1988 German Formula Three Championship
The 1988 German Formula Three Championship (German: 1988 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars which conformed to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It commenced on 3 April at Zolder and ended at Hockenheim on 16 October after twelve rounds.


1988 German Formula Three Championship
WTS Liqui Moly Equipe driver Joachim Winkelhock won the championship. He led the championship battle from the start of the season with a series of three consecutive wins. Otto Rensing lost seven points to Winkelhock and finished as runner-up with wins at Hockenheim and Nürburgring. Frank Biela won at Mainz Finthen and Hungaroring (the Hungarian track was in the schedule of German F3 for the first and the last time) and completed the top-three in the drivers' standings. Michael Bartels, Hanspeter Kaufmann and Wolfgang Kaufmann were the other race winners. Daniel Müller clinched the B-Cup championship title. The season was marred by the death of Csaba Kesjár in an accident at Norisring.


1988 German Grand Prix
The 1988 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 24 July 1988 at the Hockenheimring, Hockenheim. It was the ninth race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship.


1988 German Grand Prix
The 44-lap race was won from pole position by Ayrton Senna, driving a McLaren-Honda, with teammate Alain Prost second and Gerhard Berger third in a Ferrari. The win, Senna's fifth of the season, moved him to within three points of Prost at the top of the Drivers' Championship.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Pre-race
At the midpoint of the season, the pre-qualifiers were re-evaluated. After a fourth-place finish in the Detroit Grand Prix, the Rial of Andrea de Cesaris was promoted to the top 26 cars automatically entered into the main qualifying sessions. Relegated to pre-qualifying was the Osella of Nicola Larini.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Pre-race
Before the German Grand Prix, Williams announced that Thierry Boutsen would be joining the team in 1989 as the replacement for Nigel Mansell, who was moving to Ferrari.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Qualifying saw Ayrton Senna take his seventh pole position of the season by just under 0.3 seconds from McLaren teammate Alain Prost. Gerhard Berger was third in his Ferrari, albeit over a second behind Prost, with teammate Michele Alboreto fourth, a further second behind. Nelson Piquet took fifth in his Lotus, with Alessandro Nannini sixth in his Benetton, the highest-placed non-turbo car. The Marches of Ivan Capelli and Maurício Gugelmin took seventh and tenth respectively, sandwiching Satoru Nakajima in the second Lotus and Boutsen in the second Benetton.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
There had been thunderstorms all weekend. The rain stopped on Sunday morning, but there were concerns over which type of tyre to use for the race. In the end, everyone started on wet tyres with the exception of Piquet, who gambled on the track drying out.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Senna led away while Prost dropped behind Berger and a fast-starting Nannini. Piquet's gamble failed to pay off as he aquaplaned off the track at the Ostkurve chicane and hit the barriers, limping back to the pits to retire. Prost re-passed Nannini on lap 8, while on lap 9 Philippe Alliot, who had pitted for slick tyres, spun his Lola off at the Ostkurve while allowing Senna to lap him. Prost overtook Berger for second on lap 12, but by then Senna was 12 seconds ahead.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna and Prost maintained their 1-2 until the chequered flag, despite a late spin by the Frenchman coming out of the Ostkurve. It was Senna's fifth win of the season, as well as the sixth 1-2 for McLaren; the Brazilian thus moved within three points of Prost in the Drivers' Championship.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Berger and Alboreto finished third and fourth respectively. Berger's podium finish was to be the last achieved by the Ferrari team during Enzo Ferrari's lifetime, as he died three weeks later. Nannini was running fourth when he had to pit seven laps from the end due to a broken throttle bracket, losing four laps as a result; a charge brought him the fastest lap of the race, though he still finished only 18th. Capelli inherited fifth despite having no clutch for the last 30 laps, while Boutsen took the final point for sixth.


1988 German Grand Prix, Report, Race
Mansell retired from seventh with a spin after a broken bolt had jammed his gearbox. Bernd Schneider achieved his first Grand Prix finish in his home race, coming home 12th, which turned out to be the highest finish of the season for the Zakspeed team.


1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 27–29 May 1988 at the Nürburgring circuit.


1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Wet race. Wayne Gardner on pole. Wayne Rainey took the first turn from Eddie Lawson, Pierfrancesco Chili, Christian Sarron, Kevin Schwantz (from the second row).


1988 German motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Sarron, considered a good wet rider, took the lead. At the end of lap one it was Sarron, Schwantz, Lawson, Kevin Magee, Rainey, and Chili. Schwantz moved into first, then it was Sarron, Magee, Lawson, and Rainey. Schwantz had a large lead. Magee went down. The track was drying slightly. Heading towards the last lap, Schwantz was looking ragged going through a chicane, but he held it together to the line.


1988 Gibraltar general election
General elections were held in Gibraltar on 24 March 1988. The elections were a watershed in Gibraltar politics, as they saw the first win by the Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), led by Joe Bossano, whose candidates took 58% of the popular vote and eight of the fifteen seats available in the Gibraltar House of Assembly. Bossano's party took control away from the Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACR), under outgoing Chief Minister Adolfo Canepa.


1988 Gibraltar general election
The AACR had been the dominant political party in Gibraltar politics for over forty years and had won every election but one since 1945. After this, it was never to win another general election, while Bossano was to remain in office continuously for eight years, from 25 March 1988 to 17 May 1996.


1988 Gibraltar general election, Results
The first fifteen candidates were elected to the House of Assembly.


1988 Gibraltar general election, Notes
This Gibraltar elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1988 Gilgit massacre
The 1988 Gilgit massacre refers to the state-sponsoredmass killing and rape of  Shia civilians in the Gilgit District who revolted against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's Sunni Islamist regime, responsible for vehement persecution of religious minorities as part of its Islamization program.


1988 Gilgit massacre
The massacre was preceded by anti-Shia riots in early May 1988, which were caused by a dispute over the sighting of the moon for Eid al-Fitr after Ramadan between Shia Muslims and Sunni Muslims. Local Sunnis, who were still fasting for Ramadan, had attacked the local Shias who had announced their commencement of Eid celebrations in Gilgit City, leading to violent clashes between the two sects.


1988 Gilgit massacre
In response to the riots and revolt against Zia-ul-Haq's regime, the Pakistan Army led an armed group of local Sunni tribals from Chilas, accompanied by Osama bin Laden-led Sunni militants from Afghanistan as well as Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province into Gilgit City and adjoining areas in order to suppress the revolt. It is estimated that anywhere between 150 and 900 Shia Muslims were killed in the resulting massacre and violence, in which entire villages were also burnt down. The massacre also saw the mass-rape of hundreds of Shia Muslim women by Sunni tribesmen.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Background
Shia Muslims living in the Pakistani-administered territory of Gilgit-Baltistan have allegedly faced discrimination by the Pakistani government since its takeover of the region following the First Kashmir War between India and Pakistan in 1947–1948. The Shias claimed that under Pakistani administration, Sunni Muslims enjoyed inherent advantages in all business matters, were unilaterally awarded official positions and treated preferentially in legal cases. On 5 July 1977, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état in Pakistan, establishing a military dictatorship, and committed himself throughout his tenure to converting Pakistan into a heavily conservative Islamic state and enforcing sharia law.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Background
Zia's state-sponsored Islamization increased the sectarian divisions between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and between Sunni Deobandis and Barelvis. The application of Sunni-centric laws throughout the country was divisive. Attacks on Shias (as well as other religious minorities) increased exponentially under the dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq. The country's first major Shia–Sunni riots erupted in 1983 in Karachi, Sindh during the Islamic holy month of Muharram (which is especially significant for the Shia), and left at least 60 people dead.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Background
Further Muharram disturbances and riots followed over the course of another three years, spreading to Lahore and the province of Balochistan—leaving hundreds more dead. In July 1986, Sunnis and Shias clashed in the northwest town of Parachinar, near the Afghanistan–Pakistan border; many of them were equipped with locally-made automatic rifles. It is estimated that over 200 people died in this event of sectarian violence.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Conflict
The first major anti-Shia riots in Gilgit District broke out in May 1988, stemming from a Shia–Sunni dispute over the sighting of the moon, which marks the end of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan and the beginning of Eid al-Fitr. When Shia Muslims in Gilgit City commenced their festivities for Eid, a group of local Sunni Muslims—who were still fasting for Ramadan as their religious leaders had not yet declared the sighting of the moon—attacked them, sparking a series of violent clashes between Gilgiti Sunnis and Shias.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Conflict
Following a period of calm for about four days, the Zia-ul-Haq military regime reportedly sent a contingent of militants from the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan, accompanied by additional militants from neighbouring Afghanistan and local Sunni tribesmen from Chilas to "teach (the Shias) a lesson", which resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Conflict
Shia Muslims in Gilgit District were attacked and killed by a thousands-strong force of Sunni jihadists, led by Osama bin Laden and backed by the Pakistani military. Shia women living in Gilgit District were also mass-raped by local Sunni tribesmen as well as the bin Laden-led militants.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Conflict
The Herald, the former monthly magazine publishing of the Dawn Media Group in Karachi, wrote in its April 1990 issue:


1988 Gilgit massacre, Conflict
In May 1988, low-intensity political rivalry and sectarian tension ignited into full-scale carnage as thousands of armed tribesmen from outside Gilgit district invaded Gilgit along the Karakoram Highway. Nobody stopped them. They destroyed crops and houses, lynched and burnt people to death in the villages around Gilgit town. The number of dead and injured was in the hundreds. But numbers alone tell nothing of the savagery of the invading hordes and the chilling impact it has left on these peaceful valleys.


1988 Gilgit massacre, Casualties
The exact casualties figure of the 1988 Gilgit massacre has been disputed. Some sources state that 150 to 400 people were killed while hundreds of others were injured, while other unofficial reports state that around 700 Shias were killed.


