1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
Of the major issues facing Ward Two in the 1988 election, high-rise development, an aging population and the actions of the incumbent aldermen were at the forefront of the campaign. Traffic and parking issues were prominent as well, but more pressing were issues relating to the ward's long-time representatives.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
Incumbent alderman Vince Agro had served in his capacity as one of Ward Two's two representatives at city hall since 1964, with only three years off from 1976 to 1979 after a failed mayoralty bid. The former teacher had come under fire for his campaign against the city's executive committee and was widely critiqued in the area for his support of a high-density senior's building near a popular local landmark, the Thistle Club. Agro also cited the completion of a park on the harbourfront and maintaining the Durand neighbourhood's character in the face of proposed high-rise developments.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
His main opposition came from residents of the city's Corktown and Stinson neighbourhoods, who were, "less than impressed with his efforts at ward healing." Agro was a prominent Hamilton-area Liberal, garnering the support of Culture and Communications Minister Lily Munro and CHCH-TV reporter Stan Keyes, who would represent Hamilton West in Parliament from 1988 until 2004.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
Agro's seatmate, Bill McCulloch, sought his eleventh term on council, and was, at the time, the longest-serving alderman in the city. His decision to seek another term surprised many in the city, as he had indicated he would not be running in the 1988 election. This announcement placed him in the most objective position to review the pay of alderman, which was completed during his tenth term at city hall and recommended increasing the pay of municipal representatives by 24%. McCulloch was chairman of the city's Hamilton–Scourge Project, which sought to raise two schooners from the War of 1812 from Lake Ontario, which was a priority for the former naval officer.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
William Laidlaw, a Canada Post worker, challenged Agro and McCulloch for a second time, running on a platform of open communication. Laidlaw noted that he was frustrated the city spent considerable amounts of money on improving the Gore Park area and then allowed 'peep shows' to open up around it. Laidlaw was supported in his bid by the local New Democratic Party, the Hamilton and District Labour Council and the Letter Carriers Union of Canada, Local 3.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Two (Downtown)
Retiree Joe Gaul sought election, running on an anti-incumbency platform, challenging McCulloch's plan to raise the Hamilton and Scourge. Gaul was active with the Royal Canadian Legion Branch 163. Gaul ran with the slogan Go For Gaul! during the campaign.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Three (East Hamilton-Stipley)
Ward Three was a hotly contested race, with incumbent alderman Pat Valeriano seeking the office of Regional Chairman over another term as East Hamilton-Stipley's representative. A working-class ward, the area faced the problem of slum landlords failing to maintain neighbourhoods, heavy trucks posing safety problems and industrial-residential mixing that negatively impacted the health of residents.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Three (East Hamilton-Stipley)
Incumbent alderman Brian Hinkley had considered seeking the office of Regional Chairman, but after unsuccessfully standing as a New Democratic candidate against Liberal Lily Munro in Hamilton Centre during the 1987 Ontario Provincial Election, he found his resources drained and threw his energies into retaining his Ward Three seat. Hinkley, a long-time labour activist, focused his campaign on moving trucks from local roads to larger thoroughfares and improving access to the waterfront.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Three (East Hamilton-Stipley)
The highest profile contender for the open Ward Three seat was Don Drury, campaign manager and assistant to Liberal MP Sheila Copps. Drury was a candidate in 1985, finishing fourth, and ran on a similar platform in 1988, focusing on affordable housing and attracting clean industry to the city.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Three (East Hamilton-Stipley)
Marketing consultant Doreen Johnson was a community activist, serving on the Status of Women subcommittee at the city level and volunteering with the Immigrant Action Committee and the Hamilton and District Multicultural Centre. Tim Nolan also sought the seat, pushing for economic development and repairing sewers through the ward.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Four (East Hamilton-Barton)
Following the defeats of both incumbent alderman in Ward Four during the 1985 election, only one challenger entered the race against David Christopherson and Geraldine Copps. Road upgrades, improving sewers and the environmental impact of sewage treatment plants and the regional garbage incinerator were all cited as major concerns by the residents of the ward during the election.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Four (East Hamilton-Barton)
Wife of former mayor Victor and the mother of MP Sheila, Copps had built a record on supporting local residents against business interests. Early in her first term, she fought against a proposal to have food waste from Pearson International Airport in Toronto incinerated in Hamilton and stood with workers at the Hamilton's water treatment plant in their fight to prevent PCBs from being stored at their facility. During the 1988 campaign, she fought for improvements to local traffic and lower taxes. Copps' campaign was adversely effected by the death of her husband during her first term, saying "It blew the wind out of our sails."


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Four (East Hamilton-Barton)
Christopherson earned a reputation as a diligent committee chairman and advocate for the ward's disadvantaged. He championed changes to the city's subsidized bus pass for seniors, but attempts to broker a similar deal for Hamilton's unemployed failed. After a vote of council approved a 24% pay increase for aldermen, Christopherson refused to accept his, saying he disagreed with the process.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Four (East Hamilton-Barton)
The only challenger to Copps and Christopherson was right-leaning plumber Bob Fanjoy, who ran last in the 1985 election. Fanjoy ran on a campaign of increasing the number of retirement homes in the ward, as well as pushing to clean up pollution and improving transportation in the area.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Five (Red Hill-Rosedale)
Issues for the residents of Ward Five nearly all centered around traffic, as the ward was to play host to the controversial Red Hill Valley Expressway. The ward's political makeup was altered between the 1985 and 1988 elections, with incumbent alderman Shirley Collins stepping down in 1987 to successfully stand as Liberal candidate for MPP for Hamilton East. A 1987 by-election brought Catholic school board trustee Dominic Agostino to council, who had only 11 months of experience as alderman before contesting the 1988 election. The ward's second alderman, Reg Wheeler, announced he would not be seeking reelection to council, rather entering the race for regional chairman instead.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Five (Red Hill-Rosedale)
Agostino, for his part, ran on a platform of building more affordable housing, reducing local taxes and increasing voter connection to city hall. During his short tenure on council, Agostino angered some of his colleagues who criticized him of opportunism, after he created a bingo task force to examine how the industry operated in Hamilton, became the chairman of it and subsequently disbanded it.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Five (Red Hill-Rosedale)
After the Wheeler's announcement that he would be seeking higher office, former alderman Fred Lombardo, whom Wheeler defeated in 1985, announced his intention to contest his old seat. After a failed attempt in 1985 to become MPP for Hamilton East as a Progressive Conservative, Lombardo ran on a platform of improving transportation and increasing police presence in the area.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Five (Red Hill-Rosedale)
Shipping foreman Tom Rusich sought election for the third time in 1988, after contesting both the 1985 election and 1987 by-election in the ward. Risich supported the Red Hill Valley Expressway and campaigned on better parks for local residents.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Five (Red Hill-Rosedale)
Elizabeth Savelli was an expressway opponent and campaigned on a platform of better planning and bringing down taxes though one-tier local government. Local actress Vera Raiser also contested the election, promoting a citywide anti-drug program and using abandoned local factories as uniform manufacturers for school children.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Ward Six faced issues characteristic of the city's mountain wards in 1988, with older neighbourhoods close to the Escarpment requiring significant road repairs, senior citizens demanding more services and new families in suburban developments to the south expecting low taxes. Neglect of sidewalks, parks and other municipal services were major issues, with challengers proposing to fix the problems and keep taxes low to appease the ward's diverse communities. Three-term alderman Paul Cowell declined to seek election in Ward Six, opting to contest the regional chairman's position instead.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
A controversial figure, Cowell was forced to resign as chairman of a regional committee after allegations that he was promoting his own business interests surfaced in 1987. A Progressive Conservative who unsuccessfully sought his party's nomination to stand as MPP for Hamilton Mountain, Cowell was also threatened with a slander lawsuit in 1988 after making allegations about illegal dumping against a local waste management company.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Incumbent alderman John Smith, who served as Hamilton Mountain's Progressive Conservative MPP from 1967 until being defeated by New Democrat Brian Charlton in 1977, fought the 1988 race on improving water quality and improving council conduct.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Of the challengers, Tom Jackson ran the most aggressive campaign, noted in local media as appearing as if he was seeking federal or provincial office. A local businessman and McMaster graduate, Jackson ran third in the 1985 race. During the 1988 campaign, he called for the city to curb its spending habits, referred to the pay increase approved by alderman as 'disgusting' and was quoted as saying "I sense a yearning for a return to politicians who have honour, integrity, decency and accessibility."


