1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nora
A tropical disturbance detached from the ITCZ on August 18. While tracking across an area of sea surface temperatures of 81 °F (27 °C), the disturbance slowly intensified and the EPHC reported that the system had developed tropical depression at 1800 UTC on August 19. Initially, the depression remained weak, though by 1200 UTC on August 21, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nora. Thereafter, Nora turned northwestward toward a deep-layer low-pressure area offshore of California. During this time, the storm began to weaken due to a decrease in sea surface temperatures.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nora
Nora weakened back to a tropical depression on August 22. Nora began to dissipate at 1200 UTC August 23 over 73 °F (23 °C) waters. Meanwhile, low-level clouds began to enter the storm's circulation. The high-level outflow associated with the storm moved northward and then eastward, resulting in light rainfall in Northern California on August 22 and 23.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Olaf
Olaf originated from a disturbed south of Acapulco on August 21 over extremely warm waters. Moving slowly west, the EPHC reported that a tropical depression formed on August 22. The depression attained tropical storm status the next day, and subsequently began to rapidly intensify. While turning northwest, Olaf became a hurricane 460 mi (740 km) south-southwest of La Paz. It headed west-northwest, and reached its peak intensity as a moderate Category 1 hurricane late on August 26, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h).


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Olaf
Hurricane Olaf then moved slowing towards the west beneath a ridge and into progressively cooler waters. Olaf weakened into a tropical storm on August 28, and then degenerated into a tropical depression the next afternoon. Tropical Depression Olaf suddenly turned north towards an upper-level through off the U.S. West Coast. However, hostile conditions caused the system to cease to exist as a tropical cyclone early on August 31 several hundred miles west-southwest of San Diego, California.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pauline
A small, westward moving area of thunderstorm activity become the 17th cyclone of the season. Turning southwest between an upper-level high over Baja California and a low near the southern coast of Mexico, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Pauline. Over the next couple of day, the cyclone turned west, and then west-northwest. Slowly strengthening despite underneath warm waters, Pauline attained hurricane intensity on September 7. Subsequently, Pauline turned towards the south. After peaking in intensity as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, the system crossed into the CPHC's area of responsibility.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pauline
It remained at hurricane intensity for three days. Shortly thereafter, Pauline began to weaken and turn northwest away from Hawaii. Due to interaction with trough, the hurricane veered north into an environment of strong wind shear. The result was rapid weakening; Hurricane Pauline was downgraded to a tropical storm late on September 8 and a tropical depression well north of the islands the next day. Pauline ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone by the evening hours of September 9. However, the remnants of Pauline moved northwest into an area of low pressure of the Gulf of Alaska. A recognizable circulation in the low level flow was visible for several days as it drifted westward far to the north of the Hawaiian Islands.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pauline
Hurricane Pauline threatened the islands enough to prompt the issuance of a hurricane watch on September 6. Around this time, officials drew plans to evacuate coastal residents and 100,000 people were asked to make emergency preparations. Instead, Pauline turned away from the islands and the watch was cancelled. However, Pauline did cause high surf along the east facing shores of all the Islands. up to 10–15 ft (3.0–4.6 m) surf was measured along the Big Island, Puna, and Kau coastlines. As a result, some roads were temporarily closed due to washed debris.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Skip
The origins of Skip were from a disturbance that passed well south of Hawaii in late August. The CPHC monitored the disturbance for several days and was classified as Tropical Depression Two-C on August 30. Two-C crossed the International dateline the next day and into the western Pacific. Initially moving west, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Skip at 0900 UTC September 9. A Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough then steered tip to the north and later towards the northeast. It underwent two strengthened phases. Skip reached typhoon intensity on two occasions, the first on September 1 and the second on September 7. The system subsequently recrossed the dateline as Skip was rapidly weakening and gaining extratropical features. Shortly thereafter, Skip was declared extratropical despite still producing hurricane-force winds. The typhoon briefly threatened Wake Island.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rick
A tropical wave that moved slowly westward over the warm waters south of Salina Cruz. Moving westward, the EPHC upgraded the low into Tropical Depression Eighteen on 0000 UTC September 1. The depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Rick midday on September 2. Initially, further intensification was slow; the storm did not attain hurricane status until the low was located 1,000 mi (1,600 km) away from land. After becoming a hurricane, Rick began to intensify more rapidly. Early the next day, the EPHC re-assessed the intensity of Rick to Category 4 status. Shortly thereafter, Rick reached its peak intensity of 145 mph (235 km/h). Operationally, it was believed to be much stronger, with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h), equivalent to Category 5 strength.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rick
Following a path similar to the one Pauline made a few days earlier, the powerful hurricane moved northwest. A weakening trend commenced on September 10; Hurricane Rick began to rapidly deteriorate. On September 11, Tropical Storm Rick merged with the same trough though weak low-level circulation persisted for several more days. Early forecasts noted uncertainty in the storm's path and meteorologists noted the potential to be more of a threat to Hawaii than Pauline. The hurricane approached the islands, coming close enough to require a high surf advisory. Even though Hurricane Rick turned north sooner than Pauline, the surf did rise somewhat.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Sandra
During the late evening of September 4, a large intense area of thunderstorm activity formed near the Guatemala–El Salvador coast. The thunderstorm developed a circulation about 24 hours later, and was thus upgraded into a tropical depression a few hundred miles south of the Mexican coast. Turning west-northwest over 84 °F (29 °C) waters, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Sandra early on September 7. By 0600 UTC September 8, winds had increased to75 mph (120 km/h), and Sandra was upgraded into a hurricane. Sandra turned west, and quickly intensified, reaching Category 3 status later that day after bypassing the Category 2 stage. On 0000 UTC September 9, Sandra peaked in intensity with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h).


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Sandra
After moving towards the west for an additional 18 hours, it subsequently began a sharp turn northwest and later west-northwest due to an intensifying trough off the west coast of Baja California. Meanwhile, Sandra slowly weakened. At 1746 UTC September 12, a Hurricane Hunter aircraft intersected Hurricane Sandra after being on standby in Hawaii. The aircraft penetrated Sandra twice, reaching the 700 mbar (700.00 hPa; 20.67 inHg) level. It also measured surface winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a surface pressure of 972 mbar (972.00 hPa; 28.70 inHg). The eye was reportedly open to the west with low-level banding, and the eye was 37 mi (60 km) in diameter.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Sandra
Shortly after the flight, the cyclone then began to turn to the west and weaken further over 78 °F (26 °C) waters. Sandra was downgraded into a tropical storm the next day; however, the storm briefly regained minimal hurricane status. On 1800 UTC September 14, Sandra weakened back into a tropical storm roughly 600 mi (970 km) west of the Baja California Peninsula. Now over 77 °F (25 °C) sea surface temperatures, Sandra weakened into a tropical depression on September 15 and dissipated two days later.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Terry
A tropical wave moved through Nicaragua on September 14. Moving rapidly west over 86 °F (30 °C) warms, a circulation became evident and tropical depression developed at 1800 UTC September 15, the twentieth of the season. The system turned northwest; subsequently, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Terry 24 hours after formation approximately 300 mi (480 km) south of Acapulco. Early on September 17, Terry attained hurricane status. Terry quickly reached Category 2 status and briefly reached Category 3 intensity, peaking with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) on September 21 over 300 mi (485 km) south of Cabo San Lucas.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Terry
Shortly after its peak, a cold trough moved southward into Baja California Norte. This steered Hurricane Terry northward into cooler waters. A U.S. Air Force weather reconnaissance aircraft investigated the weakening Terry on 1800 UTC September 21 and 22 while the storm was west-southwest of the peninsula. Two penetrations were made in both flights. The second flight suggested that the hurricane had a poorly defined eye. A combination of cooler water and increased wind shear took its toll on Terry.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Terry
The system weakened into a tropical storm at 0600 UTC September 23 due west of the Baja California Peninsula, and a tropical depression early the following day. By 1800 UTC, Terry dissipated while its center dissipated 500 mi (800 km) west-southwest of San Diego. The hurricane at one point in time was predicted to make landfall in central Baja California and threaten San Diego; however, this did not occur.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Vivian
A disturbance emerged from the northern ITCZ on September 17. By 0600 UTC on the following day, it developed into a tropical depression. Initially, the depression tracked northwestward in response to a strong upper-level trough centered over northern Baja California. After crossing an area of sea surface temperatures in excess of 82 °F (28 °C), the depression was able to strengthen into Tropical Storm Vivian at 0000 UTC on September 20. Under the influence of Hurricane Terry and an upper-level high pressure, Vivian turned west, southwest, and eventually southward. While tracking to the south, the storm re-entered the ITCZ, which caused Vivian to weaken and become indistinguishable. Vivian was downgraded to a tropical depression on September 21, shortly before dissipating on 1800 UTC on that same day.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Waldo
Tropical Depression Twenty-Three formed from a disturbance on October 7. In a favorable environment over warm waters, It rapidly intensified, reaching tropical storm intensity the same day it formed. Tropical Storm Waldo then began to turn to the north and while located 130 mi (210 km) south of Baja California Sur, Waldo was upgraded into a Category 1 hurricane. A trough started re-curving Waldo towards the Mexican coast. Shortly after peaking as a Category 2 hurricane, Waldo made landfall southwest of Culiacán. Waldo rapidly dissipated over land and eventually merged with a cold front.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Waldo
Prior to the arrival of Waldo, the Mexican Army was put on standby in the event the Fuerte River flooded. While no deaths or injuries were reported, much farmland and 600 houses were destroyed. The Juarez River bursts its banks, flooding at least eight neighborhoods in Culiacán. Telephone service in Los Mochis, Guarmuchil, and Guasave was cut when a communications tower was blown over. A total of 10,000 people were left homeless across the state.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Waldo
In combination with a cold front, Waldo contributed to major flooding in Kansas that forced many rivers and creeks to overflow their banks. One indirect death was reported and roughly 15 people were evacuated from their homes in one town. In Kansas City, Waldo produced 1 ft (30 cm) of water on roads, but none of the nearby homes received extensive damage. The Sedgwick County, the county fire department freed 35 trapped people from rising flood waters. Flash floods affected the southern one–third of New Mexico from rainfall associated from Waldo. Damage was estimated between $100,000–$1 million (1985 USD), mostly to crops, roads, and buildings. In all, Waldo's rain was comparable to Atlantic Hurricane Gloria.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nele
The origins of Nele were from a tropical disturbance to the south-southeast of Hawaii on October 20. The tropical disturbance developed into Tropical Depression Three-C while located south-southeast of Hawaii on October 23. Although difficult to observe on satellite imagery, the CPHC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Nele early on October 24. Continuing to intensify, the storm tracked northwestward, following a similar path to Hurricane Iwa in 1982 and Hurricane Nina in 1957. On October 25, Nele attained hurricane strength as it turned to the north. On October 26 it attained peak winds of 90 mph (145 km/h).


