1988 Ladies European Tour, Tournaments
The table below shows the 1988 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.


1988 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1988 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Leopards swept the Colonial League to win the conference championship.


1988 Lafayette Leopards football team
In their eighth year under head coach Bill Russo, the Leopards compiled a 8–2–1 record. Chris LaPietra and Andy Nygren were the team captains.


1988 Lafayette Leopards football team
The Leopards outscored opponents 420 to 251. Their undefeated (5–0) conference record placed first in the six-team Colonial League standings.


1988 Lafayette Leopards football team
Unranked in the preseason poll, Lafayette soon climbed the ranks during a five-game winning streak, reaching as high as No. 5 in the weekly national Division I-AA rankings. Non -conference losses in the middle of the year led to the team dropping out of the top 20, and it finished the season unranked.


1988 Lafayette Leopards football team
Lafayette played its home games at Fisher Field on College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1988 Lamar Cardinals football team
The 1988 Lamar Cardinals football season was the program's second season as an NCAA Division I-AA independent following the move from the Southland Conference to the newly formed non-football American South Conference. The Cardinals ended the season with a 3–8 overall record in the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Cardinals played their home games at the on-campus Cardinal Stadium, now named Provost Umphrey Stadium.


1988 Lancang earthquake
The 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes (simplified Chinese: 澜沧江－耿马地震; traditional Chinese: 瀾滄江－耿馬地震; pinyin: Láncāngjiāng-gěng mǎ dìzhèn), also known as the 11.6 earthquake by the Chinese media were a pair of devastating seismic events which struck Lancang and Gengma counties, Yunnan, near the border with Shan State, Burma in the Shan Plateau. The pair of earthquakes occurred thirteen minutes apart with the first registering 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and second measuring 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale. The two earthquakes were assigned their maximum Mercalli intensities of X (Extreme) and IX (Violent) respectively.


1988 Lancang earthquake
At least 939 people were killed and more than 7,700 were injured in 20 counties across five prefectures in Yunnan, making it the worst in the country since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Both earthquakes resulted in US $270 million (in 1988 dollars) in damages and economical losses. Moderately large aftershocks continued to rock the region, causing additional casualties and damages. Much information about the earthquake and its devastation were hidden by the Chinese government as the country was going through major political and cultural revolutions at the time.


1988 Lancang earthquake
It is the largest earthquake to affect both Yunnan Province and Shan State since 1970 and 1912, respectively. In January 1970, a Mw  7.1 struck Tonghai County, resulting in over 15,000 deaths, and in May 1912, Shan State was hit with a Mw  7.8 that caused serious damage in the region. Earthquakes in this part of Southeast Asia (the Shan Plateau) usually have focal mechanisms corresponding to both shallow left-lateral (sinistral) and right-lateral (dextral) strike-slip faulting. Sinistral systems follow an east-north-east or east-west trend for hundreds of kilometers, sometimes causing massive offsets in the Mekong and Salween rivers. On the other hand, dextral structures run along a more north-west or north-southernly strike. The earthquakes of November 6, 1988 were a result of slip along one of these dextral fault zones.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Shan Plateau is crisscrossed with numerous strike-slip structures to accommodate crustal rotation of the Sunda Block and deformation as a result of the India-Asia collision where the Indian Plate is underthrusted beneath the Eurasian Plate. The Shan Plateau was formed by uplift along the Shan Scarp Fault Zone, an inactive shear zone and reverse or thrust fault along its western base. Located east of the Shan Scarp Fault is the active Sagaing Fault, a dextral transform fault that separates the Burma Plate from the Sunda Plate.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Tectonic setting
At the northern boundary of the Shan Plateau lies the Red River Fault, an active 1,000 km-long dextral fault. Bookshelf-style faulting as a result of shear deformation between the Red River and Sagaing faults have resulted in predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faulting within the Shan Plateau. Seven years later, the 1995 Myanmar–China earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.8 struck the same area that was affected by the Lancang earthquake. That event left some 11 people dead, destroyed over 100,000 homes and damaged an additional 42,000 in the same area. It is believed to have been triggered by the transfer of stress from the 1988 doublet event.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake originated along the Longlin-Lancang Fault Zone, a northwest striking, 210 kilometres (130 mi) long fault structure. Its northern section is a single strand, unlike the northern section consisting of a set of clustered faults. It formed in the early to middle Miocene. The fault has a dextral sense of slip with a maximum displacement of 17 kilometres (11 mi). The estimated slip rate is 3.4 mm/yr.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake
Right-lateral (dextral) offset of 1.4 to 2 metres (4 ft 7 in to 6 ft 7 in) was measured along the surface rupture for the 7.7 mainshock. Very small dip-slip (reverse) component was also measured. Ground ruptures followed a north-northwest strike for about 24 kilometres (15 mi). Seismologists estimated the first mainshock ruptured a 52 to 70 km long, 26 km wide fault zone extending northwest and southeast, in the process, creating new fault zones. Maximum dextral surface offset was 1.4 meters and the vertical offset was 0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in). Fault rupture velocity was estimated to be at 2 km/s.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake
Thirteen minutes later, the second mainshock with a surface wave magnitude of 7.2 struck 63 km north northwest of the initial shock. The rupture area was nearly twice that of the 7.7 mainshock. The event sequence is considered a doublet earthquake.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake
Right before the 7.7 mainshock, a 2.6 foreshock preceded the disaster, it was the only recorded foreshock activity in the event sequence.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Lancang earthquake
The first mainshock struck a remote and mountainous location near the Myanmar–China border with a moment magnitude of 7.7, and surface wave magnitude measuring 7.6 or 7.3. Shaking from this event earned X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and IX on the China seismic intensity scale (Liedu). This intensity zone had an axis length of 27 km, with the widest width measuring 8 km, covering an area of 170 km2. It extends northwest to southeast from Mujia to Zhutang Township. Its northeast border lies along the eastern bank of the Heihe River, west of Fubang Township. Landslides, surface ruptures, liquefaction and ground failure was observed throughout.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Lancang earthquake
Intensity VIII encompassed Xuelin Wa Ethnic Township in Mujia Township to the north, and Zhutang Township in the southeast. Also within this zone was Ximeng County to the west. This zone had an axis length of 52 km and a width of 20 km, covering an area of 820 km2. Nearly every house in the region collapsed, with very few left intact. The earthquake also caused landslides and ground failures throughout this zone.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Lancang earthquake
Cangyuan Va Autonomous County to the north to Shangyun, Lancang County in the south was included in the area of VII. The western boundary also extended into Ximeng County, well past the Myanmar–China border, into Shan State, Myanmar. Here, damage was less extreme although some houses did collapse. Light homes remained intact, and much of the damage to ordinary homes reported include cracking of walls. Landslides also occurred, together with ground cracks and sand boils. This zone covered a large area of 3,680 km2.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Lancang earthquake
Strong to weak shaking was felt in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Bangladesh.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Gengma earthquake
The second shock measured 7.2 or 6.4 on the surface wave magnitude and 6.4 on the body wave magnitude. It had a maximum Liedu intensity of X. The zone included Gengma County to the north, and Yanshuai towards the south, Tuanjie Township, Cangyuan County to the east, and Mengsheng Township, Cangyuan County in the west. Many houses totally collapsed or were severely compromised in this zone. Many buildings were also seriously damaged. Lightly constructed homes collapsed or tilted due to damage resulting from fault rupture. Liquefaction and fissures erupting water were seen everywhere. The zone is a north-west ellipse with a major axis of 25 km and a minor axis of 8 km, covering an area of 160 km2.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Gengma earthquake
The zone of intensity VIII extended from Gengma in the north to Yanshuai and Nuoliang Township in the south. Very few homes remained standing and lightweight houses tilted. Damage to the ground was the same as seen in the zone of IX. This zone followed a north-west ellipse area of 940 km2.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Gengma earthquake
Aiguo New Village, Gengxuan Town, Gengma County in the north, to south of the Shuangjiang River in the east, to south of Lancang Shangyun in the south, and west to Minliang of Menglai Township, Cangyuan County in the west fell within intensity VII. Adobe houses totally collapsed as a result. Intensity VII was felt for an area of 3,020 km2.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity distribution, Gengma earthquake
Intensity VI from the second shock covered an area of 32,700 km2. The same intensity felt during the first mainshock was significantly constrained due to the overlapping effects caused by the second mainshock.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Aftershocks
A large aftershock measuring Mw  6.1 occurred 24 days after the two mainshocks. It caused additional injuries and further damaged the already crippled region. By December 20, over 600 aftershocks had been recorded.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Impact
The earthquake damaged more than 4,000 schools and medical care facilities in Yunnan. A further 1.308 million homes were destroyed as a result. Over 1,000,000 m3 of rockslide caused damaged highways and choked-up rivers, halting river transportation. Many buildings generally fared well during the earthquake because of better construction practices and retrofitting works conducted before the earthquake. The buildings which had collapsed were mostly built with the consideration of the local seismic hazard. Some buildings including a cinema which was designed to withstand seismic intensity VIII and a residential block made to resist intensity IX were virtually undamaged when the earthquake struck. These buildings were strengthened just before the earthquake.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Impact
Heavy damage was reported in Lancang County and 16 other surrounding counties. Many homes, roads and communication lines in Lancang and Mengliang were destroyed. An estimated 200,000 including 144,000 houses had collapsed, 500,000 buildings including 253,000 homes were badly damaged. About 1,000 schools, 98 clinics and 29 reservoirs were destroyed. Landslides in the area also damaged highways. Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province did not report any damage, although the earthquake was felt strongly. More damage was reported in Chiang Rai, Thailand. The total damage cost is estimated to be US$269 million (1988 dollars).


