1988 UCI Road World Championships
The 1988 UCI Road World Championships took place in Ronse, Belgium. As this was an Olympic year all the Olympic cycling events served as World Championships, leaving just the Professional road race and the Women's Team Time Trial to be contested. The men's road race was decided in a sprint involving three riders, Maurizio Fondriest, Claude Criquielion and Steve Bauer. 200 meters from the uphill finish, Bauer began the sprint and Fondriest was unable to respond. However, Bauer realised his gear was too heavy, quickly sat down, and shifted down gear. As a result, his speed temporarily dropped, and Criquielion accelerated to the right of Bauer, close to the barriers.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
Unfortunately, at exactly that place, the barriers on the right hand side of the road (from the riders' perspective) were set up in an irregular manner by the organisers of the race, narrowing in width for about 1-1.5 meters. The riders were aware of this, since the championship consisted of 18 laps over the same circuit, and the riders had already passed that point 17 times before during the race. It is quite common for UCI world championship road races to have several laps over the same circuit.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
As a result of Criquielion's temporarily higher speed and the sudden narrowing of the barriers, Criquielion had effectively trapped himself. Bauer did not alter his course after he started sprinting and kept his line. However, since the frontal TV camera was placed at an angle at the left side of the road (from the riders' perspective) and not perpendicular, it seemed from that point of view as if Bauer moved to the right to block Criquielion. This impression was strengthened by the narrowing of the barriers, which was at a similar angle as the angle of the camera.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
As a result of his slightly greater speed and Bauer keeping his line, Criquielion came into contact with the back of Bauer's right elbow, pushing it out. Consequently, Criquielion veered a bit to the right, and his head hit against the body of a police man who has standing before the barrier. Next, Criquielion's bike hit the concrete block at the bottom of the barriers, and he fell.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
Bauer was able to "jump" his bike about a meter to the left, a remarkable manoeuvre of riding skills, but as a result of this lost much speed, making it easy for Fondriest to overtake him and claim the world title. Criquelion's bike was damaged too much to cycle again and he was passed by the pursuing group while walking to the finish line. Bauer finished second but was a couple of minutes later disqualified after the race.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
Criquielion was later convinced to press criminal charges for voluntary and involuntary battering against Bauer. His first lawyer who pressed the criminal charges on his behalf was Orphale Crucke, who was also the president of the organising committee of the race, and therefore directly responsible for the irregular placement of the barriers, and, incidentally, also the mayor of the locality where the race took place (Ronse/Renaix), and running for re-election in the communal elections scheduled two months later.


1988 UCI Road World Championships
The case came before the criminal court of Oudenaarde, where Bauer was cleared of all charges. Criquielion appealed before the court of Appeal of Ghent, which re-ran the case in all full details, as is normal in Belgian criminal law, and also fully cleared Bauer. In these criminal cases, even an involuntary push by Bauer would have been sufficient for establishing a criminal fault in principle (even if no intent was shown), and thus liability. No such fault was proven on the basis of detailed analysis of the TV coverage (including helicopter images), and Bauer was completely cleared.


1988 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The 1988 UCI Road World Championships - Men's Road Race took place on 28 August, 1988 in Ronse, Belgium.


1988 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
There was a crash during the final sprint. The exact reason for the crash is debatable, but it involved Steve Bauer and Claude Criquielion. As Bauer approached the line in the lead, the second rider (Claude Criquielion) attempted to pass through on the right. Bauer protected the lead by boxing in Criquielion towards the barriers. Criquielion fell, then slid into Bauer and slowed him down, allowing Maurizio Fondriest to come around for the easy win, with Bauer second. Bauer was sued by Criquielion for assault, seeking damages of $1.5 million. Bauer won the lawsuit.


1988 UCI Road World Championships – Women's team time trial
The women's team time trial of the 1988 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on 27 August 1988 in Renaix, Belgium.


1988 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1988 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Ghent, Belgium from 21 to 25 August 1988. Eight events were contested, 7 for men (5 for professionals, 2 for amateurs) and 1 for women with a demonstration non-Championship points race for women.


1988 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1988 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by 13th-year head coach Terry Donahue and played its home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. They were members of the Pacific-10 Conference.


1988 UCLA Bruins football team, NFL draftees
The following players were selected in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 UCLA Bruins softball team
The 1988 UCLA Bruins softball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1988 NCAA Division I softball season. The Bruins were coached by Sharron Backus, who led her fourteenth season. The Bruins played their home games at Sunset Field and finished with a record of 53–8. They competed in the Pacific-10 Conference, where they finished first with a 15–3 record.


1988 UCLA Bruins softball team
The Bruins were invited to the 1988 NCAA Division I Softball Tournament, where they swept the West Regional and then completed a run through the Women's College World Series to claim their third NCAA Women's College World Series Championship. The Bruins had earlier claimed an AIAW title in 1978 and NCAA titles in 1982 and 1984.


1988 UEFA Cup Final
The 1988 UEFA Cup Final was an association football tie played on 4 May 1988 and 18 May 1988 between RCD Español of Spain and Bayer Leverkusen of West Germany, to determine the champion of the 1987–88 UEFA Cup competition. Leverkusen won 3–2 on penalties after a 3–3 draw on aggregate.


1988 UEFA European Under-16 Championship
The 1988 UEFA European Under-16 Championship was the sixth edition of UEFA's European Under-16 Football Championship. Spain hosted the championship, during 11–21 May 1988. 16 teams entered the competition, and Spain won their second title.


1988 UEFA European Under-16 Championship qualifying
In the qualifying procedure for the 1988 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship, 29 teams were divided into 14 groups (13 groups of two teams and one group of three teams) each. The fourteen group winners advanced to the final tournament. The runner-up of the group with three teams and Spain (as host) were also qualified.


1988 UEFA European Under-18 Championship
The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1988 Final Tournament was held in Czechoslovakia. It also served as the European qualification for the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1988 UEFA European Under-18 Championship, Qualification to World Youth Championship
The six best performing teams qualified for the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1988 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying
This article features the 1988 UEFA European Under-18 Championship qualifying stage. Matches were played 1986 through 1988. Eight group winners qualified for the main tournament in Czechoslovakia.


1988 UEFA European Under-21 Championship
The 1988 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, which spanned two years (1986–88), had 30 entrants. The Republic of Ireland competed for the first time. France U-21s won the competition.


1988 UEFA European Under-21 Championship
The 30 national teams were divided into eight groups (six groups of 4 + two groups of 3). The group winners played off against each other on a two-legged home-and-away basis until the winner was decided. There was no finals tournament or third-place playoff.


1988 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, Qualifying Stage, Draw
The allocation of teams into qualifying groups was based on that of UEFA Euro 1988 qualifying tournament with several changes, reflecting the absence of some nations:


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 62nd year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The sport was experiencing a mini boom, the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) released the annual returns, with totalisator turnover up nearly 30% at £98,476,532 and attendances up over 10% recorded at 4,432,117 from 5465 meetings.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
John McGee head man to Fred Wiseman was granted a trainer's licence and took charge of the kennel. He had a remarkable year as a rookie trainer winning the Greyhound Trainer of the Year and winning the 1988 English Greyhound Derby with Hit the Lid, the white and brindle dog owned by Fred Smith was also voted Greyhound of the Year. McGee also trained Sard who won the Gold Collar at Catford Stadium.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Despite the boom in business five tracks closed, Hull, Maidstone, Gosforth, Derby and Preston all closed. Hull finished due to the fact that landlords Hull Kingston Rovers moved to a new stadium. The closure of Gosforth left the city of Newcastle with just one licensed track at Brough Park. Preston and Derby had both been opened by the same company in 1933 and after 55 years of different owners found themselves closing at the same time.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Powderhall would change ownership twice, it was sold by the Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) to local businessman Norrie Rowan for £1.8m, who then sold it on himself to Coral for an instant profit at £2.2m. The GRA lost the rights to the Scottish Greyhound Derby due to the fact that they no longer owned any tracks in Scotland. Ellesmere Port Stadium started racing on 29 February.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
The NGRC announced that major competitions would no longer be listed as Classic races but instead they would be classed as Category One and Two races based on prize money levels. This led to many tracks that had previously never had the opportunity to hold a classic race offering increased prize money in order for their events to match the traditional classics in terms of status. The positive was the fact that prize money increased, the negative was the devaluing of some of the sports most famous races in the following years.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
Grass finally disappeared from greyhound racing when Hove became the last course to remove the turf as the circuit switched to sand. The first computerised form system called Formbank was introduced, created by Peter Shotton it revolutionised Racing Office practices and was the advent to modern day systems.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The Stewards' Cup at Walthamstow was claimed by Westmead Move, now four years old. Another bitch Exile Energy was the winner of the St Leger at Wembley, the black bitch had made the Grand Prix final and brought Gary Baggs back to the public attention for the first time since his split with Towfiq Al-Aali, his leading owner the previous year. Aali had his own success with Ernie Gaskin when his Derby finalist Comeragh Boy won the year ending Laurels. Gaskin also secured a trainers position at Walthamstow.


