1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 1, Friday May 13
Andretti finished the week of practice with the fastest over speed, set on Wednesday. Mears was second, and the pair went into time trials as the favorites for the pole position.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
On pole day morning, Rick Mears blistered the track with a lap of 222.827 mph during the morning practice session. It was a new all-time unofficial track record. Mario Andretti (220.372 mph) was close behind with the second-fastest. Raul Boesel and Tom Bigelow suffered single-car crashes during the session.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
Mario Andretti drew the coveted first qualifying attempt. After leading the speed charts in practice much of the week, his qualifying speed was inconsistent and disappointingly slow. His first lap of 217.014 mph was his fastest, but 4 mph slower than he practiced a day earlier. His final lap of 212.761 mph pulled his four-lap average down to 214.692 mph. He claims to have hit a patch of oil-dry in turn four, which was laid down earlier that morning due to Boesel's crash.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
About one hour into the session, Al Unser Sr. took to the track and completed his attempt at 215.270 mph, good enough to take over the provisional pole position. Derek Daly and Scott Brayton completed runs over 212 mph, and by 1 p.m., the field was filled to ten cars.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
At 1:21 p.m., Danny Sullivan took to the track and set a one-lap track record of 217.749 mph on his second lap. His four-lap average fell short of a record, but his speed of 216.214 mph took over the pole position for the moment. not to be upstaged, Rick Mears took to the track at 2 p.m. His first lap of 220.453 mph was an all-time official track record, the first driver to break the 220 mph barrier. His four-lap average of 219.198 mph won him the coveted pole position. It was his then-record fourth Indy 500 pole position.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
With Penske cars Mears, Sullivan, and Unser, ranked 1st-2nd-3rd, the team had the opportunity to become the first team ever to sweep all three spots on the front row of the starting grid. After Mears' run, the track stayed mostly quiet until the final hour.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
With better conditions at 5 p.m., Arie Luyendyk put his car in the field at just over 213 mph. Al Unser, Jr. was the last car with a realistic shot at the front row. Unser, Jr. fell short, with a speed of 214.186 mph, good enough for 5th position.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
At the end of the day, Bobby Rahal was among those not yet in the field. His first presentation to the line was aborted when the car would not crank. He waved off two attempts, the second attempt was averaging 212.8 mph after three laps. A. J. Foyt went out early, but debris on the track forced him to pull off. His second attempt was too slow, and he waved off.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Pole day - Saturday May 14
At the end of the day, the field was filled to 19 cars.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Second day - Sunday May 15
At hot 88 degree day kept cars off the track most of the afternoon. At about 5:30 p.m., Jim Crawford put his car in the field at 210.564 mph. Bobby Rahal was the only other qualifier, with a speed of 208.526 mph, slower than his speeds from Saturday.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - First weekend, Second day - Sunday May 15
At the close of the first weekend of time trials, there were 21 cars in the field. Among those not in the field yet were A. J. Foyt, Raul Boesel, Johnny Rutherford, and rookie John Andretti.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 2, Monday May 16
Rookie Harry Sauce spun in turn one during the final phase of his rookie test. The car was not damaged. Mario Andretti (216.398 mph) was the fastest of the day.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 2, Tuesday May 17
Gordon Johncock took to the track for his first shakedown laps of the month. Rookie Dominic Dobson completed his refresher test. Danny Sullivan (214.183 mph), was the fastest of the day.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 2, Wednesday May 18
Spike Gehlhausen wrecked hard in turn 1, and was taken to the hospital. X -rays were negative, however, but he was out for the rest of the month. After struggling getting up to speed, Harry Sauce withdrew. Rookie Dale Coyne also announced he would not attempt to qualify. Pancho Carter (208.574 mph) was the fastest non-qualified driver, while Al Unser, Sr. (210.280 mph) was the fastest overall.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 2, Thursday May 19
Raul Boesel (213.270 mph) topped the speed chart for the day. Rookie Scott Atchison wrecked in turn 4. he spent the night in the hospital, but was cleared to drive.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Practice - Week 2, Friday May 20
The final full day of practice saw Pancho Carter (213.878 mph) and Raul Boesel (213.068 mph) lead the non-qualified drivers. Mario Andretti drove a back-up car to 212.314 mph.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Third Day - Saturday May 21
Nine cars completed qualifying runs, filling the field to 30 cars. Raul Boesel (211.058 mph) was the fastest of the day, with Dominic Dobson (210.096 mph) second fastest, and the fastest rookie. A. J. Foyt secured a starting position in his record 31st consecutive Indy 500.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Third Day - Saturday May 21
As time expired, Steve Chassey made his third and final attempt, which was good enough to make the field. Billy Vukovich III, grandson of two-time winner Bill Vukovich, and son of race veteran Bill Vukovich II qualified with a solid run in the final hour. He became the first third-generation driver in Indy 500 history.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Third Day - Saturday May 21
Pancho Carter crashed twice during the day. On his final qualifying lap, he brushed the wall in the final turn, and slid and spun down the mainstretch. Later in the day, he wrecked his backup car in turn 2 during a practice run. He was uninjured.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Bump Day - Sunday May 22
The final day of time trials opened with three positions left unfilled. Johnny Rutherford was the first car to make an attempt, and qualified comfortably at 208.442 mph. Later, Howdy Holmes and Stan Fox (driving Foyt backup car) filled the field to 33 cars. Scott Atchison (205.142 mph) was the first car on the bubble.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Bump Day - Sunday May 22
Atchison survived three attempts, but Ludwig Heimrath, Jr. finally bumped him out at 3:45 p.m. The move put Rich Vogler (206.463 mph) on the bubble. Ed Pimm made an attempt but wrecked, and Gordon Johncock waved off after a lap of only 206.049 mph. Vogler waited, and the team wheeled out a back-up car just in case.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Bump Day - Sunday May 22
After crashing twice on Saturday, Pancho Carter's team purchased a back-up car from Hemelgarn Racing, but with practice time running out, they were having difficulty getting the car up to speed. Meanwhile, A. J. Foyt rolled another backup car out of the garage area. George Snider decided he did not want to qualify the car, and Foyt quickly consummated a deal with Johnny Parsons. Foyt shook the car down, and Parsons took it out for a practice run. At 5:29 p.m., he went high and smacked the wall in the northchute, ending his chances to qualify.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Bump Day - Sunday May 22
At 5:43 p.m., Gordon Johncock made his third and final attempt, this time bumping Vogler. However, Johncock himself was now on the bubble (206.693 mph) with less than ten minutes renaming. Rich Vogler quickly climbed into his backup car, and as time expired, bumped his way back into the field with a speed of 207.126 mph. Johncock was out, and Pancho Carter was left waiting in line.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Carburetion Day - Thursday May 26
A total of 31 of the 33 qualified cars took to the track on the final practice session. Two of the alternates took laps, for a total of 33 cars on the track. A few cars experienced minor mechanical problems, but there were no accidents. Mario Andretti (215.105 mph) was the fastest car of the day. Penske teammates Danny Sullivan and pole-sitter Rick Mears were second and third.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Carburetion Day - Thursday May 26
Penske Racing, with driver Danny Sullivan, won the Miller Pit Stop Contest.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Time Trials - Second weekend, Carburetion Day - Thursday May 26
The day before the race, Al Unser, Jr. reportedly  came down with the flu; however, he planned to drive on race day.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Danny Sullivan darted into the lead at the green flag, with Rick Mears in second. In turn two, Scott Brayton spun, collecting Roberto Guerrero, and both cars crashed into the outside wall. Tony Bettenhausen, behind the incident, also crashed. On lap 6, the green flag came back out. Danny Sullivan got the jump on the start, and pulled out to a comfortable lead.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
The top five would be Sullivan, Rick Mears, Al Unser Sr., Al Unser Jr., and Mario Andretti.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
During the first sequence of pit stops, Tom Sneva crashed coming out of turn four on lap 34. Under the yellow, Teo Fabi, using the Porsche engine, pulled out of his pit stall with one of the rear wheels not secured. The wheel came off, and the car bottomed out, creating a terminal oil leak. Danny Sullivan continued to dominate in the lead, with Rick Mears falling to 10th place with handling problems. Al Unser Sr. and Al Unser Jr. continued to hold on to the top five, with Arie Luyendyk also lurking. Jim Crawford also began working his way into the top ten.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Three additional single-car crashes occurred prior to the halfway point. A. J. Foyt wrecked coming out of turn two on lap 58, due to handling problems and slick conditions. On the ensuing restart on lap 64, Arie Luyendyk tagged Ludwig Heimrath, Jr., sending Heimrath spinning and crashing out of turn four. Steve Chassey crashed in turn 4 on lap 81, suffering a concussion.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Both Mario Andretti (gearbox) and Al Unser Jr. (CV joint) came to the pits for long repairs. Both cars re-entered the race several laps down.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
After suffering early handling issues, Rick Mears radioed his crew and requested that they switch to the old style wheels. The car was not handling well with the new style flush disc wheels. The crew had to scramble back to the transporter to collect sets of older style wheels, and have all the tires re-mounted back in the garage area.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
On lap 93, the caution came out for debris on the track. Rick Mears had just un-lapped himself, and got back on to the lead lap. Leader Danny Sullivan pitted, giving the lead for the first time to Jim Crawford in the Buick-powered machine. Crawford blistered the track for the next several laps, with a noticeably drastic racing line, dipping deep below the white line, and aggressive dicing through traffic.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
At lap 100, Jim Crawford led, with Rick Mears finally back up to second, Al Unser Sr. third, and now Danny Sullivan back to fourth. On lap 102, Sullivan's front wing adjusters broke, sending his car up into the outside wall in turn 1. After leading 92 laps, Sullivan was out, but Penske teammates Rick Mears and Al Unser Sr. were now in control.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
After a caution for debris (Unser ran over a rabbit), Rick Mears took the lead on lap 113.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
Johnny Rutherford crashed in turn 1, similar to Sullivan's crash. It would be Rutherford's final lap of Indy 500 competition (he would fail to qualify in subsequent years). After trading positions, Rick Mears took over the lead for good on lap 129.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
With Mears pulling away, the rest of the top three was being battled out amongst Al Unser Sr. and Jim Crawford. Emerson Fittipaldi worked his way up to the top five, as did Bobby Rahal in the Judd.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
After several long pit stops to repair gearbox problems, an oil leak, and electrical gremlins, Mario Andretti finally called it quits. With the leaders at lap 170, Mario was about 50 laps down with a dead engine. Mario was credited with 118 laps in 20th place.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
With Rick Mears seemingly in control, the only battle that remained was for second place. Emerson Fittipaldi was running second, but he was deep in traffic. In the final twenty laps, USAC officials were contemplating issuing a two-lap penalty to Fittipaldi for passing a car under the yellow while exiting the pits on lap 164. After first penalizing Fittipaldi, then tentatively retracting the penalty, USAC henceforth decided to impose it. The penalty dropped Fittipaldi out of the top five. The resulting scoring adjustments elevated Jim Crawford into second place, Al Unser Sr. into third, and Fittipaldi to 7th.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
On lap 194, Jim Crawford got sideways in turn three, which flat-spotted his tires. He ducked into the pit area to change tires, but the crew had difficulty changing them, and he lost several seconds. He dropped back to 6th on the track. Suddenly Penske teammates Rick Mears and Al Unser Sr. were running 1st-2nd. Moments later, on lap 197 a piece of bodywork flew off of Michael Andretti's car. The yellow came out, and the safety crews were unable to clean up the debris before the white flag came out for the final lap. The race finished under caution with Rick Mears winning his third Indy 500. For the moment, Al Unser Sr. was second, Michael Andretti third, and Bobby Rahal worked all the way up to 4th in the Judd-powered entry.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
After the race, during the post-race scoring evaluation, Patrick Racing threatened to protest Emerson Fittipaldi's two-lap penalty. USAC claimed that while exiting the pits, Fittipaldi passed the lapped car of Rich Vogler, and did not properly honor the blend-in rule. Fittipaldi claimed that Vogler waved him by as they exited turn two to the backstretch. When Vogler got word of Fittipaldi's penalty, he immediately went to the USAC officials and claimed that he was 8-10 laps down at the time and purposely waved Fittipaldi by, and that the penalty was "unjust."


