1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
The Mountain West had begun trending Republican in 1952; in that election, Eisenhower overperformed in Nevada as he did in the rest of the region, after it had unanimously voted for Truman in 1948. However, Nevada, along with New Mexico in the Mountain West, voted for Kennedy in 1960, and was competitive in 1976. 1980 marked a watershed in Nevada's Republican turn, as it voted 25.9% more Republican than the nation, the most to the right Nevada had voted since statehood.


1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada remained a strong 15.7% more Republican than the nation amid Reagan's national 1984 landslide, and remained more Republican than the nation by double digits in 1988. This was at the same time as some other Mountain West states, such as Colorado and Montana, wavered in the strength of their traditional Republicanism, amid the 1980s farm crisis.


1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada, which had been a bellwether state for most of the 20th century (having voted for the winner of every election between its third vote for Bryan in 1908 and its vote for Ford in 1976), returned to being closer to the national median in 1992, as Bill Clinton, the national winner, narrowly carried it.


1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
It remained narrowly to the right of the country in both of Clinton's wins, but George W. Bush only narrowly carried it in his own two victories in 2000 and 2004, as 1988 remained (as of 2020) not only the last election in which Clark County voted to the right of the country, but also the last election in which Clark County has even voted Republican.


1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
The election was rather multi-partisan, with more than 3% of the state voting for third parties or for Nevada's "None of These Candidates" option. This would be the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee would win heavily populated Clark County, home to the city of Las Vegas, which beginning in 1992 would become a reliably Democratic stronghold in the state. Consequently, 1988 was also the last occasion in which a Republican presidential candidate swept every county in Nevada, and the last time a Republican carried the state by a double-digit margin.


1988 United States presidential election in Nevada
Nevada weighed in for this election as about 13% more Republican than the national average. This would be the third time in a row that Republicans swept every county in the state – however, it would become the last time any presidential candidate did so, as this was the last election in which Clark County, the most populated county in Nevada and home to Las Vegas, was won by a Republican presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
The 1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all 50 states and D.C. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
New Hampshire voted for the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush, over the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, by a landslide margin of 26.16%. Bush took 62.49% of the vote to Dukakis's 36.33%.


1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Compared to the rest of liberal New England, New Hampshire historically had a strong fiscal conservative streak to its politics, and Bush's pledge not to raise taxes played well to the state's anti-tax electorate. This election would prove to be the GOP's high point in New Hampshire, as the state gave Bush his second-strongest win in the nation, behind only Utah.


1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
In the following years, the state would drift to the left, on economic issues and especially on social issues. As the Republican Party moved to embrace the Christian right and became increasingly Southern, the GOP would suffer a rapid decline in its fortunes in New Hampshire. Despite the scale of Bush's victory in 1988, the state would be projected to flip to Democrat Bill Clinton as soon as the polls closed, and do so just 4 years later in 1992, and the state has been Democratic-leaning ever since.


1988 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
This was the last election in which a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of the vote in New Hampshire, although his son George W. Bush would eke out a narrow 48–47 plurality in 2000. The state has voted Democratic in every other election since, even in 2016, when it was the second-closest state, behind Michigan. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which a Republican has been able to win every county within the state as well as the last time the counties of Cheshire, Grafton, Merrimack and Strafford voted for a Republican presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey
The 1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose 16 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey was won by incumbent Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Democratic Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle while Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Bush carried New Jersey with 56.24% of the vote, while Dukakis received 42.60% a 13.64% margin of victory.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey
New Jersey weighed in for this election as almost 6% points more Republican than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey
Bush won 18 of New Jersey's 21 counties, with Dukakis only winning the heavily Democratic counties of Mercer, Essex, and Hudson. This remains the last election in which a Republican presidential candidate has won the following counties: Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Cumberland, Middlesex, and Union. All of these counties would become reliably Democratic in every election that has followed as northern suburban voters shifted away from the GOP in the 1990s. Consequently, this would also be the last time that New Jersey as a whole would cast its electoral votes for a Republican presidential nominee, and New Jersey would subsequently become regarded as a solid blue state in every subsequent presidential election.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for New Jersey, with more than 99% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, though a total of 11 parties did appear on the ballot.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey, Republican victory
Bush won the election in New Jersey with a strong 13.6 point margin. This is the most recent presidential election where New Jersey sent Republican electors to the Electoral College. The election results in New Jersey are reflective of a nationwide political re-consolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place in the through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s arguably saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts.


1988 United States presidential election in New Jersey, Republican victory
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico
The 1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico
New Mexico was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico
New Mexico weighed in for this election as 4 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. This was also the last election in which a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of the popular vote in New Mexico, although his son George W. Bush would eke out an extremely narrow 49.84%-49.05% plurality over John Kerry in 2004.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for New Mexico, with 98 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last presidential election in New Mexico in which Bernalillo County, Doña Ana County, and Socorro County voted for a Republican presidential candidate. The Democratic stronghold in the northern part of the state is evident during this election, and remains largely intact from this point onward to current political times.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico, Republican victory
Bush won the election in New Mexico with a solid 5 percentage point margin. The election results in New Mexico are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and large scale tax cuts.


1988 United States presidential election in New Mexico, Republican victory
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for economic reform and governmental transparency. Bush, on the other hand, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan – which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
The 1988 United States presidential election in New York took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose 36 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
New York was won by Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts with 51.62% of the popular vote over Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who took 47.52%, a victory margin of 4.10%.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
1988 would mark the end of an era in New York's political history. Since the 1940s, New York had been a Democratic-leaning swing state, usually voting Democratic in close elections, but often by small margins. Republicans would dominate much of upstate New York and populated suburban counties like Nassau County, Suffolk County, and Westchester County. However, they would be narrowly outvoted statewide by the fiercely Democratic and massively populated New York City area, along with some upstate cities like Buffalo, Albany, and the college town of Ithaca.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
This pattern would endure in 1988 for the final time, allowing Bush to keep the race fairly close, only losing the state to Dukakis by 4%. As a result, 1988 was the last time in the state's history that New York was considered both a swing state, and decided by a single digit margin.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
Dukakis’ statewide victory is largely attributable to winning four of five boroughs of New York City overall with 66.2% of the vote. However even though losing the city in a landslide, Bush's 32.8% of the vote was a relatively respectable showing for a Republican in NYC, particularly in retrospect. In the 6 elections that have followed 1988, Republican presidential candidates have received only 17 to 24% of the vote in New York City.


1988 United States presidential election in New York
This was the last election in which a Republican presidential nominee won heavily populated Nassau and Westchester Counties, as well as Monroe, Onondaga, and Ulster Counties, and also the last election in which New York was decided by a single-digit margin. Beginning in 1992, the Democrats would make substantial inroads in the suburbs around New York City as well as parts of upstate, making New York a solid blue state that has gone Democratic by double-digit margins in every election since.