1988 Girabola
The 1988 Girabola was the tenth season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Atlético Petróleos de Luanda were the defending champions.


1988 Girabola
The league comprised 14 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated.


1988 Girabola
Petro de Luanda were crowned champions, winning their 5th title, and third in a row, while Desportivo de Benguela, Dínamos do Kwanza Sul, Fabril do Uíge and Inter do Namibe were relegated.


1988 Girabola
Manuel of Primeiro de Agosto finished as the top scorer with 16 goals.


1988 Girabola, Changes from the 1987 season
Relegated: Desportivo da Chela, Progresso do Sambizanga, União do BiéPromoted: Desportivo de Benguela, Fabril do Uíge and Inter do Namibe


1988 Giro d'Italia
The 1988 Giro d'Italia was the 71st running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. The Giro started in Urbino, on 23 May, with a 9 km (5.6 mi) individual time trial and concluded in Vittorio Veneto, on 12 June, with a 43 km (26.7 mi) individual time trial. A total of 180 riders from 20 teams entered the 21-stage race, which was won by American Andrew Hampsten of the 7-Eleven–Hoonved team. The second and third places were taken by Dutchman Erik Breukink and Swiss Urs Zimmermann, respectively. It was the third time – and second successive year – in the history of the Giro that the podium was occupied solely by non-Italian riders.


1988 Giro d'Italia
In the first half of the race, the overall classification had been headed for several days by Massimo Podenzana. He had participated in a breakaway during stage 4a, which won him sufficient time to hold the race leader's maglia rosa (English: pink jersey) for more than a week. Franco Chioccioli then wore the pink jersey for two stages before Hampsten took the general classification lead after the fourteenth stage. The fourteenth stage of the 1988 Giro, conducted in adverse weather including a snowstorm, has been recognized as an iconic event in the history of the Giro. After this stage, Hampsten began to build up a solid two-minute barrier against the second-placed rider, Breukink. This gap was sufficient to win Hampsten the race, despite losing around twenty seconds in the final two stages.


1988 Giro d'Italia
Hampsten became the first American, and non-European, to win the Giro. He also won the secondary mountains and combination classifications, as well as the special sprints classification. In the other classifications, Fanini–Seven Up rider Stefano Tomasini of Italy placed ninth overall to finish as the best neo-professional in the general classification, Johan van der Velde of the Gisgelati–Ecoflam team was the winner of the points classification, and Carrera Jeans–Vagabond finished as the winners of the team classification.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Teams
Twenty teams were invited by the race organizers to participate in the 1988 edition of the Giro d'Italia, twelve of which were based outside of Italy. Each team sent a squad of nine riders, which meant that the race started with a peloton of 180 cyclists. In total, 82 of the starters were foreign, while the remaining 98 were Italian. Aside from Italy, Switzerland (17), Spain (12), and the Netherlands (11) all had more than 10 riders.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Teams
Of those starting, 54 were riding the Giro d'Italia for the first time. The average age of riders was 26.94 years, ranging from 21–year–old Angelo Lecchi from Del Tongo–Colnago to 37–year–old Pierino Gavazzi of Fanini–Seven Up. The team with the youngest average rider age was Selca–Ciclolinea (25), while the oldest was Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu (29). The presentation of the teams – where each team's roster and manager were introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries – took place on 22 May, in the courtyard of the Ducal Palace in Urbino. From the riders that began the race, 125 made it to the finish in Vittorio Veneto.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
The starting peloton did not include the 1987 winner, Stephen Roche, who was sidelined for the majority of the 1988 season with a knee injury. l'Unità writer Gino Sala, author Bill McGann and an El Mundo Deportivo writer named several riders as contenders for the overall classification, including Andrew Hampsten, Urs Zimmermann, Erik Breukink, Franco Chioccioli, and Pedro Delgado. Sala believed Jean-François Bernard came into the Giro in great shape and that the French rider could win the race if he could do well in the time trials and the mountains.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
In addition, Bernard Hinault told Sala that if Jean Francois could do well in this edition of the Giro, he could one day lead a team in the Tour de France. Former Giro champion Gianni Motta thought Hampsten would win because of the effort he was expected to make on the Gavia Pass stage. Motta believed that Hampsten would excel there, while the Italian riders – the majority of the peloton – would not because they did not realize its difficulty and thought the Gavia was "just another climb".


1988 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
The 1986 Tour de France winner Greg LeMond entered the race with his PDM–Ultima–Concorde squad, after a break from cycling due to injuries sustained in a hunting accident. Due to this, Sala did not see him as a front-runner for the overall victory. Swiss rider Tony Rominger also partook in the race and was considered by McGann and Sala as a dark-horse candidate for the victory after experiencing success at the beginning of his season. Guido Bontempi was seen by Sala as a favorite to win a couple of stages.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
Before he injured his right knee earlier in the season during the Tour de Romandie, many newspapers also believed Moreno Argentin to be a favorite to take several stages. Stampa Sera writer Curzio Maltese believed that Flavio Giupponi could take one of the stages containing many categorized climbs which award mountains classification points, if properly supported by his team Del Tongo–Colnago.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
During the presentation of the teams, the riders were asked to choose their top picks for the overall victory. Roberto Visentini garnered the most votes from his fellow riders, but Delgado, Hampsten and LeMond also received many votes. Many media outlets felt that the overall victory would likely go to a non-Italian rider due to the lack of Italian general classification competitors, but that Visentini had the best chance of winning out of competing Italians.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
The route for the 1988 edition of the Giro d'Italia was revealed to the public on television by head organizer Vincenzo Torriani, on 5 March 1988. It contained four time trial events, three of which were individual and one a team event. The race organizers hoped that the number of time trials, including one on the last day, would keep the race hotly contested to the end.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
There were fifteen stages containing thirty categorized climbs, of which four had summit finishes: stage 6, to Campitello Matese; stage 12, to Selvino; stage 13, to Chiesa in Valmalenco; and stage 15, to the Merano 2000 mountain. Another stage with a mountain-top finish was stage 18, which consisted of a climbing time trial to Valico del Vetriolo. The organizers chose to not include any rest days. When compared to the previous year's race, the race was 336 km (209 mi) shorter, contained one fewer rest day and individual time trial, and lacked a prologue. In addition, this race contained one fewer stage, but one more set of half stages. The race was televised in parts of Europe by Italy's national public broadcasting service, RAI.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
The eleventh stage between Parma and Colle Don Bosco was cancelled due to protests near the finish line. The fifteenth stage was originally intended to be 132 km (82.0 mi) and to start in Bormio. However, due to very poor weather conditions, the start was moved to Spondigna and the stage was shortened to 83 km (51.6 mi). The route originally had the riders crossing the Stelvio Pass, but it was skipped due to snowdrifts that had developed on the roads. Excluding the finish on the Merano 2000, the stage was relatively flat after the adjustments.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
In previous years, the organizers had made the race easier for the Italian favorites by including fewer hard climbs. With the absence of Italian Francesco Moser from this edition, the race organizers included many famous and difficult climbs, such as the Gavia Pass. Moser himself stated that the route contained many difficult climbs and was not helping Italian cycling to prosper at a time when he believed it to be ailing. When asked about the route for the 1988 edition, 7-Eleven–Hoonved rider Bob Roll said "Those sons of bitches put every mountain they could find in the race that year."


