1985 Lisburn Borough Council election
Elections to Lisburn Borough Council were held on 15 May 1985 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 28 councillors.


1985 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Downshire
1985: 3 x UUP, 3 x DUP, 1 x Alliance


1985 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Dunmurry Cross
1985: 2 x Sinn Féin, 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance


1985 Lisburn Borough Council election, Districts results, Lisburn Town
1985: 4 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance


1985 Little League World Series
The 1985 Little League World Series took place between August 20 and August 24 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The National Little League of Seoul, South Korea, defeated the Mexicali Little League of Mexicali, Mexico, in the championship game of the 39th Little League World Series.


1985 Little League World Series
This is the only Championship Game that featured two non-United States teams, as the team from Mexico represented the West Region of the United States. Seoul became the second team to repeat as LLWS champions, joining Monterrey, Mexico, who won in 1957 and 1958.


1985 Livingston Open
The 1985 Livingston Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at Newark Academy in Livingston, New Jersey in the United States from July 22 through July 29, 1985. Second-seeded Brad Gilbert won the singles title.


1985 Livingston Open, Finals, Doubles
Mike De Palmer /  Peter Doohan defeated  Eddie Edwards /  Danie Visser 6–3, 6–4


1985 Livingston Open – Doubles
Scott Davis and Ben Testerman were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1985 Livingston Open – Doubles
Mike De Palmer and Peter Doohan won the title, defeating Eddie Edwards and Danie Visser 6–3, 6–4 in the final.


1985 Livingston Open – Singles
Johan Kriek was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals this year.


1985 Livingston Open – Singles
Brad Gilbert won the title, defeating Brian Teacher 4–6, 7–5, 6–0 in the final.


1985 Liège bombing
On 6 December 1985, a bomb exploded in Palais de Justice, the main courthouse of the city of Liège in Belgium. The explosion took place shortly before hundreds of lawyers including Belgian Justice Minister Jean Gol would attend a swearing-in ceremony. The bomb severely damaged three floors and collapsed the ceiling of the 16th century palace. Philippe Balis, a 20-year-old law student, was killed in the blast.


1985 Liège bombing
The attack took place just hours after Communist Combatant Cells terrorists bombed a NATO pipeline in Oudenaarde, a place in Flanders, and in France. However the courthouse and pipeline attacks were not linked.


1985 Liège bombing, Perpetrator
Jean-Michel Systermans, a lawyer in his fifties, was arrested on 16 June 1987 after three bombs were discovered in a bank vault under his name. Systermans was previously suspended from the Conseil de l'Ordre in 1980 and afterwards sentenced for embezzlement and then forgery, before carrying out his attack on the courthouse. At court accused of manslaughter, Systermans confessed that he was the perpetrator of the bombing. Systermans had previously been the lawyer of several Liège arms dealers. He was sentenced to death in 1991 (although the last execution in the country was back in 1950) and later got a prison sentence. His accomplice, Francis Reynders, was sentenced to life.


1985 Liège bombing, Perpetrator
In 2000 Systermans was released on parole from the detention centre.


1985 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1985 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 71st edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 21 April 1985. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Moreno Argentin of the Sammontana–Bianchi team.


1985 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet
The 1985 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet was the 6th edition of the Catalan Basketball League.


1985 Lombard regional election
The Lombard regional election of 1985 took place on 12 May 1985. The 4th term of the Regional Council was chosen.


1985 Lombard regional election, Electoral law
Election was held under proportional representation with provincial constituencies where the largest remainder method with a Droop quota was used. To ensure more proportionality, remained votes and seats were transferred at regional level and calculated at-large.


1985 Lombard regional election, Results
The Christian Democracy party was by far the largest party, despite a slight decline in term of votes. After the election Giuseppe Guzzetti was re-elected president for the third time at the head of a center-left coalition comprising also the PSI, the PSDI, the PLI and the PRI. In 1986 Guzzetti was replaced by Bruno Tabacci, to whom Giuseppe Giovenzana succeeded in 1989.


1985 London Marathon
The 1985 London Marathon was the fifth running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 21 April. The elite men's race was won by home athlete Steve Jones in a time of 2:08:16 hours and the women's race was won by Norway's Ingrid Kristiansen in 2:21:06. Kristiansen's time was a marathon world record, knocking over a minute and a half off Joan Benoit's previous mark.


1985 London Marathon
In the wheelchair races, Britain's Chris Hallam (2:19:53) and Ireland's Kay McShane (2:47:12) set course records in the men's and women's divisions, respectively.


1985 London Marathon
Around 83,000 people applied to enter the race, of which 22,274 had their applications accepted and 17,500 started the race. A total of 15,873 runners finished the race.