1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The successes of bitches during 1988 continued with Wendys Dream, who won the Oaks at Wimbledon, the Byrne International and Puppy Oaks.


1988 UK Athletics Championships
The 1988 UK Athletics Championships was the national championship in outdoor track and field for the United Kingdom held at Moorways Stadium, Derby. It was the second time that the English city hosted the event, continuing on from the 1987 UK Championships.


1988 UK Athletics Championships
It was the twelfth edition of the competition limited to British athletes only, launched as an alternative to the AAA Championships, which was open to foreign competitors. However, due to the fact that the calibre of national competition remained greater at the AAA event, the UK Championships this year were not considered the principal national championship event by some statisticians, such as the National Union of Track Statisticians (NUTS). Many of the athletes below also competed at the 1988 AAA Championships.


1988 UK Athletics Championships
Fatima Whitbread won her eighth consecutive women's javelin throw UK title, while shot putter Judy Oakes won a fifth straight title. Diana Davies extended her winning streak to three in the women's high jump and Paula Dunn repeated her sprint double of 1987. Three men defended their 1987 titles: Tony Jarrett (110 m hurdles), Paul Mardle (discus) and Dave Smith (hammer). Elaine McLaughlin (400 m hurdles) and Mary Berkeley (long jump) were the other women to retain their titles.


1988 UK Athletics Championships
The main international track and field competition for the United Kingdom that year was the Olympic Games. Three UK champions went on to win Olympic silver in Seoul: Linford Christie, Liz McColgan and Fatima Whitbread. Colin Jackson only ran the 100 m at the UK Championships, but took a silver in his hurdles speciality at the Olympics.


1988 UK Championship
The 1988 UK Championship (also known as the 1988 Tennent's UK Championship for sponsorship reasons) was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 19 and 27 November 1988 at the Guild Hall in Preston, England. This was the last UK Championship to be sponsored by Tennent's, and for the following two years the championship would be sponsored by StormSeal. The highest break of the tournament was 139 made by David Roe.


1988 UK Championship
Doug Mountjoy won in the final 16–12 against Stephen Hendry, and picked up the £80,000 winners cheque. Mountjoy was 46 years old and remains the oldest winner of the UK Championship.


1988 UMass Minutemen football team
The 1988 UMass Minutemen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Yankee Conference. The team was coached by Jim Reid and played its home games at Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium in Hadley, Massachusetts. The 1988 season marked the Minutemen's first playoff appearance since their runner-up finish in the 1978 National Championship game. UMass finished the season with a record of 8–4 overall and 6–2 in conference play.


1988 UNLV Rebels football team
The 1988 UNLV Rebels football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada, Las Vegas in the Big West Conference during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their third year under head coach Wayne Nunnely, the team compiled a 4–7 record.


1988 US Open (tennis)
The 1988 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 108th edition of the US Open and was held from August 29 to September 11, 1988.


1988 US Open (tennis), Seniors, Men's Singles
Mats Wilander defeated  Ivan Lendl 6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4


1988 US Open (tennis), Seniors, Men's Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Rick Leach /  Jim Pugh by Walkover


1988 US Open (tennis), Seniors, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Robin White defeated  Patty Fendick /  Jill Hetherington 6–4, 6–1


1988 US Open (tennis), Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Jim Pugh defeated  Elizabeth Smylie /  Patrick McEnroe 7–5, 6–3


1988 US Open (tennis), Juniors, Boys' Doubles
Jonathan Stark /  John Yancey defeated  Massimo Boscatto /  Stefano Pescosolido 7–6, 7–5


1988 US Open (tennis), Juniors, Girls' Doubles
Meredith McGrath /  Kimberly Po defeated  Cathy Caverzasio /  Laura Lapi 6–3, 6–1


1988 US Open – Men's Doubles
The Men's Doubles tournament at the 1988 US Open was held from August 29 to September 11, 1988, on the outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City, United States. Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez won the title, defeating Rick Leach and Jim Pugh by walkover in the final.


1988 US Open – Men's Singles
Mats Wilander defeated three-time defending champion Ivan Lendl, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1988 US Open. This was the longest US Open men's singles final in history, clocking in at 4 hours and 54 minutes (equaled in 2012 when Andy Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in that year's final). Wilander gained the number 1 ranking for the first time, replacing Lendl.


1988 US Open – Men's Singles
This tournament was notable for being the first major in which Pete Sampras and Jim Courier competed in the main draw.


1988 US Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1988 US Open – Mixed Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Emilio Sánchez were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 US Open – Mixed Doubles
Jana Novotná and Jim Pugh won in the final 7–5, 6–3 against Elizabeth Smylie and Patrick McEnroe.


1988 US Open – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 US Open – Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Gigi Fernández and Robin White.


1988 US Open – Women's Doubles
Fernández and White won in the final 6–4, 6–1 against Patty Fendick and Jill Hetherington.


1988 US Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 US Open – Women's Singles
Steffi Graf defeated Gabriela Sabatini in the final, 6–3, 3–6, 6–1 to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1988 U.S. Open. As a result, she became the third woman to win the Grand Slam, after Maureen Connolly and Margaret Court. Moreover, it was the fourth component of her Golden Slam, which remains the only Golden Slam won in able-bodied tennis of any discipline. With the win, Graf also completed the career Grand Slam in singles. It was Sabatini's maiden major final.


1988 US Open – Women's Singles
Martina Navratilova was the two-time defending champion, but she lost in the quarterfinals to Zina Garrison.


1988 US Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual US Open Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held over several days before the event.


1988 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1988 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships took place between June 16–19 at Pepin-Rood Stadium on the campus of University of Tampa in Tampa, Florida. The meet was organized by The Athletics Congress. This was the last time the National Championships were held separately from the Olympic Trials in the same year. With the Trials held four weeks later, many athletes made decisions to forgo the National Championships in order to be ready for the trials. Starting in 1992, the two meets were combined.


1988 USC Trojans football team
The 1988 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second year under head coach Larry Smith, the Trojans compiled a 10–2 record (8–0 against conference opponents), won the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 370 to 184.


1988 USC Trojans football team
The Trojans won their first 10 games of the season, running the conference table and beating third-ranked Oklahoma at home. They were ranked second in the nation before their match with number-one ranked Notre Dame. After losing to the Fighting Irish in their final regular-season game, they faced Michigan in the Rose Bowl, losing 14–22.


1988 USC Trojans football team
Quarterback Rodney Peete led the team in passing, completing 223 of 359 passes for 2,812 yards with 18 touchdowns and 12 interceptions. Aaron Emanuel led the team in rushing with 108 carries for 545 yards and eight touchdowns. Erik Affholter led the team in receiving yards with 68 catches for 952 yards and eight touchdowns.


1988 USC Trojans football team, Game summaries, Notre Dame
Notre Dame and USC entered the game undefeated and ranked number one and two respectively for the first time ever in their storied series. It was also the 24th time No. 1 faced No. 2 in college football history. The Trojans were having a great season under head coach Larry Smith and standout quarterback Rodney Peete. The Irish came into the game as underdogs, but spectacular play of defensive end Frank Stams and cornerback Stan Smagala aided the Irish offense, led by Tony Rice, to an Irish victory. The sellout crowd of 93,829 was the largest in this rivalry since 1955.


1988 USC Trojans football team, Team players drafted into the NFL
The following players were claimed in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 USSR Chess Championship
The 1988 Soviet Chess Championship was the 55th edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 25 July 19 August 1988 in Moscow. The title was shared by the world champion Garry Kasparov and former world champion Anatoly Karpov. Semifinals took place at Norilsk and Pavlodar; two First League tournaments (qualifying to the final) were held at Lvov and Sverdlovsk.


1988 USSR Chess Championship, Qualifying, Semifinals
Semifinals, consisted of two Swiss tournaments, took place at Norilsk and Pavlodar in August 1987, from which eight each went on to the First League.


1988 USSR Chess Championship, Final
Mikhail Tal withdrew after one round (draw against Rafael Vaganian) due to illness and was replaced by Vereslav Eingorn. A play-off between the first two was planned, but it ended up not taking place, with the Soviet Federation declaring Kasparov and Karpov winners of the gold medal.


