1985 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1985.


1985 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Laos.


1985 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1985 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1985, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The Associated Press (AP) selected the state's top news stories as follows:


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
1. The enactment of a state law, effective July 1, 1985, requiring all drivers of motor vehicles and front-seat passengers to wear seat belts. Opponents viewed the law as excessive government intrusion. 2. National competition for construction of a high tech, $3.5 billion plant to build automobiles for General Motors' new Saturn division. In August, GM announced that the plant would be built in Spring Hill, Tennessee. 3 . The state government's return to financial solvency. Gov. James Blanchard declared "Solvency Day" on November 8 when the state repaid its $1.8 billion debt. 4 .


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The rapid increase in premiums for liability insurance for doctors, truckers, lawyers, tavern keepers, and others. 5. A late summer sales boom for automobiles, following a Teamsters strike that limited supplies to automobile pants and further fueled by a price war in late August and September that included rebates and low interest rates on car loans. 6. An ice storm that struck the state on New Year's Day and cut off electricity to 370,000 customers. 7 .


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The arrest of 26-year-old Ronald Bailey of Livonia for the abduction and murder of two young boys, ages 13 and 14, and the kidnapping and sexual assault of another youth. 8. A late summer storm that resulted in record flooding in Flint, causing $10 million in damages. 9. A decline in the state's unemployment rate to 9.3% in March, the first time in five years that the rate had dropped below 10%. 10. The Michigan State Police's seizure of three children living in a dilapidated bus near Niles, Michigan. The parents, Donald and Eva Monk, were tried and acquitted of child cruelty and subsequently filed a lawsuit against the state over the removal of their children.


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The AP also selected the state's top sports stories as follows:


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
1. After finishing with a 6–6 record in 1984, the 1985 Michigan Wolverines football team led by quarterback Jim Harbaugh finished the season with a 10–1–1 record, defeated Nebraska in the Fiesta Bowl, and was ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll. 2 . The hiring of Darryl Rogers as head coach of the Detroit Lions, following the firing of Monte Clark. 3. Michigan State sophomore running back Lorenzo White led the NCAA with 1,908 rushing yards and finished third in voting for the Heisman Trophy. 4 .


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The 1984–85 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team led by Roy Tarpley and Antoine Joubert compiled a 26–4 record, won the Big Ten championship, and were ranked No. 2 in the AP and coaches' polls released at the end of the regular season. 5. The 1985 Detroit Tigers season in which the team finished third in the American League East, 15 games behind the Toronto Blue Jays. 6. Kirk Gibson's declaration of free agency after the 1985 season and contract negotiations between Gibson and the Tigers. 7 .


1985 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The U.S. Open golf championship at Oakland Hills Country Club, ending with Andy North as champion after a final-round collapse by T.C. Chen. 8. Darrell Evans, at age 38, leading the American League with 40 home runs. 9. The Detroit Red Wings' signing of Czechoslovakian hockey star, Petr Klíma. 10. Marvin Hagler vs. Thomas Hearns - The April 15 boxing match in Las Vegas between the "Motor City Cobra" Thomas Hearns and Marvelous Marvin Hagler, ending in a technical knockout of Hearns in the third round.


1985 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1985 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1985 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1985 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in New Zealand.


1985 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 41st New Zealand Parliament continued. The fourth Labour Party government was in power.


1985 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1985 in New Zealand television, 1985 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1985 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Films
See : Category:1985 film awards, 1985 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1985 films


1985 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1985 in Norwegian music.


1985 in Norwegian television
This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1985.


1985 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1985. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1985 in Rwanda
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Rwanda.


1985 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1985.


1985 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Singapore.


1985 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in South Africa.


1985 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Two new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways:


1985 in South Korea, Events
The 12th National Assembly election, held on February 12, 1985. Representing the DJP Democratic Justice Party, the president of the republic, President: Chun Doo-hwan, was elected indirectly by the presidential electoral college of more than 5,000 electors, chosen by the general voters. Korean voters turned out in unusually large numbers, 84.6% of a total 23,987,830 voters. The DJP still retained the majority but it lost three seats that it previously won in 1981, only securing 87 seats. The popular vote for the DJP also declined from 35.6% in 1981 to 35.3% in 1985. On February 19, President Chun appoints Lho Sin-young as prime minister.


1985 in South Korea, Events
In 1985, students were very opposed to President Chun and his government, and they acted upon it. The Ministry of Education reported that there was a total of 3,877 on-campus rallies, demonstrations, and other disturbances, with nearly half of all of them occurring in the first semester of 1985. Radical student organizations were also formed, including the Sammintu, Sanmin Struggle Committee. They represented the struggle for “national unification, emancipation of the masses, and the establishment of democracy.” The organization was branded as pro-Communist and anti-American and they were responsible for the seizure of the USIS library in downtown Seoul. They occupied it for three days, May 23 to May 26, although they surrendered in peace, their drawn out public trials made a mockery of South Korea's legal process forcing the minister of Justice, Kim Suk-hwi to resign.


1985 in South Korea, Events
The first exchange of visits between Seoul, South Korea and Pyongyang, North Korea. It consisted of 50 hometown visitors, 50 folk-art performers, 30 newsmen, and 20 support personnel. Although there 100 hometown visitors total only 35 in Pyongyang and 30 in Seoul were briefly reunited.


1985 in South Korea, Events
Unemployment rate was kept around 4%. Construction for the upcoming Olympics contributed to a sagging economy. Hyundai motor cars were selling well but catering to a low-priced market. South Korean shipbuilding and overseas construction suffered. The Kukje Group, South Korea's seventh largest conglomerate, which operated the largest single footwear factory in the world, collapsed. The government had a target of 7.5% growth in GDP but had to scale that down to 5%. South Korea had an accumulative foreign debt of around $45 billion, most of which was owed to Japan.


1985 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Sri Lanka.


1985 in Swedish football
The 1985 season in Swedish football, starting January 1985 and ending December 1985:


1985 in Swedish television
This is a list of Swedish television related events from 1985.


1985 in São Tomé and Príncipe
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe.


1985 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1985 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 74 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1985 in Thailand
The year 1985 was the 204th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 40th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2528 in the Buddhist Era.


1985 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1985 to Wales and its people.


1985 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1985 in Zaire.


1985 in Zaire, Sources
This year in Africa article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1985 in architecture
The year 1985 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1985 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1985 throughout the world.


1985 in aviation
This is a list of aviation-related events from 1985.


1985 in aviation
It remains one of the deadliest years in aviation history for aviation disasters, including the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 (520 people killed), bombing of Air India Flight 182 (329), crash of Arrow Air Flight 1285 (256), crash of Aeroflot Flight 7425 (200), crash of Iberia Airlines Flight 610 (148), Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (137), Galaxy Airlines Flight 203 (70), and British Airtours Flight 28M (55), a mid-air collision between Aeroflot Flight 8381 and a Soviet Air Forces transport aircraft (94), the hijacking of Egyptair Flight 648 (60), and various crashes and other incidents with under 50 fatalities. August 1985 remains the worst single month for commercial aviation fatalities in history; a total of 2,010 people were killed in commercial aviation accidents in 1985; the second highest in commercial aviation history since 1942; only 1972 had more fatalities (2,373).


1985 in aviation, Events, August
August 1985 remains commercial aviation's deadliest month for passengers and crew (a distinction from the non-passenger fatalities of the September 11, 2001 attacks) in history.


1985 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1985  throughout the world.


1985 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1985  throughout the world.


1985 in basketball, National team competitions, 1986 FIBA Basketball World Cup Qualifiers
(*) — The remaining four teams vied for the championship. Nevertheless, the Philippines clinch the title with a 3-0 win-loss record in the championship round as opposed to the 2-1 of South Korea and 1-2 record of China.


1985 in comics
Notable events of 1985 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1985 in comics, First issues by title, DC Comics, Limited Series
Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe (26 issues)


1985 in comics, First issues by title, Marvel Comics
The Marvel Saga: The Official History of the Marvel Universe


1985 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1985.


1985 in film
The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


1985 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1985 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1985 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.), Context
The year was considered an unsuccessful one for film. Despite a record number of film releases, many films failed at the box office, and ticket sales were down 17% compared with 1984. Industry executives believed the problem, in part, was a lack of original concepts. Films about fantasy and magic failed, as audiences leaned towards science-fiction. Janet Maslin said the fault for this lay partly with Steven Spielberg, who had created such a successful template with films like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Close Encounters of the Third Kind that many fantasy films had imitated them.