1988 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1988 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 8, 1988, and was part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina strongly voted for the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush, over the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis. The final margin was 57.97% to 41.71%, which compared to the other southern states, was close to the southern average. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Pasquotank County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota
The 1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota
North Dakota was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. Bush won the election in North Dakota with a solid 13-point landslide. While North Dakota has typically voted conservative in presidential elections, the election results in North Dakota were also reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Ronald Reagan, which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan and furthered under Bush and Bill Clinton may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota
The election was very partisan, with nearly 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. All major counties in North Dakota gave pluralities for Bush, including the relatively highly populated center of Cass County, which contains the city of Fargo. As has been typical ever since the 1960s, however, Dukakis gained large majorities in the two predominantly Native American counties of Rolette in the north and Sioux in the south, and he also carried by smaller margins a number of other counties in the northern and eastern portions of the state. This is one of only two elections since 1952 where national bellwether Sargent County in the state's southeast supported a losing candidate, with the anomaly most likely due to the farm crisis.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota
North Dakota weighed in for this election as five percent more Republican than the national average, a much smaller margin than usual due to the persistent farm crisis of the 1980s. As of the 2020 presidential election this remains relatively the least Republican the state has been since Nixon's landslide win in 1972, when a "favorite son" effect with George McGovern from neighboring South Dakota was a likely influence.


1988 United States presidential election in North Dakota, Primary
North Dakota held the last primary of the election season on June 14th, by which time the party nominations had effectively already been secured. Libertarian candidate Ron Paul entered due to it being an open primary, receiving 985 votes. For the Republicans, Bush received 37,062 votes to 2,372 for perennial candidate Mary Jane Rachner of Minnesota while Dukakis garnered 2,890 votes compared to 515 for Jesse Jackson.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1988 United States presidential election in Ohio took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose 23 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as vice president, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. As of 2020, this is the last time that Ohio was decided by double-digits.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio weighed in for this election as 2% more Republican than the national average. This is the first election since 1924 in which Ohio did not vote the same way as Wisconsin, something that would reoccur in 2000, 2004, and 2020.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Ohio, with more than 99% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. Most counties in the state turned out more for Bush than Dukakis. Two notable exceptions to this trend were Cleveland's Cuyahoga County, and residents of several counties on the Eastern border with Pennsylvania, who voted largely for Dukakis. This was the last occasion until 2016 that Erie County, Montgomery County and Portage County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio, Republican victory
Bush won the election in Ohio with a solid 11 point landslide. As a historical swing state, the decisive election results in Ohio were reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in Ohio, Republican victory
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
The 1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Oklahoma voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
Oklahoma was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
The election was very partisan, with more than 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, and only four candidates appearing on the ballot. The Southeastern portion of the state resumed turning out in large numbers for the Democratic Party; it had voted almost entirely Republican in 1984.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
This may be somewhat attributed to the influence of the ongoing drought and the farming crisis in the Great Plains, and of the politically volatile state of Texas, which was also changing its political orientation through the 1980s and 1990s from a Democratic area to a largely Republican one. Bush's dominance in the more populated metro Oklahoma City and Tulsa ensured a safe GOP victory. However, despite Bush and Quayle winning the state, Oklahoma swung more to the Democrats from 1984 to 1988 than any other state in the nation, swinging by 21.30%.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
Bush won the election with a strong 15-point landslide. While traditionally conservative, the election results in Oklahoma were indicative of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
Dukakis ran on a socially liberal platform and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Ronald Reagan, which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan and furthered under Bush and Bill Clinton may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
Oklahoma weighed in for this election as 9% more Republican than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma, Slates of Electors
Democrat: Lou Rogers Watkins, M. David Riggs, Loretta Y. Jackson, Fred L. Boettcher, C. Pat Frank, Randy L. Beutler, Neil McElderry Jr, Demetrius Bereolos


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma, Slates of Electors
Republican: Ron Collett, Lavelle Dennis, Mary Lou Mathis, Joyce Perring, Art Rubin, Susan Kay Schroeder, Rosemary Tarr, Dorothy Zumwalt


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma, Slates of Electors
New Alliance: Sandra Williams, Susanne Michelle Adams, Carol J. Mizell, Toni A. Zucconi, Tania Ann Zucconi, Rhonda K. Tsotigh, Jeffrey L. Fuller, Carl Jonathan Wood


1988 United States presidential election in Oklahoma, Slates of Electors
Libertarian: F. G. Litzaw, Brian W. Holk, G. Dennis Garland, Paul O. Woodward, Mary E. Laurent, Debby L. Wair, Whitney L. Boutin Jr, Michael A. Wair


1988 United States presidential election in Oregon
The 1988 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose seven electors of the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Oregon
Oregon was won by Democratic nominee Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis over Republican nominee Vice President George H. W. Bush. Oregon was one of just ten states won by Dukakis in an election overwhelmingly won by Bush. It also marked the first victory by a Democratic presidential candidate in Oregon since 1964; Democrats have won every presidential election in Oregon since then, although Bush's son and later Republican candidate George W. Bush came close to winning the state in both 2000 and 2004. Bush's loss marked the first time that a Republican was elected President while losing Oregon since Ulysses S. Grant in 1868.


1988 United States presidential election in Oregon
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion Washington County has voted for a Republican presidential nominee, and the only time since 1948 where Oregon has not voted for the same candidate as neighboring California.


1988 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1988 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 8, 1988, and was part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania voted for the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush, over the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis. Bush won the state by a narrow margin of 2.31%. This was the last election where Pennsylvania would be carried by a Republican presidential candidate until 2016. Northampton and Luzerne counties, both statewide bellwethers, would also not vote Republican again until 2016. This was also the first election since 1932 where Pennsylvania did not vote the same as neighboring New York, another phenomenon that would not occur again until 2016.


1988 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which three Philadelphia-area suburban counties--Bucks, Montgomery, and Delaware--as well as Lehigh County have voted Republican at the presidential level.


1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all 50 states and D.C. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, over Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush. Dukakis took 55.64% of the vote to Bush's 43.93%, a margin of 11.71%. This made it one of 10 states (plus the District of Columbia) to vote for Dukakis, while Bush won a convincing electoral victory nationwide.


1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
A liberal New England state, Rhode Island gave Dukakis his strongest state victory in the nation, with only the District of Columbia voting more Democratic. It was one of just two states (along with Iowa) to vote Democratic by a double-digit margin, and one of only two states (along with Hawaii) to have all of its counties go to Dukakis. Despite this, it was still a relatively strong Republican performance compared to how the state has trended since. The state has voted Democratic in every presidential election that followed. This remains the last time a Republican candidate won over 40% of the vote in Rhode Island.


