1988 Norwegian Football Cup
The Norwegian Football Cup 1988 was won by Rosenborg after they beat Brann in the cup final. It took a replay to decide the winner.


1988 Norwegian Football Cup, Final
Brann's squad: Bjarni Sigurðsson, Henrik Biørnstad, Redouane Drici, Jan Halvor Halvorsen, Lars Moldestad, Trond Nordeide, Per Egil Ahlsen, Arne Møller, Per Hilmar Nybø, (Halvor Storskogen 115), Odd Johnsen, (Geir Solheim 118) and Atle Torvanger.


1988 Norwegian Football Cup, Final
Rosenborg's team: Ola By Rise, Karl Petter Løken, Trond Sollied, Geir Olav Bøgseth, Trond Børge Henriksen, (Jan Hansen 7), Kåre Ingebrigtsen, Sverre Brandhaug, Ørjan Berg, Per Joar Hansen, Bård Wiggen 73), Gøran Sørloth and Mini Jakobsen.


1988 Norwegian Football Cup, Final
Rosenborg's winning team: Ola By Rise, (Arne Linn 89), Trond Henriksen, Trond Sollied, Bård Wiggen, Jan Hansen, Kåre Ingebrigtsen, Sverre Brandhaug, Ørjan Berg, Karl Petter Løken, Gøran Sørloth, Jahn Ivar Jakobsen, Knut Thorbjørn Eggen and Trond Sundby.


1988 Norwegian Football Cup, Final
Brann's team: Bjarni Sigurðsson, Henrik Biørnstad, Redouane Drici, Jan Halvor Halvorsen, (Jan Erlend Kruse 46), Lars Moldestad, Trond Nordeide, Arne Møller, Per Egil Ahlsen, Atle Torvanger, Per Hilmar Nybø, (Geir Solheim (63 Odd Johnsen.


1988 Norwegian Football Cup Final
The 1988 Norwegian Football Cup Final was the final match of the 1988 Norwegian Football Cup, the 83rd season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF). The final was played at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and opposed two First Division sides Rosenborg and Brann. As the inaugural final match finished 2–2, the final was replayed seven days later at the same venue with the Rosenborg defeated Brann 2–0 to claim the Norwegian Cup for an fourth time in their history.


1988 Norwich Union Grand Prix
The 1988 Norwich Union Grand Prix was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place in December 1988.


1988 Norwich Union Grand Prix
The tournament consisted of four legs featuring four players in each. The winner of these legs went to the semi-finals of the final tournament held in Monte Carlo, Monaco. Steve Davis won the final tournament beating Jimmy White 5–4 in the final.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Irish, coached by Lou Holtz, ended the season with 12 wins and no losses, winning the national championship. The Fighting Irish won the title by defeating the previously unbeaten and No. 3 ranked West Virginia Mountaineers in the Sunkist Fiesta Bowl in Tempe, Arizona, by a score of a 34–21.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1988 squad, one of 11 national title squads for the Irish, is considered to be one of the best undefeated teams in the history of college football. The Irish beat the teams which finished the season ranked #2, #4, #5, and #7 in the AP Poll. They also won 10 of 12 games by double digits. The 1988 squad is best remembered for its 31-30 upset of No. 1 ranked Miami, ending their 36-game regular season  winning streak. The game is remembered to this day as one of the most memorable games in all of college football.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Michigan
13th ranked Notre Dame debuted its season against No. 9 Michigan in Notre Dame Stadium. In a 19-17 thriller, walk-on kicker Reggie Ho kicked a 26-yard field goal winner with 1:13 remaining. Lou Holtz's concerns about his youthful offense and green receivers were realized as the Irish offense did not score a single offensive touchdown. In addition to Reggie Ho's game winner, the Irish kicker scored 3 other field goals. The lone touchdown from Notre Dame came from a Ricky Watters punt return, an 81-yard runback. Michigan's Mike Gillette, who had given the Wolverines the lead with 5:34 left by kicking a 49-yard field goal, had one final chance to give Michigan the win, narrowly missing from 48 yards as the final gun sounded.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Michigan State
MSU threatened Notre Dame early with a 1st-quarter field goal, but that would be the only points of the day the Notre Dame defense would allow as the Irish downed MSU 20-3. Notre Dame struggled early in the contest, accumulating only 50 yards running on 21 carries. Reggie Ho tied the game with 31-yarder in the second quarter and put the Irish ahead 6-3 at the half with a 22-yard field goal. The second half was a different story for the Irish offense, as quarterback Tony Rice and company amassed 195 yards on 33 carries in the second half.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Michigan State
156 yards came on 19 carries in the third quarter alone. Tony Rice ran for an 8-yard touchdown and Michael Stonebreaker added a 39-yard interception return for a touchdown in the final quarter to end any hopes of a Spartan upset. The star of the game was Notre Dame's defense, which held the Spartans to 89 yards rushing for the game. Running back Mark Green led the Irish rushing attack with 125 yards on the ground.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Purdue
Tony Rice passed for two touchdowns and ran for another as Notre Dame shredded Purdue 52-7. It was one of the worst losses by Purdue in the history of the series, and its worst loss since a 48-0 drubbing in 1970. Notre Dame scored early and often, starting with a 38-yard Rice option run for a touchdown. Tony Rice's first passing touchdown on the year was an 8-yarder to freshman tight end Derek Brown. The Irish exploded for 28 points in the second quarter, highlighted by a 54-yard Rice touchdown pass to Rocket Ismail.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Purdue
Tailback Mark Green added a 7-yard touchdown run and Ricky Watters returned a punt 66 yards for a score. Coach Lou Holtz used three separate quarterbacks in the second quarter and four total in the game. 3rd-string quarterback Steve Belles hit running back Tony Brooks for a 34-yard score to put the Irish up 42-0 at half-time. The second half saw the Irish score ten points with back-ups, a 44-yard field goal by Billy Hackett and a 36-yard run from freshman fullback Rodney Culver. Purdue's lone touchdown was a fourth quarter 7-yard pass from Brian Fox to Calvin Williams. The Irish improved to 3-0 while the Boilermakers dropped to 1-2 on the year.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Stanford
Tony Rice rushed for two touchdowns and passed for a third to lead the Fighting Irish to a 42-14 blowout of Stanford. Rice completed 11 of 14 passes for 129 yards and rushed for 107 yards. Rice scored runs of 30 yards and 6 yards while the Irish tailbacks added 3 other scores with touchdowns from Mark Green, Tony Brooks, and Anthony Johnson. Despite the lopsided score, Stanford did mount two of the longest scoring drives against the Irish to date, with a 68-yard drive by quarterback Brian Johnson and a 73-yard drive by back-up quarterback Jason Palumbis. Freshman standout tight end Derek Brown added the Irish's sole passing touchdown in the 3rd quarter. The Irish defense stymied the Cardinal, holding them to just 111 yards in the first half.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh
Notre Dame, a loser to Pittsburgh three years in a row, narrowly avoided another such upset as the Irish improved to 5-0 on the season. The 30-20 victory in the rain did little to inspire confidence that Notre Dame could beat No. 1 Miami the following week. The Panthers made a number of critical mistakes that led the Panthers to believe they did more to lose the game more than Notre Dame did to win it. "We could have won the game," said Panther coach Mike Gottfried, "but we made just enough mistakes to lose it."


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh
Notre Dame struggled to contain Panther quarterback Darnell Dickerson, who at times had 10 seconds or more per play. The Panthers came out strong early, starting the game with an impressive drive, but before the Panthers could score, Irish cornerback Todd Lyght forced a fumble, which Chris Zorich recovered. After a stalled Irish drive, the Panthers got the ball back and took a 7-0 lead on a Dickerson touchdown. Notre Dame answered back with a 52-yard Tony Brooks run to the 2-yard line. The large run was the result of a failed Panther blitz attempt.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh
Tony Rice scored on a 2-yard keeper to tie the game 7-7. After an Anthony Johnson touchdown gave the Irish a 14-7 lead, Dickerson scored his second touchdown to tie the game again at 14-14. Reggie Ho scored a 37-yard field goal to give the Irish a 17-14 half time lead.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Pittsburgh
The critical moment of the game came in the second half, when late into the fourth quarter the Irish were clinging to a 23-20 lead when the Panthers forced the Irish into a 4th and long from their own 23-yard line. But a late 12 men on the field penalty against the Panthers gave the Irish new life. The 15-yard penalty gave Notre Dame the ball on its 48-yard line, and 11 plays later Mark Green ran for an 8-yard touchdown with 4:30 left in the game to put victory out of reach for the Panthers. Tony Rice went 8-14 passing for the game and a third quarter Braxston Banks touchdown gave the Irish the lead for good.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Miami
The October 15, 1988, game between Notre Dame and the University of Miami Hurricanes is colloquially referred to as the Catholics vs. Convicts game. The University of Notre Dame was dubbed the "Catholics" and the University of Miami was dubbed as "the Convicts".