1988 Lancang earthquake, Impact, Casualties
Initial reports from the international media claimed that at least 600 inhabitants had been killed, mainly from the village of Shanmato which was obliterated. Telecommunication services were cut and severely disrupted around the Yunnan and Shan State border region. This meant provincial government officials could not provide any updated figures on the dead. Much earlier figures of fatalities were 18 and 37, which could not revised due to the communication disruptions. The majority of homes constructed of wood and mud, resided by farmers did not survive the extreme ground motions which led to the demise of many inhabitants.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Impact, Casualties
On November 9, the death toll totaled 938, at least 7,700 people were seriously injured, more than 3 million people had been affected with 267,000 left homeless.


1988 Lancang earthquake, Impact, Rescue
Due to its remote location and the lack of communication and damaged roads, rescue and aid transportation efforts faced difficulties getting to the affected areas. The Yunnan government ordered an airlift of medical and relief supplies to help those affected. The governor of Yunnan Province, He Zhiqiang, along with several medical doctors were also brought to the disaster scene. Several thousand troops and many military vehicles also visited the affected areas, according to the Ministry of Civil Affairs.


1988 Latvian SSR Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and RAF won the championship.


1988 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 1988 Laurence Olivier Awards were held in 1988 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre.


1988 Leeds City Council election
The Leeds City Council elections were held on Thursday, 5 May 1988, with one third of the council and a vacancy in Headingley to be elected.


1988 Leeds City Council election
Following national patterns, the newly merged Social and Liberal Democrats, seen a substantial fall in vote to their lowest share in a decade, with former candidates standing against them as SDP in opposition to the merger. The SLD collapse was largely uniform, mostly transferring to Labour, except in northern wards - where support tended to disperse between the main parties and any minor candidate standing (usually Green or the aforementioned breakaway SDP) - or wards in which Independents stood.


1988 Leeds City Council election
Importantly for the SLD, their support in the three wards they were defending notably withstood that collapse, although hopes of retaking Armley after their councillor turned Independent were dashed by large swings away to allow a Labour gain there (with Michael Meadowcroft later alleging racist campaigning by Labour). Elsewhere, the incumbent Independent in Pudsey South was comfortably re-elected, tripling his majority there. As the chief recipient of lost SLD support, Labour won their highest share of vote since the council's inception in 1973, and their greatest vote and majority on the council since 1980's re-warding.


1988 Leeds City Council election, Election result
This result has the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:


1988 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1988 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Lehigh tied for third in the Colonial League.


1988 Lehigh Engineers football team
In their third year under head coach Hank Small, the Engineers compiled a 6–5 record. Rich Curtis and Gregg Wolfson were the team captains.


1988 Lehigh Engineers football team
The Engineers outscored opponents 351 to 300. Their 2–3 conference record placed Lehigh in a three-way tie for third (and for next-to-last) in the six-team Colonial League standings.


1988 Lehigh Engineers football team
Lehigh played its first year of home games at Murray H. Goodman Stadium on the university's new Goodman Campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1988 Liberty Bowl
The 1988 Liberty Bowl, a college football postseason bowl game, took place on December 28, 1988, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee. The competing teams in the 30th Liberty Bowl were the South Carolina Gamecocks, who competed as a I-A independent, and the Indiana Hoosiers of the Big Ten Conference. In what was the first ever meeting between the schools, Indiana was victorious in by a final score of 34–10.


1988 Liberty Bowl, Teams, South Carolina
The 1988 South Carolina squad finished the regular season with losses at Georgia Tech and Clemson and at home to Florida State en route to an overall record of eight wins and three losses (8–3). After their loss to Clemson in the regular season finale on November 19, the Gamecocks publicly accepted an invitation to play in the Liberty Bowl. The appearance marked the first for South Carolina in the Liberty Bowl, and their eighth overall bowl game.


1988 Liberty Bowl, Teams, Indiana
The 1988 Indiana squad finished the regular season with a tie at Missouri and losses against  Michigan, Illinois and Michigan State en route to an overall record of seven wins, three losses and one tie (7–3–1). In mid-November, the Hoosiers accepted an invitation to play in the Liberty Bowl. Their appearance marked the first for Indiana in the Liberty Bowl, and their fifth overall bowl game.


1988 Liberty Bowl, Game summary
The 1988 edition of the Liberty Bowl, marked the 30th edition and the kickoff occurred in sub-freezing conditions. The Hoosiers scored early in the game when Anthony Thompson gave Indiana a 7–0 lead with his nine-yard touchdown run. They extended their lead further to 17–0 at halftime after a ten-yard Dave Schnell touchdown pass to Calvert Miller and a 28-yard Pete Stoyanovich field goal in the second quarter. The Gamecocks scored their only touchdown early in the third quarter when Antonio Walker blocked a Macky Smith punt that was recovered and returned 34-yards by Mike Tolbert for the score.


1988 Liberty Bowl, Game summary
Each team then traded field goals, Stoyanovich from 19-yards for Indiana and Collin Mackie from 44-yards for Carolina that made the score 20–10 at the end of the third quarter. The Hoosiers then closed the game with a pair of fourth-quarter touchdowns and won 34–10. Points were scored on an 88-yard, Rob Turner touchdown reception from Dave Schnell and an eight-yard Thompson run. Dave Schnell was named the MVP of the game as he completed 16 of 31 passes for 378 yards and two touchdowns.


1988 Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences fire
The 1988 fire in the Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences) broke out on Sunday, February 14, 1988, in the newspaper section on the third floor of the library; the cause of which is still unknown. According to the library's acting director Valeriy Leonov, the fire alarm sounded at 8:13 pm, when the library was closed for visitors. By the time the fire was extinguished the following afternoon, it had destroyed 298.000 books of the total 12 million housed, two to three million more were damaged by heat and smoke. About 734,465 copies volumes initially became damp due to firefighting foam. Many of the lost volumes were part of the Baer Collection of foreign scientific works: 152,000 were lost. The rest 146.000 were Russian books.


1988 Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences fire
The lost fund was partially restored, large batches of books and individual rare editions came from more than 700 domestic libraries to replenish the lost funds.


1988 Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences fire, Extinguishment
The first fire engines arrived eight minutes after the fire alarm went off. However, it took nearly two hours for the firefighters to reach the fire itself. The fire was initially tackled by the Ninth Fire Company that was joined by the crews of seven other fire engines.


1988 Library of the USSR Academy of Sciences fire, Book salvage
The damp books damaged by fire extinguishment were initially frozen. Then a radio appeal was broadcast for citizens to dry the damp books in their homes. By late March 1988 93% of the damp books had been dried in that way and returned to the library. However, about 10,000 books became moldy.


1988 Liechtenstein referendums
Three referendums were held in Liechtenstein during 1988. The first two were held on 24 January and concerned increasing the number of members of the Landtag from 15 to 25 and a plan for company pensions. Both were approved by 51.7% of voters. The third was held on 2 October on the construction of the Gnalp-Steg tunnel and was approved by 55.1% of voters.


1988 Lifesaving World Championships
The 1988 Lifesaving World Championships were held between 22–27 March 1988 at the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.


1988 Lifesaving World Championships
These were the first Lifesaving World Championships to include both pool and ocean events with the pool events being conducted at the Southport Olympic Pool in Southport and the ocean events being conducted at Main Beach and Greenmount Beach. As well as being the first championships to include both pool and ocean lifesaving events, these were the first championships to conduct contests for both Interclub and International teams. Competitors representing teams from 10 countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and the United States took part.


1988 Lifesaving World Championships
The National Teams competition included 5 pool and 11 ocean events, whilst the Interclub competition included 8 men's pool events, 13 men's ocean events, and 3 women's ocean events. Competitors from Australia dominated the competitions.


1988 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito's 1988 season was the club's 58th year of existence, the 35th year in professional football and the 28th in the top level of professional football in Ecuador.


1988 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1988 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 94th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.


1988 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
On 16 October 1988, Patrickswell won the championship after a 4-10 to 2-06 defeat of Cappamore in a final replay. It was their 11th championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1988 Lion Cup
The 1989 Lion Cup was the premier domestic rugby union knock-out competition in South Africa. This was the sixth edition of the Lion Cup.


1988 Lion Cup, Teams
All 26 South African provincial teams took part in this competition. They were ranked as follows:


1988 Lion Cup, Competition
This competition was a knock-out competition. The four teams ranked 23 to 26 played each other in the Qualifying Round with the two winners advancing to Round One, where they  joined the teams ranked 9 to 22. These sixteen teams played in eight matches, with the winners advancing to Round Two, where the top 8 ranked teams will join. In Round Two, the sixteen remaining teams would be reduced to eight and would be followed by the Quarter Finals, Semi-Finals and the Final.