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nele
It entered an area of weaker steering currents due to a nearby trough. This caused concern for the CPHC, who noted that a continued path would result in the hurricane moving through the island chain. Instead, Nele turned to the northwest at a steady pace and instead moved through the Hawaiian Leeward Islands, passing about 100 mi (160 km) west of French Frigate Shoals and very near Tern Island. Around that time, reconnaissance aircraft measured winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a pressure of 982 mbar (982.00 hPa; 29.00 inHg). After passing through the island chain, the storm finally weakened and accelerated towards the north. Nele re-curved to the northeast, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 30.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nele
Due to fears of a repeat of Hurricane Iwa, a hurricane watch was issued for Hawaii. Officials moved beach equipment away from the beach in preparation. About 24 hours after the hurricane watch was issued, it was dropped as Nele moved away from the islands, alongside the cancellation of a high surf advisory. The hurricane produced 10 ft (3.0 m) waves along south-facing beaches.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nele
Upon passing through the Leeward Islands, a weather station on Tern Island recorded winds of 34 mph (55 km/h) with gusts of 50 mph (80 km/h), along with a pressure of 1,000 mbar (1,000.00 hPa; 29.53 inHg). Many fishing boats spent a tough night at French Frigate Shoals due to high waves and seas. One vessel was partially disabled due to a broken rudder and required assistance from the U.S. Coast Guard. Another vessel reported winds of hurricane-force and 30 ft (9.1 m) to 40 ft (12 m). Other fishing vessels near Maro Reef and Laysan Island had an easier time as they were in the weaker left of the hurricane.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Xina
Tropical Depression Twenty-Four developed at 0600 UTC on October 25, in the southwest quadrant of a quasi-stationary deep-layer mean anticyclone. The depression moved generally westward and slowly strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Xina about 72 hours after becoming a tropical cyclone. Thereafter, the storm curved northwestward and gradually intensified, and by late on October 28, it was upgraded to a hurricane. Xina then rapidly deepened, peaking as a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane at 1800 UTC on October 29. However, due to decreasing sea surface temperatures, Xina almost immediately began to weaken.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Xina
Shortly thereafter, the storm curved eastward, later followed by a south-southwestward turned early on October 31. Later that day, Xina was downgraded to a tropical storm. At around 0600 UTC on November 1, the storm had further weakened to a tropical depression. Xina briefly re-strengthened to a tropical storm at 0600 UTC on November 2, though it quickly weakened back to a tropical depression about six hours later. After weakening back to a tropical depression, the circulation of Xina became very disorganized and difficult to locate. Early on November 4, the depression curved southwestward, and by 0600 UTC on November 5, Xina had dissipated.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
Of the four tropical cyclones that did not reach tropical storm strength, the first was a weak disturbance that began to develop in the northern Intertropical Convergence Zone on July 10. After convection increased and a circulation formed, the system was upgraded to Tropical Depression Eight at 1800 UTC on July 11. However, deep convection quickly began to diminish, and by early on the following day, the depression dissipated.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
The only tropical depression to develop in the CPHC's area of responsibility developed from a disturbance embedded in the trade wind flow south of the Hawaiian Islands that was about 35 mi (56 km) south of the Hawaiian Islands. A tropical depression was declared on August 20 as the system appeared to be intensifying while moving rapidly west-northwest. However, increased wind shear from a trough, an elongated area of low pressure, took toll on the storm and it weakened on August 21 near the Johnston Atoll. Due to the lack of a well-defined atmospheric circulation, the storm ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone two days after formation.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
An area of convection within the ITCZ developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-Two at 0000 UTC on October 1. However, the depression never separated from the ITCZ. Despite sea surface temperatures in excess of 82 °F (28 °C), the depression did not strengthen, and on the following day, the center became ill-defined and difficult to locate on satellite imagery. Convection began decreasing, and as a result, the depression is estimated to have dissipated at 1800 UTC on October 2.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical depressions
Over a month later, a weak disturbance located about 345 mi (555 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur developed a circulation; the system was promptly classified as Tropical Depression Twenty-Five at 0600 UTC on November 21. The depression drifted slowly southward at 3 mph (4.8 km/h), shortly before curving west-southwestward. Thereafter, the depression turned north-northwestward and dissipated later on November 21.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1985. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1991 season, although the name Dolores was misspelled as Delores in 1991. This is the same list used for the 1979 season, except for the added names. Storms were named Kevin, Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo, and Xina for the first time in 1985. The name Pauline was previously used in the 1961 and 1968 seasons respectively.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
Because of the level of activity, these names were added during the season: Later during the 80's, the added names were made a permanent part of the Eastern Pacific lists, and other names were added for even-numbered years, which were Xavier, Yolanda, and Zeke. All three names were first used in 1992, and Xavier was used a second time in 2018.


1985 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
One name from the Central Pacific list was used – Nele. It was the first usage for this name. One storm, Typhoon Skip, formed in the central Pacific but did not receive a name until it reached the west Pacific.


1985 Pacific typhoon season
The 1985 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1985, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1985 Pacific typhoon season
A total of 29 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 28 became tropical storms. 17 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which one typhoon reached super typhoon strength. The strongest cyclone of the season, Dot, reached category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale to the east of the Philippines. Typhoon Cecil was the deadliest storm of the season, accounting for nearly half of the deaths from western Pacific tropical cyclones in 1985.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
A total of 29 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 28 became tropical storms. 17 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Only four tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season, while eight moved into China, three moved into Vietnam, and three moved into Japan. Tropical cyclones brought Hong Kong 40 percent of its annual rainfall. The strongest cyclone of the season, Dot, reached category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale. However, it weakened slightly before moving into the Philippines at the high end of category 3 status. Typhoon Cecil was the deadliest storm of the season, accounting for nearly half of the deaths from western Pacific tropical cyclones in 1985.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Fabian (Atring)
The initial tropical disturbance formed on the west end of the near-equatorial, or monsoon, trough. Due to strong high pressure due its north, and the associated high winds associated with the northern Asian monsoon, strongest winds within the system were on its western periphery. Strong southerly winds aloft led to persistent vertical wind shear, which limited its intensification is it moved west to northwest. It passed nearby Yap, and caused crop damage as it passed by the island group.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Elsie
This was the first tropical cyclone to form in the northwest Pacific basin in January in six years. Forming along the near equatorial trough, two circulations formed on either side of Guam. Elsie formed from the eastern circulation, appearing southwest of Pohnpei on January 4. On January 5, further convective development occurred which formed a low level circulation on January 6. Becoming a tropical depression late that day and a tropical storm on January 7, the system moved northwest, reaching its peak intensity late in the day. Thereafter, strong southerly winds aloft arrested development, and weakening began. Tropical depression status was regained on January 8, and its circulation dissipated early January 9.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression
A tropical depression formed 740 kilometres (460 mi) east of Luzon on April 22. Moving east-northeast for a couple days, the system dissipated on April 24 770 kilometres (480 mi) north-northwest of Guam.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Gay (Bining)
Gay was the third tropical cyclone and first typhoon of the 1985 Pacific typhoon season. After over four months of inactivity, on May 16, a strong atmospheric circulation formed 380 nmi (700 km) west of Koror, now part of Palau. The circulation began to develop convection and by May 20 had organized into a depression. Heading north, the storm took two days to gain tropical storm strength, likely because a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) was so close to the north, restricting outflow. However, the trough soon weakened and outflow improved and the storm began to intensify faster.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Gay (Bining)
Gay became a typhoon early on May 23, continuing to intensify, Gay came under influence of a frontal boundary to the northwest and began to recurve to the northeast, through a weakness in the subtropical ridge created by the trough associated with the frontal boundary. This trough began to build and dig southeastward, pouring fuel into Gay's engine. Typhoon Gay reached its peak intensity of 100 knots (115 mph, 185 km/h) on May 24. As cool, dry air became entrained within Gay's circulation, the cyclone began to weaken. Gay underwent extratropical transition as it interacted with the frontal boundary. Gay became extratropical shortly after weakening to a tropical storm early on May 26.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm 04W
This system formed within the northern portion of the monsoon trough on June 16. Strong northeast winds aloft kept its circulation center on the northeast side of its stronger thunderstorm activity. The system drifted generally northwest, making landfall on Hainan Island before dissipating. While never upgraded by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, the Japanese Meteorological Agency considered the system a weak tropical storm,