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Under the rules, slower cars were permitted to wave other faster cars by during yellows, a move primarily used in order to not to impede the leaders. USAC re-evaluated the situation, and when official results were posted Monday morning, they retracted Fittipaldi's penalty once and for all. Fittipaldi's laps were reinstated, which elevated him to a second-place finish. Al Unser Sr. was officially third, denying Penske Racing of their first 1st-2nd Indy sweep. Jim Crawford's exciting day finished with a 6th place, the Buick V-6's best finish to-date.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
One year after his best ever finish in the Indianapolis 500, Dick Simon rallied from a 16th starting spot to finish 9th in his final 500 as a driver. During the season finale weekend in Miami, Simon would announce his retirement from driving to concentrate running his race team.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Race Results, Box Score
R  = Indianapolis 500 rookie;  W  = Former Indianapolis 500 winner


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio
The race was carried live on the IMS Radio Network. In September 1987, Paul Page left NBC Sports and joined ABC. As a result, Page left the IMS Radio Network, and vacated his position as Voice of the 500. Veteran personality Lou Palmer, who debuted with the network in 1958, was elevated to the chief announcer position for 1988.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio
Outside of Page's departure, a few changes were made to the crew for 1988. Pancho Carter, who failed to qualify for the race, served as "driver expert." Bob Lamey debuted on the crew, taking the Turn 2 location on top of the VIP Suites. Howdy Bell, who was previously in that spot, moved to the pit area and shared the north pits with Chuck Marlowe. Luke Walton covered the starting command during the pre-race, but did not have a role during the race itself.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio
After the race, with Palmer now in the booth, Bob Forbes conducted the victory lane winner's interview. Sally Larvick, (Paul Page's wife), who had worked on the crew from 1982-1987 in only a limited role (conducting interviews with celebrities, etc. ), elevated to a full pit reporter starting in 1988.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio
Chief Announcer: Lou PalmerDriver expert: Pancho CarterStatistician: John DeCampHistorian: Donald Davidson


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Radio
Turn 1: Jerry BakerTurn 2: Bob Lamey  R Turn 3: Larry HenryTurn 4: Bob Jenkins


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television
The race was carried live flag-to-flag coverage in the United States on ABC Sports. Major changes were ushered in for 1988. Don Ohlmeyer was brought in as one of the directors, and a new style of the broadcast reflected Ohlmeyer's influence. The opening tease featured Alan Silvestri's score from the film The Delta Force, in a medley with the instrumental song "Katydid's Ditty" by Mason Williams. The Delta Force intros (known as the "Page Teases"), narrated by Paul Page, would become a popular fixture of the ABC telecasts of the Indy 500, Brickyard 400, and other Indycar races, through 1998 and reprised again in 2001.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television
With Jim McKay departed, Paul Page served as both host and play-by-play announcer. Bobby Unser and Sam Posey returned as color commentators, and this three-man booth crew would cover the Indy 500 and other Indycar races on ABC through 1995.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television
Jack Arute and Brian Hammons served as pit reporters, the only time a crew of only two men covered the pits since going to a live broadcast.


1988 Indianapolis 500, Broadcasting, Television
New RaceCam angles debuted for 1988. Along with the "over-the-shoulder" camera, there were also cameras facing backwards from the cars, as well as a cockpit camera looking up at the driver.


1988 Indianapolis Colts season
The 1988 Indianapolis Colts season was the 36th season for the team in the National Football League (NFL) and fifth in Indianapolis. The team finished the year with a record of 9 wins and 7 losses, and tied for second in the AFC East division with the New England Patriots. However, the Colts finished ahead of New England based on better record against common opponents (7–5 to Patriots' 6–6).


1988 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship
The 1988 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship was the 23rd edition of the World Championship  The Championship was held on 12 and 13 March 1988 in Eindhoven in the Netherlands.


1988 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship
The winner was Erik Stenlund of Sweden for the second time. He beat Yuri Ivanov by two points to stop Ivanov from claiming a third consecutive title.


1988 Individual Long Track World Championship
The 1988 Individual Long Track World Championship was the 18th edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship. The event was held on 18 September 1988 at Scheeßel in Germany, which was West Germany at the time.


1988 Individual Long Track World Championship
The Championship format was altered with 16 rider fields and 8 riders in each heat. The top 8 scorers qualified for the semi final heats with (points carried forward).


1988 Individual Long Track World Championship
The world title was won by Karl Maier of West Germany for the fourth time.


1988 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship
The 1988 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship was the 12th edition of the World motorcycle speedway Under-21 Championships. The event was won by Peter Nahlin of Sweden. It was the first Championship open to all nations, which was why it was renamed the World Under-21 Championship from the European Under-21 Championship.


1988 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship, World final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1988 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 43rd edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider.


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship
The final was held at the Vojens Speedway Center, owned by former World Champion Ole Olsen. Despite the country having won seven World Individual Championships between three riders since 1971 (Olsen, Erik Gundersen and Hans Nielsen), it was the first time Denmark hosted the World Final.


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship
Gundersen renewed his fierce rivalry with Nielsen as both finished on 13 points to tie for the lead of the Championship. However it was Gundersen that won the toss to choose his starting gate for the run-off. He chose the outside and on a wet track he won his third title by defeating Nielsen in the run-off. Fellow Dane Jan O. Pedersen completed a clean sweep for Denmark by taking the bronze medal.


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, Australian Qualification
* Due to the rules, England's Rob Woffinden did not progress to the Australian Championship


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, British Qualification, British Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, Intercontinental Round, Overseas Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, Intercontinental Round, Nordic Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, Intercontinental Round, Intercontinental Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, Continental Round, Continental Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Individual Speedway World Championship, World Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1988 Indonesia Open (badminton)
The 1988 Indonesia Open is one of the 10 best badminton tournaments in Asia. Held in Jakarta from 20 to 24 July 1988. The total prize money is $ 135,000.


1988 Intercontinental Cup
The 1988 Intercontinental Cup was an Association football match played on 11 December 1988 between Nacional of Uruguay, winners of the 1988 Copa Libertadores, and PSV of Netherlands, winners of the 1987–88 European Cup. The match was played at the neutral venue of the National Stadium in Tokyo in front of 62,000 fans. Santiago Ostolaza was named as man of the match.


1988 Intercontinental Final
The 1988 Intercontinental Final was the fourteenth running of the Intercontinental Final as part of the qualification for the 1988 Speedway World Championship. The 1988 Final was run on 6 August at the Vetlanda Speedway in Vetlanda, Sweden, and was the last qualifying stage for riders from Scandinavia, the USA and from the Commonwealth nations for the World Final to be held at the Speedway Center in Vojens, Denmark.


1988 International Formula 3000 Championship
The 1988 International Formula 3000 Championship was contested over 11 rounds. 24 different teams, 69 different drivers, 5 different chassis and 2 different engines competed.