1988 UTEP Miners football team
The 1988 UTEP Miners football team was an American football team that represented the University of Texas at El Paso as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its third season under head coach Bob Stull, the team compiled a 10–3 record (6–2 against WAC opponents), finished second in the conference, lost to Southern Miss in the 1988 Independence Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 445 to 275.


1988 Uganda Cup
The 1988 Uganda Cup was the 14th season of the main Ugandan football Cup.


1988 Uganda Cup, Overview
The competition has also been known as the Kakungulu Cup and was won by SC Villa who beat Express Red Eagles 3-1 in the final. The results are not available for the earlier rounds


1988 Uganda Super League
The 1988 Ugandan Super League was the 21st season of the official Ugandan football championship, the top-level football league of Uganda.


1988 Uganda Super League, Overview
The 1988 Uganda Super League was won by SC Villa, while Tobacco, State House FC and UCI were relegated.


1988 Uganda Super League, League standings
The final league table is not available for 1988. Teams that competed in the  Super League included:


1988 Uganda Super League, Leading goalscorer
The top goalscorer in the 1988 season was Mathias Kaweesa of Nsambya FC with 17 goals.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic
The 1988 United Jersey Bank Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Mahwah, New Jersey in the United States and was part of  the Category 3 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from August 22 through August 28, 1988. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title, her second at the event after 1986, and earned $40,000 first-prize money.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic, Finals, Doubles
Jana Novotná /  Helena Suková defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Robin White 6–3, 6–2


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Doubles
Gigi Fernández and Lori McNeil were the defending champions but only Fernández competed that year with Robin White.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Doubles
Fernández and White lost in the final 6–3, 6–2 against Jana Novotná and Helena Suková.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Singles
Manuela Maleeva was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Catarina Lindqvist.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Singles
Steffi Graf won in the final 6–0, 6–1 against Nathalie Tauziat.


1988 United Jersey Bank Classic – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top four seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 United Kingdom local elections
Local elections were held in the United Kingdom in 1988. The Conservative government held its ground and remained ahead in the projected popular vote.


1988 United Kingdom local elections
The election resulted in the Conservative Party winning 39% of the popular vote, the Labour Party winning 38% and the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD) 18%. The Conservatives gained 9 seats, Labour gained 76 seats and the SLD lost 122 seats.


1988 United Kingdom local elections
These were the first national elections contested by the SLD, which had just been formed as a merger of the SDP and Liberals after several years of an alliance existing between the two parties.


1988 United Kingdom local elections, England, Metropolitan boroughs
All 36 metropolitan borough councils had one third of their seats up for election.


1988 United Kingdom local elections, England, District councils
In 117 districts one third of the council was up for election.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The 1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike was a strike in the United Kingdom in August and September 1988. It was the country's first national postal strike for 17 years, and began after postal workers at Royal Mail walked out in protest over bonuses being paid to recruit new workers in London and the South East. As a result, postal deliveries throughout the United Kingdom were disrupted for several weeks.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The strike action started on 31 August when members of the Union of Communication Workers walked out to protest against 2.75% bonuses, and it was intended as a 24-hour stoppage. However, the strike continued after temporary workers were hired to clear the backlog of undelivered mail. By 5 September the industrial action had spread with a quarter of the country's postal workers on strike, and by the time an agreement was reached the following week, the strike had spread throughout the British mainland (workers in Northern Ireland did not strike). No mail was being delivered by this point and, in order to ease the backlog of post, bosses at Royal Mail placed an embargo on the delivery of overseas mail. By the time the strike ended there was a backlog of 150 million undelivered letters and parcels.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The postal strike sparked a rise in the sale of fax machines, which helped ease the impact of the strike.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The issue of temporary workers also led to some violence. In an incident at a sorting office in Liverpool, three men were arrested and charged with disorderly behaviour after pickets threw bottles at workers arriving at the facility.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The strike came to an end on 13 September after union representatives and Royal Mail managers held talks over the preceding weekend. However, because of the backlog of mail, deliveries remained unreliable for several weeks afterwards.


1988 United Kingdom postal workers strike
The strike led to a delay in the receipt of information concerning the September 1988 unemployment statistics which were briefly over-recorded as a result.


1988 United Nations Security Council election
The 1988 United Nations Security Council election was held on 26 October 1988 during the Forty-third session of the United Nations General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City. The General Assembly elected Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, Finland, and Malaysia, as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two-year mandates commencing on 1 January 1989.


1988 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
The Security Council has 15 seats, filled by five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. Each year, half of the non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms. A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election.


1988 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes, the five available seats are allocated as follows:


1988 United Nations Security Council election, Rules
To be elected, a candidate must receive a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. If the vote is inconclusive after the first round, three rounds of restricted voting shall take place, followed by three rounds of unrestricted voting, and so on, until a result has been obtained. In restricted voting, only official candidates may be voted on, while in unrestricted voting, any member of the given regional group, with the exception of current Council members, may be voted on.


1988 United Nations Security Council election, Result
Voting was conducted on a single ballot. Ballots containing more states from a certain region than seats allocated to that region were invalidated. Following the first round, the representatives of Bangladesh withdrew their candidacy.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska
The Alaska congressional election of 1988 was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1988. The term of the state's sole Representative to the United States House of Representatives expired on January 3, 1989. The winning candidate would serve a two-year term from January 3, 1989, to January 3, 1991.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in District of Columbia
The 1988 congressional election for the Delegate from the District of Columbia was held on November 8, 1988. The winner of the race was Walter E. Fauntroy (D), who won his ninth re-election. All elected members would serve in 101st United States Congress.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in District of Columbia
The non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives from the District of Columbia is elected for two-year terms.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in District of Columbia, Candidates
Walter E. Fauntroy, a Democrat, sought re-election for his tenth and final term to the United States House of Representatives. Fauntroy was opposed in this election by Republican challenger Ron Evans and Statehood Party candidate Alvin C. Frost, who received 13.42% and 8.07%, respectively. Independent candidate David H. Dabney also participated and received 6.11%. This resulted in Fauntroy being elected with 71.27% of the vote.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico
The election for Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives took place on November 8, 1988, the same day as the larger Puerto Rican general election and the United States elections, 1988.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
The 1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on November 8, 1988. Republican nominee Peter Plympton Smith defeated independent candidate Bernie Sanders and Democratic nominee Paul N. Poirier.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
Incumbent Republican Representative Jim Jeffords chose to run for a seat in the United States Senate instead of seeking reelection to the  United States House of Representatives. Former Lieutenant Governor Peter Plympton Smith won the Republican nomination against David Gates. State Representative Paul N. Poirier won the Democratic nomination against Peter Welch, James A. Guest, and Dolores Sandoval. Sanders, the Mayor of Burlington, Vermont ran as an independent candidate.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
This is the most recent election in which a member of the Republican Party won election to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Background
From 1854 to 1958, the Vermont Republican Party won every statewide election in Vermont. William H. Meyer became the first member of the Democratic Party to win a statewide election in Vermont since 1853, when he won election to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district in the 1958 election.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Background
Jim Jeffords, a member of the Republican Party, was elected from Vermont's at-large district in the 1974 election and served for fourteen years. In the 1986 election he faced no Democratic opponent and won with 89.12% of the popular vote against three other candidates.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
Senator Robert Stafford, who had been appointed to the United States Senate in 1971, announced on April 10, 1987, that he would not seek reelection in the 1988 election. Representative Jeffords announced that he would seek the Republican nomination to succeed Stafford in the United States Senate instead of seeking reelection to the United States House of Representatives.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
Dennis Delaney, a member of the Vermont Senate, considered running in a congressional, gubernatorial, or lieutenant gubernatorial election.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
Smith had run in the 1986 gubernatorial election with the Republican nomination, but placed second to Democratic Governor Madeleine Kunin in the popular vote and in the Vermont General Assembly vote as no candidate had received more than 50% of the popular vote. David Dillon served as Smith's campaign manager.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
Smith defeated Gates in the primary with 77.60% of the popular vote.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
On April 8, 1987, Paul N. Poirier, the Majority Leader of the Vermont House of Representatives, announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for congressional election.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Major parties
Poirier defeated Welch, Guest, and Sandoval in the primary with 41.27% of the popular vote.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Minor parties and other candidates
Bernie Sanders won election as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, in the 1981 mayoral election as an independent and won reelection in the 1983, 1985, and 1987 elections. Sanders had run for governor in the 1986 election and had received 14.45% of the popular vote in the election and support from one member of the state legislature. During the 1987 campaign Sanders stated that he would not seek reelection in 1989, stating that "eight years is enough and I think it is time for new leadership, which does exist within the coalition, to come up". Sanders announced on March 10, 1988, that he would run in the election as an independent candidate. Terry Bouricius served as Sanders' campaign treasurer. During the campaign he received the support of the Rainbow Coalition.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Minor parties and other candidates
Jim Hedbor announced that he would run in the election with the Libertarian nomination on February 25, 1988, at a press conference in Montpelier, Vermont. Hedbor won the Libertarian primary without opposition.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Minor parties and other candidates
Peter Diamondstone, who had unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives five times, announced on June 3, 1988, that he would run in the election with the nomination of the Liberty Union Party. Diamondstone faced no opposition in the party's primary. Diamondstone also sought the position of Vermont Attorney General during the 1988 election. During the campaign he accused his opponents of excluding the candidates of smaller parties from debates and forums.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, Candidates, Minor parties and other candidates
Morris Earle, who had unsuccessfully ran in five elections including for Vermont's at-large congressional district in 1986, announced that he would run and appeared on the Small Is Beautiful ballot line.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, General election
Three debates was held during the campaign which were attended by all of the candidates. Two candidates forums were held with one on foreign policy and the other on elderly issues. Smith accused Poirier of conducting a negative campaign while Poirier questioned Smith's statements that he had founded and served as president of the Community College of Vermont.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, General election
A straw poll of the six candidates was conducted during one of the debates in which they were asked who they would support if they were not on the ballot. Smith and Earle stated that they would support Poirier, Sanders stated that he would support Earle, Poirier stated that he would support Sanders, and Diamondstone refused to vote.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont, Campaign, General election
Smith won in the general election with 41.20% of the popular vote against Sanders' 37.49% and Poirier's 18.88%. Smith won the popular vote in eight counties while Sanders won the popular vote in five counties. Smith's victory was the last time that a member of the Republican Party was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont.


