1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 11: at Detroit Lions
Howard rushed for 78 yards on 16 carries, in front of a crowd of 250 supporters who had driven to Detroit from his Lima, Ohio, hometown. Testaverde celebrated his 25th birthday with the win. Ron Holmes suffered a season-ending knee injury. The crowd of 25,956 was the smallest non-strike attendance in Silverdome history, and was the smallest Detroit crowd since a 1951 game against the New York Yanks in Briggs Stadium drew 21,807 fans. The loss resulted in Lions owner William Clay Ford firing head coach Darryl Rogers, and replacing him with former Buccaneer defensive coordinator Wayne Fontes.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 12: vs Chicago Bears
The Buccaneers suffered their twelfth consecutive loss to the Bears, as Neal Anderson rushed for two first-quarter touchdowns, and Mike Tomczak threw a 40-yard touchdown to Brad Muster. The Buccaneers matched up well statistically with the Bears, but were unable to overcome the early deficit due to mistake-prone play and a poor game from Vinny Testaverde. The Bears also had problems with mistakes, committing four turnovers, and giving up a safety (the first safety in Buccaneers history) due to a bad snap on a punt. The Buccaneers were able to rush for 168 yards against the Bears' top-ranked defense, more than double the total usually allowed by the Bears. Donald Igwebuike suffered a season-ending groin injury while tackling Dennis Gentry on a third-quarter kickoff return.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Atlanta Falcons
The Buccaneers entered the game with the NFL's fourth-ranked run defense, but the Falcons were able to match the season-high rushing total of 181 yards that had been previously set by the Cardinals on September 18. John Settle broke several tackles in a 48-yard run, the longest against the Buccaneers all season, which set up Chris Miller's game-winning 37-yard touchdown pass to Michael Haynes. Gerald Riggs rushed for 98 yards, while Settle gained 83. The Buccaneers outgained the Falcons in total yardage, but dropped passes and committed penalties and turnovers at key times. Vinny Testaverde's three interceptions gave him an NFL-leading total of 31 for the season. The game was played in a downpour, in front of an NFL season-low crowd of 14,020.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 13: at Atlanta Falcons
Calvin Magee suffered a season-ending knee injury, and was replaced by Jeff Parks, who had spent parts of the 1986–1988 seasons with the Oilers and the Packers. The team also cut wide receiver Joey Clinkscales, and replaced him with speedy former Vikings receiver Jeff Richardson.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 14: vs Buffalo Bills
Vinny Testaverde's only turnover-free game of the season helped the Buccaneers to upset the Buffalo Bills, who entered the game with the AFC's best record, and whose only previous defeats had come against division leaders Chicago and Cincinnati. Testaverde scored the game's only touchdown on a 4-yard run, while John Carney contributed a 39-yard field goal. Perkins later praised Testaverde's performance as "one of the greatest games I've ever seen a quarterback play". Jim Kelly was the victim of several dropped passes, and threw an interception in the final minute. Bruce Smith sacked Testaverde for a safety. The Bills committed 12 penalties for 100 yards. It was the first time since 1984 that Tampa Bay won a game against a team with a winning record.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 15: at New England Patriots
Despite entering the game with a 2–16 record in cold-weather games, the Buccaneers took the Patriots into overtime. The Buccaneers won the overtime coin toss, but based on the team's defensive performance to that point, Perkins decided to kick off in overtime to get the advantage of having the 25-mph wind at their backs. The unusual move backfired, as a pair of Irving Fryar receptions set up Jason Staurovsky's 27-yard field goal that won the game for the Patriots without the Buccaneers ever getting a chance to touch the ball.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 15: at New England Patriots
It was the first overtime win in franchise history for the Patriots, who were facing playoff elimination with a loss. New England's touchdown came on a 6-yard run by Robert Perryman. Vinny Testaverde threw his 32nd interception, which tied Fran Tarkenton's 10-year-old NFC record. Testaverde also threw a touchdown to Mark Carrier for the Buccaneers' only score, although a John Carney field goal was called back due to a tripping penalty on Jackie Walker.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 15: at New England Patriots
Roland James caught Testaverde's interception at the Patriots' 6-yard line, while Harry Hamilton intercepted a Tony Eason pass at the Buccaneers' 1-yard line, and Ricky Reynolds caught another in the end zone. Despite the disappointing loss, players reported feeling upbeat, due to their victory over a playoff team followed by a solid performance against another contender.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Game summaries, Week 16: vs Detroit Lions
Abandoning their conservative running game of recent weeks, the Buccaneers passed on 10 of their first 16 plays. The early result was that Testaverde was sacked four times, and threw three interceptions for a season total of 35, a record for both the team and the NFC. However, he rebounded to throw a career-high three touchdown passes. Lions quarterback Rusty Hilger was sacked twice by Shaun Lee, and once by John Cannon. Donnie Elder, Harry Hamilton, and Mark Robinson all intercepted Hilger. Bruce Hill caught a touchdown and passed the 1,000-yard receiving mark, while Mark Carrier caught two and fell just short of 1,000 yards.


1988 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season, Awards and records, Milestones
Vinny Testaverde, most team single-season interceptions thrown (35)Vinny Testaverde, most team season 300-yard passing games (4, tied Doug Williams' 1980 and 1981 marks, matched by Brad Johnson in 2003)Vinny Testaverde, most team single-half passing yards (340 vs. Indianapolis on 10/16)Bruce Hill, most team single-season receiving touchdowns (9, tied Kevin House's 1981 mark, broken by Joey Galloway's 10 in 2005 and Mike Williams' 11 in 2010)Lars Tate, most team rookie touchdowns (8, broken in 2010 by Mike Williams)Team defense, fewest season rushing yards allowed (1,551, broken in 1999)Team defense, lowest season rushing average allowed (3.24)Team, fewest season punts (68, tied 1984 mark)Team defense, most points allowed in a home game (49 vs. Minnesota on 10/23)Team defense, most first-quarter points allowed (21 vs. Philadelphia on 9/4)


1988 Taranto Open
The 1988 Taranto Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Taranto, Italy and was part of the Category 1 of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and ran from 26 April until 1 May 1988. Helen Kelesi won the singles title.


1988 Taranto Open, Finals, Doubles
Andrea Betzner /  Claudia Porwik defeated  Laura Garrone /  Helen Kelesi 6–1, 6–2


1988 Taranto Open – Doubles
Andrea Betzner and Claudia Porwik won in the final 6–1, 6–2 against Laura Garrone and Helen Kelesi.


1988 Taranto Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Taranto Open – Singles
Helen Kelesi won in the final 6–1, 6–0 against Laura Garrone.


1988 Taranto Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1988 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1987–88 Taça de Portugal, the 48th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 19 June 1988 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Porto and Vitória de Guimarães. Porto defeated Vitória de Guimarães 1–0 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a sixth time.


1988 Taça de Portugal Final
In Portugal, the final was televised live on RTP. As Porto claimed both league and cup double in the same season, cup runners-up Vitória de Guimarães faced their cup final opponents in the 1988 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.


1988 Team Ice Racing World Championship
The 1988 Team Ice Racing World Championship was the tenth edition of the Team World Championship. The final was held on ?, 1988, in Grenoble, France. The Soviet Union won their eighth title.


1988 Tejano Music Awards
The 8th Tejano Music Awards were held in 1988. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. The Tejano Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony recognizing Tejano music musicians.


1988 Tel Aviv Open
The 1988 Tel Aviv Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at the Israel Tennis Centers in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat HaSharon, Israel from October 10 through October 17, 1988. First-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.


1988 Tel Aviv Open, Finals, Doubles
Roger Smith /  Paul Wekesa defeated  Patrick Baur /  Alexander Mronz 6–3, 6–3


1988 Tel Aviv Open – Doubles
Gilad Bloom and Shahar Perkiss were the defending champions, but lost in the first round this year.


1988 Tel Aviv Open – Doubles
Roger Smith and Paul Wekesa won the title, defeating Patrick Baur and Alexander Mronz 6–3, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Tel Aviv Open – Singles
Amos Mansdorf was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals this year.


1988 Tel Aviv Open – Singles
Brad Gilbert won the tournament, beating Aaron Krickstein in the final, 4–6, 7–6, 6–2.


1988 Temple Owls football team
The 1988 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its sixth and final season under head coach Bruce Arians, the team compiled a 4–7 record and was outscored by a total of 317 to 207. The team played its home games at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia.


1988 Temple Owls football team
The team's statistical leaders included Matt Baker with 1,539 passing yards, Todd McNair with 761 rushing yards, Mike Palys with 517 receiving yards, and placekicker Bill Wright with 55 points scored.


1988 Tennent's Sixes
The 1988 Tennents' Sixes was the fifth staging of the indoor 6-a-side football tournament. For the third time it was held at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) in Glasgow on 24 and 25 January.


1988 Tennent's Sixes
There were 4 groups of 3,  with 11 clubs drawn from the 1987–88 Scottish Premier Division season. Rangers did not participate and were replaced by English club Nottingham Forest.


1988 Tennent's Sixes
The two group winners and runners-up qualified to the quarter-finals and Dundee beat Motherwell 3–2 in the final.