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Air Force
A potential letdown after defeating No. 1 Miami the previous week never materialized for the now 2nd ranked Irish, who used a second half onslaught of power running to down the Falcons 41-13. Coach Holtz admitted he was scared all week of a potential upset of his young Notre Dame squad. Of main concern was Air Force's wishbone ground attack, which came into Notre Dame Stadium averaging 46 points and 432 rushing yards a game. Falcons coach Fisher DeBerry's squad had the best ground gaining offense in the nation. Holtz's fears seemed to be valid during the rain in the first half as Notre Dame only held a 7-point lead at the half.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Air Force
Air Force opened the game with an impressive ground attack. Air Force quarterback Dee Dowis took his team inside the Irish 20 on the game's first offensive drive. But Pat Terrell, the defensive hero of last week's victory over Miami, stepped into the spotlight again, this time with Stan Smagala. Albert Booker, an Air Force halfback, was carrying the ball on second down when Smagala hit him hard. The ball popped free and Terrell recovered the fumble at the Notre Dame 16. After the turnover, Air Force answered with its first field goal by Steve Yarborough from 22 yards out.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Air Force
But Notre Dame matched that by going 71 yards to score on Mark Green's 7-yard touchdown run. In the second quarter, The Irish continued to run the ball, with quarterback Tony Rice and running back Anthony Johnson both running for touchdowns. Air Force answered before the end of the half with a touchdown to cut Notre Dame's lead to just seven points.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Air Force
The third quarter was all Irish, as five Irish running backs combined for 283 yards, all running for 23 yards or more. One of the highlights was a 50-yard halfback pass late in the third quarter thrown by 3rd-string quarterback Steve Belles. In at running back, Belles took a pitch from Tony Rice, stepped back to his right and threw to a wide open Ricky Watters. The flanker took the ball inside the Air Force 10 and battled his way just over the goal line late in the third quarter.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Air Force
Other scores included a Tony Brooks 42-yard touchdown in the third quarter and another Ricky Watters touchdown catch; this time a 28-yarder from Rice. In the end, the Irish defense held the explosive Falcons to 54 yards rushing in the second half and 195 for the game,  237 yards below its season average.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Navy
Although unbeaten and No. 2 Notre Dame posted its 25th consecutive victory of the Naval Academy, coach Lou Holtz was not happy. "We couldn't control the line of scrimmage," Holtz said after the victory. "We couldn't throw consistently, we weren't mentally alert and that's my fault. Our offensive line got beat up, we couldn't run inside. We weren't good enough to beat them inside. We're not a very good team right now. We feel fortunate to win."


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Navy
Favored to beat Navy by five touchdowns, the Irish dropped five passes, lost two fumbles, shanked a punt for a mere 10 yds., and got whistled for having twelve men on the field - all before winning the game 22-7. The Midshipmen fumbled on their second play from scrimmage and six plays later Notre Dame led 7-0 on a 10-yard touchdown pass from Rice to Derek Brown, before a crowd of 54,926 at Memorial Stadium.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at Navy
Rodney Culver and Ryan Mihalko ran for touchdowns as Notre Dame opened up a 22-0 lead early in the third quarter en route to reaching an 8-0 record for the first time since 1973. One positive Lou Holtz saw was the play of the defense. "Our defense played really well, but was on the field too long." Notre Dame amassed 396 total yards and held Navy to 192 yards, the lowest for an Irish opponent this year.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Rice
The Irish scored early and often as Notre Dame dazzled their home crowd of 59,075 with a 54-11 victory. After Rice scored an early field goal in the first quarter, Rocket Ismail returned his first of two kickoffs, a 78-yard return for a score. The Irish offense quickly followed with three touchdowns on their first three offensive possessions. Junior fullback Anthony Johnson rushed for two of Notre Dame's seven TDs, while Tony Brooks and Rodney Culver also added touchdowns.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Rice
Late in the game, after Rice's third field goal made the score 38-9, Rocket Ismail returned the ensuing kickoff 83 yards for another touchdown. Ismail became the first Notre Dame player to return two kick-offs for touchdowns in a game since Paul Castner in 1922 against Kalamazoo. After Notre Dame's final touchdown, Rice LB Billy Stone returned the blocked extra-point all the way for two points to account for the final score of 54-11. This was the first time a team scored by returning a failed conversion in NCAA Div I history (the rule allowing for the defense to score this way instituted at the start of the 1988-89 season).


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Penn State
The Irish came into the game at 9-0 while Penn State was 5-5, on the verge of their first losing season in 50 years. Notre Dame got started early, scoring on their first possession, an 87-yard on 12 play drive. On second-and-5 from Penn State's 48-yard line, Tony Rice threw a 17-yard pass to Ricky Watters, who was wide open 15 yards downfield. Five plays later, Notre Dame scored from Penn State's two. Rice optioned left, froze the Penn State linebacker Eddie Johnson with a pump-fake, then ran into the end zone. Reggie Ho's extra point made it 7-0.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Penn State
In the second quarter, Notre Dame drove 60 yards in five plays to go ahead, 14-0. Rice set up the score with another pass to Watters - a 27-yard play that moved the ball to Penn State's 33-yard line. Two plays later, running back Mark Green took a handoff up the middle, then found daylight to his right and ran 22 yards for a touchdown. Penn State's only score came on the last play of the first half, when Eric Etze kicked a 52-yard field goal.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Penn State
After leading by 14-3 at halftime, Notre Dame struck quickly for its final score in the third quarter. On first down after a Penn State punt, Tony Rice threw a 67-yard touchdown pass to Raghib Ismail. It was the first time the Fighting Irish had thrown deep all game, and the long pass caught Penn State defensive backs off guard. Ismail was so wide open, he scored even though he had to wait for Rice's underthrown pass. After making the catch at Penn State's 20-yard line, Ismail broke Eddie Johnson's attempted tackle and jogged into the end zone. The win set the stage for the next week's showdown vs. USC, the final hurdle to the national championship game.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at USC
Notre Dame and USC entered the game undefeated and ranked number one and two respectively for the first time ever in their storied series. It was also the 24th time No. 1 faced No. 2 in college football history. In a controversial move, coach Lou Holtz took his 10-0 Irish squad to L.A. without stars Ricky Watters and Tony Brooks, whom he suspended for disciplinary reasons. The USC Trojans were having a great season under head coach Larry Smith and standout quarterback Rodney Peete.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, at USC
The Irish came into the game as underdogs, but spectacular play of defensive end Frank Stams and cornerback Stan Smagala aided the Irish offense, led by Tony Rice, to an Irish victory. Notre Dame started out fast with Tony Rice surprising the crowd by throwing deep to Raghib Ismail on the first play of scrimmage. On the very next play, Tony Rice optioned left for a 65-yard touchdown play. The Trojans were listless, committing four turnovers, including a back-breaking Rodney Peete interception to Stan Smagala for another Notre Dame touchdown. In the second half, running back Mark Green added the final touchdown of the day(aided by a key 22-yard gain on a 3rd down screen play by Anthony Johnson) to help defeat the Trojans. The sellout crowd of 93,829 was the largest in this rivalry since 1955.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Aftermath
The 1988 Irish squad won their 11th consensus national title in Lou Holtz's third year as an Irish head coach, equaling the trend of Irish coaches winning the title in their third year. Irish head coaches Frank Leahy, Ara Parseghian and Dan Devine also won titles in their third years as head coach. Holtz was named national coach of the year for taking the Irish squad from an 8-4 record the previous year to national title winners the following year. His 1989 and 1993 squads narrowly missed repeating the feat.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Aftermath
As of 2020, the 1988 Irish squad is also the most recent to win the national title.


1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Aftermath, Future NFL Players
The following is a list of Notre Dame players that would go on to play or be drafted to play in the National Football League over the next four years. All players listed played for the 1988 team.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game
The 1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, colloquially known as Catholics vs. Convicts, was played on October 15, 1988 at Notre Dame Stadium. Both the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Miami Hurricanes came into the game undefeated. Notre Dame won the closely contested game 31–30.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Background
The phrase "Catholics vs. Convicts", a T-shirt slogan created prior to the matchup by Notre Dame students and friends Joe Frederick and Michael Caponigro, was reported by the press. The slogan was a play on Notre Dame's Catholic image and Miami's roster of flamboyant football players. Before the 1988 season, several players from the Miami team were arrested and their scholarships taken away. These arrests were highly publicized and added to the development of the moniker.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, The game
The two teams met on October 15, 1988, in South Bend, Indiana, with both teams being undefeated. Miami, the defending national champions, came in ranked No. 1 holding a 36-game regular season winning streak while the Irish were ranked No. 4 . The game, which was preceded by a pregame fight between the two teams in the entrance tunnel, was named by USA Today as one of the greatest college football games of the period 1982–2002.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, The game
With Miami trailing 31–24 and facing a critical fourth-and-7 from deep in Irish territory midway through the fourth quarter, Walsh connected with Miami running back Cleveland Gary streaking across the middle of the field inside the Irish 5-yard line for the first down. He caught the football, turned, was tackled and fumbled the football after he hit the ground at the one-yard line. Notre Dame inside linebacker Michael Stonebreaker recovered the football.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, The game
The referees ruled the play as a fumble, even though the ground can't cause a fumble, and Notre Dame took possession at the 2-yard line where the ball was recovered. After the game, Johnson was adamant that Gary was down before the ball came loose and Miami should have retained possession, since where Gary was tackled, he had reached the line to gain and at the least, it would have been first down and goal for Miami.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, The game
Near the end of a closely contested game, Miami scored a touchdown with 45 seconds remaining to pull within one point of the Fighting Irish, 31–30. Rather than kick the extra point and likely end the game in a tie, Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson decided to go for two, later reasoning that "We always play to win." However, Hurricanes quarterback Steve Walsh's pass was batted down by Fighting Irish defender Pat Terrell, and Notre Dame won 31–30, resulting in Miami's first regular season loss since losing to Florida on September 7, 1985.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, The game
In the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary Catholics vs. Convicts, safety George Streeter claimed he hit the ball loose from Gary's hand prior to him being down or across the goal line. In the same documentary, Gary disagrees with Streeter's account of events, claiming he was palming the ball with his right hand and the ball was across the goal line prior to his knee hitting the ground or the ball coming loose.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Aftermath
Notre Dame would go on to win their remaining five (5) games of the season, including defeating then #2 ranked USC in Los Angeles 27-10. The Irish went on to beat the West Virginia Mountaineers 34–21 in the 1989 Fiesta Bowl and win their eleventh (11th) claimed National Championship.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Aftermath
Miami would win their remaining six (6) games of the season. They would be selected to play in the Orange Bowl against #6 Nebraska. Miami easily won the contest 23–3. Miami would finish ranked #2 in both the AP and Coaches polls behind Notre Dame.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Aftermath
In a 2005 poll conducted by the University of Notre Dame, the 31–30 win over Miami was voted the Greatest Victory in Notre Dame Stadium history. Miami fans have adopted the "Convicts" title for their own use. At a 2017 Notre Dame-Miami game, a Hurricanes fan held up a sign stating "I'm a Catholic but Today I'm a CONVICT".