1988 International Formula 3000 Championship, Final points standings, Driver
For every race points were awarded: 9 points to the winner, 6 for runner-up, 4 for third place, 3 for fourth place, 2 for fifth place and 1 for sixth place. No additional points were awarded.


1988 International Formula 3000 Championship, Complete Overview
R=retired NS=did not start NQ=did not qualify NT=no time set in qualifying DIS(6)=disqualified after finishing in sixth place


1988 International Gold Cup
The 13th round of the 1988 B.A.R.C./B.R.D.C. Lucas Formula Three British Championship, saw the series visit Oulton Park for the 23rd International Gold Cup, on 21 August.


1988 International Gold Cup, Report, Entry
A total of 33 F3 cars were entered for this round of the British F3 Championship. Come race weekend only 27 arrived in Cheshire for qualifying.


1988 International Gold Cup, Report, Qualifying
JJ Lehto took pole position for Pacific Racing Team in their Toyota-engined Reynard 883, averaging a speed of 109.608 mph.


1988 International Gold Cup, Report, Race
The race was held over 20 laps of the Oulton Park circuit. Gary Brabham took the winner spoils for the Bowman Racing team, driving their Ralt-Volkswagen RT32. The Aussie won in a time of 30:29.17mins., averaging a speed of 108.967 mph. Brabham’s victory will 21 years after his father, Sir Jack Brabham, last won the Gold Cup. Second place went to JJ Lehto in Pacific Racing Team’s Reynard-Toyota 883, who was only 1.4 of a second behind. Another son of a famous racer, Damon Hill completed the podium for the Cellnet Ricoh Racing/Intersport Racing Team in his Toyota engined Ralt RT32. Completing the Brabham family domination of the race, Gary’s younger brother, David won the National Class, also in a Jack Brabham Racing prepared Ralt-Volkswagen.


1988 International Open
The 1988 Fidelity Unit Trusts International Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place from August to September 1988 at Trentham Gardens in Stoke-on-Trent, England.


1988 International Open
Steve Davis retained the title by defeating Jimmy White 12–6 in the final.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg
The 1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Strasbourg, France, and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1988 WTA Tour. It was the second edition of the tournament and ran from 16 May until 22 May 1988. Second-seeded Sandra Cecchini won the singles title.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg, Finals, Doubles
Manon Bollegraf /  Nicole Provis defeated  Jenny Byrne /  Janine Tremelling 7–5, 6–7(11–13), 6–3


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles
Jana Novotná and Catherine Suire were the defending champions but only Suire competed that year with Catherine Tanvier.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles
Suire and Tanvier lost in the first round to Anne Minter and Elna Reinach.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles
Manon Bollegraf and Nicole Provis won in the final 7–5, 6–7, 6–3 against Jenny Byrne and Janine Tremelling.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles
Carling Bassett was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles
Sandra Cecchini won in the final 6–3, 6–0 against Judith Wiesner.


1988 Internationaux de Strasbourg – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1988 Intertoto Cup
In the 1988 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared.


1988 Intertoto Cup, Group stage
The teams were divided into eleven groups of four teams each.


1988 Inverness District Council election
Elections to the Inverness District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Inverness District Council election
Other parties took 2.8% of the vote. Voter turnout was 41.8%.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Hawkeyes played their home games at Kinnick Stadium and were led by legendary coach Hayden Fry. The 1988 season marked the 100th season of Iowa Hawkeyes football.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Hawaii
After surrendering a 23-yard field goal by freshman Jason Elam with 1:36 left in the game, Iowa quickly drove to the Hawaii 20-yard line with 48 seconds remaining. A false start penalty pushed the Hawkeyes back five yards, then a devastating holding penalty wiped out a potential go-ahead touchdown from Chuck Hartlieb to Travis Watkins with 40 seconds left. After converting from the same distance midway through the 4th quarter, freshman kicker Jeff Skillett left a 44-yard field goal attempt short that would have tied the game with 17 seconds on the clock.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Kansas State
The Hawkeyes' 35-point victory extended the Wildcats' winless streak to 18 consecutive games. Iowa Offensive coordinator Bill Snyder was hired as Head coach at Kansas State following the regular season.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Colorado
Colorado coach Bill McCartney indicated this win over the Hawkeyes was a major win for the Colorado football program. The Buffaloes finished the 1988 season with an 8-4 record before consecutive 11-win seasons in 1989 and 1990, the latter capped by an AP National Championship.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
The win over the Cyclones was the Hawkeyes sixth consecutive over their in-state rivals.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Michigan
A 17-17 tie at Kinnick Stadium was the lone blemish on an otherwise perfect Big Ten season for the Wolverines. After opening the season with consecutive losses, 19-17 at eventual National Champion Notre Dame and 31-30 at home to the team that finished #2 in the final polls, Miami (a game Michigan led 30-14 in the 4th quarter), Michigan went 9-0-1 the rest of the season including a Rose Bowl victory to finish with a #4 ranking.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, Indiana
Though Iowa finished only 4th in the final Big Ten standings, this was their lone conference loss. Chuck Hartlieb set the Iowa single game passing record with 558 yards through the air. Wide receiver Deven Harberts had 11 receptions for 233 yards and a touchdown.


1988 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, Game summaries, vs. NC State (Peach Bowl)
In a game played through a steady rain, the teams combined for 14 turnovers (7 each) and 12 fumbles (8 lost). NC State opened up a 28-3 second quarter lead by converting three Hawkeye fumbles into touchdowns. Iowa fought until the end behind Chuck Hartlieb's 428 passing yards.


1988 Iowa Senate election
The 1988 Iowa State Senate elections took place as part of the biennial 1988 United States elections. Iowa voters elected state senators in half of the state senate's districts--the 25 even-numbered state senate districts. State senators serve four-year terms in the Iowa State Senate, with half of the seats up for election each cycle. A statewide map of the 50 state Senate districts in the year 1988 is provided by the Iowa General Assembly


1988 Iowa Senate election
The primary election on June 7, 1988 determined which candidates appeared on the November 8, 1988 general election ballot. Primary election results can be obtained here. General election results can be obtained here.


1988 Iowa Senate election
Following the previous election, Democrats had control of the Iowa state Senate with 30 seats to Republicans' 20 seats.


1988 Iowa Senate election
To take control of the chamber from Democrats, the Republicans needed to net 6 Senate seats.


1988 Iowa Senate election
Democrats retained control of the Iowa State Senate following the 1988 general election  with the balance of power unchanged: Democrats holding 30 seats and Republicans having 20 seats after the 1988 election.


1988 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1988 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. They played their home games at Cyclone Stadium in Ames, Iowa. They participated as members of the Big Eight Conference. The team was coached by head coach Jim Walden.


1988 Ipswich Borough Council election
The 1988 Ipswich Borough Council election was an election to the Ipswich Borough Council under the arrangement, whereby a third of the councillors were to stand for election, each time.


1988 Ipswich Borough Council election
It took place as part of the 1988 United Kingdom local elections.


1988 Ipswich Borough Council election
There were 16 wards each returning one councillor plus two bye-elections one each for Sprites and Whitehouse Wards. The Labour Party retained control of the Council.


1988 Iranian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 8 April 1988, with a second round on 13 May. The result was a victory for leftist politicians who later emerged as reformists. The number of clerics elected to the Majlis was reduced by over a third.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Background
In this election, the rival groups competed in various religious categories. Under these circumstances, religious groups that had previously gathered around the "Islamic" Republic and the militant clerical community were divided by different attitudes due to differences in different tastes. Combatant Clergy Association (Persian: جامعۀ روحانیت مبارز), Association of Combatant Clerics (Persian: مجمع روحانیون مبارز), and the "Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived"  were the three most important and active organizations in the elections.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Background
Due to the election propaganda atmosphere and the tendency of the people to the left wing (Association of Combatant Clerics, Persian: مجمع روحانیون مبارز) and due to the slogans of justice and equality and the defense of the deprived and oppressed by the Association of Combatant Clerics, it led to a significant victory of the left-wing electoral groups in the elections. Approximately two-thirds of the seats in the third parliament were occupied by left-leaning forces.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Background
The characteristics of the third term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections include the following:


1988 Iranian legislative election, Electoral system
The constitution approved in a December 1979 referendum provided for a 270-seat Majlis, with five seats reserved for minority groups including Jews, Zorastrians, Armenians from the north and south of the country and one jointly elected by Assyrians and Chaldeans.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Electoral system
The elections were conducted using a two-round system, with the number of candidates progressing to the second round being double the number of seats available. Candidates required an absolute majority (at least 50.01 percents of votes) to win a seat in the first round, and plurality to win in the second round.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Registration and Campaigns
Around 1,999 candidates registered for the elections, including around 30 women. Registration started on 9 March 1988 until 15 March 1988.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Registration and Campaigns
A total of 1666 people were approved and 333 people were disqualified. Among those approved were 206 members of the second term of parliament (1984–1988).


