no more successful in trying to pass Piquet, and he retired on lap 66 when his brakes failed and he spun into the wall. By lap 59 Prost was putting in a succession of fast laps, extending his lead to over 30 seconds and lapping the whole field up to the fifth-placed Rial of Andrea de Cesaris.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
On lap 46, Pierluigi Martini spun his Minardi at the chicane and was almost collected by Stefan Johansson's Ligier. Maurício Gugelmin slowed his March to avoid the pair, only to be hit from behind by Satoru Nakajima's Lotus, putting both cars out. This crash also had an effect on Prost who was the first car upon the scene.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
The McLaren ran over some debris which broke off part of the front wing end plate, causing the car to understeer for the rest of the race, though Prost was able to play with his car's onboard settings to compensate and would set the fastest race lap later in the race.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
Alessandro Nannini spun his Benetton; Jonathan Palmer's Tyrrell suffered transmission problems; and Arrows drivers Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever both suffered engine failures. Driveshaft trouble accounted for the EuroBruns of Modena and Oscar Larrauri, while Caffi succumbed to clutch failure in his Dallara.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
At the finish, only eleven cars were classified, of which just seven saw the chequered flag: de Cesaris, Johansson and Philippe Alliot's Larrousse-Lola all ran out of fuel in the closing laps, while Philippe Streiff's AGS suffered an electrical failure. Prost led home Senna in yet another McLaren 1–2, with Piquet third and Patrese fourth. De Cesaris' misfortune handed fifth place to Thierry Boutsen in the Benetton despite a spin and a stuttering engine, with Ivan Capelli taking the final point for sixth in his March despite a puncture.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Race
In the last race in which cars with turbocharged engines were allowed to compete until 2014, all three podium positions were taken by cars powered by Honda turbos.


1988 Australian Manufacturers' Championship
The 1988 Australian Manufacturers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title open to cars complying with CAMS "Group A" Touring Car regulations. It was the 18th circuit racing manufacturers championship to be awarded by CAMS and the ninth to be contested under the Australian Manufacturers' Championship name.


1988 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, Race calendar
The championship was contested over a nine-round series with rounds run concurrently with those of the 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship.


1988 Australian Manufacturers' Championship, Points System
Points were awarded at each round to the top six placegetters in each class on a 9,6,4,3,2,1 basis however only the best placed car of each make earned championship points. The best eight round results were retained by each manufacturer to determine final championship placings.


1988 Australian Open
The 1988 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Flinders Park in Melbourne in Victoria in Australia. It was the 76th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 11 through 24 January 1988 and was the first edition of the tournament hosted at Flinders Park. It would mark the first time a Grand Slam final would be played indoors under a roof; after the first 3 games of the Women's Final, there was a 1-hour & 23 min delay to close the roof.


1988 Australian Open
This was the first Australian Open to have 128-players in each singles category, in line with the other three majors.


1988 Australian Open, Seniors, Men's Singles
Mats Wilander defeated  Pat Cash 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 3–6, 6–1, 8–6


1988 Australian Open, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Rick Leach /  Jim Pugh defeated  Jeremy Bates /  Peter Lundgren 6–3, 6–2, 6–3


1988 Australian Open, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver defeated  Chris Evert /  Wendy Turnbull 6–0, 7–5


1988 Australian Open, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Jim Pugh defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Tim Gullikson 5–7, 6–2, 6–4


1988 Australian Open, Juniors, Boys' Doubles
Jason Stoltenberg /  Todd Woodbridge defeated  Johan Anderson /  Richard Fromberg 6–3, 6–2


1988 Australian Open, Juniors, Girls' Doubles
Jo-Anne Faull /  Rachel McQuillan defeated  Kate McDonald /  Rennae Stubbs 6–1, 7–5


1988 Australian Open – Men's Doubles
The Men's Doubles tournament at the 1988 Australian Open was held from 11 through 24 January 1988 on the outdoor hard courts at the Flinders Park in Melbourne, Australia. Rick Leach and Jim Pugh won the title, defeating Jeremy Bates and Peter Lundgren in the final.


1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles
Third-seeded Mats Wilander defeated Pat Cash 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 3–6, 6–1, 8–6 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Australian Open. Stefan Edberg was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Wilander.


1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles Qualifying
This article displays the qualifying draw for men's singles at the 1988 Australian Open.


1988 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles
Zina Garrison and Sherwood Stewart were the defending champions but lost in the first round to Louise Field and Brad Drewett.


1988 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles
Jana Novotná and Jim Pugh won in the final 5–7, 6–2, 6–4 against Martina Navratilova and Tim Gullikson.


1988 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions and won in the final 6–0, 7–5 against Chris Evert and Wendy Turnbull.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles
First-seeded Steffi Graf defeated Chris Evert in the final, 6–1, 7–6(7–3) to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1988 Australian Open. Hana Mandlíková was the defending champion, but lost to Graf in the quarterfinals.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles
Martina Navratilova's streak of eleven Grand Slam final appearances came to an end after starting from the 1985 French Open. She lost to Evert in the semifinals.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles
This would be Evert's 34th (and last) appearance in a Grand Slam final, a record unequalled by any man or woman in history, and her 6th Australian final in six attempts as Evert made the final in every Australian Open she played. This was the first Grand Slam Final played under a roof. There was a 1 hour and 23 minute delay to close the roof at 1-1 in the first set. This was Graf's first step towards completing the first and so far only Golden Slam.


1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
Bunge's position in the draw was taken over by lucky loser, Katie Rickett; Turnbull was replaced by lucky loser Jill Smoller


1988 Australian Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
This article displays the qualifying draw for women's singles at the 1988 Australian Open.


1988 Australian Production Car Championship
The 1988 Australian Production Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing championship for Group 3E Series Production Cars. It was the second Australian Production Car Championship and the first to be contested over a national series. The championship was won by Gary Waldon, driving a Mazda RX-7.


1988 Australian Production Car Championship, Calendar
The championship was contested over an eight-round series with one race per round.


1988 Australian Production Car Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top ten finishers in each round. Each driver could only retain his/her best seven round results towards the championship points totals.


1988 Australian Professional Championship
The 1988 Australian Professional Championship was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament, which took place in September 1988. This was the final edition of the tournament.


1988 Australian Professional Championship
Warren King won the tournament defeating John Campbell 10–3 in the final.


1988 Australian Rally Championship
The 1988 Australian Rally Championship was a series of four rallying events held across Australia. It was the 21st season in the history of the competition.


1988 Australian Rally Championship
The series for 1988 was only a disappointing four events, although all were well organised and at the end of the year produced an unexpected result with Queenslanders Murray Coote and Iain Stewart taking out the title in their Mazda 323 4WD. 4WD vehicles dominated the series signalling the end of any chances of two wheel drive vehicles being competitive. The Alpine Rally was not included in the year's events, and the Esanda Rally in the ACT was only included at the last minute after the cancellation of the Queensland rally round due to withdrawal of Police permission to use Shire Roads.


1988 Australian Rally Championship, Season review
The 21st Australian Rally Championship was held over four events across Australia, the season consisting of one event each for Tasmania, Western Australia, New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory.


1988 Australian Rally Championship, The Rallies
The four events of the 1988 season were as follows.


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship
The 1988 Australian Sports Car Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing competition open to Group 2A Sports Cars (including Clubman cars at the sole discretion of CAMS), FISA C1 cars (up to 6 litres), FISA C2 cars (up to 5 litres) and Sports Sedans. The title, which was the 20th Australian Sports Car Championship, was contested over a four round series and was won by Alan Nolan, driving a Nola Chevrolet.


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship
As of 2014 this is the final Australian Sports Car Championship contested.


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship, Calendar
The championship was contested over a four round series with one race per round.


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship, Calendar
A fifth round, scheduled to be held at Calder Park, did not take place.