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Aftermath
This game was featured in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary titled Catholics vs. Convicts, directed by Patrick Creadon. Creadon was a senior at Notre Dame when the game took place. His roommate that year was one of the people behind the controversial t-shirt that gave the game its name. The film premiered on December 10, 2016 to over 2 million viewers and remains the most watched 30 for 30 film since its broadcast.


1988 Notre Dame vs. Miami football game, Aftermath
In 2020, this game contributed to the naming of the Mormons vs. Mullets game between BYU and Coastal Carolina.


1988 Nova Scotia general election
The 1988 Nova Scotia general election was held on September 6, 1988 to elect members of the 55th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Progressive Conservative party.


1988 Nova Scotia general election
John Dunsworth, who would later gain fame for playing alcoholic trailer park supervisor Jim Lahey on the TV series Trailer Park Boys, stood as the NDP candidate in Halifax Bedford Basin. He finished in third place with a little over 19% of the vote. His underdog campaign was later the subject of a short documentary.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open
The 1988 Nutri-Metics Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland in New Zealand and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and ran from 25 January until 31 January 1988. Patty Fendick won the singles title.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open, Finals, Doubles
Patty Fendick /  Jill Hetherington defeated  Cammy MacGregor /  Cynthia MacGregor 6–2, 6–1


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Doubles
Anna-Maria Fernandez and Julie Richardson were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Fernandez with Louise Field and Richardson with Belinda Cordwell.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Doubles
Cordwell and Richardson lost in the second round to Emmanuelle Derly and Ann Devries.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Doubles
Fernandez and Field lost in the semifinals to Cammy MacGregor and Cynthia MacGregor.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Doubles
Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington won in the final 6–2, 6–1 against the MacGregors.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. All eight seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Singles
Gretchen Magers was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Sara Gomer.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Singles
Patty Fendick won in the final 6–3, 7–6 against Gomer.


1988 Nutri-Metics Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
The 1988 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament determined which Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) team would qualify directly to complete at the 1988 Summer Olympics men's football tournament.


1988 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
The qualifications had two rounds, the first round had three teams per group, with the group winner going directly into the second round. The runner-up of each group completed in a one-way play-off to determine who participated in the second round. Israel qualified directly into the second round.


1988 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
Before the first round begun, Papua New Guinea and Fiji pulled out, leaving each group with only two teams. It was decided to have two match playoffs instead.


1988 OFC Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament, First round, Playoff
The losers of each group had a one-off match for a place in the second round


1988 OFC U-20 Championship
The OFC U-20 Championship 1988 was held in Suva, Fiji. It also served as qualification for the intercontinental play-offs for the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1988 OFC U-20 Championship, Qualification to World Youth Championship
Australia and New Zealand both failed to qualify for the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship. They finished 3rd and 4th in an intercontinental play-off group with Syria and Qatar. All matches were played in Aleppo, Syria.


1988 OTB Open
The 1988 OTB Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Schenectady, New York in the United States that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and ran from July 18 through July 24, 1988.


1988 OTB Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Alexander Mronz /  Greg Van Emburgh defeated  Paul Annacone /  Patrick McEnroe 6–3, 6–7, 7–5


1988 OTB Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Ann Henricksson /  Julie Richardson defeated  Lea Antonoplis /  Cammy MacGregor 6–3, 3–6, 7–5


1988 OTB Open – Men's Doubles
Gary Donnelly and Gary Muller were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1988 OTB Open – Men's Doubles
Alexander Mronz and Greg Van Emburgh won the title, defeating Paul Annacone and Patrick McEnroe 6–3, 6–7, 7–5 in the final.


1988 OTB Open – Men's Singles
Jaime Yzaga was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.


1988 OTB Open – Men's Singles
Tim Mayotte won the tournament, beating Johan Kriek in the final, 5–7, 6–3, 6–2.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Doubles
Jenni Goodling and Wendy Wood were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Doubles
Ann Henricksson and Julie Richardson won in the final 6–3, 3–6, 7–5 against Lea Antonoplis and Cammy MacGregor.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Singles
Camille Benjamin was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Terry Phelps.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Singles
Gretchen Magers won in the final 7–6, 6–4 against Phelps.


1988 OTB Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Oakland Athletics season
The Oakland Athletics' 1988 season involved the A's winning their first  American League West title since 1981, with a record of 104 wins and 58 losses. In 1988, the elephant was restored as the symbol of the Athletics and currently adorns the left sleeve of home and road uniforms. The elephant was retired as team mascot in 1963 by then-owner Charles O. Finley in favor of a Missouri mule. The A's defeated the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS, but lost the World Series to the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games, including a dramatic, classic walk-off home run by the Dodgers' Kirk Gibson in game one.


1988 Oakland Athletics season
1988 was the first of 3 straight years the A's would represent the AL in the World Series.


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Regular season
José Canseco led the American League with 42 Home Runs, 124 RBIs and a .569 slugging percentage. Canseco became the first member of the Athletics to have three straight 100 RBI seasons. He also had 40 stolen bases and became the first major leaguer ever to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season.


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs, RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1988 Oakland Athletics season, World Series
NL Los Angeles Dodgers (4) vs. AL Oakland Athletics (1)


1988 October Revolution Parade
The 1988 October Revolution Parade was a parade that took place in Red Square in Moscow on November 7, 1988 to commemorate the 71st anniversary of the 1917 October Revolution. Mikhail Gorbachev the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikolai Ryzhkov the Premier of the Soviet Union, along with other senior officials within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union viewed the parade from the grandstand Lenin's Mausoleum.


1988 October Riots
The 1988 October Riots were a series of street-level disturbances and riotous demonstrations by Algerian youth, which started on 5 October 1988 and ended on the 11th. The riots were "the most serious"  since Algeria's independence", and involved thousands of youth who "took control of the streets". Riots started in Algiers and spread to other cities, resulting in about 500 deaths and 1000 wounded although the official death count reports that 159 were killed with 154 protesters injured. The riots indirectly led to the fall of the country's one-party system (Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) party had been in power since 1962) and the introduction of democratic reform, but also to a spiral of instability and increasingly vicious political conflict, ultimately fostering the Algerian Civil War.


1988 October Riots
There are two dominant narratives surrounding the reasons for the October 1988 riots:


1988 October Riots
1. The first, and most prominent argument among Western journalists is that the riots stemmed from recent economic troubles in the country. The rising prices, the high rate of unemployment among youth and the measures of austerity announced by the government nourished the desire to express their discontent. Between 1985 and 1987, the unemployment rate increased rapidly from 658, 000 to 1, 200, 000 while the unemployment rate was anticipated to reach 31.7% of the population by the year 2000.


1988 October Riots
Coupled with the demographic changes due to the high fertility rate since the country's independence, there was a significant subsection of the population between the ages of 0-14 accounting for 44.35% of the population in 1988. In light of the continuous reduction in fuel prices, a significant source of income for the country, it is evident how the link between an economic downturn and the outburst of protests is formed.


1988 October Riots
With no evident sign of economic progress in sight, the youth, most of them from low-income neighborhoods, took to the streets to advocate for their basic human right- an equal chance to succeed in life. However, this analysis falls short in light of the "lack of economic grievances" from the rioters. There were no official declarations made concerning their economic objectives. Despite President Chadli's speech on 10 October in which he announced the government's plan to proceed with the widely unpopular austerity measures, and price reductions for necessities, the riots came a halt that evening.


1988 October Riots
2. On the other hand, the second argument is a deep political contempt for the President Chadli Bendjedid and the FLN government. Rioters were recorded saying "we don’t want butter or pepper, we want a leader we can respect". The use of the words butter and pepper, which are two staple products highlights the flaws of the economic determinism argument. Despite their economic hardships, the rioters were pushing for honest leaders, rather than economic reforms. Similarly, the lawyers who supported the young men argued that the riots were a result of the lack of formal avenues to freely and peacefully express their frustrations.


1988 October Riots
The targets of the anarchic protests, included shops, offices, official vehicles and buildings - which were set on fire—Air Algeria agencies, buses, road signs and other symbols of the state, any automobile that looked expensive and the expensive Riad al Fath shopping mall on the heights overlooking the capital.


1988 October Riots
The police and the civil administration were put under military control and torture of detainees has been reported at the police academy. The state of emergency was decreed on 6 October and a curfew established that ran from midnight to six o'clock in the morning (starting on 8 October the curfew was not enforced until 8 o'clock at night). Police were taunted as "Jews" by the demonstrators (a comment on the intifada in Israel). On 9 October, an anonymous tract was distributed to the youth which called for a march the next day. This march, under the leadership of imam Ali Benhadj led to violent repressions resulting in the deaths of 30 protesters. Torture was also used as a means of discouraging protesters including sodomy, mutilation and electrocution.


1988 October Riots
In general the riots were directed at the increasing social despair – to a large extent the result of oil prices dropping sharply the preceding years – and at the slow pace of economic and political reform. The protests were violently repressed, but set in motion a process of internal power struggles and public criticism. Following the riots, the President Chadli Bendjedid government promised political reforms with a "greater democratisation of political action" and "political and institutional changes". On 13 October, President Chadli announced that the 1976 Constitution would be revised through a referendum on 3 November.


1988 October Riots
This referendum had a participation rate of 83.1% with 92.27% of the voters in favor of its revision. The Constitution of 1989 was submitted to a referendum on 23 February 1989, ushering in what some believe as a new chapter of Algerian history. In comparison to the previous constitution, the 1989 constitution demonstrates the new direction of the Algerian government. The reference to socialism is not found in the new constitution and the recognition of freedom of the individual replaces the recognition of the freedom of the people found in the previous constitution.