1985 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.), Context
There was also a saturation of youth-oriented films targeted at those under 18. Executives were not fond of these films, but the financial rewards were too significant to ignore. The few films aimed at older audiences, like Cocoon, were surprise successes. Only Back to the Future and Rambo: First Blood Part II were successful blockbusters, earning more than double the box office of Cocoon. Films offering escapism and pro-America themes like Rambo: First Blood Part II and Rocky IV had also fared well.


1985 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.), Context
The glut of youth-targeted films like Return to Oz and The Black Cauldron, and science-fiction comedies like Weird Science, Real Genius, and My Science Project had resulted in a string of failures. Executives said that the films were all very similar and marketed in the same way, offering no variety for audiences.


1985 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1985 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1985 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1985. For video games, see 1985 in video gaming.


1985 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1985 in the Men's hammer throw. The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s. Soviet Union's Yuriy Sedykh had set the world record in the previous (1984) season.


1985 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1985.


1985 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1985.


1985 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1985.


1985 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1985.


1985 in motoring
This article 1985 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1985 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the Earth's most important economic sectors by revenue. The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany.


1985 in motoring, United Kingdom
ARG had a fairly quiet year in 1985, with the only significant changes being the addition of an MG variant to the Montego range. On the rally scene, however, eyebrows were raised at the arrival of a spectacular new mid-engined supercar - the MG Metro 6R4, with four-wheel drive and a V6 engine. The MG version of the Maestro was upgraded from a 1.6 to a 2.0, with the twin Weber carburettors making way for electronic fuel injection.


1985 in motoring, United Kingdom
Ford achieved success with the latest incarnation of its big Granada. The new car, which went on sale in May, was a radical hatchback-only design which brought back memories of the Sierra's launch nearly three years ago. Ford has refused to rule out the possibility of saloon and estate versions at a later date, but the current hatchback is proving popular thanks to its high equipment levels, comfortable interior, solid build and (for a car of the size and level of specification) a competitive asking price. On the continent the "Scorpio" name covers the whole range, while Britain and Ireland only see the new nameplate as an extra on range-topping 2.8 and 2.9 V6 models, which are known as "Granada Scorpio".


1985 in motoring, United Kingdom
A year after its launch, the Vauxhall Astra hatchback and estate ranges have been joined by a saloon. Rather than adopt the same name as used by the hatchback, Vauxhall has been the latest of several manufacturers to follow a new trend of creating a new name for the saloon version. The saloon version of the Astra is known as the "Belmont", while the continental version shares the Kadett name with the rest of the range. The new model would launch in January 1986.


1985 in motoring, France
Peugeot announces that the Talbot marque will be discontinued on passenger cars next year, and the Horizon replacement launched in October 1985 will instead be sold as the Peugeot 309. A larger family saloon is due for a 1987 launch, effectively taking over from the outdated Rapier/Minx (formerly Alpine) models and replacing at least some of the 305 or 505 ranges.


1985 in motoring, France
Renault launched the second-generation of the R5 at the start of the year and offered a more modern appearance and more interior space than its 13-year-old predecessor.


1985 in motoring, Italy
The recent revival at Lancia has been completed with the addition of two new very different cars. The marque's new entry-level model is the Y10 - a three-door compact hatchback which can be seen as an Autobianchi on the continent. Power (though not a great deal of it) comes from a 1.0 FIRE engine which is very economical, and also from a long-running 1.1 unit which was seen more than a decade ago in the Autobianchi A112 Abarth. This larger unit comes with a turbocharger and pumps out an impressive 76 bhp, making it the far more impressive of the car's two engines.


1985 in motoring, Italy
Also new on the Lancia price list is the Thema, a large four-door saloon which is designed to compete with the upmarket likes of the BMW 5 Series. It is designed by Pininfarina and few of its competitors can match it for interior space and comfort. Equipment levels, refinement, ride and handling are good too. It is the first of four cars to be spawned from a new platform which is to be shared between Fiat and General Motors. The second of these cars goes on sale this year - the Saab 9000.


1985 in motoring, Italy
The third and fourth cars - from Fiat and Alfa Romeo respectively - are expected to be on sale within two years. The base engine is a 2.0 unit, which is also available with a turbocharger. The range-topper is a 2.8 V6, and there will soon be an exciting Ferrari-engined version which is set to sell in limited numbers.


1985 in motoring, Sweden
Saab has expanded its range with its first competitor in the sector dominated by the BMW 5 Series - the Saab 9000. The new car is a spacious, well-equipped, comfortable and refined five-door hatchback which shares its underpinnings with the new Lancia Thema as well as two forthcoming new big cars from Fiat and Alfa Romeo. With a practical hatchback bodystyle housing a top-notch luxury interior, the Saab 9000 appears to have all the right ingredients for a successful BMW rival.


1985 in motoring, Germany
The Mercedes E-Class is the latest of this year's competitors in the market sector dominated by the BMW 5 Series. The offering from Mercedes is a four-door saloon and five-door estate with the highest levels of specification and quality you can expect on this size of car. The whole estate range and some of the saloons have the option of self-levelling suspension, an innovation which was created by Citroen. The range starts with a moderately powerful 2.3 petrol engine, which like the entire range has fuel injection. Top of the range is a 3.2 V6, though even more fast and powerful V8 engines are rumoured at a later date.


1985 in motoring, Germany
Volkswagen launched a 4-wheel drive version of the Golf mk2, called the Golf Country. The company also expanded the already impressive Golf range with a 16-valve version of the GTI. The original 1.8 8-valve GTI was a highly impressive "hot hatchback" which has proved itself even better than the first Golf GTI of 1976, but the new, more powerful GTI is one of the fastest hatchbacks ever produced with a top speed of well over 120 mph. It has the handling, looks and quality to match its high speed, and the Golf is fast becoming one of the fashion icons of the 1980s.


1985 in motoring, Spain
With SEAT no longer involved with Fiat, the new Ibiza is the Spanish firm's first design not to have been derived from a Fiat. It was penned by world-famous Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro, but mysteriously uses the same suspension as the Fiat Strada, and is the first SEAT to be imported to the UK. Its engines have been developed in conjunction with Porsche, and as a result its advertising campaign features the slogan "Italian styling and German engines" - which appear to be an impressive combination. The car's price is significantly lower than that of the similarly-sized Ford Escort, which suggests that it is not up to the standards of more mainstream rivals. In this case, the answer is "yes", but the Ibiza isn't far off.


1985 in motoring, Japan
Nissan is in the process of building a new plant at Sunderland in order to cut the cost of exporting cars to Europe. The new factory is set to open in the summer of next year, and will churn out the Bluebird range. There are future plans for the entry-level Micra to be built at Sunderland.


1985 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1985 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1985 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1985 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1985.


1985 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1985.


1985 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1985.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, transferred to the genus Aythya by Nikita V. Zelenkov


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Enantiornithes, Avisauridae Brett-Surman & Paul, 1985 this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, Nikita V. Zelenkov, 2012 transferred the species to his genus Protomelanitta Zelenkov, 2011.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Cathartidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Tinamidae, new name for the preoccupied Tinamisornis intermedius Dabbene et Lillo, 1913 = Eudromia elegans intermedia (Dabbene et Lillo, 1913).


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phaethontidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phasianidae, not a Lophura, the holotype is not diagnostic to genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Gruiformes, Phorusrhacidae Ameghino, 1889, Psilopterinae Dolgopol de Saez, 1927, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
MN 13; Chono-Harayah 1 and 2  Zogsoo-Harhan 1 and 4


1985 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Passeriformes, family Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus.


1985 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1985 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1985 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1985 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1985 in professional wrestling
1985 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1985 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1985.


1985 in science
The year 1985 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.


1985 in sports
1985 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1985 in the Philippines
1985 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in that year.


1985 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1985 in the United Arab Emirates.


1985 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1985. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1985 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics.


1985 in video games
1985 saw many sequels and prequels in video games and several new titles such as Gradius, Super Mario Bros., Duck Hunt, Kung-Fu Master and Hang-On.


1985 in video games, Financial performance
In the United States, annual home video game sales fell to $800 million ($240 million adjusted for inflation).


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the top-grossing arcade video games on the bi-weekly Game Machine charts in 1985.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United Kingdom and United States
In the United Kingdom and United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1985.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
The year's best-selling game in Japan was Super Mario Bros. for the Family Computer (Famicom), later known as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) outside Japan. The game sold 2.5 million copies and grossed more than ¥12.2 billion ($72 million at the time, or $173 million adjusted for inflation) within several months. It eventually sold 3 million cartridges by the end of 1985.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
Game Machine magazine reported that more than ten Famicom games released between 1983 and 1985 had each sold over 1 million cartridges in Japan by the end of 1985. The Magic Box lists fourteen Famicom games released between 1983 and 1985 that crossed 1 million lifetime sales in Japan. At least 11 of the following 14 Famicom games released between 1983 and 1985 crossed 1 million sales in Japan by the end of 1985.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the following titles were the top ten best-selling home video games of 1985, according to the annual Gallup software sales chart. The top ten titles were all home computer games.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United Kingdom
Fighting games topped the UK software sales charts for two years in a row in the mid-1980s, with The Way of the Exploding Fist in 1985 and then the home computer conversions of Yie Ar Kung-Fu in 1986.