1988 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
Three-time winner Gino Bartali also believed the route to be very difficult and in favor of non-Italian competitors. Gino Sala also felt the route was harsher than in years past and that the team time trial could influence the overall classification greatly. La Stampa writer Gian Paolo Ormezzano praised the route saying it was beautiful and well crafted but contained one flaw, in that the race did not finish in any major Italian city. He also expressed his delight with the uphill time trial to Valico del Vetriolo as well as the inclusion of the Stelvio, Rombo and Gavia mountain passes.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The Giro began with a 9 km (5.6 mi) time trial in the city of Urbino, which was won by Jean-François Bernard with a three-second margin over Tony Rominger. Guido Bontempi won the second stage and moved to third overall, while Bernard gained a five-second buffer over the second-placed rider, Rominger. In stage 4a, Massimo Podenzana soloed to victory in Rodi Garganico, five minutes ahead of the second-place finisher. This victory and the respective time bonus allowed Podenzana to gain the maglia rosa, which he held until stage 12. Stage 4b was a 40 km (24.9 mi) team time trial won by Del Tongo–Colnago, eleven seconds ahead of Carrera Jeans–Vagabond. Podenzana's lead shrunk to a little over two minutes after his team, Atala–Ofmega, finished two minutes and thirty-six seconds behind Del Tongo–Colnago.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The eleventh stage was run without problems until the final mile, when environmentalist protestors occupied the finish line and forced the annulment of the stage. The protestors were upset with a nearby factory, owned by chemical manufacturer Montedison, which the protestors claimed had been polluting the Bormida river. The next stage was marked by the appearance of the major mountains and by Pondenzana conceding the maglia rosa to Franco Chioccioli. The ensuing stages saw the general classification shift more frequently due to the intensity of the mountains and fatigue.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The fourteenth stage was memorable for its extreme weather, most notably on the final climb of the Gavia Pass. Overnight, a large amount of snow had accumulated on the Gavia, but the roads were cleared in time for the riders. Despite the cold and adverse weather forecast, the patron, Vincenzo Torriani, decided to go ahead with the stage. As snow fell on the riders climbing the muddy roads of the Gavia, Hampsten attacked at the base of the mountain but was chased by Erik Breukink, who eventually caught up and passed the American with seven kilometres (4.3 mi) to go.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Although Breukink won the stage, Hampsten made the bigger story by becoming the first American to don the maglia rosa in the history of the Giro d'Italia. Conditions were so bad that one rider, Toshiba–Look's Dominique Gaigne, had to be carried on his bike into a shelter as his hands were frozen gripping the handlebars and former winner Giuseppe Saronni even stopped at a spectator's house and returned with a glass of the Italian liqueur Grappa.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The start of the fifteenth stage was moved ahead from Bormio to Spondigna, because of snow covering the Stelvio Pass, but the summit finish in Merano was maintained. As soon as the climb started, Bernard, Urs Zimmermann and Chioccioli attacked. Bernard eventually shook off the two riders and won the stage, but with minimal time gain. The sixteenth stage was marked by rain – which turned into snow as the peloton rose higher – and by two protests while climbing the Rombo Pass.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Near the summit of the last climb, Hampsten and a few others formed an escape group that was eventually caught in the final kilometers. The group raced into Innsbruck, where Franco Vona made a last minute attack that won him the stage. Bernard – who was in sixth place overall at the start of the seventeenth stage – crashed in a tunnel but managed to finish the stage; however, the following day he did not start the leg and withdrew from the race.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The eighteenth stage, an 18 km (11.2 mi) individual time trial, would prove critical in deciding the overall winner of the Giro. The route started off with 5 km (3.1 mi) of flat roads, before the climb to the finish at the Vetriolo Terme ski station in Valico del Vetriolo. Going into the stage, Hampsten led the race by 42 seconds over Breukink, a margin that was increased by a further 32 seconds after the time trial. The nineteenth stage featured three categorized climbs.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Zimmermann attacked on the first, the Duran Pass, but was caught later by Stefano Giuliani who bridged the gap on the descent of the Duran. The two riders rode to the finish together in Arta Terme. Although Giuliani won the stage, Zimmermann moved into second place overall, after gaining over three minutes on the general classification contenders.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The twentieth stage came down to a sprint finish, won by Paolo Rosola, who was later disqualified as his teammate, Roberto Pagnin, was found to have pushed him during the sprint. As a result, the second-place finisher, Alessio Di Basco, was awarded the stage victory. The penultimate stage was completely flat and culminated in a bunch sprint, won by Urs Freuler. Hours later, the final stage – a hilly 43 km (26.7 mi) individual time trial – took place.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The weather conditions were fine for the majority of the riders, but as the general classification contenders were on the course, it began to lightning and rain heavily. There was a tricky descent about 18 km (11.2 mi) into the stage, which became more dangerous with the rain and ultimately resulted in the crashes of Giupponi and Zimmerman. The time lost by Zimmermann cost him his second place overall. Lech Piasecki, who rode the course when dry, won the stage by a wide margin.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Hampsten lost twenty seconds to Breukink, but it did not prevent him from becoming the first American to win the Giro d'Italia. The other podium positions were filled by non-Italian riders for the second year in a row and the third time in the history of the race. Breukink had been part of the non-Italian podium in 1987, behind Ireland's Stephen Roche and Great Britain's Robert Millar.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Stage success was limited to eleven of the competing teams, seven of which achieved multiple victories. Four individual riders won multiple stages: Bernard (stages 1, 8 and 15), Bontempi (stages 2 and 5), Hampsten (stages 12 and 18), and Di Basco (stages 9 and 20). Toshiba–Look won three stages with Bernard and stage 7 with Andreas Kappes. Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu won two stages, with Breukink in stage 14, and Freuler in stage 21a. Chateau d'Ax won three stages, with a solo breakaway by Rominger in stage 13; Vona in stage 16, and Giuliani in stage 19.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Del Tongo–Colnago also won multiple stages, with Chioccioli in stage 6, Piasecki in stage 21b, and the team time trial in stage 4b. Selca–Ciclolinea, Ceramiche Ariostea, Gewiss-Bianchi and Atala–Ofmega won one stage apiece. Ceramiche Ariostea rider Stephan Joho took stage 3 in a sprint finish, as did Gewiss-Bianchi rider Rosola in stage 10, and Selca–Ciclolinea 's Patrizio Gambirasio in stage 17. Atala–Ofmega's Podenzana won stage 4a after a solo breakaway.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview, Doping
The race organizers performed anti-doping controls throughout the race. Riders would be selected after a stage and have thirty minutes to get tested. The results generally would be returned between thirty and sixty minutes later. No rider tested positive in this edition of the Giro, but had this happened, the following penalties would have been applied: the rider would be demoted to last place of the stage, given a ten-minute penalty in the general classification, a lengthy suspension, and a fine of one thousand francs.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Race overview, Doping
Although no riders tested positive, Roberto Visentini, Flavio Giupponi and Urs Zimmermann – who placed second, third and fourth, respectively, in the eighteenth stage – showed up too late for their control tests and were given the penalties corresponding to riders testing positive; after complaints and threats to leave the race from their team leaders, the jury later reverted their decision, and no penalty was given.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
Five different jerseys were worn during the 1988 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider, and allowing time bonuses for the first three finishers on mass-start stages – wore a pink jersey. The time bonuses for the 1988 Giro were fifteen seconds for first, ten seconds for second, and five seconds for third place on the stage. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
For the points classification, which awarded a purple (or cyclamen) jersey to its leader, cyclists were given points for finishing a stage in the top 15; additional points could also be won in intermediate sprints. The green jersey was awarded to the mountains classification leader. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. Each climb was ranked as either first, second or third category, with more points available for higher category climbs. The Cima Coppi, the race's highest point of elevation, carried more points than the other first category climbs.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The Cima Coppi for this edition of the Giro was supposed to be the Stelvio Pass, however the day the peloton was supposed to climb it, heavy snow cover forced the organization to omit it from the stage. The white jersey was worn by the leader of young rider classification, a ranking decided the same way as the general classification, but considering only neo-professional cyclists (in their first three years of professional racing).