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Ken Stone, a local Canada Post employee and activist, worked with the Hamilton-Wentworth Social Planning and Research Council, the Hamilton and District Labour Council and the local New Democratic Party. Stone fought for more openness in government and improved services for the residents of the ward.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Two-time candidate and high school gym teacher Vince Formosi sought election once more in 1988, fought for Escarpment beautification, opening City Hall on Saturdays and proposed a south-Mountain superpark with a wave pool, golf course, hotel and shopping mall.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Six (East Mountain)
Peter O'Hagan was an opponent of the Red Hill Valley Expressway and ran on a conservative platform of reducing alderman's pay, dropping council's responsibilities to a part-time and cutting most civic spending. University of Waterloo urban planning student Allan McDiarmid ran a very low-key campaign, pushing for all-day GO Train service, a quick completion of the Red Hill Valley Expressway and one-tier local government.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Ward Seven faced a 20% population jump between the 1983 and the 1988 election, quickly cementing its status as the city's most populated ward. In addition to a major flood in the summer of 1988 following a heavy storm, the growing senior population necessitated the construction of more retirement homes.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Incumbent alderman Henry Merling was one of city hall's most controversial characters, gaining wide support among residents while earning the ire of his colleagues. Merling took on developers who were building new subdivisions to the south of the ward over issues residents had with their foundations and called for better sewage treatment facilities in the face of the flooding issues in the summer of 1988. Alternately, Merling was embroiled in controversy after he physically attacked his Ward Seven seat-mate, John Gallagher, choking him after a dispute at city hall. Later, he accused Ward One alderman Mary Kiss of promoting nepotism over what he viewed as unfair hiring processes.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Gallagher was a one-term incumbent at the time of the election and faced sharp criticism from local media over a number of controversial incidents. Early in his term, Gallagher demanded a management review of HSR commissioner Heinz Schweinbenz and attacked administrative officer Mac Carson over allegedly understating a report that critiqued aldermen for interfering in the operations of the city's bus service. Following those incidents, Gallagher was accused of attempting to remove the city's director of culture, Audell Schimmel. During the 1988 election, Gallager fought for the Red Hill Valley Expressway and promised to help improve sewage issues in the ward.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Among those challenging the incumbent aldermen were HSR operator Andy Asselin, who stood on a platform of improving the physical infrastructure of the ward and dealing with sewage issues. Asselin was endorsed by the local New Democratic Party, sporting their party colours on his campaign literature and signs. The party lent Asselin their support after he stood as their federal candidate in the 1979 election. At the time of the election, Asselin was the Treasurer of the Amalgamated Transit Union Local 107.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Stelco lab analyst Steve Cooper sought election a second time after placing fifth in the 1985 election. Cooper ran on a platform of zero-based budgeting, where the city would view expenditures on a program by program basis and ending secrecy at city hall.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward Seven (Central Mountain)
Blair O'Halloran styled himself as a one-issue candidate, fighting back against the pay increase issued to aldermen. O'Halloran posted flyers across the ward shaming the sitting aldermen with the slogan "Don't Forget! Don't Elect!" Local Communist Bob Mann sought election in Ward 7, following bids for Ward 2 alderman in 1978, Ward 4 alderman in 1980 and federal office in 1984 as a representative of the Communist Party of Canada. Mann called for higher corporate taxes and an end to downloading of services to the municipality. Sheet-metal apprentice Stephen Jones called for the renovation of the abandoned Inverness School into a seniors centre and day care, the only issue noted as a campaign plank in local media.


1988 Hardy Cup
The 1988 Hardy Cup was the 1988 edition of the Canadian intermediate senior ice hockey championship.


1988 Harlow District Council election
The 1988 Harlow District Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of Harlow District Council in Essex, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. The Labour Party retained control of the council.


1988 Harlow District Council election, Election result
All comparisons in vote share are to the corresponding 1984 election.


1988 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1988 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Crimson tied for next-to-last in the Ivy League.


1988 Harvard Crimson football team
In their 18th year under head coach Joe Restic, the Crimson compiled a 2–8 record and were outscored 272 to 202. Donald C. Peterson was the team captain.


1988 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard's 2–5 conference record tied for sixth in the Ivy League standings. The Crimson were outscored 168 to 131 by Ivy opponents.


1988 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.


1988 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team
The 1988 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the Western Athletic Conference during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Bob Wagner, the Rainbow Warriors compiled a 9–3 record.


1988 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1988 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 64th season in the Victorian Football League and 87th overall.


1988 Head Cup
The 1988 Head Cup, also known as the 1988 Austrian Open Kitzbühel, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel, Austria, from 1 August until 7 August 1988. Third-seeded Kent Carlsson won the singles title.


1988 Head Cup, Finals, Singles
Kent Carlsson defeated  Emilio Sánchez, 6–1, 6–1, 4–6, 4–6, 6–3


1988 Head Cup, Finals, Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Joakim Nyström /  Claudio Panatta, 6–4, 7–6


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship
The 1988 World Men's Curling Championship took place at the Icehalle in Lausanne, Switzerland from April 11–17. The gold medal was won by Team Norway, who also won the Curling competition in the 1988 Olympics in Calgary, Canada. Canada took the silver medal, and Scotland the bronze.


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Pat Ryan Third: Randy Ferbey Second: Don Walchuk Lead: Don McKenzie


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Gert Larsen Third: Oluf Olsen Second: Jan Hansen Lead: Michael Harry


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Jussi Uusipaavalniemi Third: Petri Tsutsunen Second: Jari Laukkanen Lead: Jarmo Jokivalli Alternate: Juhani Heinonen


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Christophe Boan Third: Thierry Mercier Second: Gerard Ravello Lead: Alain Brangi


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Rainer Schöpp Third: Dieter Kolb Second: Norbert Petrasch Lead: Reinhard Ernst


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Eigil Ramsfjell Third: Sjur Loen Second: Morten Søgaard Lead: Bo Bakke


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : David Smith Third: Mike Hay Second: Peter Smith Lead: David Hay


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Sören Grahn Third: Henrik Holmberg Second: Per Axelsson Lead: Håkan Funk


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Daniel Model Third: Beat Stephan Second: Michael Lips Lead: Richard Mähr Alternate: Daniel Müller


1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Doug Jones Third: Bard Nordlund Second: Murphy Tomlinson Lead: Mike Grennan


1988 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1988 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 4th Tournament in the history of the conference. It was played between March 3 and March 11, 1989. Quarterfinal and semifinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final game was played at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts, the home venue of the NHL's Boston Bruins. This was the final year the Hockey East championship was decided at a home venue to one of its member teams (as of 2014). By winning the tournament, Northeastern received the Hockey East's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1988 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play. The team that finishes in seventh place is ineligible for tournament play. In the quarterfinals, the third seed and sixth seeds, and the fourth seed and fifth seeds played a two-game series where the team that scored the most total goals was declared the winner and advanced to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the first seed and lowest remaining quarterfinalist and second seed and highest remaining quarterfinalist each play additional two-game series with the winners advancing to the single-elimination championship game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1988 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1988 Holiday Bowl
The 1988 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 30, 1988, in San Diego, California. It was part of the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the 12th ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys, and the 15th ranked Wyoming Cowboys.


1988 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
Running back Barry Sanders scored on a 33-yard touchdown run for Oklahoma State, as they took a 7–0 lead. He would finish the game with 222 yards rushing and 5 touchdowns. Wyoming answered when quarterback Randy Welniak scored on a 4-yard touchdown run tying the game at 7. That ended the 1st quarter of play. Sanders scored on a 2-yard touchdown run, giving Oklahoma State a 14–7 lead. Cary Blanchard kicked a 33-yard field goal giving OSU a 17-7 halftime lead.


1988 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
In the third quarter, Mike Gundy fired a 12-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Brent Parker, increasing OSU's lead to 24–7. Randy Welniak's 4-yard touchdown run cut the lead to 24–14. Sanders erupted for touchdown runs of 67, 1, and 10 yards as OSU took a 45–14 lead.


1988 Holiday Bowl, Game summary
In the fourth quarter, Blanchard kicked a 19-yard field goal to make it 48–14. Mike Gundy's 25-yard pass to Hart Lee Dykes made it 55–14. A 5-yard rushing touchdown by backup quarterback Chris Smith made the final score Oklahoma State 62, Wyoming 14.


1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Holy Cross finished third in the Colonial League, its first non-championship year since league play began in 1986.


1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
In their third year under head coach Mark Duffner, the Crusaders compiled a 9–2 record. Dennis Golden, Rob McGovern, Tom Smith and Jeff Wiley were the team captains.


1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The Crusaders outscored opponents 334 to 182. Their 3–1 conference record placed second in the six-team Colonial League standings.


1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The Crusaders were ranked No. 1 in the preseason national Division I-AA rankings, but a 1–2 start dropped them out of the top 20 in the first round of in-season rankings. They remained unranked as they compiled an eight-game win streak to finish the season, but were recognized as No. 19 in the final poll, released after their last game.


1988 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1988 Honda Classic
The 1988 Honda Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the San Juan Central Park in San Juan in Puerto Rico and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from October 10 through October 16, 1988. Fourth-seeded Anne Minter won the singles title and earned $12,000 first-prize money.