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hal (Kuring)
Typhoon Hal, which formed on June 19 east of the Philippines, passed just north of Luzon on the 22nd as a 95 mph (153 km/h) typhoon. After briefly weakening Hal restrengthened to a peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) before weakening back to a minimal typhoon. Sustained winds reached 48 knots (89 km/h) at Lan Yu, Taiwan. The 75 mph (121 km/h) typhoon hit 75 nautical miles (139 km) east-southeast of Hong Kong in southeastern China on the 24th, and dissipated the next day.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hal (Kuring)
In Hong Kong, winds peaked at 74 knots (137 km/h) at Kwai Chung, and a total of 285.5 millimetres (11.24 in) fell at Tate's Cairn which led to landslides across the region. Heavy rain associated with the typhoon caused 38 deaths (with 14 missing) and widespread crop and structural damage. Damage totalled US$12.3 million (1985 dollars).


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Irma (Daling)
First noted southwest of Ponape on June 17, the tropical disturbance moved westward for the next several days without significant development. As it turned northwest on June 25, the system strengthened rapidly into a tropical storm, reaching typhoon intensity on June 27 as it turned more poleward. The system recurved just offshore the southern islands of Japan before striking southwest of Tokyo, Japan as a typhoon on July 1. Weakening as it accelerated northeast, Irma regained tropical storm intensity later that day and became an extratropical cyclone that night.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Irma (Daling)
As Irma passed to the east of the Philippines the system enhanced the Monsoon Trough causing heavy rains over Luzon Island. A total of 46 people were killed and 1,500 homes were destroyed. In Japan Irma killed 3 people and left 5 missing. Over 20,000 houses were damaged and 50,000 hectares of farmland were ruined. Damage across the Philippines and Japan totalled US$80 million (1985 dollars).


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression 07W (Elang)
A tropical depression formed 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) east-southeast of Manila on July 4. Moving west-northwest, the system crossed the central Philippines on July 5, moving into the South China sea on July 6. Moving more towards the north on July 7, the depression moved inland into southern China east of Hong Kong on July 8. In Hong Kong, winds gusted to 47 knots (87 km/h) at Tate's Cairn, where 114.1 millimetres (4.49 in) fell. While Hong Kong considered it a tropical depression throughout its life cycle, PAGASA named the system and considered it a tropical storm.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Jeff (Goring)
The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression in northwest of Guam on July 21. It tracked northward, becoming a tropical storm on the 22nd and reaching its first peak of 70 mph (110 km/h) winds on the 23rd. An upper-level trough outran the system, forcing Jeff westward into a shearing environment and weakening it to a depression on the 26th. The shear abated, and Jeff was able to restrengthen, becoming a storm on the 27th and a typhoon on the 29th. The 85 mph (137 km/h) typhoon hit eastern China on the 30th.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Jeff (Goring)
It brought the heaviest rain to Shanghai since 1962. Jeff weakened rapidly to a depression, but upon reaching the Yellow Sea, it again restrengthened to a tropical storm on the 1st. Jeff reached a third peak of 60 mph (97 km/h) winds before becoming extratropical on the 2nd. A total of 245 people were killed from this storm, with moderate to heavy damage to crops.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kit
Typhoon Kit was the first of seven tropical cyclones to form in the West Pacific in August. It formed from a disturbance at the north end of a monsoon trough. The disturbance quickly gained organization and formed into a tropical depression on August 2. The storm moved steadily to the northwest and steadily intensified. The depression became Tropical Storm Kit on August 4. The storm became a typhoon as it made a temporary jog to the north before continuing its northwest motion.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kit
The typhoon, small in size, reached its peak intensity of 85 knots (90 mph, 157 km/h) while south of Kyūshū on August 8. Kit recurved in the East China Sea in the face of an approaching trough which caused a weakness in the subtropical ridge. Kit made landfall on the south-western tip of South Korea as a weak typhoon. The storm killed twelve people from resultant flooding and caused significant property damage on Cheju Island and the southern coast of South Korea. Kit became an extratropical cyclone in the Sea of Japan. A total of US$3.7 million (1985 dollars) of damage were caused by Kit across South Korea and Japan.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Lee (Huling)
Lee formed within the monsoon trough, and was initially influenced by Kit to its north. Kit's movement to the north reoriented the trough into a more north–south orientation, and a broad circulation formed 890 km south of Okinawa. Moving north-northeast, convection around the system began to organize into a more consolidated tropical storm. The system turned northwest, but development was halted by northerly vertical wind shear. Its circulation center remained fairly broad while it continued to deepen, more like a monsoon depression than a tropical cyclone. As the system passed close to Okinawa, winds remained fairly light.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Lee (Huling)
However, winds increased as it pulled away, due to the pressure gradient/strongest winds being well removed from the center. Continuing to move north into a break in the subtropical ridge, Lee moved through the East China Sea to about 445 km west of Kyūshū and stayed about 220 km offshore the western Korean peninsula. By this time, the system was evolving into a more typical tropical cyclone, with stronger winds closer to the center. Accelerating across the Yellow Sea on August 14, Lee began to recurve across North Korea and subsequently weakened rapidly across the mountainous terrain. A total of US$3.9 million (1985 dollars) in damage was caused by Lee.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Mamie
On August 15, a tropical depression formed from the monsoon trough a short distance of northern Taiwan. It headed northeastward, becoming a tropical storm later that day. The building of the subtropical ridge to its east forced Mamie northwestward, where it became a typhoon on August 17. On August 18, the typhoon hit near Shanghai, China, and paralleled the east coast of China. The storm turned to the northeast, hit near Dairen, China, and dissipated on August 20. Mamie was responsible for 44 fatalities and heavy crop damage. Total damage amounted to US$13.7 million (1985 dollars).