1988 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming
The 1988 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming was held on November 8, 1988. Dick Cheney  won his final term as Representative as he would resign in order to take the position of Secretary of Defense in George H. W. Bush's administration. Cheney defeated Bryan Sharratt with 66.62% of the vote.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1988 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1988 which coincided with the election of George H. W. Bush as president. Although Bush won with a strong majority, his Republican Party lost a net of two seats to the Democratic Party, slightly increasing the Democratic majority in the House.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections
As of 2021, this is the last congressional election in which Republicans won a house seat in Hawaii for a full term and the last time they won a seat in Vermont.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1988 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1988. No districts switched parties, so the delegation remained at 27 Democrats and 18 Republicans.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland
The 1988 congressional elections in Maryland were held on November 8, 1988, to determine who will represent the state of Maryland in the United States House of Representatives. Maryland has eight seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1980 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; those elected served in the 101st Congress from January 3, 1989 until January 3, 1991.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1988 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections for the Democrats and the Republicans were held on June 14. All six incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained four Democrats and two Republicans.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Arthur Ravenel, Jr. of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1987, defeated Democratic challenger Wheeler Tillman.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Republican Congressman Floyd Spence of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1971, defeated Democratic challenger Jim Leventis.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Butler Derrick of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1975, defeated Republican challenger Henry Jordan.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congresswoman Liz J. Patterson of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1987, defeated Republican challenger Knox White.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John M. Spratt, Jr. of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1983, defeated Republican challenger Robert K. Carley.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robin Tallon of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1983, defeated Republican challenger Bob Cunningham.


1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 8, 1988 to determine who will represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had ten seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1980 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (swimming)
The 1988 United States Olympic Trials for swimming events was held from August 8–13 in Austin, Texas. It was the qualifying meet for American swimmers who hoped to compete at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (swimming), Results
Key: Highlighted swimmers achieved the qualification conditions to be included in the Olympic team in that respective event.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The 1988 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were held at IU Michael A. Carroll Track & Soccer Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. This is the only time this venue has been used for the Olympic Trials. With the 2013 installation of Field Turf, it is unlikely to host the event again. Organised by The Athletics Congress (TAC), the nine-day competition lasted from July 15–23.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The national championships in track and field for the United States was a separate event that year, held a week earlier in Tampa, Florida, the last time the Olympic Trials were not also the National Championships. The Women's Marathon Olympic Trials were held on May 1 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Men's Marathon Trials were in Jersey City, New Jersey on April 24. That same day, the 50K Racewalk trials were held adjacent to the stadium.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The results of the event determined qualification for the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics held two and a half months later in Seoul, South Korea.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
This meet is memorable as the site of Florence Griffith Joyner's world record 10.49 in the 100 metres. The record race, in the quarterfinal round, has been questioned because of the wind reading of 0.0 even though video of the race shows flags extended in the background. About the same time on a parallel runway, the final round of the Men's triple jump was being conducted. Willie Banks jumped 18.20 m (59 ft 8+1⁄2 in) on his last attempt with a +5.2 wind reading,  That jump has only been surpassed three times by two individuals. Over the four rounds, Griffith Joyner ran three separate races that are faster than any woman has ever run, except for her own, wind aided 10.54 +3.0 to win the 1988 Olympics.


1988 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
This meet also had the only race where five men have run under 48 seconds for 400 metres hurdles.


1988 United States Senate election in Arizona
The 1988 United States Senate election in Arizona took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini was reelected to a third term. This would be the last victory by a Democrat in a Senate race in Arizona until Kyrsten Sinema's victory in the 2018 election thirty years later.


1988 United States Senate election in California
The 1988 United States Senate election in California took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Pete Wilson won re-election to a second term. As of 2021, this is the last time the Republicans won a U.S. Senate election in California, and also the last time a male nominee won a U.S. Senate election in California.


1988 United States Senate election in Connecticut
The 1988 United States Senate election in Connecticut took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Lowell Weicker ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was narrowly defeated by Democrat Joe Lieberman, the Connecticut Attorney General and eventual 2000 nominee for Vice President of the United States, who would remain in office until 2013.


1988 United States Senate election in Delaware
The 1988 United States Senate election in Delaware was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator William Roth won re-election to a fourth term.


1988 United States Senate election in Florida
The 1988 United States Senate election in Florida was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Lawton Chiles decided to retire instead of seeking a fourth term. Republican Connie Mack III won the open seat, becoming the first Republican to hold this seat since Reconstruction.


1988 United States Senate election in Florida, General election, Campaign
This senate election was heavily targeted by both parties. U.S. Representative Mack announced his candidacy back in October 1987. President  Ronald Reagan endorsed Mack in June 1988 to allow Mack to focus on the general election, as he easily won the September 6 Republican primary against U.S. Attorney Robert Merkle. In May 1988, MacKay announced he would run for the open seat, and defeated Insurance Commissioner Bill Gunter in a close October 4 runoff primary election.


1988 United States Senate election in Florida, General election, Campaign
The general election became very nasty. MacKay tried to portray the Republican as "extremist." Mack attacked his opponent in television ads by connecting him to unpopular Massachusetts Governor and presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. Mack had help from vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle. The election was so close there was a recount until MacKay conceded eight days after election day.


1988 United States Senate election in Hawaii
The 1988 United States Senate election in Hawaii took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Spark Matsunaga won re-election to a third and final term.


1988 United States Senate election in Hawaii
On April 15, 1990, Senator Matsunaga died of bone cancer, leading Governor John Waihe'e to appoint United States House of Representatives 2nd district Daniel Akaka to fill the seat and ran in the 1990 special election to fill out the remainder of the term, but won for his full term.


1988 United States Senate election in Indiana
The 1988 United States Senate election in Indiana was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term.


1988 United States Senate election in Indiana, Campaign
Lugar, a popular incumbent, had token opposition in this election. An April 1988 poll showed that Lugar lead 65% to 23%. By June, Lugar raised over $2 million, while Wickes raised just over $100,000. Lugar agreed to debate Wickes on September 10, 1988.


1988 United States Senate election in Indiana, Results
Lugar won overall with two-thirds of the vote and won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Wickes won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.


1988 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1988 United States Senate election in Maine was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator George J. Mitchell won re-election to a second full term. As of 2021, this is the last time the Democrats won a U.S. Senate election in Maine.


1988 United States Senate election in Maryland
The 1988 United States Senate Election in Maryland was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Paul Sarbanes was reelected to a third term in a landslide. Sarbanes won deep red Garrett County, which has never supported a Democratic presidential candidate and has not voted Democratic in a Senate election since this election.


1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy won re-election to his fifth full term.


1988 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1988 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Don Riegle won re-election to a third term.


