1988 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All six of the conference's founding members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records. The top two teams were given byes into the semifinals while the bottom four teams were placed and paired into the initial quarterfinal round.


1988 American South Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All games were played at Lamar's home court at the Montagne Center in Beaumont, Texas.


1988 Amstel Gold Race
The 1988 Amstel Gold Race was the 23rd edition of the annual road bicycle race "Amstel Gold Race", held on Sunday April 23, 1988, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 242 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 169 competitors, with 96 cyclists finishing the race.


1988 Amílcar Cabral Cup
The 1988 Amílcar Cabral Cup was held in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.


1988 Amílcar Cabral Cup, Knockout stage, Final
Note: There are contradictory reports of this match. According to the , the match ended in 0–0 and Guinea won 4–2 on penalties. On , the match ended in 0–0 and Guinea won 3–2 on penalties. According to a head-to-head search between Guinea and Mali on , Guinea won 3–2 in regular time.


1988 Angus District Council election
The 1988 Angus District Council election took place on the 5 May 1988 to elect members of Angus District Council, as part of that years Scottish local elections.


1988 Annandale and Eskdale District Council election
Elections to the Annandale and Eskdale District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup
The 1988 Arab Club Champions Cup was played in United Arab Emirates in the city of Sharjah. Al-Ettifaq won the championship for the first time beating in the final Club Africain.


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 1 (Gulf Area)
Kazma SC and Fanja SC advanced to the final tournament.


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 4 (East Region)
Preliminary round tournament held in Damascus, Syria from 4 to 10 August 1988.


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup, Preliminary round, Zone 4 (East Region)
Al-Shabab Baghdad and Jableh SC advanced to the final tournament.


1988 Arab Club Champions Cup, Final tournament
Final tournament held in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates from 21 October to 4 November 1988.


1988 Arab Cup
The 1988 Arab Cup was the fifth edition of the Arab Cup hosted by Amman, Jordan. The defending champion Iraq won the title for the 4th time.


1988 Arab Cup, Group stage
Algeria and Saudi Arabia did not send their senior national teams to the competition. Instead, Algeria sent a University XI, probably an Under-23 squad, while Saudi Arabia's A team was in Australia during the tournament.


1988 Arab Cup Final
The 1988 Arab Cup Final was a football match that took place on 21 July 1988, at the Amman International Stadium in Amman, Jordan, to determine the winner of the 1988 Arab Cup. Iraq defeated Syria 4–3 on penalties after a draw 1–1 to win their fourth Arab Cup.


1988 Arab Cup qualification, Qualification, Zone 3 (North Africa)
The tournament was held in Algiers, Algeria. Libya and Morocco withdrew.


1988 Arab Cup squads
Below is a list of squads used in the 1988 Arab Cup.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
The 1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships was the third edition of the international athletics competition for under-20 athletes from Arab countries. It took place in Damascus, Syria – the first time the event was staged in West Asia. A total of 41 athletics events were contested, 23 for men and 18 for women. Morocco, a regional power in the sport, did not send a team. Syria entered for the first time.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
Several changes were made to the event programme, bringing it into line with the standard set by the 1988 World Junior Championships in Athletics. The men's 30 km road race was changed to a 20 km distance. The 15 km road walk was replaced by a 10,000 m track walk. The steeplechase distance was also extended from 2000 to 3000 m. Two new women's events were added: a 10,000 metres and a 5000 km track walk. The women's walk pre-dated the introduction of such an event at either the Arab Athletics Championships (1989) or the Pan Arab Games (1992), making it a first for the region.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
The medal table was close, with Algeria, Syria and Tunisia each winning seven gold medals. Tunisia topped the table through their eight silver medals to Syria's six. Egypt was also close behind with six gold medals and nine silver medals. Jordan and Oman won their first gold medals in the competition's history.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
Ibrahim Ismail Muftah was the most successful athlete of the championships, winning all three individual men's sprints. He was an Olympic finalist the following year. Noureddine Morceli of Algeria, winner of the 1500 metres, was the most important athlete to emerge from the tournament: we would later win three world titles and an Olympic gold in his specialism.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
Men's shot put winner Bilal Saad Mubarak of Qatar become one of the finest throwers of the region: he was in the top two at the Asian Athletics Championships from 1991 to 2003 and won three straight titles at the Pan Arab Games. Sherif Farouk El Hennawi of Egypt was a clear winner in the hammer throw and would win several African titles in his career. Double long-distance medallist Alyan Sultan Al-Qahtani later won an Asian title.


1988 Arab Junior Athletics Championships
On the women's side, Hend Kebaoui defended her 400 metres hurdles title and added a 400 metres gold medal and 100 metres silver to that honour. Egypt's Huda Hashem Ismail won both the 100 metres hurdles and heptathlon titles (repeating the feat of Yasmina Azzizi from 1984). Karima Meskin Saad was a medallist in all the women's sprints. All of these athletes won multiple regional titles in their senior careers.


1988 Arab League summit
The 1988 Arab League summit was held in June in Algiers as the seventeenth Arab League Summit. The focus of the conference was the First Intifada, an uprising by the Palestinians against Israeli occupation and the consequent upswing in Israeli-Palestinian violence. The Arab states resolved to support the intifada financially.


1988 Arena Football League season
The 1988 Arena Football League season was the second season of the Arena Football League. The league champions were the Detroit Drive, who defeated the Chicago Bruisers in ArenaBowl II.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France
The 1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France  was a series of eight matches played by the Argentina national rugby union team in October and November 1988.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France, Matches
Burgundy XV: Lafond ( 55' T.Catinot); Ponel, Bordenave, Martins, Carteau; Mesnel, Boudet; Brunat, Pronovi, Monteil; Pluss.Theroin; Fayard ( 60' T.Fuertes), Bouillot, Romand.Argentina: A.Scolni; C.Mendy, F.Turnes, M.Loffreda, D.Cuesta Silva; R.Madero, D.Baetti; J.Allen (capt. ), M.Carreras, P.Garretón; A.Iachetti, E.Branca; D.Cash, J.Angelillo, S.Dengra.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France, Matches
Auvergne XV :Langlade; García, Nicol, Blanc, Saint André; Trille, Hondagne ( 29' T.Pradier); Lecompte, Arthapignet, Janeczek; Deslandes, D.Gaby ( 56' T.P.Gaby); Heyer, Rizon, Marocco.Argentina: A.Scolni; D.Cuesta Silva, M.Loffreda, F.Turnes, C.Mendy; R.Madero, D.Baetti; M.Bertranou, M.Carreras, J.Allen (capt. ); E.Branca A.Iachetti; P.Urbano, J.Angelillo, D.Cash.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France, Matches
Catalan XV: Tresene; Impinna, Enrique, Bonneval, Nivet; Amalric, Pages; Christaud-Braize, Alegre, Bey; Beraud, Autones ( 72' T.Campredon); Fontaine, Fabre, Rebujent.Argentina: S.Salvat; J.Soler, M.Loffreda, S.Mesón, D.Cuesta Silva; R.Madero, F.Gómez; P.Garreton, J.Allen (capt. ), F.Conti; P.Buabse, M.Valesani; P.Urbano, A.Courreges, D.González.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France, Matches
Périgord-Agenais XV: Berot; Bonneval, Martini, Carbonnel, Gleize; Peuchlestrade ( 42' T.Authier), Modin; Janik, Carminatti, Gratton; Erbani, Pujade; Galesio, Dubroca (capt. ), Tolot. Argentina: S.Salvat; G.Terán; F.Turres, M.Loffreda, C.Mendy; R.Madero, F.Silvestre; J.Allen (capt. ), G.Milano ( 47' T.Bertranou), F.Conti; E.Branca, A.Iachetti; D.Cash, J.Angelillo, S.Dengra.


1988 Argentina rugby union tour of France, Matches
Poitou-Charentes XV: Lafond ( 78' Bichetton); Daguzan, Le Bourhis, Lespinasse, Peytavin; Barboteau, Mazille; Dupiney, Maffini ( 65' Cot), Courtiols; Picard, Mougeot; Garuet, Ducluzeau, Marocco.Argentina: A.Scolni; G.Terán, S.Mesón, P.Garzón, J.Soler; D.Dominguez, A.Soares Gache; M.Bertranou, M.Valesani, M.Carreras; E.Branca, P.Buabse; P.Urbano, A.Courreges, D.González.


1988 Ariadne Classic
The 1988 Ariadne Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Milton Tennis Centre in Brisbane, Australia and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 28 December 1987 through 3 January 1988. First-seeded Pam Shriver won the singles title.