1988 Lion Cup, Fixtures and Results
The draw for Round One and Round Two were made on 25 February, The Quarter Final draw was made on 3 May and the Semi-Final draw on 28 May.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships
The 1988 Lipton International Players Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 4th edition of the Miami Masters and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and of the Category 6 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. Both the men's and women's events took place at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park in Key Biscayne, Florida in the United States from March 14 through March 28, 1988.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd defeated  Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso 7–6, 6–1, 7–5


1988 Lipton International Players Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Steffi Graf /  Gabriela Sabatini defeated  Gigi Fernández /  Zina Garrison 7–6(8–6), 6–3


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Doubles
Paul Annacone and Christo van Rensburg were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Doubles
Fitzgerald and Järryd won in the final 7–6, 6–1, 7–5 against Ken Flach and Robert Seguso.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles
Miloslav Mečíř was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Jimmy Connors.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Men's Singles
Mats Wilander won in the final 6–4, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4 against Connors.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Women's Doubles
Steffi Graf and Gabriela Sabatini won in the final 7–6(8–6), 6–3 against Gigi Fernández and Zina Garrison.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Women's Singles
Steffi Graf was the defending champion and won in the final 6–4, 6–4 against Chris Evert.


1988 Lipton International Players Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Little League World Series
The 1988 Little League World Series took place between August 23 and August 27 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The Taiping Little League of Taichung, Taiwan, defeated the Pearl City Little League of Pearl City, Hawaii, in the championship game of the 42nd Little League World Series.


1988 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 5 May 1988. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party kept overall control of the council.


1988 Liverpool City Council election, Ward results
These results are compared with the 1984 elections when councillors were elected for a four-year term. * = Councillor elected in 1984 and standing for re-election.


1988 Livingston Open
The 1988 Livingston Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at Newark Academy in Livingston, New Jersey in the United States from August 15 through August 22, 1988. First-seeded Andre Agassi won the singles title.


1988 Livingston Open, Finals, Doubles
Grant Connell /  Glenn Michibata defeated  Marc Flur /  Sammy Giammalva Jr. 2–6, 6–4, 7–5


1988 Livingston Open – Doubles
Gary Donnelly and Greg Holmes were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1988 Livingston Open – Doubles
Grant Connell and Glenn Michibata won the title, defeating Marc Flur and Sammy Giammalva, Jr. 2–6, 6–4, 7–5 in the final.


1988 Livingston Open – Singles
Johan Kriek was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.


1988 Livingston Open – Singles
Andre Agassi won the title, defeating Jeff Tarango 6–2, 6–4 in the final.


1988 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1988 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 74th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 17 April 1988. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Adri van der Poel of the PDM team.


1988 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by YugoBasket (talk | contribs) at 16:33, 10 January 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1988 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet
The 1988 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet was the 9th edition of the Catalan Basketball League.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church
The 1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church (Russian: Поме́стный собо́р Ру́сской правосла́вной це́ркви 1988 года) was the fourth in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church. It was held June 6 to 9, 1988 at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the Refectory Church. It was held in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'. The most important outcome of the Council was the adoption of a new charter of the Russian Orthodox Church and the canonization of nine zealots of Orthodoxy. At the council in 1988, in contrast to the councils in 1945 and 1971, the debate on ecclesiastical order at various levels had been very busy, sometimes acute; often, members of the council expressed diametrically opposed opinions.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Background
March 28 to 31, 1988 in the Moscow Novodevichy convent in session Pre-Council Bishops' Conference. It considered the program of the anniversary of the Local Council and the design of his instruments. Particular attention was drawn to the draft Constitution of the Russian Orthodox Church, designed by the decision of the Presidium of the Jubilee Committee Archbishop Kirill I of Smolensk and Viazemsky (Gundyaeva).


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Background
The project charter had been previously reviewed and approved by the permanent members of the Holy Synod of January 22, 1988, the editorial committee and the Bureau of the Jubilee Commission on March 14, and the plenum of the Jubilee Committee on March 26. Arhipastyri made a number of amendments. The draft charter was also presented to the Council for Religious Affairs of the USSR Council of Ministers, which stated that the project is not contrary to the charter of the rules of civil law and can be used in the Soviet Union. The bishops' meeting adopted the names of ascetics for the canonization of the Local Council.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, Background
The participants of the Council had to have all the bishops of the Russian Church, according to the election - two representatives from the clergy and laity of each diocese, as well as representatives of the religious schools, the governors and the abbesses of monasteries


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
The Local Council opened on June 6 with a Divine Liturgy at the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. Arriving at the Council, were 272 representatives from 67 domestic and 9 foreign dioceses, 22 monasteries, 2 theological academies and 3 seminaries, foreign institutions from the Russian Church and the Japanese Autonomous Church.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
Patriarch Pimen and the permanent members of the Holy Synod were elected in the Presidium of the Council. The Council formed: the Secretariate, headed by Metropolitan Sergius (Petrov) of Odessa; the Credentials Committee, chaired by Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh; and the Drafting Committee headed by Archbishop Kirill (Gundyayev) of Smolensk and Viazemsky.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
A word of welcome to the Local Council of the USSR Council of Ministers was announced by the Chairman of Religious Affairs Konstantin Kharchev. Congratulations to the Council asked the guests of honor. At the first meeting on the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus' was made by the Metropolitan of Kiev and Galich Philaret (Denisenko).


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
On the same day, Metropolitan Juvenal (Poyarkov) of Krutitsky read the report "The Canonization of Saints in the Russian Orthodox Church". For the glorification among the saints have been proposed: the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow (1350-1389), Andrei Rublev (1360 - first half of the 15th century), Maxim the Greek (1470-1556), Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow (1482-1563), the Rev. Paisius Velichkovsky (1722-1794), blessed Xenia of Petersburg (1732 - beginning of the 19th century), St. Ignatius Brianchaninov (1807-1867), the Rev. Ambrose of Optina (1812-1891), and St. Theophan the Recluse (1815-1894). The solution of the Council was performed the rite of canonization.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
Blessed Prince Dmitriy Donskoy was a local saint for centuries, some frescoes of the 16th century it was written in a nimbus - Council approved what has long been the practice of the church. So with the other saints canonized by the council. Local veneration of St. Andrei Rublev, known since the late 15th century. St. Maximus the Greek was locally revered since the end of the 16th century. Glorification of Macarius of Moscow, and was partly a nod in the direction of Old Believers. Xenia of Petersburg, and was worshiped by the people in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially during and after World War II.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
In the Acts of the Council of the canonization also stated:


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 6
Print their lives and the creation of which have any, for the edification and instruction in righteousness children of the Church ... is considered necessary in the post-council period continue to explore further canonizations to praise other people revered in the heroes of the faith and piety, than to have the care of the Holy Synod.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 7
On the morning of June 7 on "The life and work of the Orthodox Church" («Жизнь и деятельность Православной Церкви»), contains an overview of major events in the life of the church since the previous Local Council in 1971, was made by Metropolitan Vladimir (Sabodan) of Rostov and Novocherkassk.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 7
Chairman of the Department for External Church Relations Metropolitan Philaret (Vakhromeyev) of Minsk and Belarus spoke on "The External Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church", which provided an overview of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the other Churches of the 2nd millennium of Christian history. A large section of the report was devoted to ecumenical activity of the Russian Church.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 7
At the evening session a report on the peacekeeping activities of the Russian Orthodox Church made of Leningrad and Novgorod Metropolitan Alexy (Ridiger). The report highlighted the ecumenical aspects of the peacekeeping activities of the Church in the 1970s and 1980s.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 7
Chairman of the Publishing Department of the Moscow Patriarchate, Metropolitan Pitirim (Nechayev) of Volokolamsk and Yuriev, made a presentation about the publishing of the Russian Orthodox Church. He emphasized the leading role of the Church in Russia in the spread of literary culture in the era of the Most Holy Synod. Metropolitan Pitirim called as the primary task of the church publishing is the publication of Holy Scripture and prayerbooks, release of scientific and theological works.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
Before the start of the morning session, Metropolitan of Kiev and Galich Filaret (Denisenko) reported on the Service's Council in Kiev on the eve of his document of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR on the transfer of Russian Orthodox Church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
Chairman of the Education Committee, the rector of the Moscow Theological Academy and Seminary, Archbishop Alexander of Dmitrov (Timofeev) spoke on "Spiritual Formation of the Russian Orthodox Church". The report covered the history of spiritual enlightenment and educational affairs in Russia. Special attention was paid speaker spiritual enlightenment in the synodal period, and led a report on the activities of religious schools in the aftermath of the Local Council in 1971. Special attention was paid to the problems that at that time, so spiritual school.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
Report of the Chairman of the Economic Board of Metropolitan Methodius Voronezh and Lipetsk (Nemtsov) "Economic Activities of the Russian Orthodox Church from Antiquity to the Present Day (988-1988)" due to illness Rapporteur read out by the Secretary of the Economic Board Archpriest Leonid Kuz'minov.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
The main event of the evening session on June 8 was the discussion and adoption of the new Constitution of the Russian Orthodox Church, developed and presented by the Council by Archbishop Kirill of Smolensk and Viazemsky (Gundyaeva) was discussed at the Bishops Pre-Council Conference March 28 to 31, 1988. During the discussion held at the Local Council, have been reviewed and amended the text of the Constitution, clarified some wording. When developing a new charter Archbishop Kirill (Gundyaev) used the achievements of the Council 1917-1918. Was rejected by the charter of 1945. This is explained by the fact that the statute of 1945 was preparing to urgently during the war, and many things were not identified - the charter is recognized as obsolete.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
"The position of the Russian Orthodox Church", which was adopted at the Local Council in 1945, was out of date. Changes made to it in 1961, motivated by the difficult situation in which the Church was at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, has led to the fact that the clergy was actually estranged from the leadership of the parishes, and legally - and all of the parishes themselves.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
It was the first charter in the history of the Russian Church. In the era of governance Russian Synodal Church was carried out on the basis of "Spiritual Regulation", in a way similar to the Charter, then spiritual regulations have replaced some definitions of the Local Council of 1917-1918. From 1945 to 1988 there were brief "Regulation of the Russian Orthodox Church".