1988 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1988 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1988 season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Johnny Majors, in his 12th year, and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of five wins and six losses (5–6 overall, 3–4 in the SEC). The Vols' offense scored 212 points while the defense allowed 286 points.


1988 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1988 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1988 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1988 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Longhorns finished the season with a 4–7 record.


1988 Texas Rangers season
The Texas Rangers 1988 season involved the Rangers finishing 6th in the American League west with a record of 70 wins and 91 losses.


1988 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1988 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Spike Dykes, the Red Raiders compiled a 5–6 record (4–3 against SWC opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 332 to 328. The team played its home games at Clifford B. and Audrey Jones Stadium in Lubbock, Texas.


1988 Thai general election
General elections were held in Thailand on 24 July 1988. The result was a victory for the Thai Nation Party, which won 87 of the 357 seats. Voter turnout was 63.6%.


1988 Thayer Tutt Trophy
The 1988 Thayer Tutt Trophy was the third and last edition of the Thayer Tutt Trophy. It was held from March 20–27, 1988 in Eindhoven and Tilburg, Netherlands. Italy finished first, Japan finished second, and the Netherlands finished third.


1988 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1988 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1988 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Bulldogs were led by second-year head coach Charlie Taaffe and played their home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. They played as members of the Southern Conference, as they have since 1936. In 1988, The Citadel made its first appearance in the I-AA playoffs.


1988 The Winston
The 1988 edition of The Winston was a stock car racing competition that took place on May 22, 1988. Held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, the 135-lap race was an exhibition race in the 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Darrell Waltrip of Hendrick Motorsports won the pole and led the most laps (50), but it was Terry Labonte of Junior Johnson & Associates who won the race.


1988 The Winston, Background
The Winston was open to race winners from last season through the 1988 Winston 500 at Talladega Superspeedway. Because the field did not meet the minimum requirement of 19 cars, the remaining spots were awarded to the most recent winning drivers prior to the 1987 season. Richard Petty lost his eligibility when Phil Parsons won the Talladega race a week earlier.


1988 The Winston, Background
Tim Richmond opted not to participate in the race due to a then-ongoing legal dispute with NASCAR after he was suspended for testing positive for banned substances early that year. He died of complications from AIDS on August 13, 1989.


1988 The Winston, Background
The 1988 season saw the first of two tire wars between Goodyear and Hoosier. For this race, NASCAR allowed teams to switch between both tire brands once during pit stops.


1988 The Winston, Race summary
As the race broadcast was using a boxing motif, the segments were referred to as "rounds".


1988 The Winston, Race summary, Round 1 (75 laps)
Darrell Waltrip won the pole with a track record of 174.154 mph (280.274 km/h). Geoff Bodine started on the outside pole after achieving a qualifying time of 173.980 mph (279.994 km/h). Both drivers beat Bill Elliott's 1987 pole record of 170.827 mph (274.919 km/h). Sterling Marlin made the starting grid by winning the Winston Open. Bodine and Phil Parsons served as the onboard camera cars throughout the race. Waltrip and Bodine were first and second during the first five laps before the first caution was triggered by Greg Sacks blowing an engine and spilling oil on the track.


1988 The Winston, Race summary, Round 1 (75 laps)
Shortly after the restart on lap 9, Waltrip extended his lead over Bodine and the rest of the field. Davey Allison took the lead from Waltrip on lap on lap 34. The yellow flag was waved again on lap 49, when Cale Yarborough's engine expired. Harry Gant retired on lap 52 due to oil pan issues. Parsons blew an engine and was eliminated on lap 57. A precise strategy during the green-flag pit stop saw Dale Earnhardt take the lead. With one lap to go, Davey Allison closed in on Earnhardt until he reclaimed the lead on lap 74 and concluded Round 1 by collecting US$20,000. Following the end of the round, Earnhardt blew a right-front tire and slammed the turn one wall, requiring major repairs during the 10-minute intermission.


1988 The Winston, Race summary, Round 2 (50 laps)
At the start of Round 2, Earnhardt's repaired car overtook Davey Allison, but quickly fell back as Waltrip, Davey Allison, and Terry Labonte overtook him. Lake Speed then took the lead from Waltrip halfway through the round. The caution was triggered on lap 98, when Ricky Rudd lost control and slammed the turn two wall; he collapsed after exiting his car and was rushed to the infield care center. He sustained a torn ligament on his right knee from the accident. Round 2 ended with Elliott, Speed, and Marlin in the top three. During the 10-minute intermission, Davey Allison's pit crew installed a new rear end differential, but NASCAR ordered them to reinstall the old unit. Bodine was forced to retire after his pit crew were unable to resolve an engine problem.


1988 The Winston, Race summary, Round 3 (10 laps)
Elliott and Speed duked it out at the beginning of the 10-lap shootout until Speed lost momentum and tagged the turn two wall while Labonte challenged Elliott for the lead. Both Rusty Wallace and Bobby Hillin Jr. experienced engine problems and retired. Marlin took second place from Elliott and slowly closed in on Labonte. In the end, Labonte extended his lead and crossed the finish line to win the race and collect US$200,000.


1988 Thomas & Uber Cup
The 1988 Thomas Cup & Uber Cup was the 15th tournament of Thomas Cup and the 12th tournament of Uber Cup, the most important badminton team competitions in the world.


1988 Thomas & Uber Cup
China won its third title in the Thomas Cup and in the Uber Cup, after beating in the final round Malaysia and Korea, respectively.


1988 Thomas & Uber Cup, Thomas Cup, Teams
35 teams took part in the competition. China, as defending champion, and Malaysia, as host team, skipped the Qualifications and played directly at the Final Stage.


1988 Thomas & Uber Cup, Uber Cup, Teams
31 teams took part in the competition, and eight teams qualified for the Final Stage.


1988 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1988 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 98th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 14 August 1988 and ended on 8 October 1988.


1988 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Cappawhite were the defending champions, however, they failed to qualify after being defeated in the West Tipperary Championship.


1988 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
On 8 October 1988, Loughmore-Castleiney won the championship after a 2-07 to 1-08 defeat of Borris-Ileigh in a final replay at Semple Stadium. It was their first ever championship title.


1988 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 1988 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 23rd edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 11 March to 16 March 1988. The race started in Bacoli and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Erich Maechler of the Carrera team.


1988 Tokyo Indoor
The 1988 Tokyo Indoor – also known by its sponsored name Seiko Super Tennis – was a men's tennis tournament. Part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix, it took place on from 18 October to 23 October 1988 on indoor carpet courts at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo. It was a major tournament of the Grand Prix tennis circuit and matches were the best of three sets. Second-seeded Boris Becker won the singles title.


1988 Tokyo Indoor, Finals, Doubles
Andrés Gómez /  Slobodan Živojinović defeated  Boris Becker /  Eric Jelen 7–5, 5–7, 6–3


1988 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles
Broderick Dyke and Tom Nijssen were the defending champions, but Nijssen did not participate this year. Dyke partnered Kelly Evernden, losing in the first round.


1988 Tokyo Indoor – Doubles
Andrés Gómez and Slobodan Živojinović won the title, defeating Boris Becker and Eric Jelen 7–5, 5–7, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Tokyo Indoor – Singles
Stefan Edberg was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals this year.


1988 Tokyo Indoor – Singles
Boris Becker won the tournament, beating John Fitzgerald in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–4.


1988 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1988 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented the University of Toledo in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their seventh season under head coach Dan Simrell, the Rockets compiled a 6–5 record (4–4 against MAC opponents), finished in sixth place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 244 to 221.