1985 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United States
In the United States, the Software Publishers Association (SPA) began tracking home computer game sales in 1985. The following fifteen computer games received Gold Awards from the SPA for sales above 100,000 units in 1985.


1985 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The list below consists of the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1985. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.


1985 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Valur won the championship. Fram's Ómar Torfason was the top scorer with 13 goals.


1985: The Year of the Spy
The American media referred to 1985 as the Year of the Spy because law enforcement arrested many foreign spies operating on American soil. However, the preceding year, 1984, actually had more arrests for espionage in the United States.


1985: The Year of the Spy
The eight major agents who became infamous in 1985 for espionage against the United States were John Anthony Walker, Richard Kelly Smyth, Sharon W. Scranage, Larry Wu-Tai Chin, Jonathan Jay Pollard, Ronald William Pelton, Randy Miles Jeffries, and Edward Lee Howard.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Political climate
The majority of these operatives were spying for Communist nations. Their arrests in 1985 heightened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union at a crucial point in the Cold War; Mikhail Gorbachev rose to power as Soviet general secretary in the same year.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Political climate
These high-publicity cases added to the American public's suspicion of the Soviets at a time when the Soviet Union was transitioning into new leadership and reforms under Gorbachev. Even Gorbachev's meeting with President Ronald Reagan at the November Geneva Summit did little to reduce uncertainty as to the future of U.S.-Soviet relations.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Political climate
The arrest of so many foreign spies working within the United States Intelligence Community sparked two demands among the American public: more internal government security and protection against infiltration, and more and better public access to government information.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath
As a result, journalists and researchers who had been demanding and obtaining government information sought to store it in one central location and in 1985 created the National Security Archive at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
John Anthony Walker was born on July 28, 1937, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Margaret Scaramuzzo and James Vincent Walker. James drank heavily and frequently beat Margaret and their children.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
As a child, John Anthony Walker was a rebellious practical joker. At his Catholic high school, he performed poorly academically and did not participate in sports. When he was 17, he was arrested for robbing a gas station, and he admitted to six other burglaries. In court his older brother, a US Navy petty officer, urged the judge to give him probation so that he might enlist in the Navy and gain discipline.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
In 1967, he walked into the Soviet embassy in Washington, DC and offered to steal codes, code machines, and classified documents from the Navy for the initial price of $500 to $1000 per week.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
He later recruited his wife Barbara, his friend Jerry Whitworth, his older brother Arthur, and his son Michael to aid him in his espionage activities.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
Barbara eventually disclosed the ring's activities to the FBI. After completing a dead drop coordinated with a Soviet operative north of Washington, DC, Walker searched for $200,000 that the Soviet operative was supposed to have dropped five miles away. He could not find the package, and checked into a local inn to regroup. The FBI had arranged a sting. The hotel's front desk worker lured him from his room at 3:30 a.m. on May 20, 1985, with a phone call about damage to his van in the hotel's parking lot, at which point two FBI agents apprehended him.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, John Anthony Walker
The Walker case stunned America as the last major spy case involving Americans was the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case of the 1950s.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
Richard Kelly Smyth was an American physicist, businessman, and NATO and NASA consultant on aerospace guidance technology. His Huntington Beach, California, business, Milco International Incorporated, was a leading contractor to the US government on aerospace technology and an exporter of this technology.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
Between January 1980 and December 1982, Smyth allegedly illegally exported 15 shipments of 810 krytrons total to alleged Israeli-intermediary, businessman (and film producer) Arnon Milchan of the Israeli company Heli Trading Company. Milchan then allegedly mediated the transfer of the krytrons to the Israeli government.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
Because krytrons are electronic switches capable of triggering nuclear explosive devices, the US government deems them munitions and only allows their legal export via a stringent licensing process, though krytrons much smaller than those Smyth exported are central components of common items like copy machines and strobe lights.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
Operation Exodus, a US Customs program, was instrumental in Smyth's capture. Ronald Reagan's administration designed Operation Exodus to cut off smuggling of technology and goods to Soviet countries and funded the program by taking $30 million from the Department of Defense and giving it to Customs.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
Smyth was arrested in May 1985 but he fled with his wife while awaiting trial. The couple was discovered in Málaga, Spain in July 2001. After his extradition to the US, he pleaded guilty in December 2001 to violating the Arms Export Control Act and to making false statements to US Customs. His sentence included 40 months in prison and a $20,000 fine, though he was immediately eligible for parole because of his old age. He was 72 at the time of sentencing.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Richard Kelly Smyth
The high drama of the covert relationship between Richard Kelly Smyth, Hollywood producer Arnon Milchan, and the entire episode that became known as the Krytron affair, was documented in the 2011 book Confidential, The Life of Secret Agent Turned Hollywood Tycoon Arnon Milchan.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Sharon M. Scranage
Sharon M. Scranage was a young American CIA secretary serving in Accra, the capital of Ghana. The Ghanaian government used Michael Agbotui Soussoudis, a young male intelligence officer to target her, romance her, and solicit US intelligence from her.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Sharon M. Scranage
Scranage disclosed to Soussoudis the identities of CIA informants in Ghana as well as plans for a coup against the Ghanaian government by dissidents. Soussoudis then passed the information to Ghanaian intelligence chief and Marxist Kojo Tsikata, who then passed it to Cuba, Libya, and East Germany. Eight Ghanaian citizens who had been spying for the CIA were arrested and one was allegedly killed.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Sharon M. Scranage
According to a study by the Adjudicative Desk Reference, the US government's guidelines for a person's eligibility for access to classified information, it is not uncommon for foreign intelligence agents, especially in Communist nations, to use the promise of sex and romance against operatives to gain trust and obtain information.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Sharon M. Scranage
On September 27, 1985 Scranage began her sentence of 5 years in prison for espionage and violating the Intelligence Identities Protection Act. She earned parole after serving 18 months. Soussoudis received a sentence of 20 years but permanently left the US in exchange for a suspended sentence.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Sharon M. Scranage
Congress passed the Intelligence Identities Protection Act in 1982 in response to the murder of Athens, Greece CIA station chief Richard Welch by Marxist group The 17 November Organization. The legislation made it illegal to disclose the identities of or personal information about intelligence officers.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Larry Wu-Tai Chin
Larry Wu-Tai Chin was born in Beijing. He began his US government career as translator for the US Army during World War II. He performed the same job for the US Consulate in Shanghai, the State Department, and the CIA's Foreign Broadcast Information Service.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Larry Wu-Tai Chin
He spied for China for 30 years. He told the Chinese government Richard Nixon's secret diplomatic goals before Nixon's visit to China, and China was able to strategically prepare for negotiations. Chinese intelligence agents then passed Chin's secrets on to the Vietnamese.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Larry Wu-Tai Chin
China paid Chin between $500,000 and $1 million, with which he accumulated 29 rental properties and Las Vegas gambling debts totaling more than $96,000. Chin channeled his compulsive gambling habit and used it as a way to hide his espionage profits.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Larry Wu-Tai Chin
After federal district judge Robert Mehrige found him guilty of spying for China on February 7, 1986, Chin suffocated himself with a plastic bag in his Virginia prison cell.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Jonathan Jay Pollard
Jonathan Jay Pollard, son of a microbiology professor, grew up in South Bend, Indiana. As a child he loved to read and tell stories. His family lost 70 relatives during the Holocaust, and he dreamed of avenging these wrongs. He attended Stanford University where he falsely boasted that Israeli intelligence paid his tuition and his father worked for the CIA.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Jonathan Jay Pollard
After leaving graduate school at Tufts University, he became a civilian US Naval intelligence officer in 1979. He earned a promotion in 1984 and immediately passed satellite imagery and CIA reports to Israeli agents, unsolicited. Apart from cash, he received jewelry and a honeymoon on the Orient Express for his wife Anne Henderson.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Jonathan Jay Pollard
Pollard reportedly admitted to selling materials that could fill a 10-foot by 6-foot by 6-foot space to the Israeli Intelligence, from where, it is claimed some intelligence specialists believe that the Soviet moles then passed those secrets along to Moscow.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Jonathan Jay Pollard
Pollard's need to constantly handle classified materials drew too much attention, and he was arrested by the FBI on November 18, 1985. He pleaded guilty to espionage and received a sentence of life in prison on June 4, 1986. After Anne served her 5-year sentence for unauthorized possession of government documents, she divorced Pollard.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Jonathan Jay Pollard
In April 2008, federal prosecutors accused 84-year-old retired US Army engineer and New Jersey resident Ben-Ami Kadish of passing intelligence to an Israeli official who also received information from Pollard.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Ronald William Pelton
Ronald William Pelton was born in 1942. After attending Indiana University, he joined the US Air Force and analyzed SIGINT in Pakistan. He had a photographic memory.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Ronald William Pelton
He began working for the National Security Agency as a communications specialist in 1966. He personally went to the Soviet embassy in Washington, DC and volunteered to spy after he retired in 1979.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Ronald William Pelton
He eventually disclosed to the Soviets intelligence about Operation Ivy Bells, a plan to monitor underwater Soviet communication cables. At the time, the information Pelton had disclosed was so sensitive that CIA director Bill Casey and NSA director William Odom asked the media to report any leaked information to them before going to press.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Ronald William Pelton
Alleged Soviet defector Vitaly Yurchenko was a KGB colonel who revealed Pelton's identity during an interrogation by the CIA.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Randy Miles Jeffries
Randy Miles Jeffries worked as a clerk for the FBI from 1978 to 1980. In 1983 he received a one-year suspended sentence for heroin possession and attended rehab. A social service worker referred him to Acme Reporting Company, a stenography and reporting company that frequently contracted with federal agencies. Here Jeffries was responsible for photocopying, bundling, and handling classified documents and later disposing of them, unshredded, in a dumpster.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Randy Miles Jeffries
On December 14, 1985, Jeffries conspired with a coworker to attempt to sell to the Soviet Military Office in northwest Washington three classified documents including one titled “US House of Representatives, Department of Defense Command Control Communication and Intelligence Programs, C31, Closed Session, Subcommittee on Armed Services, Washington, DC.” At 4:45 p.m. he hand-delivered sample documents to the Soviet Military Office. He returned on December 17, at which time Soviet agents paid him $60. On December 20 he met with an undercover FBI agent who was posing as a Soviet. Law enforcement arrested Jeffries later that night.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Randy Miles Jeffries
A subsequent federal audit of Acme Reporting Company revealed that their security system was a total failure. Background checks were inadequate, employees worked on classified materials from home, and no proper document destruction procedures were in place.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Randy Miles Jeffries
In response to the Jeffries case, the Defense Investigative Service started Project Insight in 1986 to gather and analyze industrial security data and develop recommendations for new techniques.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Randy Miles Jeffries
On March 13, 1986, a federal judge sentenced Jeffries to 3 to 9 years imprisonment.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Edward Lee Howard
Edward Lee Howard was a Boy Scout, an altar boy, and a Returned Peace Corps Volunteer who served in Colombia. After a period spent doing international development work with USAID, Howard went to work for the CIA in 1981.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Edward Lee Howard
On May 2, 1983, the CIA fired him after noting discrepancies in his polygraph tests regarding past drug use and petty theft. Howard promptly made drunken phone calls to the US embassy in Moscow using a phone line he knew Soviets were monitoring, and thereby exposed his former supervisor as a CIA employee.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Edward Lee Howard
In 1984 Howard allegedly sold US intelligence to KGB agents in Austria. In 1985 he vanished into the New Mexico desert after Soviet defector and KGB deputy chief Vitaly Yurchenko gave the FBI information which caused them to heavily surveil Howard. Howard escaped with the help of his wife Mary, who drove home from the desert with a dummy decoy in the passenger seat of the car, and played a recording of Howard's voice on a phone line she knew the FBI was tapping.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Edward Lee Howard
Howard defected to Russia where the Soviets granted him asylum, an apartment, and a new identity.