1988 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The combination classification, represented by a blue jersey, was calculated by summing up the points obtained by each rider in the other classifications; the leader was the rider with the lowest total of points. Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the stage finish times of the best three cyclists per team were added; the leading team was the one with the lowest total time.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
After the race, Andrew Hampsten told El Mundo Deportivo that he believed this was the biggest win of his career so far and thought he could win the upcoming Tour de France. Hampsten stated that Jean-François Bernard and Pedro Delgado both lacked awareness when attacking in the mountains and did not make the most of the time trials, but believed they would be more active in the Tour de France. In addition, Hampsten thought Bernard and Roberto Visentini did not perform to their expectations. He did not go on to win the Tour de France, but placed fifteenth overall.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
Runner-up Erik Breukink commented that he was satisfied with his second-place finish, but "Hampsten was simply better at the decisive moments". In addition, Breukink stated he came to the race in order to prepare for the Tour de France in July. At the Tour, he finished in twelfth overall and won the young rider classification for being the highest ranked rider in the general classification under the age of 25. Third place finisher Urs Zimmermann reflected on the race and stated that his chance of winning the overall race were gone after the Gavia stage. l'Unita writer Gino Sala looked back on the race and believed Delgado did not perform well and was not a serious threat to win the race. Luis Gómez, a writer for El País, thought Delgado did not prepare properly for the Giro.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
In 2012, the organizer of the Giro d'Italia, RCS Sport, did a survey on the greatest moments in the history of the Giro by interviewing over 100 journalists. The 1988 race was mentioned several times as one of the most memorable, with the journalists citing the fourteenth stage that traversed the Gavia Pass as the highlight. Several writers have referred to the fourteenth stage as being "epic" or "iconic" due to the weather conditions the riders battled over difficult climbs and unpaved roads to finish the stage.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
According to CyclingNews writer Jason Sumner, a photo from the fourteenth stage depicting the future winner Andrew Hampsten climbing the Gavia while a snowstorm blows in the foreground has become a widely known image that even casual cycling fans would recognize. After the stage, La Gazzetta dello Sport called the stage "The Day the Big Men Cried", with the stage still being commonly referred to as such.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11
The 1988 Giro d'Italia began on 23 May, and stage 11 occurred on 2 June. The 1988 edition began with a short 9 km (5.6 mi) individual time trial around the city of Urbino. The following two days of racing were normal mass-start stages, before the fourth day of racing consisted of two half-stages, the first a normal stage and the latter a 40 km (24.9 mi) team time trial. The rest of the opening half of the race – remaining within Italy for the duration – consisted of stages with or without categorized climbs.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11
Jean-François Bernard became the first race leader, as he won the opening stage in Urbino; the first of two stage wins that Bernard achieved during the opening half of the race, along with the eighth stage. As a result, Bernard was the second rider to win multiple stages in the opening half of the race, after Guido Bontempi who won stages 2 and 5. Bernard lost the race leader's maglia rosa (English: pink jersey) after stage 4a to Massimo Podenzana, who had been a part of a breakaway that survived and finished minutes ahead of the peloton. Podenzana held the lead all the way to the end of the eleventh stage.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 1
The first stage of the 1988 edition of the event was a 9 km (5.6 mi) individual time trial that navigated the streets of Urbino. An El Mundo Deportivo writer stated that the course was fast. The first 2.2 km (1.4 mi) were the fastest section of the course because the route was downhill. After the course passed the railroad station in Urbino, the course began to increase slightly in elevation until the finish. The writer also noted two bends, one at Via della Stazione (2 km (1.2 mi) in) and the other at Ciale Comandino (8.2 km (5.1 mi) in), which he classified as "dangerous." The first rider was scheduled to start at 13:30 local time.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 1
Greg LeMond (PDM–Ultima–Concorde) suffered from a dropped chain halfway through the course, which caused him to post a "horrible" time according to El País writer Luis Gómez. Tony Rominger (Chateau d'Ax), Erik Breukink (Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu), and Erich Maechler (Carrera Jeans–Vagabond) chose to use rear lenticular wheels instead of a traditional wheel with spokes. Rominger came in second overall with a time of 13' 10", Breukink came in fourth at 13' 15", and Maechler came in third after finishing with the same time as Breukink.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 1
After the stage, Rominger told reporters that his time slower than it could have been due to a fall that occurred due to his front wheel being too inflated. Pedro Delgado (Reynolds), who rode a standard bike, finished in twentieth position, twenty-eight seconds behind stage winner Jean-François Bernard (Toshiba–Look). Bernard traversed the course with the fastest time of 13' 07" at a pace of 41.168 km/h. With the time bonuses added to the top three finisher's times, Bernard's lead was increased to eight seconds over Rominger.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 2
24 May 1988 — Urbino to Ascoli Piceno, 230 km (142.9 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 2
The second stage of the race was one of the longer ones in the race and featured two third category climbs, the Santa Vittoria (626 m (2,053.8 ft)) and the Valico Croce di Casaleo (731 m (2,398.3 ft)). The intermediate sprint for the stage was located 19 km (11.8 mi) into the stage in Fossombrona. The first categorized climb was  set to be crossed after 178 km (110.6 mi) had been covered, and the second after 204 km (126.8 mi). With the last climb coming over twenty kilometers before the finish of the stage, it was expected that the stage would finish with a field sprint. The stage was set to begin at 10:30 local time.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 2
All 180 riders started the second stage of the race in Urbino. The peloton remained intact through the intermediate sprint. Alessio Di Basco (Fanini-Seven Up) won the sprint and was followed by Domenico Cavallo (Isoglass-Galli) and Paul Popp (Malvor-Bottecchia) in second and third, respectively.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 2
Renato Piccolo (Gewiss-Bianchi) was the first over the climb of the Santa Vittoria. Stefano Giuliani (Chateau d'Ax) won the sprint to the top of Croce di Casale, while Piccolo came in third. Giuliani's points gained during the day were enough to give him the lead in the mountains classification.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 2
Angelo Lecchi (Del Tongo-Colnago) and Giuliani were caught with six kilometers to go in the leg. Guido Bontempi (Carrera Jeans–Vagabond) won the sprint finish.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 3
25 May 1988 — Ascoli Piceno to Vasto, 184 km (114.3 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 4a
26 May 1988 — Vasto to Rodi Garganico, 123 km (76.4 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 4b
26 May 1988 — Rodi Garganico to Vieste, 40 km (24.9 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 5
27 May 1988 — Vieste to Santa Maria Capua Vetere, 260 km (161.6 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 6
28 May 1988 — Santa Maria Capua Vetere to Campitello Matese, 137 km (85.1 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 7
29 May 1988 — Campitello Matese to Avezzano, 178 km (110.6 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 8
30 May 1988 — Avezzano to Chianciano Terme, 251 km (156.0 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 9
31 May 1988 — Pienza to Marina di Massa, 235 km (146.0 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 10
1 June 1988 — Carrara to Salsomaggiore Terme, 190 km (118.1 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 11
2 June 1988 — Parma to Colle Don Bosco, 229 km (142.3 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 11
The eleventh leg of the event was very flat and contained no categorized climbs. It was expected to be one of the last opportunities for the sprinters in the race to get a chance at a stage win. The stage's start was scheduled for 11:00 local time and was speculated to be finished at around 4:30.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11, Stage 11
Werner Stutz (Cyndarella-Isotonic) jumped off the front of the peloton with 54 km (33.6 mi). He rode solo and without issue until the closing kilometers of the race where fifty environmentalist protestors blocked the road. The protestors were upset with a nearby factory, owned by chemical manufacturer Montedison, which the protestors claimed had been polluting the Bormida river. Stutz rode through the mass of people and went on to finish the stage in first position. The peloton, however, struggled to get past the protestors, which led race director Vincenzo Torriani to cancel the stage. The cancelling of the stage left no winner and the general classification standings were left unchanged.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b
The 1988 Giro d'Italia was the 71st edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Urbino, with an individual time trial on 23 May, and Stage 12 occurred on 3 June with a stage from Novara. The race finished in Vittorio Veneto on 12 June.


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 12
3 June 1988 — Novara to Selvino, 205 km (127 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 13
4 June 1988 — Bergamo to Chiesa in Valmalenco, 129 km (80 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 14
5 June 1988 — Chiesa in Valmalenco to Bormio, 120 km (75 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 15
6 June 1988 — Bormio to Merano 2000, 83 km (52 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 16
7 June 1988 — Merano to Innsbruck, 176 km (109 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 17
8 June 1988 — Innsbruck to Borgo Valsugana, 221 km (137 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 18
9 June 1988 — Levico Terme to Valico del Vetriolo, 18 km (11 mi) (ITT)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 19
10 June 1988 — Borgo Valsugana to Arta Terme, 233 km (145 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 20
11 June 1988 — Arta Terme to Lido di Jesolo, 212 km (132 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 21a
12 June 1988 — Lido di Jesolo to Vittorio Veneto, 73 km (45 mi)


1988 Giro d'Italia, Stage 12 to Stage 21b, Stage 21b
12 June 1988 — Vittorio Veneto to Vittorio Veneto, 43 km (27 mi) (ITT)


1988 Giro del Trentino
The 1988 Giro del Trentino was the 12th edition of the Tour of the Alps cycle race and was held on 4 May to 6 May 1988. The race started in Torbole and finished in Riva del Garda. The race was won by Urs Zimmermann.


1988 Giro di Lombardia
The 1988 Giro di Lombardia was the 82nd edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 15 October 1988. The race started in Como and finished at the Piazza del Duomo in Milan. The race was won by Charly Mottet of the Système U team.


1988 Glasgow Govan by-election
The Glasgow Govan by-election, for the House of Commons constituency of Glasgow Govan, Scotland, was held on 10 November 1988. It was caused by the resignation of Bruce Millan as Member of Parliament for the constituency following his appointment as a European Commissioner.


1988 Glasgow Govan by-election
The result of the election provided the first major upset of the by-elections in the 1987-92 Parliament and was seen as embarrassing for the Labour Party, with the former Labour MP Jim Sillars winning the seat for the Scottish National Party with a majority of 3,554 votes and a large swing from Labour to the SNP. However, it would soon be the Tories who were suffering losses in by-elections, although the 1987-1992 Parliament would ultimately end with a fourth consecutive Conservative victory.


1988 Glasgow Govan by-election, Previous result and background
Bruce Millan had first been elected as MP for Govan in the 1983 general election, having previously represented Glasgow Craigton, a constituency which was abolished in that year and partly merged into the redrawn Govan.


1988 Glasgow Govan by-election, Previous result and background
At the previous general election Millan, a former Scottish Secretary, had easily held the seat for the Labour Party, increasing his vote share from 55% in 1983 to 64.9%. In contrast, his main rivals, the SDP and the Conservatives, had both seen their shares of the vote drop by over 7%. Meanwhile, the SNP had managed to increase their share of the vote by over 4%. While Millan had been the clear winner, less than 1,000 votes separated the SDP in second and the SNP in fourth place, a significant change from 1983 when the SNP had been over 5,000 votes behind the SDP.


1988 Gloucester City Council election
The 1988 Gloucester City Council election took place on 3 May 1988 to elect members of Gloucester City Council in England.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500
The Goodyear NASCAR 500 race was run at the then new A$54 million Calder Park Thunderdome in Melbourne on 28 February 1988. The race was the first ever NASCAR event held outside North America. Unlike Winston Cup races in the United States, the 500 was actually 500 kilometres which is only 310 miles (roughly the same length as a Busch Series race).


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500
Headlining the race were a number of Winston Cup and Winston West Series drivers such as Alabama Gang members Bobby Allison, who had won the 1988 Daytona 500 just two weeks prior (his third and last win in the event), and Neil Bonnett, who had won the previous weekends Pontiac Excitement 400 at the Richmond International Raceway.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500
Other NASCAR regulars including Michael Waltrip (the younger brother of triple Winston Cup champion Darrell Waltrip and a future Daytona 500 winner) and Dave Marcis took on Australians new to Super Speedway such as Touring car drivers Allan Grice, Kiwi Jim Richards, and Dick Johnson, although Grice had previously raced in Winston Cup events such as the longest race in the series, the Coca-Cola 600 at the famous Charlotte Motor Speedway, the track on which Calder Park owner Bob Jane had modeled the Thunderdome. Grice had qualified 32nd at the 1987 Coca-Cola 600, becoming the first Australian to qualify for a NASCAR Winston Cup race. He would be classified in 35th place at the end of the 600 after his car suffered differential failure.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500
The most famous last name in NASCAR racing history was also represented. Kyle Petty, the son of NASCAR's "King" Richard Petty and the grandson of Lee Petty, the winner of the very first Daytona 500 in 1959, also made the trip down under for Australia's first ever NASCAR race. In a test session prior the meeting, Richard Petty set an unofficial lap record for the Thunderdome of 28.2 seconds for an average speed of 142.85 mp/h.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500
The race was broadcast live across Australia by the Seven Network, and was broadcast internationally through ESPN in the US and also throughout Europe, with commentary provided by their regular motor sport commentary team of Mike Raymond, Garry Wilkinson and Neil Crompton. Long-time motor racing and NASCAR journalist Chris Economaki, who had previously been part of Seven's Bathurst 1000 coverage in the late 1970s and early 1980s, also returned to Australia to be Seven's pit reporter and NASCAR expert during the race with local motoring journalist and race driver Peter McKay also doing pit reports. Seven used a number of Racecam units during the race with camera's mounted in several cars including those of Neil Bonnett and regular racecam drivers Allan Grice and Dick Johnson.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Qualifying
The race was 280 laps of the 1.801 km (1.119 mi) quad-oval Thunderdome (though it was generally referred to as a Tri-oval). Neil Bonnett driving his Pontiac Grand Prix for his Winston Cup team RahMoc Enterprises, won the $10,000 Goodyear-Parkroyal Pole Shootout with a time of 28.829 ahead of Allison driving a Buick LeSabre and the fastest of the Aussies, Allan Grice driving an Oldsmobile Delta 88 with a time of 28.871 seconds. Behind Grice, the highest placed Australian was Tasmanian speedway driver Robin Best who qualified 4th in his Chevrolet Monte Carlo.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Qualifying
During Friday's qualifying session, Bonnett was the fastest qualifier with a time of 28.71 seconds.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
Bonnett and Allison dominated the race, swapping the lead many times in the heat of the summer afternoon where cabin temperatures were reported to reach over 57° Celsius (135° Fahrenheit).