1988 Toledo Rockets football team
The team's statistical leaders included Steve Keene with 793 passing yards, Neil Trotter with 783 rushing yards, and Rick Isaiah with 389 receiving yards.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot
The Tompkins Square Park riot occurred on August 6–7, 1988 in Tompkins Square Park, located in the East Village and Alphabet City neighborhoods of Manhattan, New York City. Groups  of "drug pushers, homeless people and young people known as squatters and punks," had largely taken over the park. The East Village and Alphabet City communities were divided about what, if anything, should be done about it. The local governing body, Manhattan Community Board 3, recommended, and the New York City Parks Department adopted, a 1 a.m. curfew for the previously 24-hour park, in an attempt to bring it under control. On July 31, a protest rally against the curfew saw several clashes between protesters and police.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot
Another rally was held on August 6. Here, the police charged a crowd of protesters, and a riot ensued. Bystanders, activists, police officers, neighborhood residents and journalists were caught up in the violence. Despite a brief lull in the fighting, the melee continued until 6 a.m. the next day. Mayor Ed Koch temporarily rescinded the curfew. The neighborhood, previously divided over how to deal with the park, was unanimous in its condemnation of the heavy-handed actions of the police.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot
Over 100 complaints of police brutality were lodged following the riot. Much blame was laid on poor police handling and the commander of the precinct in charge was deprived of office for a year. In an editorial entitled "Yes, a Police Riot", The New York Times commended Commissioner Benjamin Ward and the New York City Police Department for their candor in a report that confirmed what ubiquitous media images made clear: the NYPD were responsible for inciting a riot.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Background
After the Tompkins Square Riot of 1874, the park held a symbolic place in the New York labor movement. In the years leading up to 1988, the East Village — and Tompkins Square Park in particular — had become a gathering place and home for the wayward and contingents of the homeless and rowdy youth, growing into a large tent city.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Background
Neighborhood residents, voicing their preferences through at least four community organizations, had differing perspectives on the evolving nature of the park, and what actions should or should not be taken. The Avenue A Block Association (made up of local businesses) insisted a curfew be introduced. Other groups such as Friends of Tompkins Square Park and political organizers on the poorer east side of the park preferred that no curfew be imposed, and Manhattan Community Board 3 took the middle ground.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Background
On June 28, 1988 the Community Board 3 approved a report that included a proposal for a 1 a.m. curfew. While there was some controversy about how well-informed the voting board members were, board manager Martha Danziger affirmed the validity of the decision. The New York City Parks Department later adopted the curfew. Park workers painted a warning on the ground days after the Association made its decision. On July 11 the police, under the direction of Captain Gerald McNamara of the 9th Precinct, confined homeless people to the park's southeast quadrant, and evicted all others. They closed the park down periodically over the next two weeks.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, First signs of trouble
Though the park was a de facto homeless shelter, some residents considered the police department's actions an attempt to take the park away from the public. Protests were organized and a rally called for July 31. That night, police entered the park in response to alleged noise complaints, and by the end of the call several civilians and six officers were treated for injuries, and four men were arrested on charges of reckless endangerment and inciting to riot. Sarah Lewison, an eyewitness, said the protest was over rumors of a midnight curfew at the park and another witness, John McDermott, said the police provoked the melee. Angry organizers planned another rally for August 6.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, A rematch: August 6
The police were there to meet the protesters. "It's time to bring a little law and order back to the park and restore it to the legitimate members of the community," said Captain McNamara. "We don't want to get into a situation where we under-police something like this and it turns into a fiasco."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, A rematch: August 6
The city was on edge and in the midst of this, the park was turned into what Times reporter McFadden described as a bloody "war zone." Around 11:30 p.m., 150 or 200 (police estimates were 700) protesters came through the St. Mark's Place entrance to the park, holding banners proclaiming "Gentrification is Class War". By the time dawn broke, 38 people, including reporters and police officers, suffered injuries. In total, nine people were arrested on riot, assault and other charges, and six complaints of police brutality were logged with the Civilian Complaint Review Board.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
Although bottles reportedly flew, it was the police who charged the crowd. Despite NYPD protestations that their actions were measured, "The police panicked and were beating up bystanders who had done nothing wrong and were just observing," said poet Allen Ginsberg, a local resident and witness. Captain McNamara countered, "We did everything in our power not to provoke an incident. They didn't charge the crowd until the bricks and bottles started flying." New York Times photographer Angel Franco saw the police beat a couple who emerged from a grocery store; when he tried to take photographs, an officer clubbed him. A New York Daily News reporter, Natalie Byfield, was also clubbed on the head. Both were wearing cards identifying them as the press. Jeff Dean Kuipers, a reporter for Downtown Magazine, was clubbed after an officer told his African-American companion, Tisha Pryor, to "move along, you black nigger bitch."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
[The police] ran into the crowds with horses. I saw residents pulled off their stoops ... They cracked my friend's head open. It didn't matter if you were a journalist or a resident or a storekeeper.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
Pryor is in tears, with blood running down her neck, in a videotape made by artist Clayton Patterson. Another video made by freelance cameraman Paul Garrin shows officers swinging clubs at him and slamming him against a wall. Photographer John McBride, taking still photos of the riot that were to be published in The Village Voice, was also struck by a policeman's nightstick in the same attack taped by Garrin.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
Mr. Fish, a travel promoter out for an evening on the town, attempted to hail a taxi on Avenue A near Sixth Street when he was suddenly struck on the head. "I was just standing there watching," he said. "The next thing that I remember is seeing the stick, and then a young woman who was helping me." Patterson's videotape showed that no officers helped Fish until an ambulance arrived. A police helicopter hovered over the scene, contributing to a sense of chaos.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
During a lull in the riot, a young officer on Patterson's video appealed for understanding from the protesters. He tried to calmly tell them how unhappy the police were with the assignment and its aftermath. "We've got cops back there in ambulances who've been hit." But the lull ended. Thirty to seventy protesters re-entered the park.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
A witness said the mob rammed a police barricade through the glass door of the Christodora House, a high-rise luxury building on Avenue B. They overturned planters and tore a lamp out of the wall, threatened residents and staff with bodily harm, and screamed and chanted "Die Yuppie Scum". At 6 a.m., the last protesters dispersed, vowing to demonstrate again.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Riot, Police actions
When questioned about the brutality, Captain McNamara said, "It was a hot night. There was a lot of debris being thrown through the air. Obviously tempers flared. But all these allegations will be investigated." Mayor Ed Koch was forced to temporarily revoke the curfew.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath
Eventually the brutality complaints ballooned to over 100. Video and images of "police officers striking demonstrators with nightsticks and kicking other apparently defenseless people while they were lying on the ground" were flashed continuously across the media. New York Police Commissioner Benjamin Ward issued a scathing report laying the blame for the riot squarely on the precinct. The police actions were "not well planned, staffed, supervised or executed... which culminated in a riot." Ward announced the retirement of Deputy Chief Thomas J. Darcy, who was absent from the scene and derelict in his duties.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath
Deputy Inspector Joseph Wodarski, the senior officer at the scene in Darcy's absence, was not demoted but transferred from his prestigious post as commander of the Midtown South precinct to a "less sensitive" command. Captain McNamara, the lowest-ranking commander at the scene, was temporarily relieved of his post, but was allowed to resume command of the precinct the next year. Ward said that McNamara's actions were "not well planned, staffed, supervised or executed, [but he] acted in good faith and made judgments that were within the level of his experience," after Darcy and Wodarski failed to act.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath
A city review of the riot turned up numerous problems with the police department's actions that night, including a failure to contact either Commissioner Ward or Mayor Koch. In the middle of the riot the commander left the scene to go to the bathroom at the station house, several blocks away from the fighting. The police helicopter used to illuminate the area only attracted bigger crowds. Several nearby rooftops were not secured by police and were used to throw bottles and debris at people on the street.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath
Ward said the mounted police were brought to the scene too soon and acted too rashly to confront protesters. A temporary headquarters was set up right in the middle of the park, causing officers unfamiliar with the East Village—who rushed to the scene from throughout the city—to push their way through demonstrators to reach it. Once at the headquarters, they found no high-ranking officer on duty.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
Mayor Koch called the park a "cesspool" where "sandboxes are soiled with feces and urine." Koch admitted he had not seen the feces and urine himself. "There are people, hundreds of them, I'm told, who park there all 24 hours a day, and obviously there are bodily needs."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
Hundreds of officers were called out on a steamy Saturday for the worst violence the city had seen in years, yet Koch did not know about it until the next day and said he did not speak to Ward about it until Monday.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
Ward himself had been the subject of controversy in the past, and the riot became a cause to reflect on the negative aspects of his record as Commissioner. After 10 people were shot in Brooklyn in 1984, nobody could find him for days. He appeared drunk at a Patrolmen's Benevolent Association convention in 1984; under his watch in 1985, officers in Queens used stun guns on suspects and in 1986 officers in Brooklyn stole and sold drugs.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
He was lambasted in 1987 for telling African American journalists that most crime in New York City was committed by young black men and later told black ministers in reference to that remark, "our little secret is out." He told a woman who was scared about a series of rapes that she was the type of woman a rapist would go after.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
It was noted that Mayor Koch held steadfast in his support of Ward. Although Koch said he was "shocked" by the videotape of the police response, as he had done in the past he refused to utter a negative word about Ward. "The day I think that a commissioner, including a police commissioner, isn't as good as he should be to run whatever he's running, that's the day I will ask him to submit his resignation," said Koch. "I think Ben Ward will go down as one of the greatest police commissioners this city has ever had.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
Bob McGuire is the other, and I appointed both of them." However, Koch's support eroded as evidence mounted that municipal disorganization and a lack of police leadership that night likely sparked the riots. "The film that I saw causes me to believe that there may have been an overreaction. I was not happy with what I saw on film. Those films were disturbing to me, and I think they disturbed Ben Ward as well."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, The city's reaction
Two officers were charged with use of excessive force. Officer Karen Connelly was accused of using her nightstick "wrongfully and without just cause" to strike a civilian, and Philip O'Reilly, who was accused of interfering with Times photographer Franco, and of using his nightstick to injure Franco's hand. The Civilian Complaint Review Board recommended the officers be charged, and Commissioner Ward endorsed the recommendations. The officers were tried before the Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH); in Police Department v. ÓReilly, OATH recommended that the charges against Philip ÓReilly be dismissed, while in Police Department v. Connelly OATH recommended that Karen Connelly's employment be terminated.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, Neighborhood reactions
A neighborhood divided over their feelings about police were united against their aggression. "The streets were full of people who I see coming out of their houses every morning with briefcases...I mean people who work on Wall Street, and they're standing in the street screaming 'Kill the pigs!'" said Phil Van Aver, a member of Manhattan Community Board 3. Board 3 and the nonprofit social service organizations supported the goal of clearing Tompkins Square Park of the drug dealers, drunks, addicts and anti-social elements that considered it home.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, Neighborhood reactions
Instead, the police riot ripped open old wounds about brutality and the neighborhood's housing problem many longtime residents faced. "The police, by acting in the brutal fashion that they did, managed to link a small group of crazies to the legitimate sentiments of opposition to gentrification," said Valerio Orselli, director of the Cooper Square Committee, a nonprofit housing group. "Now the issue has become police brutality, not housing. It's set everyone back."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Aftermath, Neighborhood reactions
Many people relished the neighborhood as a home for society's outcasts. Getrude Briggs, owner of East 7th Street store Books 'n' Things, and a resident of forty-one years: "Of course [the East Village] still attracts a lot of freaks, because it's still a place you can be free. For a lot of kids, coming here is a way to get away from the choking atmosphere of suburbia." Thirty-year resident Barbara Shawm protested the East Village's dangerous reputation:  "A 90-pound woman can easily fend off a down-and-outer or an addict. They're not dangerous. It's more dangerous uptown — what people do to each other in elevators."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
According to Times reporter Todd Purdum, the clash had its roots in music. News articles about the riots described some of the music groups who were involved in the melée . The New York Times quoted a handbill for The Backyards, a band looking for a drummer:  "Must be dedicated, hard-hitting, in it for life. Willing to die naked in an alley for your anti-art. Outcasts and social rejects preferred but not essential."