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
Charter introduced a periodicity of Local and Bishops' Councils at least once every two years. Was expanded structure of the Holy Synod: the number of its permanent members increased to five. Diocesan congregation was restored. The ruling bishop, with the assistance of the meeting (of an equal number of clergy and laity) directs the church life in the diocese. At the most established diocesan bishop board composed of at least four people, one half of which shall be appointed a bishop, and the other - the Diocesan Assembly elected for one year.


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 8
The most important change was the abolition of the Bishops' Council decision in 1961 to dismiss a priest from the financial and economic activity. The highest authority in the management of the parish became a parish meeting of clergy and lay people - members of the parish, was elected chairman of the meeting of the temple. Executive body of the parish meeting, called to implement its decisions and accountable to him, was the parish council of three members: the chairman, his deputy and treasurer


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 9
Members of the Council discussed and adopted a number of new documents, "Definitions of the Local Council" («Определения Поместного Собора»), "Message to all Christians of the World" («Обращение ко всем христианам мира») and "Statement on the Vital Issues of our Time" («Заявление по насущным проблемам современности»).


1988 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, June 9
At the final meeting of the Council with a report of the Credentials Committee made Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh. Closing remarks at the Council were said by Patriarch Pimen.


1988 Lochaber District Council election
Elections to the Lochaber District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 London Marathon
The 1988 London Marathon was the eighth running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 17 April. The elite men's race was won by Denmark's Henrik Jørgensen in a time of 2:10:20 hours and the women's race was won by Norway's Ingrid Kristiansen in 2:25:41.


1988 London Marathon
In the wheelchair races, Canadian Ted Vince (2:01:37) and Britain's Karen Davidson (2:41:45) set course records in their wins of the men's and women's divisions, respectively. This was the first time a non-British athlete won one of wheelchair events.


1988 London Marathon
Around 73,000 people applied to enter the race, of which 29,979 had their applications accepted and 22,469 started the race. A total of 20,932 runners finished the race – the first time the marathon had over 20,000 people achieve that.


1988 Long Beach State 49ers football team
The 1988 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State University, Long Beach during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Long Beach State 49ers football team
Cal State Long Beach competed in the Big West Conference. The team was led by second-year head coach Larry Reisbig, and played home games at Veterans Stadium on the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins and nine losses (3–9, 3–4 Big West). The 49ers offense scored 201 points while the defense allowed 385 points.


1988 Lorraine Open
The 1988 Lorraine Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Metz France, and was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and took place from 22 February through 29 February 1988. First-seeded Jonas Svensson won the singles title.


1988 Lorraine Open, Finals, Doubles
Jaroslav Navrátil /  Tom Nijssen defeated  Rill Baxter /  Nduka Odizor 6–2, 6–7, 7–6


1988 Los Angeles Cobras season
The 1988 Los Angeles Cobras season was the first and only season for the Cobras.


1988 Los Angeles Cobras season
On March 16, 1988, it was announced that team would be nicknamed the Cobras, as well as the introduction of head coach Ray Willsey. The Cobras played their home games at the Los Angeles Sports Arena, which they shared with the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association. The team's logo consisted of an interlocking "LA" in which the left upright of the "A" was formed by the hooded head and "neck" of a cobra.


1988 Los Angeles Cobras season
The team debuted April 30, 1988, against the New York Knights. The Cobras started the season 0-3, but finished the season 5-3-1, clinching a playoff spot.


1988 Los Angeles Cobras season
Despite a lineup that featured former NFL all-pro receiver Cliff Branch, ex-UCLA quarterback Matt Stevens and future Arena Football Hall of Fame Gary Mullen, Los Angeles drew dismal crowds: just 7,507 per game, second-worst in the AFL. The Cobras lost in the semifinals to the Chicago Bruisers, 29-16. It turned out to be their last game ever as the Cobras (as well as the New York Knights and the New England Steamrollers) folded after the 1988 season, temporarily cutting the league down to just three teams.