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship, Classes
Competing cars were classified into one of three engine displacement classes:


1988 Australian Sports Car Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded on a three tier system to the first twenty finishers in each round.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship
The 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship (promoted as the Shell Ultra Australian Touring Car Championship thanks to sponsorship from Shell Australia) was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Group 3A Touring Cars. It was the 29th running of the Australian Touring Car Championship. The championship began on 6 March at Calder Park Raceway and ended on 17 July at Oran Park Raceway after nine rounds.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship
The championship was won by Dick Johnson driving a Ford Sierra RS500.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship
The 1988 Australian Manufacturers' Championship was contested over the same nine round series. Points were awarded only for class placings and each manufacturer could count only its best eight round results. The title was shared by Ford, which won the 3001 to 6000cc class in all nine rounds, BMW, which won the 2001 to 3000cc class in eight rounds, and Toyota, which won the Up to 2000cc class in every round.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
The championship was dominated by those driving the Ford Sierra RS500, specifically the Shell Ultra-Hi Racing Sierras of Dick Johnson and John Bowe. Between them the pair won eight of the nine rounds with team owner Johnson winning his 4th touring car championship. Tony Longhurst was the only other driver to win a round in his Freeport Racing Sierra. Longhurst won Round 6 at Lakeside from Johnson after Dick was penalised 1 minute for jumping the start.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
With Sierras winning each round of the championship, 1988 was the first time since the Holden Torana A9Xs of 1979 that a single model car had won each round of the championship. Up to and including the 2016 V8 Supercar Championship Series, such single model domination has not been seen since in Australian touring car racing.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Due to the speed and increased reliability of the near 500 bhp (373 kW; 507 PS) turbocharged Sierras, the 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS), 2.3 L, Naturally aspirated BMW M3, now being run by Peter Brock's Mobil 1 Racing was reduced to a class car rather than the outright winner it was in 1987.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Defending champion Jim Richards, new to the Mobil team in 1988 (though he had previously driven for the team as Brock's winning co driver at Bathurst from 1978 to 1981 when it was known as the Holden Dealer Team), had a best finish of 3rd at Winton, while Brock could finish no higher than 4th in the dry-wet-dry round at Wanneroo Park despite being one of the few drivers to remain on slicks after the rain caused mayhem and mid-race restart. Unfortunately for the Mobil team, the advantage the M3s had in both handling and brakes was not enough to combat the outright power of the Sierras.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
After two seasons with the old Skyline DR30 RS, Nissan debuted their new turbocharged, Straight-6, Skyline HR31 GTS-R for 1987 drivers Glenn Seton and George Fury and were expected to challenge the Sierras. However, the team's testing and development of the GTS-R was in the races due to the late arrival of parts from Japan and the 400 bhp (298 kW; 406 PS) cars did not have the speed or reliability of the Fords with a best finish of 3rd for Fury at Amaroo Park.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Unfortunately for Fred Gibson's team, the Australian racing program had fallen behind both the Japanese domestic scene as well as the European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) campaign run by Howard Marsden in importance to Nismo in 1988 and as such the Gibson Team had a late arrival for their cars and did not appear until Round 5 in Adelaide with a single car for Fury (to keep his eye in, Seton actually drove a Nissan powered Ralt RT4 in a one-off appearance and won the Adelaide round of the Australian Drivers' Championship that weekend).


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Other problems for the new Skyline turbos included the cars being approximately 70 kg (150 lb) over their homologated 1,100 kg (2,400 lb) weight, a production rather than racing (Getrag) gear box which developed a bad habit of locking in gear under the greater stress of racing, as well as the straight rather than V6 engine which, with two of the six cylinders being over the front axle caused understeer (similar to the old BMW 635) which the team took some time to overcome.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
After Adelaide, Fury and Seton then alternated drives in the team's car until a second Skyline appeared at the penultimate round at Amaroo. Fury then stepped aside at the final round at Oran Park to allow 1987 Australian 2.0 Litre Champion Mark Skaife to drive in his ATCC debut. Seton, who had finished second in the 1987 ATCC, would finish the series in 15th place while Fury fared marginally better finishing 13th.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Delays in the building of the new fuel injected Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV also saw to it that the factory Holden challenge, headed by Larry Perkins and his team in the 1987 model 'HDT' VL with backing from Holden Special Vehicles, was almost non-existent. Perkins best finish was 3rd at Sandown in Round 7, greatly helped by the number of retirements from the front running Sierras and the still bug riddled Nissan driven that weekend by Fury.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Although supported by numerous privateer Commodores (most of whom were driving customer cars built by Perkins Engineering), Perkins played virtually a lone hand for Holden as regular Commodore racer Allan Grice (Roadways) was racing a GTS-R for Nissan in the ETCC and Brock was now racing for BMW.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Although the Commodore was producing approximately 450 bhp (336 kW; 456 PS) from its V8 engine, as usual its weight (1,325 kg (2,921 lb), over 200 more than the Sierra and Nissan and around 350 more than the BMW's) saw the big car unable to live with the lighter turbocharged Sierra's, the short of development Skylines and the nimble M3's in the shorter races on the tighter tracks used in the championship with tyres and brakes being the usual issues. Perkins' own retirement in 3 of the 8 rounds also killed any chance of a Holden driver taking the series from the all-conquering Fords.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
1988 saw the last ever ATCC race held at the 2.41 km (1.50 mi) Adelaide International Raceway (AIR), which had held at least one round of the series every year since the circuit opened in 1972, with victory predictably going to the Ford Sierra RS500 of Dick Johnson (with John Bowe finishing 2nd it was the Shell Team's third 1–2 in just 5 rounds). From 1989, the South Australian round of the series would be held at the track AIR replaced on the ATCC calendar in 1972, Mallala Motor Sport Park.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
The year also saw four-time champion Allan Moffat return to the series for the first time since 1984. Moffat had managed to convince Ruedi Eggenberger to build him a customer Sierra RS500 to run in Australia. With sponsorship from ANZ Bank, Allan Moffat Racing joined the series from Round 4 at Wanneroo Park.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Running a conservative program while his team learned about the Sierra, Moffat did not have the pace of the Johnson cars, or the Sierras of Tony Longhurst, Andrew Miedecke and Colin Bond (who was racing in the outright category of the ATCC for the first time since 1978). Moffat's best finish was third in Round 6 at Lakeside.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Season summary
Despite the disqualification of the Eggenberger Sierras at the 1987 James Hardie 1000, Moffat had no problems with scrutineering, unlike 1986 ATCC champion Robbie Francevic whose Sierra, built in West Germany by Walter Wolf Racing, raced under protest in Round 3 at Winton before the car was ruled illegal before the start of practice for Round 5 at Adelaide. Although Francevic contended his car was legal, they were his only appearances in the championship.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Teams and drivers
The following drivers and teams competed in the 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Race calendar
The 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship was contested over a nine-round series with each round being a single race of just under one hour in duration. This would be the 15th and last time the Adelaide International Raceway hosted an ATCC race having first hosted a round in 1972.


1988 Australian Touring Car Championship, Points system
Points were awarded on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the top ten race positions at each round. Only the best eight results could be retained by each driver.


1988 Australian Touring Car season
The 1988 Australian Touring Car season was the 29th year of touring car racing in Australia since the first runnings of the Australian Touring Car Championship and the fore-runner of the present day Bathurst 1000, the Armstrong 500.


1988 Australian Touring Car season
There were 16 touring car race meetings held during 1988; a nine-round series, the 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC); the four round Amaroo Park based AMSCAR series (Round 3 doubled as Round 8 of the ATCC); a support programme event at the 1988 Australian Grand Prix and three long-distance races, nicknamed 'enduros'.


1988 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, Race calendar
The 1988 Australian touring car season consisted of 16 events.


1988 Australian Touring Car season, Results and standings, South Australia Cup
This race was a support event at the 1988 Australian Grand Prix meeting. This was Larry Perkins' first win in Australia since the 1984 Bathurst 1000 and also the only Holden win for the year. This would be the final time that the touring cars would only have a single race at the Australian Grand Prix. Starting in 1989, the tourers would have one race on the Saturday afternoon following the Formula One final qualifying session with a second race the following morning on F1 race day.


1988 Australian referendum
The 1988 Australian Referendum was held on 3 September 1988. It contained four referendum questions, none of which passed.


1988 Australian referendum, Parliamentary Terms
Constitution Alteration (Parliamentary Terms) 1988 was a proposal put to referendum in the Australian referendum, 1988. It proposed to alter the Australian constitution such that Senate terms be reduced from six to four years, and House of Representative terms be increased from three years to four years. It also proposed for the fourth time that Senate and House elections occur simultaneously.


1988 Australian referendum, Parliamentary Terms
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to provide for 4 year maximum terms for members of both Houses of the Commonwealth Parliament.


1988 Australian referendum, Parliamentary Terms
Obtained majority in no State and an overall minority of 3,217,670 votes. Not carried.


1988 Australian referendum, Fair Elections
Constitution Alteration (Fair Elections) 1988 proposed to enshrine in the Constitution of Australia a guarantee that all Commonwealth, State and Territory elections would be conducted democratically. The question was put to a referendum in the Australian referendum, 1988. The main aim of the question was to enshrine the One vote, one value principle in the Constitution.