1985: The Year of the Spy, Aftermath, Edward Lee Howard
Howard died on July 12, 2002, at the age of 50, according to former KGB chief Vladimir A. Kryuchkov and State Department spokesman Richard A. Boucher.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
The 1985–1986 Hormel strike was a labor strike that involved approximately 1,500 workers of the Hormel meatpacking plant in Austin, Minnesota in the United States. The strike, beginning August 17, 1985 and lasting until September 13 of the following year, is considered one of the longest strikes in Minnesota history and ended in failure for the striking workers.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
Hormel is an American meat processing company founded in 1891 that has both their headquarters and primary facility in Austin. Workers at this plant organized in 1933 and, following some initial strike activity, enjoyed a relatively good relationship with plant management. However, the relationship between the union and management had become more hostile by the 1970s, and in 1975, Hormel announced that they would be replacing the Austin plant with a new facility.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
In light of this, the union (Local P-9 of the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW)) agreed to a new labor contract that included several major concessions from the union. Following the new plant's opening in 1982, employees experienced an increase in injuries caused by the conditions at the plant, and in 1984, Hormel introduced a pay cut. Following this, Local P-9 hired labor activist Ray Rogers and began a corporate campaign against Hormel to pressure them into negotiating a new contract with the union. On August 17, 1985, Local P-9 authorized strike action against Hormel, which was hesitantly approved by UFCW.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
The strike caused Hormel to temporarily shut down the plant, and as the strike continued, national coverage of the strike led to a boycott of Hormel products. Hormel reopened the plant in January the following year and rehired approximately 500 strikers alongside that many non-union members. As the strike continued, the Minnesota National Guard was called in, and strikers performed multiple blockades of nearby roads leading to the plant, attempting to block strikebreakers from entering. On April 11, a riot broke out that led to the use of tear gas by the police and several non-fatal injuries.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
Following the riot, Jesse Jackson traveled to Austin to act as mediator, with no success. Ultimately, UFCW ordered Local P-9 to end the strike in June, and when local officials refused, the UFCW forced the local into receivership. The strike would continue until Local P-9, with new officials, agreed to a new contract with Hormel on September 13.


1985–1986 Hormel strike
Speaking several years later about the strike, labor historian Jeremy Brecher called the event "perhaps the signal labor struggle of the 1980s." The strike would be the subject of discussion and books by several noted labor historians, such as Kim Moody and Peter Rachleff, who cite the strike's failure as a major blow against organized labor in the United States. This event was one of a series of labor strikes during the 1980s that ended in failure for organized labor, including the 1981 PATCO strike and the Arizona copper mine strike of 1983. The strike would later be the focus of the Academy Award-winning 1990 documentary film American Dream by Barbara Kopple.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Early organized labor activities at Hormel
Hormel Foods Corporation was founded by George A. Hormel in Austin, Minnesota in 1891. In addition to being the location of the company's headquarters, Austin also housed the company's main meat processing plant. The first large scale labor dispute at Hormel occurred in 1933, following the creation of the first labor union at the plant. The union, the Independent Union of All Workers (IUAW), had been organized that year by veteran activist Frank Ellis of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and was closely modeled after the IWW.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Early organized labor activities at Hormel
This included an emphasis on industrial unionism, direct action, and a militant attitude towards employers. In 1933 the meatpackers at the Hormel plant launched the plant's first labor strike. The organized workers demanded the introduction of a seniority system and union recognition in order to have a more active role in decisions involving wages and working conditions. Following a large rally held by the union in July of that year, the union was officially recognized by Hormel in September.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Early organized labor activities at Hormel
On November 10, IUAW members participated in the United States' first recorded sitdown strike, which resulted in three days of negotiations between union representatives and Hormel employers. Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson had refused to activate the Minnesota National Guard and instead had traveled to Austin to act as a mediator. Between 1933 and 1937, the IUAW expanded to several cities throughout the area.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Early organized labor activities at Hormel
While the IUAW was originally an independent union, by 1937 this would change. A series of sitdown strikes in nearby Albert Lea, Minnesota turned violent with confrontations between the strikers (including union members from the Austin plant) and members of the Freeborn County Sheriff's Department. This confrontation led to direct involvement from Governor Elmer Austin Benson. Following this, IUAW officials agreed to allow union members in Albert Lea to form local unions that would affiliate with national unions associated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) or the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO).