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Nelson (Ibiang)
Typhoon Nelson, which developed on August 16, moved northwest until reaching typhoon intensity, when a blocking ridge turned the system more to the west. The cyclone brushed northern Taiwan on August 23 as a 90 mph (140 km/h) typhoon. Later that day, it made landfall on eastern China before dissipating on August 24. Nelson caused 55 deaths and heavy damage across eastern China. In addition, the remnants of the storm stalled over the area, killing an additional 147 people.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Odessa
Typhoon Odessa was a tropical system that was active from August 23 through the 1st of September in the Western Pacific Ocean. Odessa was one of three tropical cyclones to exist in the area of Japan at around the same time. Odessa and Pat would pass very close together with Ruby impacting Tokyo. Odessa formed from an area of disturbed weather that persisted on the eastern end of a monsoon trough. The disturbance organized into a depression on August 23 and continued to develop and it was a tropical storm before the day was over.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Odessa
Odessa assumed a northerly track as it continued to strengthen, reaching typhoon intensity late on October 24. Odessa had become a compact storm with a very symmetrical structure. Its eye was very well defined, despite its peak intensity of 90 knots (100 mph, 165 km/h). Odessa was observed by STS 51 as they passed overhead. Odessa was one of the most powerful, circular tropical cyclone patterns ever seen by spacecraft crew. After moving westward and stalling southwest of Japan, it turned the northeast, travelling along the south-western coast of Japan, weakening along the way, before becoming extratropical on September 1.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Pat (Luming)
Typhoon Pat developed from the Monsoon Trough situated to the east of Taiwan on August 27. Pat quickly was upgraded to tropical storm status and was named. Due to a probable Fujiwhara Interaction between Pat and Typhoon Odessa, Pat moved toward the northeast. Just before making a turn towards the northwest Pat was upgraded to a typhoon on the 28th. Typhoon Pat began to accelerate in the direction of Japan. Pat made landfall on southern Kyūshū on the 30th before accelerating through the Sea of Japan and turning extratropical. Pat killed 23 people through Kyūshū and Hokkaidō and destroyed 3,000 homes.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Ruby
Forming east of Odessa and Pat, the initial disturbance developed near a location with an upper-level low interacted with the monsoon trough. The low-pressure area formed on August 25 to the south-southeast of Okinawa, moving around the southern periphery of Odessa and Pat. Thunderstorm activity concentrated near its low level center, and the system rapidly moved through the tropical depression stage into the tropical storm stage on August 26, developing an elliptical eye. Vertical wind shear from Odessa kept Ruby from becoming a typhoon. Weaving its way northward, Ruby moved across Tokyo early on August 31 as it lost its central convection. Later that day, the system evolved into an extratropical cyclone. Six perished due to Ruby. Damage totalled US$14 million (1985 dollars) from Odessa, Pat, and Ruby.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Skip
The initial tropical disturbance formed well south of Hawaii along the near-equatorial trough on August 28, moving briskly to the west. The system developed into Tropical Depression Two-C on August 30 and crossed the dateline the next day. It strengthened into a tropical storm and typhoon while moving northwest. It briefly threatened Wake Island as a typhoon before a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough (TUTT) recurved Skip off to the northeast. It then recrossed the date line as a tropical storm. Skip became an extratropical cyclone on September 8 as it turned to the north and northeast.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Miling)
On August 28, a tropical disturbance formed south of Guam. On September 1, the system strengthened into a tropical depression and then tropical storm. Throughout its lifetime, Tess moved generally to the west-northwest. On September 3, Tess became a typhoon just before moving across Luzon, with four perishing from the resultant floods. A tornado was spawned by the system in Lemery. Briefly dropping to tropical storm strength, the cyclone turned to the west upon entering the South China Sea. On September 5, Tess strengthened into a typhoon while moving northwest towards China and Hong Kong.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Miling)
Winds gusted to 65 knots (120 km/h) at Hong Kong's international airport and 88 knots (163 km/h) at Green Island. Tate's Cairn measured 204.4 millimetres (8.05 in) of rainfall. Flooding and crop damage was reported across southern China near where Tess moved inland and dissipated. One person perished in the Philippines, and two in Hong Kong.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Val (Narsing)
The initial tropical disturbance formed west of Truk/Chuuk within the monsoon trough, and moved northwestward. After developing into a tropical depression early on September 15, the system moved around a west-north-westerly course, becoming a tropical storm on September 15. As Val passed south of Naha, the system turned more westward blocked by the subtropical ridge and passed south of Taiwan, which caused its center to become ill-defined. The resultant tropical depression moved inland into southeast China on September 18. Winds remained below tropical storm force in Hong Kong, and rainfall amounts were light.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Winona
The initial disturbance formed within the South China sea along the monsoon trough on September 18. Moving northwest, the system developed into a tropical depression on September 19 and a tropical storm on early on September 21. Turning more to the north, Winona missed Hainan Island to the east, and moved into southern China west of Hong Kong on September 22, before quickly dissipating early on September 23. Floods across southeast China trapped 57,000 people, and at least 7500 homes were damaged.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Andy (Openg)
The initial tropical disturbance formed across the Philippine Sea within the monsoon trough on September 25, moving westward across Luzon on September 26. As it moved across the South China Sea, a surge in the northeast flow helped the system develop into a tropical depression on September 27 before strengthening into a tropical storm on September 28. Typhoon intensity was reached on September 29, and its center moved along the south coast of Hainan Island where winds gusted to 80 knots (150 km/h). The storm continued south of due west across the Gulf of Tonkin into Vietnam late on October 1, killing 46 people across central portions of the country. The weakening cyclone crossed central Laos before dissipating in northeast Thailand on October 2.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Brenda (Pining)
A tropical disturbance was tracked south of Ponape in late September before consolidating into a tropical depression on the 29th to the east of the Philippines. The depression moved towards the west and was named Tropical Storm Brenda on the 30th and became a typhoon the same day. Brenda then completed a small cyclonic loop on 1 October before turning towards the northwest and strengthening to a peak of 105 mph (169 km/h). Brenda turned more northerly and skimmed the southern coast of South Korea before turning extratropical in the Sea of Japan. Nearly 12 inches (300 mm) of rain fell on the South Korean Peninsula heavy flooding on Cheju Island and near Pusan killed 14 people and left 43 missing. The damage from the system totalled US$10 million (1985 dollars).


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Cecil (Rubing)
An area of convection organized into a tropical depression on October 12 in the southeastern South China Sea. It tracked to the west-northwest, becoming a tropical storm later that day and a typhoon on the 13th. Cecil continued to intensify, and reached a peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) winds before hitting north-central Vietnam and dissipating on the 16th. Torrential flooding and wind damage to the area caused 702 casualties, with widespread structural and crop damage.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Dot (Saling)
The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression over the open West Pacific on October 11. It headed west-northwestward, strengthening to a tropical storm on the 13th and a typhoon on the 14th. Dot rapidly intensified to a 175 mph (282 km/h) Super Typhoon on the 16th, the only one of the year, and steadily weakened until hitting eastern Luzon as a 130 mph (210 km/h) typhoon on the 18th. It crossed the South China Sea and hit southern Hainan Island.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Dot (Saling)
In Hong Kong, winds gusted to 61 knots (113 km/h) at Tate's Cairn, but rainfall amounts were light as the system mainly bypassed the protectorate to the south. Dot made its final landfall on northern Vietnam on the 21st as a 70 mph (110 km/h) tropical storm. Dot caused 101 fatalities and 2.13 billion Philippine Pesos (1987 pesos) in damage, or US$103.6 million (1987 dollars).


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Ellis
The initial disturbance formed west of Kosrae on October 13, moving west-northwest. Slow to organize, the system evolved into a tropical depression on October 16 and a tropical storm late that day. Soon afterwards, Ellis turned westward and slowed due to a weakness in the subtropical ridge to its north caused by a system passing well to the north of Ellis. The storm turned southwest on October 17 due to the building in of a stronger high pressure system to its northwest. By October 20, Ellis weakened into a tropical depression while resuming a westward course as it passed under an upper-level low which increased vertical wind shear and disrupted its associated thunderstorm activity. The cyclone turned west-northwest on October 21 for a couple days before dissipating east of the Philippines.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Faye (Tasing)
The initial tropical disturbance formed in the South China Sea, and was swept eastward through the Philippines due to Dot's movement to its north. The system emerged east of the Philippines and developed into a tropical depression and tropical storm on October 23. Turning northwest, Faye crossed central Luzon on October 24, weakening back into a tropical depression. Back in the South China sea, Faye regained tropical storm strength. The cyclone made a small cyclonic loop between October 25 and October 26 as a system over China approached Faye from the northwest.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Faye (Tasing)
The tropical cyclone accelerated east-northwest, passing just north of Luzon. By October 28, Faye's motion slowed and the system strengthened into a typhoon early on October 29. After passing Okinawa, strong westerly winds aloft caused the typhoon to begin to weaken. Early on November 1, Faye weakened into a tropical storm before it evolved into an extratropical cyclone later that day.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Gordon
The initial disturbance formed in the southern South China Sea and moved eastward. Its initial intensification to a tropical storm was caused by a surge in the northeast flow to its north and west, and the system turned to the north. As the cyclone became warm core, Gordon was able to restrengthen into a tropical storm after the monsoon wind surge slackened. Throughout its life cycle, thunderstorm activity was removed to the northwest of Gordon's low level circulation. Soon after becoming a tropical storm again, Gordon turned to the west-northwest and made landfall in Vietnam.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hope (Unsing)
A tropical disturbance formed along the near-equatorial trough on December 13 between Truk and Pohnpei. The system moved westward, and slowly developed. By early on December 18, a tropical depression had formed, and intensification continued for the next couple days as Hope became an intense typhoon on the afternoon of December 20. Weakening was seen later that day, and its eye disappeared. The system moved west-northwest, threatening Luzon for a time. Just before landfall, Hope recurved north and eastward, sparing the Philippines, and becoming an extratropical cyclone on December 24.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Irving
This system formed at the west end of the near-equatorial trough. Winter gales in the South China Sea masked this system's existence. The cyclone was first noted just west of the Philippines on December 18 and moved westward, becoming a tropical storm on December 19. As it approached southern Vietnam, the cyclone turned southwest and weakened, dissipating as it made landfall along the Malay peninsula.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, International
During the season 26 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list which started in 1979.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1989 season. This is the same list used for the 1981 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.


1985 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects
This is a table of all of the storms that have formed in the 1985 Pacific typhoon season. It includes their duration, names, affected areas, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1985 USD. Names listed in parentheses were assigned by PAGASA.


1985 Paine Webber Classic
The 1985 Paine Webber Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Fort Myers, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from March 25 through April 1, 1985. Second-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.


1985 Paine Webber Classic, Finals, Doubles
Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso defeated  Sammy Giammalva Jr. /  David Pate 3–6, 6–3, 6–3


1985 Paine Webber Classic – Doubles
Ken Flach and Robert Seguso won the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–3 against Sammy Giammalva Jr. and David Pate.


1985 Paine Webber Classic – Singles
Ivan Lendl won in the final 6–3, 6–2 against Jimmy Connors.


1985 Pakistani general election
General elections were held in Pakistan on 28 February 1985 to elect members of the National Assembly. The elections were held under the military government of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq after the restoration of the 1973 constitution.