1988 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1988 United States Senate election in Minnesota was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator David Durenberger won re-election to his second full term. He was challenged by democratic Hubert "Skip" Humphrey III, the son of former vice president Hubert Humphrey. The seat had previously been held by both of Skip Humphrey's parents.


1988 United States Senate election in Mississippi
The 1988 United States Senate election in Mississippi was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John C. Stennis decided to retire instead of seeking an eighth term. Republican Trent Lott won the open seat, becoming the first of his party to hold this seat in more than 100 years.


1988 United States Senate election in Missouri
The 1988 United States Senate election in Missouri was held on November 8, 1988 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of Missouri. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Danforth won re-election.


1988 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1988 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent United States Senator John Melcher, who was first elected to the Senate in 1976 and was re-elected in 1982, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Yellowstone County Commissioner Conrad Burns in the general election, and a grueling campaign followed. Ultimately, Melcher was narrowly defeated in his bid for re-election by Burns, who became the first Republican Senator from Montana in 36 years since Zales Ecton lost re-election in 1952.


1988 United States Senate election in Nebraska
The 1988 United States Senate election in Nebraska was held on November 8, 1988 to select the U.S. Senator from the state. Republican U.S. Senator David Karnes decided to seek election to his first full term after being appointed to the seat of the late Edward Zorinsky in March 1987, but was overwhelmingly defeated by former governor Bob Kerrey in the November general election.


1988 United States Senate election in Nevada
The 1988 United States Senate election in Nevada was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Chic Hecht ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democratic Governor Richard Bryan.


1988 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The 1988 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Frank Lautenberg won re-election to a second term with a margin of 8.37%.


1988 United States Senate election in New Jersey, General election, Campaign
The campaign was full of political mudslinging, with Lautenberg accusing Dawkins of being a carpetbagger, noting his very brief residency in the state, and also accusing Dawkins' campaign of lying about his war record. Dawkins accused Lautenberg of running a smear campaign against, called him a "swamp dog", and criticized him for saying he voted eight times against a senatorial pay raise without mentioning the fact that he did vote once for the pay raise.


1988 United States Senate election in New Mexico
The 1988 United States Senate election in New Mexico took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democrat U.S. Senator Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a second term.


1988 United States Senate election in New York
The 1988 United States Senate election in New York was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan won re-election to a third term in a landslide versus Republican nominee Robert McMillan. McMillan, who ran a "low-budget" challenge to the two-term Senator, was largely ignored by Moynihan in the public sphere.


1988 United States Senate election in New York, Major candidates, Republican nomination
Lewis Lehrman, a businessman who narrowly lost to Mario Cuomo in the 1982 gubernatorial election, was speculated to mount a run against Moynihan. However, he did not end up mounting a bid for Senate. With no major Republican willing to challenge Moynihan, the party acclaimed businessman Robert McMillan as its nominee.


1988 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The 1988 U.S. Senate election for the state of North Dakota was held November 8, 1988. Incumbent (Democratic-NPL Senator Quentin Burdick won re-election to his sixth term, defeating Republican candidate Earl Strinden.


1988 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Only Burdick filed as a Dem-NPLer, and the endorsed Republican candidate was Earl Strinden of Grand Forks, North Dakota, who was President of the University of North Dakota Alumni Association. As in the Burdick's previous re-election campaign, the senator's age became an issue for voters as he was 80 years old during the campaign. However, challenger Strinden commented that he did not want to raise the age issue. Burdick and Strinden won the primary elections for their respective parties.


1988 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The Burdick campaign hired high-profile Washington, D.C. campaign consultant Bob Squire of Squire Eskew Communications. To counter the potential age issue, Burdick successfully focused the message on the "clout" he had earned over decades in the Senate, as well as his Chairmanship of Senate Agricultural Appropriations sub-committee and his Chairmanship of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.


1988 United States Senate election in North Dakota
One independent candidate, Kenneth C. Gardner, also filed before the deadline, officially calling himself a libertarian. Gardner had previously run for North Dakota's other United States Senate seat an independent in 1974, challenging Milton Young. He only received 853 votes in that election.


1988 United States Senate election in Ohio
The 1988 United States Senate election in Ohio was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Howard Metzenbaum won re-election. As of 2021, this is the last time in a presidential election year Ohio voted differently for president and for senate.


1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Heinz successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating Democratic nominee Joe Vignola.


1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Joe Vignola was not expected by Democratic Party leaders to have a substantial chance at defeating the popular incumbent John Heinz, even predicting that Vignola would become "Heinz's 58th variety," referring to an advertising slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company. Heinz, knowing this, ran a low-profile re-election campaign and was safely ahead in polling. Vignola traveled across Pennsylvania promoting an increase in domestic spending, including education and healthcare, while decreasing the defense budget to compensate. Vignola ran a positive campaign, in contrast with Cyril Wecht six years previously, although many Democratic ward leaders and committee members had given up on the campaign and had stopped campaigning for Vignola.


1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Heinz easily defeated Vignola to win the election and another term in the Senate, carrying every Pennsylvania county except Philadelphia, Vignola's home town, and by a comfortable 1.49 million vote margin. Heinz performed well in suburban areas, as well as the central, southwestern and northeastern portions of the state. Outside of Philadelphia, Vignola's best county-wide showing was in Mercer County, where he won 36% of the vote, and his poorest county-wide performance was in Snyder County, where he won 12% of the vote. Although Heinz's landslide victory was largely expected among Democratic leaders, Heinz won by a wide margin despite the Democrats' 551,000-voter registration advantage statewide.


1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, Campaign
Heinz died in an airplane crash on April 4, 1991, in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed on May 8 to fill the vacancy caused by Heinz's death, and subsequently won a special election in November 1991. In the 1994 election, however, Wofford was defeated by Republican Rick Santorum.


1988 United States Senate election in Rhode Island
The 1988 United States Senate election in Rhode Island was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Chafee won re-election to a third term.


1988 United States Senate election in Tennessee
The 1988 United States election in Tennessee was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Jim Sasser won re-election to a third term. As of 2021, this is the last time the Democrats won the Class 1 Senate seat from Tennessee.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1988 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen won re-election to a fourth term, defeating Republican U.S. Representative Beau Boulter. Bentsen easily won the Democratic nomination for another term, while Boulter came through a run-off in the Republican primary defeating Wes Gilbreath. After winning renomination, Bentsen was chosen by Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis as his vice-presidential running mate and therefore ran for both the Senate and the vice-presidency at the same time. Although the presidential ticket lost the general election and did not carry Texas, Bentsen was always the favorite for the Senate election and won with 59.2% of the vote, compared to 40% for Boulter.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas
As of 2021, this was the last time the Democrats won a U.S. Senate election in Texas.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Democratic primary
In the Democratic primary Democratic senator Lloyd Bentsen defeated the same opponent he had beaten in 1982, Joe Sullivan, a psychology professor from San Antonio.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Democratic primary
Bentsen had been Senator from Texas since first winning election in 1970 and had been re-elected in 1976 and 1982. He was also Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the clear favourite for re-election in 1988. Sullivan stood on a platform calling for reduced spending by the federal government, but had been easily defeated by Bentsen in the 1982 Democratic primary. This was repeated in 1988 with Bentsen winning the primary with over 80% of the vote.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Republican primary
Four candidates competed for the Republican nomination; U.S. representative Beau Boulter, former state representative Milton Fox, millionaire Houston businessman Wes Gilbreath and businessman Ned Snead. Boulter was a two-term representative for the 13th district, while Gilbreath was competing in his first election, but spent $500,000 on the primary.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Republican primary
Wes Gilbreath led in the March primary with 36.7%, but as no candidate won a majority, went into a run-off election against Beau Boulter who came second with 30.5%.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Republican primary
There were few policy differences between Boulter and Gilbreath, with both candidates being conservatives who opposed abortion and called for reduced government spending. Gilbreath spent about one million dollars of his money in his contest for the primary, while Boulter spent about $250,000. However Boulter won endorsements from many Texas Republican leaders, including the candidates who had come third and fourth in the March primary, as well as from anti-abortion groups.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Primaries, Republican primary
Boulter won the April run-off for the Republican nomination with just over 60% of the vote.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Vice-presidential candidate
In July 1988 the Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Lloyd Bentsen to be the Democratic vice-presidential candidate. As the Texas Democrats had already had their primary for senate candidate, Bentsen could not be replaced on the ballot. Bentsen was however able to run both for the Senate and for vice-president as Lyndon Johnson had gotten Texas law changed in 1960 to allow Johnson to do the same at the 1960 election.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Vice-presidential candidate
However Beau Boulter attacked Bentsen for running for both the senate and vice presidency, calling it arrogant, unethical and possibly illegal. Boulter and the National Republican Senatorial Committee filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) claiming that the dual candidacy violated federal campaign finance laws as any spending in one race would unfairly affect the other campaign, however the FEC rejected the complaint and this decision was confirmed by the United States courts of appeals. Boulter continued to attack Bentsen over the dual candidacy running a campaign advert in August 1988 mocking Bentsen for trying to ride two horses at the same time.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Campaign
Lloyd Bentsen was always the favourite for the election, with a large cash advantage over Beau Boulter. Filings with the FEC at the beginning of August showed Bentsen had $3.9 million compared to only $14,000 for Boulter. The financial advantage for Bentsen continued through the campaign and by the beginning of November Bentsen had raised $7.5 million for the senate election, while Boulter had raised $2.7 million.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Campaign
Boulter's campaign receive little or no official Republican support, with the Republican presidential campaign giving a not very subtle endorsement of a "Texas Ticket", which was George Bush for president and Bentsen for the senate. However Boulter hoped to benefit from Bush's coattails and ran campaign adverts pointing to his links with Bush and Ronald Reagan. Boulter also ran adverts attacking Bentsen for supporting giving benefit to illegal immigrants, but this was denied by the Bentsen campaign. Meanwhile, Bentsen ran adverts showing things they said he had done for Texas such as passing a trade bill, catastrophic coverage legislation, repealing the windfall profit tax and preserving local bus services.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Campaign
At the beginning of October 1988 Democratic polls were reported to show Bentsen at least 20% ahead of Boulter, with Bentsen spending much of his time campaigning for the presidential election and very little time on the senate election.