1988 Los Angeles Cobras season, Roster
Rookies in italics updated February 5, 201328 Active, 0 Inactive, 0 PS


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1988 season was a memorable one for the Los Angeles Dodgers as a squad that was picked to finish fourth wound up winning the World Series, beating the heavily favored New York Mets and Oakland Athletics on the way. Kirk Gibson carried the Dodger offense, winning the National League Most Valuable Player Award. Orel Hershiser dominated on the mound, throwing a record 59 consecutive scoreless innings on his way to winning the Cy Young Award.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Offseason
With the sub-par 1987 performance fresh in their minds, General Manager Fred Claire and Field Manager Tom Lasorda knew what needed to be fixed. They started the off-season by allowing poor performers such as Glenn Hoffman, Ken Landreaux and Phil Garner explore the free agent market. On December 11, 1987, Claire pulled the trigger on a trade that helped solidify the Dodgers' defense and bullpen, despite giving up one of the top pitchers of the National League in 1987 in Bob Welch.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Offseason
The Dodgers acquired shortstop Alfredo Griffin and relief pitchers Jay Howell and Jesse Orosco in a three-team trade ironically with the Athletics and Mets, the two teams they would eventually defeat in the '88 postseason. In an attempt to boost the offense for the upcoming season, the Dodgers signed Mike Davis on December 15, 1987. The biggest move of the off-season was still to come.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Offseason
On January 29, 1988, the Dodgers signed free agent slugger Kirk Gibson from the Detroit Tigers. Gibson, who was a 9 year veteran at the time of the signing, was known for his power at the plate and speed on the basepaths, but was also brought in to be a clubhouse leader. To help solidify their roster the Dodgers went on to sign 21-year veteran pitcher Don Sutton and 20-year veteran catcher Rick Dempsey. Dempsey, known for his fiery personality, joined Gibson as the veteran clubhouse leaders.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Offseason
It was Gibson, however, who would make the biggest impact. Preparing for his first spring training game as a Dodger on March 3, 1988, Gibson began his pregame warm-ups in the outfield. Taking off his hat to wipe sweat from his head, Gibson noticed people laughing. He soon realized that someone (it turned out to be reliever Jesse Orosco) had greased the inside of his cap with eyeblack and he had unknowingly wiped it all over himself in full view of the fans who were in attendance. Gibson immediately left the field in anger and left the Dodgers' spring training complex, missing the game. The next day, manager Tommy Lasorda held a team meeting where Orosco apologized. The message was made clear, however: Gibson came to the Dodgers to win and was serious about it.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Offseason
Key player from the 1987 team were also brought back. These players included right fielder Mike Marshall, center fielder John Shelby, catcher Mike Scioscia, Second Baseman Steve Sax, Utilityman Mickey Hatcher, and pitchers Orel Hershiser, Fernando Valenzuela, and Tim Leary.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, April
The Dodgers started the 1988 season at home against the San Francisco Giants. The Dodgers opening day pitcher was Valenzuela. The opening day lineup featured Sax, Griffin, Gibson, Marshall, Shelby, Davis, Scioscia and Third Baseman Pedro Guerrero. The first pitch of the season, to Sax by Giants pitcher Dave Dravecky, was hit into the Left Field seats at Dodger Stadium. However, Valenzuela would then give up the lead and the Dodgers would eventually lose the game 5-1. The team would go on to win their next five games and finish April with a 13-7 record which included a four-game sweep of the Atlanta Braves. Hershiser finished the month of April with a 5-0 record.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, May
The Dodgers went 14-13 during the month of May. As it had always been, May was one of the toughest months for the Dodgers. On May 21, 1988, Griffin was hit by a pitch from Mets pitcher Dwight Gooden on the hand. Griffin would miss over two months with a broken hand. This heated up the Dodger-Met rivalry which would last the remainder of the season. In fact, the next day, May 22, 1988, Mets starting pitcher David Cone hit Pedro Guerrero in the head in the 6th inning.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, May
As a show of disgust at what the Dodgers felt was headhunting by the Mets pitchers, Guerrero proceeded to stand up, throw his bat in Cone's direction and charge the mound. A benches clearing mêlée ensued and Guerrero and Lasorda were ejected from the game. Because Griffin had to be placed on the disabled list with a broken hand the Dodgers were left with a hole at shortstop, though they had a solid replacement in the form of veteran Dave Anderson. At times during May, the lead over the Astros neared five games. By the end of the month the Dodgers' lead in the NL West Division was only a half of a game over the Houston Astros.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, June
The Dodgers had a solid month of June compiling a record of 17-9 over the month. Hershiser continued his successful year by finishing the month of June with a record of 12-3. Much of the Dodgers' success to this point in the season could be attributed to solid starting pitching from Hershiser, Leary and the emerging rookie Tim Belcher. However, the best pitchers of the Dodgers' pitching staff were those who came out of the bullpen. Orosco, Howell, Brian Holton and Alejandro Peña were all enjoying successful seasons. After a slow start in April, Gibson was now hitting .288 with 15 HR's, 40 RBI, 53 runs scored and 15 SB's.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, August
The summer success continued for the Dodgers as they completed August with a 17-12 record. Don Sutton was released August 10 after GM Fred Claire discovered Sutton had informally  discussed a possible front office job with the Houston Astros. Sutton was 3-6 with a 3.92 ERA at the time. Sutton did not sign with another team. His 233 career wins with the Dodgers remains the team record.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, Dramatic summer moments
Many who have followed the Dodgers have pointed to a few moments during the months of July and August that got the season going in the right direction, keep the successes going and exemplified what the 1988 Dodgers were all about.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, September/October
Hershiser would begin a scoreless inning streak in September that he would eventually take to over 59 innings and pass Dodger legend Don Drysdale for the record for most consecutive scoreless innings. Hershiser would throw complete game shutouts against the Braves on September 5, the Reds on September 10,  the Braves again on September 14, the Astros on September 19 and the Giants on September 23 to take him within 9 innings of Drysdale's record. Before Hershiser would get a chance to break the record the Dodgers needed to clinch the National League West Championship.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Season summary, September/October
Their chance came in San Diego  on September 26. The San Diego Padres would take a 2-0 lead in the first inning. But the Dodgers would get 3 runs back and win the game 3-2, clinching the division. Hershiser would get his next start on September 28 and he would pitch 10 scoreless innings against the Padres to break Drysdale's record.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Playoffs, National League Championship Series
The Dodgers faced the New York Mets in the LCS. The Mets had dominated the Dodgers during the regular season, winning 10 out of 11 meetings and were heavy favorites going into the series. But the Dodgers, led by series MVP Orel Hershiser (who pitched a complete game shutout in game 7) won the series 4 games to 3.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Playoffs, World Series
The Dodgers were again heavy underdogs in the World Series against the Oakland Athletics, led by sluggers Mark McGwire and José Canseco. However, the Dodgers won the series in five games thanks to Kirk Gibson's pinch-hit game winning homer in the first game off of Dennis Eckersley and the continued mastery of series MVP Orel Hershiser.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The Dodgers drafted 62 players in this draft. Of those, 11 of them would eventually play Major League baseball. The Dodgers lost their second round pick to the Oakland Athletics as compensation for their signing free agent outfielder Mike Davis.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The top pick in the draft was Pitcher Bill Bene out of California State University, Los Angeles. In nine seasons in the Minors he had a record of 18-34 with a 5.45 ERA in 252 games (49 starts). In 2012, he was arrested and sentenced to six months in prison for operating a counterfeit karaoke business and failing to pay federal taxes.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
This draft produced two of the Dodgers top players of the 1990s. In the sixth round they selected first baseman Eric Karros from UCLA. The 1992 Rookie of the Year and a 1995 Silver Slugger Award winner, Karros hit .268 with 284 homers and 1,027 RBI in 14 seasons (12 of them with the Dodgers) and is the L.A. Dodgers all-time home run leader.


1988 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
In the 62nd round with their last pick of the draft the Dodgers selected Mike Piazza from Miami Dade College as a favor to his god-father, manager Tommy Lasorda. Piazza would win the 1993 Rookie of the Year Award and was a 12 time All-Star and 10 time Silver Slugger Award winner in his 16 seasons (mostly with the Dodgers and New York Mets). He hit .308 with 427 home runs and 1,335 RBI.


1988 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The 14th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards were announced on 10 December 1988 and given on 24 January 1989.


1988 Los Angeles Raiders season
The 1988 Los Angeles Raiders season was the franchise's 29th season overall, and the franchise's 19th season in the National Football League. Mike Shanahan was hired as head coach, and the club finished with a 7–9 record. The Raiders drafted Heisman Trophy winner Tim Brown, making Brown the third person on the Raiders roster to have won the Heisman Trophy, the others being Marcus Allen and Bo Jackson.


1988 Los Angeles Raiders season
Most of the team's success throughout the season came through their division, as the Raiders finished 6-2 against the weak AFC West division, with their only 2 losses against the champions of the division, the Seattle Seahawks. However, the Raiders were only 1-7 against the rest of the NFL, with their only other win coming against the eventual champions, the 49ers in San Francisco in a game in which only field goals were kicked.


1988 Los Angeles Raiders season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 3
Steve Beuerlein threw for 375 yards in a game against the Los Angeles Rams.


1988 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1988 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise's 51st season in the National Football League, their 41st overall, and their 43rd in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The team improved on a disappointing 6–9 record the previous year, going 10–6 and qualifying as a Wild Card before losing to the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Wild Card game.


1988 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1988 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana Tech University as an I-AA independent during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first year under head coach Joe Raymond Peace, the team compiled an 4–7 record.


1988 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1988 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cardinals, led by fourth-year head coach Howard Schnellenberger, participated as independents and played their home games at Cardinal Stadium.


1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary
The 1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary was a Marian apparition that allegedly took place at St. John Neumann Church in Lubbock, Texas, between February and August, 1988.


1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary, Description
Beginning in February, parishioners began to report having experiences of Mary, including the smell of roses. One, Mary Constancio, claimed to have received instructions to spread the word of what they had experienced, and to gather more people. People began to come to Lubbock in greater numbers, and during the Feast of the Assumption, 12,000 people came to Lubbock hoping to observe the phenomenon. Late in the day some people reported unusual phenomena related to the appearance of the sun, similar to the 1917 Miracle of the Sun.


1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary, Description
The event was investigated by a team assembled by Bishop of Lubbock Michael J. Sheehan. As of 2008, the event was not recognized by the Catholic Church.


1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 2–7 at a combination of on-campus gymnasiums and the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. This was the first edition of the tournament.


1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
Top-seeded La Salle defeated Fordham in the championship game, 79–70, to win their first MAAC men's basketball tournament.


1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The Explorers received an automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Tournament as the #13 seed in the Midwest region.


1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All eight of the conference's members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records.


1988 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
First Round games were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games were played at a neutral site at the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey.


1988 MLB Japan All-Star Series
The 1988 MLB Japan All-Star Series was the second edition of the championship, a best-of-seven series between the All-Star teams from Major League Baseball (MLB) and Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), then-called All-Japan.


1988 MLB Japan All-Star Series
MLB won the series by 3–2–2 and Barry Larkin was named MVP.


1988 MTV Video Music Awards
The 1988 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 7, 1988, honoring the best music videos from May 2, 1987, to April 1, 1988. The show was hosted by Arsenio Hall at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles.


1988 MTV Video Music Awards
Australian group INXS was the night's biggest winner and nominee, taking home five awards out of nine nominations. The group's awards included Video of the Year and Viewer's Choice, making this the first of few times in which the same artist and video took home these two awards in the one night. INXS's nominations, meanwhile, totaled up to nine:  eight for "Need You Tonight/Mediate" (making it the year's most nominated video) and one for "Devil Inside".


1988 MTV Video Music Awards
In the meantime, George Harrison and U2 were tied in for second place in terms of nominations, as each picked up eight nominations that year. Furthermore, both artists split their nominations between two different videos in 1988, and at least once both of their videos competed against one another in the same category (and so did INXS's videos).


1988 MTV Video Music Awards
Finally, this year's show saw the elimination of another category, as the award for Best Overall Performance in a Video was not handed out this year or ever again. At the same time, the category of Most Experimental Video was renamed "Breakthrough Video", a name that it still keeps (as of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards).


1988 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Direction in a Video
George Michael – "Father Figure" (Directors: Andy Morahan and George Michael)


1988 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Special Effects in a Video
Squeeze – "Hourglass" (Special Effects: Jim Francis and Dave Barton)


1988 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Art Direction in a Video
Squeeze – "Hourglass" (Art Directors: Clive Crotty and Mick Edwards)


1988 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Cinematography in a Video
Sting – "We'll Be Together" (Director of Photography: Bill Pope)


1988 Macau Grand Prix
The 1988 Macau Grand Prix Formula Three was the 34th Macau Grand Prix race to be held on the streets of Macau on 27 November 1988. It was the fifth edition for Formula Three cars.