1988 Australian referendum, Fair Elections
This referendum question came about due to the widespread malapportionment and gerrymandering which was endemic during Joh Bjelke-Petersen's term as the Queensland Premier. It was opposed by both the Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia.


1988 Australian referendum, Fair Elections
A proposed law: To alter the Constitution to provide for fair and democratic parliamentary elections throughout Australia.


1988 Australian referendum, Fair Elections
Obtained majority in no State and an overall minority of 2,335,741 votes. Not carried.


1988 Australian referendum, Local Government
The Australian Constitution recognises Government at Federal and State levels, but makes no mention of local government. Constitution Alteration (Local Government) 1988 proposed to alter the constitution so as to recognise local government.


1988 Australian referendum, Local Government
The "no" campaign in 1988 argued that this change would undermine States' rights, i.e. that it would move – or make it possible to move – some power from State Governments to Local Governments.


1988 Australian referendum, Local Government
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to recognise local government.


1988 Australian referendum, Local Government
Obtained majority in no State and an overall minority of 3,084,678 votes. Not carried.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
The Constitution Alteration (Rights and Freedoms) 1988 was proposed legislation that was put to referendum in the Australian referendum, 1988. The legislation sought to enshrine in the Australian constitution various civil rights, namely freedom of religion, rights in relation to trials, and rights regarding the compulsory acquisition of property.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
The "religious freedom" part of the proposed change was opposed by many churches and religious-affiliated schools concerned that it would be interpreted as requiring a level of church-state separation that would put public funding and government assistance for faith schools in jeopardy.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
Conversely, Liberal senator Richard Alston argued that the aforementioned provision could place the use of corporal punishment in religious schools beyond the power of the government to regulate.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to extend the right to trial by jury, to extend freedom of religion, and to ensure fair terms for persons whose property is acquired by any government.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
Obtained majority in no State and an overall minority of 3,610,924 votes. Not carried.


1988 Australian referendum, Rights and Freedoms
This last question holds the record for lowest national support by percentage (30.79%) out of all Australian referendum questions.


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms)
The Constitution Alteration (Parliamentary Terms)  1988, was an unsuccessful proposal put to referendum in the 1988 Australian referendum on 3 September 1988. It proposed to alter the Australian constitution so that both the House of Representatives and the Senate would be elected for a term of four years. This involved reducing the terms of the Senate from six years to four years, and increasing the terms of the House of Representatives from three years to four years. It also proposed for the fourth time that Senate and House elections occur simultaneously.


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms), Question
A Proposed Law: To alter the Constitution to provide for 4 year maximum terms for members of both Houses of the Commonwealth Parliament.


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms), Question
The proposal was to alter sections of the Constitution to read as follows:


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms), Result
The referendum was not approved by a majority of voters, and a majority of the voters was not achieved in any state.


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms), Result
Obtained majority in no State and an overall minority of 3,217,670 votes. Not carried.


1988 Australian referendum (Parliamentary Terms), Discussion
This was the fourth unsuccessful referendum that sought to require simultaneous elections of the House of Representatives and the Senate.


1988 Austrian Supercup
The 1988 Austrian Supercup was a football match that saw the 1987–88 Bundesliga champions Rapid Wien face off against 1987–88 Austrian Cup winners Kremser SC. It was the third straight Supercup appearance for Rapid Wien. The match was held on 16 July 1988 at the Sepp-Doll-Stadion in Krems an der Donau. Rapid Wien defended their title for the third year in succession.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 10–12 June 1988 at the Salzburgring.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Christian Sarron on pole, then Eddie Lawson, Niall Mackenzie, Kevin Schwantz and Wayne Gardner.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Gardner got the first turn from Lawson, Rainey, Ron Haslam, Schwantz, et al.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Didier De Radiguès moved up to 4th and the field started to get strung out. Schwantz gave Ron Haslam a little bump as he passed and Sarron crashed out.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Lawson and Gardner swapped the lead, allowing Rainey and De Radiguès to close.


1988 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
De Radiguès put pressure on Lawson his teammate in 2nd, and Rainey seemed to be dropping away.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season
The 1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season was the 10th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Formerly known as Ginebra San Miguel in the Open Conference.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Championships
On September 13, 1988, Game four of the All-Filipino Conference finals between Añejo Rum 65 and Purefoods Hotdogs with the Rum Masters leading the best-of-five series, two games to one, they came back from 19 points down in the third quarter and forces overtime at 119-all on playing-coach Sonny Jaworski's game-tying basket with two seconds to go in regulation, a 16-5 windup in the extension period gave the Rum Masters their second PBA title and became the fifth team to win the All-Filipino diadem.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Championships
Añejo Rum won the one-week PBA/IBA World Challenge Cup, with Bobby Parks, on loan from Shell, as their import. The Rum Masters defeated Alaska Milkmen in the one-game finale, 128-126.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
March 24: Ginebra scored their first win of the season, winning over San Miguel Beermen, 118–113, import Jamie Waller tallied 55 points.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
April 17: Ginebra repeated over their sister team San Miguel, 115-104, behind a 17–5 blast in the last five minutes of the ballgame in their most impressive win in the conference against the team that beat them in 17 out of 20 meetings last season.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
April 24: Jamie Waller scored 57 points as Ginebra got back at their arch-rival Purefoods Hotdogs in the second round of eliminations via 127-122 win, playing-coach Sonny Jaworski was chosen best player of the game. It was the fifth straight victory by Ginebra as they raised their standings to six wins and three losses.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
May 12: Ginebra defeated San Miguel Beermen for the fourth time in the conference, 114-108, a 6-0 windup in the final two minutes with Sonny Jaworski stealing the ball from Hector Calma from a San Miguel inbound and converted on a lay-up that broke the 108-all deadlock.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
August 2: Dante Gonzalgo scored 34 points to lead Añejo to a 104-97 win over Purefoods and moved closer to the semifinal round in the All-Filipino Conference with their fifth win in 10 games.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
August 4: Sonny Jaworski's buzzer-beating follow-up lifted Añejo to a 115-113 win over Great Taste and clinched the fifth and last semifinals berth. The Big J came from nowhere to grab an offensive rebound and a winning basket off Philip Cezar and Abe King after Joey Loyzaga's jumper and Dondon Ampalayo's follow up both rimmed out.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
September 4: Trailing by 11 points at the start of the fourth quarter of their playoff game against San Miguel for the right to face Purefoods in the finals, the Rum Masters banked on Romulo Mamaril's buzzer-beating basket off a feed from Joey Loyzaga in the last five seconds (described by the Big J as "God's play") to repulse the Beermen, 102-100, and arrange a dream finals match with the Purefoods Hotdogs.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
October 30: Añejo Rum formally enters the semifinal round in the Reinforced Conference and ended Purefoods' amazing run in their very first season, along with Abet Guidaben's hopes for a back-to-back MVP award, in a 157-150 overtime victory. Imports Joe Ward and Tommy Davis scored 63 and 59 points respectively for a combined output of 122 points.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Notable dates
December 11: As the season comes to a close, Game four of the battle for third place between Añejo and Presto had another free-for-all and bench-clearing incident, following import Tommy Davis' hard foul on Philip Cezar in the third quarter, cooler heads intervened after. The Rum Masters prevailed, 171-145, for a 3-1 series win, a total of nine players were fined for that melee, with the stiffest fine on both Añejo imports Tommy Davis and Joe Ward.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Occurrences
On July 26, Añejo lost a won-ballgame against San Miguel Beermen, with five seconds left and the 65ers leading, 103-102, Abet Guidaben almost fumbled the ball but threw a bank shot with one second left as the Beermen won the game, 104-103, for their first win in the season over their sister team after losing five straight. It was later discovered that a scoring error occurred late in the first quarter crediting two points for the Beermen. The Commissioners' office turned down the Añejo protest.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Occurrences
On the second playing day of the semifinals in the All-Filipino Conference on August 14, the Añejo Rum 65ers and Great Taste Milkmasters figured in a basketbrawl involving Sonny Cabatu, Dennis Abbatuan and Abe King of Great Taste and Dante Gonzalgo of Añejo, who crashed into a seated Dennis Abbatuan on the Great taste' bench while going for the loose ball and became a target of ire by the Great Taste players with seconds remaining before halftime and the Milkmasters up, 58-43. The 65ers were down by 17 points at the start of the fourth period but rallied to win, 111-104. Emotions ran so high after the game where Great Taste' shooting forward Allan Caidic beat up a basketball fan from the stands.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Occurrences
Billy Ray Bates played his last PBA game on October 13, sitting on the bench for most of the minutes and scoring a miserable 16 points as Añejo bowed to Presto Ice Cream, 105-122. On that night, brownouts hit the nation and the whole parts of Metro Manila were covered with darkness and that game was neither televised or shown on TV.