1988 October Riots
In Article 1, Algeria is referred to as a "socialist state" while the 1989 constitution asserts that it is a "democratic and people’s republic". Similarly, Chapter 2 which dedicated fifteen articles to explaining the government's commitment to socialism is completely removed. The transition from socialism to democracy is often interpreted as a new openness to pluralism. This analysis is supported by the introduction of Article 42 which states all citizens have the "right to create associations with a political character".


1988 October Riots
This article gives credibility to opposing political parties such as the Parti d’Avant-Garde Socialistes (PAGS) and the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) to emerge on the scene. Nevertheless, according to Aït-Aoudia puts these political reforms into question by interrogating the possibility of truly reforming a one party state into a democracy. She argues that by making the FLN party the apparatus of the state, there is a lack of precedent on how to create a democratic system where multiple political parties can occupy various positions peacefully. The constitution of 1989 gives a new role to the army relegating it to defending the national independence of Algeria. Finally, the new constitution puts an emphasis on religion in its preamble, stating that Algeria is a "land of Islam".


1988 October Riots
The simultaneous and unexpected nature of the protests, as well as their monumental consequences, has led many Algerian observers to trace their origins to intrigues within the ruling elite, with military factions exploiting the frustration of Algerian youth, and the widespread popular discontent with corruption in the state apparatus, to discredit the Presidency or force its hand. However, little evidence exists to prove or disprove this thesis.


1988 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1988 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth season under head coach Cleve Bryant, the Bobcats compiled a 4–6–1 record (4–3–1 against MAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 288 to 195.


1988 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1988 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the first season for head coach John Cooper. The Buckeyes played their home games in Ohio Stadium. The team finished the season with a win-loss record of 4–6–1, and a Big Ten Conference record of 2–5–1.


1988 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1988 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium and competed as members of the Big Eight Conference. It was Barry Switzer's final year as head coach of the Sooners.


1988 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1988 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The 1988 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented the Oklahoma State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A college football season. Barry Sanders was in his junior year for the Cowboys.


1988 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, Schedule
The Cowboys finished the regular season with a 9–2 record. In 1988, in what has been called the greatest season in college football history, running back Barry Sanders led the nation by averaging 7.6 yards per carry and over 200 yards per game, including rushing for over 300 yards in four games. He set college football season records with 2,628 yards rushing, 3,249 total yards, 234 points, 39 touchdowns, of which 37 were rushing (also a record), five consecutive 200 yard games, scored at least two touchdowns in 11 consecutive games, and nine times he scored at least three touchdowns.


1988 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, Schedule
Sanders also ran for 222 yards and scored five touchdowns in his three quarters of action in the Holiday Bowl, a game that was not included with his season statistics. Sanders won the Heisman Trophy as the season's most outstanding player. However, he left Oklahoma State before his senior season to enter the NFL draft.


1988 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, 1989 NFL Draft
The following players were drafted into professional football following the season.


1988 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1988 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Omloop Het Volk
The 1988 Omloop Het Volk was the 42nd edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 5 March 1988. The race started and finished in Sint-Amandsberg. The race was won by Ronny Van Holen.


1988 Ontario municipal elections
Municipal elections were held in municipalities across Ontario, Canada on November 14, 1988 to elect mayors, reeves, councillors and school trustees.


1988 Open Championship
The 1988 Open Championship was a men's major golf championship and the 117th Open Championship, held from 14 to 18 July at the Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club in Lytham St Annes, England. In a first-ever Monday finish, Seve Ballesteros shot a final round 65 to capture his third Open Championship and fifth major title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Nick Price, the 54-hole leader.


1988 Open Championship
Scheduled to finish on Sunday, heavy rain on Saturday caused flooding of several greens and the third round was scratched after play was started. Under European Tour rules, if less than half of the players had finished their rounds, the scores for that day were discarded. Since no player had finished, all the scores from Saturday were scrapped. Sunday was briefly scheduled for 36 holes, but due to the flooding, it was decided the course could not be readied in time for the early morning tee times. The third round was played on Sunday and the fourth on Monday, the first time in history the Open's final round finished on a Monday.


1988 Open Championship, Course layout
Previous lengths of the course for The Open Championship (since 1950):


1988 Open Championship, Round summaries, Second round
Amateurs: Broadhurst (+4), Cook (+11), Foster (+11), Hardin (+12), Nash (+12), Rymer (+18), Prosser (+21).


1988 Open Clarins
The 1988 Open Clarins was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Paris, France, and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 19 September until 25 September 1988. Qualifier Petra Langrová won the singles title.


1988 Open Clarins, Finals, Doubles
Alexia Dechaume /  Emmanuelle Derly defeated  Louise Field /  Nathalie Herreman 6–0, 6–2


1988 Open Clarins – Doubles
Isabelle Demongeot and Nathalie Tauziat were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Open Clarins – Doubles
Alexia Dechaume and Emmanuelle Derly won in the final 6–0, 6–2 against Louise Field and Nathalie Herreman.


1988 Open Clarins – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Open Clarins – Singles
Sabrina Goleš was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Open Clarins – Singles
Petra Langrová won in the final 7–6(7–0), 6–2 against Sandra Wasserman.


1988 Open Clarins – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Oran Park 250
The 1988 Pepsi 250 was an endurance race for Group 3A Touring Cars. The event was held over 100 laps of the 2.620 km (1.62 mi) Oran Park Raceway in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 28 August 1988. Total race distance was 262 km (162 mi).


1988 Oran Park 250
The race was won by Peter Brock and Jim Richards driving their Mobil 1 Racing BMW M3. Peter Jackson Nissan drivers George Fury and Mark Skaife finished 2nd in their pole sitting Nissan Skyline HR31 GTS-R, while finishing 3rd was the outdated Mitsubishi Starion turbo of former Nissan team drivers Gary Scott and Terry Shiel.


1988 Oran Park 250
Scott, with a point to prove after being cut from both the Nissan and Brock teams in the previous two years (despite qualifying on pole at Bathurst for Nissan in 1986 and finishing third outright with Shiel), put the Starion on the front row of the grid only 0.25 behind the Skyline, with Jim Richards qualifying the BMW a years best third, though his time was 1.13 seconds slower than Fury's pole time of 1:13.29. Fury's pole time was 1.15 seconds slower than Dick Johnson's pole time in the Australian Touring Car Championship round at the circuit just over a month earlier showing not only the cars now in endurance spec, but that the Ford Sierra RS500 was still the car to beat.


1988 Oran Park 250
Other than Colin Bond's Caltex CXT Racing Team, most of the top Ford Sierra teams, including the Australian Touring Car Championship winning Shell team, gave the race a miss (though the Shell team had the excuse that their car and team drivers Dick Johnson and John Bowe were at the time in England preparing for the RAC Tourist Trophy race at Silverstone as part of the European Touring Car Championship the following weekend).


1988 Oran Park 250
Bond, co-driving in the race with 1980 Formula One World Champion Alan Jones, encountered engine problems with his newly built Sierra and failed to record a time in qualifying. After starting 17th and last, more engine drama after the start (including an early pit stop) saw the car only last 15 laps ending any serious challenge to the leaders. After being the dominant car of the ATCC, the first Sierra to finish was the second Caltex team car (Bond's ATCC car) driven by veterans John Giddings and Bruce Stewart who finished 17 laps down in 10th place.


1988 Oran Park 250
The only other Sierra was that of veteran Murray Carter who had abandoned his old Nissan Skyline DR30 RS to return to Ford for the first time since 1983. Partnered with Sydney's Steve Masterton, Carter's under-prepared Sierra qualified 15th (over 11 seconds slower than Fury) and lasted 26 laps before retiring with engine problems.


1988 Oran Park 250
The race saw the Australian debut of the TWR developed Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV in the hands of Sydney based privateer Garry Willmington. The hurried effort by Willmington to get the car to the race showed with the former Jaguar driver qualifying 14th (11.42 seconds behind Fury), before being retired with terminal engine trouble after only 4 laps.


1988 Orange Bowl
The 1988 Orange Bowl was the 54th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on Friday, January 1. Part of the 1987–88 bowl game season, it matched undefeated teams: the independent and second-ranked Miami Hurricanes and the #1 Oklahoma Sooners of the Big Eight Conference.


1988 Orange Bowl
Miami was led by head coach Jimmy Johnson and Oklahoma by Barry Switzer. A slight underdog on their home field, Miami won 20–14.


1988 Orange Bowl
To date, it is the only time the opposing head coaches from a college national championship football game each later served as head coach of the same professional football team, and won the Super Bowl with that team, the Dallas Cowboys.


1988 Orange Bowl, The Orange Bowl
The 1988 Orange Bowl featured "Game of the Century"-type billing as the undefeated and top-ranked Oklahoma Sooners faced off against undefeated and second-ranked Miami for the national championship. Adding to the hype was the recent on-field history between the teams. Oklahoma was a dominant force in college football, winning the national championship in 1985 and losing just one game in each of the preceding two years. Miami, though, had proven to be the thorn in Oklahoma's side, as the Sooners' losses in '85 and '86 had both come at the hands of Miami.


1988 Orange Bowl, The Orange Bowl
Now, with the national championship on the line, Miami sought to make it three-losses-in-three-years for Oklahoma, and also their first postseason bowl win under Jimmy Johnson after three straight bowl losses, two in which they struggled and lost their chances to win the national championships. Further fuel for the fire was provided by the growing personal animosity between former Arkansas player Johnson and Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer, who was also a former Arkansas player.