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The industrial anarchist Missing Foundation were active in the riots and their logo—an overturned martini glass and "1988 - 1933"—was found everywhere on the walls of the East Village. The band's singer, Peter Missing, sang through a bullhorn and claimed industrial society was on the verge of collapse and that a police state was imminent. The overturned glass signified the band's slogan "the party's over," and the dates an allusion to the year the Nazis took over the Weimar Republic.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The riots were commemorated in the song "Hold On" by Lou Reed. The song appeared on his 1989 CD New York. The song documents the civil and racial unrest going on in many areas of New York City at the time. The chorus of the song ends with the line "I'll meet you in Tompkins Square" for the first two refrains. The line changes to "there's a riot in Tompkins Square" on the third refrain.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The Bongwater song "Folk Song," released on the band's 1991 album The Power of Pussy involves Ann Magnuson trying to persuade an anarchist at the demonstration out of calling for the death of rich men, yuppies, bourgeois Blacks, landlord Jews, bankers, et cetera.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The Blues Traveler song "Closing Down the Park," released on the band's 1996 Live from the Fall live album, also addresses the riots. It has never been included on any studio album.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The Undead (Fronted By Ex-Misfits  guitarist Bobby Steele) released the song "There's a Riot In Tompkins Square" in 1993. The song details Steele's experience during the riots and his opinion on them as well. The song was later re-recorded and released on their album Til Death.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots
The Tompkins Square riots also parallel the riot scene in the Broadway play, Rent, by Jonathan Larson. The main character, Mark Cohen, films the riots which ...[ made] the nightly news. Paul Garrin is the real-life person who witnessed the riots, videotaped them as he was being beaten by the police. Rent also takes place in an abandoned lot, located In Alphabet City, where the homeless people have set up a tent city.


1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, Music and the riots, Riot anniversary concerts
On November 7, 2004, about 1,000 people gathered in Tompkins Square Park to attend a concert by the punk band Leftöver Crack. The concert has become a yearly ritual to mark the 1988 riots. According to the NYPD, when officers attempted an arrest for an open container of alcohol, concertgoers "surrounded and assaulted" the officers. Six arrests were made on charges including assault inciting to riot. "It was a confrontation obviously. I don't know if 'riot' is the right word", said Detective Gifford, a Police Department spokesperson. Reportedly, some of the punks spit upon and jumped on officers. Beer bottles were thrown, causing some in the crowd to pour beer over fellow concertgoers. On August 6, 2006, a fight broke out in a mosh pit when Leftöver Crack again played the riot anniversary concert.


1988 Tongatapu Inter Club Championship
The 1988 season of the Tongatapu Inter Club Championship was the 15th season of top flight association football competition in Tonga. Ngeleʻia FC won the championship for the seventh time, their final title in a then-record of 7 consecutive championships.


1988 Tooheys 1000
The 1988 Tooheys 1000 was a 1000 km endurance motor race for Group A Touring Cars. It was held on 2 October 1988 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia. The race was the opening round of the 1988 Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship and was the 29th running of the Bathurst 1000.


1988 Tooheys 1000
The 1988 edition was the only race in the history of the Bathurst 1000 to have commenced with a rolling start.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
On the Friday afternoon immediately at the close of final qualifying, Holden Special Vehicles driver Tom Walkinshaw lodged a formal protest against the leading Australian Ford Sierras, targeting all three Dick Johnson Racing (DJR) cars, along with the Tony Longhurst and Colin Bond entries. No European-built Fords (or those with some European build/driver connection) were protested, Walkinshaw claiming it was only the Australian cars as they were the fastest, despite the presence of the Eggenberger Motorsport built Allan Moffat ANZ Sierra as fourth fastest qualifier (faster than Bond and the third DJR entry). Also left alone in the protest was the Sierra of teammates Andrew Miedecke (fifth in a car with a technical link to Andy Rouse, while Miedecke's co-driver at Bathurst was Steve Soper) and Andrew Bagnall (seventh set by co-driver Pierre Dieudonné), and the Team CMS Sweden Sierra (tenth).


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
The feeling among the protested Australian Sierra teams was that the protest was designed to severely disrupt their race preparations, with only Longhurst's team able to get their Sierra somewhere near its pre-protest speed. All three teams had to pull their cars' engines and suspension apart after Friday's qualifying for the scrutineers before having to put them back together again before Saturday's Tooheys Top Ten. This was particularly disruptive for Dick Johnson's team as they had all three of their cars protested, despite the #18 car only qualifying 12th compared to Johnson's pole and John Bowe in second. The protest prompted DJR team owner Johnson to say at a press conference that Walkinshaw would "Protest against the cut in his bagpipes if he could" and that "All he wants to do is win and he doesn't care how he does it".