1988 Ariadne Classic, Finals, Doubles
Betsy Nagelsen /  Pam Shriver defeated  Claudia Kohde-Kilsch /  Helena Suková 2–6, 7–5, 6–2


1988 Ariadne Classic – Doubles
Hana Mandlíková and Wendy Turnbull were the defending champions but they competed with different partners that year, Mandlíková with Jana Novotná and Turnbull with Elizabeth Smylie.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Doubles
Mandlíková and Novotná lost in the quarterfinals to Jo Durie and Sharon Walsh-Pete.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Doubles
Smylie and Turnbull lost in the semifinals to Claudia Kohde-Kilsch and Helena Suková.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Doubles
Betsy Nagelsen and Pam Shriver won in the final 2–6, 7–5, 6–2 against Kohde-Kilsch and Suková.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Singles
Hana Mandlíková was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Singles
Pam Shriver won in the final 7–6, 7–6 against Jana Novotná.


1988 Ariadne Classic – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team
The 1988 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team represented Arizona State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Sun Devils played their home games at Packard Stadium. The team was coached by Jim Brock in his sixteenth season at Arizona State.


1988 Arizona State Sun Devils baseball team
The Sun Devils reached the College World Series, finishing as the runner up to Stanford.


1988 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The 1988 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Larry Marmie, the Sun Devils compiled a 6–5 record (3–4 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in fifth place in the Pac-10, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 277 to 192.


1988 Arizona State Sun Devils football team
The team's statistical leaders included Daniel Ford with 1,166 passing yards, Bruce Perkins with 446 rushing yards, and Leland Adams with 420 receiving yards.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1988 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Dick Tomey, the Wildcats compiled a 7–4 record (5–3 against Pac-10 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in the Pac-10, and outscored their opponents, 279 to 218. The team played its home games in Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Ronald Veal with 669 passing yards, Alonzo Washington with 651 rushing yards, and Derek Hill with 508 receiving yards. Linebacker Chris Singleton led the team with 118 tackles.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team
Despite a 7–4 record, the Wildcats were left out of a bowl game due to a lack of bowls available at the time and that most of the bowls involved ranked teams.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season
The Wildcats completed the 1987 season and Tomey’s first year with a 4–4–3 record and tied Arizona State in the rivalry contest. The team spent the offseason looking to improve on their record and return to their winning ways as they did under previous Arizona coach (and then-current USC coach) Larry Smith.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Before the season
Despite the offseason being held in the shadow of Arizona’s basketball team as a result of its first Final Four appearance and Tomey and his players supporting them, the team continued to rebuild and prepared for the upcoming season.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Texas Tech
After earning a win in the opener at Oregon State, Arizona played its first home game of the season against Texas Tech. This was the first meeting between the two teams since they played in nine straight seasons from 1971-79. After falling behind early, the Wildcats dominated the rest of the way and came away with the win.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
The Wildcats traveled to Oklahoma in their first ever matchup against the Sooners. Despite playing tough, Arizona could not keep up with the fourth-ranked Sooners and eventually lost.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, USC
The Wildcats welcomed former coach Larry Smith back to Tucson as Arizona hosted the fourth-ranked Trojans. Several mistakes became a disaster for the Wildcats and USC capitalized on them to break the game open and win big, and Tomey lost to his predecessor for the second consecutive year.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, UCLA
Arizona hosted top-ranked UCLA in a big test for the Wildcats. Unfortunately, the Wildcats did not have an answer against the Bruins and avoided a shutout with a late field goal, and leading to yet another loss to a top-ten ranked opponent.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Washington
On the road at Washington, Arizona visited the Huskies. In a game that was dominated by both teams’ defense, the Wildcats pulled through with a late field goal and finally captured their first win over Washington in team history.


1988 Arizona Wildcats football team, Game summaries, Arizona State
After getting a big homecoming win against Oregon, the Wildcats hosted Arizona State in a rivalry duel. Late in the first half before intermission, with the Sun Devils leading 18-14, Wildcat quarterback Ron Veal threw a Hail Mary pass that was caught by receiver Derek Hill, who then ran to the end zone for a touchdown and Arizona led 21-18 at the break. The play gave the Wildcats the lead for good as they would not trail again and won it and extended their unbeaten streak over ASU to seven (including the 1987 tie). Veal’s Hail Mary pass was referred to Arizona fans as the “Hail Veal”, “Hill Veal”, “Veal Mary” or simply “The Pass”, which was added to many other memorable play in the rivalry’s history. The win ended the regular season and Arizona became bowl-eligible.


1988 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1988 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
Arkansas won the SWC championship, finishing undefeated in conference play. Defensive end Wayne Martin, safety Steve Atwater, and placekicker Kendall Trainor were all named 1st Team All-American. Senior linebacker LaSalle Harper was named Defensive MVP of the 1989 Cotton Bowl, despite Arkansas losing the game.


1988 Armenian earthquake
The 1988 Armenian earthquake, also known as the Spitak earthquake (Armenian: Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ, Spitaki yerkrasharj), occurred on December 7 at 11:41 local time with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X (Devastating). The shock occurred in the northern region of Armenia (then part of the Soviet Union) which is vulnerable to large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas.


1988 Armenian earthquake
Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. The complex incident ruptured multiple faults, with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock. Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured.


1988 Armenian earthquake
Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event, including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms, and were on site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988. Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev. The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (Gyumri) and Kirovakan (Vanadzor) were greatly affected with large losses of life and devastating effects to buildings and other structures. A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected.


1988 Armenian earthquake
Despite the tensions of the Cold War, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake, the first such request since the late 1940s. One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment, search teams and medical supplies. Private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort.


1988 Armenian earthquake
While transporting some of these supplies to the region, a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel, and a transport plane from Yugoslavia, were both destroyed in separate incidents. In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. A song was produced by a duo of French composers (including Charles Aznavour) and a studio album that featured songs donated by mainstream rock bands was released from the Rock Aid Armenia effort by the British music industry.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Political background
Beginning with late 1987 the Caucasus region was experiencing a surge in political turmoil with large and near constant demonstrations being held in the capital of Yerevan beginning in February 1988. For the fifteen months prior to the earthquake and at times up to hundreds of thousands of protesters, represented by the Karabakh Committee, were demanding both democracy and the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh (administered by Soviet Azerbaijan but disputed autonomous territory with an 80% Armenian majority and the Azerbaijani minority) in the mountains of the Karabakh region.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Political background
The unrest and the opposition movement began in September 1988 with negotiations between the Karabakh Committee and Gorbachev taking place throughout most of 1989. The relationship between the Soviet authorities and the Armenian society took a turn for the worse in March and the developments climaxed in November when a state of emergency was declared, along with a nighttime curfew, and a mass movement of up to 50,000 Armenians fleeing ethnic violence arrived from Azerbaijan.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake
The source of the event was a fault rupture 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of the Caucasus Mountains, a mountain range that has been produced by the convergence of the Arabian and the Eurasian tectonic plates. The range is situated along an active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. The seismicity along this belt is marked by frequent major earthquakes from the Aegean Sea, through Turkey and Iran, and into Afghanistan.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake
Though the recurrence of seismic events in Armenia does not reach the high frequency that is seen in other segments of this zone, rapid crustal deformation there is associated with active thrust faulting and volcanic activity. Mount Ararat, a 5,137 m (16,854 ft) dormant volcano, lies 100 km (62 mi) to the south of the quake's epicenter in Turkey.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake occurred along a known 60 km (37 mi) thrust fault striking parallel to the Caucasus range and dipping to the north-northeast. Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the length of the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement measured 1 m (3.3 ft) along most of the length with the southwest end reaching 1.6 m (5.2 ft). During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over the southwest-facing side.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake
Waveform modeling established that the faulting originated at a depth of 5 km (3.1 mi) with the epicenter on the Alavar thrust fault on the slopes of the Lesser Caucasus mountains north of Mount Aragats. The mainshock produced surface rupture and propagated to the west with a separate strike-slip sub-event occurring two seconds later that propagated to the southeast. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. A total of five sub-events occurred in the first eleven seconds and an aftershock measuring 5.8 (local magnitude) occurred four minutes and twenty seconds later.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Some of the strongest shaking occurred in industrial areas with chemical and food processing plants, electrical substations, and power plants. The Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, around 75 km (47 mi) from the epicenter, experienced only minor shaking and no damage occurred there, but was eventually closed for a period of six years due to vulnerability concerns. It was reopened in 1995 amid criticism of lack of training, political instability in the Caucasus region, and accusations that the plant was of inadequate design. At that time the International Atomic Energy Agency's assistant director-general Morris Rosen said of the situation "... you would never build a plant in that area, that's for sure, with what's known now."


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Many buildings did not hold up to the shaking of the earthquake and those that did collapse often lacked any survival space, but lack of effective medical care and poor planning also contributed to the substantial scope of the disaster. Buildings that didn't collapse featured well-maintained masonry and skeletal components that were joined together adequately in a way that allowed for the building to resist seismic waves. Most bridges and tunnels and other public infrastructure withstood the earthquake but hospitals did not fare well. Most collapsed, killing two-thirds of their doctors, destroying equipment and medicine, and reducing the capacity to handle the critical medical needs in the region.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. Gorbachev, in a TV interview several weeks after his expedited return from New York City, said that the concrete blocks had been built with more than enough sand but too little concrete, and suggested that the concrete had been stolen. Leonid Bibin, deputy chairman of the state building committee, stated that many newer homes collapsed as well and that he was beginning an investigation into the matter and that criminal charges would be brought. The official communist party newspaper Pravda said that poor construction, like other issues of neglect in the Soviet system, could be blamed on the Era of Stagnation from the era of Leonid Brezhnev.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
A team of earthquake and engineering experts from the United States spent a period of time in Armenia in December 1988 and January 1989. The group, including a structural engineer who specialized in seismic-resistant designs, agreed that building inadequacies were the primary reason why the strong (but not huge) earthquake was so damaging, although the freezing temperatures also played a role in the unusually high death toll. The earthquake death toll was by far the highest worldwide in the 1980s and third-highest worldwide in the period 1971–2003 (33 years).