1988 Orange Bowl, The Orange Bowl
Miami's vaunted defense set the tone early, forcing the Sooners to punt on their first five possessions. Meanwhile, Walsh settled into a nice rhythm, putting Miami on the board first with a 30-yard touchdown pass to fullback Melvin Bratton, who caught 9 passes for 102 yards for the game. Oklahoma got on the board with a second-quarter touchdown to tie things up, but Miami responded with 10 unanswered third quarter points, coming on a 56-yard field goal by kicker Greg Cox and a 23-yard touchdown pass from Walsh to Irvin. Oklahoma would add a fourth-quarter touchdown to trim the score to 20-14, but Miami held on for the win and the national championship. Johnson received a Gatorade bath, which messed his trademark impeccably coiffed hair, and was carried off the field, having finally won "the big one" at Miami.


1988 Orange Bowl, The Orange Bowl
The Hurricane defense held Oklahoma to just 255 yards of offense, while Walsh's efficient play (18 of 30, 209 yards, 2 touchdowns) paced the Hurricane offense. Middle linebacker Bernard "Tiger" Clark- a backup middle linebacker who was forced to start after starting MLB George Mira Jr. was suspended for failing a drug test- was named the MVP of the Orange Bowl after recording 14 tackles (12 unassisted).


1988 Orange Bowl, The Orange Bowl
With the win, Miami completed its first ever undefeated season. In winning their second national championship, the Canes once again had to go through the nation's top-ranked team at the Orange Bowl, just as they had done four years earlier.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking
On 1 December 1988, a LAZ-687 bus carrying thirty fourth-grade pupils and one teacher from school 42 in Ordzhonikidze, Soviet Union (now Vladikavkaz in Russia) was hijacked by five armed criminals, led by Pavel Yakshiyants.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking
The local authorities conceded to the hijackers' demands and provided an Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft to fly the hijackers to Israel. Upon landing at Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport, however, the hijackers surrendered to local troops and police without resistance. They were extradited to the Soviet Union and sentenced to prison terms, although at that time Israel and the Soviet Union had no extradition treaty as relations were still severed at the time. All hostages were released. Then–Defense Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin criticized Soviet authorities for providing the hijackers with an aircraft and flying them to Israel in exchange for the release of the hostages.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking, Perpetrators
The five hijackers were Pavel Levonovich Yakshiyants, Vladimir Alexandrovich Muravlev, German Lvovich Vishnyakov, Vladimir Robertovich Anastasov and Tofiy Jafarov. Yakshiyants and Muravlev were convicts. Yakshiyants, an Armenian, was first convicted when he was 17 and sentenced to two years in prison for theft. Later he was sentenced to four years in prison for robbery. In 1972, he was sentenced to ten years, again for robbery, but in 1979 he was released on parole.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking, Hijacking
The schoolchildren had finished a field trip to a local printing plant when a man approached them saying he was the driver sent to take them home. Subsequently, the teacher and her 10- and 11-year-old pupils boarded the bus to find themselves the hostages of five armed people. The children were used as a human shield and bargaining chip. The hijackers rode to the local obkom and demanded about 2 million rubles (about US$3.3 million at the time) and an aircraft. The bus windows were curtained so that the law enforcement units could not see what was happening inside.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking, Hijacking
The authorities conceded, but the airport of Ordzhonikidze was unable to handle the large Ilyushin Il-76 cargo aircraft, that was sent. The hijackers rode to the airport of Mineralnye Vody, having a free passage. Alpha Group was mobilized for hostage rescue. It learned that the hijackers were planning to land in Tashkent to pick up their friend. Then they planned to fly to Pakistan, but changed their mind and chose Israel instead. According to Israeli Army commander Maj. Gen. Amram Mitzna, the hijackers believed they would be safe in Israel because they had heard that recent Israeli elections had produced an anticommunist government.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking, Hijacking
The aircraft, escorted by Israeli fighter aircraft, landed on a remote darkened runway. It was surrounded by army and police vehicles and ambulances. According to an Ilyushin Il-76 crew member, the hijackers asked whether this was Israel or Syria and if this is Israel they would stay. Mitzna told that the hijackers demanded proof that they were actually in Israel, wanting to hear Yiddish or see a Star of David. When a soldier on the runway spoke a few words in Yiddish, the hijackers left the aircraft with their hands in the air. The hostages were flown back to Ordzhonikidze.


1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking, Media
The 1990 film Frenzied Bus was based on the hijacking.


1988 Oregon Ducks football team
The 1988 Oregon Ducks football team represented the University of Oregon during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. Playing as a member of the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10), the team was led by head coach Rich Brooks, in his twelfth year, and played their home games at Autzen Stadium in Eugene, Oregon. They finished the season with a record of six wins and six losses (6–6 overall, 3–5 in the Pac-10).


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1988 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Beavers started the season 3–3–1, their best start in 20 years but lost all but one of their remaining games to post their 18th consecutive losing season. The Beavers' 4–6–1 record was their best record between 1971 and 1998.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Before the Season
Oregon State's quarterback, Erik Wilhelm, the Pac-10 leader in passing yards in 1987, returned for his senior season. The Beavers entered 1988 on a 6-game losing streak and an 11-game conference losing streak. In the past 71 conference games, Oregon State compiled a 6-63-2 record, a .099 winning percentage. The Beavers rushed for 518 total yards in 1987. Oregon State's offense had not rushed for 200 yards in a single game in almost four years, and Oregon State's defense had not allowed less than 26 points in a single game since a 1986 game against Brigham Young in Provo, Utah. The Beavers implemented the 3-4 defense in the offseason. For the first time since 1935, Washington did not appear on Oregon State's schedule. The Beavers only played the Ducks more often than the Huskies in that span.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona
Arizona entered the game two touchdown favorites. Oregon State rushed for two yards against the Wildcats in 1987, a 14-point loss. The Beavers' starting guard, Ken Felix, was injured in fall camp and did not play. The Wildcats took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter on quarterback, Ron Veal's six-yard run after an Oregon State fumble. The Beavers' Troy Bussanich cut the margin to four with a 25-yard field goal. Oregon State took the lead when Erik Wilhelm hit Jason Kent for a 44-yard touchdown pass on third-and eight. Backup quarterback, Bobby Watters, subsequently replaced Veal.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona
He led Arizona to a game-tying score with a 31-yard field goal with 6:02 left in the first half, thanks in part to a roughing the passer penalty. After their third clipping penalty of the first half set them back to their own 9-yard line, the Beavers drove 65 yards in 4:55. The next play, a two-yard Brian taylor run, sapped 37 seconds. After an incomplete pass, the Beavers were forced to use their last time out to avoid a penalty with 23 seconds left. On the next play, Erik Wilhelm suffered his only sack, an 11-yard loss. Bussanich subsequent 51-yard field goal attempt was far short as the first half expired.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona
Bussanich kicked a 20-yard field goal with 5:22 left in the third quarter. Watters immediately led Arizona on an 11-play, 67-yard touchdown drive, taking up most of the rest of the third quarter. On the ensuing kickoff, the Beavers successfully returned a kickoff without clipping for the first time all game. Oregon State drove inside the Wildcat red zone early in the fourth quarter, but Bussanich missed a 38-yard field goal a few inches to the left.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona
On the Beavers' next drive, they drove to the Arizona 49, but tailback Trey Nicholson and fullback Brian Swanson were stopped short on third-and-one and fourth-and-one, respectively. Felix' backup, Paul Steffen failed to block Brad Hinke, who made the tackle on Swanson on fourth down. Five plays later, Watters clinched the win by running 25-yards for a touchdown with 2:24 left. Oregon State rushed for 200 yards for the first time since early in 1984. The Beavers only punted once, finishing with almost 17 more minutes in time of possession, 180 more yards, and 13 more first downs.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, San Jose State
In their previous 20 regular season games, the Spartans only loss was a 36-34 loss to the Beavers in Corvallis in 1987. San Jose State sought to pay back Oregon State. The Beavers made their first ever trip to San Jose. On the game's opening drive, San Jose State drove to the Oregon State one-yard line but turned the ball over on downs. Beaver running back, Brian Taylor ran for a 70-yard touchdown the first time he touched the football. Oregon State built a 24-19 third quarter lead.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, San Jose State
On third-and-six, Wilhelm hit Reggie Hubbard for an 18-yard touchdown and 31-19 Beaver lead. On its first play, the Spartans' John Johnson was stripped by Oregon State's. The Beavers' Andre Harris recovered to set up a 38-yard Bussanich field goal and 34-19 lead. San Jose State stopped Oregon State's next drive, but, on fourth down at the Spartan 37, Wilhelm, who lined up as a blocking back, took the snap and hit Lloyd Bailey for a touchdown and 41-19 fourth quarter lead. Less than two-and-a-half minutes later, San Jose State scored a touchdown and two-point conversion to pull within 14.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, San Jose State
Harris added two fourth quarter interceptions to his third-quarter fumble recovery. However, the Beaver win was not secured until came up with another strip and recovered the fumble at the Oregon State 30 with 1:22 left. The Beavers ended their seven-game losing streak and won their first road game since a 10-7 win over Brigham Young in Provo in 1986. Oregon State has not returned to San Jose.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, California
Oregon State entered the game on a 12-game conference losing streak but a three-game winning streak against California, as the two teams did not play in 1987. The game was the Beavers' first against long-time Pac-10 coach Bruce Snyder. The clock used in Beaver home games had a tendency to malfunction and in fact had malfunctioned in a high school game the night before the California-Oregon State game. The Beavers' Andre Harris recovered a first-quarter fumble at the Oregon State 35 and drove 63 yards in almost six minutes before settling for Bussanich's 23-yard field goal. California's Darrin Greer returned the following kickoff to the Beaver 40, setting up a 40-yard Bear touchdown drive. An 18-yard punt in the second quarter gave California the ball again at the Beaver 40. The Bears drove 30 yards before settling on kicker/punter Robbie Keen's 27-yard field goal.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, California
California tacked on two third-quarter field goals and Bussanich responded with a 21-yard field goal early in the fourth quarter to cut the Bears' lead to 10. Then, it happened. Keen, lined up to punt with 10:12 left. By the time the play was over, the clock read 10:99. When Oregon State ran its first offensive play after the punt, the clock read 10:59. A few fans noticed the glitch but no one on California's coaching staff did. With seven-and-a-half minutes left, Wilhelm threw his first interception of the year to the Bears' John Hardy at the California one.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, California
Hardy returned the interception to the Beaver 49. The Bears drove into field goal range. Keen, having hit three field goals without a miss lined up for the kick. Dewey Tucker, a backup nose guard, managed to block the kick at the Oregon State 31 with 4:17 left to preserve a 10-point deficit. The Beavers drove to the California 26, but Brian Taylor was stopped at fourth-and-one. The fans began streaming towards the exits but Bruce Sanders forced a fumble on the next play, which Tom Vettrus recovered at the Bear 25 with 2:37 left.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, California
Oregon State drove to the three, and Wilhelm hit Brian Taylor for a three-yard touchdown pass with less than two minutes left that California cornerback Doug Parrish narrowly missed. Wilhelm again picked on Parrish, hitting Brian Swanson for the two-point conversion. The Beavers, with the wind and two timeouts, shunned an onside kick, opting to kick it deep. Sanders sacked Bear quarterback Troy Taylor at the 11 on third down, necessitating a California punt. Keen's punt against the wind only traveled 33 yards and Reggie Hubbard returned the punt to the California 37 with 45 seconds left.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, California
On third-and-six, Wilhelm hit Swanson for a 21-yard gain to the Bear six with 26 seconds left. Oregon State centered the ball and California called timeout. Bussanich, aided by the timeout, responded by kicking a 23-yard field goal with 16 seconds left to win the game. Dave Kragthorpe improved to 6-0 in games decided by four points or fewer. After the game ended, the Bears noticed that the fifth minute of the fourth quarter had been played twice. Snyder complained bitterly after the game. The 2004 California media guide still referred to the 17-16 Beaver win as the "Infamous 61-Minute Game." Many Oregon State fans refer to the game alternatively as "Beaver in the Sky."