1988 Honda Classic, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Jill Hetherington defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Robin White 6–4, 6–2


1988 Honda Classic – Doubles
Lise Gregory and Ronni Reis were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Honda Classic – Doubles
Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington won in the final 6–4, 6–2 against Gigi Fernández and Robin White.


1988 Honda Classic – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Honda Classic – Singles
Stephanie Rehe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Gigi Fernández.


1988 Honda Classic – Singles
Anne Minter won in the final 2–6, 6–4, 6–3 against Mercedes Paz.


1988 Honda Classic – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Honduran Segunda División
The 1988 Honduran Segunda División was the 22nd season of the Honduran Segunda División. Under the management of Roy Posas, Súper Estrella won the tournament after finishing first in the final round (or Cuadrangular) and obtained promotion to the 1989–90 Honduran Liga Nacional.


1988 Hong Kong Masters
The 1988 Hong Kong Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament held in August 1988 at the Queen Elizabeth Stadium in Hong Kong. Eight professional players and eight local amateur players participated. Jimmy White won the title, defeating Neal Foulds 6–3 in the final.


1988 Hong Kong Masters
The highest break of the tournament was 118 by Jimmy White.


1988 Hong Kong Masters, Prize Fund
The tournament was sponsored by UK industrial group Lep. Prize money was awarded as follows:


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform
The 1988 Hong Kong electoral reform was carried out by the colonial government during 1987 to 1988 as the second stage of the developments of the representative government. Direct elections to the Legislative Council became the most debated issue during the public consultations. Under the strong opposition from the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong government consequently turned down the option of the 1988 direct elections and introduced a little change in the government system.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Background
The reform consultations followed the 1985 electoral reform which introduced the first ever indirect elections to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in the 1985 Legislative Council Election. In the White Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong, the idea of direct election was suggested to be reviewed in the development of representative government in 1987.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Background
In May 1987, the government published the 1987 Green Paper: Review of Developments in Representative Government to consider the next stage of development of representative government, which could take account into the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed in December 1984 which the United Kingdom and People's Republic of China governments agreed upon the handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper
The 1987 Green Paper: Review of Developments in Representative Government provided a general review on the development of the government system at district, regional and central levels, assessment of the developments since the publication of the 1984 White Paper and the public response to them, and consideration of the options for further development in 1988.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper
It included the composition, functions and elections of the District Boards, and the municipal councils (Urban Council and Regional Council) and Legislative Council, and whether the Governor should continue to be the President of the Legislative Council.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper
Direct elections to the Legislative Council were listed as one of the options for the representative government in 1988.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation
The period of public consultation started from 27 May, the day the Green Paper was published, until 30 September 1987.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-Beijing opinions
The PRC authorities strongly opposed the idea of direction elections to the Legislative Council. On 18 June 1987, the news department of the New China News Agency Hong Kong branch distributed a summary of an interview with Li Hou, deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the secretary general of the Basic Law Drafting Committee.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-Beijing opinions
In the interview Li Hou claimed that Hong Kong direct elections in 1988 fail to "converge" with the Hong Kong Basic Law which was being drafted at that time and were contrary to the "spirit" of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Li said direct elections in 1988 would only sharpen the contradictions among different classes and segments of Hong Kong society, which would lead to political, economic, and social instability and would be harmful to a smooth transfer of sovereignty in 1997. However, after a private meeting between Hong Kong Governor David Wilson and PRC Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian on 20 June 1987, Li clarified that he never said the 1988 direct elections did not conform the spirit of Sino-British Joint Declaration.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-Beijing opinions
During the summer and fall of 1989, the local pro-Beijing organs and figures such as the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce joined forces with conservative business elites to actively oppose the introduction of direct election, which they argued would only undermine Hong Kong's stability and prosperity. Some unionists from the leftist Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) even coined the slogan that "Hong Kong workers only want their meal tickets but not ballot tickets."


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-Beijing opinions
It was also reported that the Bank of China arranged for its employees to watch a video narrated by Ma Lik, who was the then deputy secretary general of the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee, explaining why the introduction of direct elections was a British conspiracy. The Bank of China also prepared a printed pro-forma opposing letter for its employees to sign and send to the Survey Office.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-Beijing opinions
Consequently, the pro-Beijing supporters mobilised 60,706 written submissions to the Hong Kong government objecting the 1988 direct elections, in which 50,175 came on cyclostyled forms and 22,722 were from the communist-controlled FTU.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-democracy opinions
The pro-democracy activists, as well as pressure groups and local academic critics criticised Li Hou's statement represented PRC officials intimidating against Hong Kong people, direct interfering with the internal administration of Hong Kong, and violating the Sino-British Joint Declaration which stated that the British were responsible for the administration of Hong Kong until 1997 and the post-1997 Hong Kong SAR legislature should be constituted by elections.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Pro-democracy opinions
The largest pro-democracy alignment, the Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government which was formed in October 1986 bring together 190 organisations, launched series of campaign for the 1988 direct elections including the collection of 220,000 signatures with names and identity card numbers. This behaviour of Hong Kong public was considered "a significant development in a society which traditionally avoided personal identification with a particular course of political action."


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Public opinions
A longitudinal survey was conducted at four points in 1987. General endorsement of public endorsement of direct elections in 1988 was measured at 54 percent, 54 percent, 49 percent and 46 percent in the four phases, which double the percentage of people who disagreed with direct election, 16 percent, 17 percent, 23 percent and 21 percent. The decline in popular support for the direct elections were due to the opposition from the PRC government, the business sector and the pro-Beijing organisations such as the FTU.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Public consultation, Public opinions
During the four-month period of public consultation, over 134,000 submissions were sent to the Survey Office, as well as in nearly 170 public opinion surveys and over 20 signature campaigns. Among the submissions, nearly 96 percent commenting on the issue of direct elections.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
In February 1988, the Hong Kong government published the White Paper: the Development of Representative Government: The Way Forward which stressed "prudent and gradual change." The Report did not distinguish between pre-printed forms and individual submissions and compressed the 220,000 signatures collected by the democrats as one single count. The official line was there was a strong public desire for further development of government, but there was no clear consensus timing or the extent of the introduction of direct elections.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
However, the White Paper promised that at least 10 of the 56 members of the Legislative Council would be directly elected in the 1991 Legislative Council Election. In the interim, two more functional constituencies, Accountancy and Health Care enlarged from Financial and Medical respectively, were suggested to be added in the 1988 Elections for the accountancy professions and nurses, midwives, pharmacists and five paramedical professions. The number of appointed members was recommended to reduce from 22 to 20. Furthermore, the preferential elimination system of voting was also favoured to be adopted in both the electoral college and functional constituency elections to the Legislative Council.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
The Urban Council would be increased from 30 to 30 members in 1989 including 15 appointed and 15 directly elected members remaining unchanged and 10 new members from the District Boards while the composition of the Regional Council remained the same.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
To response to the Beijing government, it also acknowledge the need for a "convergence" between Hong Kong internal developments before 1997 and the future Basic Law. Governor David Wilson recalled events thus:


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
...it was convenient for us [the British], in terms of handling the transition with China, that we did not have...overwhelming pressure form people in Hong Kong to move straight away into direct elections because we knew that doing that would be very difficult for the Chinese to accept.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
The democrats criticised the Hong Kong government of manipulating the submissions to turn down the 1988 direct elections in order to please Beijing.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper, Legislative Council motion
In March 1988, Chief Secretary Sir David Robert Ford moved the motion regarding the White Paper, the members of the Legislative Council ferociously debated on the issue and were divided by their views on the White Paper.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Aftermath
The 1988 Legislative Council Elections in September remained the indirect elections of 12 members from the electoral colleges and 14 members from the functional constituencies with two new seats of Accountancy and Health constituencies.