1985 Pakistani general election
Around 1,300 candidates contested the elections, which were held on a nonpartisan basis. Each candidate was required to have their nomination paper signed by 50 registered voters from the constituency they wished to stand in. In an attempt to disqualify a large number of opposition candidates and secure a conservative leadership, Zia-ul-Haq introduced amendments to the Political Parties Act of 1962. As a result, the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD), which was calling for an end to the military regime, boycotted the elections.


1985 Pakistani general election
Voter turnout was 52.93%, considerably lower than the previous two elections. Most of the elected MNAs were supporters of the Zia regime. A new government was formed under the leadership of Muhammad Khan Junejo, a lesser known figure in national politics. Prime Minister Junejo and his followers subsequently established the pro-Zia conservative Pakistan Muslim League.


1985 Pakistani general election, Aftermath
Following the elections, Muhammad Khan Junejo was appointed Prime Minister and later formed a new party, the Pakistan Muslim League. The election boycott was viewed to have been a misstep for the MRD, which had assumed the public would support its stance.


1985 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1985 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).


1985 Palauan presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Palau on 28 August 1985 to elect a President and Vice-President, following the assassination of Haruo Remeliik on 30 June. Lazarus Salii won the election for President, defeating interim President Alfonso Oiterong, whilst Thomas Remengesau, Sr. was elected Vice-President. Voter turnout was 79.1%.


1985 Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth
The 1985 Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth was the second edition of the Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth. The tournament was held in four cities in Algeria, from 15 September to 1 October 1985.


1985 Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth, First group stage
The top two teams of each group advanced to the second group stage (quarter-finals).


1985 Pan Am strike
The 1985 Pan Am strike was a labor strike involving several thousand workers, all members of the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU), at Pan American World Airways. The strike began on February 28 and ended one month later on March 28.


1985 Pan Am strike
During the 1980s, Pan Am was struggling financially, and in the early years of the decade, its five labor unions agreed to concessions in order to help the company remain financially stable. However, in December 1984, the labor contracts between Pan Am and the unions expired without replacements, with the unions requesting a lifting of the concessions that had included a pay freeze. TWU, which represented about 5,800 workers in various positions at the company, was especially vocal, and on February 28, after failing to come to an agreement with the company, they went on strike.


1985 Pan Am strike
Initially, the four other unions agreed to honor TWU's picket lines. However, after several days, citing concerns over the negative long-term impact a prolonged strike could have on the company, several unions (including those representing pilots and flight attendants) crossed the picket lines and returned to work. Following this, TWU and Pan Am agreed to meet for negotiations, which occurred throughout March and led to a tentative agreement being reached on March 23.


1985 Pan Am strike
In a narrow vote finalized on March 28, the union agreed to accept the contract (which contained similar provisions to the proposal Pan Am had made TWU before the strike) and ended the strike. While the contract included several concessions, the union also received annual pay increases of 5 percent for the duration of the contract.


1985 Pan Am strike
The strike came during a difficult time in the relationship between organized labor and American airlines, with 14 strikes occurring at airlines between 1980 and 1986. Several of these strikes saw a high degree of interunion support. Historian David J. Walsh summarized the strike by saying that, while TWU won some gains alongside some concessions, the union's efforts were hurt by a breakdown in interunion support and genuine concerns from some unions over the negative effects of a long-term strike. Following the strike, Pan Am sold some of its assets in 1985 and in 1991, the company declared bankruptcy and ceased operations.


1985 Pan Am strike, Background
On December 31, 1984, labor contracts between Pan American World Airways and five labor unions representing 21,000 of the company's 26,000 workers for the company expired without replacements in line, with the company arguing that further concessions regarding wages and productivity levels were required from the unions in order to maintain financial stability. In the preceding years, Pan Am had experienced major losses, with the company posting a US$206.8 million loss for 1984 and a $51 million loss for 1983. The company itself had not been profitable since 1980, and since then, over 8,000 workers had been laid off.


1985 Pan Am strike, Background
However, in negotiations, the unions rejected an extension for these concessions. In a previous round of negotiations in 1982, the unions had agreed to a pay freeze with an agreement that pay increases would return by the end of 1984. However, as this did not happen, the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) took legal action and won a "snapback" of wages on December 26. Pan Am, in an effort to continue the concessions, appealed the decision, though the company lost this fight by late February 1985.


1985 Pan Am strike, Background
Around the same time, the company began to prepare for possible strike action from the unions, with the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU, representing 5,800 Pan Am baggage handlers, flight dispatchers, food service employees, and mechanics) legally free to strike starting on February 28. TWU had previously staged a one-day walkout in August 1984. The other labor unions, in a show of solidarity, stated that they would probably honor TWU's picket lines if they were to go on strike. In a preemptive move, Pan Am began placing advertisements recruiting new hires for the company, which one union representative claimed was "a maneuver to put pressure on the union".


1985 Pan Am strike, Background
On February 26, the union representing roughly 1,500 pilots came to a tentative agreement with the company, with the union making some concessions to the company. According to some experts in the airline industry, the agreement included 25.7 percent wage increases for the pilots spread out over 32 months. Despite the agreement with the pilots, TWU still maintained plans to begin striking on February 28 and had agreements with other union leaders to honor their strike. TWU was seeking a 14 percent wage increase, which had been frozen since 1982, and additional guarantees regarding job security.


1985 Pan Am strike, Background
Additionally, TWU was opposed to reduction in benefits, a new two-tier pay scale, the addition of more part-time workers, and other changes the company was trying to make. At the time, maximum base pay for Pan Am mechanics was over $10,000 less than their counterparts at United Airlines, while baggage handlers similarly made several thousand dollars less than those at United. The day before the strike deadline, the union rejected the company's counteroffer of four five percent wage increases over the next three years and bonuses of $1,200 for mechanics and $900 for other union members. According to a company representative, they had been holding off on making an offer to TWU until a deal had been made with the pilots. The strike action would be the first major strike at Pan Am in 20 years.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
The strike commenced at 12:35 a.m. on February 28. On the first day of the strike, a TWU representative claimed that most of Pan Am's 400 daily flights would be grounded, affecting some 39,000 passengers. However, on the first day, Pan Am managed to operate about 100 flights. Starting on the first day, airports that Pan Am operates out of were picketed by the strikers.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
Union leaders for some of Pan Am's other unions agreed to honor TWU's strike, and while there was some questioning from the pilot's union, which had recently come to an agreement with the airline, they also agreed not to cross the picket line. Speaking to the Associated Press on the first day, a union representative said he believed the strike could last a long time. As a result of the strike and subsequent groundings, people who had tickets for Pan Am flights were directed to flights from other airlines, such as American Airlines and Eastern Air Lines.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
Additionally, in spite of union claims that the strike had grounded nearly all of Pan Am's flights, a company representative stated that 60 percent of the company's international flights were still operating, but that domestic flights had been significantly affected. By March 1, the company was not operating any domestic flights. At that time, no negotiations were scheduled between TWU and Pan Am, and while a company representative stated that they hoped for a quick end to the strike, agreeing to the terms set forth by TWU would financially hurt the company and threaten its recovery. An economics professor from Wayne State University stated that, "A long strike can kill Pan Am", while an industry analyst stated that the strike could affect Pan Am's chances of turning a profit for the year.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
By the beginning of March, the number of Pan Am flights had dropped to about 30 worldwide, including 40 percent of its international flights, but with none in the United States. By March 6, the Chicago Tribune reported that the Independent Union of Flight Attendants (IUFA) had set a strike deadline for April 1, at which time, if Pan Am and IUFA had not come to an agreement on a new contract, they would also go on strike. That same day, however, ALPA reached a return-to-work agreement with the company.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
The development was considered a major blow to the strike, as Pan Am announced they would begin to expand the number of flights they were offering. Pan Am CEO C. Edward Acker praised the pilots for "demonstrating their support for the welfare of the company, while on the other end, one TWU representative used the term "scab" to describe the pilots' actions. On March 7, flight engineers, represented by the Flight Engineers International Association, also crossed picket lines and returned to work, while some flight attendants did so as well.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
In addition, Pan Am was recruiting some management workers to temporary fill-in as flight attendants. With the developments, Pan Am announced they soon hoped to have 50 percent of their normal number of flights operating in the next few days. However, Pan Am was still losing approximately $5 million per day, and both IUFA and the Teamsters maintained a strike deadline of April 1.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
On March 9, TWU and Pan Am announced their first negotiation session since the start of the strike, scheduled for the following day, with the company being represented by noted labor negotiator Ray Grebey. Grebey had a reputation for being a hardline negotiator with anti-union leanings, and he had previously served as a negotiator for MLB team owners during the 1981 Major League Baseball strike. These negotiations, held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City, had been ordered by a federal mediator.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
On March 23, Pan Am agreed to rehire over one hundred flight attendants who had been fired for not crossing TWU's picket line. Following several days of negotiations, on March 24 both sides announced that they had come to a tentative agreement that would see an end to the strike. According to a TWU representative, the terms of the agreement were similar to the terms proposed by the company prior to the strike, but with slight changes that made them more palatable to the union.