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The engineers who scrutinized the damaged buildings and the rescue workers who had dismantled the buildings while extricating survivors ascribe both design shortcomings and improper construction methods for the failure of the buildings. The Soviets had modified their construction style to accommodate the known seismic risk in the area, but they acknowledged to the team that many of the buildings were not built to withstand an earthquake of that magnitude. An engineer with the team stated that the regulations for the area mandated that buildings be required to stand up against events measuring seven or eight on the twelve-degree Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. The earthquake's effects were assessed at ten on that seismic scale.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The three cities closest to the fault rupture experienced different levels of damage. Both Leninakan and Kirovakan were roughly equidistant from the shock, yet Leninakan had greater damage. This may be explained by a 300–400 m (980–1,310 ft) sedimentary layer that is present beneath the city. The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's team compared building damage in each city and observed similar results when comparing stone buildings four stories or less in height, but for taller frame-stone buildings, 62% were destroyed at Leninakan while only 23% collapsed at Kirovakan. While on-site during aftershock monitoring, the US research team verified the presence of soil amplification effects when pronounced differences in readings were observed when compared with nearby rock sites. Uneven distribution of the seismic energy may have also contributed to the fluctuation in damage.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
In late December the last of the survivors that were able to be extricated were pulled from the fallen buildings, rescue operations ceased, and the cleanup began, beginning with the destruction of buildings that were too heavily damaged to be repaired. Six friends were in the basement of a nine-story building relocating barrels when it came down around them on December 7. Their injuries were minor, but one person did suffer a broken arm. They supposedly sustained themselves on the food supplies—fruit salad, pickles, and smoked ham—that were available in the basement for 35 days before their rescue in January, but this turned out to be a hoax.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The area where Armenia lies is of interest to seismologists and geologists because of the relatively early stage of continental collision occurring there and because the earthquake's strong aftershock sequence and significant surface faulting presented scientists with an environment to study reverse faulting. Twelve days after the mainshock a French-Soviet team installed a temporary seismic network in the epicentral area to record aftershock activity (a separate expedition from the United States also visited the site).


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The initial portion of work included nearly a full week setting up the seismometers and optimizing their operation and, with that complete, two full weeks of continuous operation was then completed with twenty six seismometers covering an area over 1,500 km2. The final stage concluded with seven weeks (through the end of February 1989) of continued monitoring with a reduced capacity of twenty units.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The instrumentation included ten smoked paper analog seismometers that were configured to allow for 48 hours of continuous single-component data recording. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. Eight of the selected sites were equipped with a vertical component velocity transducer along with an FM telemetry link to transfer data back to a central station where a three-component unit was stationed. There the seismic signals were digitized, along with an internal time signal and an external DCF77 time signal, and stored on magnetic tape.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The tapes were then played back and the P-wave and S-wave arrival times were used to automatically determine aftershock locations. Approximately two hundred aftershocks were recorded each day for the first several days of the expedition and at the end of the recording period in February the equipment was still picking up around 100 shocks per day. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. The soviet geophysicists detonated 100 kilograms of TNT in a hole drilled near the mainshock epicenter and the resulting shock waves were detected and used to help pinpoint a more accurate crustal velocity value of 5.3 to 5.4 km/s.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
The epicenters of the recorded aftershocks formed a relatively narrow 50 km (31 mi) band. On the east end the events were shallow while on the western side, where the majority of the larger aftershocks were concentrated, the hypocenters were up to 14 km (8.7 mi) deep. The shocks at the southeastern segment indicated right-lateral strike-slip movement along a nearly vertical fault and may have been related to the Alavar fault.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
Moving westward closer to the central segments though, a transition of the fault type was becoming apparent, where an almost equal distribution of reverse fault mechanisms was observed as the strike-slip type. The east-central segment coincided with the surface breaks between Spitak and Gekhasar, while the west-central portion's break was concealed under an anticline and was not visible at the surface. Along the western segments, the fault split into two branches with one to the southwest and the other to the northwest.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Liquefaction
Buildings and other structures were extensively damaged during the earthquake, but roadways and railways also experienced disturbances. Many case histories pertaining to liquefaction in sandy soil exist, but few exist with respect to gravel and gravelly sands. In certain situations, gravelly sands may liquefy in a similar fashion as saturated sands. The first well-documented case of liquefaction in gravelly sands was in regard to the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake in the United States.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Liquefaction
Several investigations of that event took place in the 1980s and early 1990s and the primary conclusions were that a critical condition for liquefaction to occur in that type of soil was the presence of a low permeable crust that did not allow pore water pressures to subside and that the assessment method and associated standard penetration test values used with sandy soils also applied to gravelly soils.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Liquefaction
Three locations between Spitak and Nalband (to the west) that were within several kilometers of the fault were examined for ground disturbances and each site was scrutinized for the effects of liquefaction. The first site was on the highway that linked the three most damaged cities and was adjacent to a tributary of the Pambak river where the water table was close to the surface. The highway's embankment failed, and though the site was repaired immediately, the resulting damage to the highway caused considerable delay in getting people and supplies into and out of the area following the disaster.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Earthquake, Liquefaction
Numerous sand boils were seen in the region northwest of Spitak including within 15 m (49 ft) of the failed embankment. A second site that was close to the fault, also near the Pambak river and with similar soil deposits, did not experience liquefaction, though it would have experienced the same high peak ground accelerations as the failed highway embankment.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
Avant-garde musician Pierre Schaeffer led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave after the plan to bulldoze what was left of the ruins was formulated. The total number of volunteer rescue personnel in Leninakan totalled 2,000, with teams from Austria, Canada, Switzerland, the United States, Poland and Yugoslavia. Nikolai Ryzhkov, the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was awarded the National Hero of Armenia for his work in rebuilding the city following the earthquake.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
Seventy-eight people were killed while on a relief mission to Leninakan when a Soviet Ilyushin Il-76 crashed on approach to the airport there. Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. In the days following the earthquake, the normally quiet airstrip was receiving up to 180 flights per day carrying food, medical supplies, and disaster management experts.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
Those who were killed on the plane were planning to join an estimated 20,000 soldiers and 85,000 civil defense workers in rescue efforts by searching for survivors, supplying food and water, and setting up sanitation facilities in the region. At the Yerevan airport, western pilots reported a breakdown in air traffic control communications, with flight controllers not delivering the necessary flight navigation instructions, allowing for a critical lack of separation as foreign planes made their way into the area.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
A second air transport incident occurred the following day at Yerevan (capital of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic) when an Antonov An-12 from Yugoslavia crashed, killing all seven crew on board. The crash was blamed on the pilots' failure to properly adjust the altimeter following a miscommunication with the air traffic controllers.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
A group of French recording artists and actors came together with the French writer and composer Charles Aznavour to record the 1989 song "Pour toi Arménie" (For you Armenia). Aznavour, together with Armenian-French composer Georges Garvarentz, formed a foundation called "Aznavour for Armenia" and composed the song as a call for help for the Armenians. It took six weeks from the creation of the song to completion of the disc and with almost two million copies sold, the foundation was able to build 47 schools and three orphanages for the victims of the disaster.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath
Rock Aid Armenia, also known in earlier stages as Live Aid Armenia, was a humanitarian effort by the British music industry to raise money to help those affected by the earthquake. A monument, Armenian Earthquake, expressing the appreciation of the Armenian people for assistance from the U.S. was erected in Washington, D.C. in 1990.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
Gorbachev set aside 5 billion rubles (about US$8 billion) in funds for a start on what would likely be a recovery cost that would exceed the cleanup bill for the 1986 nuclear and radiation accident in Ukraine. While foreign doctors did assist with the Chernobyl incident, the Soviet relief effort after the earthquake was augmented by the largest foreign cooperation since World War II. That deluge of western aid was a byproduct of the disaster that may have had a positive effect on Soviet Union–United States relations. The cost of rebuilding would be a severe obstacle for Perestroika, Gorbachev's plan for economic restructuring. Another adverse effect of the disaster was that the Armenians were already distrustful of Gorbachev's dismissal of their claims to the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the Armenians had been contesting with neighboring Azerbaijan.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
The world responded rapidly to the disaster in Leninakan and Spitak, with much of Europe sending cargo aircraft loaded with medical supplies, rescue equipment, and trained personnel to assist in the recovery, and even more reinforcement coming in from Latin America and the Far East. Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York on his first day of visits with Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush at the time of the earthquake, and once the scale of the disaster was realized, a quick departure was made back to Armenia, with the Kremlin formally asking for American help. Washington immediately responded with offers of doctors, medical equipment, and rescue teams, and by the first weekend the first US plane arrived in Yerevan with search and rescue teams and detection dogs.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
The French arrived in Armenia in the late evening on Friday, December 9, and relieved the exhausted Armenian workers who then returned to Yerevan. Japan sent a monetary gift of $9 million while Italy had plans to build a prefabricated village for the victims, and West Germany offered to send more than a dozen heavy cranes. The Americans donated generously as well, with Washington dispatching eight official planeloads of official relief aid plus a Lockheed C-141 Starlifter from Italy. Private donations from the United States were also significant. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca arranged for a fund drive, and in Chicago (one of five major Armenian population centers in the US) the community raised $800,000 and donated 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb) of supplies.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
American businessman and philanthropist Armand Hammer, well known to the Soviet Union for his financial pursuits and humanitarian ties, left Los Angeles for Armenia onboard a Boeing 727 loaded with 1,000 kg (2,300 lb) of medical supplies that were provided by the American Red Cross. Hammer, known for his decades of work with the Occidental Petroleum Corporation, had spoken with Gorbachev prior to leaving and was carrying with him $1 million in relief funds. Half of those funds were from World Vision International, a California-based relief and development umbrella organization and the other half were his own personal donation. The flight also carried Robert Seiple (president of World Vision) and a UCLA doctor who had worked in the aftermath of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
Red tape inevitably held up some of the rescue efforts and criticism of the perceived flawed processes soon followed. The newspaper Pravda complained that the lack of cranes meant that "seconds and hours are being lost—that means lives." The paper also stated that too many Soviet personnel were giving advice and not enough people were actually searching. The daily newspaper Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya noted that there were families living out in the open even while there was an abundance of tents available. Health minister Yevgeniy Chazov urged the creation of a governmental body to assist with disaster management.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
Baxter International, an American health care company with headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois, designed and built a flying medical lab set up with 20 dialysis machines to be used with victims suffering from crush syndrome (trauma associated with building collapses), but were unable to get started for four days until the visas were available. With the hospitals destroyed and their limited knowledge of the care requirements, the Soviets were not well-equipped to deal with the cases of crush syndrome.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Response
Author and professor of geopolitics Pierre Verluise detailed in his 1995 book Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake, how a French doctor and director of a Leninakan hospital described that he had seen one hundred victims suffering from the syndrome each day during the first three days. In order to prevent kidney failure or death, the treatment requires prompt hospitalization, and, according to the doctor, the victims were not receiving adequate medication and dialysis and, as a result, most died before the arrival of the first foreign dialysis machines.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
In February 1989 one hundred construction workers were assembling temporary housing for themselves in Leninakan with a plan to start on the local population's housing by the end of the month, though schools and factories were also on the list of facilities to be rebuilt.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Deputy chairman of a city building and architecture council said that updated building codes like those in the United States were being drafted (along with a strict requirement that the new protocols be respected) and that the new buildings would be no taller than four stories and would be located away from areas with the highest seismic risk. Other officials decided that the town would be relocated several kilometers to the southwest.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
As of July 1989, about $500 million in donations had been delivered to the Armenians from 113 countries. Most of those funds went into the initial relief work and medical care plus the beginning portion of the rebuilding phase. Yuri S. Mkhitarian, an Armenian State Building Committee official, gave an updated damage report that included some of the outlying communities away from the population centers stating that 342 villages were damaged and another 58 were destroyed. The negative effect the earthquake had on the economy of Armenia was apparent.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Mkhitarian said that 130 factories were destroyed and 170,000 people were out of work. Officials acknowledged that the work to complete the rebuilding may take up to five years or longer, a supposition that more than doubled Gorbachev's estimate of two years. At that time 20 projects had completed the planning process and some had been approved and construction started. In Leninakan, there was a need for 18 new hospitals, 12 of which could be funded with the assistance of the republics of the Soviet Union, but foreign help would be required to build six additional facilities.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
Boris Karapetyan, director of earthquake studies at the Yerevan Polytechnical Institute, said of the difficult rebuilding process "Coordination is a major, major problem. This is a massive undertaking, and foreign involvement is both a necessary and a complicating factor. We need foreign assistance—and there is no doubt about that—but our friends do not know the local conditions and propose things that cannot or should not be built in an earthquake-prone region."