1988 Hong Kong electoral reform, Aftermath
As promised in the White Paper, the first ever direct elections was introduced in the 1991 Legislative Council Elections. The Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 which sparked the great fear among the Hong Kong public also paved the way for a faster pace of the democratic reform in 1994.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election
The 1988 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was an indirect election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo); was held on 22 September 1988. It was the second ever election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history based on the 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, as the Government's democratisation process according to the agreement of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. There were 12 members elected by Electoral Colleges, 14 members from functional constituencies.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election
A total of 9,276 out of almost 17,000 registered votes turned out to return 13 candidates in 8 electoral college and 4 functional constituency seats while another 13 seats were returned unopposed. The liberal lobby suffered a major setback in the election as three of their outspoken leaders were defeated.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Background
In May 1987, the government published the Green Paper, 1987 Review of Developments in Representative Government, to consider the next phase of the development of the representative government in Hong Kong after the 1985 Hong Kong electoral reform. The option of the direct elections in 1988 was strongly opposed by the Government of the People's Republic of China. Pro -Beijing organs including the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions were mobilised to send opposing submissions to the Hong Kong government. The Joint Committee on the Promotion of Democratic Government which was formed by pro-democracy activists including Legislative Councillors Martin Lee and Szeto Wah collected of 220,000 signatures demanding the direct elections.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Background
Pressured by the Beijing government, the Hong Kong government issued the White Paper in February 1988 indicated that there was a strong public desire for further development of government, but there was no clear consensus timing or the extent of the introduction of direct elections. The 1988 direct elections proposal was therefore turned down and postponed until 1991. Instead, the government added two new functional constituencies from 12 to 14 and reduced appointed members from 22 to 20. The voting method was also changed to the preferential elimination system.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Composition
The Financial constituency was enlarged into Financial and Accountancy constituency in which the electors of the Finance electoral division remained as the members of the Hong Kong Association of Banks entitled to vote at the general meetings of the Association and electors of the Accountancy electoral division were accountants registered by the Hong Kong Society of Accountants under the Professional Accountants Ordinance.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Composition
The Medical constituency were enlarged into Medical and Health Care constituency in which the Medical electoral division was elected by the medical and dental practitioners registered or deemed to be registered under the Medical Registration Ordinance or Dentists Registration Ordinance. The Health Care electoral division were elected by nurses registered and enrolled under the Nurses Registration Ordinance, midwives registered under the Midwives Registration Ordinance, pharmacists registered under the Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, and physiotherapists, occupational therapists, medical laboratory technologists, radiographers, and optometrists registered under the Supplementary Medical Profession Ordinance.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Results
The turnout rate for the functional constituencies was 54 percent compared with 57.6 percent in the last election in 1985. The liberal lobby suffered a major setback in the election as three of their outspoken leaders were defeated.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Results
In the functional constituency election, the conservative Group of 88 was forceful in lending its support to members Stephen Cheong Kam-chuen of the First Industrial (Federation of Hong Kong Industries) constituency and Veronica Wu who challenged Jimmy McGregor for the First Commercial (Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce) constituency. The Group persuaded Ian MacCallum and Philip Kwok Chi-kuen to quit in favour of Wu. McGregor won over Wu by 478 to 236 votes in the end claiming "this is a victory for greater democracy." While in Medical constituency, Dr. Leong Che-hung, a liberal candidate, also ousted Executive Councilor Dr. Chiu Hin-kwong with 1,359 to 816 votes.


1988 Hong Kong legislative election, Results
In the electoral college elections, the liberal incumbents Conrad Lam Kui-shing was defeated by former district board chairman Michael Cheng Tak-kin in Wong Tai Sin and Desmond Lee Yu-tai defeated by Chan Ying-lun in Hong Kong Island East from the conservative faction. Richard Lai Sung-lung of New Territories South was also defeated by Lam Wai-keung from rural background. Other unelected liberal candidates included Fred Li Wah-ming, Michael Lai Kam-cheung and Choy Kan-pui.


1988 Hong Kong local elections
The 1988 Hong Kong District Board elections were the third district board elections held on 10 March 1988. Election was held to all 19 districts of Hong Kong (in which Yau Tsim District and Mong Kok District later merged into today's Yau Tsim Mong District), for 264 members from directly elected constituencies while there were 141 appointed seats and respectively 30 and 27 ex officio members representing the Urban Council and rural committees in New Territories.


1988 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
The election oversaw the increasing influence of the political groups in the local elections. The three major emerging pro-democratic groups, which later evolved into today's pro-democracy camp, the Meeting Point, Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood and Hong Kong Affairs Society were the strategic allies against the conservative kaifong leaders in the election. The older political organisation, the Hong Kong Civic Association cooperated with Maria Tam's Progressive Hong Kong Society, while the Progressive Hong Kong Society and also the pro-Beijing leftist Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions remained in low-profile in the election.


1988 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
Some candidates who used to be closely associated with older conservative groups were switching over to the younger liberal camps, such as Vivien Chan stood for the Reform Club of Hong Kong in 1985 and was claimed to be one of the influential members in the club had moved over to the Hong Kong Affairs Society. Kan Chun-lim had also swung away from Maria Tam's conservative Progressive Hong Kong Society to the liberal Hong Kong Affairs Society.


1988 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
In this election, the Meeting Point had built a power base in Tuen Mun while the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood in Sham Shui Po. The Hong Kong Affairs Society had its power base in Sha Tin while it tried to test their strength in the Eastern District, Wan Chai and Central and Western District, and tried to break the dominance of the older conservative Civic Association. The Reform Club tried to recapture a power base in the Eastern District under the umbrella of Brook Bernacchi and concentrated its resources in Yau Ma Tei under Kwan Lim-ho.


1988 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
The turnout rate of 30.31 per cent was recorded, 7 points lower than the last election in 1985.


1988 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup
1988 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup was the 23rd staging of Hong Kong-Shanghai Cup. Hong Kong captured the champion by winning 3-2.


1988 Hong Kong–Shanghai Cup, Squads
The following are part of the squads for both teams.


1988 Houston Astros season
The Houston Astros' 1988 season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League West.


1988 Houston Astros season, Regular season, Miscellaneous
This roster of pitchers had 8 career no-hitters with 5 (at the time) by Nolan Ryan, 2 by Bob Forsch, and 1 by Mike Scott.


1988 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Houston Cougars football team
The 1988 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cougars were led by second-year head coach Jack Pardee and played their home games at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The team competed as members of the Southwest Conference, finishing in third. Just two seasons after finishing 1–10 (0–7 SWC), the Cougars finished the season with a 9–3 record and ranked 18th in the final AP Poll. They were invited to the 1988 Aloha Bowl in Honolulu, Hawaii, where they lost to Washington State.


1988 Houston Oilers season
The 1988 Houston Oilers season was the franchise's 19th season in the National Football League and the 29th overall. The franchise scored 424 points, which was second in the AFC and second overall in the NFL. The defense gave up 365 points. Their record of 10 wins and 6 losses resulted in a third-place finish in the AFC Central Division. The Oilers appeared once on Monday Night Football and appeared in the playoffs for the second consecutive year. Warren Moon would be selected for the Pro Bowl. In the playoffs, they defeated the Cleveland Browns 24-23 in the Wild Card game. However, in the divisional playoffs, they lost 17-10 to the Bills.


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 1
The game started at 4:00 PM on Sunday, September 4th, 1988, in Hoosier Dome.


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 1
The game ended in overtime at 17-14, with the Houston Oilers on top.


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 2
The game started at 4:00 PM on Sunday, September 11, 1988. The game was played at the Houston Astrodome. In the first quarter, Marcus Allen of the Raiders rushed one yard for a touchdown. That same quarter, Allen Pinkett of the Oilers rushed three yards for a touchdown. In the second quarter, Willie Gault of the Raiders received a 42-yard pass from Steve Beuerlein for a touchdown. In that quarter, Tim Brown of the Raiders also received a 4-yard pass from Steve Beuerlein for another touchdown.


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 2
Allen Pinkett of the Oilers rushed for a one-yard touchdown in the same quarter, Steve Smith of the Raiders received a 9-yard pass from Steve Beuerlein in the same quarter, Drew Hill received a 16-yard pass from Cody Carlson of the Oilers for the fifth touchdown in that quarter between both teams. In the third quarter, Tony Zendejas kicked a 19-yard field goal for the Oilers. In the fourth quarter, Ernest Givins of the Oilers received a 12-yard touchdown pass from Cody Carlson. Also in that quarter, Marcus Allen of the Raiders rushed one yard for a touchdown. Allen Pinkett of the Oilers brought back the lead on that quarter, rushing 6 yards for a touchdown. Eventually, the game ended 38-35 with the Oilers on top, resulting in a win.


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 3
The game started at 1:00 PM on Sunday, September 18, 1988. The game was played at Giants Stadium. In the first quarter, Tony Zendejas of the Oilers kicked a 30-yard field goal, scoring the only points of the game for the Oilers. Kurt Sohn of the New York Jets received a 8-yard pass from Ken O'Brien for a touchdown in the same quarter. Also in the first quarter, Freeman McNeil of the New York Jets rushed 8 yards for a touchdown. In the second quarter, Wesley Walker of the New York Jets received two touchdown passes from .


1988 Houston Oilers season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 3
Ken O'Brien, with the distances being 4-yards and 50-yards. In the third quarter, Pat Leahy of the Jets kicked a 47-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Wesley Walker received a 23-yard pass from Pat Ryan, resulting in a touchdown. Also in that quarter, Mike Zordich of the Jets intercepted a pass, and ran 35 yards for a touchdown. The final score was 45-3, with the New York Jets on top. This game was a loss for the Oilers.


1988 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1988 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State University during the 1988 NCAA Division II football season. Humboldt State competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference in 1988.


1988 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1988 Lumberjacks were led by third-year head coach Mike Dolby. They played home games at the Redwood Bowl in Arcata, California. Humboldt State finished with a record of four wins and six losses (4–6, 2–3 NCAC). The Lumberjacks were outscored by their opponents 173–266 for the season.