1988 United States Senate election in Texas, Election results
Lloyd Bentsen won the senate election by a clear margin over Beau Boulter, at the same time as he and Michael Dukakis lost the presidential race, with George Bush winning Texas with 56% of the vote compared to 43% for Dukakis. Bentsen's vote total in the senate election was reported to be at the time the highest vote total in any Texas statewide election. Boulter's showing was particularly embarrassing for the Texas GOP since Vice President Bush easily carried Texas by a margin almost identical to the one Bentsen garnered in the Senate race.


1988 United States Senate election in Utah
The 1988 United States Senate election in Utah took place on November 8, 1988, concurrently with the U.S. presidential election as well as other elections to United States Senate and United States House of Representatives as well as various state and local elections. Republican Orrin Hatch won re-election against Democratic challenger Brian Moss.


1988 United States Senate election in Vermont
The 1988 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Republican candidate Jim Jeffords defeated Democratic candidate Bill Gray to succeed him.


1988 United States Senate election in Virginia
The 1988 United States Senate election in Virginia was held on November 8, 1988. Democratic former governor Chuck Robb succeeded Republican Senator Paul Trible, who opted not to run for re-election. As of 2021, this is the last time a Democratic Senatorial candidate won every county and independent city in Virginia.


1988 United States Senate election in Washington
The 1988 United States Senate election in Washington was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Daniel J. Evans decided to retire instead of running for re-election to a full term, after being appointed to the seat in 1983, and won re-election to a partial term that same year. Republican former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton, who had just lost a re-election bid in 1986, won the open seat. As of 2021, this is the last time Washington simultaneously voted for different parties for president and for senate.


1988 United States Senate election in West Virginia
The 1988 United States Senate election in West Virginia took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Robert Byrd won re-election to a sixth term.


1988 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
The 1988 United States Senate election in Wisconsin took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator William Proxmire decided to retire, instead of running for re-election to a sixth full term. Democrat Herb Kohl won the open seat.


1988 United States Senate election in Wyoming
The 1988 United States Senate election in Wyoming was held on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican Senator Malcolm Wallop ran for re-election to a third term. He was opposed by Democratic State Senator John Vinich in the general election. Despite Wallop's past strong performances in 1976 and 1982, and the overwhelming Republican majority in Wyoming in the presidential election, Wallop faced a surprisingly competitive race. He ended up defeating Vinich by less than 1%, by a margin of just 1,322 votes. As of 2021, this is the strongest performance by a Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate in Wyoming since 1970, the last time a Democrat won a Senate election in the state.


1988 United States Senate elections
The 1988 United States Senate elections was an election for the United States Senate in which, in spite of the Republican victory by George H. W. Bush in the presidential election, the Democrats gained a net of one seat in the Senate. Seven seats changed parties, with four incumbents being defeated. The Democratic majority in the Senate increased by one from 54–to–46 to 55–to–45. This is the last Senate election in which California voted for a Republican and both Texas and Maine voted for Democrats.


1988 United States Senate elections, Gains and losses
The Democrats captured four Republican seats: one open and three defeated incumbents, which were partially offset by the Republican capture of two open seats and the defeat of one Democratic incumbent.


1988 United States Senate elections, Race summary, Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1989; ordered by state.


1988 United States Senate elections, Closest races
In twelve races the margin of victory was under 10%.


1988 United States Senate elections, Arizona
Incumbent Democrat Dennis DeConcini was reelected to a third term over Republican Keith DeGreen, Marine veteran and financial advisor.


1988 United States Senate elections, California
Incumbent Republican Pete Wilson won re-election to a second term over Democrat Leo T. McCarthy, Lieutenant Governor of California and former Speaker of the California State Assembly. As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in California won by a Republican.


1988 United States Senate elections, Connecticut
Incumbent Republican Lowell P. Weicker Jr. ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Democratic candidate Joe Lieberman, the Connecticut Attorney General and eventual 2000 nominee for Vice President of the United States, who would remain in office until his retirement in 2013.


1988 United States Senate elections, Delaware
Incumbent Republican William Roth won re-election to a fourth term, beating Democrat Shien Biau Woo, Lieutenant Governor of Delaware


1988 United States Senate elections, Florida
Incumbent Democrat Lawton Chiles decided to retire instead of seeking a fourth term. Republican U.S. Representative Connie Mack III won the open seat over Democratic Congressman Buddy Mackay.


1988 United States Senate elections, Florida
This senate election was heavily targeted by both parties. U.S. Representative Mack announced his candidacy back in October 1987. President  Ronald Reagan endorsed Mack in June 1988 to allow Mack to focus on the general election, and easily won the September 6 Republican primary against U.S. Attorney Robert Merkle. In May 1988, then-Congressman MacKay announced he would run for the open seat, and defeated Insurance Commissioner Bill Gunter in a close October 4 runoff election.


1988 United States Senate elections, Florida
The general election soon became nasty, with Mackay portraying Mack as "extremist." Mack also attacked his opponent in television ads by connecting him to liberal Massachusetts Governor and Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis. Mack had help from vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle. The election was so close there was a recount until Mackay conceded eight days after election day.


1988 United States Senate elections, Hawaii
Incumbent Democrat Spark Matsunaga won re-election to a third term, beating Republican cattle rancher Maria Hustace.


1988 United States Senate elections, Indiana
Incumbent Republican Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term over Democratic attorney Jack Wickes.


1988 United States Senate elections, Indiana
Lugar, a popular incumbent, had token opposition in this election. An April 1988 poll showed that Lugar lead 65% to 23%. By June, Lugar raised over $2 million, while Wickes raised just over $100,000. Lugar agreed to debate Wickes on September 10, 1988.


1988 United States Senate elections, Indiana
Lugar won overall with two-thirds of the vote and won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Wickes won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.


1988 United States Senate elections, Maine
Incumbent Democrat George J. Mitchell won re-election to a second full term over Republican Jasper Wyman, leader of Maine Christian Civic League and businessman. As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in Maine won by a Democrat.


1988 United States Senate elections, Maryland
Incumbent Democratic Paul Sarbanes was reelected to a third term over Republican Alan Keyes, former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs.


1988 United States Senate elections, Massachusetts
Incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy won re-election to his fifth full term over Republican Joseph D. Malone.


1988 United States Senate elections, Michigan
Incumbent Democrat Don Riegle won re-election to a third term over Republican U.S. Congressman James Whitney Dunn.


1988 United States Senate elections, Minnesota
Incumbent Republican David Durenberger won re-election to his second full term, beating Democrat Skip Humphrey, the Minnesota Attorney General and former State Senator.


1988 United States Senate elections, Mississippi
Incumbent Democrat John C. Stennis decided to retire instead of seeking an eighth term. Republican Trent Lott won the open seat, beating Democrat Wayne Dowdy, U.S. Congressman from the 4th district.


1988 United States Senate elections, Missouri
Incumbent Republican John Danforth won re-election over Democratic state senator and future Governor Jay Nixon.