1985 Pan Am strike, Course of the strike
Terms included the aforementioned pay raise, alongside bonuses ranging from $600 to $1,000 and an extension in the time it takes for union members to reach the "top scale" in the company's pay scale from four to seven years. Additionally, Pan Am would be allowed to hire some part-time workers under certain circumstances. While TWU leadership urged members to vote to accept the agreement, some members were vocally opposed to the concessions. Additionally, the tentative agreement did not see an immediate end to the picketing, which would continue until a new contract were ratified. Voting on the contracts began on March 26. On March 28, the contract was ratified in a vote of 3,583 for and 2,193 against, thus bringing an end to the strike.


1985 Pan Am strike, Aftermath
While the strike with TWU had ended, Pan Am was still in negotiations with the flight attendants and Teamsters. However, the company came to tentative agreements with the two unions several days later, thus avoiding further strike action. Later that year, Pan Am, still hurting financially, sold their Pacific Division to United Airlines. Furthermore, Pan Am's relationship with organized labor continued to be uneasy, and amidst further contract disputes in 1989, TWU voted once again to approve strike action against the company. By 1991, Pan Am declared bankruptcy, with Delta Air Lines purchasing the majority of their remaining assets.


1985 Pan Am strike, Aftermath
The strike was watched closely by other airlines, as the 1980s saw a strain in the relationship between unions and airlines. Between 1980 and 1986, American airline companies saw 14 strikes, and in 1985 alone, both United and Alaska Airlines would also experience strike action from unions. In all three of the 1985 cases, interunion support played a role in the strike.


1985 Pan Am strike, Aftermath
However, historian David J. Walsh notes the decision by other unions at Pan Am, ALPA, to return to work after a few days highlighted the concern many in these unions had that prolonged strike action could seriously jeopardize the future of financially-struggling airlines and possibly even drive them to bankruptcy. Discussing the strike and its resolution, Walsh states: "On the whole, the TWU avoided the worst-case scenario of permanent replacement and made a few gains to offset its concessions. Yet its ability to strike successfully was hampered by limited labor solidarity from other unions and the realization that an effective, prolonged strike could lead to the demise of the carrier and render every other issue moot."


1985 Pan American Men's Handball Championship
The 1985 Pan American Men's Handball Championship was the fourth edition of the tournament, held in Manaus, Brazil from 28 October to 3 November 1984. It acted as the American qualifying tournament for the 1986 World Championship, where the top placed team qualied.


1985 Pan Arab Games
The 6th Pan Arab Games were held in Rabat, Morocco between August 8 and August 16, 1985. 3442 athletes from 17 countries participated in events in 18 sports.


1985 Pan Pacific Open
The 1985 Pan Pacific Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Tokyo, Japan that was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 December through 15 December 1985. Third-seeded Manuela Maleeva won her second consecutive singles title at the event.


1985 Pan Pacific Open, Finals, Doubles
Claudia Kohde-Kilsch /  Helena Suková defeated  Marcella Mesker /  Elizabeth Smylie 6–0, 6–4


1985 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships
The first edition of the Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, a long course (50 m) event, was held in 1985 in Tokyo, Japan after discussions between Australia, United States, Canada and Japan. The inaugural event took place at the Yoyogi National Olympic Swimming Pool, from 15–18 August 1985.


1985 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1985 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Olimpia.


1985 Paris–Dakar Rally
1985 Dakar Rally also known as the 1985 Paris–Dakar Rally was the seventh running of the Dakar Rally event. The race began at Versailles. Patrick Zaniroli and Jean Da Silva won the car class for the Mitsubishi team. Gaston Rahier won his second successive motorcycle class.


1985 Paris–Nice
The 1985 Paris–Nice was the 43rd edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 3 March to 10 March 1985. The race started in Nanterre and finished at the Col d'Èze. The race was won by Sean Kelly of the Skil team.


1985 Paris–Nice, Route and stages
The race began with a short prologue individual time trial and featured seven road stages, including a team time trial and finishing with a mountain time trial.


1985 Paris–Roubaix
The 1985 Paris–Roubaix took place on 14 April in rainy conditions.


1985 Paris–Roubaix
At one point, former three times winner Francesco Moser looked the serious contender, but a crash due to a hole between cobbles and a slow repair of his equipment eliminated Moser from the final.


1985 Paris–Roubaix
About 15 kilometres from Roubaix, Marc Madiot escaped from an eight-man group with among others defending race winner Sean Kelly. Madiot held on and entered the velodrome in Roubaix on his own to win. Bruno Wojtinek, leaving the chase group some two kilometres from the line, finished second, cementing a French double. Sean Kelly and Greg LeMond were the next riders home having avoided a crash just as the chasing group was entering the velodrome in Roubaix.


1985 Paris–Roubaix
Below, the results for the 1985 edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycling classic.


1985 Parti Québécois leadership election
The Parti Québécois leadership election of 1985 was held to elect a new leader of the Parti Québécois, the main sovereigntist and social democratic political party in Quebec, Canada. It elected Pierre-Marc Johnson at the helm of the party. It was conducted under the one member, one vote universal suffrage system, making the Parti Québécois the first political party to do so in Quebec history. It was the first race of its kind in the history of the party, created in 1968, and would be followed by the leadership election of 2005.


1985 Parti Québécois leadership election, History
The election was caused by the departure of founder René Lévesque, and was conducted while the party was in power. With Pierre-Marc Johnson elected, he would assume premiership from October to December 1985. Johnson afterwards played the role of Leader of the Opposition until 1987.


1985 Parti Québécois leadership election, History
The election finds its historical importance in the fact that, in the first era of said "Post-Referendum Syndrome", the election of Pierre-Marc Johnson secured the party's past decision of putting the independence project, the first raison d'être of the PQ, on the back burner. This decision had caused a crisis within party ranks (see Parti Québécois), which was influential in the departure of René Lévesque. This party stance of affirmation nationale (Johnson's approach of nationalism without actively pursuing the objective of sovereignty) would last until the ousting of Johnson and the arrival of Jacques Parizeau as leader in 1988.


1985 Parti Québécois leadership election, History
It was the first attempt of Pauline Marois for the leadership, one that she would repeat at the leadership election of 2005. Bernard Landry, future leader from 2001 to 2005, also entered the race of 1985, only to drop out midway. During his campaign, Landry had presented himself as a "sovereigntist and progressive" candidate and, during his campaign, given signs that, if elected leader, he could rescind the party decision of putting sovereignty on hold. Guy Bertrand's campaign tended to represent the sovereigntist pur et dur stream of the party, clashing with his later ideological shift.


1985 Pau Grand Prix
The 1985 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula 3000 motor race held on 27 May 1985 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France.


1985 Pau Grand Prix, Classification, Qualifying
Emanuele Pirro took pole position with a time of 1:12.650.


1985 Pau Grand Prix, Classification, Race
Christian Danner won the Grand Prix, with Emanuele Pirro in second and Lamberto Leoni in third.


1985 Peach Bowl
The 1985 Peach Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl game at Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia between the Army Cadets and the University of Illinois Fighting Illini on December 31, 1985. The game was the final contest of the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season for both teams, and ended in a 31–29 victory for Army, the second bowl victory in school history.


1985 Peach Bowl, Game summary
On a cold and rainy day in Atlanta, Army scored two touchdowns on halfback option plays and took advantage of four Illini turnovers to carry an eight-point lead into the final five minutes. Trailing 31–23 with less than a minute remaining, Illinois quarterback Jack Trudeau hit All-American receiver David Williams for a 54-yard touchdown to bring the Fighting Illini within two points of a tie. Trudeau's two-point conversion pass attempt was broken up by reserve safety Peel Chronister, and Army handed Illinois its third consecutive Bowl defeat in the 1980s. Trudeau set Peach Bowl records with 38 completions in 55 attempts for 401 yards, and tight end Cap Boso caught a record 9 receptions. The game saw 16 Peach Bowl records broken or tied.


1985 Peach Bowl, Statistical summary
Rushing (Att.-Yds.-TD): UI - Thomas Rooks 10-35-0, Wilson 8-31-1;  ARMY - Healy 23-107-1, Lampley 16-76-0, Black 15-73-1.


1985 Peach Bowl, Statistical summary
Passing (Att.-Comp.-Int.-TD-Yds. ): UI - Trudeau 55-38-2-3-401; ARMY - Healy 6-3-1-0-35.


1985 Peach Bowl, Statistical summary
Receiving (No.-Yds.-TD): UI - David Williams 7-109-2, Stephen Pierce 6-92-0, Anthony Williams 5-59-0, Cap Boso 9-52-1.


1985 Peats state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Peats on 2 February 1985 because of the death of Paul Landa (Labor).


1985 Peats state by-election
The Peats by-election was held the same day as the Murray by-election.


1985 Penn Quakers football team
The 1985 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1985 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1985 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1985 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, NFL Draft
Three Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1986 NFL Draft.


1985 Pepsi 250
The 1985 Pepsi 250 was an endurance race for Group A touring cars held at the Oran Park Raceway in Sydney, New South Wales on 18 August 1985. The race was the second round of the 1985 Australian Endurance Championship. It was held over 100 laps of the 2.620 km (1.62 mi) circuit for a total of 262 km (162 mi).