1988 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL
No Humboldt State players were selected in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1988, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 1988 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 7 August 1988 at the Hungaroring, Budapest. It was the tenth race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 76-lap race was won from pole position by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda, with French teammate Alain Prost second and Belgian Thierry Boutsen third in a Benetton-Ford. The win, Senna's sixth of the season, moved him level on points with Prost at the top of the Drivers' Championship.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The tight and twisty Hungaroring offered a chance for the naturally-aspirated cars against the turbos, and they took seven of the top ten positions in qualifying. However, Ayrton Senna still took pole position in his McLaren-Honda, his eighth of the season, pipping the Williams of Nigel Mansell by 0.1 seconds. Mansell was driving against doctor's orders as he had developed chickenpox. On the second row of the grid were Thierry Boutsen in the Benetton and Ivan Capelli in the March, and on the third row were Alessandro Nannini in the second Benetton and Riccardo Patrese in the second Williams. Senna's teammate Alain Prost could only manage seventh, while Gerhard Berger was ninth in his Ferrari, the two separated by the second March of Maurício Gugelmin. Completing the top ten was Alex Caffi in the Dallara.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Mansell made a good start and almost took the lead but Senna held onto his position, and thanks to the superior power of his Honda engine he pulled away slightly down the main straight to head the field into turn 1. Patrese also made an excellent start climbing from 6th to 3rd while Prost was slow away and was only 9th at the end of the first lap.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Capelli made a great start and in fact almost overtook Mansell into the first turn before his engine suddenly went sour and he pitted after just 2 laps to have a serious misfire investigated. On lap 12, Mansell lost downforce running close behind the McLaren and spun down to 4th place, leaving Senna to fend off the attacks of the other Williams, that of Patrese. The Italian later dropped back with engine problems, while similar problems were afflicting Nannini.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix, Report, Race
On lap 32, Prost had climbed to 3rd place behind Senna and Boutsen. On lap 37, Mansell pitted to replace tyres, which were ragged and causing vibrations to the car. Prost passed Boutsen on lap 47 and set out chasing down Senna. Two laps later, while Senna prepared to lap Yannick Dalmas' Lola and Gabriele Tarquini's Coloni, Prost passed all three of them in a breathtaking move down the main straight. However he was too quick going into the first turn and ran wide enabling Senna to regain the lead.


1988 Hungarian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Prost set the fastest lap of the race but was forced to drop back with vibrations caused by a loose wheel bearing. On lap 58 Mansell retired still feeling the effects of chickenpox. He later admitted that racing in Hungary was a mistake as he was then forced to miss the next two races. Boutsen closed on Prost, but the Frenchman pressed on and pushed Senna. Just half a second covered the two McLarens as they crossed the line. Boutsen took the third spot on the podium, unable to challenge further due to a broken exhaust. Berger, Gugelmin and Patrese completed the points scorers.


1988 Hyderabad, Sindh massacre
1990 Hyderabad massacre, also known as "Black Friday" or "Pucca Qila massacre" is the massacre of more than 200 innocent Mohajirs including women and children were killed in Hyderabad, Sindh in Pakistan in 1990. On the evening of 26 May 1990,It all started when sind police under the direct orders from PPP state gov't. fired indiscriminately on crowds killing around 200 people and injuring 200 others including women and children. The Muhajir Qaumi Movement, said in a statement that their offices and the house of Hyderabad's mayor Aftab Ahmed Sheikh were targeted by the gunmen, while the Awami National Party provincial president, a Sindhi, said the attackers had struck at both Muhajir and Sindhi communities.


1988 Hypo-Meeting
The 15th annual Hypo-Meeting took place on 18 and 19 June 1988 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition featured a decathlon (men) and a heptathlon (women) event.


1988 IAAF Grand Prix Final
The 1988 IAAF Grand Prix Final was the fourth edition of the season-ending competition for the IAAF Grand Prix track and field circuit, organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was held on 13 September at the Olympiastadion in West Berlin. Saïd Aouita (5000 metres) and Paula Ivan (1500 metres) were the overall points winners of the tournament, with this being Aouita's second win at the completion following his 1986 victory.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Auckland, New Zealand, at the Ellerslie Racecourse on March 26, 1988. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Race results, Junior men's race (8.031 km)
†:Cosmas Ndeti of  Kenya finished 2nd in 23:31 min, but was disqualified.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 4401 athletes from 41 countries, two athletes (senior men) less than the official number published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
The Junior men's race at the 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Auckland, New Zealand, at the Ellerslie Racecourse on March 26, 1988. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race, Race results, Junior men's race (8.031 km), Individual
†:Cosmas Ndeti of  Kenya finished 2nd in 23:31 min, but was disqualified.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 96 athletes from 25 countries in the Junior men's race, one athlete less than the official number published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
The Senior men's race at the 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Auckland, New Zealand, at the Ellerslie Racecourse on March 26, 1988. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 204 athletes from 35 countries in the Senior men's race, two athletes less than the official number published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Auckland, New Zealand, at the Ellerslie Racecourse on March 26, 1988. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1988 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 141 athletes from 32 countries in the Senior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1988 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The 1988 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships was the sixth edition of the annual international road running competition organised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). The competition was hosted by Australia on 20 March 1988 in Adelaide and featured one race only: a 15K run for women. There were individual and team awards available, with the national team rankings being decided by the combined finishing positions of a team's top three runners. Countries with fewer than three finishers were not ranked. This was the only time that the event was held in the first half of the year.


1988 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
Norway's Ingrid Kristiansen defended her title with a winning time of 48:24 minutes. Wang Xiuting of China was runner-up nearly two minutes behind and was shortly followed by Zoya Ivanova, who took third place ten seconds later. Ivanova led a Soviets to a comfortable win in the team competition with a total of 21 points coming from her, Yekaterina Khramenkova and Lyudmila Matveyeva. China, entering the competition for the first time took second in the team race through Wang, fourth-placed Zhong Huandi and Wang Huabi in 25th. Portugal, the defending team champions, were led to third place by Conceição Ferreira.


1988 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship
The 1988 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship was the fifth edition of the IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship. It took place between 6 and 13 February 1988 in Bendigo, Australia. The tournament was won by China, who claimed their first title by finishing first in the standings. Japan and South Korea finished second and third respectively.


1988 IIHF European U18 Championship
The 1988 IIHF European U18 Championship was the twenty-first playing of the IIHF European Junior Championships.


1988 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group A
Played April 9–17, 1988, in Frýdek-Místek, Vsetín, Olomouc, and Prerov, Czechoslovakia.


1988 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group B
Played March 26 to April 1, 1988, in Briançon France


1988 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group B, Final round
West Germany was promoted to Group A and Great Britain was relegated to Group C, for 1989.


1988 IMF/World Bank protests
The 1988 annual meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank were met with an international protest in West Berlin. Whereas the organizations' earlier meetings were met with smaller, national protests, the 1988 meetings attracted protesters internationally against what was the largest assembly of the international monetary order since the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Protesters demonstrated against the IMF's austerity policies towards developing nations. Representatives from Third World countries called for debt cancellation, and others advocated for solutions to world hunger and poverty. Due to the protest's high-profile venue, media outlets extensively covered the protests. Later IMF and World Bank meetings received smaller protests, but following the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, all meetings of the IMF, World Bank, G7, and G8 summits were met with significant protests.


1988 IMSA GT Championship
The 1988 Camel GT Championship season was the 18th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series. It was for GTP and Lights classes of prototypes, as well as Grand Tourer-style racing cars which ran in the GTO and GTU classes. It began January 30, 1988, and ended October 23, 1988, after seventeen rounds.


1988 IMSA GT Championship, Schedule
The GT and Prototype classes did not participate in all events, nor did they race together at shorter events. Races marked as GT featured both GTO and GTU classes combined. Races marked with All had all classes on track at the same time.


1988 IMSA GT Championship, Championship results
The GTP Drivers Championship was won by Australian Geoff Brabham, driving a Nissan GTP ZX-T.