1988 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
As of 2020, this was the last presidential election in which the towns of Barrington, Charlestown, Little Compton, Middletown, North Kingstown, and Portsmouth voted for the Republican candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. South Carolina voters chose eight electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina
South Carolina weighed in for this election as 16% more Republican than the national average, and was the fourth most Republican state in the nation behind Utah, New Hampshire and Idaho.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for South Carolina, with more than 99% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, and only 4 candidates appearing on the ballot. As can be seen in several states across the country during this election, the large population centers in South Carolina voted Republican, but several counties near-by the large population centers voted Democratic, suggesting the influence of suburban populations. A good example of this effect, is with the city of Columbia's Richland County, which voted Republican, while its less-populated neighbor, Fairfield County, voted Democratic. This geographic trend is opposite of what you would expect to see with these parties, and once again may suggest an element of influence from (for example) the city of Columbia's suburban districts.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Partisan background
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Richland County voted for a Republican Presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Republican victory
Bush won the election in South Carolina by a landslide 23.9% margin. Bush scored particularly strong wins in the population centers of Greenville and Lexington Counties, winning over 70% of the vote in both. He also powerfully won Spartanburg County, the largest county in the state that had remained a Democratic stronghold into the 1960s and 1970s, with over 60% of the vote.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota
The 1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota
South Dakota was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota
South Dakota weighed in for this election as one percent more Democratic than the national average. This is the last of only four elections since statehood when South Dakota has voted more Democratic than the national average, an anomaly probably caused by the persistent crisis in the United States' farming sector during the decade.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for South Dakota, with more than 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Republican or the Democratic parties, and only five candidates appearing on the ballot. While most counties turned out in this election for Bush, the highly populated centers of Brown County and Sioux Falls's Minnehaha County, voted in majority for Dukakis.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota, Republican victory
Bush won the election in South Dakota with a 6-point margin. While South Dakota tends to lean conservative, the election results in South Dakota are also reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability.


1988 United States presidential election in South Dakota, Republican victory
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of then-President Reagan, which gained him much support with social and economic conservatives.


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee weighed in for this election as eight points more Republican than the national average. Tennessee was the only state to vote more Republican than in 1984. As of the 2020 presidential election, this was the last time the Republican candidate carried Davidson County (home of Nashville) and Shelby County (home of Memphis), both of which have become staunch, and in fact the only, Democratic strongholds into the 21st century.


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Tennessee, with more than 99% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, although ten candidates did appear on the ballot. Most counties in Tennessee turned out for Bush, including the highly populated Shelby County and Davidson County, by narrow margins. Those two counties have never voted Republican since this election. Tennessee was the only state that Bush improved on Ronald Reagan’s 1984 vote share, although only by 0.07%. He became only the second Republican after Richard Nixon in 1972 to carry Lincoln County and Hardeman County, which were two of only seven counties in the nation to switch from Walter Mondale to Bush.


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Republican victory
Bush won the election in Tennessee with a solid 16 point landslide. The election results in Tennessee are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts (most beneficial to the wealthy).


1988 United States presidential election in Tennessee, Republican victory
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan, and furthered under both Bushes, may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by a number analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1988 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Texas voters chose 29 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush won his home state against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas voted for Bush by a solid 12.6% margin. Texas had been considered a competitive, albeit Republican-leaning, state in the run-up to the election, with Florida being considered the safest of the large states for Bush. Although the final results showed Texas to be more Republican than the nation, Dukakis did indeed perform better in Texas than in Florida, and indeed than in a number of other Southern states, such as South Carolina, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
In particular, in contrast to Florida, Dukakis carried a substantial number of rural counties (including ones away from the Mexican border), including many of those that had voted for George Wallace in 1968. Most of these counties would solidify as Republican counties in 2000, although there were defections in both 1992 (Lee, Calhoun, San Saba) and 1996 (Polk, Hardin).


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
Bush scored impressive wins in Texas' population centers, including then-typically Republican Harris, Dallas, and Tarrant Counties, all of which he won with at least 57% of the vote, as well as the emerging suburban counties of Collin and Denton, where he got over 2/3 of the vote. He also carried the swing county of Bexar, although Dukakis reclaimed Travis County, a typically Democratic county that had switched to Reagan in 1984.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
The election was very partisan, with more than 99% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. Every county save five gave either Bush or Dukakis an outright majority; Bee County gave Bush a plurality, while Hudspeth, Lee, and Polk Counties gave Dukakis a plurality. Houston County gave Bush exactly half of its vote. Bush's best county was Ochiltree, which gave him 83.3% of its vote; Dukakis' was Starr, which gave him 84.7%. Starr was Dukakis' strongest county nationally.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
As of the 2020 presidential election, and despite Bill Clinton's two ensuing nationwide election victories (while holding the Republican margin of victory in Texas to single digits both times), the 1988 election constitutes the last occasion when Lee County, Calhoun County and San Saba County have supported the Democratic presidential nominee.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
Along with Iowa and Montana, Texas is one of only three states where, as of 2020, Michael Dukakis was the last Democrat to have carried at least one specific county. This is also the most recent election (due to Bush narrowly winning California in 1988) when Texas was not the biggest electoral vote prize won by the Republican candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in Texas
Texas weighed in for this election as five points more Republican than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in Utah
The 1988 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose five electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Utah
Utah was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Utah
Utah weighed in for this election as 26% more Republican than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in Utah, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Utah, with over 98 percent of the electorate in voting for either the Republican or Democratic parties, though several other parties appeared on the ballot. Every county in Utah voted in majority for the Republican candidate, except for Carbon County, which voted primarily for Dukakis.


1988 United States presidential election in Utah, Republican victory
Bush won the election in Utah with a 34-point landslide – his strongest victory in the nation. He carried every county save heavily-unionized Carbon County. This was the fourth election in a row in which Utah gave the Republican nominee his highest vote share of any state in the country. Utah had voted heavily for William Jennings Bryan in 1896 and for Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman in the two close elections of the first half of the 20th century, 1916 and 1948. However, like most of the rest of the Mountain West, Utah shifted toward the Republican Party in 1952, voting Republican in every subsequent election (as of 2020) save 1964, and voting for Johnson in 1964 by only 9.7%, amid Johnson's 22.6% national landslide.


1988 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1988 United States presidential election in Vermont took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all 50 states and D.C. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont voted for the Republican nominee, Vice President George H. W. Bush, over the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, by a narrow margin of 3.52%. Bush took 51.10% of the vote to Dukakis's 47.58%. This was one of only two times in the state's history (the other being 1912) that Vermont was decided by a margin of less than 5.00%, as the state spent little time as a swing state between moving from the most historically Republican state to among the most Democratic.


1988 United States presidential election in Vermont
While the Republicans held onto Vermont's three electoral votes once more, the closeness of the race represented a turning point in the state's political history. Vermont had once been one of the most Republican areas in the country, historically having voted Republican more times than any other state, often by landslide margins. From 1856 to 1984, the state had gone Republican in every presidential election except for the 1964 Democratic landslide. Despite this history, Vermont was considered a swing state in 1988, and the Dukakis campaign targeted it in its electoral strategy. In this election, the state weighed in as about 4% more Democratic than the nation. With the exception of Lyndon Johnson in 1964, Dukakis’ performance was the best of any Democratic presidential candidate in Vermont until Bill Clinton won the state in 1992.