1988 Iranian legislative election, Registration and Campaigns
The constituencies of Tehran (Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat, Eslamshahr and Pardis) had most numbers of candidates, with number of 154 candidates. This followed by Tabriz with 34 candidates. The  constituencies with least numbers of candidates were those which included districts Salmas, Khoy (both in West Azerbaijan Province) and Minab (in Hormozgan Province), each with two candidates. The number of candidates from religious minorities during this period was 16, and, for the first time, a woman from religious minority community ran for parliament.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Registration and Campaigns
Also in the constituency of Tehran, 14 women, and in Mashhad, Yazd and Tabriz, one woman was one of the candidates for the third parliament. Among the 154 candidates in the Tehran constituency, 27 represented the second term and 24 represented the people of Tehran. 22% of the candidates were bachelors and 8% of them were masters and doctors.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Registration and Campaigns
The clergy made up 20 percent of the registered candidates, of which 63 percent were between 26 and 30 years old, 26.7 percent were between 31 and 35 years old, 19.7 percent were between 36 and 40 years old, 12.9 percent were between 41 and 45 years old, and 9.1 percent were between 46 and 50 years old and 10.8% were between 51 and 75 years old.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Problems
According to the schedule, the candidates' eligibility will be checked for 5 days after the registration deadline. One of the differences between this period and the previous one was the disagreement between the Guardian Council and the Ministry of Interior as to which of the institutions was legally entitled to review the eligibility of the candidates.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Problems
Pursuant to Article 50 of the Electoral Law and Note 1, the Executive Directorate of Elections was obliged to take the necessary steps to qualify the candidates through the competent legal authorities after registration and to announce the names of those candidates who met the legal requirements. . On the other hand, the Guardian Council claimed that according to Article 99 of the Constitution, it has the right to oversee the recognition of candidates' qualifications, and that the qualifications of candidates for representation should also be reviewed by the Guardian Council. Regarding the Guardian Council's oversight of the candidates' qualifications, the Ministry of Interior claimed that the qualifications were the responsibility of the executive boards and that only those whose qualifications were not approved would be considered by the provincial supervisory board or the central board.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Problems
Finally, the Interior Ministry's election campaign, which saw the continuation of disagreements and conflicts with the Guardian Council's central oversight board as delays in holding elections, exerting more military pressure on the Ba'athist regime in Iraq, escalating urban warfare and destabilizing the "Islamic" Republic of Iran, sought to ensure 'Opinions of the Central Board of Supervisors of the Guardian Council' to end the disagreements. He continued to insist, however, that oversight boards had departed from their legal and impartial position and tended to openly side with one faction.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Electoral groups
There were three main groups contesting in the elections, namely:


1988 Iranian legislative election, Results
188 seats were won in the first round of voting.


1988 Iranian legislative election, Aftermath
The newly elected Majlis met for the first time on 28 May, and elected Mir-Hossein Mousavi as Prime Minister on 30 June (he remained in that position until abolishment of Prime Minister position following the 1989 referendum).


1988 Iranian legislative election, Aftermath
Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani remained as a Speaker of Majlis until 1989 when he was replaced by Mehdi Karroubi.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1988 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August and September with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on 17 September 1988.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby
The winner Make History won £30,000 and was trained by Johnny Quigley, owned by Paul McKinney & John Kelly and bred by Ramie Dowling (a former Kilkenny hurling star). The race was sponsored by the Kerry Group's dog food product 'Respond' for the first time.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
After many years of Carrolls sponsorship the Kerry Group took over advertising their Respond dog food product so the event would be known as the Respond Irish Derby. Leading the entries was the 1987 Puppy Derby champion and 1988 English Greyhound Derby finalist Make History (trained by Johnny Quigley) and the 1987 Irish Greyhound Derby finalists Randy and Ardfert Sean.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
In the first round Randy was fastest in 30.36 sec, justifying large ante-post bets but there was bad news for Satharn Beo who had to be retired following a serious wrist injury. In the second round it was the turn of Ardfert Sean to impress timed at 30.08. Randy and Make History also won.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
In round three Make History, Randy and Ardfert Sean all completed another victory. The three semi-finals saw Randy catch Make History on the line in 30.32 and then Ardfert Sean defeated Manorville Magic in 30.44. The last semi resulted in the 1,025 yards TV trophy runner-up Chicita Banana come home ahead of the English challenger Odell Schooner in 30.33. Chicita Banana had been bought by Harry Findlay and would soon be on the way to John 'Ginger' McGee.


1988 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
In the final Make History showed first from Randy and Manorville Magic whilst Ardfert Sean missed his break. Randy challenged Make History at the third bend but was cut off allowing Manorville Magic to overtake Randy but it was too late for him to catch Make History.


1988 Irish Masters
The 1988 Irish Masters was the fourteenth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place from 22 to 27 March 1988. The tournament was played at Goffs in Kill, County Kildare, and featured twelve professional players.


1988 Irish Masters
Steve Davis won the title for the fourth time, beating Neal Foulds 9–4 in the final.


1988 Irish Professional Championship
The 1988 Irish Professional Championship was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place in February 1988 at the Antrim Forum in Antrim, Northern Ireland.


1988 Irish Professional Championship
Jack McLaughlin won the title beating Dennis Taylor 9–4 in the final.


1988 Israel Super Cup
The 1988 Israel Super Cup was the 17th Israel Super Cup (22nd, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.


1988 Israel Super Cup
The match was played between Hapoel Tel Aviv, champions of the 1987–88 Liga Leumit and Maccabi Tel Aviv, winners of the 1987–88 Israel State Cup.


1988 Israel Super Cup
This was Hapoel's 8th Israel Super Cup appearance and Maccabi's 5th (both including unofficial matches). Hapoel fielded a weakened team, as most senior players refused to play since the management didn't pay the players' salaries over the previous season. Maccabi, therefore, won the match 3–0.


1988 Israeli legislative election
Elections for the 12th Knesset were held in Israel on 1 November 1988. Voter turnout was 79.7%.


1988 Israeli legislative election, Parliament factions
The table below lists the parliamentary factions represented in the 11th Knesset.


1988 Israeli legislative election, Aftermath
Likud's Yitzhak Shamir formed the twenty-third government on 22 December 1988, including the Alignment, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah in his coalition, with 25 ministers.


1988 Israeli legislative election, Aftermath
In 1990 Shimon Peres tried to form an Alignment-led coalition in a move that became known as "the dirty trick", but failed to win sufficient support. Eventually Shamir formed the twenty-fourth government on 11 June 1990, with a coalition encompassing Likud, the National Religious Party, Shas, Agudat Yisrael, Degel HaTorah, the New Liberal Party, Tehiya, Tzomet, Moledet, Unity for Peace and Immigration and Geulat Yisrael. Tehiya, Tzomet and Moledet all left the coalition in late 1991/early 1992 in protest at Shamir's participation in the Madrid Conference.


1988 Israeli legislative election, Aftermath
Several defections occurred during the Knesset term; five members of Likud left to form the Party for the Advancement of the Zionist Idea. After two of them returned, the party was renamed the New Liberal Party. Yitzhak Peretz left Shas and established Moria. Eliezer Mizrahi left Agudat Yisrael and established Geulat Yisrael. Efraim Gur left the Alignment to establish Unity for Peace and Immigration, which later merged into Likud.


1988 Israeli legislative election, Aftermath
The Twelfth Knesset saw the rise of the ultra-orthodox religious parties as a significant force in Israeli politics, and as a crucial "swing" element which could determine which of the large two secular parties (Likud, Alignment) would get to form the coalition government. Ratz, Mapam, and Shinui merged into Meretz, while Black Panthers broke away from Hadash.


1988 Israeli presidential election
An election for President of Israel was held in the Knesset on 23 February 1988.


1988 Israeli presidential election
Chaim Herzog stood for re-election as President of Israel as an unopposed candidate.


1988 Italian Grand Prix
The 1988 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 11 September 1988 at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Monza. It was the twelfth race of the 1988 season. It is often remembered for the 1–2 finish for the Ferrari team, and as the only race of the 1988 season that McLaren-Honda failed to win.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Qualifying at Monza went as expected with the McLarens of Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost heading the field, Senna the only driver to lap under 1:26. In the first Italian Grand Prix since the death of Ferrari founder Enzo Ferrari, his team's scarlet cars were 3rd and 4th on the grid, Gerhard Berger in front of Michele Alboreto. As a mark of respect for the Ferrari founder, Alboreto and Berger were allowed to be the first cars to take to the track for Friday morning's first practice session.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Showing the difference in horsepower between 1987 and 1988, Senna's pole time of 1:25.974 was 2.514 seconds slower than Nelson Piquet's 1987 time of 1:23.460. For the most part, qualifying times in 1988 had either matched or actually beaten the times from the previous year showing advances in engine response, aerodynamics, tyres and suspension. However, on a power circuit such as Monza, the loss of some 300 bhp (224 kW; 304 PS) was very noticeable.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The third row of the grid was a surprise, even at this power circuit. Ever since the item was made compulsory for turbo powered cars at the start of the 1987 season, the Arrows team had been experiencing problems with the FIA pop-off valve on their Megatron turbo engines, the problem being that the valve was cutting in too early and the drivers weren't able to exploit the full available power. In 1987 this meant that drivers Derek Warwick and Eddie Cheever struggled to keep up with their turbocharged rivals.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
In 1988 it meant they were often only as fast as the leading atmos, and often they were in fact slower, even on noted power circuits such as Silverstone and Hockenheim which should have suited their turbo power.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The team's engine guru Heini Mader had finally solved the pop-off valve problem (which turned out to be the pop-off valve being located too high above the engine, a problem Honda and Ferrari had long since solved), and suddenly with an extra 30-50 bhp at their disposal the Arrows A10B's were actually 5 km/h (3 mph) faster than the Honda-powered McLarens across the start line and by the time they reached the speed trap before the Rettifilo, Cheever was reported to be the only car to hit 200 mph (322 km/h) while the McLarens and Ferraris were timed at around 192 mph (309 km/h).