1988 Añejo Rum 65ers season, Occurrences
On the morning of October 16, Open Conference best import Jamie Waller arrived as one of the two replacement imports for Billy Ray Bates and Kevin Gamble. However, a note from the NBA expansion team Miami Heat on a $200,000 guaranteed one-year contract waited for him at the airport. Waller decided to return home. Kevin Gamble, who was on his way out, suited up for his last game later that evening against Shell Rimula-X, together with new Anejo import Tommy Davis.


1988 BC Lions season
The 1988 BC Lions finished in third place in the West Division with a 10–8 record. They appeared in the 76th Grey Cup as the team favoured to win, but they lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 22–21.


1988 BDO World Darts Championship
The 1988 Embassy World Darts Championship was held at the Lakeside Country Club in Frimley Green, Surrey between 9 and 17 January 1988. The tournament was won by the number 1 seed, Bob Anderson, who played to a high level throughout the week.


1988 BDO World Darts Championship, Prize money
There was also a 9 Dart Checkout prize of £52,000, along with a High Checkout prize of £1,000.


1988 BDO World Darts Championship, The Results
Malcolm Davies of Wales who broke his hand was replaced by Terry O'Dea of Australia in the first round


1988 BP National Championships
The 1988 BP National Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Wellington in New Zealand that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. The tournament was held from 28 December 1987 through 3 January 1988.


1988 BP National Championships, Finals, Doubles
Dan Goldie /  Rick Leach defeated  Broderick Dyke /  Glenn Michibata 6–2, 6–3


1988 BYU Cougars football team
The 1988 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cougars were led by 17th-year head coach LaVell Edwards and played their home games at Cougar Stadium in Provo, Utah. The team competed as members of the Western Athletic Conference, finishing tied for third with a record of 9–4 (5–3 WAC). BYU was invited to the 1988 Freedom Bowl, where they defeated Colorado.


1988 Badenoch and Strathspey District Council election
Elections to the Badenoch and Strathspey District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Badminton World Cup
The 1988 Badminton World Cup was the tenth edition of an international tournament Badminton World Cup. The event was held in September 1988. China won titles in all 5 disciplines.


1988 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1988 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its fourth season under head coach Paul Schudel, the team compiled an 8–3 record (5–3 against conference opponents) and tied for third place in the MAC. The team played its home games at Ball State Stadium in Muncie, Indiana.


1988 Ball State Cardinals football team
The team's statistical leaders included David Riley with 1,886 passing yards, Mark Stevens with 774 rushing yards, Eugene Riley with 457 receiving yards, and Kenny Stucker with 84 points scored.


1988 Ballon d'Or
The 1988 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Marco van Basten on 27 December 1988.


1988 Ballon d'Or
There were 27 voters, from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Scotland, Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, West Germany and Yugoslavia.


1988 Ballon d'Or
Van Basten was the third Dutch national to win the award after Johan Cruyff (1971, 1973, 1974) and Ruud Gullit (1987).


1988 Baltimore Orioles season
The 1988 Baltimore Orioles had the worst start to a season in modern American baseball history. The Orioles finished 7th in the American League East, reduced to a record of 54 wins and 107 losses just five seasons after winning the World Series. The season is most notable for the 0–21 start that lasted from April 4th to April 28th. Manager Cal Ripken, Sr. was fired after an 0–6 start and replaced by Hall of Famer Frank Robinson. The Orioles won their first game of the year against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park on April 29. The most runs allowed during the season was 15 in a game on June 19 while the most runs scored was 12 in a game on May 31. Orioles owner Edward Bennett Williams died in August of that year.


1988 Baltimore Orioles season
This was only the second time that the Orioles had lost at least 100 games (the other being their inaugural season of 1954); in addition, the 107 losses would not be surpassed until 30 years later. It was the team's fifth-worst overall franchise record, behind only 1939 (43–111), 2018 (47–115), 2021 (52-110) and 2019 (54–108).


1988 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1988 Banff and Buchan District Council election
The Banff and Buchan District Council election, 1988, took place on Thursday 5 May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts.


1988 Banff and Buchan District Council election
The election saw the Scottish National Party (SNP) making gains at the expense of Independent councillors, though the independent councillors retained a majority.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone
The 1988 Bangladesh cyclone (designated as Tropical Cyclone 04B by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center) was one of the worst tropical cyclones in Bangladesh history. Striking in November 1988, the tropical system exacerbated the catastrophic damage from what was then considered the worst floods in Bangladesh's history. The tropical cyclone originated from a disturbance that developed within the Strait of Malacca on November 21. Tracking slowly westward, the initial tropical depression reached tropical storm status in the Andaman Sea. On November 26, the storm reached an intensity equivalent to that of a modern-day severe cyclonic storm and subsequently turned northward.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone
Gradually intensifying as it had previously, the tropical cyclone reached peak intensity with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) as it was making landfall near the Bangladesh–India border on November 29. Although the storm retained strong winds well inland, it was last monitored over central Bangladesh as a moderate cyclonic storm-equivalent on November 30.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone
The brunt of the tropical cyclone's damage was inflicted upon coastal areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal. A total of 6,240 people were killed as a result of the storm, with 5,708 in Bangladesh and 538 in West Bengal. Many of the deaths were a result of the destruction of homes or electrocution after strong winds toppled power poles across the region. Along the coast of Bangladesh, strong storm surge caused heavy infrastructure damage and contributed in wiping out an estimated 70% of all harvestable Bangladeshi crops, with an estimated 200,000 tonnes (220,000 tons) of crops being lost. Widespread power outages cut telecommunications across Bangladesh; in Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital city, debris-laden streets paralyzed traffic while electrical outages caused water shortages.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Meteorological history
During November 1988, weather patterns over the Bay of Bengal were dominated by the winter monsoon, leading to lower atmospheric pressures over the region and the conglomeration of moisture across the area. The genesis of the 1988 Bangladesh cyclone was preceded by floods that occurred over the Malay Peninsula as a result of a monsoon trough redeveloping over the region.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Meteorological history
By 18:00 UTC on November 21, a low-pressure area within the Strait of Malacca was sufficiently organized such that the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory; thus, the JTWC began closely monitoring the newly developing storm. Over the next few days, the tropical depression tracked west-northwestward into the Andaman Sea. The inchoate storm quickly organized during this period, and convection about the storm's center intensified.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Meteorological history
These developments caused satellite intensity estimates to increasingly indicate a stronger storm, which in turn prompted the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at 18:30 UTC on November 23. At 06:00 UTC the following day, the JTWC upgraded the system to tropical storm status (or modern-day Cyclonic Storm-equivalent) and thus designate the storm as Tropical Cyclone 04B; however, the storm's "best track" listing, which details refined cyclone positions and is subject to revision, indicates that the storm reached tropical storm intensity six hours earlier.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Meteorological history
After reaching tropical storm status, the system took on a slower and more westerly path across the Bay of Bengal. Gradually strengthening, the system attained typhoon intensity (or modern-day Severe Cyclonic Storm-equivalent) at 00:00 UTC on November 26. Shortly after reaching this strength, the cyclone began to curve northward, rounding the western periphery of a subtropical ridge centered over Indochina. Due to the ridge's broad size, the tropical cyclone was steered generally due north rather than northeast. Gradual intensification continued as the storm progressed closer to the coasts of Bangladesh and East India.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Meteorological history
At around 12:00 UTC on November 29, the tropical cyclone made landfall near the border between Bangladesh and West Bengal at the mouth of the Hooghly River. At the time, the JTWC analyzed the storm to have had maximum sustained winds of 200 km/h (125 mph); this was the cyclone's peak intensity. After landfall, the storm slowly weakened over Bangladesh and was last noted as a cyclonic storm-equivalent with sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) on November 30.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
The 1988 Bangladesh cyclone struck as Bangladesh was recovering from what had been considered the worst flood in Bangladeshi history earlier in the year. As a result, the additional effects of the passing cyclone exacerbated the flood's impacts. Beginning two days before landfall, Bangladesh state radio and television continuously broadcast warning signals urging the evacuation of endangered residents along coastal areas.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
The storm's worst impacts were concentrated in the coastal Bangladeshi districts of Bagerhat, Barguna, Bhola, Jessore, Khulna, Patuakhali and Satkhira, as well as the Sundarbans. A 2 m (6.6 ft) storm surge inflicted significant damage along the Bangladeshi coast and forced the temporary closure of the Port of Mongla, where nine were killed. Off the coast, waves generated by the tropical cyclone reached 4.5 m (15 ft). Twenty vessels and barges and hundreds of small fishing boats sank as a result of the rough seas and storm surge generated by the storm.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
Another 37 vessels carrying £2 million (US$3.7 million) of goods ran aground. Approximately 200 km (120 mi) offshore, the Singaporean freighter Pumori capsized due to the cyclone, killing 19. Initially reported as a much lower figure, 5,708 fatalities occurred as a result of the tropical cyclone. Despite the high death toll, the Bangladeshi government stated that human casualties were minimized by efficient early warning systems. However, other deaths were blamed on poor communication systems, which did not effectively relay information to residents in more rural areas.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
Many of the deaths were caused by the collapse of dwellings or by electrocution due to the collapse of high tension power poles, and most of the deaths occurred in Khulna District. Nine people were killed in Khulna after a single power pole collapsed onto a house. A hundred corpses were discovered on the island of Dublar Char alone. In Satkhira, 100 people were killed due to flying debris kicked up by the storm's fierce winds. In addition to the fatalities, nearly three million people were left homeless.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
The storm's effects also resulted in the deaths of over 33,000 cattleheads and inflicted a heavy blow to the country's November–December rice harvest. Crop damage occurred across 174,000 hectares (430,000 acres) of land in Bagerhat, Bhola, Khulna, and Satkhira districts as well as Cox's Bazar. The total gross weight of crop losses was estimated at 200,000 tonnes (220,000 tons), accounting for 70% of Bangladeshi crops that were ready for harvest. Extensive damage to infrastructure was reported across the nation. Most mud and straw houses and tin shed offices and schools were destroyed due to the storm.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
Telecommunications and electrical supplies were disrupted by the storm in at least sixteen towns and four coastal districts. In the capital city of Dhaka, debris and fallen trees caused by winds of up to 120 km/h (75 mph) resulted in both power outages and paralyzed traffic. The power outages also disrupted the city's distribution of water. In Shyamnagar Upazila, all mud and straw-constructed homes were destroyed. Overall, an official estimates suggested 50,000 homes were destroyed across the country. However, independent investigations were more aggressive in their estimates, suggesting that over a million homes accounting for 60–80% of homes in coastal Bangladesh were destroyed, displacing as many as seven million people.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
In nearby West Bengal in India, the death toll was largely disputed between government agencies and news agencies, with the former generally indicating lower figures. While the Kolkata Police Force initially reported 210 deaths, various news agencies suggested that the death toll was around 500. Ultimately, the official death toll in West Bengal reached 538. In addition to human casualties, the cyclone also killed 57,604 heads of cattle. The damage in West Bengal totaled US$13 million.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
Following the cyclone's passage, the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society began dispatching relief teams, food, and other supplies to impacted areas. The Bangladesh Army and non-governmental organizations participated in both air- and water-borne relief operations, though inclement weather initially forced the suspension of several planned helicopter flights. Both the Bangladesh Navy and Indian Navy convened in the northern littoral of the Bay of Bengal to search for the thousands of fishermen and islanders that went missing during the tropical cyclone's landfall.