1988 United States Senate elections, Montana
Incumbent John Melcher, who was first elected to the Senate in 1976 and was re-elected in 1982, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Yellowstone County Commissioner Conrad Burns in the general election, and in the general election a grueling campaign followed. Ultimately, Melcher was narrowly defeated in his bid for re-election by Burns.


1988 United States Senate elections, Nebraska
Republican David Karnes decided to seek election to his first complete term after being appointed to the seat of the late Edward Zorinsky in March 1987, but was soundly defeated by Democratic former governor Bob Kerrey in the November general election.


1988 United States Senate elections, Nevada
Incumbent Republican Chic Hecht ran for re-election to a second term, but lost to Democratic Governor Richard Bryan.


1988 United States Senate elections, New Jersey
Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg won re-election to a second term with a margin of 8.37% over Republican Pete Dawkins, military veteran and CEO of Primerica Financial Services, Inc..


1988 United States Senate elections, New Jersey
The campaign was full of political mudslinging, with Lautenberg accusing Dawkins of being a carpetbagger, noting his very brief residency in the state, and also accusing Dawkins' campaign of lying about his war record. Dawkins accused Lautenberg of running a smear campaign against, called him a "swamp dog", and criticized him for saying he voted eight times against a senatorial pay raise without mentioning the fact that he did vote once for the pay raise.


1988 United States Senate elections, New Mexico
Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a second term, beating Republican New Mexico State Senator Bill Valentine.


1988 United States Senate elections, New York
Incumbent Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan won re-election to a third term, over Republican Robert R. McMillan, business executive of Avon Products and Reagan Administration advisor.


1988 United States Senate elections, North Dakota
The incumbent, Quentin Burdick of the North Dakota Democratic NPL Party, sought and received re-election to his sixth term, defeating Republican candidate Earl Strinden.


1988 United States Senate elections, North Dakota
Only Burdick filed as a Dem-NPLer, and the endorsed Republican candidate was Earl Strinden of Grand Forks, North Dakota, who was President of the University of North Dakota Alumni Association. As in the Burdick's previous re-election campaign, the senator's age became an issue for voters as he was 80 years old during the campaign. However, challenger Strinden commented that he did not want to raise the age issue. Burdick and Strinden won the primary elections for their respective parties.


1988 United States Senate elections, North Dakota
The Burdick campaign hired high-profile Washington, D.C. campaign consultant Bob Squire of Squire Eskew Communications. To counter the potential age issue, Burdick successfully focused the message on the "clout" he had earned over decades in the Senate, as well as his Chairmanship of Senate Agricultural Appropriations sub-committee and his Chairmanship of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.


1988 United States Senate elections, North Dakota
One independent candidate, Kenneth C. Gardner, also filed before the deadline, officially calling himself a libertarian. Gardner had previously run for North Dakota's other United States Senate seat an independent in 1974, challenging Milton Young. He only received 853 votes in that election.


1988 United States Senate elections, Ohio
Incumbent Democrat Howard Metzenbaum won re-election over George Voinovich, Mayor of Cleveland and former Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.


1988 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Incumbent Republican H. John Heinz III successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating Democratic nominee Joe Vignola, Philadelphia City Controller.


1988 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Joe Vignola was not expected by Democratic Party leaders to have a substantial chance at defeating the popular incumbent John Heinz, even predicting that Vignola would become "Heinz's 58th variety," referring to an advertising slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company. Heinz, knowing this, ran a low-profile re-election campaign and was safely ahead in polling. Vignola traveled across Pennsylvania promoting an increase in domestic spending, including education and healthcare, while decreasing the defense budget to compensate. Vignola ran a positive campaign, in contrast with Cyril Wecht six years previously, although many Democratic ward leaders and committee members had given up on the campaign and had stopped campaigning for Vignola.


1988 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Heinz easily defeated Vignola to win the election and another term in the Senate, carrying every Pennsylvania county except Philadelphia, Vignola's home town, and by a comfortable 1.49 million vote margin. Heinz performed well in suburban areas, as well as the central, southwestern and northeastern portions of the state. Outside of Philadelphia, Vignola's best county-wide showing was in Mercer County, where he won 36% of the vote, and his poorest county-wide performance was in Snyder County, where he won 12% of the vote. Although Heinz's landslide victory was largely expected among Democratic leaders, Heinz won by a wide margin despite the Democrats' 551,000-voter registration advantage statewide.


1988 United States Senate elections, Pennsylvania
Heinz died in an airplane crash on April 4, 1991, in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed on May 8 to fill the vacancy caused by Heinz's death, and subsequently won a special election in November 1991. In the 1994 election, however, Wofford was defeated by Republican Rick Santorum.


1988 United States Senate elections, Rhode Island
Incumbent Republican John Chafee won re-election to a third term, beating Democratic Lieutenant Governor and former State Senator Richard Licht.


1988 United States Senate elections, Tennessee
Incumbent Democrat Jim Sasser won re-election to a third term over Republican Bill Anderson.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Incumbent Democrat Lloyd Bentsen won re-election to a fourth term defeating Republican Representative Beau Boulter.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Bentsen easily won the Democratic nomination for another term, while Boulter came through a run-off in the Republican primary defeating Wes Gilbreath. After being nominated for the senate Bentsen was chosen by Michael Dukakis as his vice-presidential running mate and therefore ran for both the Senate and the vice-presidency at the same time. Bentsen was always the favorite for the senate election and won with 59.2% of the vote, compared to 40% for Boulter.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
As of 2020, this was the last time a Democrat won a United States Senate election in Texas.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
In the Democratic primary Democratic senator Lloyd Bentsen defeated the same opponent he had beaten in 1982, Joe Sullivan, a psychology professor from San Antonio.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Bentsen had been Senator from Texas since first winning election in 1970 and had been re-elected in 1976 and 1982. He was also Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the clear favourite for re-election in 1988. Sullivan stood on a platform calling for reduced spending by the federal government, but had been easily defeated by Bentsen in the 1982 Democratic primary. This was repeated in 1988 with Bentsen winning the primary with over 80% of the vote.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Four candidates competed for the Republican nomination; U.S. representative Beau Boulter, former state representative Milton Fox, millionaire Houston businessman Wes Gilbreath and businessman Ned Snead. Boulter was a two-term representative for the 13th district, while Gilbreath was competing in his first election, but spent $500,000 on the primary.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Wes Gilbreath led in the March primary with 36.7%, but as no candidate won a majority, went into a run-off election against Beau Boulter who came second with 30.5%.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
There were few policy differences between Boulter and Gilbreath, with both candidates being conservatives who opposed abortion and called for reduced government spending. Gilbreath spent about one million dollars of his money in his contest for the primary, while Boulter spent about $250,000. However Boulter won endorsements from many Texas Republican leaders, including the candidates who had come third and fourth in the March primary, as well as from anti-abortion groups.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Boulter won the April run-off for the Republican nomination with just over 60% of the vote.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
In July 1988 the Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Lloyd Bentsen to be the Democratic vice-presidential candidate. As the Texas Democrats had already had their primary for senate candidate, Bentsen could not be replaced on the ballot. Bentsen was however able to run both for the Senate and for vice-president as Lyndon Johnson had gotten Texas law changed in 1960 to allow Johnson to do the same at the 1960 election.


1988 United States Senate elections, Texas
Lloyd Bentsen won the senate election by a clear margin over Beau Boulter, at the same time as he and Michael Dukakis lost the presidential race, with George Bush winning Texas with 56% of the vote compared to 43% for Dukakis. Bentsen's vote total in the senate election was reported to be at the time the highest vote total in any Texas statewide election.


1988 United States Senate elections, Utah
Incumbent Orrin Hatch easily won re-election to a third term over Democrat Brian Moss.


1988 United States Senate elections, Vermont
Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Republican candidate Jim Jeffords defeated Democratic candidate Bill Gray to succeed him.


1988 United States Senate elections, Virginia
Former Democratic governor Chuck Robb replaced Republican Senator Paul S. Trible Jr., who opted not to run for re-election. Robb beat Republican Maurice A. Dawkins, minister and black activist.


1988 United States Senate elections, Washington
Incumbent Republican Daniel J. Evans decided to retire instead of running for re-election to a full term, after being appointed to the seat in 1983, and won re-election to a partial term that same year. Republican former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton, who had just lost a re-election bid in 1986, won the open seat over congressman Mike Lowry.


1988 United States Senate elections, West Virginia
Incumbent Democrat Robert Byrd won re-election to a sixth term over Republican, State Senator Jay Wolfe.


1988 United States Senate elections, Wisconsin
Incumbent Democrat William Proxmire decided to retire, instead of running for re-election to a sixth full term. Democratic businessman Herb Kohl won the open seat, beating Republican State Senator Susan Engeleiter.