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
The Soviets and an American group of architects each devised separate outlines for rebuilding the town of Spitak. Following an invitation by the Soviets for a critique of their plan, the American proposal was ultimately accepted as the way forward. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Aftermath, Rebuilding
For many years following World War II the Soviets practiced a methodical top-down approach to urban planning and building, constructing a large number of uniformly built row style apartment units, and the Soviets plan for rebuilding Spitak did not diverge from that approach. The Soviet's grid plan road scheme was found to not take into account the hillside at the new city's location, and the American plan included finer details of how commercial centers and government facilities were grouped together in an open and communal style.


1988 Armenian earthquake, Other events
The Tsaghkadzor earthquake on October 20, 1827, was centered about 50 km (31 mi) southeast of Spitak and had a maximum intensity of VIII on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale. While that shock may have been related to the Pambak-Sevan fault, the October 22, 1926 Leninakan earthquake to the west of the 1988 event also had a maximum intensity of MSK VIII.


1988 Army Cadets football team
The 1988 Army Cadets football team was an American football team that represented the United States Military Academy in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their sixth season under head coach Jim Young, the Cadets compiled a 9–3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 336 to 226. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets defeated Navy, 20–15. They also lost a close game to Alabama, 29–28, in the 1988 Sun Bowl.


1988 Asia Cup
The 1988 Asia Cup (also known as the Wills Asia Cup) was the third Asia Cup tournament, held in Bangladesh between 26 October and 4 November 1988. Four teams took part in the tournament: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the host nation Bangladesh. The matches were the first-ever List A-classified being played in Bangladesh, then an Associate Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC), their opponents all being Full Members.


1988 Asia Cup
The 1988 Asia Cup was a round-robin tournament where each team played the other three once, and the top two teams qualifying for a place in the final. India and Sri Lanka qualified for the final in which India defeated Sri Lanka by 6 wickets to win its second Asia Cup.


1988 Asia Golf Circuit
The 1988 Asia Golf Circuit was the 27th season of golf tournaments that comprised the Asia Golf Circuit.


1988 Asia Golf Circuit
Lu Chien-soon of Taiwan claimed the overall circuit championship for the second time.


1988 Asia Golf Circuit, Tournament schedule
The table below shows the 1988 Asia Golf Circuit schedule.


1988 Asia Golf Circuit, Final standings
The Asia Golf Circuit operated a points based system to determine the overall circuit champion, with points being awarded in each tournament to the leading players. At the end of the season, the player with the most points was declared the circuit champion, and there was a prize pool to be shared between the top players in the points table.


1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship
The 1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship was a Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) sanctioned motor racing series run for Group A Touring Cars. It was the first of only two times the championship was run, with the next not being held until 1994.


1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship
Trevor Crowe was the winner of the inaugural series driving a BMW M3 for fellow Kiwi John Sax. The M3 was a Division 2 car and gained more points for outright places. Second was veteran Australian racer Colin Bond in his Caltex sponsored Ford Sierra RS500, while third was taken by Italian driver Emanuele Pirro driving a BMW M3 for Schnitzer Motorsport.


1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship
With the championship generally ignored by most of the top teams from the stronger Group A championships (Australia, Europe and Japan), Crowe, Bond and Pirro were able to gain the top three placings despite each only running in two of the four rounds.


1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship, Schedule
The championship was run over four rounds, starting on 2 October at the Tooheys 1000 in Bathurst, Australia, and finishing on 13 November with the Inter-tec 500 at the Fuji circuit in Japan.


1988 Asian Badminton Championships
The 1988 Badminton Asia Championships was the unofficial tournament of the Badminton Asia Championships. It was held in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia on 6–10 November 1988. The championships were conducted as Invitational Championships (invitation competition).


1988 Asian Badminton Championships, Medalists
China won three titles in the men's singles, women's singles and men's doubles, while host country won a title in the women's doubles.


1988 Asian Basketball Club Championship
The Asian Basketball Club Championship 1988 was the 3rd staging of the Asian Basketball Club Championship, the basketball club tournament of Asian Basketball Confederation. The tournament was held in Istora Senayan Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia, April 9 to April 16, 1988.


1988 Asian Judo Championships
The 1988 Asian Judo Championships were held at Damascus, Syria in July.


1988 Asian Junior Athletics Championships
The 1988 Asian Junior Athletics Championships was the second edition of the international athletics competition for Asian under-20 athletes, organised by the Asian Athletics Association. It took place from 8–11 September in Singapore. A total of 40 events were contested, 22 for male athletes and 18 for female athletes.