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
This new found power allowed Cheever and Warwick to line up 5th and 6th respectively, one place in front of World Champion Nelson Piquet in his Lotus Honda. This also meant that turbos filled the first seven places on the grid. Piquet's Lotus teammate Satoru Nakajima qualified 10th, with the Lotuses split by the fastest non-turbos, the Benetton-Fords of Thierry Boutsen and Alessandro Nannini in 8th and 9th places on the grid.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Defending World Champion Piquet, the race winner in 1986 and 1987 when driving for Williams, never looked at ease during qualifying at a track where the Honda powered Lotus 100T should have been a long way ahead of at least the 'atmo' cars. Only late on in qualifying was it discovered that the team had inadvertently set up both Piquet and Nakajima's cars with the settings for the Imola circuit and not for Monza.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The 1988 Italian Grand Prix was the last race of the first turbo era in Formula One in which all cars powered by turbocharged engines that entered actually qualified for the race. The McLarens, Ferraris, Arrows, Lotuses, Zakspeeds and the single Osella of Nicola Larini all qualified at least 17th, Larini's car being the slowest, some 4.5 seconds behind Senna.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
With emotions running high so soon after the death of Enzo Ferrari, the tifosi had been praying for a Ferrari victory at Monza. However, with McLaren having won all 11 races of the 1988 season up to this point, hopes for a home victory seemed bleak.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Nigel Mansell was still affected by chicken pox, and was still forced to sit out. Martin Brundle, his replacement in Belgium, was asked to race again but his Jaguar Sportscar team boss Tom Walkinshaw vetoed the move, so the second Williams seat went to team test driver (and Brundle's chief rival for the 1988 World Sportscar Championship) Jean-Louis Schlesser.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Prost managed to jump Senna at the start, but as he changed from 2nd to 3rd on the run to the Rettifilo his engine began to misfire and would not run properly again. This allowed Senna to power past into the lead before the chicane. Berger followed Prost with Alboreto, Cheever, Boutsen, Patrese and Piquet running in line. Senna built up a 2-second lead after the first lap and Prost, realising after the first lap that the misfire was not going away, decided to turn his boost up to full and give chase to his teammate.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Berger had initially given chase and stayed within a couple of seconds of Prost, but before lap 10 had started to drop back in order to save fuel. By lap 30 the Frenchman had reduced Senna's lead to only 2 seconds, but as he went by the pits at the end of lap 30 the misfire suddenly got worse and by lap 35 had been passed by Berger and Alboreto and was heading for the pits and his first mechanical retirement of the season (and the only time in 1988 that a McLaren would retire due to engine failure).


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
While this was happening Alboreto, troubled by gear selection problems early in the race, had dropped back from Berger to allow his gearbox oil to cool hoping it would come good. It did and the Italian in the All-Italian car began to charge at the Italian Grand Prix, and was catching his teammate.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Later in the race Berger and Alboreto began closing on Senna rapidly, though it was assumed that Senna was merely pacing himself to the finish, and Senna himself later said that he had things well in hand. With two laps remaining, Senna attempted to lap the Williams of Schlesser at the Rettifilo. Senna headed to the left to pass the Frenchman on the inside of the first chicane, but Schlesser locked his brakes and the Williams slid forward towards the gravel trap. Using his rallying skills, Schlesser managed to collect the car and turned left to avoid going off.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna, who had taken his normal line and had not counted on Schlesser regaining control, was struck in the right rear by the Williams, breaking the McLaren's rear suspension and causing the car to spin and beach itself on a kerb, putting the Brazilian out of the race. BBC commentator James Hunt placed the blame squarely on Schlesser, although many felt that Senna had not given any allowance for Schlesser to come back on the track.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna's compatriot and close friend Maurício Gugelmin, whose March-Judd had also been about to lap Schlesser and was behind the McLaren after being lapped on the run past the pits, saw the collision in its entirety. "I think he'd felt that Schlesser would go straight off, and in that situation you have to keep going. It's a difficult situation, but I don't think Ayrton took a risk."


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
It was generally thought that Senna had used too much fuel in the first half of the race in his bid to keep in front of Prost and that was why the Ferraris were rapidly catching him towards the end of the race, with Berger reducing what was a 26-second gap when Prost retired, to be only 5 seconds behind when Senna and Schlesser collided 14 laps later.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna's former Lotus team boss Peter Warr commented after the race that he felt Prost, knowing he wouldn't finish the race, had suckered his teammate into using too much fuel in the hope that it would keep his championship hopes alive. He also added that if Senna had thought about it he'd have realised that to stay close to him, Prost must have also been using too much fuel and that was not something the dual World Champion usually did. Prost's tactics may have contributed to McLaren missing out on a perfect season, but they had the desired effect as Senna scored no points (after four straight wins including Britain where Prost failed to finish) and he was still in with a good chance of winning his third World Championship.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
The Tifosi were beyond overjoyed as Berger inherited the win, with Alboreto taking second place only half a second behind in the first Italian Grand Prix since the death of the great Enzo Ferrari. Alboreto was actually the fastest driver on the track in the last laps and gained over 4 seconds on his teammate in the final 3 laps. American Eddie Cheever (who actually grew up in Rome) finished in 3rd place for Arrows, 35 seconds behind the Ferraris and only half a second in front of his teammate Derek Warwick in a great race for the Arrows team.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Warwick had actually got a bad start and had fallen outside of the top ten. However, with the Megatron engine now producing full power the Englishman began to charge and ran the last 10 laps challenging his teammate. The remaining points went to Italian Ivan Capelli, a considerable achievement by the atmospheric March-Judd on a circuit which requires powerful engines (Capelli spent the first half of the race locked in a battle for 6th place with the Williams of Riccardo Patrese and Warwick's Arrows). Capelli's high place also showed just how aerodynamic the Adrian Newey designed March 881 was. Sixth place went to the Benetton-Ford of Thierry Boutsen.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Motor racing journalist Nigel Roebuck later reported that after the race an overjoyed member of the Tifosi had approached Schlesser, shook his hand and said "Thank you, from Italy".


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Another hard luck story was Alessandro Nannini who was forced to start his home Grand Prix from the pits due to a failed throttle on the warm up lap. By the time the Benetton team fixed the problem, Senna was coming through the Parabolica on his first lap meaning the Italian, who was to start 9th, was last and almost a lap down within the first lap of the race. For the rest of the afternoon Nannini charged, setting the fastest lap of the race for atmospheric cars and finishing in 9th place.


1988 Italian Grand Prix, Report, Post-race scrutineering
In the scrutineering bay, Berger's Ferrari's fuel capacity was checked four times. The first time, FISA officials were able to refill the tank with 151.5 litres of fuel, exceeding the limit of 150 litres. A second refill and then a third were undertaken, and still the Ferrari took too much. Eventually they succeeded in adding just 149.5 litres at the fourth time of asking. Eddie Cheever's Arrows had the same problem as Berger's Ferrari when his fuel tank was at first found to be 151 litres, but further checking found it to be under the limit at 149.5 litres.


1988 Italian Open (tennis)
The 1988 Italian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome in Italy that was part of the 1988 Nabisco Grand Prix and of Tier IV of the 1988 WTA Tour. The men's tournament was held from May 9 through May 15, 1988, while the women's tournament was held from May 2 through May 8, 1988.


1988 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's singles
Ivan Lendl defeated  Guillermo Pérez Roldán 2–6, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–4


1988 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Jorge Lozano /  Todd Witsken defeated  Anders Järryd /  Tomáš Šmíd 6–3, 6–3


1988 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Jana Novotná /  Catherine Suire defeated  Jenny Byrne /  Janine Tremelling 6–3, 4–6, 7–5


1988 Italian Open – Men's Singles
Mats Wilander was the defending champion, but lost in the third round to Ronald Agénor.


1988 Italian Open – Men's Singles
Ivan Lendl won the title, defeating Guillermo Pérez Roldán 2–6, 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–4 in the final.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Gabriela Sabatini were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Doubles
Jana Novotná and Catherine Suire won in the final 6–3, 4–6, 7–5 against Jenny Byrne and Janine Tremelling.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Singles
Steffi Graf was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Singles
Gabriela Sabatini won in the final 6–1, 6–7, 6–1 against Helen Kelesi.


1988 Italian Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top eight seeds received a bye to the second round.


1988 Italian regional elections
Regional elections were held in some regions of Italy during 1988. These included:


1988 JSL Cup, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and Nissan Motors won the championship.


1988 JSL Cup Final
1988 JSL Cup Final was the 13th final of the JSL Cup competition. The final was played at Yokkaichi Stadium in Mie on September 11, 1988. Nissan Motors won the championship.


1988 JSL Cup Final, Overview
Nissan Motors won their 1st title, by defeating Toshiba 3–0 with Hiroshi Hirakawa and Takashi Mizunuma goal.


1988 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation
The 1988 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation (Chinese: 1988年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮) was held on January 1989. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.


1988 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1988 are as follows.


1988 Japan Series
The 1988 Japan Series was the Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) championship series for the 1988 season. It was the 39th Japan Series and featured the Central League champion Chunichi Dragons against the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions. Chunichi won the Central League pennant by a comfortable 12 games to advance to the championship. However, the representative from the Pacific League was undecided up until 3 days before Game 1 of the Japan Series.


1988 Japan Series
Seibu fought neck-and-neck for first place with the Kintetsu Buffaloes over most of the season and finished their regular-season schedule with a 0.5-game advantage over Kintetsu, with Kintetsu having 4 games left to play. On the last day of the season (October 19), Kintetsu had to win both games of an away double-header against the last-place Lotte Orions to claim the PL pennant.