1985 Long Beach State 49ers football team
The 1985 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State University, Long Beach during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1985 Long Beach State 49ers football team
Cal State Long Beach competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by second-year head coach Mike Sheppard, and played home games at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California. They finished the season with a record of six wins and six losses (6–6, 4–3 PCAA).


1985 Long Beach State 49ers football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their Cal State Long Beach career in 1985, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1985 Lorraine Open
The 1985 Lorraine Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Nancy, France, and was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. The tournament took place from 18 March through 24 March 1985. First-seeded Tim Wilkison won the singles title.


1985 Lorraine Open, Finals, Doubles
Marcel Freeman /  Rodney Harmon defeated  Jaroslav Navrátil /  Jonas Svensson 6–4, 7–6


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1985 Los Angeles Dodgers won the National League West before losing to the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League Championship Series. Fernando Valenzuela set a major league record for most consecutive innings at the start of a season without allowing an earned run (41).


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, National League Championship Series
The Dodgers faced the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1985 NLCS, the first year the championship series was in a "Best of seven" format. Jack Clark hit a 450-foot home run off Dodger closer Tom Niedenfuer to win game six and the NLCS for the Cardinals. With an open base, Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda was second guessed for not walking Clark, the only big power threat in the Cardinal line-up. Niedenfuer also gave up a walk-off home run to Ozzie Smith in game five contributing to Smith winning the NLCS MVP Award.


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The Dodgers drafted 37 players in the June draft and 16 in the January draft. Of those, six players would eventually play in the Major Leagues. They received an extra pick in the 2nd round of the June draft as compensation for losing pitcher Burt Hooton as a free agent.


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The first pick in the June draft was outfielder Chris Gwynn from San Diego State. The brother of Hall of Famer Tony Gwynn, he would play 10 seasons in the Majors (7 of them with the Dodgers), primarily as a pinch hitter/backup outfielder. He hit .261 in 599 Major League games.


1985 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The draft also included outfielder Mike Devereaux (round 5), who was briefly a starter with the Baltimore Orioles in the early 90s but was primarily a reserve, and relief pitcher John Wetteland (2nd round of the January secondary draft) who saved 330 games in 12 seasons (with the Dodgers, Expos, Yankees and Rangers).


1985 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The 11th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards were announced on 14 December 1985 and given on 23 January 1986.


1985 Los Angeles Raiders season
The 1985 Los Angeles Raiders season was their 26th in the league. They improved upon their previous season's output of 11–5, winning 12 games. The team qualified for the playoffs for the fourth straight season. Two close victories over Denver towards the end of the season gave Los Angeles the division title, while Denver missed the playoffs despite an 11-5 record.


1985 Los Angeles Raiders season, MVP
Running Back Marcus Allen earned the 1985 league MVP with Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears finishing as the runner-up. Allen started all 16 games and caught 67 passes for 2,314 total yards (1,759 rushing yards) and 14 total touchdowns (11 rushing touchdowns). His longest run was 61 yards, his longest reception was 44 yards, and he ran for 4.6 yards per carry. He also completed 1 of 2 passes for 16 yards for zero touchdowns.


1985 Los Angeles Raiders season, Pro Bowlers
The 1985 Raiders had four players make it to the Pro Bowl. They were Marcus Allen, Todd Christensen, Mike Haynes, and Howie Long.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1985 Los Angeles Rams season was the franchise's 48th season in the National Football League and their 40th in the Greater Los Angeles Area.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season
In the playoffs, the Rams shut out the Dallas Cowboys 20–0 in the Divisional playoffs, advancing to the NFC Championship Game, but were shutout themselves by the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears 0–24. Eric Dickerson rushed for 1,234 yards in 1985 while missing the first two games while in a contract dispute. He missed the Pro Bowl for the first time in his short NFL career. He did, however, go on to rush for a playoff record 248 yards against the Dallas Cowboys in post-season play.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season
It was also the last time the Rams would win an NFC West divisional title when based in Los Angeles until 2017, and the last NFC West title until 1999 while they were in St. Louis.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 1
Rams overcame 2 touchdown passes by John Elway with a late comeback led by "old" rookie QB Dieter Brock, who passed for 174 yards and a touchdown in his first NFL start. Backup RB Charles White ran for the winning touchdown in place of holdout Eric Dickerson.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2
Rams defense sacked Randall Cunningham 5 times and picked off 4 passes and White ran for 144 yards and a touchdown. Henry Ellard added an 80-yard punt return touchdown.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3
Dickerson celebrated the end of his holdout by rushing for 150 yards and 3 touchdowns in this Monday Night matchup.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4
Rams continued to dominate on defense and Brock passed for two touchdowns.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 6
In a nip-and-tuck game, the Rams had two interception return touchdowns in the second half, by LB Carl Ekern and the winning touchdown by CB Leroy Irvin.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 7
Dickerson ran for a touchdown and Mike Lansford kicked three FG's. Rams' opportunistic defense intercepted Todd Blackledge six times. Brock passed for only 68 yards.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 8
Rams were knocked from the unbeaten ranks at home as their offensive failures came back to haunt them. Joe Montana passed for 3 touchdowns and led the 49ers to a 28–0 lead. Brock passed for 344 yards (most of them late) and two late touchdowns.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 9
Rams were totally dominant at home as Brock passed for 2 touchdowns and Dickerson (108 yards rushing) and White each had a touchdown run. Rams picked off 3 passes and had nine QB sacks.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 10
Giants fought back from a 16–7 early 2nd half deficit behind 2 touchdown runs by Joe Morris.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 11
Surprising blowout by the 1–9 Falcons behind three rushing touchdowns by Gerald Riggs and a Falcons' defense that held the Rams to only 45 yards rushing.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 12
Dickerson had 150 yards and a touchdown, but the real hero was Olympic sprinter-turned-WR Ron Brown. Brown returned two kickoffs for touchdowns and caught a touchdown pass.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13
Saints got their revenge for the earlier blowout by sacking Brock nine times and recovering 3 fumbles. Bobby Hebert passed for a touchdown and LB Jack Del Rio returned a fumble for another. || Louisiana Superdome