1988 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1988 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their second and final season under head coach Tim Murphy, the Black Bears compiled a 7–4 record (4–4 against conference opponents) and finished in a four-way tie for third place in the Yankee Conference. Nick Penna was the team captain.


1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 59th playing of the "Midsummer Classic" between Major League Baseball's American League (AL) and National League All-Star teams. The All-Star Game was held on July 12, 1988, at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio, the home of the NL's Cincinnati Reds.


1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The game resulted in the AL defeating the NL 2-1. Terry Steinbach, a catcher for the AL's Oakland Athletics, won the All-Star game's most valuable player award. Steinbach was credited with both of the AL's two runs in the game. Frank Viola of the Minnesota Twins was the winning pitcher.


1988 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star rosters
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.


1988 Major League Baseball draft, First round selections
The following are the first round picks in the 1988 Major League Baseball draft.


1988 Major League Baseball season
The 1988 Major League Baseball season ended with the underdog Los Angeles Dodgers shocking the Oakland Athletics, who had won 104 games during the regular season, in the World Series. The most memorable moment of the series came in Game 1, when injured Dodger Kirk Gibson hit a dramatic pinch-hit walk-off home run off Athletics closer Dennis Eckersley to win the game for Los Angeles. The Dodgers went on to win the Series in five games.


1988 Major League Baseball season, Overview
One of the American League's best players in 1988 was Athletics outfielder José Canseco, who became the first player in history to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in a single season, unanimously garnering league MVP honors. The A's surrounded him with a stellar supporting cast, led by fellow slugger Mark McGwire (with whom Canseco formed the famed "Bash Brothers" duo). Aided by strong pitching from Dave Stewart and Bob Welch and the lights-out Eckersley securing 45 saves, Oakland ran away with the American League West and swept the Boston Red Sox of Boggs, Rice, and Clemens in the playoffs before falling to the Dodgers in the World Series.


1988 Major League Baseball season, Overview
Speaking of the Dodgers, nobody expected them to even contend for the National League West title in 1988, let alone win the World Championship. However, the intensity and clutch hitting


1988 Major League Baseball season, Overview
of Gibson (named the NL MVP at season's end) and the solid pitching of Orel Hershiser (who won a league-leading 23 games) spearheaded L.A. to a division championship by seven games over the Cincinnati Reds. In addition to his 23 victories, Hershiser led the National League with 267 innings pitched and 8 shutouts, and also set a record of 59 consecutive scoreless innings (formerly held by Dodger great Don Drysdale). These accomplishments, combined with his 2.26 ERA, earned him the National League Cy Young Award.


1988 Major League Baseball season, Overview
However, it was in the post-season that Hershiser really distinguished himself – he started Games 1 and 3 of the NLCS against the tough New York Mets, saved Game 4 in relief, and threw a complete game shutout in Game 7. He hurled another complete game shutout in Game 2 of the World Series and again went the distance in the clinching Game 5. Hershiser was named MVP of both the NLCS and the World Series, capping off arguably one of the greatest seasons a starting pitcher has ever had.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis (also known as the 1988 judicial crisis) was a series of events that began with United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party elections in 1987 and ended with the suspension and the eventual removal of the Lord President of the Supreme Court, Tun Salleh Abas, from his seat. The Supreme Court in the years leading up to 1988 had been increasingly independent of the other branches of the government. Matters then came to a head when Mahathir Mohamad, who believed in the supremacy of the executive and legislative branches, became Prime Minister. Many saw his eventual sacking of Salleh Abas and two other Supreme Court judges as the end of judicial independence in Malaysia.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis
Since 1988, there have been regular calls for an official review of the government's actions throughout the crisis. In 2008, newly appointed de facto Law Minister Zaid Ibrahim said the government had to make an open apology to the sacked judges, calling the government's actions during the crisis "inappropriate". Not long after, Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi called the crisis one which the nation had never recovered from, and announced ex gratia compensation for the sacked and suspended judges.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
In 1987, the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) — a leading party in the governing Barisan Nasional coalition – held elections for its numerous offices. For the first time in twelve years, the incumbent President, Mahathir, was challenged. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah was the candidate of "Team B" for the Presidency, taking on Mahathir, whose camp was labelled "Team A". There was an intense campaign to win the support of the roughly 1,500 delegates from party branches all over the country, who would elect the party officers.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
Razaleigh's supporters expected him to win, and at the UMNO General Assembly shortly after the votecounting was completed, rumours spread that Razaleigh had won. However, the official results declared Mahathir the winner, with 761 votes to Razaleigh's 718. The Team A candidate for Deputy President, Ghafar Baba, defeated Musa Hitam of Team B as well, and 16 of the 25 seats on the UMNO Supreme Council also went to Team A.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
Razaleigh's supporters were upset by the election, which they insisted had to have been rigged. Their anger was exacerbated by Mahathir, who went on to purge all Team B members from the Cabinet. As a result, 12 UMNO members filed a lawsuit in the High Court, seeking a court order to void the election results and pave the way for a new election. The plaintiffs alleged that 78 of the delegates had been selected by branches not registered with the Registrar of Societies, and as a result were not eligible to vote. They also claimed that certain documents related to the election had been "tampered with". Although Razaleigh was not among the twelve plaintiffs, he was widely believed to be funding and co-ordinating the suit.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
Later, one of the twelve withdrew from the case, but the remaining eleven continued to press on. The High Court eventually gave the parties a two-week deadline to reach an out of court settlement. An UMNO "Unity Panel" was formed to handle the negotiations and reach a compromise. However, it soon became clear that the differences were intractable – Team B would settle for no less than a new election, while Team A insisted that the suit be withdrawn and a "face-saving" solution be reached which would allow some Team B members to remain in the party. Eventually the eleven plaintiffs declared they would seek a final judgement from the court.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
This did not please Mahathir, who had clashed on several previous occasions with the judiciary. In one instance, a government order revoking the work permits of two foreign journalists critical of the government had been over-ruled by the Supreme Court. Mahathir began making heated attacks on the judiciary, telling Time, "The judiciary says, 'Although you passed a law with a certain thing in mind, we think that your mind is wrong, and we want to give our interpretation.' If we disagree, the Courts will say, 'We will interpret your disagreement.'


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
If we [the government and Parliament] go along, we are going to lose our power of legislation." Mahathir also lashed out at "black sheep [judges] ... who want to be ... fiercely independent," accusing them of playing to public opinion. Immediately after this latter statement, the government reassigned several High Court judges to different divisions, including Justice Harun Hashim who was then hearing the UMNO case. However, as the latter case was already in progress, Harun's transfer would not take effect until the case closed.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
Harun was thus forced to make the final call on the case of the "UMNO 11". Although most of the evidence they had presented was not contested, the UMNO defence argued that not all possible remedies within UMNO had been exhausted. The plaintiffs, however, insisted that the fact that at least 30 unregistered branches had sent delegates to the UMNO elections should have been enough to nullify their results.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
In the end, Harun dismissed the suit, citing Article 41 of the Societies Act 1966, which stated any society would automatically become "unlawful" if any of its branches were not registered with the Registrar of Societies. As a result, Harun declared he had no choice but to declare UMNO "an unlawful society", thereby rendering "[w]hat happened in 1987" a nullity. In his decision, Harun blamed Parliament for forcing his hand: "If the old law was in existence... [one could] apply the common law principle, but here it seems the Parliament, to ensure strict compliance with the law, has made this provision look harsh."


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
As soon as the decision was made public, Mahathir assured UMNO members that as the decision was based on minor "technicalities", the party could easily be restored as a lawful society. He also reminded the public that this did not threaten his status as Prime Minister, as only a no-confidence vote could lawfully remove him from power. Within a fortnight of Harun's decision, Mahathir announced the registration of UMNO Baru (New UMNO).


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Judicial intervention in a political dispute
UMNO Baru's leadership was almost entirely composed of Team A members, who proceeded to spend the next few months transferring the assets of the "old" UMNO to UMNO Baru. The UMNO 11 pursued their case to the highest court in the land, the Supreme Court, still seeking to hold new elections for the "old" UMNO and having its lawful status restored. However, their appeal was rejected. Razaleigh then decided to form a new party focused on the "spirit of 1946" — the year UMNO had been founded. UMNO Baru in turn decided that the "Baru" was superfluous, and officially dropped it from its name, in effect claiming to be the true successor to UMNO instead of Razaleigh's party, which would eventually call itself Semangat 46 (Spirit of 46).


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Constitutional amendments
The "UMNO 11" case was just one of a number which had irritated Mahathir and the government. The case of the two journalists mentioned earlier had begun when John Berthelsen and Raphael Pura authored a series of articles on financial transactions of dubious ethical and legal nature carried out by government officials. The Asian Wall Street Journal which published them was promptly banned from the country, and Mahathir in his capacity as Home Affairs Minister had Berthelsen's and Pura's work permits revoked. However, the Supreme Court overturned the cancellation of Berthelsen's work permit because he had not been given a chance to answer the charges of the government. As a result, the ban on the Asian Wall Street Journal was also lifted.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Constitutional amendments
This last case did it for Mahathir. In justifying the amendments, Mahathir stated: "...the courts have decided that in enforcing the law they are bound by their interpretations and not by the reasons for which Parliament formulated these laws ... lately the judiciary had seen fit to touch on matters which were previously regarded as solely within the executive's jurisdiction."