1988 IPSC Handgun World Shoot
The 1988 IPSC Handgun World Shoot VIII held in Caracas, Venezuela was the eighth IPSC Handgun World Shoot, and was won by Ross Seyfried of the United States.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands
The Provisional IRA carried out two separate attacks on the same day on 1 May 1988 against British military personnel in the Netherlands which resulted in the deaths of three RAF members and another three being injured. It was the worst attack suffered by the British security forces during The Troubles from 1969 to 1998 on mainland Europe.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, Background
1988 was one of the worst years of the Troubles conflict in terms of violence during the 1980s. It saw an increase in IRA activity, a new campaign of sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries, and a heavy response by the British Army to IRA attacks. On 6 March the SAS shot dead 3 IRA members in Gibraltar.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, Background
On 16 March at the funerals of the IRA volunteers shot in Gibraltar, a loyalist UDA volunteer killed an IRA member, Kevin Brady, as well as 2 civilians and injured dozens of other people in a grenade and gun attack at Milltown cemetery in Belfast. At Brady's funeral, two plain clothed, off-duty, British Army corporals were cornered by an angry crowd who assumed they were under attack and the IRA killed both of them. In May, the UVF killed 3 Catholic civilians and injured 9 in a gun attack in a Belfast pub. On 15 June, 7 people were killed, first 6 British soldiers were killed in the Lisburn van bombing and then the IRA shot dead a UVF member.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, Background
On 7 July, an IRA member and 2 civilians were killed in a premature bomb explosion. Later that month on 23 July the IRA killed a family of three in a botched operation in Armagh. On 20 August the IRA killed 8 British soldiers and injured a further 28 in the Ballygawley bus bombing, this was the worst attack suffered from the British army since 1982. Ten days later on 30 August the SAS shot dead 3 more IRA Volunteers at Drumnakilly. One day later 3 civilians were killed when somebody triggered an IRA booby-trap bomb by mistake. Twenty-nine people were killed in the month of August alone. 104 people died in 1988 compared to 61 in 1986 and 57 in 1985. It was the worst year since 1982 when 110 people were killed.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, Background, Previous attacks in mainland Europe
The IRA and other Republican paramilitaries such as the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) had been carrying out attacks against British military personnel and British diplomats on mainland Europe since the mid 1970s. Prominent attacks included:


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, The attacks
The first attack of 1 May 1988 took place in the market of Roermond city, a popular social centre for British military personnel in the southeastern part of the Netherlands on the West German border. Two enlisted Royal Air Force members from the RAF Regiment based at RAF Wildenrath in Germany were sitting in a parked car near their base at around 01:00 am when IRA members fired shots from an automatic rifle into their car, killing one of the airmen (SAC Ian Shinner, 20) and badly injuring his companion. Police on the scene said that at least 23 bullets were fired into the vehicle.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, The attacks
Half an hour later in Nieuw-Bergen, about 30 miles north of Roermond, a booby-trap bomb that was placed under the car of four other RAF airmen exploded while they were parked outside a discotheque. The bombing killed two more RAF airmen (John Miller Reid and John Baxter) and injured two others. "The bodies were in such a condition that they could not immediately be identified," police spokesman Louis Steens told The Associated Press in Nieuw Bergen. The airmen were based at RAF Laarbruch, about 3 miles away across the border in West Germany.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, The attacks
The IRA were able to identify the British military personnel due to the number plates on the cars. In both attacks, the cars being driven by the RAF members had British military licence plates.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, The attacks
The IRA issued a statement from Belfast in relation to the attacks saying: "We have a simple message for [Prime Minister Margaret] Thatcher. Disengage from Ireland and there will be peace. If not, there will be no haven for your military personnel and you will regularly be at airports awaiting your dead." Both the British and Irish governments condemned the attacks.


1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands, The attacks
Many Irish Republicans saw the attacks as revenge for the killings of the three IRA volunteers in Gibraltar two months before (see Operation Flavius). In 1990, two Australian tourists were shot dead by the IRA in Roermond after being mistaken for British military personnel.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
The 1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics (Spanish: III Campeonato Iberoamericano de Atletismo) was the third edition of the international athletics competition between Ibero-American nations which was held in Mexico City, Mexico from 22–24 July. A total of forty events were contested, of which 22 by male and 18 by female athletes. A total of 371 athletes and 20 nations took part in the three-day competition.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
All performances were set at high altitude, which aided athletes in most events (compared to performing at lower climes) with the exception of long-distance running events. Three new events were introduced at the 1988 edition of the competition: the women's 10,000 metres, women's marathon and women's 10,000 m race walk. The men's marathon race returned to the Ibero-American Championships after a break in 1986.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
Cuba topped the medal table for a third time, winning eighteen gold medals and 34 medals overall. The next best performing nation was Spain, which won nine events and had 28 medals. Mexico, the host nation, edged Brazil into fourth place with its tally of five golds and 19 medals, while the Brazilians had one less gold and two fewer in total.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
Three athletes remained undefeated at the championship, taking three straight wins: José Alonso in the men's 400 m hurdles, Alberto Ruiz in the men's pole vault, and Ana Fidelia Quirot in the women's 400 m. In the heats of the men's 100 metres Robson da Silva (who went on to win a 100/200 m double) ran a time of ten seconds flat – a new South American record time.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
Ana Fidelia Quirot completed a 400/800 m double. Madeline de Jesús jumped a national record to win the women's long jump and Puerto Rico's sole gold of the tournament. The Cuban women took the top two spots in all the throws, while Spain's women had 1–2 finishes in both the short sprints. The Mexican long-distance athletes excelled at high altitude: the men won the gold and silver medals in the track running and walking events, while the women also claimed the top two spots in the walks.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics, Participation
Of the twenty-two members of the Asociación Iberoamericana de Atletismo, twenty presented delegations for the championships. The absent nations were Bolivia and the Dominican Republic. A record high of 371 athletes participated in the championships – more than the previous two editions combined. However, only 344 participating athletes (including some guest athletes) were counted by analysing the official result list. The higher number probably contains coaches and/or officials registered for the event.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results
These are the results of the 1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics which took place from 22 to 24 July 1988 at Estadio Olímpico in Ciudad de México, Mexico.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results
Different versions of the sprint results were published, because the fully automatic electronic timing system was malfunctioning. The first version displayed below on the left hand side was officially used to determine the athletes qualifying for the finals (best times, q). Later, there was a second version (not displayed). In December 1988, British statistician Richard Hymans published a revised version for the IAAF and the ATFS where many times were corrected. These numbers are displayed below in parentheses. Finally, there were a couple of hand timing results (Heat 1, 110m hurdles men, Heat 1 and 2 200m women; also displayed below in parentheses), because the officials noticed a defect in the electronic timing system during the event.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results, Men's results, 110 meters hurdles
Note: See introduction above for a discussion of the timing problems.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results, Men's results, 4 × 100 meters relay
†: Only the last name is known. The full name was assigned tentatively.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results, Women's results, 200 meters
Note: See introduction above for a discussion of the timing problems.


1988 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results, Women's results, 400 meters
†: Only the last name is known. The full name was assigned tentatively.


1988 Icelandic Cup
The 1988 Icelandic Cup was the 29th edition of the National Football Cup.


1988 Icelandic Cup
It took place between 31 May 1988 and 27 August 1988, with the final played at Laugardalsvöllur in Reykjavik. The cup was important, as winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (if a club won both the league and the cup, the defeated finalists would take their place in the Cup Winners' Cup).


1988 Icelandic Cup
The 10 clubs from the 1. Deild entered in the last 16, with clubs from lower tiers entering in the three preliminary rounds. Teams played one-legged matches. In case of a draw, a penalty shoot-out took place (there were no replays, unlike in previous years).


1988 Icelandic Cup
Valur Reykjavik won their fifth Icelandic Cup, beating ÍBK Keflavík in the final, and so qualifying for Europe.


1988 Icelandic presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Iceland on 25 June 1988. The result was a victory for the incumbent president Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, who received 94.6% of the vote. The election marked the first time a sitting president was challenged in an election.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1988 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Vandals, led by third-year head coach Keith Gilbertson, were members of the Big Sky Conference and played their home games at the Kibbie Dome, an indoor facility on campus in Moscow, Idaho.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team
The Vandals won their third conference title in four seasons, and made the I-AA playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. Led by redshirt junior  quarterback John Friesz, Idaho finished the regular season at 9–1 and 7–1 in the Big Sky. The Vandals scheduled only ten regular season games for the first time since 1969. Idaho played only ten regular season games again in 1995, their final year the Big Sky.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team
The shortened regular season was beneficial in 1988, as the Vandals played three post-season games, falling on the road in the national semifinals in Gilbertson's final game as the Vandals' head coach. He left for an assistant's position  in the Pac-10 in Seattle, as offensive line coach under head coach Don James at Washington.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, Notable games
Following a sole loss on the road to conference rival Montana, Idaho won its final seven games of the regular season. The Vandals defeated Nevada for a second consecutive year, only the third time in the eleven meetings since the Wolf Pack joined the Big Sky in 1979. The Vandals defeated rival Boise State for the seventh consecutive year, the seventh of twelve straight over the Broncos. Idaho entered the post-season with the top ranking in Division I-AA.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, Division I-AA playoffs
For the fourth consecutive season, Idaho returned to the I-AA playoffs. In the first round, the Vandals hosted conference foe Montana, who had handed the Vandals their only defeat. The Vandals won the rematch 38–19 at the Kibbie Dome two days after Thanksgiving. Idaho also hosted in the quarterfinals, and defeated Northwestern State (La.) 38–30, but lost quarterback John Friesz with an ankle sprain in the third quarter.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, Division I-AA playoffs
In the semifinals Idaho was eliminated 38–7 on the road at Furman in Greenville, South Carolina, ending the Vandals' season at 11–2. With their third-string quarterback and many other reserves playing against the top-ranked defense in Division I-AA, the Vandals were only down 10–0 at the half, but the score mounted to 38–0 before the Vandals scored. The Vandal defense gave up 320 rushing yards to the Paladins. Furman went on to win the I-AA title the following week.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, Notable players
The 1988 team included three future NFL players with lengthy pro careers: defensive end Marvin Washington, guard Mark Schlereth, and junior John Friesz, the future collegiate hall of fame quarterback was a three-year starter (1987–89). Washington was on a basketball scholarship and this was his only season of Vandal football.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
Quarterback John Friesz and tackle Greg Hale returned to the all-conference team as unanimous selections. Also on the first team were wide receiver John Jake, center Steve Unger, defensive end Marvin Washington, and safety Brian Smith. Vandals on the second team were tackle Todd Neu, guard Mark Schlereth, cornerback Richard Carey, and linebackers Roger Cecil and Jerry Medved. Honorable mention were wide receiver Lee Allen, guard Troy Wright, running back Bruce Harris, placekicker Thayne Doyle, and defensive linemen Kord Smith, Jim Routos, and Mike Zeller.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
Friesz repeated as the Big Sky's outstanding offensive player, and was a first-team Kodak All-American in Division I-AA.