1988 Japan Series
Kintetsu won the first game by one run (by scoring one run in the top of the ninth inning), but Lotte forced a comeback tie in the second game, capping a dramatic finish to the season (known to Japanese baseball fans as 10.19) and giving Seibu the PL spot in the Japan Series for the fourth year in a row.


1988 Japan Series
Played at Nagoya Stadium and Seibu Dome, the Lions won the series four games to one, winning the final game on a walk-off base hit by catcher Tsutomu Ito. The 1988 contest was the third in Japan Series history to end on a walk-off (after 1950 and 1965). Seibu shortstop Hiromichi Ishige was named Most Valuable Player of the series. The series was played between October 22 and October 27 with home field advantage going to the Central League.


1988 Japan national football team
This page records the details of the Japan national football team in 1988.


1988 Japan women's national football team
This page records the details of the Japan women's national football team in 1988.


1988 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship
The 1988 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship was contested over 8 rounds. 18 different teams, 24 different drivers, 5 different chassis and 3 different engines competed.


1988 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, Final point standings, Driver
For every race points were awarded: 9 points to the winner, 6 for runner-up, 4 for third place, 3 for fourth place, 2 for fifth place and 1 for sixth place. No additional points were awarded. The best 6 results count. Two drivers had a point deduction, which are given in ().


1988 Japanese Grand Prix
The 1988 Japanese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Suzuka Circuit on 30 October 1988. It was the fifteenth and penultimate race of the 1988 season.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
On Honda's home track, the McLarens of Ayrton Senna and Alain Prost filled the front row. Senna's pole time was 1.8 seconds slower than Gerhard Berger's 1987 time.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Berger himself could only manage third on the grid, joined on the second row by Ivan Capelli in the naturally aspirated March-Judd. On the third row were the two Lotus-Hondas of outgoing World Champion Nelson Piquet, who was suffering from a virus, and home town favourite Satoru Nakajima, whose mother had died on the Friday morning. Lotus showed great faith in Nakajima by announcing that they had re-signed him for the 1989 season, despite the fact that they would have to use Judd engines after Honda's decision to supply McLaren exclusively.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
French driver Yannick Dalmas was declared medically unfit for the race and was replaced in the Larrousse team by Japan's Aguri Suzuki, who was on his way to winning the 1988 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship. Suzuki qualified 20th on his F1 debut, one place behind temporary teammate Philippe Alliot. Dalmas, originally thought to have an ear infection that kept him out of both Japan and the final race in Australia, was diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease later in the year.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
The all-McLaren front row was the 11th of the year, but its drivers had contrasting fortunes. Prost led away from Berger and Capelli, while Senna stalled on the grid. However, Suzuka had the only sloping grid of the year and so the Brazilian was able to bump start his car into action.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
He had dropped to 14th place, but immediately made a charge through the field, gaining six places by the end of the first lap and then passing Riccardo Patrese, Thierry Boutsen, Alessandro Nannini and Michele Alboreto to run fourth on lap 4. Meanwhile, Derek Warwick and Nigel Mansell collided and had to pit for a puncture and a new nose cone, respectively, while Capelli not only set the fastest lap but also passed Berger – who was already troubled with fuel consumption problems – on lap 5 to move into second place. Alboreto spun out while he was in sixth place.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
On lap 14 the weather started to come into contention as rain began on parts of the circuit, benefiting Senna. On lap 16 Capelli seized his chance to pass Prost for the lead, the first time a non-turbo car had led a Grand Prix since 1983. Prost had been slowed when Suzuki's Lola had spun at the chicane and got going again just as Prost and Capelli were braking for the tight right-left complex.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
He then missed a gear coming out of the chicane thanks to a troublesome gearbox and was passed by the March, but Capelli's lead only lasted for a few hundred metres as the extra power of the Honda turbo engine allowed Prost to regain the lead going into the first turn. Capelli made several further attempts to overtake Prost before ultimately retiring three laps later with electrical failure.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Mansell's race lasted until lap 24 when he collided with Piquet's Lotus while trying to lap him. Piquet, still unwell with a virus and complaining of double vision, continued for another ten laps before retiring through fatigue.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
By then Senna was catching Prost rapidly, and with traffic, Prost's malfunctioning gearbox, and a tricky wet and dry surface, conditions were favourable to the Brazilian. On lap 27, as they attempted to lap Andrea de Cesaris, Nakajima and Maurício Gugelmin, Senna managed to force his way through as Prost was delayed by de Cesaris's Rial. Senna then put in a succession of fast laps, breaking the former lap record and building a lead of over three seconds, despite being delayed while lapping Nakajima.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
With slick tyres on a track that was now wet, Senna gestured for the race to be stopped. The race ran out its entire distance, however, with Senna finishing 13 seconds ahead of Prost. Boutsen took third place, whilst Berger recovered to fourth place after Alboreto held up Nannini, who had to settle for fifth. Patrese finished in sixth, and Nakajima was 7th.


1988 Japanese Grand Prix, Report, Race
With victory in the race, Senna clinched the World Championship. Due to the scoring system in 1988, Prost could only add three more points to his total even if he won in Australia, which would give him 87 points in total. If Senna then failed to score they would be equal on points, but Senna would still win the title, having taken more wins (8 to 7). Victory in Japan was also Senna's eighth win of the season, which beat the record for total wins in a single season, previously held by Jim Clark (1963) and Prost (1984).


1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix was the first round of the 1988 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 25–27 March 1988 at the Suzuka Circuit.


1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Tadahiko Taira was on pole of the 5-column grid (it became 4-columns in 1990). Wayne Rainey got the start and lead through the first turns, with Kevin Schwantz, Wayne Gardner and Christian Sarron behind. Schwantz took the inside of the hairpin, but Rainey dove back under and got him back on the exit; Schwantz succeeded in taking the lead on Spoon.


1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
At the end of the 1st lap, it was Schwantz and Gardner, then a gap to Toshihiko Honma (riding #46) and Sarron. Gardner and Schwantz swapped the lead many times.


1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
Eddie Lawson and Niall Mackenzie moved through the field to 3rd and 4th. Norihiko Fujiwara lowsided at the hairpin.


1988 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix, 500 cc race report
On the last lap Gardner ran off the track and stayed on, but lost any chance of winning the race.


1988 Junior League World Series
The 1988 Junior League World Series took place from August 15–20 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Mexicali, Mexico defeated Hilo, Hawaii in the championship game.


1988 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 1988 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Ponce, Puerto Rico, July 1–9, 1988.


1988 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
The 1988 Junior Pan American Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships was held in Salinas, Puerto Rico, August 8, 1988.


1988 K League
The 1988 Korean Professional Football League was the sixth season of K League. A total of five teams participated in the league, all of them were professional teams. The season began on 26 March 1988 and ended on 12 November 1988. The season was operated in single stage, and every team played each other six times.


1988 K League
This season caused a controversy over the selection of the Most Valuable Player. The majority opinion of outsiders was that Lee Kee-keun should receive the MVP Award, but the Korean Professional Football Committee chose Park Kyung-hoon, who played only 12 games in the league due to his schedule in the national team. Park also tried to return the award, but the committee rejected his decision.


1988 KFK competitions (Ukraine)
The 1988 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1988 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union. It was 24th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964. The winner eventually qualified to the 1989 Soviet Second League.


1988 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1988 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 19th season in the National Football League and the 29th overall.


1988 Kansas City Chiefs season
Bill Kenney opened the team's initial two games at quarterback, but was replaced by Steve DeBerg for the second half against Seattle. DeBerg guided the team to a 20–13 win against Denver in his initial start as a member of the Chiefs. However, six losses, and a tie followed as Kenney and DeBerg jostled for the starting job.


1988 Kansas City Chiefs season
As the season drew to a close, it became apparent the winds of change were blowing across the organization. President Jack Steadman resigned on December 8, while general manager Jim Schaaf was relieved of his duties the same day. Steadman was later named chairman of the board. On the field, the Chiefs finished the year at 4–11–1 as questions swirled regarding head coach Frank Gansz's future and who would fill the club's leadership void. One day after the season's conclusion, former Philadelphia Eagles and United States Football League executive Carl Peterson was named the club's president/general manager and chief operating officer on December 19.


1988 Kansas City Chiefs season, Offseason
The spring was marked by several notable trades as the club jockeyed to improve on its 4–11 finish in 1987. Todd Blackledge was traded to Pittsburgh on March 29 and 12-year veteran quarterback Steve DeBerg was acquired from Tampa Bay on March 31. The Chiefs moved up one spot in the first round of the draft to select defensive end Neil Smith with the second overall pick.


1988 Kansas City Chiefs season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16: at San Diego Chargers
Both coaches, Kansas City's Frank Gansz and San Diego's Al Saunders, were fired shortly after this game. It was also the last time the Chiefs wore the red pants introduced by Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Hank Stram in 1968 until 2000.


1988 Kansas City Royals season
The 1988 Kansas City Royals season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Royals finishing 3rd in the American League West with a record of 84 wins and 77 losses.


1988 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1988 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1988 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. They participated as members of the Big Eight Conference and were coached by head coach Glen Mason. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1988 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1988 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Stan Parrish. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. They finished with a record of 0–11 overall and 0–7 in Big Eight Conference play, placing last in the conference. The Wildcats scored 171 points and gave up 448. This was the last season for Stan Parrish; Bill Snyder replaced him in 1989.