1985 Pepsi 250
The field was divided into three classes according to engine displacement.


1985 Pepsi 250
The JPS Team BMW's golden season continued as Jim Richards drove his BMW 635 CSi to a second straight AEC win after winning the opening round at Amaroo Park. Unlike the 1985 Australian Touring Car Championship and at Amaroo though, Richards did not have it all his own way.


1985 Pepsi 250
The 1 August homologation had seen the Ford Mustang back into winning contention and it was only a broken stub axle on lap 88 that resulted in the car losing a wheel which saw pole sitter and runaway leader Dick Johnson give up his stranglehold on the race (sturdier axle stubs had been homologated for the Mustang and the Palmer Tube Mills team had the new items, but did not have time pre-race to fit them to the car). Richards won the race by a lap from Peter Brock in his Mobil Holden Dealer Team VK Commodore with the Volvo 240T of Robbie Francevic finishing third. Francevic's 3rd place also saw him win Class B.


1985 Pepsi 250
Dick Johnson showed the benefit of the homologation gain, putting his Mustang on pole with a time of 1:15.1, some 1.2 seconds faster than his pole time at the circuit for the final round of the ATCC just over a month earlier.


1985 Peruvian División Intermedia
The División Intermedia, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer) in 1984 until 1987. The tournament was played on a home-and-away round-robin basis.


1985 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru on 14 April 1985 to elect the President and both houses of the Congress. Alan García of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance won the presidential election with 53.1% of the vote, whilst his party gained a majority in both houses of Congress.


1985 Peruvian general election, Results, Senate
Former President Terry was appointed a Senator for life after the end of his presidential term. He represented Popular Action. Within the APRA– DC–SODE coalition, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance won 30 seats and the Christian Democrat Party and Solidarity and Democracy one each.


1985 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1985 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 53rd in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved upon their previous output of 6–9–1, winning seven games. This was the fourth consecutive season in which the team failed to qualify for the playoffs.


1985 Philadelphia Eagles season
Philadelphia was in position to earn a wild-card berth with a 6–5 record by late November, but a four-game losing streak, which included a home loss to the Minnesota Vikings in which the Eagles squandered a 23–0 fourth-quarter lead, foiled their playoff hopes. That losing streak also cost head coach Marion Campbell his job before the season finale at Minnesota. Under interim coach Fred Bruney, the Eagles pulled off a 37–35 victory at the Metrodome to finish the season on an up note.


1985 Philadelphia Eagles season
Two bright spots emerged at the quarterback position as Ron Jaworski returned from the broken leg suffered at the end of the 1984 season, and performed well enough (3,450 passing yards, 17 touchdowns) to be considered for comeback player of the year, though no award was given out. In addition, second-round draft pick Randall Cunningham made his debut on September 22 at Washington and earned his first career victory at RFK Stadium. On November 10, at Veterans Stadium, Jaworski combined with wide receiver Mike Quick for a club-record 99-yard touchdown pass in overtime to beat the Atlanta Falcons, 23–17.


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1985 season was the Philadelphia Phillies 103rd season. The Phillies finished in fifth place in the National League East with a record of 75 wins and 87 losses. It was the first time the team finished below .500 since going 80–82 in 1974.


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1985 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1985 Piedmontese regional election
The Piedmontese regional election of 1985 took place on 12 May 1985.


1985 Piedmontese regional election, Events
Christian Democracy resulted narrowly ahead of the Italian Communist Party, which had been ousted from the regional government by the Italian Socialist Party in 1983.


1985 Piedmontese regional election, Events
After the election, the Socialists, the Christian Democrats, the Italian Republican Party, the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party continued their alliance but this time the regional government was led by a Christian Democrat, Vittorio Beltrami (Pentapartito).


1985 Pilkington Glass Championships
The 1985 Pilkington Glass Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Devonshire Park Lawn Tennis Club in Eastbourne, United Kingdom and was part of the Category 3 tier of the 1985 WTA Tour. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and ran from 17 June until 22 June 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title, her fourth consecutive at the event and fifth in total.


1985 Pilkington Glass Championships, Finals, Doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver defeated  Kathy Jordan /  Elizabeth Smylie 7–5, 6–4


1985 Pilot Pen Classic
The 1985 Pilot Pen Classic was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 12th edition of the Indian Wells Masters and was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at the La Quinta Resort and Club in La Quinta, California, in the United States, from February 18 through February 25, 1985.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic, Finals, Doubles
Heinz Günthardt /  Balázs Taróczy defeated  Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso 3–6, 7–6, 6–3


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Doubles
Bernard Mitton and Butch Walts were the defending champions but only Walts competed that year with Gary Donnelly.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Doubles
Donnelly and Walts lost in the second round to Jan Gunnarsson and Michael Mortensen.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Doubles
Heinz Günthardt and Balázs Taróczy won in the final 3–6, 7–6, 6–3 against Ken Flach and Robert Seguso.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Doubles, Seeds
The top four seeded teams received byes into the second round.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Singles
Jimmy Connors was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Greg Holmes.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Singles
Larry Stefanki won in the final 6–1, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3 against David Pate.


1985 Pilot Pen Classic – Singles, Seeds
The top eight seeds received a bye into the second round.


1985 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1985 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1985 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1985 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 104th season of the franchise; the 99th in the National League. This was their 16th season at Three Rivers Stadium. The Pirates finished sixth and last in the National League East with a record of 57–104, 43½ games behind the NL Champion St. Louis Cardinals.


1985 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Offseason
The team was beset during the offseason with the triple threat of its longtime owner taking bids for the debt laden franchise, rumors of a possible relocation to cities such as Tampa, Denver and New Orleans and the expanding Pittsburgh drug trials.


1985 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1985 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 53rd season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League. The Steelers challenged for the AFC Central most of the season, sitting at 6–5 after their first eleven games. However, losing 4 out of their final 5 games dropped the Steelers to a 7–9 overall record, their first season with a losing record in fourteen years.


1985 Pittsburgh mayoral election
The Mayoral election of 1985 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1985. The incumbent mayor, Richard Caliguiri of the Democratic Party chose to run for his third term.


1985 Pittsburgh mayoral election, Results
Calagiri won by over 50 points in a city where Democrats outnumber Republicans by a 5 to 1 margin. The Republican nominee was attorney Henry Sneath. A total of 81,997 votes were cast.


1985 Player's Canadian Open
The 1985 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. The men's tournament was held at the Jarry Park Stadium in Montreal in Canada and was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix while the women's tournament was held at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada and was part of the 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. The men's tournament was held from August 12 through August 18, 1985, while the women's tournament was held from August 19 through August 25, 1985.


1985 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Ken Flach /  Robert Seguso defeated  Stefan Edberg /  Anders Järryd 7–5, 7–6


1985 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Martina Navratilova defeated  Marcella Mesker /  Pascale Paradis 6–4, 6–0


1985 Player's Canadian Open – Men's Singles
McEnroe successfully defended his title, defeating Ivan Lendl 7–5, 6–3 in the final.


1985 Polar Sea controversy
The 1985 Polar Sea controversy was a diplomatic event triggered by plans for the navigation of USCGC Polar Sea through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government. It was the United States' position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission.


1985 Polar Sea controversy
Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada's arctic territories. The U.S. never recognized Canada's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless, the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future, the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters.


1985 Polar Sea controversy
Canada's sovereignty over the region's waters was still a contentious issue as of 2010 and is likely to become of increasing importance as climate change in the Arctic has the potential to render those waters more accessible to commercial ships and the thawing of the sea ice of making oil drilling easier.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Background, Exploring
Ever since the colonization of America, the Northwest Passage had always been of special interest since it was speculated that it could offer a shortcut to Asia. Many attempts at crossing were made but very few succeeded due to the very unforgiving conditions that prevail in the Canadian Arctic for most of the year. The British explorer Sir John Franklin actually found a passage between 1845 and 1847 but this achievement was not known until years later as he and his crew had perished on the journey.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Background, Exploring
Robert McClure was the first explorer to survive the expedition in 1850 but he completed the journey on a sled. It is only in 1906 that the passage was navigated entirely on water by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. However, construction of the Panama Canal had already begun at that time and its completion in 1914 lessened the need for this route.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Background, The Cold War
It was not until the Second World War that the passage was again explored. With the onset of the Cold War, the Canadian Arctic became the first line of defense against the Soviets so the U.S. and Canada developed a tight cooperation as the imperative to use this mostly empty territory as a buffer increased. Thus, many early warning systems such as the DEW Line, the Pinetree Line and the Mid-Canada Line were deployed in this region with the North Warning System still in use today.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Background, SS Manhattan and the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
Following the discovery of large oil reserves in Alaska, the urge to make the Northwest Passage navigable rose substantially. In 1969, the ice-strengthened oil tanker SS Manhattan made the full voyage with the help of Canadian and American icebreakers. While the voyage was carried out with much difficulty, the mere fact that it was possible for a commercial ship to make it from Alaska to the East Coast was of much significance and prompted many questions over the passage's status.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Background, SS Manhattan and the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
Despite the cooperation of the two countries and the presence of observers on the tanker, public opinion reacted over this alleged breach of sovereignty, pushing the Canadian government to enact the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act of 1970. The act contained a reservation precluding it from review from the World Court which was removed in 1985 but at the time of the Polar Sea controversy, the act could still be considered unilateral.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Voyage
In 1985, USCGC Polar Sea sparked controversy by navigating the Northwest passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government. At the time, Polar Sea was on a routine resupply operation and it was deemed by the United States Coast Guard that utilizing the Northwest Passage instead of the Panama Canal would yield considerable savings in time. Permission for the voyage was not officially sought by the United States government because of its position that the Northwest Passage is an international strait open to shipping.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Voyage
Conversely, the Canadian government opinion was that the passage was within Canada's border. Still, Canada was notified of the impending voyage and decided to cooperate with the Americans so as not to prejudice each state's legal position amidst a climate already made tense by the Cold War. Hence, it provided Canadian observers that were to stay aboard the ship for its entire resupply operation. As plans for the icebreaker's voyage became public, controversy arose in parliament with sides claiming the icebreaker's voyage would violate sovereignty while others stated it did not and called the argument "deliberately anti-American".