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
Bonnett led from the start, with Grice passing Allison coming out of turn 2 to move into second on lap 2. The Aussie then set out after Bonnet with Allison in hot pursuit and was looking likely to challenge the Pontiac, but came off second best in a touch with Allison's Buick coming out of Turn 4 which brought the races first caution after just 13 laps after Grice's Oldsmobile was sent spinning across the infield.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
While Grice had over 20 years of motor racing experience, his NASCAR experience was limited compared to Allison's who at that stage was a 27-year veteran of the sport with some 707 race starts and 86 Winston Cup wins so it was no surprise to see the American come through without a drama. For Grice, it sent him to the rear of the field for the restart and over the next 50 or so laps, his charge back through the field saw the brakes go away on his Oldsmobile.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
Michael Waltrip had the inglorious honour of being the first to call into the pits at the end of the first lap for new tyres after a tap from behind had sent him into a half spin from which he quickly recovered. The tap also saw damage to the rear of Waltrip's Monte Carlo.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
The race was marred by a multi-car crash at around lap 80 in turns 3 and 4 involving 8 cars, including the Ford Thunderbird of Dick Johnson and Grice who, after struggling with no brakes in his charge through the field, ran into the wreck at speed, heavily damaging both his and Johnson's cars in the process as it was the No. 17 Thunderbird that he hit. Grice suffered a broken collarbone as a result of the high speed accident, while both his and Johnson's cars were write-off's.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
The fastest man at the Thunderdome, Neil Bonnett, won the race by less than a second from a fast closing Bobby Allison who benefited from a late race yellow flag pit stop which allowed him to change all four tyres without losing a lap. The Alabama Gang members dominated the race with Dave Marcis finishing 3rd giving the USA a 1–2–3 result and the trio finishing 2 laps clear of 4th placed Glen Steurer driving a Monte Carlo. In fact, the top 10 finishers were Americans, proving that experience in this form or racing was paramount. The first Australian to finish was the Monte Carlo of Robin Best who finished 13 laps down in 11th place.


1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500, Race summary
Only 15 of the 32 car field finished the race.


1988 Gordon District Council election
Elections to the Gordon District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Gordon District Council election
Other parties took 2.8% of the vote. Voter turnout was 37.4%, the lowest in Scotland.


1988 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1988 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit received $5000 and a medal from the Governor General of Canada. The winners and nominees were selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.


1988 Grand National
The 1988 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 142nd renewal of the world-famous Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 9 April 1988.


1988 Grand National
The race was won by Rhyme 'n' Reason, in a time of nine minutes and 53.5 seconds and by a distance of four lengths. Durham Edition was second, and Monamore third. West Tip finished fourth. 17/2 favourite Sacred Path fell at the first fence. Nine of the 40 runners completed the course, however one horse, Smith's Man broke down during the race and died a few days later.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
Sacred Path had been off the racecourse for fourteen months prior to a win at Warwick in March, which led him to be backed down to 17/2 favourite at the off despite the relative inexperience of his jockey, Clive Cox. The conditional jockey was one of eleven riders making their debut in the race but also proved to be one of the three who departed the race at the first fence. Neither horse nor rider competed in the race again.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
Rhyme 'n Reason was a former Irish Grand National winner  who had gone through a two-season barren spell before emerging as the form horse going into the Grand National. Wins in the Anthony Mildmay, Peter Cazalet Memorial Chase at Sandown and the Racing Post Chase in January were followed by an appearance in the Cheltenham Gold Cup where he was still in contention but under pressure when falling four fences from home. Few of his potential backers were put off by that and he was sent off at 10/1 with Brendan Powell in the saddle.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
Their race looked certain to come to an end when the horse all but fell at Becher's Brook and was left in last place by the time horse and rider had recovered to continue. Powell settled his mount back into the field and moved forward to challenge going to Becher's second time round, emerging from the fence in second place after Strands Of Gold fell and Course Hunter suffered an identical fate to Rhyme 'n Reason on the first circuit.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
They were left in front by the fall of Little Polveir five fences from home and remained there until being passed by Durham Edition at the penultimate fence, at which stage they looked beaten. Rhyme 'N Reason rallied after the final fence and overhauled the leader to win. The 1988 National was his first, and was also to be his last, picking up a fractured hock while jumping Becher's Brook on the first circuit. The gelding was retired from racing after his victory and spent the remainder of his life at Woodhaven stud in Hampshire.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
Lean Ar Aghaidh and jockey, Guy Landau were also well backed at 10/1 after finishing third in the previous year's National despite having only made one appearance on a racecourse in the year since, when finishing second to Rhyme 'N Reason in the Racing Post Chase. In addition the horse was being asked to carry a full stone more than the previous year. Landau made a bid to win from the front and led the field through the first circuit. Early on the second circuit it became clear that the pace was telling as Lean Ar Aghaidh began to drop back through the field. They were still in touch at the Canal Turn but rapidly lost ground from that point forward before being the last of eight competitors to finish.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
West Tip was by now an old favourite with the public, having won the race in 1986 and finishing fourth in 1987 and was partnered, as for his three previous appearances, by Richard Dunwoody. Staying out of trouble on the first circuit, Dunwoody moved the 11/1 shot into contention at Becher's Brook on the second circuit and was left in second place by the fall of Little Polvier five fences from home.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
West Tip was among the leading quartet at the Anchor Bridge crossing but rapidly came under pressure and was beaten by the penultimate fence, holding off a late challenge from Attitude Adjuster to retain fourth place to the finish. The old favourite would return again for a fifth attempt the following year.


1988 Grand National, Leading contenders
You're Welcome and Hard Case also attracted a great deal of public support but their odds of 13/1 proved unlucky for both. Peter Hobbs broke a stirrup leather at the fourth fence on the former and almost carried out Course Hunter before finally regaining enough control to pull You're Welcome up before Becher's first time. Hard Case fared little better and made no impression before falling at the nineteenth fence when well to the rear.


1988 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
The BBC broadcast the race live on television for the twenty-ninth consecutive year as part of its regular Saturday afternoon Grandstand programme, in a Grand National special. Commentary on the race itself, for the seventeenth consecutive year was provided by John Hanmer, Julian Wilson and lead commentator, Peter O'Sullevan who was calling his forty-third Grand National on Television and prior to that, Radio. BBC Radio Two's regular Saturday sport on two programme also broadcast live from Aintree and broadcast the race as it had done every years since 1927. All of the leading United Kingdom daily newspapers carried multi-page Grand National special pull outs and colour guides.


1988 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
There were no recorded serious injuries among riders but Smith's Man broke down very badly and was put down a few days later.


1988 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
Post race celebrations included a gala dinner and auction for 350 invited guests at the Adelphi Hotel.


1988 Grand Prix (snooker)
The 1988 Rothmans Grand Prix was a professional ranking snooker tournament held at the Hexagon Theatre in Reading, England.


1988 Grand Prix (snooker)
Steve Davis won in the final 10–6 against Alex Higgins.


1988 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix was the only men's tennis circuit held that year. It incorporated the four grand slam tournaments, three World Championship Tennis tournaments and the Grand Prix tournaments.


1988 Grand Prix (tennis), Schedule
The table below shows the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix schedule (a precursor to the ATP Tour).


1988 Grand Prix (tennis), List of tournament winners
The list of winners and number of Grand Prix titles won, alphabetically by last name:


1988 Grand Prix International de Paris
The 1988 Grand Prix International de Paris was held in Paris. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon
The 1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Palais des Sports de Gerland in Lyon, France, and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 8 February through 15 February 1988. Unseeded qualifier Yahiya Doumbia won the singles title.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon, Finals, Doubles
Brad Drewett /  Broderick Dyke defeated  Michael Mortensen /  Blaine Willenborg 3–6, 6–3, 6–4


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Doubles
Guy Forget and Yannick Noah were the defending champions, but Noah did not participate this year. Forget partnered Loïc Courteau, losing in the semifinals.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Doubles
Brad Drewett and Broderick Dyke won the title, defeating Michael Mortensen and Blaine Willenborg 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Singles
Yannick Noah was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals this year.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Lyon – Singles
Yahiya Doumbia won the title, beating Todd Nelson 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse
The 1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1988 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 10 October until 16 October 1988. Second-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse, Finals, Doubles
Tom Nijssen /  Ricki Osterthun defeated. Mansour Bahrami /  Guy Forget, 6–3, 6–4.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles
The 1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1988 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 10 October – 16 October.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles
The 1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1988 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 10 October – 16 October.