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Early organized labor activities at Hormel
Gradually, the IUAW would allow all local unions to pursue this path, and in 1937 the members of the Austin plant narrowly voted to approve an affiliation with the Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee of the CIO. Ultimately, the successor union representing workers at the Austin plant became Local P-9 of the United Food and Commercial Workers. The "P" in Local P-9 indicated that the local had once belonged to the United Packinghouse Workers of America.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Increased hostilities between union and company
Aside from the strike actions in 1933, the relationship between Hormel and organized labor was generally good, especially under the leadership of Jay Catherwood Hormel, who served as Hormel's president from 1929 to 1954 and was viewed as generally sympathetic to labor. During this time, Hormel was considered an example of industrial democracy, where organized workers had a large say in the operations of the plant as a whole. However, starting in the 1960s, this arrangement began to change. Hormel began enforcing stricter work standards.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Increased hostilities between union and company
Between the 1960s and early 1980s, the company would often distribute layoff notices to workers during concessions negotiations. Around this same time, Hormel began to expand by acquiring additional meatpacking plants in several other American cities, and in both 1976 and 1981–82 they urged workers at the Austin plant to either transfer to these new plants or take a severance package. During the 1970s, the non-union Iowa Beef Processors (IBP) began to rapidly expand and pushed many meatpacking companies out of the beef slaughtering industry. As a non-union meatpacking company, the IBP's labor costs were almost half those at a union company such as Hormel. In light of this increased competition, Hormel shut down their beef slaughtering industry at Austin in 1976.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Increased hostilities between union and company
Within the union itself, changes had occurred since its founding. By this time, the local union was dominated by more conservative business unionists who enjoyed a good relationship with management and were often at odds with the rank and file union members. Because of collective bargaining agreements between these business unionists and the company, many of the new union employees hired during this time were paid less and worked less desirable positions with worse safety conditions than the older workers, causing resentment within the union. During this time, the number of employees at the Austin plant reached a peak of about 5,000, which steadily decreased to no more than 1,750 by 1982. Union membership peaked at 4,000 in the early 1950s, decreasing to 800 in the mid-1970s.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
In 1975, citing a need to stay competitive, Hormel declared their intent to construct a new meatpacking facility to replace their flagship plant in Austin, calling the then 80-year-old building outdated. The company entered into contract negotiations with Local P-9 regarding the construction of the new plant, and in 1978 company officials claimed that Hormel was considering constructing the plant outside of Austin. Ultimately, Hormel and Local P-9 agreed to a new contract on June 27 of that year. In exchange for keeping the plant in Austin, the union agreed to several concessions. Among these, the union agreed to a wage freeze for seven years, an elimination for incentive pay, a 20% increase in productivity, and a no-strike agreement that would last for three years following the opening of the new plant.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
On August 9, 1982, Hormel opened their new flagship plant in Austin, replacing the previous plant. Ultimately, union workers at this new plant were covered under three different labor agreements between the union and company, which included the labor contract they had had at the previous plant, the 1978 concessionary agreements, and an additional concessionary agreement that had been approved in January 1982. Among the provisions, the company agreed that there would be no wage cuts for the duration of the contracts, which were set to last until August 1985.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
Additionally, the agreements contained a "me too" clause that would allow Hormel to set wages at the plant equal to those of other unionized plants. Following the opening of the new plant, many older members of the union retired, and by 1983, two-thirds of the plant's workforce consisted of people hired after the opening of the new plant. In December of that year, Jim Guyette, who had been a member of the local's executive board since 1980 and had opposed the concessions, was elected president. Along with many newly elected P-9 officials, Guyette sought to be more confrontational and less conciliatory to Hormel management.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
Shortly after the opening of this new plant, other meatpacking companies began to pursue wage decreases by either closing union plants and reopening them as non-union plants or by negotiating with unions to take pay cuts at the threat of plant closures. Around this time, meatpacking company Oscar Mayer had negotiated reductions in wages for their employees, and Hormel shortly thereafter began to do the same. In March 1984, Hormel negotiated a new contract with UFCW Local 431 of their Ottumwa, Iowa plant that included a wage cut from $10.69 to $8.75 per hour.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
This new contract agreement had taken hundreds of layoffs and three rounds of voting from the local. With this agreement, Hormel then began to pressure the Austin local to a similar wage cut. Shortly after this contract agreement, UFCW officials allowed Hormel to reopen their contract with Local P-9 in September 1984, rather than allowing it to expire the following year. Guyette opposed this action, and that month he led Local P-9 out of the company-wide negotiations that had been ongoing between the UFCW and Hormel.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, New plant in Austin
Following this move, which surprised many in the negotiations, Hormel instituted a wage cut for Local P-9, and in October 1984 wages at the plant decreased from $10.69 to $8.25 per hour. Guyette and the local remained opposed to any concessions with Hormel, and shortly thereafter Local P-9 (but not UFCW) hired labor consultant Ray Rogers and his New York City-based Corporate Campaign Incorporated (CCI) to wage a corporate campaign against Hormel.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Ray Rogers and the corporate campaign
Guyette had initially not considered a corporate campaign against Hormel and had initially just wanted to employ a public relations firm to help publicize the events going on between Hormel and the local. However, after reading about Ray Rogers and CCI in Business Week, he called the firm and Rogers explained to Guyette what a corporate campaign entailed. Rogers, a labor activist, had developed a reputation for successful corporate campaigns, such as in 1980, when he helped union members in the southern United States win a union victory against J.P. Stevens & Co.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Ray Rogers and the corporate campaign
In October 1984, Rogers gave a presentation before members of Local P-9, but on December 20 of that year, UFCW President William H. Wynn announced that the UFCW would not be hiring Rogers. However, in January the next year, Local P-9 agreed to hire Rogers and CCI, approving a $3 per member per week fee increase to cover the consultant's cost. These actions led to fears from Wynn and UFCW Packinghouse division leader Lewie Anderson that Local P-9 was moving towards wildcat strike action.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Ray Rogers and the corporate campaign
Rogers quickly put into action a corporate campaign against Hormel, which included targeting connections between Hormel and First Bank System, a regional firm that had many ties to Hormel. Rogers hoped that the campaign could convince the bank's board of directors to pressure Hormel into rescinding the wage cuts. Rogers also hoped to grow community support for Local P-9 by linking their struggles against Hormel (and by extension First Bank System) to those of many farmers in the area who had had their farms foreclosed by First Bank System. CCI also publicized alleged ties between Hormel and the apartheid government of South Africa, leading to the African National Congress (ANC) supporting Local P-9 against Hormel.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Ray Rogers and the corporate campaign
At the same time CCI was looking into Hormel's business ties, members of Local P-9 were attempting to generate local support for the union by distributing over 12,000 copies of their newspaper, The Unionist. Members in the community, primarily wives of Local P-9 members, also organized the Austin United Support Group to help coordinate support for the local, create an emergency fund, and raise morale. Workers also protested at Hormel's stockholders' meeting.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Background, Ray Rogers and the corporate campaign
As the corporate campaign continued through 1985, the expiration date for the local's contract with Hormel was approaching. On August 7, 1985, 93% of Local P-9 voted to authorize a strike. UFCW approved the strike on the condition that Local P-9 not expand the strike to other plants (creating what were known as "roving pickets") and that the corporate campaign was to end. However, Wynn agreed to support roving pickets if negotiations with the company failed. The strike officially began on August 17, 1985, with about 1,500 workers striking.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
With a substantial part of their workforce gone, Hormel temporarily shut down operations at their Austin plant. Production was shifted to eight other meatpacking plants, including several unionized plants in the Midwest. As the strike occurred after the contract between the local and Hormel had expired, it was a legal strike and therefore constitutionally obligated to receive strike funds from UFCW. However, Wynn and Anderson did not support the strike and sought to minimize UFCW's support for Local P-9 and undermine their efforts.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
For example, in November of the previous year the UFCW had distributed letters allegedly written by leaders at other Hormel local unions, criticizing Local P-9's actions. Additionally, the ban on roving pickets that UFCW had placed on Local P-9 significantly hurt their efforts to coordinate support from other unionized meatpacking plants, including those where production from the Austin plant had been shifted.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
As part of the strike, union members engaged in acts of protest including picketing and rallying. According to MNopedia, early into the strike, Hormel offered 300 strikers retirement benefits if they ceased striking, with 30 employees accepting the offer. In September 1985, the National Labor Relations Board sought and were granted an injunction against Local P-9 that stopped their boycott against First Bank System, ruling that it constituted an illegal secondary boycott. UFCW used this ruling as an opportunity to further hurt Local P-9, as they convinced the AFL–CIO in Minnesota to ban any literature from Local P-9 at their meetings, arguing that the literature reference First Bank System and therefore violated the injunction.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
During the strike, arbitrators attempted to negotiate a deal between Hormel and the local, and by the end of 1985, Hormel proposed a "two-tier" system consisting of $10 per hour standard wages for current employees and $8 per hour wages for new hires. In December 1985, members of Local P-9 voted via secret ballot to reject the offer proposed by Hormel. Another proposal was again voted against in January 1986. Strikers had wanted a return to the $10.69 per hour wage and alleged that the proposal did not address issues such as seniority and working conditions.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
Since reopening, the plant had experienced an increased injury rate compared to the previous plant, and it led all meatpacking plants in the United States in number of workplace injuries. Following this, Hormel announced the reopening of the Austin plant on January 13, announcing the hiring of strikebreakers, referred to by union members as "scabs." That same month, Anderson publicly criticized Guyette on television, and the UFCW began to employ red-baiting to further hurt Local P-9.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Early activities during the strike
On the date of the plant's reopening, hundreds of strikers blocked access to the plant, which they proceeded to do for the next several days. In light of this blocking and increasing hostilities from the strikers, on January 21, Minnesota Governor Rudy Perpich sent the Minnesota National Guard to protect the strikebreakers. The governor withdrew the National Guard from the city in February, leaving the handling of the ongoing strike in the hands of the local law enforcement officials. Following Hormel's reopening, approximately 540 strikebreakers, mostly migrant workers from Mexico, joined 500 union members who crossed their own picket lines to return to work.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Roving strikes
Following the reopening of the plant, Local P-9 defied the UFCW and began to seek support from other unionized meatpacking plants. Following the failure to come to an agreement with Hormel, Local P-9 sought the approval of roving pickets from the UFCW, but Wynn failed to honor his agreement with the local and did not sanction any pickets outside Austin. Regardless, P-9 members began to organize roving strikes at other meat processing plants. In Iowa, their pickets at a plant in Algona went largely ignored by the union members there, while in Ottumwa, approximately 750 workers joined their strike.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Roving strikes
The plant management responded by firing over 500 of the workers who had joined the strike, and P-9 ended their strike in Ottumwa after four days. Additional roving strikes occurred in Dubuque, Iowa; Fremont, Nebraska; and Dallas and Houston in Texas, with mixed results. On February 16, 200 Austin strikers visited a non-Hormel meatpacking plant in Dubuque and, despite resistance from UFCW officials there claiming that the picket was unsanctioned, were joined by approximately 450 workers from that plant.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Roving strikes
In Fremont, only 65 of the 850 workers at the plant refused to cross the picket line, with 50 of those strikers fired for the strike activity. At a small plant in Dallas, operations were temporarily halted after the entire 52 person workforce refused to cross the picket line. Meanwhile, on February 10, Hormel resumed activities at their Austin plant for the first time since the strike began, with a workforce of over 1,000 strikebreakers and several hundred defected strikers. Five days later, a pro-Local P-9 rally in Austin was attended by over 3,000 supporters.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Roving strikes
Through February and into March, large rallies were also held in several large American cities, including Detroit, New York City, and San Francisco. Additionally, car convoys were organized in Minnesota and Wisconsin to transport food to the strikers, with 140,000 tons of supplies transported to the protestors on April 5.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
On March 9, a demonstration outside the plant turned violent, and the following day over 100 protestors were arrested. Following this event, on March 13, the UFCW International Executive Board voted to withdraw its sanction for the strike. Without the parent union's sanction, Local P-9 ceased to receive strike funds and the strike technically became a lockout. Despite this, on March 16, the members of Local P-9 voted to continue the strike. On March 27 and again on April 6, protestors attempted to block access to the plant and stop strikebreakers from entering.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
Both times, police broke up the blockades, with 13 protestors arrested on April 6. April 9 began three days of protests that again involved blocking access to the plant. While events on the first two days remained peaceful, on April 11, 400 protestors blocked the main gates to the Hormel plant for four hours, shutting down the plant. The blockade had started at 4:00 am that morning, and two hours later, 100 police officers met the protestors and told them to disperse.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
Afterwards, police began to arrest protestors and after 20 minutes began to use tear gas to disperse the crowds. According to the Austin Daily Herald, 9 officers were treated for injuries. By 8:20 am, the plant was reopened. 17 protestors, including Rogers, were arrested, and a warrant was issued for Guyette for "aiding and abetting a riot." Described in the media as a riot, the protest received significant media coverage, including articles published by the Minneapolis Star and Tribune and the St. Paul Pioneer Press and Dispatch, with the former calling the event "among the worst in state labor history."