1988 United States presidential election in Vermont
Like the rest of liberal and secular New England, Vermont in the 1980s began moving to the Democratic Party as the Republican Party became increasingly dominated by conservatives, Southerners, and Evangelical Christians. Consequently, this would be the last time that a Republican would carry the state of Vermont in a presidential election, and in the following three decades it would become regarded as one of the bluest of blue states. It would also be the last time the Republicans would carry the counties of Bennington, Lamoille, Rutland, Washington and Windsor – indeed the last time the Republicans won any county outside the northeast of the state.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
Bush won the election in Virginia with a solid 20-point landslide. Virginia was Bush's twelfth-best state by vote share, and his best state in the South outside the states that seceded before the beginning of the Civil War, confirming Virginia's position as a center of the new Republican South. Bush ran strongly in most parts of the state, but in particular, he cracked 60% in populous Fairfax County, outside Washington, D.C., and got over 2/3 and 3/4 of the vote in the Richmond suburbs of Henrico and Chesterfield, respectively, which contributed to the swelling of his statewide margin. Dukakis did well in Arlington County, the independent cities of Richmond and Norfolk, in Virginia's Black Belt counties, and in some then-traditionally Democratic counties in heavily-unionized southwest Virginia.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
The election results in Virginia are also reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan, and furthered under Bush and Clinton, may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
The election was very partisan, with over 98% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, and only 4 candidates on the ballot. Most counties in Virginia turned out for Bush, including the highly populated regions of Virginia Beach and Fairfax County.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Northampton County and the independent cities of Martinsville, Fredericksburg, and Hampton voted for a Republican presidential candidate. This is also the last time that a Republican won the majority of the vote in Fairfax county.


1988 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia weighed in for this election as 13% more Republican than the national average. This is the most recent presidential election in which a Republican won Virginia by double digits and the last time until 2020 that any candidate won the state by double digits. It is also the last election that Virginia voted to the right of Indiana.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
The 1988 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 8, 1988. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose ten electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
The State of Washington was won by Democratic Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis, who was running against incumbent Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas. Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen, and Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Dukakis carried Washington state with 50.05% of the vote to Bush’s 48.46%, a margin of 1.59%. This made Washington one of ten states (along with the District of Columbia) to vote for Dukakis, even as Bush won a convincing victory nationally.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Washington weighed in for this election as over 9% more Democratic than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
For decades prior to 1988, Washington had been a swing state, and it had gone Republican in the four preceding elections, even voting for losing Republican candidate Gerald Ford in 1976. But the state’s strong Democratic tilt in 1988 portended the political direction the state would take in the modern era. Dukakis’ 1988 victory began a Democratic winning streak in Washington state that has never been broken since. Washington's Democratic trend was largely driven by the dramatic shift toward the Democrats among urban and suburban voters that began in the 1980s. While Bush won many rural counties, Dukakis won the two most heavily populated counties in Washington state: King County and Pierce County.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
King County, home to the city of Seattle and its surrounding suburbs, was and is by far the most heavily populated county in the state, and a bellwether county for the state as a whole. In every presidential election since Washington achieved statehood, the candidate who won King County also won Washington state as a whole. While the city of Seattle had long leaned Democratic, the surrounding suburbs had long leaned Republican, making King County a swing county, and thus Washington state a swing state.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
In 1976, moderate Republican Gerald Ford had carried Washington state 50–46, while winning King County 51–45. In the 1984 Republican landslide, Ronald Reagan won King County by a 52–47 margin. However Michael Dukakis in 1988 won King County by a 54–45 margin, a raw vote difference of 59,089 votes, providing more than the entire 29,681 raw vote difference by which he carried Washington state as a whole. The 1988 result started a yet-unbroken Democratic winning streak in King County, and would prove to be the start of a long-term dramatic shift toward the Democratic Party in the county and thus in the state as a whole.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
As the city of Seattle grew, and its suburbs continued abandoning the GOP and increasingly trended Democratic in the 1990s and 2000s, King County would be transformed from a swing county prior to 1988 into a Democratic stronghold; twenty years later, in 2008, Democrat Barack Obama would receive over 70% of the vote in King County. The Democratic dominance in King County that began in 1988 would solidify Washington as a strong blue state in the modern era. In the eight presidential elections since 1988, no Republican candidate has replicated the percentages of the vote received by George H.W. Bush in King, Pierce, Snohomish, Kitsap, Island, Whatcom, Skagit, San Juan, or Thurston counties.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
As of the 2020 presidential election this is the last election when Kitsap County and Snohomish County have supported the Republican presidential nominee. This also is the last election where the state of Washington was decided by a margin of five points or less, although it would be decided by just over five points in 2000.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Dukakis and Bush tied in Ferry County. This is the only time in a presidential election in Washington since 1896, the second overall, and the last time to date that two candidates tied in a county.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state), Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Washington, with nearly 98% of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties. In typical form for the time and political climate in Washington – an East/West split can be seen in the voter turnout: with the coastal counties voting in majority for Dukakis, and the inland counties voting mainly for Bush.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state), Republican national victory
Dukakis won the election in Washington with a narrow 2 point margin. The close election results in what was at the time a left-leaning swing state are reflective of a nationwide political reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in Washington (state), Republican national victory
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan – which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan, and furthered under Bush and Clinton, may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose six electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis who was running against incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas. Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen as Vice President, and Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia weighed in for this election as 13% more Democratic than the national average. To date this is also the last time the state voted for a losing Democratic presidential candidate.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1988 election cycle is also the last time that West Virginia did not vote for the same presidential candidate as neighboring Kentucky.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia
As of 2021, this is the last time West Virginia voted to the left of several modern day Democratic strongholds, namely Illinois, Maryland, New York, and Vermont.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for West Virginia, with over 99% of the electorate voting for either the Republican or Democratic parties, and only three candidates appearing on the ballot.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia, Republican national victory
Dukakis won the election in West Virginia with a 5-point margin. The relatively narrow election results in West Virginia are reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia, Republican national victory
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform, and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of former President Reagan - which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan, and furthered under Bush, may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in West Virginia, Faithless elector
A rare event in any United States presidential election, West Virginia was home to a faithless elector in the election of 1988. During the assembly of the electoral college, one elector from West Virginia, Margarette Leach, cast her vote for Democratic vice presidential nominee Lloyd Bentsen as president, and Dukakis as the vice president. She did this in order to draw attention to the lack of accountability for electors under the Electoral College system.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Wisconsin was won by Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis who was running against incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas. Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen as Vice President, and Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Dukakis won the election in Wisconsin with a four-point margin. The state has since consistently voted for the Democratic Party, until the narrow victory of Republican Donald Trump in 2016. The narrow election results in the rapidly liberalizing state of Wisconsin were reflective of a nationwide reconsolidation of base for the Republican Party, which took place through the 1980s. Through the passage of some very controversial economic programs, spearheaded by then-President Ronald Reagan (called, collectively, "Reaganomics"), the mid-to-late 1980s saw a period of economic growth and stability. The hallmark for Reaganomics was, in part, the wide-scale deregulation of corporate interests, and tax cuts for the wealthy.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Dukakis ran his campaign on a socially liberal platform and advocated for higher economic regulation and environmental protection. Bush, alternatively, ran on a campaign of continuing the social and economic policies of Reagan – which gained him much support with social conservatives and people living in rural areas, who largely associated the Republican Party with the economic growth of the 1980s. Additionally, while the economic programs passed under Reagan and furthered under Bush and Bill Clinton may have boosted the economy for a brief period, they are criticized by many analysts as "setting the stage" for economic troubles in the United States after 2007, such as the Great Recession.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The election was very partisan, with over 99 percent of the electorate voting for either the Republican or Democratic parties, although five additional candidates were on the ballot. Dukakis and Bush almost evenly split Wisconsin's seventy-two counties – Dukakis won 37 and Bush won 35. Dukakis won the large urban counties containing Madison (Dane County), Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha, alongside almost entirely Native American Menominee County and the heavily unionized Scandinavian-American counties of the northwest. Bush won the suburban "WOW counties" and the more conservative, historically German Catholic, counties of the rural eastern half of the state. Over the state as a whole, Dukakis did best, as usual, in Menominee County, and Bush did best in Ozaukee County.