1988 Kensington by-election
The Kensington by-election, in Kensington, on 14 July 1988 was held after the death of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Brandon Rhys-Williams. Normally a relatively safe Conservative seat, it was narrowly won by Dudley Fishburn, who would retain the seat in 1992.


1988 Kensington by-election
It was the first by-election of that parliament, which had begun after the general election of June 1987, and would last until the next election in April 1992.


1988 Kent Cup
The 1988 Kent Cup was an invitational non-ranking snooker tournament held in Beijing from 5 to 8 April 1988.


1988 Kent Cup
The invited competitors were eight professionals, six Chinese and two Hong Kong amateur players. Nine hours of nationwide coverage in China led to viewing figures of 200 million. John Parrott won the tournament, defeating Martin Clark 5–1 in the final.


1988 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1988 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Dick Crum, the Golden Flashes compiled a 5–6 record (3–5 against MAC opponents), finished in seventh place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 256 to 250.


1988 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Eric Wilkerson with 1,325 rushing yards, Patrick Young with 650 passing yards, and Fermin Olivera with 180 receiving yards. Four Kent State players were selected as first-team All-MAC players: center Chip Curtis, defensive back Jamie Howell, defensive lineman Bert Weidner, and tailback Eric Wilkerson.


1988 Kentucky Derby
The 1988 Kentucky Derby was the 114th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 7, 1988, with 137,694 people in attendance.


1988 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1988 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Wildcats scored 217 points while allowing 208 points. This was Jerry Claiborne's seventh season as Kentucky's head coach. The Wildcats finished 5–6, one victory shy of bowl eligibility; the highlight of the season was an upset of #11 ranked Georgia.


1988 Kentucky Wildcats football team, Season
Kentucky opened with a win against Central Michigan, then lost at #7 Auburn and Indiana before beating Kent State. Losses to #12 Alabama and at #19 LSU followed. Next were wins against #11 Georgia, Southern Illinois and Vanderbilt, then losses to Florida and at Tennessee.


1988 Kentucky Wildcats football team, Season
The victory over Georgia was the season's high point. Running back Alfred Rawls, a Georgia native, had 128 yards and a touchdown rushing and linebacker Randy Holleran had 13 tackles; #11 Georgia was held to 224 yards of total offense.


1988 Kenyan general election
General elections were held in Kenya on 21 March 1988. At the time, the county was a one-party state with the Kenya African National Union as the sole legal party. The size of the National Assembly was expanded from 158 to 188 seats prior to the elections. Although the post of President of Kenya was due to be elected at the same time as the National Assembly, Daniel arap Moi was the sole candidate and was automatically elected without a vote being held. Following the elections, a further 12 members were appointed by President Moi.


1988 Kenyan general election, Background
In February 1988 a new system was introduced for the primary elections of KANU candidates. The mlolongo or queue system involved party members lining up behind photographs of their preferred candidate. In a country of 20 million people, 4,528,480 were KANU members, and there were accusations that the mlolongo system resulted in voter intimidation and fraud during the primaries. Beyond, a church-based magazine was banned after it condemned the public voting as "a mockery of justice."


1988 Kenyan general election, Aftermath
At the first meeting of newly elected Assembly in April 1988, Fred Mbiti Gideon Mati, who had been Speaker since 1970, resigned, and the National Assembly elected Moses Kiprono arap Keino as his replacement.


1988 Kids' Choice Awards
The 2nd Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was held on April 18, 1988, from the Conan Sword and Sorcery Spectacular Arena at Universal Studios Hollywood. This was the first event held under this title, and first to feature a live audience, as well as celebrity hosts and attendees, while the first KCA occurred the previous year in 1987 as The Big Ballot, and only featured taped segments linked together by its studio hosts. The show also featured the first "KCA trophy", which was created by original logo designers Tom Corey and Scott Nash.


1988 Kids' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees
Winners are listed first, in bold. Other nominees are in alphabetical order.


1988 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1988 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 94th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1988 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Ballyhale Shamrocks won the championship after a 2-15 to 0-04 defeat of Thomastown in the final. It was their seventh championship title overall and their first title in three championship seasons.


1988 Kincardine and Deeside District Council election
Elections to the Kincardine and Deeside District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Kincardine and Deeside District Council election
Other parties took 2.8% of the vote. Voter turnout was 37.4%, the lowest in Scotland.


1988 King Cup
The 1988 King Cup was the 30th season of the knockout competition since its establishment in 1956. Al-Nassr were the defending champions but they were eliminated by eventual champions Al-Ittihad in the semi-finals.


1988 King Cup
Al-Ittihad won their 6th title after defeating Al-Ettifaq 1–0 in the final. This was the first final to be held in the King Fahd International Stadium. As winners of the tournament, Al-Ittihad qualified for the 1989 Arab Cup Winners' Cup.


1988 King Cup, Round of 16
Both Al-Ettifaq and Ohod received a bye to the next round. Al-Ettifaq received due to their participation in the 1988 Gulf Club Champions Cup. Ohod received a bye to the lack of teams participating in this round. The matches of the Round of 16 were held on 31 March and 1 April 1988.


1988 King Cup, Quarter-finals
The matches of the Quarter-finals were held on 7 and 8 April 1988.


1988 King Cup, Semi-finals
The four winners of the quarter-finals progressed to the semi-finals. The semi-finals were played on 12 April 1988. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).


1988 King Cup, Final
The final was played between Al-Ittihad and Al-Ettifaq in the King Fahd Stadium in Riyadh. Al-Ittihad were appearing in their 11th final while Al-Ettifaq were making their 6th appearance.


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 23 July 1988. It was the 38th running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The winner was Ahmed Al Maktoum's Mtoto, a five-year-old bay horse trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by Alec Stewart and ridden by the South African jockey Michael Roberts. Mtoto's victory was the first in the race for his owner, trainer and jockey. Mtoto was the first five-year-old to win the race since Park Top in 1969.


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The contenders
The race attracted a field of ten runners, seven trained in the United Kingdom, two from France and one from Italy. The favourite was Unfuwain, a three-year-old colt who had won who had won the Chester Vase by eight lengths and the Princess of Wales's Stakes against older horses by fifteen lengths. The French challengers, Silver Lane and Soft Machine, were not regarded as serious contenders but the Italian runner was the formidable Tony Bin, the winner of the Premio Presidente della Repubblica (twice), the Gran Premio di Milano (twice) and the Gran Premio del Jockey Club.


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The contenders
The other major contenders were Mtoto, twice winner of both the Prince of Wales's Stakes and the Eclipse Stakes, Doyoun, winner of the 2000 Guineas and Glacial Storm, runner-up in the Epsom Derby. The Sussex stable of John Dunlop had two representatives, the 1986 St Leger Stakes winner Moon Madness and Almaarad who had won the Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot. The other runner was the filly Percy's Lass, later to become the dam of the Epsom Derby winner Sir Percy. Unfuwain headed the betting at odds of 2/1 ahead of Mtoto (4/1), Tony Bin (9/2) and Glacial Storm (6/1).


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Glacial Storm took the early lead and set the pace from Moon Madness and Unfuwain with Doyoun, Soft Machine and Silver Lane close behind whilst Mtoto was restrained in last place. Moon Madness took the lead with five furlong left to run but was overtaken on the turn into the straight by Unfuwain. With a quarter of a mile left to run Unfuwain still held the advantage, but Doyoun was still in contention whilst Tony Bin, Percy's Lass, Almaarad and (on the far outside) Mtoto were all emerging a challengers.


1988 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Mtoto overtook Unfuwain a furlong from the finish and ran on in the closing stages to beat the favourite by two lengths. Tony Bin was a length and half back in third ahead of Almaarad, Percy's Lass and Doyoun. Soft Machine, Glacial Storm and Silver Lane came next with Moon Madness finishing last.


1988 Kirkcaldy District Council election
Elections to the Kirkcaldy District Council took place in May 1988, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. The number of seats and the total vote share won by each party is listed below.


1988 Kirkcaldy District Council election
Other parties received 1.9% of the vote. Voter turnout was 47.9%.


1988 Kvalserien
The 1988 Kvalserien was the 14th edition of the Kvalserien. It determined which team of the participating ones would play in the 1988–89 Elitserien season and which three teams would play in the 1988–89 Swedish Division 1 season.


1988 KwaNdebele legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in KwaNdebele between 8 and 10 December 1988. A total of 54 candidates contested the 16 elected seats.


1988 KwaNdebele legislative election, Electoral system
The territory's Legislative Assembly had sixteen elected members, together with others appointed by tribal authorities and the Chief Minister.


1988 LFF Lyga
The 1988 LFF Lyga was the 67th season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 16 teams, and SRT Vilnius won the championship.


1988 LPGA Championship
The 1988 LPGA Championship was held May 19–22 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, a suburb northeast of Cincinnati. Played on the Grizzly Course, this was the 34th edition of the LPGA Championship.


1988 LPGA Championship
Sherri Turner birdied the final two holes for a final round 67 and won her only major championship, one stroke ahead of runner-up Amy Alcott. Turner began the round six strokes behind Alcott, the 54-hole leader, in a tie for tenth place. It was the first of her three LPGA Tour wins.


1988 LPGA Tour
The 1988 LPGA Tour was the 39th season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from February 4 to November 6. The season consisted of 34 official money events. Juli Inkster, Rosie Jones, Betsy King, Nancy Lopez, and Ayako Okamoto won the most tournaments, three each. Sherri Turner led the money list with earnings of $350,851.