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, NFL Draft
Two Vandal seniors were selected in the 1989 NFL Draft, which lasted twelve rounds (335 selections).


1988 Idaho Vandals football team, NFL Draft
One Vandal junior was selected in the following year's draft in 1990, also twelve rounds (332 selections).


1988 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1988 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first year under head coach John Mackovic, the Illini compiled a 6–5–1 record, finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference, and lost to Florida in the 1988 All-American Bowl.


1988 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jeff George with 2,257 passing yards, running back Keith Jones with 1,108 rushing yards, and Steve Williams with 523 receiving yards.


1988 Illinois elections
Elections were held in Illinois on Tuesday, November 8, 1988.


1988 Illinois elections, Election information, Turnout
Turnout during the primary was 42.56%, with 2,552,932 ballots cast (with 1,588,438 Democratic ballots, 899,153 Republican ballots, 418 Illinois Solidarity, and 34,923 nonpartisan ballots cast).


1988 Illinois elections, Election information, Turnout
Turnout during the general election was 73.89%, 4,697,192 ballots cast.


1988 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States President
Illinois voted for Republican ticket of George H. W. Bush and Dan Quayle.


1988 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States President
This was the sixth consecutive election in which the state had voted for the Republican ticket in a presidential election. As of the 2016 election, it is also the last time that the state has voted for the Republican ticket.


1988 Illinois elections, Federal elections, United States House
All of Illinois' 22 congressional seats were up for reelection in 1988.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, State Senate
Some of the seats of the Illinois Senate were up for election in 1988. Democrats retained control of the chamber.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, State House of Representatives
All of the seats in the Illinois House of Representatives were up for election in 1988. Democrats retained control of the chamber.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Trustees of University of Illinois
A regularly-scheduled election was held for three of nine seats for Trustees of University of Illinois system for full six-year terms, while a special election was held to fill an additional seat for a partial term.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Trustees of University of Illinois, Regular election
An election was held for three of nine seats for Trustees of University of Illinois system for six-year terms.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Trustees of University of Illinois, Regular election
The election saw the election of new three new trustees, Republicans Donald W. Grabowski and Judith Reese as well as Democrat Ken Boyle.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Trustees of University of Illinois, Regular election
Third-term incumbent Democrats George W. Howard III and William D. Forsyth Jr. were not nominated for reelection.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Trustees of University of Illinois, Special election
A special election was held to fill the trustee seat left vacant by Democrat Anne E. Smith. Smith's unexpired term would end in 1991. The seat was filled by the interim appointment of Republican Paul R. Cicero. He was defeated by Democrat Gloria Jackson Bacon.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Ballot measures
Illinois voters voted on several ballot measures in 1988. In order to be approved, measures required either 60% support among those specifically voting on the measure or 50% support among all ballots cast in the elections.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Ballot measures, Redemption Period for Tax Delinquent Property Amendment
The Illinois Redemption Period for Tax Delinquent Property Amendment, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment which would amend Article IX, Section 8 of the Constitution of Illinois to  modify the redemption period on the sale of a tax delinquent property, failed to meet either threshold to amend the constitution. It only missed the threshold of 60% of votes cast specifically on the measure by a mere 0.87% margin (21,960 votes).


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Ballot measures, Voting Requirement Amendment
Voters approved the Voting Requirement Amendment, a legislatively referred constitutional amendment which amended Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of Illinois to lower the voting age in the state constitution to 18 and lower the residency requirement to vote to 30 days.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Ballot measures, Voting Requirement Amendment
The voting age in Illinois was already  18, due to the passage of the Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the voting age in the state constitution (superseded by United States Constitution) was still 21.


1988 Illinois elections, State elections, Ballot measures, Proposed call for a Constitutional Convention
A measure which would call for a state constitutional convention failed. Article XIV of the Constitution of Illinois requires that Illinois voters be asked at least every 20 years if they desire a constitutional convention, thus this election was an automatic ballot referral. It was constitutionally required to be held, since the last vote on holding a constitutional convention had occurred in 1968.


1988 Illinois elections, Local elections
Local elections were held. These included county elections, such as the Cook County elections.


1988 Illinois's 21st congressional district special election
A special election to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 21st congressional district was held August 9, 1988.


1988 Illinois's 21st congressional district special election
The winning candidate would serve briefly in the United States House of Representatives to represent Illinois in the 100th Congress until the General election on November 8, 1988.


1988 Illinois's 21st congressional district special election, Background
On April 22, 1988, Incumbent U.S. Representative Melvin Price died of cancer after 22 terms. A special election was held to fill the vacancy caused by his death.


1988 Independence Bowl
The 1988 Independence Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and the UTEP Miners.


1988 Independence Bowl, Background
This was Southern Miss' first bowl game since 1981 and first Independence Bowl since 1980. This was UTEP's first bowl game since 1967. The two teams had met before, in the 1954 Sun Bowl.


1988 Independence Bowl, Game summary
Reggie Barrett threw a 30-yard pass to Pat Hegarty for a touchdown to give the Miners the 7-0 lead in the first. Southern Miss countered with a field goal as the first quarter ended. Southern Miss took the lead on a Brett Favre touchdown pass to Reginald Warnsley (after a missed field goal by the Miners) that culminated an 80-yard drive to take a 10-7 lead at halftime. James Henry increased the lead on his 55-yard punt return for a touchdown. Southern Miss made the lead 24-7 on a rushing touchdown by Gandy.


1988 Independence Bowl, Game summary
Henry scored once again on a punt return touchdown to make it 31-7. UTEP narrowed the lead to 31-10 on a field goal at the end of three quarters. Gandy scored his second touchdown of the day to make the lead 38-10. UTEP could only muster one other touchdown, on a David Flores touchdown pass. Southern Miss' 108 punt return yards ultimately contributed to the victory, overshadowing UTEP having more offensive yards than the Golden Eagles.


1988 Independence Bowl, Aftermath
Stull left for Missouri after the season ended. It would take 12 years for UTEP to return to a bowl game, which they also lost. Hallman left for LSU before Southern Miss' next bowl game in 1990.


1988 Indian Rajya Sabha elections
Rajya Sabha elections were held in 1988, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.


1988 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Elections
Elections were held in 1988 to elect members from various states. The list is incomplete.


1988 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Elections, Members elected
The following members are elected in the elections held in 1988. They are members for the term 1988-94 and retire in year 1994, except in case of the resignation or death before the term.


1988 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Bye-elections
The following bye elections were held in the year 1988.


1988 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1988 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented Indiana University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. Playing as a member of the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten), the team was led by head coach Bill Mallory, in his fifth year, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. They finished the season with a record of eight wins, three losses and one tie (8–3–1 overall, 5–3 in the Big Ten) and with a victory over South Carolina in the Liberty Bowl.