1988 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
Wisconsin weighed in for this election as 12 points more Democratic than the national average. As of 2020, this is the last election in which Green County voted for a Republican presidential candidate, the last time that the state would vote to the left of neighboring Michigan or Illinois, and the last time that the two didn't both vote for the Democratic candidate until Donald Trump narrowly won Wisconsin, but lost Illinois in 2016. Though this would be the most recent election when the Democratic candidate won Wisconsin, while losing Illinois at the same time. It was also the first time since 1960 that Wisconsin would back the losing candidate in a presidential election.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming
The 1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming
Wyoming was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming
Wyoming weighed in for this election as 7 points more Republican than the national average.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Partisan background
The presidential election of 1988 was a very partisan election for Wyoming, with nearly 98 percent of the electorate voting for either the Democratic or Republican parties, and only four candidates on the ballot.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Republican victory
Bush won the election in Wyoming with a solid 22 point landslide, sweeping all 23 of the state's counties. Dukakis' best county, and Bush's worst, was Sweetwater County, which Bush won by 60 votes, or less than half of 1%. Sweetwater County is one of Wyoming's "Union Pacific counties" that traditionally formed the Democratic Party's base in the state. Bush broke 70% in six counties, of which four were in the state's east and one, Park County, in the Bighorn basin, traditional areas of Republican strength in the state; Sublette County rounded out this group.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Republican victory
Overall, however, Bush's 22.52% margin in the state made it 14.80% more Republican than the nation overall. The Mountain West had trended Republican beginning in the 1952 election; after voting for Truman in the nationally close 1948 election, Wyoming had consistently voted to the right of the country in every subsequent election. In 1988, it did so once again, even as some other Mountain states' traditional Republicanism wavered, as in Colorado and Montana.


1988 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Republican victory
Bush's vote share of 60.53% made Wyoming his third-best state in the region (after Utah and Idaho), and his sixth-best overall (after Utah, New Hampshire, Idaho, South Carolina, and Florida). Along with New Hampshire, Nevada, Delaware, and Maine, it was also one of five states where every county voted for Bush.


1988 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
The 1988 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia took place on November 8, 1988, as part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1988 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
Washington, D.C. overwhelmingly voted for Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts, the Democratic candidate. Vice President George H. W. Bush received 14.3% of the vote. This is the most recent election in which the Republican candidate received more than 10% of the vote in the District of Columbia, and it was one of only two areas that leaned more Republican than in the presidential election of 1984, which had resulted in a Republican landslide, the other being Tennessee.


1988 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 13 teams, and Danubio won the championship.


1988 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1988 Utah State Aggies football team represented Utah State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Big West Conference. The Aggies were led by third-year head coach Chuck Shelton and played their home games at Romney Stadium in Logan, Utah. They finished the season with a record of four wins and seven losses (4–7, 4–3 Big West).


1988 Utah Utes football team
The 1988 Utah Utes football team represented the University of Utah in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth season under head coach Jim Fassel, the Utes compiled a 6–5 record (4–5 against WAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the WAC, and were outscored by their opponents, 399 to 357. The team played its home games in Rice Stadium in Salt Lake City, Utah.


1988 Utah Utes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Scott Mitchell with 4,322 passing yards, Eddie Johnson with 748 rushing yards, and Carl Harry with 1,145 receiving yards.


1988 Utah Utes football team, After the season, NFL draft
No Utah players were selected in the 1989 NFL Draft.


1988 Utah gubernatorial election
The 1988 Utah gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1988. Republican nominee and incumbent Governor Norman H. Bangerter defeated Democratic nominee Ted Wilson and independent Merrill Cook with 40.13% of the vote.


1988 Utah gubernatorial election, Republican nomination, Results
Bangerter defeated Samuels at the state convention on June 11 with over 70% of the vote and therefore avoided a primary.


1988 Utah gubernatorial election, Democratic nomination, Results
Wilson defeated Hewett at the state convention on June 25 with over 70% of the vote and therefore avoided a primary.


1988 Utah gubernatorial election, American Party nomination, Results
Pedersen defeated Topham at the state convention on June 25 with over 70% of the vote and therefore avoided a primary.


1988 VFA season
The 1988 Victorian Football Association season was the 107th season of the top division of the Australian rules football competition, and the 28th and final season of second division competition. The Division 1 premiership was won by the Coburg Football Club, after it defeated Williamstown in the Grand Final on 18 September by 27 points; it was Coburg's fifth Division 1 premiership. The final Division 2 premiership was won by Oakleigh; it was the club's second Division 2 premiership, and the last premiership ever won by the club in either division.


1988 VFA season, Association membership
The Association contracted substantially in 1988. Between the end of 1987 and the end of 1988, a total of five teams left the Association:


1988 VFA season, Association membership
Additionally, Moorabbin, which had been suspended in May 1987 for the remainder of that season, did not seek re-admission for 1988.