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
The Walkinshaw protest was countered by DJR team manager Neal Lowe who protested the three HSV team Holden Commodores, calling on his knowledge of the Commodore from his time with the old Holden Dealer Team in 1986. The counter-protest by DJR focused on the front air dam, steering rack and the size of the rear spoiler on only the factory backed Commodores.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
On race day, Walkinshaw advised the Australian Racing Drivers Club (ARDC) and FISA officials that should one of the protested cars win the race, his protest against that car was to be immediately withdrawn. His reasons given for this was so that the winner would be known on the day rather than months later, as had been the case with the 1987 race.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
Ultimately the Walkinshaw protests were found to be invalid and was dismissed. The HSV team cars had been entered by Perkins Engineering and not by TWR, therefore the Scot had no authority to lodge a protest and the stewards of the meeting erred in allowing it to proceed, though all of the Sierras were eventually cleared by FISA. However, the damage was done to the leading Australian Fords and it was only race winners Tony Longhurst Racing who managed to get their car back up to speed after being dismantled by scrutineers on the Friday before the Top Ten run off.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Controversy
In an ironic twist, the DJR protest against two of the three HSV team cars (only the Perkins built cars and not the TWR British built Walkinshaw/Jeff Allam car) was successful with the modifications made to the cars steering racks found to be illegal. Ultimately the Australian Racing Drivers Club saw no need to change the results to show the cars as disqualified as the spare HSV Car (#40) was only driven in Wednesday's practice session, while the Larry Perkins/Denny Hulme/Walkinshaw #10 car, as well as the #20 Walkinshaw/Allam car both failed to finish. The fact that the Perkins built cars were disqualified and the Sierras were cleared raised some eyebrows as during the 1988 Australian Touring Car Championship Larry Perkins had been vocal that the Sierras were running illegally and was pushing for CAMS to enforce the rules.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
The 1988 race, under the first time sponsorship of Tooheys Brewery, was won by Tony Longhurst and Tomas Mezera driving a Ford Sierra RS500. It was the first victory in the "Bathurst 1000" for a turbocharged vehicle, and the first victory by a four-cylinder car since Bob Holden and Rauno Aaltonen won in a Morris Cooper S in 1966. It was also the only time in the race's history that there was a rolling start, as dictated by FISA regulations, rather than the traditional standing start. The Ford Sierras dominated the race as expected, but reliability had plagued the Fords.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
Several that had led the race retired, however sufficient examples finished to fill the three podium positions. Second was the last survivor of the three-car Dick Johnson Racing team, driven by former factory Toyota racer John Smith and DJR lead drivers Dick Johnson and John Bowe whose own hastily re-built cars had both failed early. Alfredo Costanzo qualified in the #18 DJR Sierra but did not get to race, as Johnson and Bowe took over that car. Third was the Caltex-sponsored Sierra of Colin Bond and 1980 Formula One World Champion Alan Jones.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
The Caltex Sierra had to survive the Walkinshaw protest and post race disqualification (later overruled) to be finally classified third in December 1988. Indeed, it was Bond who successfully argued that Walkinshaw had no authority to lodge the original protest.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
Unfortunately for Bond, as a result of the protest his car had lost what the team considered to be their best turbocharger and they were forced to use their spare engine for the race which was reported to be some 50 bhp (37 kW; 51 PS) down on their main rivals putting their race speed at around the same level as the leading Commodore's which was around 3–4 seconds per lap slower than they had been expecting.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
Defending race winners Peter Brock, David Parsons and Peter McLeod all failed to finish the race. Brock and Parsons, driving BMW M3s for Brock's Mobil 1 Racing, were both out with engine trouble just after halfway through the race. It had been hoped by the team that the reliability shown by the BMW's in the European Touring Car Championship against the much faster, but still relatively fragile Ford Sierras would see them leading late in the race. Ironically the reverse was true and it was the factory backed BMW's which proved fragile.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
McLeod, driving one of the new Holden Commodores (built by Brock) with Melbourne solicitor Jim Keogh, was out with engine failure on lap 7. It was the team's second engine failure of the day having lost their race engine in the Sunday morning warmup session forcing the team into a rapid engine change that saw them start the race from pit lane.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
It was a cruel blow for the McLeod team after both McLeod and Keogh had crashed during practice and qualifying, but work on the car and a Saturday night change of setup had seen McLeod lap over one second faster in the race morning warmup than either driver had managed in qualifying.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
Class 2 was won by the BMW M3 of New Zealand's Trevor Crowe and "Captain" Peter Janson who finished a strong fourth outright. Class 3, for cars up to 1600cc, was predictably won by the Toyota Team Australia Corolla GT of John Faulkner and Drew Price who finished ninth outright after an all-day sprint. This marked the first time that a small capacity class car had finished in the top ten at Bathurst since 1978.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Race summary
The race saw the 18th and last start for 1983 James Hardie 1000 winner John Harvey. He drove a Holden Commodore with fellow Sydney veteran and 1974 race winner Kevin Bartlett to finish in 14th place.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Class structure, Class 1
For cars of over 2500cc engine capacity, it featured the turbocharged Ford Sierras, Nissan Skylines and Mitsubishi Starions, the V8 Holden Commodores and a BMW 635 CSi.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Class structure, Class 2
For cars of 1601-2500cc engine capacity, it was composed of BMW M3s and a Mercedes-Benz 190E.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Class structure, Class 3
For cars of up to 1600cc engine capacity, it was composed exclusively of various models of Toyota Corolla.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Tooheys Dozen
Due to FISA regulations the Top 10 run-off was not for Pole Position in 1988, but only for AUD$40,000 in prizemoney. This was the only time since the run off began as Hardies Heroes in 1978 that the top 10 grid positions had not been decided in the run off. As a result, the Australian Racing Drivers Club invited non-top 10 qualifiers and former race winners Allan Grice (Holden Commodore – 11th) and Peter Brock (BMW M3 – 16th) to participate.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Tooheys Dozen
After 10 years of being known as "Hardies Heroes", the name of the runoff was changed to the "Tooheys Top 10" (dozen for 1988) to go along with new race sponsor Tooheys Brewery.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Tooheys Dozen
* 9th fastest qualifier George Fury used the #15 Nissan Skyline as co-driver Mark Skaife had crashed the #30 car in practice and it was still being repaired at the time of the Top 10. This was only allowed as the Top 10 didn't count for grid positions. * Fury and former Volvo factory driver, Swedish train driver Ulf Granberg were the only drivers to actually go faster than their qualifying times. * Jim Richards set the qualifying time of 2:23.76 in the #56 Mobil 1 Racing BMW M3, but Peter Brock drove the car in the runoff.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Tooheys Dozen
Predictably in the underpowered, naturally aspirated 4 cyl BMW, Brock was the slowest in the runoff with a time over 2.2 seconds slower than 11th placed Allan Grice. * Klaus Niedzwiedz became the second West German driver in succession to win the runoff after his Eggenberger teammate Klaus Ludwig had won in 1987. Driving Allan Moffat's Eggenberger built Ford Sierra RS500, Niedzwiedz's time of 2:18.24 was 1.28 seconds slower than Ludwig's 1987 time, but it was 2.72 seconds faster than he had gone in the 1987 runoff.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Tooheys Dozen
* As the shootout was not for grid positions, Tom Walkinshaw withdrew the #10 HSV Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV of Larry Perkins (who was suffering from the flu). Its place was to be taken by the Mitsubishi Starion Turbo of 1986 pole winner Gary Scott. However, a determined Perkins was re-included and the Starion was removed from the list at the last minute. * Allan Grice had an unconventional start to his shootout lap, using the escape road at Murrays Corner to gain more speed along pit straight. It didn't work as his Les Small prepared Commodore finished 11th, 4/10ths slower than Perkins.


1988 Tooheys 1000, Official results
Italics indicate driver practiced in the car but did not race.


1988 Torneo Descentralizado
The 1988 Torneo Descentralizado, the top tier of Peruvian football was played by 37 teams in the format of Regional Tournaments. The national champion was Sporting Cristal.


1988 Torneo Godó
The 1988 Torneo Godó was a men's professional tennis tournament that was played on outdoor clay courts at the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain that was part of the 1988 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 36th edition of the tournament and took place from 12 September to 18 September 1988. Second-seeded Kent Carlsson won his second singles title at the event after 1986.


1988 Torneo Godó, Finals, Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Claudio Mezzadri /  Diego Pérez 2–6, 6–4, 9–7


1988 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1988 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.


1988 Torneo di Viareggio, Format
The 16 teams are seeded in 4 groups. Each team from a group meets the others in a single tie. The winner of each group progress to the final knockout stage.


1988 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1988 Toronto Argonauts finished in first place in the East Division with a 14–4 record. They appeared in the East Final. The 1988 season was the Argos' last season at Exhibition Stadium, they would move into their new stadium, SkyDome, the following year.


1988 Toronto Blue Jays season
The 1988 Toronto Blue Jays season was the franchise's 12th season of Major League Baseball. It resulted in the Blue Jays finishing third in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. This was the team's last full season at Exhibition Stadium before moving to their new home in June of the following year.


1988 Toronto Blue Jays season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Toronto International Film Festival
The 13th Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada between September 8 and September 17, 1988. Midnight Madness programme was introduced at the festival. The festival screened more than 300 films from all over the world. Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown by Pedro Almodóvar won the People's Choice Award at the festival, which later nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at Academy Award.


1988 Toronto International Film Festival
Dead Ringers by David Cronenberg was selected as the opening film.


1988 Toronto municipal election
The 1988 Toronto municipal election was held to elect members of municipal councils, school boards, and hydro commissions in the six municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The election was held  November 14, 1988. This election also marked the abolition of Boards of Control in North York, Etobicoke, Scarborough, and York. The Toronto Board of Control had been abolished in 1969.


1988 Toronto municipal election, Metro
The 1988 campaign was the first time most members of Metro Toronto were directly elected. Toronto had moved to direct elections in 1985, but the other cities had still had a selection of council members dually seated at Metro. In the new council only the five mayors would be granted automatic Metro seats.


1988 Toronto municipal election, Metro
Lakeshore Queensway Councillor Chris Stockwell resigned when he won a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990.


1988 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, Mayor
Incumbent mayor Art Eggleton faced little opposition in his bid for his fourth term of office. His closest opponent was New Democrat Carolann Wright.


1988 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
There was the largest turnover in councillors in this election since the 1972 election. The left on council ran a joint Reform Toronto campaign focused on curbing the development industry. The vote was a major triumph for the left on city council with two prominent and long-serving conservatives defeated: Fred Beavis, who had served on council since 1961, was defeated by environmentalist Marilyn Churley, and in the north end, conservative Michael Gee lost to Howard Levine.


1988 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
Results are taken from the November 15, 1988 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1988 Toronto municipal election, By-election
Ward 8 Councillor Marilyn Churley resigned upon winning a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990:


1988 Toronto municipal election, Borough of East York
The election in East York was a rather tame affair with the mayor, Dave Johnson handily re-elected by a large plurality. On Council five of eight members were new but only one incumbent, Bob Dale was defeated. Incumbent Steve Mastoras was re-elected but demoted to Junior Councillor in Ward 2.


1988 Toronto municipal election, City of North York
Mel Lastman was re-elected mayor of the North York for the sixth consecutive time. His wife, Marilyn also tried to obtain a council seat but was defeated by former school trustee Bob Bradley. Only one incumbent councillor, Bob Yuill was defeated in Ward 8 by newcomer Joanne Flint. All other councillors were re-elected.


1988 Toronto municipal election, City of York, Mayor
Mario Faraone was a 47-year-old building designer, consultant, and the owner of the firm F.M. Faraone and Sons company. He campaigned in support of urban tax reform, better traffic planning and affordable housing. He was a member of the Liberal Party, but ran without a party endorsement. A 1990 article in the Toronto Star newspaper drew attention to the fact that the York adjustment committee approved every single proposal put forward by Faraone in 1989 through 1990, despite serious concerns from local residents in some instances. One of the committee members was Faraone's business partner, Jack Capitanio.


1988 Toronto municipal election, City of York, Mayor
Faraone denied any suggestion of wrongdoing, and argued that his success rate was a reflection of his experience in the building industry. Capitano also denied suggestions of favouritism. Mayor Fergy Brown responded to the article by saying that he would raise the matter at the next council meeting, and recommended the city's legal department start an investigation. Newspaper reports do not indicate how the matter was resolved. Faraone has remained active in the building trade.