1988 Bangladesh cyclone, Impact and aftermath
Due to the wide scope of the disaster, the Bangladeshi government appealed for international aid, particularly from Japan and Canada as those countries had played large roles in the relief efforts of past Bangladeshi disasters. The Government of the Netherlands donated US$370,000 for use in the relief efforts following the storm. Lord Glenarthur, then British Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, toured affected areas in Bangladesh for three days before announcing a £200,000 grant (US$370,000) to voluntary relief agencies assisting in cyclone relief operations. Then-Bangladeshi President Hussain Muhammad Ershad also visited the worst impacted districts, including Khulna and Bagerhat. Following these visits, Ershad's administration established a national disaster committee composed of relief specialists to coordinate relief and rehabilitation efforts.


1988 Bangladeshi general election
General elections were held in Bangladesh on 3 March 1988. They were boycotted by several major parties, including the Bangladesh Awami League, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League, the National Awami Party (Muzaffar) and the Workers Party of Bangladesh. The result was a victory for the Jatiya Party, which won 251 of the 300 seats. Voter turnout was 52.5%.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
In 1982 a coup d'état led by Army Chief Hussain Muhammad Ershad overthrew democratically elected President Abdus Sattar. Parliament was dissolved and all political parties were banned. Ershad assumed the presidency in December 1983, promising to hold presidential elections in May 1984 and to restore parliamentary government the following year. However, neither elections were held until 1986.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
Amid increasing opposition from the general public, Ershad aimed to legitimise his regime by holding a referendum in March 1985. The official result of the referendum was overwhelmingly in support of his regime; however, there were allegations of large-scale vote rigging.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
Ershad planned to hold a presidential election in early 1986, but faced vigorous opposition from the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), who demanded the lifting of martial law and the holding of parliamentary elections prior to a presidential election. On 1 January 1986 Ershad formed Jatiya Party to represent his interests in elections and, conceding to opposition demands, parliamentary elections were held on 7 May 1986 with the result as a victory for Ershad's Jatiya Party. However the result was controversial with a British team of observers terming the elections a "tragedy for democracy" and a "cynically frustrated exercise".


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
Ershad resigned as Chief of Army Staff on 30 August 1986 and, with the approval of the new parliament, a presidential election was held on 15 October 1986. However, the election was boycotted by all major opposition party candidates, giving Ershad a landslide victory, amid reports of electoral irregularities.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
In November 1986, parliament passed the constitution's seventh amendment bill, protecting Ershad and his regime from prosecution for actions taken under his years of military rule, and on 11 November martial law was lifted.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
In July 1987, opposition groups united and organised mass public demonstrations in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Khulna. Following Ershad's orders, police fired on participating protesters, resulting in civilian casualties, and police arrested as many as 500 protesters across the country. On 24 July Workers-Employees United Council began a 54-hour general strike in Dhaka calling for Ershad's resignation – the longest general strike in Bangladesh's history. Opposition groups planned a series of events that would begin 10 November, naming the action the "Siege of Dhaka". However, in efforts to prevent a 72-hour strike planned for 29 November Ershad declared a state of emergency on 27 November 1987.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Background
Parliament was dissolved on 6 December and new parliamentary elections were scheduled for 3 March 1988. Despite all major opposition parties refusing to participate the elections went ahead.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Results
Ershad's Jatiya Party won 251 of the 300 seats. The remaining 49 seats were shared between three other political parties which did participate, as well as a number of independent candidates. The election was described by one Western diplomat as "a mockery of an election."


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Aftermath
The fourth parliament passed a large number of legislative bills, including the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, which made Islam the state religion of Bangladesh, in contravention of the original secular nature of the Constitution.


1988 Bangladeshi general election, Aftermath
In 1990 a popular mass uprising led by future Prime Ministers Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina led to Ershad resigning from the Presidency, and the country returning to parliamentary democracy, with the Office of the President becoming a largely ceremonial one.


1988 Barambah state by-election
The Barambah state by-election, 1988 was a by-election held on 16 April 1988 for the Queensland Legislative Assembly seat of Barambah, based in the town of Kingaroy. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of National MP and former Premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Until the by-election, the seat had been considered the Nationals' safest seat in Queensland.


1988 Barambah state by-election, Results
The result was a shock to most observers, and came about largely because 89% of Labor voters' preferences went to the CEC. It was seen by contemporary observers as a clear setback to new party leader Mike Ahern in his efforts to stabilise the party ahead of the 1989 election.


1988 Barambah state by-election, Aftermath
Though elected as a Citizens Electoral Council candidate, Trevor Perrett defected to the National Party in December 1988, and was re-elected as a National candidate at the 1989 state election. Perrett became a minister in the Coalition government of Rob Borbidge and held the seat of Barambah until his defeat at the 1998 state election.


1988 Barambah state by-election, Aftermath
Defeated National Party candidate Warren Truss was elected as the member for the division of Wide Bay at the 1990 Australian federal election. He served as a minister in the government of John Howard and became federal leader of the National Party in 2007 and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia in 2013 and served as a minister in the governments of Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull .


1988 Barber Saab Pro Series
The 1988 Barber Saab Pro Series season was the third season of the series. All drivers used Saab powered Mondiale chassis. BFGoodrich radial tyres were replaced by Goodyear Eagle slicks. Bruce Feldman won the championship.


1988 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election
Elections to Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 5 May 1988, with one third of the council and an additional vacancy in Dearne Thurnscoe up for election. Prior to the election, the defending councillor in Darton had defected from Labour to Independent. The election resulted in Labour retaining control of the council.