1988 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship
The 1988 Asian Junior Women's Volleyball Championship was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 14 August to 22 August 1988


1988 Asian Table Tennis Championships
The 9th Asian Table Tennis Championships 1988 were held in Niigata, Japan from 15 to 22 May 1988. It was organised by the Japan Table Tennis Association under the authority of Asian Table Tennis Union (ATTU) and International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).


1988 Asian Wrestling Championships
The 1988 Asian Wrestling Championships were held in Islamabad, Pakistan. The event took place from December 12 to December 16, 1988.


1988 Associate Members' Cup Final
The 1988 Associate Members' Cup Final, known as the Sherpa Van Trophy Final for sponsorship reasons, was the 5th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third and Fourth Divisions.


1988 Associate Members' Cup Final
The final was played at Wembley Stadium in London on 29 May 1988, The game was contested by Burnley and Wolverhampton Wanderers before a crowd of 80,841, a then record for the trophy, which was not bettered until the 2019 final between Sunderland and Portsmouth. Wolves won the match 2–0 thanks to goals in either half by Andy Mutch and Robbie Dennison.


1988 Associate Members' Cup Final, Background
The match took place three weeks after the end of the domestic league programme. Wolves had already won the Fourth Division title in their second ever season at that level, and boasted the division's top goalscorer in Steve Bull (34 league goals; 52 in total). Burnley had finished tenth in the division and would take four further seasons before being promoted. Wolves had won both league games between the two clubs that season 3–0.


1988 Associate Members' Cup Final, Background
It was the first time in the cup's history that two previous English champions met in the final, and Wolves were the first of the former champions to have won the trophy.


1988 Associate Members' Cup Final, Background
In a further twist of irony, Burnley and Wolves had contested the English league title between the two of them only twenty-eight years previously, Burnley emerging as champions on the final day of the 1959–60 season by a point (denying Wolves, FA Cup winners that season, the first English League and Cup 'double' of the 20th Century.)


1988 Athens Open
The 1988 Athens Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Athens in Greece that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 13 June 13 until 20 June 1988. Eighth-seeded Horst Skoff won the singles title.


1988 Athens Open, Finals, Doubles
Rikard Bergh /  Per Henricsson defeated  Pablo Arraya /  Karel Nováček 6–4, 7–5


1988 Athens Open – Doubles
Tore Meinecke and Ricki Osterthun were the defending champions, but Osterthun did not participate this year. Meinecke partnered Tomás Carbonell, losing in the first round.


1988 Athens Open – Doubles
Rikard Bergh and Per Henricsson won in the final 6–4, 7–5, against Pablo Arraya and Karel Nováček.


1988 Athens Open – Singles
Guillermo Pérez Roldán was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.


1988 Athens Open – Singles
Horst Skoff won the tournament, beating Bruno Orešar in the final, 6–3, 2–6, 6–2.


1988 Athens Trophy
The 1988 Athens Trophy was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Athens Lawn Tennis Club in Athens, Greece and was part of Tier V of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 1 August until 7 August 1988. First-seeded Isabel Cueto won the singles title and earned $12,000 first-prize money.


1988 Athens Trophy, Finals, Doubles
Sabrina Goleš /  Judith Wiesner defeated  Silke Frankl /  Sabine Hack 7–5, 6–0


1988 Athens Trophy – Doubles
Andrea Betzner and Judith Wiesner were the defending champions but only Wiesner competed that year with Sabrina Goleš.


1988 Athens Trophy – Doubles
Goleš and Wiesner won in the final 7–5, 6–0 against Silke Frankl and Sabine Hack.


1988 Athens Trophy – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Athens Trophy – Singles
Katerina Maleeva was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Athens Trophy – Singles
Isabel Cueto won in the final 6–0, 6–1 against Laura Golarsa.


1988 Athens Trophy – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Atlanta Braves season
The 1988 Atlanta Braves season was the 118th in franchise history and their 23rd in Atlanta.


1988 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1988 Atlanta Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1988 Atlanta Falcons season
The 1988 Atlanta Falcons season was the franchise’s 23rd season in the National Football League (NFL). The team was marred by tragedy when cornerback David Croudip died on October 10 after a cocaine overdose. It would be the first of three player deaths of the team in the space of two seasons.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500
The 1988 Atlanta Journal 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on November 20, 1988, at Atlanta International Raceway (located in the Atlanta suburb of Hampton, Georgia).


1988 Atlanta Journal 500
The most dominant drivers in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series during the 1980s were Bill Elliott, Darrell Waltrip, Terry Labonte, Bobby Allison, and Dale Earnhardt. This was really the last race that Richard Petty was even the least bit competitive.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Background
Atlanta International Raceway (now Atlanta Motor Speedway) is one of ten current intermediate track to hold NASCAR races; the others are Charlotte Motor Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway, Darlington Raceway, Homestead Miami Speedway, Kansas Speedway, Kentucky Speedway, Las Vegas Motor Speedway, New Hampshire Motor Speedway, and Texas Motor Speedway. However, at the time, only Charlotte and Darlington were built.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Background
The layout at Atlanta International Speedway at the time was a four-turn traditional oval track that is 1.54 miles (2.48 km) long. The track's turns are banked at twenty-four degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, and the back stretch are banked at five.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
One of the drivers who failed to qualify for this race was Bobby Coyle; who attempted to qualify in his #50 Pontiac machine but failed to reach the proper speed to make the race.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
Bill Elliott would earn his only NASCAR Winston Cup championship here despite not finishing in the top ten. However, Elliott consistently placed in the other races of the 1988 season with six wins, 15 finishes in the top five, and 10 finishes in the top ten.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
The race took three hours and fifty-two minutes; resulting in a 4¼ second win by Rusty Wallace over Davey Allison. There was an unusually high attrition rate during this race; with 13 engine failures and only 20 of the 42 starters running at the finish. It would be contributed to the fact that the speedway was repaved since the previous race in the spring. Rusty Wallace was mad that Bill Elliott was running really conservative since he only had to finish 18th to clinch the title. Rusty did everything that he could do, led the most laps, and basically rode all around the track coasting his way into consistent finishes. Elliott could've been more conservative than he was, over half the field blew motors or wrecked.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
Mike Alexander would finish third in this event; his best NASCAR Winston Cup Series performance. Neil Bonnett finishes 13th in his final outing in the Rahmoc #75 Valvoline Pontiac.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
Seventy-two thousand fans would see an average speed of 129.024 miles per hour (207.644 km/h) while Wallace qualified for the pole position with a speed of 179.499 miles per hour (288.876 km/h) - the equivalent of 30.525 seconds. Tommy Ellis would finish last after encountering a transmission problem on lap 2 out of 328. Nine cautions slowed the race for 55 laps. Cale Yarborough's last event went out with a respectable 10th as he would return as an owner of the Phillips #66.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
NASCAR champion Benny Parsons and Brad Noffsinger would also compete in their final Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race here. Parsons would finish in 34th place while Noffsinger would finish in 26th place. This was the last race for Piedmont Airlines as a NASCAR Cup series sponsor, ending the company's partnership with the sport that began in 1981 and picked up momentum during a two-year stay at Richard Childress's team before joining Billy Hagen's team in 1984 for an extended run that began with Terry Laborite taking their car to a championship.


1988 Atlanta Journal 500, Race report
The Piedmont brand was in the process of being phased out at the time as USAir had bought the company was rebranding the regional airline as part of its USAir Express operations. Sterling Marlin brought the white-and-blue #44 Oldsmobile home with a top-15 run in its last race before the famous eighties entry was grounded for good. Hoss Ellington, Mike Curb, and Harry Ranier would end their respective careers as NASCAR owners after this race. The drivers would earn $387,785 in total race winnings ($848,566 when adjusted for inflation).


1988 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Atlantic Conference Baseball Tournament was held from May 13 through 15, 1988 to determine the champion of the NCAA Division I the Atlantic 10 Conference, for the 1988 NCAA Division I baseball season. This was the tenth iteration of the event, and was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania. Rutgers won their third championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1988 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The top two teams in each division advanced to the tournament, with each division winner playing the second place team from the opposite division in the first round. The teams played a double-elimination tournament. West Virginia claimed the top seed over Penn State and Rhode Island claimed the second seed in the East over Saint Joseph's by tiebreaker.


1988 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament was played from March 5 to March 9, 1988. The tournament was played entirely at the WVU Coliseum in Morgantown, WV. The winner was named champion of the Atlantic 10 Conference and received an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. The Temple Owls won the tournament for the second straight year, and third of the previous four.


1988 Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament
The tournament's Most Outstanding Player was Tom Garrick (Rhode Island), who averaged 31 points per game during the tournament. The rest of the All-Championship team was: Ivan Brown (St. Joseph's), Howard Evans (Temple), Mark Macon (Temple), Carlton Owens (Rhode Island), and Mike Vreeswyk (Temple).


1988 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament was the 1988 postseason baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Atlantic Coast Conference, held at Greenville Municipal Stadium in Greenville, South Carolina from May 11-15. Georgia Tech defeated North Carolina in the championship game, earning the conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1988 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Format
All eight ACC teams qualified for the eight-team double-elimination tournament.