1988 LPGA Tour
There were eight first-time winners in 1988: Mei-Chi Cheng, Shirley Furlong, Patty Jordan, Ok-Hee Ku, Terry-Jo Myers, Martha Nause, Liselotte Neumann, and Sherri Turner. Ku was the first South Korean winner, winning the Standard Register Turquoise Classic.


1988 LPGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1988 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1988 LSU Tigers football team
The 1988 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season. The LSU offense scored 249 points while the defense allowed 204 points.


1988 LSU Tigers football team, Season
In the Tiger Bowl, LSU beat Auburn in what would be known as the Earthquake Game.


1988 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1988 La Flèche Wallonne was the 52nd edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 13 April 1988. The race started in Spa and finished in Huy. The race was won by Rolf Gölz of the Superconfex team.


1988 Labatt Brier
The 1988 Labatt Brier was held from March 6 to 13 at the Centre Georges-Vézina in Chicoutimi, Quebec.


1988 Labatt Brier
Pat Ryan of Alberta finished the round robin with an undefeated record and went on to defeat Eugene Hritzuk of Saskatchewan in the final to clinch his first Brier title.


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Pat RyanThird: Randy FerbeySecond: Don WalchukLead: Don McKenzieAlternate: Roy Hebert


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Ron ThompsonThird: Glen HillsonSecond: Graeme FranklinLead: Rob RobinsonAlternate: Joel Berglund


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Kerry BurtnykThird: Jim SpencerSecond: Ron KammerlockLead: Don HarveyAlternate: Jeff Ryan


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Steve AdamsThird: Ward McDonaldSecond: Greg GallivanLead: Roger GallantAlternate: Dodie Dickison


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Gary OkeThird: Ken ThomasSecond: Marc BrophyLead: Gerry CollinsAlternate: Fred Schulstad


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Al HacknerThird: Rick LangSecond: Jim AdamsLead: Doug SmithAlternate: Bill Adams


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Thomas HakanssonThird: Stuart MacLeanSecond: Bill RobinsonLead: Dave WallaceAlternate: Peter MacPhee


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Paul SavageThird: Ed WerenichSecond: Graeme McCarrelLead: Neil HarrisonAlternate: John Kawaja


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : David MacFadyenThird: Frank MacDonaldSecond: Neil MacFadyenLead: Aidan SheridanAlternate: Ted MacFadyen


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Lawren SteventonThird: Pete GawelSecond: Marco FerraroLead: Dean GemmellAlternate: Malcolm Turner


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Eugene HritzukThird: Del ShaughnessySecond: Murray SoparloLead: Don DabrowskiAlternate: Ron Mills


1988 Labatt Brier, Teams
Skip : Trevor AlexanderThird: Richard RobertsonSecond: Brad RobertsonLead: Clayton RavndalAlternate: John Moss


1988 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet (more formally, its "Parliamentary Committee") occurred in November 1988. In addition to the 15 members elected, the Leader (Neil Kinnock), Deputy Leader (Roy Hattersley), Labour Chief Whip (Derek Foster), Labour Leader in the House of Lords (Cledwyn Hughes), and Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (Stanley Orme) were automatically members.


1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election
A deputy leadership election for the Labour Party in the United Kingdom took place on 2 October 1988 when John Prescott and Eric Heffer challenged Labour's incumbent Deputy Leader Roy Hattersley. Hattersley had served in the position since 1983.


1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election
The election was conducted using the Labour Party's Electoral College. Delegates at Labour Party conference voted in the election, with 40% of votes going to affiliated unions, 30% to constituency parties and 30% to the Parliamentary Labour Party.


1988 Labour Party deputy leadership election
The challenge to Hattersley's position was unsuccessful, and he retained the deputy leadership of the party by a wide margin. He served until 1992, when he resigned following Labour's defeat in the 1992 general election.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
The 1988 Labour Party leadership election saw Tony Benn, identified with the left wing of the British Labour Party, challenge the incumbent leader Neil Kinnock identified with the more moderate social democratic wing.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
Kinnock won the election with 89% of the vote and remained Leader until 1992, when he resigned the leadership following Labour's defeat in the 1992 general election.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
The election took place at Labour Party conference, with affiliated trade unions holding 40% of the votes, delegates from Constituency Labour Parties holding 30% of the votes, and the Parliamentary Labour Party holding the final 30% of the votes.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Background
Neil Kinnock became leader of the Labour Party in 1983 following the resignation of Michael Foot. The party had been moving towards the left, something that Kinnock sought to change. At the 1987 general election, Kinnock was placed front and centre of the Labour campaign, leading to claims that it was almost presidential. Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party, seven points ahead in the polls, won the election despite a 1.2% swing to Labour.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Background
Rumours were spreading early in 1988 that Tony Benn was planning a leadership challenge against Kinnock. The 63-year-old Benn had lost his seat in Labour's disastrous performance at the 1983 general election, only to return to parliament within a year after winning the Chesterfield by-election. During the 1960s and 1970s he had been a cabinet minister in the governments of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. In 1981, with Labour in opposition and reeling from the centrist split from the party which led to the creation of the SDP, he had narrowly failed to defeat Denis Healey for the deputy leadership of the party.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Background
The deputy leadership was also expected to be challenged, as John Prescott, having been made Shadow Secretary of State for Energy, was dissatisfied with his shadow cabinet position and spoke of challenging the incumbent Roy Hattersley. Kinnock responded to the rumours regarding Benn's challenge, calling his supporters "self-enthroned revolutionaries" and a potential challenge a "ridiculous diversion".


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Candidates
Benn and Kinnock were the only two candidates in the election. Benn's supporters had hoped that by launching the leadership challenge that others would step forward and increase the number of candidates involved. They specifically wanted John Smith, the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer to challenge Kinnock as well. At the same time as the leadership challenge, the deputy leadership was also contested by the incumbent Roy Hattersley, John Prescott and Eric Heffer, part of the same left-wing ticket as Benn.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
The campaign lasted for eight months in the run up to the Labour Party conference in October 1988. Benn opened his campaign on 3 February, calling it a "campaign for socialism" and saying "I genuinely do not believe the Labour Party is electable if we pursue the present course." His supporters launched their own manifesto, "Aims and Objectives of the Labour Party".


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
But there was not full support on the left of the party, with David Blunkett saying that the result of a challenge would certainly be defeat for any candidate, and would give Kinnock an air of "omnipotence" with victory. Following the launch of a manifesto by Kinnock and Hattersley, which was opposed by Benn, Ken Livingstone and Dennis Skinner, Benn made his official challenge for the Labour leadership. Kinnock called the challenge "futile and selfish".


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
Following the announcement of the challenge, there was some dissent from parts of the left within the party with Clare Short describing it as a "waste of time". Benn's candidacy led to a split in the left-wing Socialist Campaign Group, with Short resigning from the group alongside Margaret Beckett, Jo Richardson, Joan Ruddock and Joan Walley in protest at Benn's decision. The Amalgamated Engineering Union announced that it would deduct the cost of polling its members from the overall donations that would normally go to the party.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
Overall, it was expected that the cost of the leadership contest for the party would be in the region of £500,000. Kinnock announced that only 15 MPs had backed the challenge, a claim which was disputed by Benn's backers. There was also a fear that the leadership challenge would decrease the party's following in the polls, as had happened during Benn's challenge for the deputy leadership in 1981.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
Kinnock urged Benn to give up the contest at the start of April, which was rejected. Kinnock began to gather the support of the unions, with the National Union of Mineworkers supporting him instead of Benn, resulting in the press calling his challenge a "lost cause". Kinnock and Benn also had opposing views on defence, specifically a nuclear deterrent. In May, Kinnock postponed any decision for a year, which Benn called a "backwards step" and Dennis Skinner described as "probably the biggest socialist sell-out of the century".


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Campaign
In an attempt to take the party back to socialism, Benn threatened that defeat would not be the end, and he would see that a challenge would come on a yearly basis, even it was not by himself. Kinnock's supporters were concerned at the destabilising effect this would cause for the party. During the latter stages of the campaign, Benn and Heffer were prepared for defeat. While at a rally on the day before the vote, Benn said "I do not want anyone to think that tomorrow is the end. It is the beginning. It is twice as good as we thought it might be. We are changing the agenda of British politics."


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Result
The ballot took place on 2 October 1988, at the opening session of the Labour Party annual conference in Blackpool. Affiliated organisations had 40% of the vote, while Constituency Labour Parties and the Parliamentary Labour Party had 30% each in the electoral college.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Aftermath
Kinnock's supporters were surprised by the size of their victory over Benn and the left of the party, although they expected a further leadership challenge in the following year. Based on the percentages, 183 Members of Parliament supported Kinnock, while Benn was backed by 38. With a clear majority, Kinnock remained leader of the Labour Party. In the deputy leadership election, the incumbent deputy, Roy Hattersley, was victorious. In a television interview on the night of the victory, Kinnock said it was "a very positive vote for unity and for change", as he intended to use the vote as a mandate for policy changes he sought to bring in.


1988 Labour Party leadership election (UK), Aftermath
Kinnock and Hattersley remained as leader and deputy leader respectively through the 1992 general election. After Labour was defeated in the polls, Kinnock announced his resignation on 13 April 1992, and Hattersley followed shortly afterwards. Kinnock blamed the defeat on pro-Conservative media, but both remained in post until July when their replacements were chosen. John Smith was overwhelmingly elected as Kinnock's successor, and led the party until his death in 1994.


1988 Ladies European Tour
The 1988 Ladies European Tour was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place in 1988. The tournaments were sanctioned by the Ladies European Tour (LET).