1988 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election, Ward results
+/- figures represent changes from the last time these wards were contested.


1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission
The 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission preliminary list was released by the United States Department of Defense in 1988 as part of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. It recommended closing 17 major United States military bases.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1988 followed the system in place since 1978. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent major league players and elected Willie Stargell. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider older major league players as well as managers, umpires, executives, and figures from the Negro leagues; it selected no one. A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on July 31, 1988, with Commissioner of Baseball Peter Ueberroth in attendance.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The BBWAA was authorized to elect players active in 1968 or later, but not after 1982; the ballot included candidates from the 1987 ballot who received at least 5% of the vote but were not elected, along with selected players, chosen by a screening committee, whose last appearance was in 1982. All 10-year members of the BBWAA were eligible to vote.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Voters were instructed to cast votes for up to 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall. The ballot consisted of 44 players; a total of 427 ballots were cast, with 321 votes required for election. A total of 2,819 individual votes were cast, an average of 6.60 per ballot. Those candidates receiving less than 5% of the vote will not appear on future BBWAA ballots, but may eventually be considered by the Veterans Committee.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Candidates who were eligible for the first time are indicated here with a dagger (†). The candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been elected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics. The 20 candidates who received less than 5% of the vote, thus becoming ineligible for future BBWAA consideration, are indicated with an asterisk (*).


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Roger Maris, Elston Howard and Don Larsen were on the ballot for the 15th and final time.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The newly-eligible players included 21 All-Stars, two of whom were not included on the ballot, representing a total of 44 All-Star selections. Among the new candidates were 7-time All-Stars Willie Stargell and Reggie Smith, who were the only candidates to have been selected at least five times. The field included one MVP (Stargell), two Cy Young Award-winners (Randy Jones and Sparky Lyle) and one Rookie of the Year (Stan Bahnsen).


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Players eligible for the first time who were not included on the ballot were: John D'Acquisto, Barry Foote, Tom Griffin, Mick Kelleher, Len Randle, Ken Reitz, Dave Roberts, Eddie Solomon, Don Stanhouse, Fred Stanley, and Frank Taveras.


1988 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, J. G. Taylor Spink Award
Jim Murray (1919–1998) received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award honoring a baseball writer. The award was voted at the December 1987 meeting of the BBWAA, and included in the summer 1988 ceremonies.


1988 Baseball World Cup
The 1988 Baseball World Cup (BWC) was the 30th international Men's amateur baseball tournament. The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation, which titled it the Amateur World Series from the 1938 tournament through the 1986 AWS. The tournament took place, for the second time, in Italy, from August 23 to September 7, and was won by Cuba – its 19th overall victory (their first under the BWC name).


1988 Baseball World Cup
The next nine competitions were also held as the BWC tournament, then was replaced in 2015 by the quadrennial WBSC Premier12.


1988 Basildon District Council election
The 1988 Basildon District Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of Basildon District Council in Essex, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. One third of the council was up for election; the seats which were last contested in 1984. The council remained under no overall control.


1988 Basildon District Council election, Overall results
All comparisons in vote share are to the corresponding 1984 election.


1988 Bath City Council election
The 1988 Bath City Council election was held on Thursday 5 May 1988 to elect councillors to Bath City Council in England. It took place on the same day as other district council elections in the United Kingdom. One third of seats were up for election.


1988 Bath City Council election, Ward results
Sitting councillors seeking re-election, elected in 1984, are marked with an asterisk (*). The ward results listed below are based on the changes from the 1987 elections, not taking into account any party defections or by-elections.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships
The 1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States and was part of  the Category 5 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from April 11 through April 17, 1988. second-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships, Finals, Doubles
Zina Garrison /  Eva Pfaff defeated  Katrina Adams /  Penny Barg 4–6, 6–2, 7–6(7–5)


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Doubles
Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Doubles
Zina Garrison and Eva Pfaff won in the final 4–6, 6–2, 7–6 against Katrina Adams and Penny Barg.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Singles
Steffi Graf was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Gabriela Sabatini.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Singles
Martina Navratilova won in the final 6–0, 6–2 against Sabatini.


1988 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships
The 1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was held from 2 May through 8 May 1988. Guillermo Pérez Roldán won his second consecutive title at the event.


1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles
Rick Leach /  Jim Pugh defeated  Alberto Mancini /  Christian Miniussi 7–6, 6–1


1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Jim Pugh and Blaine Willenborg were the defending champions, but Willenborg did not participate this year. Pugh partnered Rick Leach


1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Leach and Pugh won the title, defeating Alberto Mancini and Christian Miniussi 7–6, 6–1 in the final.


1988 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Singles
Pérez-Roldán successfully defended his title, defeating Jonas Svensson, 7–5, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Baylor Bears football team
The 1988 Baylor Bears football team represented the Baylor University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Bears finished the season fourth in the Southwest Conference. Baylor Stadium's name was officially changed to Floyd Casey Stadium during halftime of the homecoming game against Arkansas on November 5.


1988 Baylor Bears football team, After the season
The following players were drafted into professional football following the season.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1988 Belgian Grand Prix (formally the XLVI Champion Belgian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on 28 August 1988. It was the eleventh race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix
The 43-lap race was won from pole position by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda. Senna's French teammate Alain Prost was second, with Italy's Ivan Capelli third in a March-Judd after the Benetton-Fords of local driver Thierry Boutsen and Alessandro Nannini were disqualified for fuel irregularities.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix
The win, Senna's seventh of the season and fourth in succession, gave him a three-point lead over Prost in the Drivers' Championship.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying summary
This was the first race after the death of Enzo Ferrari. Nigel Mansell was forced to miss the race due to chicken pox and was replaced at Williams by Martin Brundle who actually managed to be fastest in the second, wet qualifying session. The McLaren-Hondas had dominated the first qualifying session and occupied the whole front row for the 7th time in 11 races, though neither Ayrton Senna nor Alain Prost could match Michele Alboreto on the uphill Kemmel Straight as he pushed his Ferrari to 312 km/h (194 mph). This was the first race in 1988 where neither of the new EuroBrun cars made the field.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying summary
Riccardo Patrese did a fine job to be 5th on the grid in his naturally aspirated Williams-Judd, but his time of 1:57.138 was still 3.420 seconds slower than pole man Senna. Local driver Thierry Boutsen gave the Belgian crowd something to cheer when he put his Benetton-Ford in 6th place on the grid.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying summary
The grid was set by Friday's qualifying session as Saturday's qualifying was held in wet conditions. Martin Brundle surprised by being fastest in the Williams, but even more of a surprise was Satoru Nakajima who was second fastest in his Lotus-Honda. Alain Prost, never a fan of driving in the wet and knowing his second place on the grid was safe, did not drive in the second session.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Qualifying summary
The Minardis of Luis Pérez-Sala and Pierluigi Martini, Stefano Modena in the EuroBrun and Julian Bailey in the Tyrrell all failed to qualify while Modena's teammate Oscar Larrauri failed to pre-qualify.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary
Throughout 1988, Senna had copied Prost's car settings feeling that the Frenchman had a better handle on setting up the McLaren (after driving Prost's spare car in Brazil he found that his teammates settings actually suited his own driving style, plus they were easier on the car). At Spa Prost decided at the last minute to alter the settings on his car by taking off some wing for more straight line speed in a bid to gain an advantage.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary
Unfortunately for the Frenchman this had a detrimental result and he was unhappy with the balance and handling of his car in the race, compared to Senna with Prost's original settings who reported no such problems. At the start, pole sitter Senna had too much wheelspin and Prost was able to take the lead. However, the first time through Eau Rouge, Senna, with better downforce and grip, was clearly quicker and easily retook the lead after he slipstreamed Prost on the Kemmel Straight and out braked him at Les Combes. Senna powered off into the distance while Prost, struggling with a car that was no longer handling to his liking, settled for second place.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary
Gerhard Berger managed to get his Ferrari up to 3rd, challenging Prost briefly before pitting on lap 3 with electrical problems. He managed to rejoin and set the fastest lap before retiring on lap 12. Due to Berger's retirement, Boutsen climbed to 4th behind Alboreto and ahead of a thrilling battle between Alessandro Nannini (Benetton), Nakajima, Nelson Piquet (Lotus), and the two Arrows-Megatrons of Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever. Piquet passed teammate Nakajima on lap 17, before the Japanese driver pitted with an acute misfire from a jammed plug, which caused him to retire. In the meantime, Ivan Capelli climbed from ninth to sixth in his March-Judd.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary
On lap 36, Alboreto's engine blew at Les Combes, sending him out of the race from third. On lap 38, Nannini passed Piquet for fourth at the La Source hairpin, before Capelli overtook the Brazilian driver for fifth on the penultimate lap.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary
McLaren's 1-2 sealed the Constructors' Championship for the British team with five races remaining. Boutsen and Nannini came home third and fourth for Benetton, with Capelli and Piquet rounding out the top six. In a post-race interview, Prost virtually conceded the championship to Senna, who had won his fourth race in succession and had taken the championship lead for the first time.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Post-race
Both Benettons were later disqualified for using irregular fuel, so the third podium spot went to Ivan Capelli. It was his first podium finish in Formula One and March's first podium finish since Ronnie Peterson had won the 1976 Italian Grand Prix. The post race disqualification of the Benettons also meant that the two Arrows of Warwick and Cheever went into the points.