1988 Toronto municipal election, City of York, City Council
Of the eight ward races, six incumbents were returned. Newcomer Frances Nunziata beat incumbent Gary Bloor in Ward 7. Jim Fera was also a new member for Ward 5.


1988 Tour de France
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial.


1988 Tour de France
The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised.


1988 Tour de France, Teams
The UCI had also introduced a rule that limited the number of cyclists in a race to 200. In 1987, the Tour had started with 207 cyclists, so because of this rule, the number of teams in the 1988 Tour was reduced from 23 to 22, of 9 riders, a total of 198. 22 teams were announced two weeks before the Tour. The Tour organisation named three reserve teams, in case one of the 22 teams was unable to start: Postobón–Ryalco, Roland–Colnago and TVM–Van Schilt.


1988 Tour de France, Teams
Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 42 were riding the Tour de France for the first time. The average age of riders in the race was 27.56 years, ranging from the 21-year-old Jean-Claude Colotti  (RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic) to the 39-year-old Hennie Kuiper (Sigma–Fina). The Caja Rural–Orbea cyclists had the youngest average age while the riders on AD Renting–Anti- M–Bottecchia had the oldest.


1988 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
The winner of the 1987 Tour de France, Stephen Roche, was unable to defend his title as he was coming back from knee surgeries. The winner from 1986, Greg LeMond, had still not fully recovered from the hunting accident that caused him to miss the 1987 Tour, and did not start this Tour. Remaining favourites were Pedro Delgado, who had finished in second place in 1987, and Andrew Hampsten, the winner of the 1988 Giro d'Italia, several weeks before the Tour.


1988 Tour de France, Route and stages
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) introduced the rule that a cycling race could not span three weekends. The Tour de France could therefore only start on Monday 4 July, and the prologue was removed. The Tour organisers were not happy with this, and they extended the Tour by adding a 'prelude' or 'preface' to the race, circumventing the rule by making it unofficial. Each team would ride for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), and one cyclist per team would then finish one kilometer on his own. The recorded times were not used for the rest of the Tour, but the cyclist with the fastest time would wear the yellow jersey in the next stage.


1988 Tour de France, Route and stages
The total length of this Tour was 3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi), which was the shortest since 1906. Since 1910, Belgian cyclists had won at least one stage in every Tour, but in 1988 they did not win any stages. There was one rest day, during which the cyclists were transferred from Villard-de-Lans to Blagnac. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 15.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview
The prelude was won by Guido Bontempi, and the first official stage was won by Steve Bauer. Bauer lost the lead in the next stage, a Team Time Trial, to Teun van Vliet. The favourites for the overall victory did not lose time in the first stages. The individual time trial of stage six did not change that, although some outsiders (Sean Kelly and Laurent Fignon) lost two minutes.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview
In the eleventh stage, in hilly conditions, the first serious attacks were seen. Most contenders were able to stay in the main group, but Laurent Fignon and Jean-François Bernard lost a lot of time and were no longer seen as contenders. The twelfth stage included higher climbs. Delgado escaped on the climb of the Glandon, and he was joined by Steven Rooks. On the descent, they were joined by Gert-Jan Theunisse and Fabio Parra; the other cyclists were unable to get to them. Close to the finish, Rooks escaped and won the stage, and Delgado became the new leader of the general classification. Delgado won the next stage, an uphill individual time trial, and solidified his lead.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourteenth stage, the favourites stayed together, and other cyclists were allowed to go for the stage victory. Philippe Bouvatier and Robert Millar, who had led over the previous two cols, were in the uphill sprint to win, until Bouvatier allowed himself to be misdirected by a gendarme 200 metres before the finish (at the point where the team cars were separated from the cyclists) followed by Millar, and the victory went to Massimo Ghirotto.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview
Ghirotto offered his prize (a new car) to Bouvatier though Millar maintained he would have overhauled Bouvatier to win and told CyclingNews in 2010 that "I don't know if the gendarme was to blame, I don't think he was, I know I would have come round Bouvatier in the sprint but then I ought to have dropped him before we got to that stage".


1988 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fifteenth stage, Delgado increased his lead. He let Laudelino Cubino get away and claim the victory, because Cubino was no threat for the general classification, and finished in third place, gaining time on all his direct competitors. Delgado further increased his lead in the nineteenth stage, by leaving the other cyclists behind him on the final climb of the day. Delgado was aiming to win the twenty-first stage, an individual time trial, and was leading at all the intermediate check points, but lost time in the final part of the stage, finishing in fourth place. This was more than enough to secure the overall victory.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
During the race, it was announced that doping tests of Pedro Delgado and Gert-Jan Theunisse indicated they had used doping products.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
In Delgado's case, it was probenecid. Probenecid was a doping product according to the International Olympic Committee not yet on the doping list of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), so Delgado was not sanctioned, and he remained the winner of the Tour. Tour director Louy tried to convince Delgado to leave the race voluntarily, but Delgado refused. Delgado admits that he took probenecid, but with the intention to assist the kidneys, not to mask anabolic steroids.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
Theunisse was found to have a high testosterone-level, which was on the UCI doping list. Theunisse received a penalty of ten minutes, which dropped him from fifth place to eleventh place in the general classification.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
One other cyclist was penalised during this Tour: Spanish cyclist Roque de la Cruz failed a doping test after the sixth stage, and was given the same penalty as Theunisse.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
In 2013, a notebook from the team doctor of the PDM team showed that all but one of the PDM cyclist were given doping in the 1988 Tour de France.


1988 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
The owners of the Tour de France thought that director Louy had handled the Delgado affair in the wrong way, and they fired him later that year. They appointed Jean-Marie Leblanc as his replacement.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1988 Tour de France, six of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the combination jersey.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Another classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 25 years were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps. For the last time, there was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.


1988 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Jérôme Simon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 15. This prize was won by Laudelino Cubino.


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Pornichet with a prelude stage of team and individual time trials on 3 July, and Stage 11 occurred on 13 July with a mountainous stage to Morzine. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July.


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Prelude
3 July 1988 — Pornichet to La Baule, 3.8 km (2.4 mi) (team time trial) and 1 km (0.6 mi) (individual time trial)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 1
4 July 1988 — Pontchâteau to Machecoul, 91.5 km (56.9 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 2
4 July 1988 — La Haye-Fouassière to Ancenis, 48 km (29.8 mi) (team time trial)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 3
5 July 1988 — Nantes to Le Mans, 213 km (132 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 4
6 July 1988 — Le Mans to Évreux, 158 km (98 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 5
7 July 1988 — Neufchâtel-en-Bray to Liévin, 147.5 km (91.7 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 6
8 July 1988 — Liévin to Wasquehal, 52 km (32 mi) (individual time trial)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 7
9 July 1988 — Wasquehal to Reims, 225.5 km (140.1 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 8
10 July 1988 — Reims to Nancy, 219 km (136 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 9
11 July 1988 — Nancy to Strasbourg, 160.5 km (99.7 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 10
12 July 1988 — Belfort to Besançon, 149.5 km (92.9 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11, Stage 11
13 July 1988 — Besançon to Morzine, 232 km (144 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22
The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Pornichet with a prelude stage of team and individual time trials on 3 July, and Stage 12 occurred on 14 July with a mountainous stage from Morzine. The race finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 24 July.


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 12
14 July 1988 — Morzine to Alpe d'Huez, 227 km (141.1 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 13
15 July 1988 — Grenoble to Villard-de-Lans, 38 km (23.6 mi) (individual time trial)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 14
17 July 1988 — Blagnac to Guzet-Neige, 163 km (101.3 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 15
18 July 1988 — Saint-Girons to Luz Ardiden, 187.5 km (116.5 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 16
19 July 1988 — Luz Ardiden to Pau, 38 km (24 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 17
19 July 1988 — Pau to Bordeaux, 210 km (130 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 18
20 July 1988 — Ruelle-sur-Touvre to Limoges, 93.5 km (58.1 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 19
21 July 1988 — Limoges to Puy de Dôme, 188 km (117 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 20
22 July 1988 — Clermont-Ferrand to Chalon-sur-Saône, 223.5 km (138.9 mi)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 21
23 July 1988 — Santenay to Santenay, 46 km (29 mi) (individual time trial)


1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22, Stage 22
24 July 1988 — Nemours to Paris Champs-Élysées, 172.5 km (107.2 mi)


1988 Tour de Romandie
The 1988 Tour de Romandie was the 42nd edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 10 May to 15 May 1988. The race started in La Chaux-de-Fonds and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Gerard Veldscholten of the Weinmann team.


1988 Tour de Suisse
The 1988 Tour de Suisse was the 52nd edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 14 June to 23 June 1988. The race started in Dübendorf and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Helmut Wechselberger of the Malvor–Bottecchia team.


1988 Tour du Haut Var
The 1988 Tour du Haut Var was the 20th edition of the Tour du Haut Var cycle race and was held on 27 February 1988. The race started in Sainte-Maxime and finished in Grimaud. The race was won by Luc Roosen.


1988 Tour of Britain
The 1988 Tour of Britain was the second edition of the Kellogg's Tour of Britain cycle race and was held from 9 August to 14 August 1988. The race started in Newcastle and finished in London. The race was won by Malcolm Elliott of the Fagor team.