1988 VFA season, Association membership
The controversial FORT review from December 1986 was considered instrumental in shaping the clubs' departures. The FORT review had recommended reducing the Association to 12 clubs in one division, with the second division operating as a suburban-level competition with no promotion or relegation between the levels; and, it explicitly named the eleven clubs it proposed to exclude from the rationalised competition. Even though the Association never received a mandate to enforce the FORT recommendations, all five of the clubs who departed saw the FORT review as partly responsible for their demise.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Caulfield
Caulfield, which had been relegated from Division 1 at the end of 1981, had struggled to remain competitive in Division 2. Its financial viability had been borderline throughout its time in Division 2, and the club occasionally struggled to field minor grade teams. The club was also not helped by a clubroom fire in 1985.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Caulfield
Its situation deteriorated rapidly in 1987, when the club endured an exodus of 28 players, which it blamed on the uncertainty generated by its exclusion from the FORT blueprint, and from negative publicity generated when Association president Brook Andersen had compared the club to the struggling Geelong West – it ran at a loss of $60,000 during the year and considered itself lucky to have survived.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Caulfield
The club fell behind on its Association levies in July and August 1987, resulting in its suspension from the final match of the 1987 season. By November, the club still owed the Association $11,000 in levies and fines, and on 4 November, the Association executive suspended Caulfield for the 1988 season. The club did not dispute that it was behind on its levies, but believed that the Association suspended it, rather than showing lenience, because of its desire to achieve the FORT's vision of a rationalised competition. The club never returned to the Association, ending its 80-year affiliation which had begun in Brighton in 1908 before moving to Caulfield in 1962. The club merged with the Ashburton Football Club and played in the South East Suburban Football League in 1988.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Northcote
By November 1987, Northcote was found to no longer meet any of the Association's three minimum requirements for a club: it was not financially viable, as it lacked sponsors, had fewer than 100 members, and had no prospects of reversing this problem due to its small local population, and increased competition from soccer as the ethnic demographic in Northcote increased; it could no longer guarantee a home ground as the Northcote Council had been considering ending its tenancy of the Westgarth Street Oval; and it could not guarantee that it could muster enough players to field teams in all three grades.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Northcote
Officially, the club was suspended for the 1988 season on 4 November 1987, but Association president Brook Andersen commented that the club had "effectively resigned" by revealing all of these problems to the Association executive; although, there was some factional infighting within the club, and incoming club president Ian Galbraith, who wanted the club to stay in the Association, claimed that his factional enemies had exaggerated the magnitude of the club's problems in a deliberate attempt to bait the Association into expelling it. The club never returned, ending its 80-year affiliation with the Association, and soon disbanded.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Berwick
At its annual general meeting on 12 November 1987, Berwick discussed whether or not to withdraw from the Association and return to the South West Gippsland Football League. The club had not enjoyed any significant improvement in local support and its financial position had suffered since joining the Association from the SWGFL in 1983; and, there were concerns after the FORT review that Division 2 had an uncertain future. The motion to leave the Association was passed by a narrow majority at the meeting, and Berwick returned to the SWGFL in 1988, ending its five-year affiliation with the Association.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Berwick
The club also noted that it was faced with paying a $5,000 instalment of its affiliation levy in November, with Caulfield's suspension sending a clear message that the club faced suspension if it failed to pay. Some at the club believed this to be a cynical ploy by the Association to drive its weaker clubs out of the competition, further raising concerns about whether it could survive long-term in the competition.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Berwick
As of 2019, the club remains active in the South East Football League, a successor to the SWGFL.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Waverley
In early March 1988, Waverley announced that it was in financial trouble. It had not paid its players for 1987, nor had it paid its most recent $5,000 instalment of the affiliation levy, it was $58,000 in debt and it needed to raise $20,000 within two weeks to remain in operation.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Waverley
The club's supporters and members rallied, and developed a plan to use its small cash reserves to pay the affiliation levy, then pledged its commitment to raise the $20,000 it needed, as well as the $80,000 it would need to operate for the rest of the season; but, within two days, one of the club's creditors objected to the club using its cash reserves in this manner, and threatened legal action. The club expected to be suspended if failed to pay its levies, but had no other way of raising the necessary cash, so it ceased operations and folded on 11 March, ending its 28-year affiliation with the Association.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Mordialloc
After Round 4, Mordialloc met to decide whether to stay in the Association or not. The club was performing very poorly on the field, having lost its three games by a combined 428 points – it struggled to recruit quality players, which it blamed on its proximity to the more successful Sandringham and Frankston and the uncertainty generated by the FORT review.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Mordialloc
Additionally, the immediate future of Division 2 was looking weaker than ever, as Brook Andersen had predicted to the media in late March that he expected the Association to have reduced to 14 teams in one division by 1989. The club was not in any immediate financial trouble, but it was concerned that a full year of continued uncompetitive performances in the uncertain Division 2 environment could cause financial trouble which would force the club to fold.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Mordialloc
As such, on 5 May, the club opted to withdraw immediately from the Association, ending an affiliation which had lasted just over thirty years. The following week, the club began playing in the South East Suburban Football League, where it believed it had greater long-term viability; and as of 2017, it is indeed still competing in the league's successor, the Southern Football League.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Administrative structure
In March, one of the FORT review's key recommendations was formally endorsed when the structure of the Association's Board of Management was changed; now, instead of being composed of delegates representing each of the clubs, a six-man independent board was elected at the beginning of the year.


1988 VFA season, Association membership, Administrative structure
Under the new structure, which existed until 1993, the independent Board of Management had the power to make decisions on behalf of the Association; and, a separate Board of Directors, comprising one member from each club, was established and had the power to veto any Board of Management decision if it obtained a three-quarters majority in favour of doing so. The change brought an end to the club-based administrative model under which the Association had operated for 111 years since its establishment in 1877.


1988 VFA season, Division 1
The Division 1 home-and-away season was played over eighteen rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The finals were played at the North Port Oval and the Grand Final was played at Windy Hill.


1988 VFA season, Division 2
The Division 2 fixture was originally drawn up with eight teams over eighteen rounds, including both Waverley and Mordialloc. Following Waverley's departure, the fixture was unchanged except that Waverley's opponent was scheduled for a bye each week. After Mordialloc's departure, the Association expunged Mordialloc's three games from the record entirely; the rest of the season's fixture was re-drawn to ensure each team played a total of eighteen games.