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Colorado
Colorado entered 18-point favorites. In the first quarter, Colorado faced fourth-and-one on Oregon State's 45-yard line. Instead of a punt, the Buffaloes called an option play that Eric Bienemy turned into a 45-yard touchdown scamper. The Beavers responded with a nine-play, 80-yard touchdown drive, capped off by Wilhelm's 48-yard pass to Jason Kent, to knot the score at seven. Colorado's Sal Aunese only completed six passes all day, but five came in the first half, including his two longest, a 67-yard pass that set up a field goal and a 52-yard pass to set up a second Bienemy touchdown. The Buffaloes' two-point conversion attempt failed. Thus, the two scores only gave Colorado a 16-7 lead. Just before halftime, Oregon State seemed poised to cut into the Buffalo lead, but Bussanich's 36-yard field goal sailed wide right.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Colorado
In the second half, an Aunese fumble set up Wilhelm's 24-yard touchdown pass to Robb Thomas. The Beavers' Brian Taylor finished six inches out of the end zone on a subsequent second half drive, but Brian Swanson ran in from one-yard out on a fourth quarter drive to give Oregon State a 21-16 lead with just over 11:04 left. Less than two minutes later, the Buffaloes retook the lead on Bienemy's third touchdown, a 66-yard touchdown run with 9:16 left.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Colorado
The Beavers' final drive petered out in Colorado territory, and Oregon State's punter, Mark Bennett pinned Colorado at their own five yard line. After the Buffaloes first two plays netted a single yard, Aunese completed his only second half pass for 19 yards to extend the drive. Aunese capped off Colorado's subsequent drive, rushing for an 11-yard touchdown with no time left, giving the Buffaloes a 28-21 win. Wilhelm completed 27 of 38 passes for 353 yards, two touchdowns, and no interceptions. Thomas caught ten of the passes for 147 yards.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Fresno State
In the 23 seasons from 1981–2003, Oregon State and Fresno State played 13 times, more than three times more often than any other nonconference opponent in the same period. The Beavers won the first meeting 31-28 in the largest comeback ever, at the time. The Bulldogs won the next two and Oregon State looked to even the series. Jim Sweeney, coach of Fresno State was no stranger to Oregon State, having coached Washington State from 1968–1975. Wilhelm threw for 215 yards and two touchdowns.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Fresno State
The 215 yards gave Wilhelm 7,821 career passing yards, surpassing both Jack Thompson's and Jim Plunkett's career totals, leaving Wilhelm within striking distance of John Elway's 9,350 career passing yards, the most prolific passer in Pac-10 history at the time. The Beavers' 3-2 start was their best since 1970, their last winning season.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, UCLA
UCLA entered the game 27-point favorites. In the first 19 minutes, Oregon State failed to make a first down, while the Bruins scored touchdowns on their first three drives, two ending on Troy Aikman touchdown passes. Wilhelm responded by throwing a 69-yard touchdown pass of his own to Pat Chaffey. On an ensuing drive, Pellom McDaniels forced an Aikman fumble, which Oregon State's Ray Giacomelli recovers. Three plays later, Wilhelm threw his second touchdown pass, a 52-yard strike to Robb Thomas, with 2:19 left in the first half.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, UCLA
In the second half, UCLA tacked on a field goal. The Beavers countered by driving into Bruin territory. Wilhelm threw a seven-yard pass to Phil Ross, but the pass was high and it deflected off of Ross' shoulder pads and was intercepted. Aikman responded by throwing an interception that was tipped by cornerback Calvin Nicholson to safety. On the ensuing Beaver drive, Brian Taylor fumbled. UCLA took the fumble and drove for a touchdown, another Aikman touchdown pass.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, UCLA
The Beavers immediately responded by driving for a touchdown, capped by Wilhelm throwing another touchdown pass to Thomas with seven minutes left, but Aikman threw his fourth touchdown pass with 20 seconds left for a 38-21 Bruin win. Aikman finished completing 24 of 36 passes for 288 yards, four touchdowns, and two interceptions. Wilhelm finished completing 28 of 48 passes for 309 yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. Wilhelm also outrushed Aikman by 19 yards. Thomas finished catching nine passes for 161 yards and two touchdowns. The Trojans defeated the Bruins to claim the Pac-10's Rose Bowl berth.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, UCLA
Aikman finished third in the Heisman balloting behind Barry Sanders and Southern California's Rodney Peete, but Aikman won the Davey O'Brien Trophy. UCLA wound up beating #8 Arkansas, the Southwest Conference champion, 17-3 in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The Dallas media championed Aikman as the Cowboys' next quarterback. Dallas subsequently made Aikman the first overall pick in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
Oregon State and Stanford each entered the game 3-3. The Cardinal had held a fourth quarter lead over both the undefeated Trojans and the Ducks, whose only defeat was at the hands of the Trojans. However, Stanford lost both games by four points. The Cardinal's only other loss came at the hands of undefeated Notre Dame, on its way to a national championship. The Beavers built a 14-0 first half lead on a four-yard Brian Taylor touchdown scamper and a three-yard pass from Wilhelm to Bryant Hill.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
Stanford narrowed Oregon State's lead to 17-13 on John Hopkins' 28-yard field goal with 7:34 left in the game and took the lead on a 75-yard Jason Palumbis to John Pinckney strike with 2:33 left. The Beavers drove 65 yards to the Cardinal four, before being pushed back to the eight. On fourth down, with nine seconds left, Oregon State opted for a 26-yard field goal attempt, which Bussanich converted. The tie was the Beavers best result in Stanford, California in between 1968 and 1998. Oregon State's 3-3-1 record was the Beavers' best start in 20 years.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Southern California
Southern California was undefeated and ranked #3 in the nation, off to its best start in 13 years. The Trojans hopped out to a 14-0 lead in the first seven minutes, before Oregon State could manage a single first down. The Beavers drove into Trojan territory twice, but Oregon State failed to score on either drive. Brian Taylor fumbled on a pitchout at the Trojan 21 and Bussanich missed a 43-yard field goal. Southern California's Quin Rodriguez kicked a 42-yard field goal, but Wilhelm found Robb Thomas on a seven-yard touchdown pass to cut the Trojan lead to 10 just before halftime.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Southern California
Rodriguez added a second field goal to open the second half. Wilhelm found Thomas again for a 53-yard pass on 2nd-and-25. Moments later, Lloyd Bailey made a diving catch for a three-yard touchdown to cut Southern California's lead to 20-14. Just before the third quarter ended, Wilhelm's pass to Thomas was intercepted at the Trojan 23. On the first play of the fourth quarter, Southern California's Rodney Peete was hit by blitzing safety as Peete was letting go of the ball. Oregon State's Mike Matthews made a diving interception to give the Beavers the ball at their own 32.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Southern California
However, Wilhelm subsequently threw his third interception. Four plays later, the Trojans' Leroy Holt broke four tackles on a 28-yard touchdown carry to put Southern California on top 26-14 with 13:41 left. A few minutes later, Oregon State's David Brannon appeared in position to make an interception, but Erik Affholter managed to tip the ball away from Brannon and make an acrobatic turned it into a 55-yard touchdown pass to put the Trojans up 34-14 with 11:09 left. After Affholter's third touchdown reception, the teams traded touchdowns, making the final a 41-20 Southern California win.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Southern California
Wilhelm finished throwing 37 for 62, both Pac-10 records for completions and attempts. The 62 pass attempts would remain a Pac-10 and Pac-12 record until 2011. The Beavers wound up with 470 yards, 145 yards more than any other team had managed against the Trojans. Wilhelm's 418 total yards gave him 8,482 total career yards, the second most ever in the Pac-10, behind John Elway's 9,070 with three games remaining.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
In the first half, Oregon State's Billy Hughley blocked a 32-yard Arizona State field goal to preserve a 7-7 tie. In the second quarter, the Devils' starting quarterback, Paul Justin was knocked out of the game by Oregon State's Ray Giacomelli and was replaced by Daniel Ford. The Beavers built a 21-7 halftime lead on a one-yard Wilhelm run and an eight-yard pass from Wilhelm to Robb Thomas on a tipped pass with 12 seconds left in the first half.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
In their first drive of the second half, Oregon State's Troy Bussanich kicked a 44-yard field goal to take a 24-7 lead with 9:44 left in the third quarter. 13 seconds into the fourth quarter, Ford threw a touchdown pass to pull Arizona State within 10. The Devils next drive lasted 15 seconds, a 65-yard Ford touchdown pass, but Ford's two-point conversion attempt fell incomplete, which kept the Beavers up by four. Brian Swanson fumbled with 7:06 left in the game, and Arizona State took the lead with a touchdown 10 seconds later.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
Wilhelm fumbled on Oregon State's next offensive play. The Devils converted the fumble into a 30-yard field goal to take a 30-24 lead. The Beavers responded by driving to the Arizona State 35, but, with 1:04 left, Wilhelm was intercepted to effectively end the game. Kragthorpe closed the locker room after the game for the first time since becoming coach.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington State
Washington State had not played in a bowl game since 1981 and had not won a bowl game since 1916. The Cougars started off the year winning their first three road games against Illinois by 37, Minnesota by 32, and Tennessee by 28. Two weeks before playing Oregon State, Washington State upset #1 UCLA by four in the Rose Bowl. Although the Cougars enjoyed success on the road, they had lost two of three at home to start the season. Despite that fact, Dennis Erickson and Washington State entered one game away from all-but wrapping up an Aloha Bowl bid. Oregon State had not faced an Erickson-coached team since splitting with Idaho in 1984 and 1985. During the game, the temperature never exceeded 50 degrees with a 15-20 mph breeze.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington State
The Cougars led 26-6 at halftime and 36-14 in the fourth quarter. The Beavers managed two fourth-quarter touchdowns to pull within nine before the final gun sounded. Wilhelm finished 26 of 46 for 274 yards, pulling him within 13 yards of John Elway's Pac-10 passing record and 16 yards of John Elways' Pac-10 total yardage record. Wilhelm's 274 yards was his 30th 200-yard passing game, a Pac-10 record. Washington State secured the Aloha Bowl berth with a win over Washington to end the season. The Cougars won the Aloha Bowl over Houston 24-22. After the season ended, Erickson quit as Washington State's head coach to become the head coach of the Miami Hurricanes. After stints with the Hurricanes and Seattle Seahawks, Erickson became the head coach of Oregon State in 1999.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
Oregon State had not beaten Oregon since 1974. The Ducks' coach, Rich Brooks, an Oregon State graduate, had amassed a 19-0-1 record in his 20 years as a player and coach. The Ducks' quarterback was Bob Brothers, son of the Beavers' former quarterback, Paul Brothers, who had led Oregon State to its last Rose Bowl. Oregon's last four wins in the Civil War had come by an average of almost four touchdowns. The game was played in a tremendous downpour. On their first possession, the Beavers' Brian Taylor ran 27 yards for a touchdown and a 7-0 lead. The Ducks scored a field goal and a touchdown to post a 10-7 halftime lead.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
In the second half, Oregon did not pass the Oregon State 36-yard line. Wilhelm needed 14 yards to pass Elway, but he did not get those 14 yards until he hit Bryant Hill for a 32-yard pass in the fourth quarter. After converting a fourth down with a two-yard run earlier in the same drive, Pat Chaffey scored on a two-yard run with just over eight minutes left. Later in the fourth quarter, the Beavers'  intercepted Bob Brothers' pass and returned it to the Duck 32 yard line to set up Chaffey's second touchdown to seal the win.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
Chaffey finished with 109 yards on 24 carries. Oregon State fans rushed the field to tear down both goal posts. Wilhelm's 57 yards passing gave him 9,393 career passing yards, most ever in the Pac-10. However, the Ducks sacked Wilhelm five times, leaving Wilhelm with eight total yards, eight yards short of John Elway's total yardage record.