1988 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 40th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Eddie Lawson would recapture the championship from Wayne Gardner in a season that witnessed several fierce duels. Two newcomers joined the Grand Prix circuit with Americans Wayne Rainey and Kevin Schwantz each winning races in their first full year. This was Rainey’s debut in the 500s; he had ridden a 250 in 1984 and gotten 1 podium of 12 starts. Alan Cathcart’s pre-season assessment in Cycle News was that “Rainey is a good rider, but he'll never be a great rider. And he'll certainly never be a Randy Mamola.”


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
The V4 machines used by the factories were extremely powerful and in combination with rigid chassis produced power slides that sometimes caused violent highsides, throwing the riders into the air. Cagiva joined the racing with Randy Mamola as their rider. The first United States Grand Prix in 23 years was held in Monterrey, California.


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Sito Pons beat out fellow countryman Juan Garriga for the 250 title winning four races to Garriga's three. Spain's Jorge Martinez captured double championships in the 80 and 125 classes for the Spanish firm Derbi.


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1988 Grand Prix season calendar
The following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 1988:


1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Results and standings, 500cc riders' standings
Points are awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour
The 1988 Great Britain Lions tour was the Great Britain national rugby league team's 18th tour of Australasia and took place from May to July 1988. It started with a Test match against Papua New Guinea before the best-of-three series against Australia for the Ashes title, and finally a Test against New Zealand. Some of these matches counted toward the ongoing 1985–1988 World Cup tournament. An additional 13 matches were played against local club and representative sides from each host nation.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Background
The tour took place after Britain's 1987–88 Rugby Football League season. A 16-man British press party - the largest ever - accompanied the team through Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Touring squad
Mal Reilly was the British team's coach. The assistant coach was British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA) and RFL Coaching Director Phil Larder. The tour manager was Les Bettinson. The touring side's captain was Ellery Hanley, who was signed by Sydney club the Balmain Tigers to play the remaining rounds of the 1988 NSWRFL season once his representative commitments were fulfilled. It was also announced during the tour that Kevin Ward, who had played in Manly-Warringah's 1987 premiership winning team, would rejoin the Sea Eagles for the remainder of their season once the tour was completed.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Touring squad
Des Drummond was left out of the touring squad after defending himself from a spectator who rushed onto the pitch shouting racial abuse during the British season. Andy Currier had to be flown out during the Ashes to cover for the injured Garry Schofield.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Papua New Guinea
The Lions played only two games in Papua New Guinea, winning both of them.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Papua New Guinea
The result of this match counted towards the 1985–1988 World Cup tournament, the final of which was to be played later in the year. The first Test of the tour was played in 38 degree heat with fans clustered in trees and clinging to lights around the ground. 21-year-old Shaun Edwards, the youngest member of the touring party, damaged his knee after six minutes of the match and it was feared that he would miss the rest of the tour. By half time Great Britain were leading 28–6. Garry Schofield scored his 17th try in 18 Test matches for Great Britain, and captain Ellery Hanley made three try-saving tackles.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Papua New Guinea
After the match Edwards was flown to Sydney to undergo surgery on his knee's cartilage due to the injury he sustained while playing in this match.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia
The Australian leg of the tour took place in the midst of the 1988 NSWRFL season as well as the 1988 State of Origin series. In 1988 Australia was also celebrating its national bicentenary. The tour's itinerary, which involved short periods between matches, making it tough for the visitors, was designed by the Australian Rugby League but agreed to by the British.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia
The Ashes series attracted just 67,554 to the three tests, with the dead rubber third game attracting just 15,944 to the Sydney Football Stadium. The second Ashes test against Australia at Lang Park in Brisbane drew the tours highest attendance of 27,130 while the game against reigning Sydney premiers Manly-Warringah attracted the highest non-test attendance of the tour with 21,131. The total Ashes series attendance was 7,926 less than had attended the 1984 series played in Australia and was 34,006 less than the record breaking series played in England during the 1986 Kangaroo Tour. It was also easily the lowest ever attended Ashes series played in Australia since 1910 which attracted 60,000 fans.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues. Two games were played in Sydney.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
North Queensland: Namok, Gagai, Taylor, Turia, Curry, Worth, Filosi, Colwell, Bax, McAskill, House, Dalley, Greenwood. Res - Ernest, Conlan


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
Great Britain: Phil Ford, Paul Medley, Carl Gibson, David Stephenson, Martin Offiah, David Hulme, Mike Ford, Brian Case, Paul Groves, Roy Powell, Karl Fairbank, Paul Dixon, Andy Platt (c). Res - Roy Haggerty


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
The Newcastle Knights, a new team in the NSWRL Premiership in 1988, was rewarded for large early season attendances with a game against the touring Lions.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
The Northern Division side, captained by former NSW, South Sydney and Eastern Suburbs five-eighth Rocky Laurie, gave the tourists their first defeat, and a heavy defeat at that. Also playing for Northern Division was future NSWRL Rothmans Medal winner with Canterbury-Bankstown, Moree Boomerangs Halfback Ewan McGrady who crossed for two tries and future Canterbury premiership winning centre Matthew Ryan. The game became known as "Black Sunday" for the Lions who went down 36-12. According to media reports, after the game Mal Reilly locked his team in the dressing room and upbraided them for 20 minutes before the media were allowed in.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
Although facing the Lions mid-week side which still included test players Andy Platt, Martin Offiah, Phil Ford, Carl Gibson, David Hulme and Roy Powell, Manly went into the game missing regular first grade players Paul Vautin, Michael O'Connor, Phil Daley (Australian test players rested before the first test four days later), while fullback Dale Shearer, winger David Ronson and goal kicking hooker Mal Cochrane were unavailable due to injury.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
In the absence of Vautin, the defending Winfield Cup premiers were captained by 1986 Kangaroo Tourist and 10 test veteran Noel Cleal who had a point to prove after being a shock omission from the Australian and NSW sides (the Lions camp and the English media following the team was reportedly dumbfounded at Cleal's non-selection). In front of a vocal Brookvale Oval crowd of 21,131, the largest non-test attendance of the tour, the makeshift Sea Eagles side put the tourists to the sword, running out five tries to nil winners.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
Manly's teenage halfback Geoff Toovey, playing only his third game of top grade football, capped a man-of-the-match performance scoring one of his sides tries. The match saw the first time that former test rivals and teammates in Manly's 1972 and 1973 premiership wins Bob Fulton (Manly) and Mal Reilly (Great Britain) would coach against each other.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
For the Lions, their captain on the night Andy Platt was far and away their best player with the rest showing little form heading into the first test just 4 days later. After Cliff Lyons crossed for Manly's 5th try in just 60th minute, the game descended into a scrappy contest as fatigue and high frustrations for the Lions resulted in Mark Brokenshire (Manly) and Roy Haggerty (GB) each getting 10 minutes in the sin-bin for foul play. For Manly, Toovey, Lyons, Cleal and Des Hasler (playing at lock) led the way for the 30–0 win.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, Test Venues
The game was refereed by Frenchman Francis Desplas who would be the referee for all three tests of the Ashes series. Although not playing the game, Mal Reilly allowed Lions prop forward Kevin Ward who had played in Manly's 1987 Grand Final winning team (and would again link with Manly once the tour ended), to take the toss of the coin in front of his 'home' fans despite Andy Platt captaining the side. The scheduling of the game against the reigning Sydney premiers only four days out from the first test drew criticism from Lions management and the British press who were covering the tour.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
The Ashes series was styled the 'Winfield Test series' due to sponsorship from Winfield cigarettes. The first game was the 100th rugby league test between the two sides. Andrew Ettingshausen, Peter Jackson, Tony Currie, Sam Backo, Phil Daley and Gary Belcher were selected to make their Test match debuts for Australia. Largely thanks to their 3-0 domination of the State of Origin series, Queensland players dominated in the Australian forward pack with Manly's Phil Daley the only NSW player in the starting six.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Both Blues skipper Wayne Pearce and Noel Cleal were shock omissions while Wally Fullerton-Smith (second row) and Greg Conescu (hooker) were recalled for their first tests since 1984 and 1985 respectively. The absence through injury of several of Great Britain's Test stars meant that several members of their team were playing out of position.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Following heavy losses to Northern Division and Manly-Warringah in their two games immediately prior to the first test, one unnamed ARL official allegedly remarked that trying to promote a test series with the Great Britain side (who had not won a test against Australia since the second test of the 1978 Kangaroo Tour) was like trying to flog a dead horse. Indeed, this was reflected when only 24,480 attended the first test at the Sydney Football Stadium, with the dead rubber third test at the venue only attracting 15,944 fans, the lowest ever test attendance between the two teams in Sydney.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Following a high tackle on British hooker Kevin Beardmore by Australian front rower Phil Daley, Great Britain put the first points on the board with Paul Loughlin's penalty kick from 40 metres out. The first try also went to the visitors with Ellery Hanley beating several defenders to score in the corner. Great Britain looked the better team in the first half and were leading 6–0 at the break.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
After six minutes of the second-half Sam Backo ran on to a Peter Sterling pass to score Australia's first try, although there was doubt around the ball's grounding. Peter Jackson scored two tries over 11 minutes to give Australia victory. In between these two tries Wally Lewis kicked a field goal.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
John MacDonald of The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the tourists were not only competitive, but a little unlucky, and that the 17–6 score did not reflect how close they came to winning. He also leveled heavy criticism at the refereeing performance of Francois Desplas, who could not speak English. As man-of-the-match, British forward Kevin Ward received $1,000.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Great Britain's second-row forward Andy Platt received an injury to his left arm that was expected to see him sidelined for the next two weeks.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Combined Brisbane: Steve Hegarty, Kelly Egan, Brett McCarthy, Cherry, Gordon Barwick, Peter Coyne, Daunt, McIntyre, Holmes, Ponting, Glen Haggath, Ian Stains, Darren Smith. Res - Kevin Langer, White