1988 Indiana Hoosiers football team, Game summaries, Purdue
Anthony Thompson rushed 25 times for 167 yards and three touchdowns while breaking the school's career rushing record.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election
The 1988 Indiana gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1988 in all 92 counties in the state of Indiana. Incumbent Governor Robert D. Orr, a Republican, was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term due to term limits establish by the Indiana Constitution. In the general election, the Republican nominee, Lieutenant Governor John Mutz, was defeated by Democrat Indiana Secretary of State Evan Bayh by a margin of six percentage points. Bayh was the first Democrat to be elected Governor of Indiana since Roger D. Branigin's victory during the 1964 Democratic landslides twenty-four years previously.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Republican Party
While the Republicans controlled the governor's mansion going into the 1988 elections, they were unable to nominate the incumbent governor, Robert D. Orr, due to term limits set in place by the Indiana Constitution. With Orr out of the running, the obvious choice to succeed him was his lieutenant governor, John Mutz.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Republican Party
Mutz did not face a challenger for the nomination, and consequently rolled up 393,595 votes in the 1988 Republican primary election, a total that was nevertheless a little less than 100,000 votes fewer than his Democratic opponent, Secretary of State Evan Bayh, received in a three-way race for the Democratic nomination.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Democratic Primary
While the Republican primary was a specific coronation of Mutz, the contest for the Democratic nomination was anything but. Three candidates initially contested the nomination: Evan Bayh, the incumbent Secretary of State of Indiana and son of former U.S. Senator Birch Bayh; Steve Daily, then-mayor of Kokomo; and Frank O'Bannon, a member of the Indiana State Senate. From the outset, Bayh was seen as the front runner in the race, and O'Bannon would eventually bow out to accept Bayh's offer to run for Lieutenant Governor, leaving Daily as the only challenger to the young politician who was being called "Indiana's Democratic boy wonder".


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Democratic Primary
Hoping to prevent the nomination of a candidate who might upend their dominance in Hoosier politics, state Republicans led by Governor Orr filed a legal challenge to Bayh's candidacy, claiming that he did not meet the residency requirements for candidates for the state's highest office and demanding that he be removed from the ballot. The attempt backfired: rather than neutralizing Bayh, the legal challenge actually boosted his standing in the race.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Democratic Primary
On April 28, the Indiana Supreme Court found that Bayh did, in fact, meet all residency requirements set forth in the state's Constitution, ending any threat to the candidate's ballot access. Simultaneously, the challenge allowed Bayh to cast himself as the underdog and a target of the Republican political machine, calling the challenge a "rather sad commentary" on Republican confidence in Mutz.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, Primaries, Democratic Primary
Bayh won the Democratic nomination with 493,198 votes, or 83.1%


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election
Throughout the fall campaign, Mutz attempted to capitalize on Bayh's youth by casting him as inexperienced and unfit to lead Indiana from the governor's mansion. Accusing Bayh of being more interested in a potential Senate run than in being governor, Mutz drew a distinction between his own extensive record in state government and Bayh's relatively recent arrival on the political stage. Comparing Bayh to an unqualified job applicant, Mutz wondered aloud if Hoosiers would "employ someone who has lived in this state only a handful of years, by anybody`s measure, and who has only a year's experience in that system?"


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election
Bayh returned fire by attacking Mutz as the candidate of the political machine. Despite the attacks, the two candidate's platforms showed remarkable similarity. Both Bayh and Mutz were committed to education reform, and both pledged to make government more efficient and to promote economic growth. Speaking to the New York Times, Bayh's campaign manager acknowledged that the Democrat was running on a relatively conservative platform. "I'd like to say that Hoosiers are an independent lot", he said.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election
On election night, Bayh defeated Mutz by a comfortable margin, winning 53% of the vote to Mutz's 47%. Bayh's victory was remarkable for a number of reasons. First, a Democrat had not been elected governor of Indiana since 1964, a year that had seen a landslide for Democrats up and down the ballot. Second, he was the youngest governor in the nation at the time of his election, his 33rd birthday taking place nearly two months after election day.


1988 Indiana gubernatorial election, General Election
Third, Indiana was carried by the Republican ticket (which featured Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as the vice presidential nominee) in the 1988 Presidential Election, and elections for the Indiana General Assembly resulted in a chamber that was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans. Bayh's victory in what was otherwise a good year for Indiana Republicans stood testament to his bipartisan appeal, which would allow him to be re-elected governor in 1992 and then to serve two terms in the U.S. Senate.


1988 Indianapolis 500
The 72nd Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday May 29, 1988. Team Penske dominated the month, sweeping the top three starting positions with Rick Mears winning the pole position, Danny Sullivan at the center of the front row, and Al Unser, Sr. on the outside. Mears set a new track record, becoming the first driver to break the 220 mph barrier in time trials. On race day, the Penske teammates proceeded to lead 192 of the 200 laps, with Rick Mears taking the checkered flag, his third-career Indy 500 victory. The race represented the milestone 50th victory in Championship car racing for owner Roger Penske and Penske Racing.


1988 Indianapolis 500
The victory was the first of six consecutive Indy 500 wins by the Chevy Indy V-8 engine, and seven consecutive overall by Ilmor-constructed powerplants. The victory also marked a triumphant return of success for the Penske chassis (in this case the PC-17), after dismal results in 1987 (PC-16), and sparse use in the previous four seasons.


1988 Indianapolis 500
The race was the third round of the 1988 CART PPG Indy Car World Series, and was sanctioned by USAC.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
Defending champion Al Unser Sr. returned to Penske to join a three-car effort with full-time drivers Rick Mears and Danny Sullivan. After a dismal go around with the PC-16 in 1987, Penske introduced the brand-new PC-17 ('88), with promise. Mears and Sullivan, respectively, won the pole positions for the first two races of the CART season. For the third year, Penske was fielding the Chevy Ilmor Indy V-8 engine.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
Back-to-back defending CART champion, and 1986 Indy winner Bobby Rahal returned for what would be his last season at Truesports. The team dropped the Cosworth DFX and they took up the development of the Judd AV engine. The engine was known to be down on horsepower, but excelled in fuel mileage and reliability, particularly in the 500-mile races.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
Among the other changes included Al Unser Jr., who left Shierson after a winless 1987 campaign and re-joined Galles. Galles was now running the Ilmor Chevy engine, after running the Brabham-Honda and Buick in previous years. Raul Boesel took Unser's place in the #30 Domino's Pizza entry.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
During a tire test session in September 1987, Roberto Guerrero suffered a crash, and a serious head injury. After a lengthy recovery, Guerrero was back in the cockpit for 1988. Jim Crawford, who suffered serious leg injuries during time trials in 1987, also returned, signing with King Racing.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
Billy Vukovich III, son of Bill Vukovich II, and grandson of two-time winner Bill Vukovich, would become the first third-generation driver in Indy history.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
Many of the cars in the field were sporting new style wheels with flush discs, giving the 1988 month of May a unique visual appearance.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background
After becoming famous for being "first in line" at the Indy 500 from 1950-1987, longtime fan Larry Bisceglia of Chicago, and later from Phoenix, fell ill and missed the 1988 race. With failing health, he died December 7, 1988.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background, Rule changes
Starting in 1988, teams were allowed to have six crew members over the wall during a pit stop. The crews would consist of four tire changers, a fueler, and a fuel vent/airhose man. Previously they were only allowed five (i.e., three tire changers). This was due in part to the fact that after the series changed from bias-ply tires to radials, the left-front tire (which at the time was seldom changed) would now be changed much more frequently.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Background, Rule changes
For 1988, turbocharger "boost" pressure was reduced from 47 to 45 inHG. Stock-block engines were permitted 55 inHG.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
* Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Rookie Orientation
Six drivers took part in rookie orientation. John Andretti led the group, putting in 220 laps with a top speed of 201.974 mph. After being denied entry five years ago, Harry Sauce returned to attempt the program once again.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Saturday May 7
Opening day saw Raul Boesel first out on the track for Shierson. Dick Simon (211.665 mph) posted the best lap of the day, with less than 15 minutes to go in the session.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Sunday May 8
The track closed about two hours early due to rain. Mario Andretti set the best lap of the day (210.970 mph), but did not eclipse Simon's speed from Saturday.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Monday May 9
Rick Mears turned the fastest lap of the month thus far at 213.118 mph. Two cars, Teo Fabi in the Porsche entry, and Ludwig Heimrath, Jr. suffered mechanical/engine-related problems.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Tuesday May 10
Rick Mears turned the fastest unofficial practice lap in Indy history, breaking the 220 mph for the first time. His lap of 220.048 mph was just a tick faster than Mario Andretti's lap of 219.995 mph.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Tuesday May 10
Roberto Guerrero was involved in the first crash of the week. He spun in turn one and tapped the outside wall. His car suffered damage to the rear wing. He was not injured.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Wednesday May 11
After two days of Mears topping the speed chart, Mario Andretti moved back into the top spot. His lap of 221.565 mph broke the day-old unofficial track record at 5:45 p.m.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Thursday May 12
Ludwig Heimrath, Jr. went high in turn 2 and brushed the outside wall, the second crash of the month. His car whipped around, and hit the wall again. He was not injured, and car had light damage.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Thursday May 12
Mario Andretti (219.084 mph) led the speed chart, with Scott Brayton second.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Friday May 13
The final day of practice was anticipated to be a duel between Rick Mears and Mario Andretti, the two drivers who had distanced themselves from the rest of the field. Mears and Andretti finished the day with identical laps at 221.465 mph to tie at the top of the speed chart. Danny Sullivan came in third-best with a lap of 218.446 mph.