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
The following day, 5,000 supporters of Local P-9 attended a rally in Austin that was organized by the local and the National Rank and File Against Concessions (NRFAC). At the rally, a member of Local P-40 in Cudahy, Wisconsin announced that their local would be withholding payments to the UFCW until the national union re-sanctioned the strike, soliciting cheers from the crowd with the show of solidarity for Local P-9.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
In many ways what Selma, Ala., was to the voting rights movement in '65, Austin, Minnesota, has become that to collective bargaining in 1986.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
Jesse Jackson, speaking to protestors in Austin on April 13, 1986.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
On April 13, civil rights activist and politician Jesse Jackson arrived in Austin in an attempt to mediate between the local and Hormel. He was greeted by hundreds of cheering protestors at the Austin Municipal Airport and met with jailed protestors, where he led them in singing "We Shall Overcome". Later that day he spoke at a rally to over 1,000 protestors and compared the protests in Austin to those in Selma in 1965.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, UFCW withdraws sanction and protests escalate
Jackson left later that day after speaking to officials from both the company and the local, saying, "There is more than a reasonable chance that we will return." While Jackson did continue to speak with executives at Hormel for the next few weeks, urging them to continue talks with Local P-9, nothing came of these talks, and Jackson would not return to Austin for the duration of the strike.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Trusteeship process and end of the strike
Beginning on April 14, UFCW held closed-doors hearings where they initiated a process to put Local P-9 under trusteeship. According to UFCW, the reason for this was Local P-9's refusal to end the strike after it had become unsanctioned in March. The hearings, lasting two days, were held in a meeting room in the Minneapolis Public Library and were attended by Guyette and several members of the executive board of Local P-9, with several P-9 union members serving as sergeant-at-arms.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Trusteeship process and end of the strike
Over the course of the hearings, UFCW officials argued over whether Local P-9 had in fact violated the March announcement calling for an end to striking, while officials from Local P-9 argued that the order by UFCW to end the strike had been illegitimate on the grounds that it lacked the constitutional authority to impose such an order. Following the hearings, executives at UFCW announced a decision regarding trusteeship would be announced in mid-May. Following the hearings, the executives of Local P-9 announced their intent to sue UFCW in order to stop the trusteeship process.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Trusteeship process and end of the strike
In late April, Federal judge Edward Devitt, at the behest of attorneys from the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) ordered Local P-9 to cease mass picketing at the Hormel plant while the NLRB investigated whether some actions by Local P-9 against Hormel had violated Federal law. Following this, officials at Local P-9 reviewed their legal options, and on May 6, Local P-9 filed a lawsuit against UFCW alleging $13 million in damages from UFCW for their attempts to undermine the local union.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Trusteeship process and end of the strike
On May 9, UFCW executives ordered Local P-9 to be placed under trusteeship, a decision which was upheld in court by Devitt on June 2. That day, UFCW officials occupied Local P-9's offices, seized funds and records from the local, and changed the locks to the building. Some of these funds were diverted back to UFCW's coffers, including $1.5 million in donations to Local P-9 that were diverted to UFCW to make up for their loss of dues during the strike.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Trusteeship process and end of the strike
UFCW had also targeted the Austin United Support Group, but because the group was officially independent from the union, it was able to relocate to new offices and UFCW was not able to shut it down. While the placing of Local P-9 under trusteeship effectively ended the strike against Hormel, it would not come to an official end for the next several months.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Mural
On April 12, Mike Alewitz discussed creating a mural to maintain participation in the strike. Materials had been donated by members of a sign painters union in St. Paul, Minnesota. The project, an 80 foot by 16 foot mural painted on the side of Local P-9's offices, involved hundreds of strike supporters and was dedicated on May 27 to Nelson Mandela, the then-jailed leader of the ANC. The dedication ceremony had been attended by several South African nationals, including a shop steward with the South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union in South Africa.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Mural
The mural depicted a green snake, decapitated by a meatpacker, alongside organized workers, led by one carrying a torch. One of the workers is behind bars, and underneath the workers was the popular IWW motto, "If blood be the price of your cursed wealth, good God we have paid in full." Explaining the symbolism of the snake, Alewitz said, "We assimilated the serpent to stand for the corporations from a Russian revolutionary poster."