1988 Tour of Flanders
The 72nd running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on 3 April 1988. It was won by Eddy Planckaert in a two-man sprint with Australian Phil Anderson. 88 of 197 starters finished the race.


1988 Tour of Flanders, Race report
On the Berendries, 30 km from the finish, Marc Sergeant, Rudy Dhaenens and Phil Anderson broke clear, but Sean Kelly made his team work in pursuit. At the top of the Muur van Geraardsbergen, three riders, Adrie van der Poel, Eddy Planckaert and Phil Anderson, were ahead of the peloton. Van der Poel was dropped on the Bosberg and Anderson made several frantic efforts to distance the fast Planckaert on the final run-in towards Meerbeke. Planckaert, relying on his strong sprint finish, easily beat Anderson at the line. Van der Poel won the sprint for third place, 18 seconds behind Planckaert. Eddy Planckaert won his first monument classic, 12 years after his brother Walter Planckaert won the Tour of Flanders.


1988 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started in Sint-Niklaas and finished in Meerbeke (Ninove) – totaling 279 km. The course featured 12 categorized climbs:


1988 Tour of the Basque Country
The 1988 Tour of the Basque Country was the 28th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 4 April to 8 April 1988. The race started in Beasain and finished in Otzaurte. The race was won by Erik Breukink of the Panasonic team.


1988 Tournament of the Americas
The 1988 Tournament of the Americas, later known as the FIBA Americas Championship and the FIBA AmeriCup, was a basketball championship hosted by Uruguay from 22 to 31 May 1988. The games were played in Montevideo. This FIBA AmeriCup was to earn the three berths allocated to the Americas for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The United States did not participate in the tournament, as the team had already been awarded a berth in the Olympics. Brazil defeated Puerto Rico in the final to win the tournament. Canada beat Uruguay in the third place game to claim the final Olympic berth.


1988 Tournament of the Americas, Qualification
Eight teams qualified during the qualification tournaments held in their respective zones in 1987; Canada qualified automatically since they are one of only two members of the North America zone. Panama and the Dominican Republic withdrew from the tournament. The teams formed a single group of seven teams.


1988 Tournament of the Americas squads
This article displays the rosters for the participating teams at the 1988 Tournament of the Americas played in Montevideo, Uruguay from May 22 to May 31, 1988.


1988 Tournoi de France
The Tournoi de France (French for "Tournament of France") was a friendly international football tournament held in France in early February 1988. Four national teams participated in the competition: Austria, Morocco, hosts France, and Switzerland.


1988 Tournoi de France
It was a knockout tournament played over three days in Toulouse and Monaco. The final and third place play-off were held in Monaco, which is a country independent of France.


1988 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council election
Elections to Trafford Council were held on 5 May 1988. One-third of the council was up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a four-year term of office, expiring in 1992. The Conservative party gained overall control of the council, from no overall control.


1988 Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council election
After the election, the composition of the council was as follows:


1988 Trampoline World Championships
The 15th Trampoline World Championships were held in Birmingham (Alabama), United States from May 10 to May 12, 1988


1988 Trans America Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1988 Trans America Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Centenary Park on the campus of Centenary College of Louisiana in Shreveport, Louisiana. This was the tenth tournament championship held by the Trans America Athletic Conference, in its tenth year of existence. Stetson won their first tournament championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 1988 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1988 Trans America Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The top two finishers from each division by conference winning percentage qualified for the tournament, with the top seed from one division playing the second seed from the opposite in the first round.


1988 Trans America Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player
Mike Sempeles was named Tournament Most Valuable Player. Hendley was an outfielder for Stetson.


1988 Trans-Am Series
The 1988 SCCA Escort Trans-Am Championship was the 23rd running of the Sports Car Club of America's premier series. 1988 would mark the end of the "GT era", in which the series had been the support series, and often the lesser classes, of the more popular IMSA GT Championship, which had overtaken Trans Am as the most popular road racing series in the United States beginning in 1973 after the decline of muscle cars and the 1973 Oil Crisis. This led to an increase in competitiveness from foreign manufacturers.


1988 Trans-Am Series
The Audi 200 quattro won the manufacturer's championship and Hurley Haywood won the driver's championship.


1988 Transamerica Open
The 1988 Transamerica Open, also known as the Pacific Coast Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California in the United States. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 98th edition of the tournament and was held from September 26 through October 2, 1988. Unseeded Michael Chang won the singles title and earned $59,500 first-prize money. At age 16 he became the youngest winner of a Grand Prix Super Series event.


1988 Transamerica Open, Finals, Doubles
John McEnroe /  Mark Woodforde defeated  Scott Davis /  Tim Wilkison 6–4, 7–6


1988 Transamerica Open – Doubles
Jim Grabb and Patrick McEnroe were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Scott Davis and Tim Wilkison.


1988 Transamerica Open – Doubles
John McEnroe and Mark Woodforde won the title by defeating Davis and Wilkison 6–4, 7–6 in the final.


1988 Transamerica Open – Singles
Peter Lundgren was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to David Pate.


1988 Transamerica Open – Singles
Michael Chang won the title by defeating Johan Kriek 6–2, 6–3 in the final.


1988 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
The Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election of 1988 took place on 20 November 1988.


1988 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
The Christian Democratic alliance DC-SVP was joined by the Socialists.


1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election
The 1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election took place in a single phase on 2 February 1988 to elect the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from each of the 60 Assembly Constituencies (ACs) in Tripura, India. More than 100 individuals were killed in election-related violence in the state of Tripura. Government and TNV representatives agreed to a cessation of military hostilities on August 12, 1988. Several thousand individuals were killed, and some 200,000 individuals were displaced during the conflict.


1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, Highlights
Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly were held on February 2, 1988. The election were held in a single phase for all the 60 assembly constituencies.


1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
Indian National Congress (INC) – Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (TUJS) coalition won 30 out of 60 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The CPI-M won 28 seats in the Legislative Assembly. Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar formed a INC-TUJS coalition government on February 5, 1988.


1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
On February 17, 1992, the eight members of the Tripura Tribal Youth League (Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti-TUJS), who were part of the governing coalition in the 60-seat Legislative Assembly, resigned in protest over more than 500 starvation deaths in tribal areas in recent months. Chief Minister Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar resigned on February 19, 1992, and Samir Ranjan Barman was sworn in as Chief Minister of an INC-TUJS coalition government on February 20, 1992.


1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
Chief Minister Samir Ranjan Barman resigned on February 27, 1993, and the state of Tripura was placed under president's rule from March 11, 1993 to April 10, 1993.


1988 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1988 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first year under head coach David Rader, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 4–7 record. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback T. J. Rubley with 2,497 passing yards, Brett Adams with 602 rushing yards, and Dan Bitson with 1,138 receiving yards.


1988 Turkish constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Turkey on 25 September 1988. The proposed changes to the constitution would have led to the 1989 local elections being held a year early. However, they were voted down, with 65% of voters against. Turnout was 88.8%.


1988 Turks and Caicos Islands general election
General elections were held in the Turks and Caicos Islands on 3 March 1988. They were the first after the suspension of the islands' constitution between 1986 and 1988, which followed Chief Minister Norman Saunders leaving office in March 1985 after being arrested on suspicion of drug smuggling (he was later found guilty and jailed) and the next Chief Minister Nathaniel Francis resigning in July 1986 after a British parliamentary inquiry accused him of corruption.


1988 Turks and Caicos Islands general election
The result was a victory for the opposition People's Democratic Movement (PDM), which won eleven of the thirteen seats in the Legislative Council. Following the elections, PDM leader Oswald Skippings became Chief Minister. Malcolm Daniel, leader of the Progressive National Party (PNP) and Ariel Misick, leader of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) both lost their seats.


1988 Turks and Caicos Islands general election, Electoral system
The thirteen members of the Legislative Council were elected from five multi-member constituencies with two or three seats. The number of seats was increased from 11 in 1984.


1988 Turks and Caicos Islands general election, Campaign
A total of 39 candidates contested the elections, with the PDM, PNP and NDA all running full slates of 13 candidates.


1988 Tweeddale District Council election
Elections to the Tweeddale District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships took place between January 4 and 10, 1988 in Denver, Colorado. Medals were awarded in four colors: gold (first), silver (second), bronze (third), and pewter (fourth) in four disciplines – men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing – across three levels: senior, junior, and novice.


1988 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The event was one of the criteria used to select the U.S. teams for the 1988 Winter Olympics, as well as the 1988 World Championships.


1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
The 1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships was a Grand Prix men's tennis tournament held in Charleston, South Carolina in the United States. It was the 20th edition of the tournament and was held on outdoor clay courts from April 25 through May 2, 1988. First-seeded Andre Agassi won the singles title.


1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Finals, Doubles
Pieter Aldrich /  Danie Visser defeated  Jorge Lozano /  Todd Witsken 7–6, 6–3


1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles
Pieter Aldrich and Danie Visser won in the final 7–6, 6–3 against Jorge Lozano and Todd Witsken.


1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1988 U.S. Open was the 88th U.S. Open, held June 16–20 at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, a suburb southwest of Boston. Curtis Strange defeated Nick Faldo in an 18-hole playoff for the first of two consecutive U.S. Open titles.