1988 Atlantic Coast Conference Baseball Tournament, Format, Seeding Procedure
On Saturday (The Semifinals) of the ACC Baseball Tournament, the match-up between the four remaining teams is determined by previous opponents. If teams have played previously in the tournament, every attempt will be made to avoid a repeat match-up between teams, regardless of seed. If it is impossible to avoid a match-up that already occurred, then the determination is based on avoiding the most recent, current tournament match-up, regardless of seed. If no match-ups have occurred, the team left in the winners bracket will play the lowest seeded team from the losers bracket.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1988 Atlantic hurricane season was a near average season that proved costly and deadly, with 15 tropical cyclones directly affecting land. The season officially began on June 1, 1988, and lasted until November 30, 1988, although activity began on May 30 when a tropical depression developed in the Caribbean. The June through November dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first cyclone to attain tropical storm status was Alberto on August 8, nearly a month later than usual. The final storm of the year, Tropical Storm Keith, became extratropical on November 24.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season
The season produced 19 tropical depressions of which 12 attained tropical storm status. One tropical storm was operationally classified as a tropical depression but was reclassified in post-analysis. Five tropical cyclones reached hurricane status of which three became major hurricanes reaching Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season
The most notable cyclone of the season was Hurricane Gilbert, which at the time was the strongest Atlantic hurricane on record. The hurricane tracked through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and caused devastation in Mexico and many island nations, particularly Jamaica. Its passage caused $2.98 billion in damage (1988 USD) and more than 300 deaths, mostly in Mexico. Hurricane Joan, striking Nicaragua as a Category 4 hurricane, caused about US$1.87 billion in damage and more than 200 deaths. The hurricane crossed into the eastern Pacific Ocean and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Miriam.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary, Preseason forecasts
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University. A normal season as defined by NOAA has six to fourteen named storms of which four to eight reach hurricane strength and one to three become major hurricanes. The June 1988 forecast was that eleven storms would form and that seven would reach hurricane status. The forecast did not specify how many hurricanes would reach major hurricane status.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary, Season activity
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, but activity in 1988 began two days earlier with the formation of Tropical Depression One on May 30. It was an above average season in which 19 tropical depressions formed. Twelve depressions attained tropical storm status, and five of these attained hurricane status, of which three reached major hurricane status. Four hurricanes and three tropical storms made landfall during the season and caused 550 deaths and $4.86 billion in damage. The last storm of the season, Tropical Storm Keith, dissipated on November 24, only 6 days before the official end of the season on November 30.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary, Season activity
The activity in the first two months of the season was limited because of strong wind shear from an upper tropospheric flow. Although vigorous tropical waves moved off the coast of Africa, most of them quickly diminished in intensity as they crossed the tropical Atlantic Ocean. As a result, no tropical depressions formed in June or July. Decreased wind shear in August allowed tropical waves to develop into tropical cyclones. The official storm track forecast errors were 30 to 40 percent lower than the average for the previous 10 years. The 24-, 48-, and 72-hour forecasts were the most accurate in more than 18 years and were also more accurate than in each subsequent season until 1996.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Season summary, Season activity
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 103, which is classified as "near normal". ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h), which is tropical storm strength.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One
The first tropical depression of the season formed on May 30 in the northwest Caribbean Sea. The system encountered unfavorable conditions as it moved northward toward Cuba, and a reconnaissance airplane sent to investigate it could not find a well-defined center. The depression remained weak and degenerated on June 2 into an open trough of low pressure in the Florida Straits.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One
Rainfall from the depression and its precursor peaked at 40.35 in (1025 mm), including a daily peak of 34.13 in (867 mm). The rainfall most affected the province of Cienfuegos, though the provinces of Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, and Camagüey were also impacted. A tornado in the city of Camagüey destroyed five Soviet planes and multiple buildings. Flooding prompted officials to use rescue crews, helicopters, and amphibious vehicles to evacuate 65,000 residents in low-lying areas to higher grounds. The storm left many without power and communications, severely damaged the country's transportation infrastructure, and destroyed six bridges.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression One
Flooding from the depression damaged 1,000 houses and destroyed 200 homes in Camagüey Province alone. Throughout Cuba, the depression affected about 90,000 people, injuring dozens and killing a total of 37 people, including three who died from electrocution. In Florida, the depression produced light rain, including 3.18 in (81 mm) at Pompano Beach.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Alberto
The season's first named storm originated on August 4 within a weak trough of low pressure that formed off the coast of South Carolina. The next day a low level circulation was detected by satellite, indicating that a tropical depression was forming. By August 6 the storm was designated the second tropical depression of the season. An approaching weak frontal trough pushed the depression northeastward and enhanced its upper-level outflow.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Alberto
On August 7 the system was designated Tropical Storm Alberto at 41.5°N, while located just south of Nantucket, Massachusetts, becoming the northernmost system to intensify into a tropical storm on record. The storm accelerated northeastward at 29 mph (47 km/h) and struck western Nova Scotia that evening with little impact. On August 8 Alberto became extratropical over the cold waters of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Shortly thereafter it dissipated just north of Newfoundland.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Alberto
The storm produced peak wind gusts of 48 mph (78 km/h) at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. Rainfall reached 1.78 inches (45.1 mm) in Saint John, New Brunswick, most of which fell in a short amount of time. The rainfall caused localized flooding, which briefly closed some streets. The extratropical remnants of Alberto also produced light rain and some clouds along western Newfoundland.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Beryl
The third tropical depression of the season formed on August 7 from a surface low over southeastern Louisiana. The slow moving system organized as it drifted toward the mouth of the Mississippi River. It soon had enough convective organization for the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to issue an initial advisory on Tropical Depression Three. By August 8 surface winds increased enough to issue tropical storm warnings for Louisiana to the Florida Panhandle. Over the open Gulf, Beryl produced sustained winds of minimal tropical storm force and tropical storm force gusts over coastal Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Excessive rain fell along the central Gulf Coast, including local amounts of 16 in (410 mm) at Dauphin Island, Alabama.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Beryl
Maintaining a well-structured outflow, Beryl's circulation on August 9 moved over warm water, where conditions were favorable for further intensification. However, a front approached from the northwest and reversed the storm's course into southeastern Louisiana. The next morning Beryl had weakened to a tropical depression as it moved over the Bayou Teche. Heavy downpours from system's remnants brought more than 12 in (300 mm) of rain to parts of eastern Texas. Overall damage from the storm was light, and only one known death was attributed to the storm.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Four
On August 12 a westward-moving tropical wave developed into Tropical Depression Four near the southern Bahamas. The depression tracked north-northwest along Florida's coast and made landfall near Jacksonville, Florida, the next day. The system spawned gusty winds and thunderstorms along the coasts of Florida and Georgia but caused little damage. The storm moved over south Georgia and the central Gulf Coast while dropping up to 7 in (178 mm) of rain on the Southeast. According to the National Weather Service, winds in some squalls to the north and east of the center reached up to 50 mph (80 km/h). The system finally dissipated as it reemerged over water near the mouth of the Mississippi.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Four
Early predictions from hurricane forecasters said that the depression would strengthen into the season's third tropical storm. Because of unfavorable upper-level conditions and interaction with Bahama islands, the system lost its well defined center as it moved towards Florida's east coast.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Five
A tropical wave in the far eastern Atlantic developed into the fifth tropical depression on August 20. The storm drifted north-northwest of the Cape Verde islands for the next three days with little change in strength. Forecasters were concerned because the depression formed in the breeding ground where other powerful East Coast hurricanes have started. Though the storm was still very weak, they initially predicted it would strengthen.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Five
By August 24 the depression's forward speed had increased to 15 mph (24 km/h) as its movement turned west. Cool ocean temperatures weakened the system and diminished its prospects for restrengthening, and on August 26 Tropical Depression Five degenerated into a tropical wave. The remnants redeveloped on August 30 about 180 miles (290 km) southeast of North Carolina, and the Washington office of the National Weather Service continued to track the system as a gale center until it merged with a front off the East Coast on September 1.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Six
Tropical Depression Six developed from a tropical wave that moved off the northwest African coast on August 12. The system crossed the tropical Atlantic as a wave until it began organizing near 55° W on August 19. The next day this system was designated a tropical depression while it approached the Windward Islands. After crossing the islands, the depression continued westward into the central Caribbean and encountered less-favorable conditions. Though poorly organized on August 21, the depression was expected to strengthen into a tropical storm over the western Caribbean's warmer waters.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Six
Nevertheless, it was downgraded to a tropical wave at 80° W near the island of Jamaica on August 23. The disturbance moved over Central America with minimal convection but redeveloped into Hurricane Kristy once it reached the eastern Pacific. The system's main effect on land was squally weather on the Windward Islands.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chris
Chris formed from a strong tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on August 15. By August 21 convection in the northern part of the wave detached and organized into Tropical Depression Seven. The storm tracked westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical high pressure ridge over the mid-Atlantic. For the next seven days, surface and reconnaissance observations found little evidence that the storm was strengthening. As a result, it remained a tropical depression as it moved across portions of the Lesser and Greater Antilles as well as the Bahamas.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Chris
The depression passed south of Puerto Rico on August 24 and dumped more than 14 in (360 mm) of rain on parts of the island. Three deaths in Puerto Rico were attributed to the weather. On August 28 the storm was upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris as it traveled northward just offshore of Florida. It made landfall near Savannah, Georgia, bringing light rain and wind damage to the area. Weakening to a depression, Chris poured heavy rains on South Carolina, where it merged with a cold front and became extratropical. The low accelerated over the Eastern Seaboard through Nova Scotia and finally dissipated on August 30. Heavy thunderstorms spawned a tornado in South Carolina that resulted in another death.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby
Debby formed from the southern part of a tropical wave that became Tropical Storm Chris. In the mid-tropical Atlantic, the northern area of convection detached and became Tropical Depression Seven. The southern portion continued moving westward as a disorganized area of showers. The system did not develop until the low-level center emerged from the Yucatán into the Bay of Campeche on August 31. It is estimated that the storm became Tropical Depression Eight just offshore at around 12 p.m. local time.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby
Drifting west-northwest over the Gulf of Mexico, the depression organized and reached tropical storm-strength early on September 2. Later that day, based on observations from aircraft reconnaissance, Debby was upgraded to a hurricane. At peak intensity, the hurricane's center was just 30 mi (48 km) from the coast. With little change in intensity, Debby made landfall near Tuxpan, Veracruz, six hours later. The storm brought high winds, inland flooding, and mudslides and caused 10 deaths.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Debby
Debby weakened considerably over the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains, although the remnants continued moving across Mexico. The tight center tracked towards the Pacific coast and reemerged near Manzanillo on September 5. Upon entering the Eastern Pacific, the system became Tropical Depression Seventeen-E before dissipating in the Gulf of California on September 8.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ernesto
On September 2 a cluster of thunderstorms associated with a northwestward-moving tropical wave developed a surface low near Bermuda. Though the surface low remained poorly defined and separate from the convection, the system became a tropical depression on September 3. Under the influence of southwesterlies, the depression accelerated northeastward at 50 mph (80 km/h). Late on September 3 it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ernesto. The storm continued to strengthen as it lost tropical characteristics. A large extratropical storm over the North Atlantic absorbed Ernesto on September 5. The only land area affected by the storm was in the Azores, where it brought near storm-force winds to Flores Island.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Ten
A broad low-pressure area formed in the western Gulf of Mexico on September 2 and quickly developed through the next day. By September 3 convection was organized enough to declare the system a tropical depression about 160 mi (260 km) west-southwest of Morgan City, Louisiana. Forecasters issued tropical storm warnings for the coast from Cameron, Louisiana, to Apalachicola, Florida, while the storm moved rapidly northeastward at 15 to 20 mph (32 km/h). However, the depression degenerated a few hours later when it merged with the cold front that had caused its acceleration.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Ten
Oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico reported winds gusts to 40 mph (64 km/h), and moderate to heavy rains drenched large portions of southeast Texas and Louisiana. The wave dampened over the next 24 hours and brought heavy rain to the rest of the southeast, including a maximum of 8.4 in (210 mm) in Biloxi, Mississippi. No major damage was reported.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Unnamed Tropical Storm
A well-organized disturbance moved off the African coast on September 6 and rapidly developed into Tropical Depression Eleven. The NHC began issuing advisories on September 8 while it was 350 mi (560 km) northeast of Cape Verde. An after-the-fact review of satellite and ship reports indicated that the depression reached tropical storm-strength on September 7. However, because of its extreme eastern track, the storm's observational track did not include this information.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Unnamed Tropical Storm
For three days a large trough of low pressure northwest of the system steered it north-northwest towards cooler waters. Moderate to heavy rain was reported along the west coast of Africa, but no damage was reported. The system eventually weakened and merged with the low pressure trough. This unnamed storm was later added to the list of tropical storms in the annual summary for the Atlantic hurricane season.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Florence
A cloud band accompanying a cold front exited the coast of Texas into the Gulf of Mexico on September 4. The band split into two over the central Gulf when the southern portion stalled and the northern portion developed into a frontal wave that tracked northeastward. Convection over the southern portion increased and wrapped around the center of the cloud band. On September 7 the system formed a surface circulation, and tropical depression advisories began that day.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Florence
The depression drifted eastward under the influence of the dissipating frontal trough and intensified into Tropical Storm Florence, as confirmed by hurricane hunters. The storm turned northward on September 9 and accelerated toward the northern Gulf Coast under the influence of a mid- to upper-level trough. Florence became a hurricane just hours before landfall on the western Mississippi Delta. The storm rapidly weakened over southeastern Louisiana and lost all its deep convection as it passed over the New Orleans area. Florence became a depression on September 10 near Baton Rouge and dissipated the next day over northeast Texas.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Florence
Early in its duration the system dropped moderate amounts of rainfall across the Yucatán Peninsula. Upon striking Louisiana, storm surge water levels rose moderately above normal just east of where the center moved ashore. Gusty winds caused power outages to more than 100,000 people. In Alabama one man died while trying to secure his boat. Rainfall from the hurricane caused severe river flooding in portions of the Florida Panhandle in an area already severely affected by heavy rainfall, and the flooding damaged or destroyed dozens of houses in Santa Rosa County.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gilbert
The 13th tropical depression formed just east of the Lesser Antilles on September 8. As it moved west-northwest, it became Tropical Storm Gilbert over the islands on September 9. The tropical storm turned west and rapidly intensified to a major hurricane on September 11. Gilbert continued to strengthen as it brushed the southern coast of Hispaniola. It passed directly over Jamaica as a Category 3 hurricane and brought torrential rains to the island's mountainous areas. When the center reemerged over water, Gilbert rapidly intensified again. On September 13 the central pressure dropped 72 millibars (2.1 inHg), the fastest deepening of an Atlantic hurricane on record until 2005's Hurricane Wilma. Gilbert's pressure of 888 millibars (26.2 inHg) at the time was the lowest sea level pressure ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gilbert
Gilbert weakened slightly before landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, although it struck at Category 5 strength. As the eye moved over land, the storm rapidly lost strength, reemerging on September 15 in the Gulf of Mexico as a Category 2 hurricane. Hurricane Gilbert continued its northwest track and restrengthened to a minimal Category 4 hurricane. On September 16, Gilbert made its final landfall in northeast Mexico near the town of La Pesca with maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (201 km/h). The center passed south of Monterrey, Mexico, on September 17 and brought heavy flooding to the city. Gilbert's remnants turned north and eventually merged with a developing frontal low pressure system over Missouri.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gilbert
Hurricane Gilbert was the most intense hurricane ever observed in the Atlantic basin until Hurricane Wilma broke this record in 2005. The storm caused $2.98 billion in damage across the Caribbean and into Central America. Gilbert was the first hurricane to make landfall in Jamaica since Hurricane Charlie in 1951. Until 2007's Hurricane Dean, it was also the most recent storm to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in Mexico. The death toll from Gilbert was reported to be 318 people, mostly from Mexico.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Helene
A tropical wave with deeply organized convection crossed the coast of Africa on September 15. The system was forced west due to a strong ridge in the eastern Atlantic. On September 19 at 18:00 UTC, the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Fourteen. By 06:00 UTC on September 20, the depression was strengthened, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Helene. Helene began to turn to the northwest on September 21 due to a major trough in the eastern Atlantic. Later on September 21, Helene intensified into a hurricane. Favorable conditions allowed the storm to continue strengthening, and on September 22, Helene became a major hurricane. Late on the following day, Helene attained its peak intensity; maximum sustained winds were at 145 mph (233 km/h) and the minimum pressure of 938 mbar (27.7 inHg).