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Mural
After the UFCW had occupied Local P-9's offices, they attempted to remove the mural, but found no unionized sandblasters willing to remove the art, leading to UFCW staffers removing it. By October the mural was removed. Alewitz later incorporated elements from the mural into another mural painted in 1990 at the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Further action by Local P-9 and the end of the strike
On June 9, 800 members of Local P-9 sent a letter to the NLRB urging them to decertify the UFCW Local in Austin in favor of an alternative, independent union. Initially called "Original P-9", this name was rejected by the NLRB on the grounds that it was too similar to Local P-9, and so the name was changed to North American Meat Packers Union (NAMPU). Efforts to decertify the UFCW ultimately ended in failure.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Further action by Local P-9 and the end of the strike
At the same time, the Austin United Support Group continued to give offer financial support to workers affected by the strike, and on August 17 held a protest to mark the one year anniversary of the start of the strike. Meanwhile, the UFCW continued their negotiations with Hormel, with the stated goals of the UFCW to be an end to the two-tier pay system and a common expiration date for all labor contracts between Hormel and UFCW local unions. In this capacity, the UFCW also engaged in negotiations concerning six additional Hormel plants. While negotiations continued in Austin, in Ottumwa a mediator ruled that the 507 workers who had been fired at the Hormel plant there in response to the roving picket should be reinstated with full seniority.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Course of the strike, Further action by Local P-9 and the end of the strike
By late August, UFCW officials and Hormel had come to an agreement regarding new labor contracts at the Austin plant, and shortly thereafter a vote was held among Local P-9 members. UFCW officials stated that several hundred replacement workers, as well as Local P-9 members who had crossed their own picket lines, would be able to vote on the agreement, and on September 12 UFCW announced that the agreement had passed with a vote of 1,060 in favor to 440 against. The agreement was finalized by all parties the following day, ending the strike.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Results of the contract
As part of the agreements between Hormel and the UFCW affecting six of their plants, Hormel agreed to increase wages to $10.70 per hour by September 1988. Officials from the UFCW had managed to gain this concession after Oscar Mayer had announced a similar wage increase that would take effect in 1989. Until then, workers would be paid $10.25 per hour, which had been the same pay rate the strikebreakers had been paid. Additionally, Hormel agreed to a new system for arbitration pertaining to worker's grievances.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Results of the contract
As part of concessions on the part of the union, however, Hormel would be allowed to discontinue escrow accounts for workers who had been hired prior to the opening of the new plant. Former strikers were also put on a preferential hiring list, but a clause in the contract barred any employees at the plant from encouraging a boycott of Hormel. This contract was to last four years, as opposed to the three-year contracts at other Hormel plants.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Results of the contract
Ultimately, only about 20% of the strikers would return to their jobs at the plant. Many of those involved in the strike were removed from the rehiring list due to activities during the strike. Citing the clause barring support for any boycott of Hormel, some former strikers were removed from the list due to having bumper stickers supporting the boycott or for attending rallies where the boycott was promoted. Furthermore, in 1989, Hormel began to sublease a part of the plant to a firm that paid $6.50 per hour.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Results of the contract
This company, called Quality Pork Processors (QPP), took over much of the animal slaughter part of the plant's operations, and by the mid-1990s had brought in a new workforce of mostly Mexican American men. The results of the strike also had an impact on the demographics of Austin, as approximately a quarter of the population in 2010 were minority.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
The strike was the subject of a documentary film, American Dream, by filmmaker Barbara Kopple, which was filmed during the strike. The film would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at that year's Academy Awards. The strike was later the subject of a 2020 stage play written by Philip Dawkins for the Children's Theatre Company called Spamtown, USA, which focused on the children of several Hormel workers on different sides of the strike. The play was generally well received and garnered recognition from several publications, including The New York Times.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
The strike has been covered and discussed in various forms of media, including books by notable labor historians, such as Kim Moody's An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism, Peter Rachleff's Hard-pressed in the Heartland: The Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement, and Michael Yates's Power on the Job: The Legal Rights of Working People. Speaking of the strike in 1993, labor historian Jeremy Brecher called the strike "perhaps the signal labor struggle of the 1980s." Moody called the strike "one of the most visible and controversial labor struggles of the 1980s."


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
Several authors viewed Hormel's hardline stance against the strikers as similar to then-President Ronald Reagan's stance during the 1981 PATCO strike, where Reagan had fired over 11,000 air traffic controllers who had gone on strike. Following this event, similar strikes occurred that saw companies become less conciliatory towards strikers, such as in the Arizona copper mine strike of 1983, and in general, membership and the power of organized labor saw a significant decrease during this time.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
One point of discussion regarding the strike lies in the fact that the wage cuts that had precipitated the strike came during a year when Hormel declared a $29 million profit. Another major point of discussion relating to the failure of the strike was the lack of support from the parent union for the local union. In 2013, labor historian Robert E. Weir claimed that "nearly all scholars interpret the UFCWU's actions as heavy-handed and autocratic." Weir also claimed that most scholars reject the notion that the UFCW's actions were justified in negotiating better deals with Hormel.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
In his 1994 book Power on the Job, Yates criticized the UFCW for its lack of support for the roving pickets that started in early 1986, saying that had the parent union fully supported these activities, "the strike might still have been won." A 2019 retrospective in the labor magazine Labor Notes called UFCW's actions during the strike "sabotage from above." Weir also commented on the effectiveness of the corporate campaign, saying that parent union support for Rogers and the CCI could have succeeded at Hormel, citing its success at the Ravenswood strike that occurred several years later.


1985–1986 Hormel strike, Aftermath and legacy, Later analysis and legacy
Of note, during the strike, on January 26, 1986, a news helicopter carrying a reporter crashed en route to Austin. News correspondent Bill O'Reilly was a friend of the reporter and gave a eulogy at his funeral, prompting ABC News executives attending the funeral to hire him.


1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature
The 174th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1985 and 1986 during the governorship of Michael Dukakis. William Bulger served as president of the Senate and George Keverian served as speaker of the House.


1985–1986 Whitbread Round the World Race
The 1985–86 Whitbread Round the World Race was the fourth edition of the Whitbread Round the World Race (now known as the Volvo Ocean Race). Fifteen boats started out from Southampton on 28 September 1985 for the around-the-world race.


1985–1986 Whitbread Round the World Race
L'Esprit d'Équipe, skippered by Lionel Péan, won the race in a corrected time of 111 days 23 hours. Philips Innovator was second, and Swan 651 Fazer Finland third. UBS Switzerland was named first on elapsed time, with Lion New Zealand as runner-up. Drum (carrying its owner, the pop star Simon Le Bon) finished just a breath behind.


1985–1987 FIRA Trophy
The 1985–87 FIRA Trophy was the 26th edition of a European rugby union championship for national teams. It was played along two seasons (1985–1986 and 1986–87)


1985–1987 FIRA Trophy
The tournament was won by France, who only awarded caps in the games with Romania. France won nine matches and had a single surprising loss to the Soviet Union (15–9), at home. This was the last FIRA Trophy before the first Rugby World Cup, that took place in 1987. Romania and Italy, who finished at 3rd and 4th places, respectively, were among the nine countries invited to participate. The Soviet Union declined the invitation for political reasons, due to the South Africa membership of IRFB.


1985–1987 FIRA Trophy
The African side of Tunisia finished in 5th place and was relegated, managing to defeat twice Portugal and having a surprise win over the strong Romania side (17–15) at home. Portugal lost all their ten games and was also relegated, with his best result being a close loss to Italy abroad by 26–24.


1985–1987 FIRA Trophy
Spain and Netherlands won the Division 2 pools, facing each other in a final won by Spain (28–10).


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup
The 1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup was the ninth Rugby League World Cup tournament held and saw yet another change of format with competition stretched to cover almost three years (1985 to 1988). The national rugby league teams of Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea played each other on a home and away basis. These matches were fitted into the normal international programme of three-match test series between the nations, with a pre-designated match from each series counting as the world cup fixture.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup
The competition was further altered by the addition of a new nation, Papua New Guinea. The Kumuls performed creditably, particularly when playing in the front of their fiercely patriotic home crowd, while France were unable to fulfil their 1987 tour of Australasia due to financial difficulties, and had to forfeit away fixtures against Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup
At the end of four years, Australia finished top of the table, and, through a victory over Great Britain in Christchurch, the Kiwis qualified to join them in the final.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup
Despite finishing top of the table, poor international attendances since the mid-1970s (since 1974, the Kangaroos had only lost one test series, to France in 1978) meant the Australians declined to host the final, and asked New Zealand Rugby League to host the World Cup Final at Eden Park in Auckland; Cup organisers and New Zealand officials accepted this request.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup
Unfortunately for the Kiwis, home advantage with a record New Zealand attendance of over 47,000 was not enough, as the Kiwis went down 25–12 to the seemingly invincible Australians.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Venues, Final
The World Cup Final was held at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1986
This match was the third Test of the 1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France's Ashes series.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1986
This was the final Test match of the 1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1988
The victory lifted Great Britain above New Zealand into second place on the World Cup table on eight points – one ahead of the Kiwis.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1988
This was the end of a 15-match winning streak for the Australians, and Great Britain's first Test victory over the Kangaroos since their 18–14 win at Odsal during the 1978 Kangaroo tour, as well as their first win in Australia for 18 years. It also put Great Britain on top of the World Cup points table.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1988
The last group stage match for both teams turned out to be a sudden death battle for a spot in the final. For New Zealand nothing less than a win would get them to the Final while Great Britain only needed a draw. It was also the last Test match of the 1988 Great Britain Lions tour. The Kiwis victory meant they qualified to face Australia in the final at Eden Park, Auckland.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Results, 1988
Australia's 62-point win set a new record for largest winning margin in international rugby league. Winger Michael O'Connor also set a new record for most points scored by an individual in international rugby league. The sellout crowd of 11,685 also set a ground attendance record at Wagga Wagga's Eric Weissel Oval.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, Tournament standings
1 France's 1987 away fixtures against Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea were scratched and each team awarded two points as the French were unable to tour Australasia that year due to financial difficulties.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, World Cup Final
The 1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup saw New Zealand play Australia in the World Cup final, the culmination of four years of competition. The Final was played at the spiritual home of rugby union in New Zealand, Auckland's Eden Park. It was the first time that rugby league had been played at the ground since 1919. The final attracted the highest ever crowd for a rugby league match in New Zealand of 47,363 (only 672 less than had attended the 1987 Rugby World Cup Final at the venue).