1988 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
Oregon State's 4-6-1 record was their best between their 5-6 records in 1971 and 1998. The Pac-10 was particularly strong in 1988, finishing 29-7 (.806) against non-conference competition. Each loss was against a team that was ranked for a part of the year.


1988 Origins Award winners
The following are the winners of the 15th annual (1988) Origins Award, presented at Origins 1989:


1988 Orlando Lions season
The 1988 Orlando Lions season was the first season of the new team in the new American Soccer League. The club originally started in 1985. In the league's inaugural year, the team finished in fourth place in the Southern Division of the league. They did not make the playoffs.


1988 Orlando mayoral election
The 1988 Orlando mayoral election was held on September 6, 1988 to elect the mayor of Orlando, Florida. It saw the reelection of Bill Frederick.


1988 Oshakati bomb blast
The 1988 Oshakati bomb blast was a bombing in Oshakati, Ovamboland, South West Africa (now Oshana Region, Namibia) which killed 27 people and left 70 others injured on 19 February 1988. The target of the bombing was the Barclay's Bank in the town. The perpetrators were never identified or convicted. Both the South African police and South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), the major independence movement in Namibia, were blamed. At the time of the blast, both SWAPO and the South African authorities blamed each other.


1988 Oshakati bomb blast, Background
19 February, the day of the blast, was a Wednesday at the end of the month, which is the traditional time when state employees were paid. At approximately noon, a car bomb exploded. Oshakati in the 1980s was a major hub for both the South African military as well as the bantustan Ovamboland government.


1988 Oshakati bomb blast, Commemorations
In the years since the bombing, the day has been marked by commemorations by many Namibians, including prominent religious leaders and politicians. They called for national reconciliation in honour of the victims.


1988 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1988 Ottawa Rough Riders finished the season in 4th place in the East Division with a 2–16 record and failed to qualify for the post-season. In terms of winning percentage (0.111), this was the worst season the franchise had endured since the formation of the Canadian Football League. Additionally, it was the worst record for a Grey Cup host city team as Ottawa hosted the 76th Grey Cup this year. The Rough Riders, which prior to the start of the season promised their fans good things for the coming year, had dubbed the 1988 season "Super season '88".


1988 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on November 14, 1988.


1988 Ottawa municipal election
Mayor Jim Durrell was re-elected with little opposition. Rideau Street businessman Michael Bartholomew finished 2nd with just 6% of the vote. Due to the lack of competition, only about one third of the electorate participated in the election.


1988 Ottawa municipal election, City council
The composition of Ottawa's city council was more left leaning than the previous council due to the defeat of Durrell-ally Bob Morrison in Carleton Ward and the election of New Democratic Party backed candidates Lynn Smyth and Michael Jannigan. Jannigan, who was declared elected on election night had to wait over a year to take his seat however, as a recount gave his opponent the win, but after the case was taken to court, a special election was held in 1989 which Jannigan won.


1988 Ottawa municipal election, City council, Special election
The election day results in Dalhousie Ward showed Michael Janigan ahead by 12 votes over Peter Harris, but this was done in error. A recount gave Harris a 2 vote win, but Janigan took the results to court, so the city held a special election on November 20, 1989 to resolve the matter, which Janigan won. Harris served as alderman in the interim. The race was a proxy battle for federal politics, with Janigan being supported by the NDP and Harris by the Liberals. The fringe candidates were back by parties too, the Greens backed Dan Roy and the Rhinoceros Party backed Dale Alkerton


1988 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections
Elections were held on November 14, 1988 in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton. This page lists the election results for local mayors and councils of the RMOC in 1988.


1988 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections, Regional Council
The following were elected to regional council either directly on election day or by the local councils afterward.


1988 Overseas Final
The 1988 Overseas Final was the eighth running of the Overseas Final as part of the qualification for the 1988 Speedway World Championship Final to be held in Vojens, Denmark. The 1988 Final was held at the Brandon Stadium in Coventry, England on 12 July and was the second last qualifying round for Commonwealth and American riders.


1988 Overseas Final
The Top 9 riders qualified for the Intercontinental Final to be held in Vetlanda, Sweden.


1988 Oxley by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Oxley on 8 October 1988. This was triggered by the resignation of former Labor Party leader Bill Hayden to become Governor-General.