1988 Belgian Grand Prix, Post-race
The disqualification of the Benettons was not made official until long after the season had finished, so many published records list them as having finished third and fourth. The three points Arrows gained from the disqualification brought the team to fifth in the Constructors' Championship.


1988 Belgian Open
The 1988 Belgian Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Brussels, Belgium and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament ran from 11 July until 17 July 1988. Fourth-seeded Arantxa Sánchez won the singles final.


1988 Belgian Open, Finals, Doubles
Mercedes Paz /  Tine Scheuer-Larsen defeated  Katerina Maleeva /  Raffaella Reggi 7–6(7–3), 6–1


1988 Belgian Open – Doubles
Bettina Bunge and Katerina Maleeva were the defending champions but only Maleeva competed that year with Raffaella Reggi.


1988 Belgian Open – Doubles
Maleeva and Reggi lost in the final 7–6, 6–1 against Mercedes Paz and Tine Scheuer-Larsen.


1988 Belgian Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Belgian Open – Singles
Kathleen Horvath was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Silvia La Fratta.


1988 Belgian Open – Singles
Arantxa Sánchez won in the final 6–0, 7–5 against Raffaella Reggi.


1988 Belgian Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the ninth round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 1–3 July 1988 at Spa-Francorchamps.


1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Christian Sarron on pole, and through the first turn it was Wayne Gardner, Kevin Schwantz, Eddie Lawson, et al.


1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Gardner got a gap from Lawson, Sarron, Schwantz, Wayne Rainey, Pierfrancesco Chili, Didier De Radiguès and Ron Haslam.


1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Randy Mamola moved past Rainey and De Radiguès to get to 4th behind Schwantz.


1988 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Sarron touched a white line and slid out of 2nd, putting Lawson behind Gardner. Schwantz crashed out of 4th as De Radiguès and Rainey went by; he tried to get up but looked like he injured his left leg.


1988 Benson & Hedges Championships
The 1988 Benson & Hedges Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London, England that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from 8 November until 13 November 1988. Fourth-seeded Jakob Hlasek won the singles title.


1988 Benson & Hedges Championships, Finals, Singles
Jakob Hlasek defeated  Jonas Svensson 6–7, 3–6, 6–4, 6–0, 7–5


1988 Benson & Hedges Championships, Finals, Doubles
Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso defeated  Martin Davis /  Brad Drewett 7–5, 6–2


1988 Benson & Hedges Cup
The 1988 Benson & Hedges Cup was the seventeenth competing of cricket’s Benson & Hedges Cup.


1988 Benson and Hedges Open
The 1988 Benson and Hedges Open was a men's Grand Prix tennis tournament held in Auckland, New Zealand. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and was played on outdoor hard courts and was held from 4 January to 11 January 1988. Second-seeded Amos Mansdorf won the singles title.


1988 Benson and Hedges Open, Finals, Doubles
Martin Davis /  Tim Pawsat defeated  Sammy Giammalva, Jr. /  Jim Grabb 7–6, 7–6


1988 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles
Amos Mansdorf defeated Ramesh Krishnan 6–3, 6–4 to win the 1988 Heineken Open singles competition. Miloslav Mečíř was the champion but did not defend his title.


1988 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Berlin Marathon
The 1988 Berlin Marathon was the 15th running of the annual marathon race held in Berlin, West Germany, held on 9 October. Tanzania's Suleiman Nyambui won the men's race in 2:11:45 hours, while the women's race was won by Poland's Renata Kokowska in 2:29:16. West Germany's Markus Pilz (1:52:08) and Switzerland's Gabriele Schild (2:52:29), won the men's and women's wheelchair races. A total of 13,117 runners finished the race, comprising 11,986 men and 1131 women.


1988 Berwickshire District Council election
Elections to the Berwickshire District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Big East Baseball Tournament was held at Muzzy Field in Bristol, Connecticut. This was the fourth Big East baseball tournament, and was won by the St. John's Redmen. As a result, St. John's earned the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. This was the Redmen's third tournament championship in the first four.


1988 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The 1988 Big East baseball tournament was a 4 team double elimination tournament. The top two teams from each division, based on conference winning percentage only, earned berths in the tournament. Each division winner played the opposite division's runner up in the first round.


1988 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Jack Kaiser Award
Mike Weinberg was the winner of the 1988 Jack Kaiser Award. Weinberg was an outfielder for St. John's.


1988 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from March 10 to March 13, 1988. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds. Pittsburgh had the best regular season conference record and received the #1 seed.


1988 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
Syracuse defeated Villanova in the championship game 85–68, to claim its second Big East Tournament championship.


1988 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Big Eight Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 10–12 at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.


1988 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Top-seeded Oklahoma defeated #2 seed Kansas State in the championship game, 88–83, to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament.


1988 Big League World Series
The 1988 Big League World Series took place from August 13–20 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. In a championship rematch, Taipei, Taiwan defeated host Broward County, Florida twice in the championship game. It was Taiwan's second straight championship.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the thirteenth edition, held March 9–12 at Brick Breeden Fieldhouse at Montana State University in Bozeman, Montana.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Regular season champion Boise State defeated defending tournament champion and host Montana State in the championship game, 63–61, to clinch their second Big Sky tournament. BSU had won the first conference tournament twelve years earlier.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The Big Sky added Eastern Washington in the summer of 1987 to bring total conference membership to nine, but the last-place Eagles were ineligible for the postseason due to recruiting violations.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
In the two previous conference tournaments, teams from the lower half of the standings won the title and were seeded sixteenth (last) in the West regional of the NCAA tournament. Montana State won in 1986 after tying for sixth in the standings. The next year, the top three seeds were upset in the first round (quarterfinals), and seventh-seed Idaho State won the title. The Bengals (15–15) met top-ranked UNLV (33–1) in the first round in Salt Lake City and were routed.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The Big Sky implemented a few changes to the bracket structure to reward regular season play. The top two teams in the league standings were given byes into the semifinal round, while the next two began play in the quarterfinals on Thursday. The remaining four teams (seeds 5–8) played an additional game on Wednesday; four victories in as many days were now required for a lower-half team to win the title.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top four seeds advanced to the semifinals, and the tournament was won by the top-seed.


1988 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, NCAA tournament
Boise State (24–5) received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament, and no other Big Sky members were invited to the tournament or the NIT. The Broncos were the fourteenth seed in the West region and gave third-seeded Michigan a scare in Salt Lake City, as the Wolverines' large lead eroded in the second half; Michigan prevailed by five points.


1988 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament  was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference, held from April 21–23, 1988 at Taylor Field on the campus of Campbell University in Buies Creek, North Carolina. Four teams participated in the double-elimination tournament. The Big South played the season at the NCAA Division I level, but did not receive an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament. Campbell won the championship for the first time.


1988 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, Format
The top four finishers from the regular season qualified for the tournament.


1988 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player
Rob Palentchar was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Palentchar was a designated hitter for Campbell.


1988 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 3–5, 1988 at the Winthrop Coliseum in Rock Hill, South Carolina. For the first time in their school history, the Winthrop Eagles won the tournament, led by head coach Steve Vacendak.


1988 Big South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All of the conference's seven members participated in the tournament, hosted at the Winthrop Coliseum, home of the Winthrop Eagles. Teams were seeded by conference winning percentage.


1988 Big Ten Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Ray Fisher Stadium on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan from May 19 through 21. The top four teams from the regular season participated in the double-elimination tournament, the eighth annual tournament sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion. Minnesota won their third tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1988 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The 1988 tournament was a 4-team double-elimination tournament, with seeds determined by conference regular season winning percentage only.


1988 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Outstanding Player
Vince Palyan was named Most Outstanding Player. Palyan was an outfielder for Minnesota.