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Great Britain: Phil Ford, Henderson Gill, Garry Schofield, Carl Gibson, Ellery Hanley (c), Mike Ford, Brian Case, Paul Groves, Lee Crooks, Roy Powell, Karl Fairbank, Paul Dixon. Res - Martin Offiah, Hugh Waddell


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
In the 20th minute of the match British centre Garry Schofield was assisted from the field with a fractured jaw bone.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Central Queensland: Crow, Miller, Peter White, Paul White, Hinricks, Iles, Upkett, Olsson, Emmert, Weinert, Leisha, Duff, Brazier.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Great Britain: Paul Loughlin, Carl Gibson, Ian Wilkinson, Darren Wright, Martin Offiah, Ellery Hanley (c), David Hulme, Kevin Ward, Kevin Beardmore, Hugh Waddell, Roy Powell, Karl Fairbank, Roy Haggerty. Res - Lee Crooks, Henderson Gill


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
British prop Lee Crooks injured his shoulder in this match putting him in doubt for the remainder of the Ashes series. Winning the scrums 11-2, Great Britain had a wealth of possession and exploited it ruthlessly. The Capras' only try came from Black Water Devils second-rower Marshall Leisha during the last ten minutes.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Toowoomba / S-E Queensland: Weribone, Clevin, Blake, Pratt, Stower, Clancy, Smith, Dwyer, M. Cook, Sutoon, Buckle, Johnson, Sullivan. Res - Terry Cook, Neale


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Great Britain: Paul Loughlin, Henderson Gill, David Stephenson, Phil Ford, Martin Offiah, Ellery Hanley (c), David Hulme, Kevin Ward, Kevin Beardmore, Paul Dixon, Karl Fairbank, Roy Powell, Mike Gregory.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Wide Bay: Ovens, Templeman, Kirby, Lalli, Kinsela, Jones, Ward, Reddacliff, Gerrard, McGrath, Sempf, Schulte, March. Res - Graving, Ryan


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 1st Ashes Test
Great Britain: Ian Wilkinson, Carl Gibson, Andy Currier, Darren Wright, Henderson Gill, Mike Ford, Paul Hulme, Brian Case, Paul Groves, Hugh Waddell, Roy Powell, Karl Fairbank, Roy Haggerty. Res - Paul Loughlin, Martin Offiah


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
The Australian's made two changes to the side that won the first test in Sydney. Wayne Pearce earned a recall at lock with Bob Lindner moving to the bench in place of Steve Folkes. Injuries again forced Mal Reilly into changing his side for the second test. Garry Schofield's broken jaw saw Phil Ford moved to the centres with Henderson Gill recalled onto the wing. Captain Ellery Hanley moved from lock to the centres in place of David Stephenson with Mike Gregory coming in at lock forward. Andy Platt dropped from the front row to the back row with Roy Powell coming into prop. Darren Wright and Paul Hulme were the new players on the bench.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
Match commentary was provided by Darrell Eastlake and supercoach Jack Gibson.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
On Lang Park's electronic scoreboard the message "Bullfrog - shame our favourite No 7 isn't here" was displayed in a reference to Queensland halfback Allan Langer being overlooked for selection by Kangaroos team manager Peter Moore in favour of Peter Sterling.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
The tourists got first points with a penalty kick. After playing the ball three quarters of the way towards Great Britain's line Australians moved the ball through the hands out to left centre Michael O'Connor who broke through the defence and scored the first try. Australia's next try came in the twentieth minute when Wally Lewis chip kicked the ball ahead for himself, re-gathered it and passed it Peter Jackson who crossed untouched and scored behind the uprights. O'Connor successfully converted his try taking the score to 14–4 in favour of the hosts.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
After playing the ball around mid field the Australians kept the ball alive with a total of nine passes, the last of which was to Andrew Ettingshausen on the right wing who beat Martin Offiah to dive over in the corner. O'Connor's conversion attempt hit the upright so the half time score remained at 18–4.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
After the break Great Britain were playing the ball within their own half of the field when Ellery Hanley got it at first receiver and ran himself, splitting the defence and racing into Australia's half where he passed to Ford who ran the remaining forty metres to score beneath the uprights. Sam Backo then scored a close range try, running from dummy-half and forcing his way over the line. Again playing the ball close to Great Britain's line Australia scored from dummy half once more when Wayne Pearce dived over.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
Playing the ball just inside Great Britain's half the Australians continued up-field, evading tacklers and passing to support players, the last of whom was Wally Lewis who ran the remaining metres to score untouched. Five minutes from full-time Andy Gregory was sent to the sin-bin for 10 minutes—effectively for the remainder of the game—after another high tackle on Ettingshausen.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
By winning this match Australia successfully defended their Ashes title. The Poms' excessive aggression was seen as costing them the match. Criticism of French referee Desplas also continued.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
Western Division: Frail, Wilfred Williams, Casey, Mark Smith, Newman, Clark, Douglas, Gibson, Luke, McAnally, Fitzgerald, Michael Peachy, Moy. Res - Stammers, Batty


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
Great Britain: Ian Wilkinson, Carl Gibson, Andy Currier, Darren Wright, Martin Offiah, Ellery Hanley (c), Mike Ford, Brian Case, Paul Groves, Hugh Waddell, Karl Fairbank, Paul Hulme, Mike Gregory.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
With Great Britain leading 26–10 with 20 minutes to go, the local forwards rallied strongly to give the Lions a fright.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
After playing the entire tour using the international numbers for the forwards (i.e. props with 8 and 10, loose forward with 13), Great Britain used the old standard still used in Australia until the end of the year with the props in 11 and 13, loose forward with 8.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
The Don Furner coached President's XIII led 14–2 after 22 minutes thanks to tries by Steve O'Brien, Glenn Lazarus and 1986 Kangaroo tourist Greg Alexander.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 2nd Ashes Test
But after a second half try to Mal Meninga (who had an off day with the boot, kicking only 2 of his 6 attempts at goal), the Lions brought it back to 18–16 thanks to 2 tries from Welsh fullback Phil Ford and one to captain Mike Gregory plus the more accurate goal kicking of St Helens centre Paul Loughlin in the increasingly muddy conditions at the Seiffert Oval, the home ground of the Canberra Raiders. However, a late try to Penrith centre Graeme Bradley put the game beyond the reach of the tourists. South Sydney's Mario Fenech, playing at hooker, was given the honour of captaining the President's XIII.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
This match also counted toward the result of the 1985–1988 World Cup tournament. Australia were considered favourites, having won the past fifteen consecutive test matches. Great Britain's chances were also lessened by the squad missing the likes of Shaun Edwards, Kevin Beardmore, Steve Hampson, Andy Platt, Garry Schofield, Joe Lydon, Lee Crooks and Andy Goodway for one reason or another, and some players taking to the field not fully fit. It was the debut of Paul Hulme and Hugh Waddell in the front row. The match was broadcast by the Nine network with commentary from Darrell Eastlake and Jack Gibson.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
Early in the match Great Britain were disallowed a try when Henderson Gill dived onto an Andy Gregory bomb which was not secured by the Australian fullback. The Kangaroos then had chances to score at the other end of the field, but the British defence held strong. The first try of the match would go to the visitors when, playing the ball inside Australia's twenty-two, they strung some passes together, getting the ball out to Martin Offiah who dove over the line on the right wing.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
The conversion attempt was missed so the score was 0–4 with over three quarters of the match still to be played. A few minutes later Great Britain were again on the attack in Australia's territory and keeping the ball alive, their scrum half back Andy Gregory darting about elusively before passing it to Ford who stepped and weaved his way amongst the defenders to dash through and score near the uprights. The conversion was successful, giving Great Britain a 0–10 lead. Shortly before half-time Australia suffered a major setback when their halfback Peter Sterling was forced off with a dislocated shoulder after being driven into the turf in a tackle by Roy Powell. No more points were scored in the first half, so this was the score at the break.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
Australia scored first in the second half after winning a scrum against the feed within Great Britain's twenty-two. Working the ball up close to the uprights, their captain Wally Lewis got it at first receiver and ran it into the defence, wrestling his way through to the tryline where he reached out and put it down beneath the black dot. The try was successfully converted, so the score was 6–10 in favour of the Lions. Great Britain then extended their lead after working the ball up into an attacking position where Andy Gregory chipped it ahead.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
In the rush of chasers from both sides trying to reach the ball it was knocked ahead into the in-goal area where Henderson Gill dived on it. The kick was successful so the British were leading 6–16. Again the Britons' failure to win a scrum in their own territory afforded Australia another opportunity, with forward Sam Backo crashing over the line shortly after from close range. The successful kick brought the Kangaroos back to within an unconverted try at 12–16.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
The Lions struck again from deep within their own half where centre Paul Loughlin got the ball at first receiver, ran through the defensive line and crossed half-way before passing to Henderson Gill in support on his outside to dive over on the right wing. The conversion attempt was missed, so the British lead was 12–20. Then they scored another long range try while working the ball away from their own line, Andy Gregory making a dart from dummy half, catching the markers napping and getting into open space. He then found Mike Gregory in support who ran about seventy metres to dive over under the posts. The easy kick meant a 26–12 lead for Great Britain and this is where the scoreboard remained at full-time.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
Australian front row forward Sam Backo scored a try in all three tests. This saw him join legendary winger Ken Irvine (1963) as the only Australians to score a try in each test of an Ashes series.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
This was the end of a 15-match winning streak for the Australians, and Great Britain's first Test victory over the Kangaroos since their 18–14 win at Odsal Stadium during the 1978 Kangaroo tour, as well as their first win in Australia for 18 years. It also put Great Britain on top of the World Cup points table.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, Australia, 3rd Ashes Test
After the match there was a gala dinner at the Regent Hotel.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand
The Lions lost two of three of their matches in New Zealand.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand, Test Match
The result of this match would determine who would contest the final of the 1985–1988 World Cup tournament's final to be played later in the year.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand, Test Match
It was a rainy afternoon in Christchurch. Following the national anthems "God Save the Queen" and "God Defend New Zealand", and a haka by the Kiwis, Great Britain kicked off. In slippery conditions New Zealand knocked during the first set of six. This resulted in a scrum to the visitors deep inside the Kiwis' territory. From the scrum win the ball was moved out to the left where a pass was knocked down by a New Zealand defender but re-gathered by British centre Paul Loughlin who dived over the line.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand, Test Match
The referee awarded the try which Loughlin failed to convert, so Great Britain got out to an early 4 nil lead. A few minutes later a penalty was awarded to the Lions but Loughlin's kick was again wide. Shortly after that New Zealand were awarded a penalty and Peter Brown kicked it successfully, bringing the margin back to two points at 2–4.