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Helene
After reaching peak intensity, Helene weakened as it tracked generally northward through the open Atlantic. By early on September 29, Helene briefly restrengthened into a Category 2 hurricane and reached a secondary peak of 105 mph (169 km/h). However, later that day, Helene weakened back to a Category 1 hurricane while accelerating to the northeast. At 12:00 UTC on September 30, Helene transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while centered well south of Iceland. The precursor tropical wave produced thunderstorms and gusty winds ranging between 23 and 34 mph (37 and 55 km/h) in Cape Verde on September 17.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Fifteen
While Hurricane Helene was spinning in the central Atlantic, a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa in late September rapidly organized. On September 27 the storm became the fifteenth tropical depression of the season while it was about 265 mi (426 km) south-southeast of Cape Verde. The depression tracked westward at 15 to 20 mph (32 km/h) but weakened rapidly. The next day it was downgraded to a tropical wave while still in the far eastern Atlantic, and never reformed in the Atlantic. Aside from a brief threat to the Cape Verde islands, the system remained far from any landmasses throughout its life.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Isaac
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on September 23. It traveled westward at a low latitude along the Intertropical Convergence Zone (or ITCZ), and its convection gradually grew more organized. On September 29 it was identified as Tropical Depression Sixteen about 900 mi (1,400 km) southeast of Barbados. The westward path of the storm shifted two degrees northward, possibly as a result of the formation of a new center. On September 30 the depression was upgraded when an Air Force reconnaissance plane discovered tropical storm-force winds.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Isaac
Westerly vertical wind shear prevented deep convection at the center of the storm. As Isaac approached the islands, northern parts of the Lesser Antilles were issued tropical storm warnings. Nevertheless, the storm lasted only a short time in the shearing environment. Isaac was downgraded to a depression on October 1 and completely dissipated shortly thereafter. The remnants of Isaac eventually regenerated in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin as Tropical Depression Twenty-E.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Isaac
As a tropical cyclone, Isaac did not significantly affect land. However, the remnants dropped heavy rainfall across Trinidad and Tobago, causing flooding and mudslides that injured 20 people and left at least 30 homeless. Flash flooding in Morvant killed two people. Across the country, the storm damaged roads and bridges.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joan
On October 10 the 17th tropical depression of the season organized from a disturbance in the ITCZ. For the next two days the system traveled northwest while it strengthened into Tropical Storm Joan. After passing through the southern Lesser Antilles, Joan traveled westward along the South American coast as a minimal tropical storm. It crossed the Guajira Peninsula on October 17 and quickly attained hurricane strength just 30 mi (48 km) from the coast. Hurricane Joan strengthened into a major hurricane on October 19 while drifting westward.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joan
The hurricane executed a tight cyclonic loop in which it weakened greatly but rapidly strengthened upon resuming its westward track. Joan reached its peak intensity just before making landfall near Bluefields, Nicaragua, on October 22 as a Category 4 hurricane. Joan at the time was the southernmost Category 4 hurricane ever recorded, but this record has since been broken by Hurricane Ivan. Joan remained well organized as it crossed Nicaragua and emerged in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin as Tropical Storm Miriam. Miriam gradually weakened until dissipating on November 2.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joan
Hurricane Joan killed 148 people in Nicaragua and 68 others in affected nations. The hurricane damage in Nicaragua amounted to half of the $1.87 billion total. Joan also brought heavy rainfall and mudslides to countries along the extreme southern Caribbean. Its track along the northern coast of South America was very rare; Joan was one of only a few Atlantic tropical cyclones to move in this way. Joan was also the first tropical cyclone to cross from the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Greta of 1978.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Eighteen
A westward-moving tropical wave, that left the coast of Africa in early October, tracked closely behind Hurricane Joan through the southern Caribbean. In an unusual occurrence the disturbance developed into the 18th tropical depression about 500 mi (800 km) behind the powerful hurricane. An Air Force reconnaissance check of tropical weather on October 19 spotted the depression near Colombia's Guajira Peninsula. Hurricane Joan's small size allowed the depression to remain out-of-reach as it developed. However, the outflow of the hurricane sheared the depression and sapped its energy.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Eighteen
The system gradually dissipated on October 21 while Joan was experiencing rapid strengthening just before its arrival on the coast of Nicaragua. The depression brought heavy rain to the Netherlands Antilles. News reports blamed Tropical Depression Eighteen and other tropical systems for bringing swarms of pink locusts from Africa to Trinidad and other Caribbean nations.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Keith
The last storm of the season formed from a tropical wave on November 17 to the south of Haiti. It moved westward through the Caribbean and became organized enough to attain tropical storm status on November 20. Keith rapidly organized and peaked with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) before making landfall on the northeastern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula on November 21. An upper-level trough forced it to the northeast, where upper-level shear and cooler drier air weakened it to minimal storm strength in a pattern typical for November. Keith restrengthened over the southeastern Gulf of Mexico and struck near Sarasota, Florida, on November 23. After crossing the state, it became extratropical on November 24 near Bermuda and became an intense extratropical system over the Atlantic with sustained winds of minimal hurricane force.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Keith
Early in its duration Keith produced moderate to heavy rainfall in Honduras, Jamaica, and Cuba. Minimal damage was reported in Mexico, still recovering from the devastating effects of Hurricane Gilbert two months earlier. Keith, the last of four named tropical cyclones to hit the United States during the season, produced moderate rainfall, a rough storm surge, and gusty winds across central Florida. Overall damage was widespread but fairly minor, totaling about $7.3 million. Damage near the coast occurred mainly from storm surge and beach erosion, while damage further inland was limited to flooding and downed trees and power lines. No fatalities were reported.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1988. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1994 season. This is the same list used for the 1982 season. Storms were named Gilbert, Isaac, Joan and Keith for the first (and only, in the cases of Gilbert and Joan) time in 1988. Florence and Helene were not used in 1982 but had been used in previous lists. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.