1988 United States Senate elections, Wyoming
Incumbent Republican Malcolm Wallop ran for re-election to a fourth term, and was narrowly re-elected, defeating the Democratic State Senator John Vinich by a margin of a little over 1,300 votes.


1988 United States Senate elections, Wyoming
Despite being a reliably Republican state, Vinich, a Democrat, was able to impressively compete with Wallop. During the campaign, Wallop attacked Vinich as being a tax-and-spend liberal who was beholden to labor and anti-business. Vinich, in turn, cited his "A" score he got from the National Rifle Association due to his votes in the Wyoming Legislature to counter Wallop's attacks, and possibly attract conservative voters.


1988 United States Soccer Federation presidential election
The 1988 United States Soccer Federation presidential election held in Philadelphia on July 4, 1988 to determine the next President of the United States Soccer Federation. Werner Fricker was elected after running unopposed. Also the U.S. Soccer Federation's 1988 AGM, was celebrating its 75th anniversary, and also be being award the 1994 World Cup


1988 United States elections
The 1988 United States elections were held on November 8 and elected the members of the 101st United States Congress. The Republican Party retained the presidency, while the Democratic Party retained control of Congress.


1988 United States elections
In the 1988 presidential election, Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. Bush won the popular vote by just under eight points, and won 426 of the 538 electoral votes. Bush won the Republican nomination over Kansas Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson of Virginia. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination over Reverend Jesse Jackson of Illinois, Tennessee Senator Al Gore, and Missouri Congressman Dick Gephardt. Bush's victory remains the only time since Harry S. Truman's victory in the 1948 presidential election in which either party won more than two consecutive presidential elections.


1988 United States elections
Neither the Senate nor the House saw any significant partisan change, and the Democratic Party retained control of both chambers. In the gubernatorial elections, the Democratic Party picked up one governorship.


1988 United States elections, Federal elections, Presidential election
Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term, due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution. With Reagan's support, Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner. He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination, and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run. He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas – who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier – as his running mate.


1988 United States elections, Federal elections, Presidential election
Running an aggressive campaign, Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan's policies. He attacked Dukakis as an elitist "Massachusetts liberal", and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush's criticism. Despite Dukakis's initial lead, Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote. No candidate since 1988 has managed to equal or surpass Bush's share of the electoral or popular vote. Dukakis won 45.6% of the popular vote and carried ten states and Washington, D.C. Bush became the first sitting vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836.


1988 United States elections, Federal elections, Senate elections
Despite Bush's victory, the Democrats gained a net of one seat in the Senate. Seven seats changed parties, with four incumbents being defeated. The Democratic majority in the Senate increased by one from 54–46 to 55–45.


1988 United States elections, Federal elections, House of Representatives elections
Democrats won the nationwide popular vote for the House of Representatives by a margin of 7.7 percentage points, picking up a net of two seats.


1988 United States elections, State elections
The Democrats had a net gain of one seat in the gubernatorial elections.


1988 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 8, 1988, in 12 states and two territories. Going into the elections, eight seats were held by Republicans, and four by Democrats. After the elections, the Democrats had a net gain of one seat. The elections coincided with the United States House elections, United States Senate elections and presidential election. As of 2020, this is the last time that a Republican was elected Delaware governor and the last time a Democrat was elected North Dakota governor.


1988 United States men's Olympic basketball team
The 1988 United States men's Olympic basketball team represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. The team's head coach was John Thompson, of Georgetown University. Team USA won the tournament's bronze medal, their lowest finish to that point in any Olympic basketball tournament.


1988 United States men's Olympic basketball team
This was the last Olympic basketball tournament where NBA players were not allowed to participate; FIBA instituted a rule change in 1989 that lifted that restriction.


1988 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Results
The American team did not reach the gold medal game for the first time in its history. However, the team rebounded, and beat Australia in the bronze medal game, by a score of 78–49.


1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of April 8–10, 1988, at the Laguna Seca Raceway.


1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
The first U.S. GP in 23 years (the Daytona in 1965 was the previous).


1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Wayne Rainey was on pole. Through the first hairpin it was Wayne Gardner, Niall Mackenzie, Rainey, Kevin Schwantz, et al.


1988 United States motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Eddie Lawson was down in 6th place, with Kevin Magee and Gardner up front. Lawson worked his way through the field, and passed both Gardner and Magee on the inside of Turn 2 (hairpin).


1988 United States presidential debates
The 1988 United States presidential debates were a series of debates held for the presidential election.


1988 United States presidential debates
The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), a bipartisan organization formed in 1987, organized two debates among the major presidential candidates, sponsored two presidential debates and one vice-presidential debates. Only the Republican nominee George H. W. Bush and the Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis met the criteria for inclusion in the debates, and thus were the only two to appear in the debates sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates. The CPD-sponsored vice presidential debate took place between Republican nominee Dan Quayle and Democratic nominee Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential debates, September 25: First presidential debate (Wake Forest University)
The First presidential debate was held in the Wait Chapel at Wake Forest University on Sunday September 25, 1988 between vice president George H. W. Bush and governor Michael Dukakis. Jim Lehrer of PBS moderated the debate with John Mashek of Atlanta Constitution, Peter Jennings of ABC, and Anne Groer of Orlando Sentinel as panelists. Questions divided between foreign and domestic policy.


1988 United States presidential debates, September 25: First presidential debate (Wake Forest University)
Voters were split as to who won the first presidential debate.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 5: Vice presidential debate (Omaha Civic Auditorium)
The Vice presidential debate was held in the Omaha Civic Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska on Wednesday, October 5, 1988 between senator Dan Quayle and senator Lloyd Bentsen. Judy Woodruff of PBS moderated the debate with Tom Brokaw of NBC, Jon Margolis of Chicago Tribune, and Brit Hume of ABC.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 5: Vice presidential debate (Omaha Civic Auditorium), "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy"
Judy Woodruff, set the stage by addressing the audience: "Based on the history since World War II, there is almost a 50–50 chance that one of the two men here tonight will become President of the United States." She was referring to the probability that the man elected vice president would later become president, either by succession or by a presidential bid. In Quayle's response to Woodruff's question he stated "I have as much experience in the Congress as Jack Kennedy did when he sought the presidency." Bentsen then responded to Quayle's remark with "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy'' followed shouts and applause.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 5: Vice presidential debate (Omaha Civic Auditorium), "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy"
Quayle had routinely been comparing himself to Kennedy in his stump speech. Quayle did not directly compare himself with Kennedy in terms of accomplishment, but in terms of length of Congressional service; Quayle served for 12 years while Kennedy served for 14. When Kennedy successfully sought the Democratic nomination in 1960, he had less experience than his primary opponents, most of whom had more seniority in the Senate. While it was a statement of fact, some of Quayle's advisors suggested that this comparison could cause trouble.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 5: Vice presidential debate (Omaha Civic Auditorium), "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy"
Bentsen's remark has become a part of the political lexicon as a way to deflate politicians or other individuals perceived as thinking too highly of themselves. The phrase was almost never uttered, as Bentsen was so nervous that he pleaded with his staff to cancel the debate altogether.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 13: Second presidential debate (University of California)
The Second presidential debate was held at the Pauley Pavillion at University of California in Los Angeles, California on Thursday, October 13, 1988 between vice president George H. W. Bush and governor Michael Dukakis. Bernard Shaw of CNN moderated the debate with Andrea Mitchell of NBC, Ann Compton of ABC, Margaret Warner of Newsweek as panelists.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 13: Second presidential debate (University of California)
Bush improved in the second debate; Dukakis had been suffering from the flu and spent much of the day in bed. His performance was generally seen as poor.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 13: Second presidential debate (University of California), Kitty Dukakis
Bernard Shaw opened the debate by asking Dukakis whether he would support the death penalty if Kitty Dukakis, his wife, were raped and murdered; Dukakis answered "no" and proceeded to discuss the statistical ineffectiveness of capital punishment. Some commentators thought the question itself was unfair, in that it injected an overly emotional element into the discussion of a policy issue; Many observers felt Dukakis's answer lacked the normal emotions one would expect of a person talking about a loved one's rape and murder, which played to his reputation of being intellectually cold.


1988 United States presidential debates, October 13: Second presidential debate (University of California), Results
Tom Brokaw of NBC reported on his October 14 newscast, "The consensus tonight is that Vice President George Bush won last night's debate and made it all the harder for Governor Michael Dukakis to catch and pass him in the 25 days remaining. In all of the Friday morning quarterbacking, there was common agreement that Dukakis failed to seize the debate and make it his night."