1988 VFA season, Division 2
The top four of the six remaining teams then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The semi-finals and preliminary final were played at the home ground of the higher-ranked team in the match; the Grand Final was played at Windy Hill.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Interleague matches
The Association competed in the second division of the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival, held from 2 March to 5 March. The carnival was played under state of origin rules, so the Association was given permission to play up to five players from the VFL, SANFL or WAFL who began their senior careers in the Association, in addition to any currently-listed Association players regardless of their origin. It was the first time the Association had played representative games under origin rules. Barry Round (Williamstown) captained the Association team. The Association finished in second place after being defeated by Northern Territory in the Grand Final. Terry Wallace (Richmond, formerly of Camberwell) won the Dolphin Medal as the best player in Division 2 during the carnival, and he was the sole Association player selected in the All-Australian team.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Interleague matches
The Association then played two stand-alone interstate games, both under non-origin rules. The first was against Tasmania in Hobart. The second was against the West Australian Football League in Perth, and was played as a curtain-raiser to a state-of-origin match between Western Australia (which was composed of VFL and WAFL players of Western Australian origin) and Victoria.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Interleague matches
The VFA team also played a match against the Victorian Amateur Football Association on the evening of Wednesday 1 June at Skinner Reserve. This was not an official representative match, as both associations treated it as a practice match for their other representative fixtures. The VFA won the practice match by three goals.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
After having televised Association finals matches in 1987, and having lost the rights to broadcast League football to the Seven Network during the off-season, the ABC substantially increased its Association coverage to broadcast the match of the round on a near-weekly basis throughout the 1988 season. It was the first time the Association had received weekly television coverage since 1981.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
As part of the arrangement, all of the televised matches were played on Saturdays instead of Sundays; and, the majority of the games were staged at North Port Oval, regardless of whether or not Port Melbourne was involved in the match – although some other grounds, including Preston City Oval, Coburg City Oval and Frankston Park were used occasionally.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
The central ground arrangement was not popular with all clubs: Sandringham complained after its 16 April match against Brunswick that it lost $8,000 in takings as a result of playing its home game in front of 500 spectators at Port Melbourne, when it could have attracted 5,000 at Beach Oval. This arrangement extended to the first three weeks of the Division 1 finals, which were all played on Saturdays at North Port Oval after many years of having been played on Sundays at Junction Oval.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
The Division 1 Grand Final was also televised, but the deal with the ABC allowed the game to be played on Sunday, and did not require it to be played at Port Melbourne. The Association initially confirmed that Junction Oval would continue to serve as the Grand Final venue, but these plans were abandoned in July when the venue's ageing grandstands were declared a fire hazard by the MFB. Over the following six weeks, the Association negotiated with a number of councils to find a new Grand Final venue.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
Its first choice venue was Princes Park, and while it had the support of ground management, approval could not be gained from the Melbourne City Council to play on Sunday. Its second choice, Victoria Park, was likewise unable to gain approval for Sunday football from the Collingwood Council. The ground management at Western Oval, Footscray, was willing and able to host the entire finals series including a Sunday Grand Final, but the ABC television deal required the first three finals to be played at Port Melbourne, and Footscray was unwilling to host just the Grand Final. Eventually, on 19 August, the Association confirmed Windy Hill as the Grand Final venue, with the support of both the ground management and the Essendon Council for Sunday football.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
The Division 2 Grand Final continued to be played as a curtain-raiser to the Division 1 Grand Final, but the other three Division 2 finals matches were played as stand-alone games on Sundays. Rather than secure a central venue, these matches were played at the home ground of the higher-placed team.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Scheduling and television
Other novel scheduling options were trialled to overcome the fact that the VFL was now playing nine Sunday home-and-away matches in Victoria during the season. This included:


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
In the lead-up to the Association's representative match against the WAFL on Tuesday 5 July, the Association announced that players in the representative team would be ineligible to play in their clubs' premiership matches on the weekend of 2–3 July.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
The board passed a resolution on 20 June stating that if a representative player played in that premiership game, he would be suspended for four weeks, and the club would be fined and stripped of any premiership points earned in the game; and, any players in the team who made themselves unavailable for selection would also be ineligible for their matches on 2–3 July, to guard against clubs intentionally making their star players unavailable to avoid losing them for the match.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
In the lead-up to the game, two players who were considered likely selections declared themselves unavailable, and both were made ineligible for the games on 2–3 June: these players were Jim McAllester (Brunswick), who was unable to secure time off work, and Jamie Shaw (Preston), who was unable to travel as he was caring for his seriously ill mother. In an act of defiance, Preston fielded Shaw anyway; he kicked eight goals, and Preston defeated eventual minor premiers Coburg by 16 points; Preston 19.8 (122) d. Coburg 15.16 (106). The Association decided not to suspend Shaw himself, but awarded the game to Coburg and fined Preston $500.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
Preston took the Association to court, seeking to have the original result of the game reinstated; and, in a decision handed down in the week before the finals, the courts found in Preston's favour and reinstated the win.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
Mr Justice Ormiston found that the Association's Board did not have the authority under its constitution to pass a resolution to impose bans on players for missing representative games; and, that because Shaw had lodged an affidavit declaring himself unavailable before Association selectors had formally selected the final team, the Association could not prove that Shaw would have been selected, and therefore could not demonstrate that the provisions within the 20 June resolution could be applied to him. Also considered was the double standard that Tony Pastore, who was not in the Association team but travelled to Perth as an emergency, had been allowed to play for Williamstown on the 2–3 July weekend. The finding was damaging to the credibility of the Association's new independent Board of Management.


1988 VFA season, Notable events, Jamie Shaw state game controversy
As a result of the court's decision, Preston moved from third to second on the ladder, relegating Williamstown from second to third, and forcing the Seagulls to play in the first semi-final three days later.


1988 VFL Grand Final
The 1988 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the  Hawthorn Football Club and the Melbourne Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1988. It was the 92nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1988 VFL season. The match, attended by 93,754 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 96 points, marking that club's seventh premiership victory.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Background
It was Hawthorn's sixth successive Grand Final appearance, while Melbourne were competing in its first since winning the 1964 VFL Grand Final.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Background
At the conclusion of the home and away season, Hawthorn had finished first on the VFL ladder with 19 wins and 3 losses. Melbourne had finished fifth with 13 wins and 9 losses. In the two meetings between the teams in the regular season, Melbourne defeated Hawthorn by 21 points in round 7, while the Hawks beat the Demons by 69 points in round 17.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Background
In the finals series leading up to the Grand Final, Melbourne defeated West Coast by just two points in the Elimination Final, then defeated Collingwood by 13 points in the First Semi-Final and Carlton by 22 points in the Preliminary Final. Hawthorn had a much easier finals run, winning the Second Semi-Final over Carlton by 21 points to advance straight to the Grand Final, thus having played only one game in the four weeks preceding the Grand Final.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Match summary
Chris Wittman broke his arm early in the game and played no further part. The game was fairly competitive for the first quarter, then Hawthorn completely dominated the game, setting a VFL record for the greatest winning margin in a Grand Final, beating the record it had itself set in the 1983 VFL Grand Final. This margin remained a record until Geelong's 119-point defeat of Port Adelaide in the 2007 AFL Grand Final. Jason Dunstall kicked 7 goals, Paul Abbott kicked 6 goals and Dermott Brereton kicked 5 goals for the Hawks.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Match summary
Melbourne's loss would be followed up by another severe Grand Final loss in 2000, 12 years later, to the tune of 60 points at the hands of Essendon. It wouldn't be until 2021 that Melbourne would break its 57-year Grand Final drought against the Western Bulldogs by a 74-point margin.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Match summary
The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Hawthorn defender Gary Ayres for being judged the best player afield, with 22 disposals despite sustaining a fractured cheek bone in the first quarter. Ayres nullified dangerous Melbourne player Greg Healy and set up many of the Hawks attacks from the defensive line. Jim Stynes was voted best on ground for the Demons.