1988 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names, Retirement
The World Meteorological Organization retired two names in the spring of 1989: Gilbert and Joan. They were replaced by Gordon and Joyce in the 1994 season.


1988 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1988 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. Coached by Pat Dye, the team finished the season with a 10–2 record and won its second consecutive Southeastern Conference (SEC) title, sharing it with LSU. LSU handed Auburn its only conference loss of the year 7–6, in a game referred to as the "Earthquake Game". Auburn lost to Florida State, 13–7, in the 1989 Sugar Bowl.


1988 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours 1988 are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 1988 by the Governor General of Australia, Sir Ninian Stephen.


1988 Australia Day Honours
The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.


1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy
The 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy was a series of fifteen matches played by the Australia national rugby union team (the Wallabies) in England, Scotland and Italy (with one match in Wales) from October to December 1988. The Wallabies won eleven of their matches and lost the other four; they lost to England in their first international match but beat Scotland in the second and concluded the tour with a further international win over Italy.


1988 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 1988 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title which was awarded to the winner of the 1988 Australian Formula 2 Championship. The winning driver received the 1988 CAMS Gold Star and is recognised by CAMS as the winner of both the 43rd Australian Drivers' Championship and the 21st Australian Formula 2 Championship. 1988 was the second and last year in which the Australian Drivers' Championship was contested by Australian Formula 2 cars, this being an interim arrangement between the demise of Formula Mondial in Australia at the end of 1986 and the introduction of Formula Holden in 1989.


1988 Australian Drivers' Championship
New South Wales driver Rohan Onslow won the first of his two Australian Drivers' Championships and his only Australian Formula 2 Championship driving a Cheetah Mk.8 Volkswagen and a Ralt RT30 Volkswagen. Queensland driver Derek Pingel (Ralt RT30 Volkswagen) finished second with Barry Ward (Ralt RT30 Volkswagen) placed third. Onslow and Neil Israel (Magnum 863 Volkswagen) each attained two round wins with single victories scored by Pingel, Ward and factory Nissan Touring Car driver Glenn Seton, who drove a Nissan Pulsar powered Ralt RT4 in two rounds of the championship. Seton's win at Adelaide International Raceway would be the only win for a car powered by an engine other than a Volkswagen Golf unit during the two years in which Australian Formula 2 cars contested the Australian Drivers' Championship.


1988 Australian Drivers' Championship, Race calendar
The championship was contested over a seven-round series with one race per round.


1988 Australian Drivers' Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded on a 30-27-24-21-19-17-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2 basis for the first twenty places at each round. Only the best six results from the seven rounds could be retained by each driver.


1988 Australian Drivers' Championship, Championship name
Whilst the 1988 Australian Formula 2 Championship winner was awarded the CAMS Gold Star, it was not certain at the time that the winner would be officially recognised as the 1988 Australian Champion Driver. Subsequently, however, the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport listed Onslow as the winner of both the 1988 Australian Formula 2 Championship and the 1988 Australian Drivers' Championship.


1988 Australian Grand Prix
The 1988 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Adelaide Street Circuit on 13 November 1988. It was the sixteenth and final race of the 1988 Formula One World Championship, and the last race for which turbocharged engines would be eligible until the 2014 Australian Grand Prix.


1988 Australian Grand Prix
The 82-lap race was won by Frenchman Alain Prost, driving a McLaren-Honda. It was Prost's seventh victory of the season, and the McLaren team's fifteenth, a record for a constructor in a single season that would stand until 2014. Prost's Brazilian teammate and new World Champion Ayrton Senna finished second, having started from pole position, while Senna's compatriot and outgoing champion Nelson Piquet came third in a Lotus-Honda, achieving what would turn out to be the final podium finish for the original Team Lotus.


1988 Australian Grand Prix, Qualifying
As had become normal in 1988, qualifying was the domain of the McLaren-Hondas. Senna and Prost easily led the time sheets on both Friday and Saturday, with Prost initially fastest on Friday with a 1:18.179 lap, 0.153 ahead of his teammate. The pair traded pole laps in the second qualifying session, with Senna doing his usual act of snatching pole on the last lap of qualifying with a 1:17.748 lap, only 0.132 in front of his teammate, but 1.7 seconds faster than the next fastest car, Nigel Mansell in the Williams-Judd.