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Controversy
Weighted against the strategic and economic interests in maintaining the status quo, it was deemed that the political risks incurred by the voyage of Polar Sea in 1985 were worth taking so it was decided that Polar Sea should proceed.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Controversy
The magnitude of the reaction was underestimated and pressures from the public opinion on the Mulroney government forced it to take preventive measures. First were the Inuit populations of the region who were concerned about the risks that an unregulated commercial passage would threaten their livelihood and compromise their ethnic integrity. Then, nationalists groups further increased pressure on the government through editorials in the press and public protests. One group even announced plans during the Polar Sea voyage to place Canadian flags across the path of the icebreaker.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Controversy
This actual plan was not carried out but Canadian students and Inuit activists managed to drop leaflets in a cylinder wrapped with a Canadian Flag onto the deck of the ship near Melville Island. Their message requested that the crew return the icebreaker to international waters. Finally, the Soviet diplomacy spoke in support of the public outcry by stating that it believed in Canada's right to sovereignty on its Northwest passage just like the USSR believed the Northeast Passage belonged to them.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Controversy
The U.S did not at the time recognize Canada's rights to the Northwest Passage. Interviewed following the USSR's statement, the Bureau of European and Canadian Affairs simply replied that it"can only repeat that the U.S. government believes the same navigational principles to apply to both passages. They are international straits. To say more than that would be speculative." In alignment with its foreign policy and as mandated by its geographical situation, the United States had consistently defended its right under international law to transit international straits and routes. Even when it formally ended its advocacy of the three-mile limit in 1971, it urged the United Nations Committee on Peaceful use of the Seabed to agree upon a twelve mile limit except when it changed the character of international straits.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, Canada's reaction
In a storm of critics and letters at the government's insufficient icebreaker fleet and lenient attitude together with the increasing concern that the voyage would undermine Canada's sovereignty and set a precedent, the Mulroney government decided to take action. On 10 September 1985, invoking historic title as the basis for its claims, an order in council was passed that established straight baselines around the outer perimeter of the country, thereby affirming the Northwest Passage to be Canadian waters while vowing to enforce the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act. Promises of increased naval and air patrolling were made; notably a program termed the Polar 8 Project was also announced which proposed the construction of new class of high endurance icebreakers. That program was eventually canceled in 1990 due to budget cuts.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, U.S. position
This order contradicted the U.S. ocean's policy and was disapproved of on the basis of its unilateralism and its restrictions on the rights and freedom of the international community in navigation and flight of the high seas. Moreover, the U.S. had not ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 which Canada used in claiming new baselines for its coasts.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, U.S. position
However, the rising concern of new generation Soviet nuclear submarine capability along with Canada's intention to build its own fleet of such vessels and potentially interfering with American presence in the area prompted for a quick resolution of this issue. It was the Pentagon's view that an increased assertion of Canada's sovereignty in the north would compromise its ability to deploy forces for the defense of Europe.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, Agreement
On 11 January 1988, the U.S. secretary of state George Shultz and the Canadian Foreign secretary Joe Clark signed the Agreement on Arctic Cooperation. The two key clauses of this agreement were as follows:


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, Agreement
This agreement being de facto rather than de jure, it held no ground on international law. Nevertheless, it was the opinion of Canadian officials that any U.S. request for passage would only bolster Canada's argument for sovereignty should the issue come before an international court. The U.S. were diligent in honoring their word, requesting passage under this agreement for USCGC Polar Star in October 1988 when she was barred by an early surge of ice, preventing her return to her home port of Seattle through the Bering Strait.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Aftermath, Agreement
Regarding the U.S. cooperation in solving this diplomatic predicament, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney pointed out that "One of the great ironies of the position taken by the United States, if followed to its logical conclusion, is that it could lead to much further freedom of navigation in the Arctic for the Soviets."


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Today
As of 2020, Canada's sovereignty over the region's waters is still a contentious issue. Many other potential infringements of Canada's territorial claims (especially by military vessels, which sometimes operate under secrecy) were committed after the controversy. Despite this, the U.S. Coast Guard has remained respectful of the agreement resulting from the controversy, which has helped to foster cooperation with the Canadian coast guard in protecting the interests of the two countries in the Arctic and solving this dispute once and for all.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Today
This cooperation notably includes an ongoing joint program with the goal of gathering geological data that could help in delineating the continental shelf. This data would in turn help towards the preparation of a submission to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf for 2013 with the intention of fixing precise limits on where Canada may exercise sovereignty in the region.


1985 Polar Sea controversy, Today
Technological advances and a changing security environment made the sovereignty issue fall out of the spotlight in both countries, but recently, there has been renewed interest due to climate change making passage more accessible to commercial ships and oil drilling easier. As a result, Canada is seeing an upraise in political will towards international recognition of its rights over the region.


1985 Polish legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 13 October 1985. According to the Constitution of 1952 the elections should have been held every 4 years, that is in the spring of 1984, but since the internal political situation was still considered "unstable" even after the repealing in 1983 of the Martial Law, the Sejm voted to extend its own term at first indefinitely (on February 13, 1984) and then until August 31, 1985 (on December 3, 1984), fixing the elections to be held not beyond the end of 1985.


1985 Polish legislative election
As was the case in previous elections, only candidates approved by the Communist regime (coalesced under the Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth, replacing the similar Front of National Unity) were permitted on the ballot. The outcome was thus not in doubt, nevertheless the regime was hoping for a high turnout, which it could then claim as evidence of strong support for the government among the population. The opposition from the Solidarity movement called for a boycott of the elections. According to official figures 78.9% of the electorate turned out to vote. This turnout, while relatively high, was much lower than the nearly 100% turnout which was reported in previous elections.


1985 Polish legislative election
It was the last election in Communist Poland in which no real opposition candidates were allowed to participate. The following election in 1989, in which opposition parties could put up candidates for a portion of the seats, resulted in a convincing opposition victory followed by the downfall of the Communist system.


1985 Polish legislative election, TV Solidarity incident
In 1985, four college students at University of Toruń used a computer to hijack the signal of multiple state-owned television stations. They placed propagandist messages on the screen in an attempt  to get the viewer to boycott the elections.


1985 Polish legislative election, TV Solidarity incident
Enough price increases, lies, and repressions. Solidarity Toruń. It is our duty to boycott the election.


1985 Polish legislative election, Results
The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1985 election were duplicating, exactly, the results of the 1965 to 1972 elections, which were only marginally different from those of the preceding years.


1985 Polish legislative election, Results
As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total.


1985 Polish legislative election, Post-elections
Shortly after the elections, Jaruzelski resigned as prime minister and defence minister and became the Chairman of the Polish Council of State — a post equivalent to that of head of state of Poland. However, his power centered on and firmly entrenched in his coterie of "LWP" generals and lower ranks officers of the Polish Communist Army.


1985 Pontins Professional
The 1985 Pontins Professional was the twelfth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1985 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1985 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 9 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 11 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1985 Pontins Professional
Terry Griffiths won the event for the second time, beating John Spencer 9–7 in the final.


1985 Porsche Classic
The 1985 Porsche Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts in Filderstadt, West Germany that was part of the 1985 WTA Tour. It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from 14 October through 20 October 1985. First-seeded Pam Shriver won the singles title and earned $32,000 first-prize money.


1985 Porsche Classic, Finals, Doubles
Hana Mandlíková /  Pam Shriver defeated  Carina Karlsson /  Tine Scheuer-Larsen 6–2, 6–1


1985 Portuguese Grand Prix
The 1985 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held in Estoril on 21 April 1985. It was the second round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship and was won by Ayrton Senna from pole position, taking both his first pole position and win in the process. Senna demonstrated his proficiency in wet racing by finishing the race at least one lap ahead of every car except second-place finisher Michele Alboreto.


1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, Report, Race
Jonathan Palmer was the first driver to retire, and was able to bring his Zakspeed into the pits and retire with suspension problems. Wet weather caused spinouts frequently early in the race. Philippe Alliot retired trackside for this reason on lap 3. François Hesnault retired trackside with an electrical problem on the same lap.