1988 Birthday Honours
Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty.


1988 Birthday Honours
The 1988 Queen's Birthday honours lists were announced on 11 June 1988.


1988 Birthday Honours
Recipients of honours are shown below as they were styled before their new honour.


1988 Birthday Honours, Papua New Guinea, Order of the British Empire, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Brigadier-General (84429) Rochus Lokinap, LVO. For service to the Papua New Guinea Defence Force.


1988 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1988 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 11 June 1988.


1988 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident
The Black Sea bumping incident of 12 February 1988 occurred when American cruiser USS Yorktown tried to exercise the right of innocent passage through Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea during the Cold War. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetny with the intention of pushing Yorktown into international waters. This incident also involved the destroyer USS Caron, sailing in company with USS Yorktown and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet Mirka-class frigate SKR-6. Yorktown reported minor damage to its hull, with no holing or risk of flooding. Caron was undamaged.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident
At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated sea lanes. The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only. Subsequently, the U.S. Department of State found that the Russian-language text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 22, paragraph 1 allowed the coastal state to regulate the right of innocent passage whenever necessary, while the English-language text did not. Following the incident, the Soviet Union expressed a commitment to resolve the issue of innocent passage in Soviet territorial waters.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Background
In 1979, the United States launched an informal program to promote the "rights and freedoms of navigation and overflight guaranteed to all nations under international law". The US government said that it initiated the program because some countries were beginning to assert jurisdictional boundaries beyond traditional claims. The United States wished to stop this and, it said, diplomatic protests had seemed to be ineffective. A new customary international law could emerge if nations avoided operating their ships and aircraft in the disputed areas, and the US saw this as undesirable.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Background
In the 1980s, US warships were passing through the straits from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea two or three times a year to "show the flag" and to claim the right of innocent passage in the coastal states. Aside from the right of free passage, US naval activity in the Black Sea served the purpose of upholding US rights under the 1936 Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits. According to a US government official, "the Dardanelles and the Bosporus form an international waterway" under that convention and "if you don't periodically reaffirm your rights you find that they're hard to revive".


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Background
Meanwhile, "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Internal Waters and Ports of the USSR", enacted by the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1983, acknowledged the right of innocent passage of foreign warships only in restricted areas of Soviet territorial waters in the Baltic, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan; no sea lanes for innocent passage in the Black Sea were designated. Soviet vessels and aircraft were routinely dispatched to observe US warships there. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union viewed the US presence in the Black Sea as an attempt to undermine improving Soviet–American relations.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Background
After the 1986 incident in the Black Sea, also involving USS Yorktown and USS Caron, a meeting of the Soviet Defence Council was held later in the same year. At the meeting, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy Vladimir Chernavin suggested to Mikhail Gorbachev, Defense Minister Sergey Sokolov, Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, and other senior officials that intruding foreign warships could be driven from Soviet waters by several means, including bumping.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
On 12 February 1988, the  Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Yorktown, and the  Spruance-class destroyer USS Caron, conducted an innocent passage exercise in the Black Sea. With main armament pointed in the direction of the Soviet coastline, Caron passed 7.5 mi (12.1 km) off the Soviet shore, and Yorktown drew to 10.3 mi (16.6 km) offshore. The commander of the Black Sea Fleet Mikhail Khronopulo received an order from Chernavin to curb the passage of US warships. Initially the destroyer Krasnyy Kavkaz was tasked with confronting them, but she experienced technical problems so Bezzavetnyy, a Krivak-class frigate, was dispatched instead. However, according to Bezzavetny's commander, Captain Vladimir Bogdashin, his ship had two cruise missiles instead of four, was half the size of Yorktown, and was only a third its size by displacement. The Soviet frigate SKR-6, commanded by Captain Anatoliy Petrov, was approximately one quarter the size of USS Caron.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
First, Caron was approached by the frigate SKR-6, and three minutes later, Yorktown was approached by the frigate Bezzavetnyy, while Tupolev Tu-16 bombers monitored the vessels' movements. As the US warships clipped a corner of the Soviet territorial waters, they were bumped. At 10:02 a.m, local time, at , 10.5 nautical miles (19.4 km; 12.1 mi) from the coast, SKR-6 bumped the port side aft of Caron at frame about 60 feet (18 m) from the bow. Caron received superficial scraping of paint, with no personnel injuries. Bezzavetnyy, having bumped Yorktown, was ordered to move away and not to contact her again.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
Both US warships stayed on even course after the incident. Caron left Soviet territorial waters at 11:50 a.m. local time without further incident.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
Both US warships reported the incident to the commander-in-chief of United States Naval Forces Europe, Admiral James B. Busey. Caron reported that, at 13:20 local time, it was informed on channel 16 VHF by Bezzavetnyy: "Soviet ships have orders to prevent violation of territorial waters, extreme measure is to strike your ship with one of ours." The reply of Caron was "I am engaged in innocent passage consistent with international law."


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
Yorktown, in its report stated that on 9:56, local time, it was contacted by Bezzavetnyy via channel 16 and told to leave Soviet territorial waters or "our ship is going to strike on yours." Then, according to the report, Bezzavetnyy came alongside port side of Yorktown at 10:03 and bumped it by turning into the ship.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Incident
The starboard anchor of Bezzavetnyy was torn away. Two Harpoon missile canisters on Yorktown sustained damage when Bezzavetnyy's bullnose passed down port quarter. Bezzavetnyy then cleared to port and took station 300 yd (270 m) off the port beam of Yorktown. Bezzavetnyy required a minor repair.


1988 Black Sea bumping incident, Response
The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a statement blaming the U.S. warships for ignoring the "warning signals of Soviet border guard ships" and for "dangerously maneuvering in Soviet waters". The incident also drew a diplomatic protest from the U.S. government.


1988 Boise State Broncos football team
The 1988 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Broncos competed in the Big Sky Conference and played their home games at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. The Broncos were led by second–year head coach Skip Hall, Boise State finished the season 8–4 overall and 5–3 in conference.


1988 Boise State Broncos football team
The Broncos made the Division I-AA playoffs, the first time since 1981, but lost at home in the first round to Northwestern State. The Big Sky Conference had three teams in the 16–team playoffs for the first time.


1988 Boise State Broncos football team
In the rivalry game with second-ranked Idaho at Bronco Stadium on November 19, a conference attendance record of 23,687 was set, but the Vandals won for the seventh consecutive year.


1988 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election
The 1988 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of  Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council in Greater Manchester, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.


1988 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election
20 seats were contested in the election: 14 were won by the Labour Party, 5 by the Conservative Party, and 1 by the Liberal Democrats. After the election, the composition of the council was


1988 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election, Council Composition
Prior to the election the composition of the council was:


1988 Bordeaux Open
The 1988 Bordeaux Open also known as the Nabisco Grand Prix Passing Shot was a men's tennis tournament played on clay courts at Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, France that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 July until 29 July 1988. Third-seeded Thomas Muster  won the singles title.


1988 Bordeaux Open, Finals, Doubles
Joakim Nyström /  Claudio Panatta defeated  Christian Miniussi /  Diego Nargiso 6–1, 6–4


1988 Bordeaux Open – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez were the defending champions but none competed this year.


1988 Bordeaux Open – Doubles
Joakim Nyström and Claudio Panatta won the title by defeating Christian Miniussi and Diego Nargiso 6–1, 6–4 in the final.


1988 Bordeaux Open – Singles
Emilio Sánchez was the defending champion but chose to compete at Hilversum in the same week, winning that tournament.


1988 Bordeaux Open – Singles
Thomas Muster won the title by defeating Ronald Agénor 6–3, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1988 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Eagles were led by eighth-year head coach Jack Bicknell, and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. On November 19, the team participated in one of the first American college football game played in Europe, in the Emerald Isle Classic, played in Dublin, Ireland.


1988 Boston Marathon
The 1988 Boston Marathon was the 92nd running of the annual marathon race in Boston, United States, which was held on April 18. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Ibrahim Hussein in a time of 2:08:43 hours and the women's race was won by Portugal's Rosa Mota in 2:24:30. In the wheelchair race, Mustapha Badid of France won the men's race in 1:43:19 and Candace Cable of United States won the women's race in 2:10:44.


1988 Boston Marathon
A total of 5261 runners finished the race, 4472 men and 789 women.


1988 Boston Red Sox season
The 1988 Boston Red Sox season was the 88th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished first in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses, but were then swept by the Oakland Athletics in the ALCS.


1988 Boston Red Sox season
The team is best remembered for its change of fortune following its change of manager; after John McNamara was replaced by Joe Morgan, the team won its next 12 games in a stretch nicknamed "Morgan Magic".