1988 Great Britain Lions tour, New Zealand, Test Match
Great Britain captain Ellery Hanley sustained a cut under his eye during the match which required 12 stitches.


1988 Green Bay Packers season
The 1988 Green Bay Packers season was their 70th season overall and their 68th in the National Football League (NFL). Under coach Lindy Infante, the team finished with their second 4–12 in three seasons, and finishing last place in the NFC Central division. 1988 was the first season the Packers played under Infante.


1988 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship
The 1988 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the 18th edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Aasiaat. It was won by Kissaviarsuk-33 for the fifth time in its history.


1988 Groom by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Groom on 9 April 1988. This was triggered by the resignation of National Party MP Tom McVeigh.


1988 Groom by-election
The election was won by Liberal Party candidate Bill Taylor.


1988 Groom by-election
Taylor was publicly backed by former Queensland premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen a month before the poll. Bjelke-Petersen, who had been forced to resign as premier several months earlier after losing the support of his National Party colleagues, said the Nationals had lost their way and turned their backs on traditional conservative policies.


1988 Guarujá Open
The 1988 Guarujá Open was a men's tennis tournament held in Guarujá, Brazil and played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the third edition of the tournament and took place from 25 January through 1 February 1988. Second-seeded Luiz Mattar won the singles title.


1988 Guarujá Open, Finals, Doubles
Ricardo Acuña /  Luke Jensen defeated  Javier Frana /  Diego Pérez 6–1, 6–4


1988 Gulf Club Champions Cup
The Gulf Club Champions Cup (Arabic: كأس الأندية الخليجية), is a football league tournament for the Arabian Peninsula clubs, it's a tournament for clubs. The 1988 edition was known as the Gulf Cooperation Council Club Tournament.


1988 Gulf Club Champions Cup
The tournament doubled up as the qualifying round of the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship. The winners would progress to the ACC's latter stages.


1988 Haitian general election
General elections were held in Haiti on 17 January 1988, after the 1987 general election had been cancelled due to an election day massacre of voters either orchestrated or condoned by the Haitian military. The elections were boycotted by most candidates who had contested the previous elections, and while the official voter turnout figure was stated to be around 35%, observers and foreign officials estimated it to be no more than 10%, with some putting it at lower than 4%.


1988 Haitian general election
The official results were made public on 24 January, and it was a victory for Leslie Manigat of the Rally of Progressive National Democrats. However, six months later, he was removed from office in a military coup on 20 June.


1988 Hall of Fame Bowl
The 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl, part of the 1987 bowl game season, took place on January 2, 1988, at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The competing teams in the second edition of the Hall of Fame Bowl were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference. In what was the first ever meeting between the schools, Michigan was victorious by a final score of 28–24.


1988 Hall of Fame Bowl, Teams, Alabama
The 1987 Alabama squad finished the regular season with losses to Florida, Memphis State, Notre Dame and Auburn to compile a 7–4 record. Following their loss against Auburn in the Iron Bowl, the Crimson Tide accepted an invitation to play in the Hall of Fame Bowl. The appearance marked the first for Alabama in the Hall of Fame Bowl, and their 40th overall bowl game.


1988 Hall of Fame Bowl, Teams, Michigan
The 1987 Michigan squad finished the regular season with losses to Notre Dame, Michigan State, Indiana and Ohio State to finish with a record of 7–4. Their appearance marked the first for Michigan in the Hall of Fame Bowl, and their 19th overall bowl game. In mid December 1987, head coach Bo Schembechler underwent quadruple bypass heart surgery and was unable to coach in the bowl game. Due to this circumstance, Gary Moeller was given the coaching responsibilities for the game.


1988 Hall of Fame Bowl, Game summary
Alabama scored first following a 51-yard field goal by kicker Philip Doyle, and led 3–0 after the first quarter. In the second quarter, Jamie Morris scored on touchdown runs of 25 and 14 yards as Michigan took a 14–3 lead to halftime. In the third quarter, Morris scored on a 77-yard touchdown run, stretching Michigan's lead to 21–3. Alabama responded with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Jeff Dunn to tight end Howard Cross, making it 21–9. In the fourth quarter, Bobby Humphrey scored on touchdown runs of 1 and 17 yards as Alabama took a 24–21 lead. Michigan scored the game-winning touchdown on a 20-yard pass from Demetrius Brown to John Kolesar for a 28–24 win.


1988 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships and the Virginia Slims of Newport
The 1988 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships and the 1988 Virginia Slims of Newport were tennis tournaments played on grass courts at the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in the United States that were part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and of the Category 3 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from July 4 through July 10, 1988, while the women's tournament was held from July 11 through July 17, 1988.


1988 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships and the Virginia Slims of Newport, Finals, Men's Doubles
Kelly Jones /  Peter Lundgren defeated  Scott Davis /  Dan Goldie 6–3, 7–6


1988 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships and the Virginia Slims of Newport, Finals, Women's Doubles
Rosalyn Fairbank /  Barbara Potter defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Lori McNeil 6–4, 6–3


1988 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season
The 1988 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 31st season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 39th overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 3rd place in the East Division with a 9–9 record and lost the East Semi-Final to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Earl Winfield tied Steve Stapler's record for most touchdowns in one season with 13 (which Tony Champion broke the year later). It would be Stapler's final season with the Tiger-Cats, and he finished ranked fourth all-time in franchise history in touchdowns. Paul Osbaldiston would set a franchise record (which he would break on three separate occasions) for the most converts in one season with 49 made.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election
The 1988 Hamilton municipal election was held on November 14, 1988 to elect a Regional Chairman, a Mayor, sixteen members to Hamilton, Ontario City Council, seventeen members to the Hamilton Board of Education and thirteen members to the Hamilton-Wentworth Roman Catholic Separate School Board.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
The 1988 Mayoral race was overshadowed by a number of events, namely aldermanic contests, the 1988 Federal election and the first general election for the Hamilton-Wentworth regional chairman. The two-person race drew little attention from local media, with reporters and commentators noting that Church of the Universe minister Michael Baldasaro had little chance of defeating incumbent mayor Bob Morrow.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral Election
On election night, Morrow said that his return with over 90% of the vote was nearly an acclamation, while Baldasaro indicated that he would not stop contesting elections and advancing the use of marijuana.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward One (West Hamilton-McMaster)
The 1988 Election in Ward One saw tensions between homeowners and student residents come to the forefront of the campaign. In the summer of 1988, Hamilton, Ontario City Council passed a bylaw aimed at reducing the prominence of student houses in the area by limiting the number of unrelated tenants in a single family home to five. This decision angered the McMaster Students Union and prompted a concentrated effort on behalf of the undergraduate representative body to find a pro-student candidate to challenge incumbent aldermen Terry Cooke and Mary Kiss. Ultimately, the attempt was unsuccessful. MSU president Cyrus Barucha noted that "Our real hope was to find someone respected by both the community and the students...we had several people in mind, but none of them were willing to come forward."


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward One (West Hamilton-McMaster)
While student housing in the area was a main issue, the incumbent candidates stood firmly on a platform of their track records. Cooke, a one-term alderman and, at the time, the youngest member of council, pushed for more affordable housing and improvements to the area's roads while fighting for fiscal responsibility. The Spectator noted that Cooke had attempted to secure over $250,000 in budget cuts in 1988. Cooke's campaign slogan in 1988 was Practical Progressive Representation.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward One (West Hamilton-McMaster)
Kiss maintained her track record of a champion for the people, while highlighting the importance of preserving both the unique neighbourhoods and environmental characteristics of Ward One. A two-term alderman at the time, Kiss faced considerable criticism from members of the community over her opposition to the construction of two three-storey apartment buildings on Broadway Avenue near McMaster University. A small group of residents disapproved of the proposal to change the site's zoning from light industrial to residential and stormed a meeting of city council where the issue was to be discussed. Kiss championed their cause, but was ultimately unsuccessful thanks to a ruling against their stand by the Ontario Municipal Board.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward One (West Hamilton-McMaster)
Challenger Neil Hughes was a local businessman and political activist, having worked on the campaigns of Lincoln Alexander and Victor Copps. Hughes was upset about a perceived attitude of favourability toward special interest groups by members of council and the handing of the student housing bylaw that he called "unenforceable". Hughes mentioned during the campaign that if he was unable to unseat either Kiss or Cooke, he would seek election once more in 1991, which he ultimately did not do.


1988 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council Election, Ward One (West Hamilton-McMaster)
On election night, Cooke and Kiss were returned to council by a comfortable margin over Hughes. Cooke joked with Spectator reporter Mike Hanley that, if early results showed he was losing, people should look for him at the high-level bridge. Kiss commented that, despite placing second to Cooke for a second time, she was merely humbled to be elected to a third term.