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Constitutional amendments
The Lord President of the Supreme Court, Tun Salleh Abas, was pressured by his fellow judges to respond to the government's actions. Salleh decided to convene a meeting of all 20 judges from the Supreme and High Courts in the capital of Kuala Lumpur. At the meeting, they agreed not to publicly reply to Mahathir's criticisms. Instead, they wrote a confidential letter to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and the Malay rulers, expressing their grievances. The proposed letter, which was unanimously approved, was written by Salleh Abas. The letter stated the judges' disappointment "with the various comments and accusations made by the Honourable Prime Minister against the Judiciary," but did not demand specific action be taken – instead, it ended with an expression of "hope that all those unfounded accusations will be stopped".


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Suspension and removal of Tun Salleh Abas and other judges
In 1988, Tun Salleh Abas was brought before a tribunal convened by the then Prime Minister Dr Mahathir Mohammad on the grounds of misconduct. The tribunal was chaired by Tun Hamid Omar. In response to the tribunal, Tun Salleh Abas filed a suit in the High Court in Kuala Lumpur to challenge the constitutionality of the tribunal. While proceeding with the suit, Tun Salleh Abas applied for an interim stay against the tribunal until 4 July 1988. The request was denied.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Suspension and removal of Tun Salleh Abas and other judges
Later however, five judges of the Supreme Court convened and granted Tun Salleh Abas an interlocutory order against the tribunal. Upon receiving the order, Tun Salleh Abas' solicitors proceed to the Parliament to present the chairman of the tribunal the interlocutory order. The gate leading to the Parliament however was locked and Tun Salleh Abas' representative had to call in the police to be guaranteed a passage into the Parliament. Eventually, the order was presented to the tribunal chairman.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Suspension and removal of Tun Salleh Abas and other judges
Soon after, the five judges were suspended. The judges were Tan Sri Azmi Kamaruddin, Tan Sri Eusoffe Abdoolcader, Tan Sri Wan Hamzah Mohamed Salleh, Tan Sri Wan Suleiman Pawanteh and Datuk George Seah. This effectively suspended the Supreme Court, and made it so that the challenge toward the legality of the tribunal could not be heard. The tribunal later removed Tun Salleh Abas from his office, whereas the other three judges were later reinstated. The irregular dismissal of Tun Salleh Abas led the Bar Council of Malaysia to refuse recognising the new Lord President.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Legacy
A major critic to Mahathir's actions include Malaysia's first Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman. In a New York Times article, he was said to be "disgusted" at the actions. His views however were criticised by the then Education Minister, Anwar Ibrahim, who claimed that the Tunku was ″a grand old man who has done his bit.″


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Legacy
Mahathir's supporters insisted that it had liberated the Malaysian judiciary from a colonial mindset. The sacking of several justices was justified by claims that these judges had been abusing public funds for their personal expenses – such as the purchase of luxury furniture from Italy. It was also claimed that the sackings had eliminated deadwood and improved efficiency in the courts, as evinced by a reduction in their backlog.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
Mahathir Mohammed stepped down from the premiership in 2003, having chosen Abdullah Ahmad Badawi to succeed him. In 2006, the relationship between the two became less than warm as Mahathir started to criticise the latter's policies. During this period, many begin calling for the judiciary or government to review the decision against the sacked judges. Among the loudest advocates of the review was Tun Salleh Abas himself. The administration dismissed such calls. Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Nazri Aziz, who was then de facto Law Minister, said that he was not convinced of the need to review the case.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
After the 2008 general election which saw heavy losses for BN, Abdullah reshuffled his Cabinet. Within days of his appointment, new de facto Law Minister Zaid Ibrahim stated that the government had to openly apologise for its handling of the crisis, calling it one of his three main goals: "In the eyes of the world, the judicial crisis has weakened our judiciary system." However, he rejected the idea of reviewing the decision: "I am not suggesting that we re-open the case.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
I am saying that it's clear to everyone, to the world, that serious transgressions had been committed by the previous administration. And I believe that the prime minister is big enough and man enough to say that we had done wrong to these people and we are sorry." The Bar Council welcomed the proposal. Newly appointed Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Minister Shahrir Abdul Samad also voiced support: "The Government has apologised for so many other things to the people, such as the untimely destruction of temples and other issues. So, why not an apology to a former Lord President?"


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
Zaid's proposal was criticised by former Bar president Param Cumaraswamy, who insisted that Mahathir's administration, not Abdullah's, should assume responsibility: "Those who perpetrated the transgressions are still alive and they must be called to account for their conduct and seek forgiveness from the six valiant judges, their families and Malaysians generally for the sacrilege committed to the temple of independent justice." He also proposed that the government compensate the three sacked judges since "reinstatement of the three dismissed is no longer possible."


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
Karpal Singh, lawyer and opposition member of Parliament, agreed: "Calling for the present administration to apologise is not a step in (the) right direction. It is not the present administration that convened those tribunals." Instead, Karpal suggested that a Royal Commission be set up. A few days later, The Malaysian Insider, a news website, reported that the Cabinet was critical of the proposal, citing the potential for legal liability if the government admitted wrongdoing. Zaid said that the proposal was still being considered, and that "we have to wait."


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
In April 2008, at a dinner with 600 members of the Bar and leaders from the opposition Pakatan Rakyat coalition, Abdullah acknowledged the impact of the crisis:


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
To a large extent, the events of 1988 have fueled much of the disagreement on how to move on. ... I can say with a clear conscience that I abided and will continue to abide by the principle of separation of powers, leaving the matter of justice to the judiciary. And yet the legacy of 1988 haunts us until today. ... For many, the events of 1988 were an upheaval of the nation's judicial system. Rightly or wrongly, many disputed both the legality and morality of the related proceedings. For me, personally, I feel it was a time of crisis from which the nation never fully recovered.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
He then announced that the government would make ex gratia goodwill payments to the sacked and suspended judges: "I do not presume to equate your contribution, pain and loss with mere currency but I hope you could accept this as a heartfelt and sincere gesture to mend what had been." However, he refused to explicitly apologise for the events of 1988 or otherwise review them, saying it would "prolong the sense of crisis". Abdullah also announced his intention to set up a judicial appointments commission as part of his plans to reform the judicial system. Two of the six judges involved in the 1988 crisis – Tun Salleh Abas and Azmi Kamaruddin – and the families of the other four were present.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
Zaid welcomed Abdullah's announcement in spite of the lack of a formal apology, saying: "(One) can say sorry in other ways." George Seah's son told the press that although all his father wanted was an apology, the family would not reject any goodwill payments. Tan Sri Wan Suleiman Pawanteh's wife said: "Although I thank the prime minister, I feel less than satisfied at his decision (not to make a straightforward apology). This is not the end of the story for me. (Without an apology) I don't know, people don't know, that my husband was not guilty.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, Call to revisit the case
I want my husband's name to be cleared. I feel my husband was innocent. He was an honest judge... Even so, I am thankful that our prime minister cares about us enough (to do this much)." Tan Sri Eusoffe Abdoolcader's granddaughter regretted that acknowledgement had been so late in coming: "I wish he was here. He's the main person affected by all this. It's a different case from the others (Salleh and Wan Suleiman) because he was reinstated. It's been 12 years. It should have been solved earlier." Tun Salleh Abas however welcomed Abdullah's statement, saying: "I feel great. It was something I didn't expect. I suffered so much humiliation ... so much so I ran away from the public and took solace in being a farmer."


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, 2018: Mahathir's new claims
In January 2018, Tun Dr Mahathir (by then leader of Pakatan Harapan after leaving UMNO) denied responsibility for removing Tun Salleh Abas, insisting this was done under instructions from the then Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Iskandar of Johor. The former Prime Minister said he was prepared to swear on the Quran that his name had been used by the Attorney-General then, Tan Sri Abu Talib Othman, in order to distance the Agong from the matter. He also claimed there had been a letter with remarks from the Agong regarding Salleh, but said this has since been lost.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, 2018: Mahathir's new claims
He also maintained that Salleh's removal was prompted by the Agong's displeasure over a letter Salleh had allegedly written to the monarch regarding construction noises from the Ruler's nearby private home, which was also copied to the other Malay Rulers. Mahathir claimed that the Agong called him as prime minister and said he wanted Salleh sacked and passed him a copy of the Abas's alleged letter in question. Dr Mahathir claimed that the matter was discussed by his Cabinet then, which decided on a tribunal to remove Salleh as Lord President.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, 2018: Mahathir's new claims
Former Attorney General Abu Talib Othman agreed that Dr Mahathir was not responsible for dismissing the Lord President. Othman clarified that he saw the note written, signed by the then Agong, asking then PM Mahathir to remove the Lord President and advised the PM on procedure, but denied Mahathir's claims that his name was being used to distance the Agong.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, 2018: Mahathir's new claims
Othman suggested that Mahathir was merely acting on the insistence of the then Yang di-Pertuan Agung himself in setting up of the dismissal tribunal via the provisions and channels of the Constitution as the PM and Attorney General had no powers to dismiss a Lord President. Abu Talib alleged that the Agong was displeased with Salleh's letter complaining about the criticisms levelled at the judiciary by the executive.