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, World Cup Final
Australia had won the right to host the final, but in the interests of promoting the game, and because attendances for internationals played in Australia had been dwindling for over a decade due to the Kangaroos dominance, the ARL agreed to move the game to New Zealand. Prior to kick-off Graham Brazier performed the New Zealand national anthem.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, World Cup Final
Despite Australia's successful Ashes defence against Great Britain earlier in the year, the inexperience of the Australian World Cup Final team (and because NZ had defeated Australia in their previous encounter in a one-off test in Brisbane in 1987), saw the hosts actually go into the match as favourites in the eyes of many critics.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, World Cup Final
However, the Wally Lewis led Kangaroos, boasting veteran test players Garry Jack, Dale Shearer, Michael O'Connor, Steve Roach, Paul Dunn, Wayne Pearce, and Terry Lamb, along with 1986 Kangaroos Ben Elias and Paul Sironen, mixed with newer international players Mark McGaw, Allan Langer, Gavin Miller, Andrew Farrar and David Gillespie, triumphed over the ill-disciplined Kiwis, who at least made sure the victorious Australians were bloodied and bruised for their victory lap. For the Kiwis, the Iro brothers Tony and Kevin, Gary Freeman, Clayton Friend, Mark Graham, Adrian Shelford, Kurt Sorensen and captain Dean Bell dished out the punishment.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup, World Cup Final
Despite Queensland having won the State of Origin series 3–0 over New South Wales earlier in the year, the Maroons only supplied three of Australia's 15 players for the World Cup Final. Captain Wally Lewis (who broke his right forearm in the 15th minute of the game while tackling Tony Iro), Dale Shearer and Allan Langer. Lewis later claimed that it was the same as had been the case since Origin started in 1980, Qld wins the series but it was mainly NSW players picked for Australia.


1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup players
The 1985–1988 Rugby League World Cup involved players from the national rugby league football teams of five countries: Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. As the World Cup was played over four years during normal international tours, these groups of players never assembled in one place as an entire squad.


1985–1990: The A List
1985–1990: The A List is a compilation album by Wire. It was released on 18 May 1993. It comprises recordings by the band from 1985 to 1990 and is seen as the band's second "best of", complementing 1989's On Returning (1977–1979), the "best of" album for the first era of the band.


1985–1990: The A List
As the back cover states, the track listing was decided by asking various compilers to name their "Top 21" Wire tracks from the 1985–1990 era in order of preference, which were then arranged on a "football league" basis. The final chosen tracks and running order are based on this chart and the maximum running time of a compact disc, with no edits to songs.


1985–86 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season
The 1985–86 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 17th season of the 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1. Česká národní hokejová liga. 10 teams participated in the league, and VTJ Michalovce won the championship. ZVL Žilina was relegated.


1985–86 1.Lig
The  1985-86 Turkish First Football League season had 19 clubs participating. Beşiktaş J.K. won the championship. Galatasaray finished the season undefeated, however finished second on goal difference.


1985–86 2. Bundesliga
The 1985–86 2 . Bundesliga season was the twelfth season of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of the German football league system.


1985–86 2. Bundesliga
FC Homburg and SpVgg Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin were promoted to the Bundesliga while Hertha BSC, SpVgg Bayreuth, Tennis Borussia Berlin and MSV Duisburg were relegated to the Oberliga.


1985–86 2. Bundesliga, League table
For the 1985–86 season VfL Osnabrück, Tennis Borussia Berlin, Viktoria Aschaffenburg and SpVgg Bayreuth were newly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga from the Oberliga while Arminia Bielefeld, Karlsruher SC and Eintracht Braunschweig had been relegated to the league from the Bundesliga.


1985–86 A Group
Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1985–1986 season.


1985–86 A Group, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Beroe Stara Zagora won the championship.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season
During the 1985-1986 season A.C. Fiorentina competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
The club appointed Aldo Agroppi as its manager for the campaign, reaching the 5th spot in League; Most of the points were clinched at Comunale. The squad could defeat the Big Three: Milan, Inter and Juventus during the season.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
Owing to injuries new acquisition youngstar playmaker Roberto Baggio could not play in Serie A being called for the bench for only three times and, during May played only five matches in Coppa Italia. Other new arrivals to the club were: midfielder Nicola Berti, Sergio Battistini, Maurizio Iorio, Aldo Maldera, Onorati, Gelsi and Labardi.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
During April Dutch forward Marco van Basten from Ajax signed with the team a three-year-agreement (until 1989), however, the transfer in was not completed due to the arrival of a new chairman Piercesare Baretti who did not give the green light to the contract.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
Meanwhile in Coppa Italia the squad reached the Semifinals stage being defeated by future Champion A.S. Roma after two legs. Argentine Defender Daniel Passarella was the season topscorer with 15 goals.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
After six years, Chairman Ranieri Pontello left the club during June.


1985–86 A.C. Fiorentina season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1985–86 A.C. Milan season
A.C. Milan had a troubled season, with the president Farina going in exile to South Africa, suspected for stealing money from the club. At the end of the season Silvio Berlusconi bought the club, bringing it into a new era that was to be the most successful one in Italian footballing history.


1985–86 A.C. Milan season
On the pitch, Milan finished 7th in the national championship, having severe problems with the goalscoring.


1985–86 A.S. Roma season
Associazione Sportiva Roma had a successful season, in which Sven-Göran Eriksson's typical Scandinavian tactical approach was able to improve Roma's fortunes to a level where they once again fought for the league title. They also won the Coppa Italia, but the chance of a double disappeared in a 3–2 loss at home to bottom side Lecce, which all but secured Juventus's title. The most important part in Roma's revival was an efficient midfield with several top-class players in addition to striker Roberto Pruzzo, with several playmakers providing multiple assists to league topscorer Pruzzo.


1985–86 ACB season
The 1985–86 ACB season was the 3rd season of the ACB Primera División, the top Spanish professional basketball league. It started on 21 September 1985 with the first round of the regular season and ended on 10 May 1986 with the finals.


1985–86 ACB season
Real Madrid won their third consecutive ACB title, and their 25th Spanish title.


1985–86 ACB season, Teams, Promotion and relegation (pre-season)
A total of 16 teams contested the league, including 13 sides from the 1984–85 season and three promoted from the 1984–85 Primera División B.


1985–86 ACHL season
The 1985–86 Atlantic Coast Hockey League season was the fifth season of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League, a North American minor professional league. Five teams participated in the regular season. The new expansion franchise, the New York Slapshots, ran into construction problems on their new arena and with no place to play they became a travel team, playing all of their games on the road until late in the season when they found a temporary home ice in Virginia. The Carolina Thunderbirds were the league champions.


1985–86 AHL season
The 1985–86 AHL season was the 50th season of the American Hockey League. Thirteen teams played 80 games each in the schedule. The Hershey Bears finished first overall in the regular season. The Adirondack Red Wings won their second Calder Cup championship.


1985–86 AHL season, Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;


1985–86 AHL season, Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes


1985–86 Aberdeen F.C. season
Aberdeen F.C. competed in the Scottish Premier Division, Scottish Cup, League Cup and European Champions' Cup in season 1985–86.


1985–86 Aberdeen F.C. season, Overview
Aberdeen finished fourth in the Scottish Premier Division and won the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup. In Europe, they reached the quarter finals of the Champions' Cup but lost out to IFK Gothenburg on the away goals rule.


1985–86 Aberdeen F.C. season, Overview
Frank McDougall finished the season as Aberdeen's top scorer with 14 goals in the league and 20 overall, including all four goals in a 4–1 win over Celtic in November.