1988 VFL Grand Final, Match summary
Hawks coach Alan Joyce, who replaced an ill Allan Jeans for the 1988 season, said: "I have never seen a more awesome, more inspiring passage of play than the 15-minute mark of the second quarter. I saw about a dozen Hawthorn players in a wave going down the field. It was a human chain, crashing through a desperate opposition and forcing the ball forward."


1988 VFL Grand Final, Match summary
In a lesser-known streaker incident, a woman ran completely naked across the ground during the last quarter and was promptly arrested.


1988 VFL draft
The 1988 VFL draft, held on the 9th of November 1988, was the third annual national draft held by the Victorian Football League (now known as the Australian Football League). It consisted of a pre-season draft and a national draft.


1988 VFL draft
In 1988 there were 112 picks to be drafted between 14 teams in the national draft. The Hawthorn Football Club received the first pick in the national draft, after receiving it from St Kilda in the first ever trade involving draft picks, in return for Paul Harding, Peter Russo and Robert Handley.


1988 VFL season
The 1988 Victorian Football League season was the 92nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition. This season commenced in April 1988 and concluded on 24 September 1988, with Hawthorn winning their seventh Premiership in their sixth consecutive Grand Final appearance. After a one-year break that saw the league being broadcast nationally on the ABC network (and in Brisbane by then TVQ-0), the league returned to the 7 Network, the network wherein its television success began.


1988 VFL season, Night series
Hawthorn 10.10 (70) defeated Geelong 9.13 (67) in the Night Series, which for the first time was played entirely as a pre-season competition, rather than a concurrent competition to the Premiership season.


1988 VI ACB International Tournament "V Memorial Héctor Quiroga"
The 1988 VI ACB International Tournament "V Memorial Héctor Quiroga" was the 6th semi-official edition of the European Basketball Club Super Cup. It took place at Pabellón Municipal de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Spain, on 11, 12 and 13 October 1988 with the participations of Real Madrid (champions of the 1987–88 FIBA Korać Cup), FC Barcelona (champions of the 1987–88 Liga ACB), Jugoplastika (champions of the 1987–88 First Federal Basketball League) and CSKA Moscow (champions of the 1987–88 Supreme League).


1988 Valdostan regional election
The Valdostan regional election of 1988 took place on 26 –27 June 1988.


1988 Valdostan regional election
Many “coup de theatre” happened during this term. Two years after the election the Christian Democracy fired the Valdostan Union, but later the UV fired itself the Christian Democrats with the help of the Progressive Democratic Autonomists.


1988 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1988 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Commodores were led by head coach Watson Brown in his third season and finished with a record of three wins and eight losses (3–8 overall, 2–5 in the SEC).


1988 Vaucluse state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Vaucluse on 6 June 1988 because of the death of Ray Aston (Liberal).


1988 Venezuelan general election
General elections were held in Venezuela on 4 December 1988. The presidential elections were won by Carlos Andrés Pérez of Democratic Action, who received 52.9% of the vote, whilst his party won the most seats in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Voter turnout was 81.9% in the presidential election and 81.7% in the Congressional elections.


1988 Venezuelan general election, Background
Democratic Action President Jaime Lusinchi backed Octavio Lepage to succeed him as the party's candidate for the election, but in a primary election the party chose Carlos Andrés Pérez, (previously president from 1974 to 1979).


1988 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1988 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Democrat Madeleine Kunin ran successfully for re-election to a third term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Republican candidate Michael Bernhardt.


1988 Victorian state election
The 1988 Victorian state election, held on Saturday, 1 October 1988, was for the 51st Parliament of Victoria. It was held in the Australian state of Victoria to elect all 88 members of the state's Legislative Assembly and 22 members of the 44-member Legislative Council.


1988 Victorian state election
The incumbent Labor Party government led by Premier John Cain Jr. won a third term in office, despite a swing against it, and only lost the seat of Warrandyte in Melbourne's north-east. This was credited by commentators to a strong campaign targeting Liberal leader Jeff Kennett whose aggressive leadership style was still seen as a liability, as well as continuing instability in the federal Coalition. Labor's narrow wins in middle class marginal seats saw it retain its majority despite the Liberals winning a bare majority of the two party preferred vote.


1988 Victorian state election, Results, Legislative Assembly
Victorian state election, 1 October 1988Legislative Assembly << 1985–1992 >>


1988 Victorian state election, Aftermath
On 23 May 1989, Jeff Kennett was voted out of the Liberal leadership in favour of Alan Brown; Brown led the party until 23 April 1991 when he was also forced out after a successful comeback by Kennett. During Brown's period as Opposition Leader, the Liberals negotiated the first coalition agreement with the Nationals in over forty years, in part due to a belief by some (in spite of what political scientist Brian Costar called a "lack of psephological evidence to support this assertion") that had the parties been in coalition at the election, they would have won.


1988 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1988 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cavaliers were led by seventh-year head coach George Welsh and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in second.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships
The 1988 Virginia Slims Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York in the United States. It was the 17th edition of the year-end singles championships, the 13th edition of the year-end doubles championships, and was part of the 1988 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from November 14 through November 20, 1988.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships
Having become the only player in history to win the Golden Grand Slam by taking the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open singles titles, along with the Olympic gold medal; Steffi Graf's defeat in the semi finals by Pam Shriver deprived her of the Super Slam and the Super Golden Slam.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships, Finals, Doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver defeated  Larisa Savchenko /  Natasha Zvereva, 6–3, 6–4.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions and won in the final 6–3, 6–4 against Larisa Savchenko and Natasha Zvereva.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top two seeded teams received byes into the semifinals.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles
Steffi Graf was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Pam Shriver. Graf was attempting to win a calendar year Super Slam after she won all four Grand Slams (Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open), as well as the Olympics.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles
Gabriela Sabatini won in the final 7–5, 6–2, 6–2 against Shriver.


1988 Virginia Slims Championships – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona
The 1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona was a women's  tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at The Pointe at South Mountain in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from September 12 through September 18, 1988. First-seeded Manuela Maleeva won the singles title and earned $17,000 first-prize money.


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona, Finals, Doubles
Elise Burgin /  Rosalyn Fairbank defeated  Beth Herr /  Terry Phelps 6–7(6–8), 7–6(7–3), 7–6(10–8)


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona – Doubles
Penny Barg and Beth Herr were the defending champions but only Herr competed that year with Terry Phelps.


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona – Doubles
Herr and Phelps lost in the final 6–7, 7–6, 7–6 against Elise Burgin and Rosalyn Fairbank.


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Virginia Slims of Arizona – Singles
Anne White was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Elly Hakami.