1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis, 2018: Mahathir's new claims
When asked about the revelations, Tun Salleh Abas stated that it was time to move on from the sacking which took place 30 years earlier, and that the crisis was merely being politicised in the lead up to the 14th General Election (where Mahathir was running as the opposition candidate for Prime Minister, which he successfully won later in May).


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt
The 1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt was the attempt by a group of Maldivians led by businessman Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The intervention by Indian armed forces - codenamed 'Operation Cactus' trounced the attempted coup.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Prelude
Whereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community. About 80 armed PLOTE mercenaries landed in the capital Malé before dawn aboard speedboats from a hijacked Sri Lankan freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port, television and radio stations. The mercenaries then marched towards the Presidential Palace where President Gayoom was residing with his family.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Prelude
But before they reached the Presidential Palace, President Gayoom was escorted by Maldivian National Security Advisor to the Defence Minister's home. The Defence Minister then escorted the President to a safe house. Meanwhile, the mercenaries had seized the Presidential Palace and managed to take the Maldivian Education Minister as hostage. President Gayoom requested military intervention from Sri Lanka and Pakistan, but both denied any help, citing a lack of military capabilities. The president then requested Singapore's intervention, but Singapore declined, citing the same reasons.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Prelude
After that, he contacted the United States, but was told that it will take them 2–3 days to reach the Maldives from their nearest military base in Diego Garcia, 1000 km away. The president then contacted the United Kingdom, which advised them to seek assistance from India. Following this, President Gayoom contacted the Indian government for assistance. India swiftly accepted their request and an emergency meeting was arranged at the Secretariat Building in New Delhi. Within 16 hours of the SOS, India was ready to commence their operation.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Operation Cactus
Rejaul Karim Laskar, a member of the then-ruling political party in India- Indian National Congress, stated that India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in Maldives, which being in India's backyard would have been detrimental to India's national interest. India, therefore, intervened with "Operation Cactus".


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Operation Cactus
The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft of the Indian Air Force airlifted the elements of the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brigadier Farukh Bulsara, the 6th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment and the 17th Parachute Field Regiment from Agra Air Force Station and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi) to land them over the Malé International Airport on Hulhule Island. The Indian Army paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Operation Cactus
The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the airfield, crossed over to Malé using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward Sri Lanka in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The Indian Navy frigates Godavari and Betwa intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. The swift intervention by the Indian military and accurate intelligence successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Reaction
India received international praise for the operation. United States President Ronald Reagan expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reportedly commented,  ‘"Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
In July 1989, India repatriated the mercenaries captured on board the hijacked freighter to Maldives to stand trial. President Gayoom commuted the death sentences passed against them to life imprisonment under Indian pressure.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The 1988 coup d'état had been headed by a once prominent Maldivian businessperson named Abdullah Luthufi, who was operating a farm on Sri Lanka. Former Maldivian President Ibrahim Nasir was accused, but denied any involvement in the coup d'état. In fact, in July 1990, President Gayoom officially pardoned Nasir in absentia in recognition of his role in obtaining Maldives' independence.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The operation also strengthened Indo-Maldivian relations as a result of the successful restoration of the Gayoom government.


1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt, Published accounts, Documentaries
Operation Cactus : How India Averted Maldives Crisis in 1988 (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on Veer by Discovery Channel series, Battle Ops.


1988 Maldivian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the Maldives on 23 September 1988. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom was the sole candidate nominated by Parliament. His candidacy was approved by 96.4% of voters.


1988 Malian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Mali on 26 June 1988. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM) as the sole legal party. As a result, the UDPM won all 82 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was reported to be 97.8%.


1988 Manchester City Council election
Elections to Manchester Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1988. One third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a four-year term of office, expiring in 1992. The Labour Party retained overall control of the Council.


1988 Manchester City Council election, Election result
After the election, the composition of the council was as follows:


1988 Manitoba general election
The 1988 Manitoba general election was held on April 26, 1988 to elect Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada. It resulted in a minority government. The Progressive Conservative Party won 25 seats, against 20 for the Liberal Party and 12 for the New Democratic Party.


1988 Manitoba general election, Background
The election was called unexpectedly in early 1988, after disgruntled NDP backbencher Jim Walding voted against his government's budget on March 9, 1988. Walding's defection in an almost evenly divided house resulted in Howard Pawley's NDP government being defeated, 28 votes to 27. As the budget vote was a confidence measure, the Pawley ministry was forced to resign and call new elections two years ahead of schedule.


1988 Manitoba general election, Background
Popular support for the NDP was at an historically low level when the election was called, due to soaring Autopac rates and a taxpayer-funded bailout of the Manitoba Telephone System. The Pawley government's support for the Meech Lake Accord was also unpopular in some circles. One internal poll had the party at only 6% support, and there were concerns that they could be reduced to only two or three seats in the 57-seat legislature. Pawley resigned as party leader on the day after the budget defeat, and Urban Affairs Minister Gary Doer narrowly defeated Agriculture Minister Leonard Harapiak to replace him at a party convention held during the campaign.


1988 Manitoba general election, Background
Pawley himself announced he would enter federal politics did not seek re-election in his own seat. In an unusual arrangement, the outgoing premier remained in office until after the election. Even after Doer's selection, the consensus was that the NDP would not be reelected. However, they managed to stabilize at around 20% in the polls. Many traditional NDP voters, especially in the city of Winnipeg, abandoned the party to support the Liberals in this cycle.


1988 Manitoba general election, Issues
The Progressive Conservatives, led by Gary Filmon, ran on a platform of saving revenue by selling public corporations, including ManOil and Manfor. Filmon also promised to scrap the province's Public Investment Corporation entirely. The Liberals also promised more prudent fiscal management, but did not propose to sell these crown corporations. Liberal leader Sharon Carstairs was also known as a prominent opponent of the Meech Lake Accord.


1988 Manitoba general election, Issues
The NDP, which retained a support base in the north of the province, promised to create northern training centres in Thompson and The Pas.


1988 Manitoba general election, Issues
The national abortion debate also surfaced in this campaign, although none of the major parties put forward a clear position on the issue. Although Filmon was personally anti-abortion, the Progressive Conservatives were unwilling to propose specific action on the subject, and withdrew from an early promise to close Henry Morgentaler's private clinic. The Liberals favoured counselling, including a focus on adoption. The NDP emphasized prevention and support services for poorer women who choose to continue their pregnancies.


1988 Manitoba general election, Issues
The small Progressive Party promised balanced budgets, opposed affirmative action, and was against government interference in negotiations between trade unions and management.


1988 Manitoba general election, Campaign
The Progressive Conservatives entered the election with a significant lead in the polls, but saw their support undercut by the Liberals in the campaign's final weeks. Before the party leaders' debate, a Winnipeg Free Press poll indicated that 40% of voters considered Liberal leader Sharon Carstairs as the best choice for Premier, with 24% favouring Progressive Conservative Gary Filmon and 19% favouring NDP leader Gary Doer. 17% were undecided.


1988 Manitoba general election, Campaign
Carstairs performed well in the leaders' debate, and did much to improve her party's popularity as the campaign reached its end.


1988 Manitoba general election, Results
The Liberal Party performed well in Winnipeg, winning 19 out of 29 seats in that city and picking up ridings from both the NDP and Tories, and nearly managed to oust Filmon in his riding of Tuxedo, in south-central Winnipeg. The party won only one seat outside Winnipeg, however—Pawley's former seat of Selkirk, centred on the community of the same name just north of Winnipeg. It was and still is the party's best showing in an election since the then Liberal-Progressives won their last majority in 1953.


1988 Manitoba general election, Results
In terms of the popular vote, the Progressive Conservatives actually lost support from the last election. However, they dominated the rural southern portion of the province, a traditional Tory stronghold. They made some inroads into traditional NDP territory immediately north of Winnipeg. The party also won six seats in Winnipeg, and took the northern seat of Swan River from the NDP.


1988 Manitoba general election, Results
The New Democrats managed to retain four seats in Winnipeg, five in the north, the mid-northern ridings of Dauphin and Interlake, and Brandon East in the south of the province. It is still the worst defeat that an NDP government has suffered in Manitoba.


1988 Manitoba general election, Results
Exit polls later revealed that new voters (i.e., immigrants and first-time voters) had polled strongly for the Liberals in Winnipeg.


1988 Manitoba general election, Results
Although Pawley had retired from politics and his party was reduced to third place, by constitutional convention he retained the right to remain in office until the NDP was defeated in the legislature, as well as the right to advise whether Lieutenant Governor George Johnson should appoint Filmon or Carstairs as the new premier upon leaving office. Doer also could have attempted to negotiate a coalition with the Liberals. Instead, he informally reached a deal with Filmon in which the NDP would tolerate a Tory minority government. As a result, Pawley finally resigned as Premier of Manitoba on May 9 and advised Johnson to appoint Filmon his successor. Filmon was duly sworn in later that day after advising Johnson that he could form a government.