1988 U.S. Open (golf), Final round
Strange took the 54-hole lead after a third-round 69, while Faldo was a stroke behind after a 68. Strange and Faldo battled back-and-forth during the final round. Strange three-putted from 15 feet (4.6 m) on the 17th green to fall into a tie, then saved par from a greenside bunker on the 18th to force a Monday playoff.


1988 U.S. Open (golf), Playoff
In the playoff, Strange carried a one-stroke lead to the turn after birdies at the 4th and 7th holes. When Faldo bogeyed the 11th, the lead went to two, but Strange bogeyed the next hole to return it to one. Strange rebounded with a birdie on 13 and took a commanding three-shot lead when Faldo bogeyed. Faldo bogeyed three of his last four holes to card a 75, while Strange finished with an even-par 71 and a four-stroke victory.


1988 U.S. Open (golf), Playoff
This was the third U.S. Open at The Country Club and all ended in playoffs. Julius Boros, age 43, defeated Arnold Palmer and Jacky Cupit in 1963, and 20-year-old amateur Francis Ouimet prevailed over Britons Harry Vardon and Ted Ray in 1913.


1988 U.S. Open (golf), Playoff
Strange successfully defended his title in 1989, the first to win consecutive U.S. Opens since Ben Hogan in 1950 and 1951. Brooks Koepka became the first player since Strange to defend his title by winning the U.S. Open in 2017 at Erin Hills and again in 2018 at Shinnecock Hills.


1988 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Second round
Defending champion Scott Simpson shot 66 (−5) to lead after 36 holes.


1988 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships
The 1988 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, also known by its sponsored name Shawmut U.S. Pro Championships, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. The event was part of the Super Series of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the 61st edition of the tournament and was held from July 4 through July 10, 1988. Eighth-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title, his second at the event after 1985.


1988 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles
Jorge Lozano /  Todd Witsken defeated  Bruno Orešar /  Jaime Yzaga 3–6, 7–5, 6–2


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships
The 1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in San Antonio, Texas in the United States and was part of the Category 3 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from February 29 through March 5, 1988. The Steffi Graf won the singles title.


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships, Finals, Doubles
Lori McNeil /  Helena Suková defeated  Rosalyn Fairbank /  Gretchen Magers 6–3, 6–7, 6–2


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships – Doubles
Lori McNeil and Helena Suková won in the final 6–3, 6–7, 6–2 against Rosalyn Fairbank and Gretchen Magers.


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships – Singles
Steffi Graf won in the final 6–4, 6–1 against Katerina Maleeva.


1988 U.S. Women's Hard Court Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 U.S. Women's Open
The 1988 U.S. Women's Open was the 43rd U.S. Women's Open, held July 21–24 at the Five Farms East Course of Baltimore Country Club in Lutherville, Maryland, a suburb north of Baltimore.


1988 U.S. Women's Open
Liselotte Neumann won her only major title, three strokes ahead of runner-up Patty Sheehan. From Sweden, she was only the fifth international player to win the U.S. Women's Open. For the first time, the championship was won by non-Americans in consecutive years, as Laura Davies of England won in 1987.


1988 U.S. Women's Open
At age 22, Neumann was the youngest professional to date to win the title, second by two months to 1967 champion Catherine Lacoste, an amateur who won less than a week after turning 22. She opened with a record 67 on Thursday, and either led or co-led after every round.


1988 U.S. Women's Open
Sixty years earlier, the East Course hosted the PGA Championship in 1928, won by Leo Diegel. He stopped four-time defending champion Walter Hagen in the quarterfinals, ending his winning streak at 22 matches.


1988 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 1988 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis in the 1988 NCAA Division II football season. UC Davis competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference (NCAC).


1988 UC Davis Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by head coach Jim Sochor in his 19th and final year. They played home games at Toomey Field. UC Davis finished the season as champion of the NCAC for the 18th consecutive season and it was their 19th consecutive winning season. The Aggies regular season record was seven wins, two losses and one tie (7–2–1, 5–0 NCAC). With the 5–0 conference record, they stretched their conference winning streak to 41 games dating back to the 1981 season.


1988 UC Davis Aggies football team
At the end of the season, the Aggies qualified for the Division II playoffs. In the first playoff game they were defeated by Sacramento State. That brought their final record to seven wins, three losses and one tie (7–3–1, 5–0 NCAC). The Aggies outscored their opponents 300–180 for the season.


1988 UC Davis Aggies football team
Sochor's career at UC Davis was remarkable in its success. His teams won the conference championship in 18 of his 19 years, including 18 straight from 1971 to 1988. His teams had a winning record in all 19 seasons, finishing with a final record of 156–41–5, a .785 winning percentage, and reached the postseason in nine seasons. In conference play under Sochor, UC Davis 92–6, a .939 winning percentage. Sochor was inducted into the college football hall of fame in 1999.


1988 UC Davis Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No UC Davis Aggies players were selected in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
The 1988 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) during the 1988 NCAA Division III football season.


1988 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
The Gauchos competed as an NCAA Division III independent in 1988. The team was led by third-year head coach Mike Warren, and played home games at Campus Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4) and outscored their opponents 189–176 for the season.


1988 UCF Knights football team
The 1988 UCF Knights football season was the tenth for the team. It was Gene McDowell's fourth season as the head coach of the Knights. After making the playoffs the year before, UCF started off the season ranked in the top 5 of Division II. After defeating the defending Division II national champions Troy State in week 3, the Knights jumped to No. 2 in the nation, a spot they held for three consecutive weeks. The Knights faltered, however, and lost five of their last six games. McDowell's 1988 Knights finished the season with a 6–5 overall record and missed the Division II playoffs.


1988 UCF Knights football team
The Knights competed as an NCAA Division II Independent. The team played their home games at the Citrus Bowl in Downtown Orlando.


1988 UCF Knights football team
A movement on campus in 1988 suggested the team change its nickname from Knights to "Sharks", but it was rejected by the school.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game
The Noise Penalty Game, also known as the Towel Game, is one of the most legendary games in the history of UCF Knights football. It took place on September 17, 1988 at the Citrus Bowl. The Knights, ranked No. 3 in Division II at the time, hosted No. 1 ranked Troy State, and it wound up being the Knights' biggest win to-date in the young team's history. The Troy State Trojans had knocked UCF out of the Division II playoffs the year prior, and went on to win the 1987 Division II championship.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game
Going into the game, both teams were undefeated at 2–0, and Troy State was riding a 15-game unbeaten streak. A then-school record crowd of 31,789 spectators arrived at the Citrus Bowl, anxious to see the if the Knights could seek revenge and upset Troy State, and ultimately elevate to the Division II No. 1 ranking in the nation.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game
Prior to the game, yellow handkerchiefs were handed out to the fans to wave, printed with the words "Noise Penalty." The raucous crowd did their part, creating an intimidating environment for the Trojans players all night long. The UCF fans were so loud at one point, Trojans quarterback Bob Godsey could not call plays. Officials stopped the game seven times, and eventually penalized the Knights a timeout due to the excessive crowd noise. In addition, stadium officials announced that fans had consumed 100 kegs of beer during the game.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game, First half
UCF scored first with a 45-yard field goal by Blake Holton. The score was set up by a fumble by Troy State quarterback Bob Godsey, recovered by Steve Spears at the Trojans 46 yard line. Troy State then took the lead 6-3 with a 78-yard drive capped off by a 1-yard touchdown run by Godsey, but the extra point failed.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game, First half
In the second quarter, UCF defender Jimmy Goodman intercepted Godsey at the Trojans 18 yard line, setting up a 34-yard field goal by Travis Allen, and a 6-6 tie. The tie was short-lived, however, as Godsey connected with Kenny Eddenfield for a 61-yard touchdown. UCF blocked the extra point, and Troy State led 12-6 at halftime.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game, Second half
Troy State extended their lead to 18-6 early in the third quarter after a 1-yard touchdown by Tony Young. A two-point conversion failed. Later in the third quarter, UCF quarterback Shane Willis threw a 55-yard pass to Arnell Spencer, all the way down inside the Trojans 13-yard line. After that, Willis executed a trick play, pitching the ball to wide receiver Sean Beckton, who threw a 21-yard touchdown pass to Spencer in the left corner of the endzone to make the score 18-13.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game, Second half
The Knights blocked a Trojans punt, and recovered it in the endzone, but officials ruled the ball down at the 1 yard line. They failed to score on the drive though when Willis threw an interception. The UCF defense forced another punt, and the Knights got the ball at the Trojans 43 yard line. In just 14 seconds, the Knights were in the endzone after a 28-yard reception by Shawn Jefferson, followed by a 1-yard touchdown run by Gil Barnes. Leading 19-18, the Knights were not fooled by a Trojans fake punt attempt.


1988 UCF Knights football team, The "Noise Penalty" game, Second half
Facing 4th down & 3 at their own 27, Troy State tried to run up the middle for a first down, but was stuffed for no gain. Five plays later, UCF was in the endzone again, with an 8-yard touchdown run by Mark Giacone. UCF won by the final score of 26-18. Days later, the Knights were voted No. 2 in the NCAA Division II poll, and they would remain there for three weeks.