1988 Oxley by-election
Both the Liberal Party and the National Party fielded candidates; the Liberal Party overtook the National Party into second place. The election was won by Labor candidate Les Scott, despite an 11.8% swing to the Liberals.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference
The 1988 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) All-Filipino Conference was the second conference of the 1988 PBA season. It started on June 26 and ended on September 13, 1988. The tournament is an All-Filipino format, which doesn't require an import for each team. The Philippine national basketball team played as guest team for this conference.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference, Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals
The 1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals was the best-of-5 series basketball championship of the 1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference, and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The Añejo Rum 65ers and Purefoods Hotdogs played for the 40th championship contested by the league.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals
The Añejo Rum 65ers won the All-Filipino Conference title with a 3-1 series victory over Purefoods Hotdogs, for their 2nd PBA championship, the Rum Masters became the fifth team to win the All-Filipino crown.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 1
Joey Loyzaga fired five three-point shots, all of them on crucial occasions, quelling as many Hotdogs uprising. In the fourth quarter, the Rum Masters got a big scare when the Hotdogs came within two, 97-99, behind Alvin Patrimonio, who scored 34 points, and Jerry Codinera, who showed muscle off the boards, but Joey Loyzaga quickly answered with a triple off a screen by brother Chito, that ignited another Añejo blitz and resulted to a 106-99 advantage.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 2
Purefoods surprised everyone by benching Ramon Fernandez for the entire game. Purefoods coach Cris Calilan said there was an order from "higher ups" not to use Fernandez in Game two, the order came 30 minutes before the game. Company President Rene Buhain refused to comment on the benching of Fernandez but confirmed there was indeed such a directive.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 2
The Hotdogs started to pull away from a 98-all deadlock and the Rum Masters, who had six triples in the game, were silenced in the last seven minutes, Romulo Mamaril sank two free throws to close the gap at 111-108, but the Hotdogs' reserves Totoy Marquez and Willie Generalao retaliated to clinch the win for Purefoods.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 3
Ramon Fernandez watch helplessly at unexplained management decision to keep him on the bench, as Añejo moved within a game of winning the All-Filipino championship, Robert Jaworski's two pressure-laden charities and Hotdogs' Totoy Marquez missed on his last attempt allowed the Rum Masters to escape with a two-point victory. Purefoods raced to a leads of 25-9 and 34-19 early, and it took a full second quarter for Añejo to level the count at 59-all in the first 24 minutes of play. The Rum Masters opened the third period with an 8-2 run for a 67-61 lead, a 15-7 blast by Añejo put them on top, 107-105, with 2:09 left, two more deadlocks ensued before Robert Jaworski provided the marginal free throws, 112-109, 15 seconds remaining.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
In a come-from-behind overtime victory, an ailing Dondon Ampalayo jumped from a six-hour dextrose detention to inject determination into Anejo's title surge while playing coach Jaworski provided the leadership including a follow up of his own miss to send the game into extension, 119–119. The fouling out of Glenn Capacio and Willie Generalao compounded the woes of Purefoods during the overtime period. Joey Loyzaga's semi-hook shot with their shot clock winding down gave them a three-point edge at 125–122. On a return play after a Purefoods timeout, Romulo Mamaril block Alvin Patrimonio's attempt that started a series of errors for Purefoods with less than a minute to go in the extra period, Jaworski's two free throws with 45 seconds remaining gave the Rum Masters a six-point lead, 128-122.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
The Hotdogs opened fire in the third quarter, leading by as much as 19 points at 76-57, but the Rum Masters slowly clawed back and were down by six, 86-92, going into the final period. Añejo grabbed the upper hand at 95–94 on Mamaril's bank shot, the Hotdogs maintain their composure and led 114-107, with 2:26 remaining in regulation, and then came a 12-5 Añejo spurt, starting with Dondon Ampalayo nailing a three-pointer.


1988 PBA All-Filipino Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
Ramon Fernandez, who was vanish for the whole series by the Purefoods management, walked inside the arena midway in the second quarter and seated to watch his former teammates.


1988 PBA Open Conference
The 1988 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Open Conference was the first conference of the 1988 PBA season. It started on March 20 and ended on June 9, 1988. The tournament is an Import-laden format, which requires an import or a pure-foreign player for each team.


1988 PBA Open Conference, Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals
The 1988 PBA Open Conference Finals was the best-of-7 series basketball championship of the 1988 PBA Open Conference, and the conclusion of the conference playoffs. The San Miguel Beermen and Purefoods Hotdogs, aiming for a cinderella finish, played for the 39th championship contested by the league.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals
The San Miguel Beermen repeated as back-to-back champions, denying the Purefoods Hotdogs a first title in its maiden season in the PBA, the Beermen won in a seven-game series by taking the last two games. The best-of-seven finals went the full distance for only the second time in league history.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 1
San Miguel took advantage of the Hotdogs' sluggish start and led 27-11 early, the Beermen padded their margin to 23 points at 51-28 in the second quarter and took a 62-47 lead at halftime. Purefoods could only come closer to six points, 80-86, barely a minute into the fourth period.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 2
After allowing the Beermen to score lots of points in the series opener, the Hotdogs put up a tough, defensive stand to limit San Miguel's output. Purefoods led by 18 points at 72-54 in the third quarter but the Beermen reduced their lead to just two in the final period, David Thirdkill came to the rescue and score seven of the Hotdogs' last nine points to sealed the victory.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 3
Rookie Jojo Lastimosa put on a show as he led Purefoods to a 22-4 blitz that turn an 84-74 San Miguel lead to a 96-88 Purefoods win. Back-to-back triples by Lastimosa and Al Solis pushed the Hotdogs to within four, 80-84. The Beermen were ahead by three points, 88-85, when Purefoods called a timeout and eleven unanswered points by the Hotdogs followed with Lastimosa's three-point play gave them the lead for good at 90-88.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
San Miguel led by 17 points early in the third quarter. But down the stretch was another Purefoods comeback. A three-point play by Jojo Lastimosa tied the count at 84-all. Elmer Reyes sent the Beermen back on top with a lay-up, successive hits by Lastimosa and Jerry Codinera put the Hotdogs out front, 88-86, with just a little over two minutes left in the fourth period. David Thirdkill was saddled with five fouls and had only scored 18 points.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
San Miguel got a lift on the next play as Abet Guidaben knocked in a 12-footer and drew a foul from Ramon Fernandez. Abet made the free throw for a one-point lead by San Miguel, 89-88. On the next play, Thirdkill muffed a jumper, Guidaben came back with another basket to give the Beermen a three-point margin, 91-88. Again, Purefoods went to Thirdkill for the hit and he failed.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 4
With the time down to eight seconds, Hector Calma drove in and got a foul from Al Solis, he converted both of his free throws for a finishing 7-0 run as San Miguel level the series at two games apiece. Playing coach Norman Black outscored Thirdkill, 20-18, for the second time in the playoffs. The Beermen were unable to field Ricardo Brown, who had to sit out the game on his physician's orders.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 5
Veterans Ramon Fernandez and Abet Guidaben got into several ugly plays early, the Hotdogs were on top by 16 points, 80-64, after three quarters. The Beermen threatened twice in the final period, the last at 94-95 when Jojo Lastimosa banged in a three-point shot and on the next play, Lastimosa sink both his charities to give Purefoods a six-point edge, 100-94.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 6
After a 42-all standoff at halftime, the Beermen outscored the Hotdogs by 17 points in the third quarter for a 77-60 advantage going into the last 12 minutes of play. Purefoods' Al Solis tried to keep the Hotdogs into the thick of the fight with booming triples, including three straight midway in the fourth quarter, San Miguel answered every baskets Purefoods made to force a decisive seventh game.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 7
Before a capacity crowd of more than 12,000 at the ULTRA in the deciding Game 7, San Miguel open the third quarter with six straight points to take the biggest lead for the night at 53-44. The Hotdogs on the heroics of Al Solis keeps coming back, Purefoods last tasted the lead, 73-71, early in the fourth period, an 8-0 blast by the Beermen gave them a six-point edge, 79-73.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 7
With the score standing at 88-80 for San Miguel, Al Solis drained his fifth triple that started an 8-2 run for the Hotdogs and trimmed the deficit to two points, 88-90, with only 11 seconds remaining. Purefoods playing coach Ramon Fernandez was called for his sixth and final foul off Ricardo Brown, San Miguel leading, 92-90. Brown converted his two charities to give the Beermen a four-point edge, 94-90.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 7
Showing championship composure all night long, San Miguel eked out a 94-92 win in the seventh and final game of the series. Abet Guidaben had a truly big seventh game with 28 points, Norman Black came up with 38 points and held Purefoods import David Thirdkill to a measly 16 points in the final game, the lowest in his entire playing career in the PBA. Ricardo Brown scored only nine points but his two crucial free throws off the sixth foul of Ramon Fernandez iced the game for the Beermen.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 7
On Purefoods' side, it was Al Solis who shone bright and emerged as his team's best local scorer with an average of 16.1 points in that seven-game stretch, Solis topscored for the Hotdogs in the seventh game with 23 points, shooting an amazing 71 percent from the three-point range on five-of-seven shooting.


1988 PBA Open Conference Finals, Occurrences
Just before Game 7, PBA Commissioner Rudy Salud summoned Ramon Fernandez and Abet Guidaben for separate offenses in Games 5 and 6, Fernandez was taken to task for not just blaming the referees but accusing them of favoring Purefoods' opponent- San Miguel Beer, while Guidaben was summoned for his reaction at the endgame elbow thrown at him by Fernandez in Game 6 but also his behavior in Game 5. both were fined by the Commissioner's Office.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference
The 1988 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) Reinforced Conference was the third and last conference of the 1988 PBA season. It started on October 2 and ended on December 13, 1988. The tournament is an Import-laden format, which requires two imports with a combined ceiling of 12 ft. 8 in. for each team.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference, Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the conference:


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference, Imports
Each team was allowed two imports. The first line in the table are the original reinforcements of the teams. Below the name are the replacement of the import above. Same with the third replacement that is also highlighted with a different color. GP is the number of games played.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals
The 1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals was the best-of-7 series basketball championship of the 1988 PBA Reinforced Conference, and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The San Miguel Beermen and Shell Rimula X Diesel Oilers played for the 41st championship contested by the league.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals
The San Miguel Beermen easily retains the Reinforced Conference title with a 4-1 series victory over Shell Rimula X Diesel Oilers and claim their 5th PBA crown.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 1
Shell battled defending champion San Miguel for most of the first three quarters before falling apart in the fourth, enabling the Beermen to win by a rout, the key factor in the opening game was the explosive performance of Franz Pumaren, who came off the bench because of the foul trouble of Hector Calma going into the final quarter.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 2
An 11-1 burst by the Beermen in the final two minutes gave them a 2-0 edge in the series, a rash of errors by Shell in the last 1:25 caused their downfall, after battling San Miguel to 11 deadlocks, lose steam in the homestretch and failed to keep their composure by taking a couple of bad shots.


1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals, Games summary, Game 3
Shell raced to an early 17-point lead and with the score at 73-61 in favor of the Diesel Oilers, Jay Ramirez suffered a nasty fall when he pulled down Samboy Lim who landed on top of Ramirez as the rookie banged the back of his head against the hardcourt and had to be carried out on a stretcher. Just when Shell looked sure of a victory, Samboy Lim cut loose to rally the Beermen back and tied the count at 99-all at the end of the third quarter. San Miguel import Michael Phelps fouled out trying to stop Derrick Rowland with Shell on top, 115-111.