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 14
In this road Monday Night matchup, the 49ers looked to be in control until Henry Ellard scored on a tipped pass and CB Gary Green returned an interception for the winning points. Montana passed for 328 yards and 3 touchdowns. The Rams clinched a playoff spot with the win.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 15
Brock picked the right time to have his best game as a Ram as the Rams clinched their first NFC West Division crown since 1979. Brock passed for 4 touchdowns, Dickerson ran for 124 yards and two more, and the Rams rolled up 425 yards of offense.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 16
In a somewhat lackluster performance at home on Monday Night, the Rams could only muster two FG's and Brock was sacked 6 times.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Playoffs, Divisional
Running back Eric Dickerson led the Rams to a victory by scoring two touchdowns and recording a playoff record 248 rushing yards. After the first half ended with a 3–0 Los Angeles lead, Dickerson scored on a 55-yard touchdown run early in the third period. On the ensuing kickoff, Kenny Duckett fumbled, and the ball was recovered by Vince Newsome to set up kicker Mike Lansford's second field goal. In the fourth period, Tony Hunter recovered a fumbled punt to set up Dickerson's 40-yard rushing touchdown. The Rams' defense dominated the Cowboys' offense all afternoon as the Cowboys never got inside the Rams' 20-yard-line. This was the last home playoff game for the Rams in Los Angeles until 2017. This was also the last playoff game in which Tom Landry coached.


1985 Los Angeles Rams season, Playoffs, Conference Championship
The Bears defense dominated the game by limiting Rams running back Eric Dickerson to 46 yards rushing, and holding quarterback Dieter Brock to just 10 completions out of 31 pass attempts for 66 passing yards. Los Angeles only gained 130 yards of total offense. The Rams had a chance to get back in the game as they got inside the Bears' 15-yard line in the waning moments of the first half, but poor play calling and clock management, as well as a controversial call by the officials on the last play of the half, resulted in the clock running out. Officials' ability to review plays (via instant replay) was not made available until the following season.


1985 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1985 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on April 9, 1985. Incumbent Tom Bradley was re-elected.


1985 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1985 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana Tech University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their third year under head coach A. L. Williams, the team compiled an 8–3 record.


1985 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1985 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cardinals, led by first-year head coach Howard Schnellenberger, participated as independents and played their home games at Cardinal Stadium.


1985 Louth County Council election
An election to Louth County Council took place on 20 June 1985 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from six electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1985 Luquan earthquake
The 1985 Luquan earthquake occurred on April 18, 1985, at 13:52 local time (05:52 UTC). The epicenter was near Luquan County, Yunnan, China. Research showed that the source of this earthquake was Zeyi Fault (则邑断层). 22 people were killed and more than 300 injured in this earthquake.


1985 Luton riot
The 1985 Luton riot occurred before, during and after a 1984–85 FA Cup sixth-round football match between Luton Town and Millwall on 13 March 1985 at Luton Town's Kenilworth Road ground in Luton, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom. It was one of the worst incidents of football hooliganism during the 1980s, and led to a ban on away supporters by Luton Town which lasted for four seasons. This itself led to Luton's expulsion from the Football League Cup during the 1986–87 season. The club also began to enforce a membership card scheme, which Margaret Thatcher's government attempted to have adopted at grounds across England. Kenilworth Road was damaged, along with the surrounding area, and a year later was converted to an all-seater stadium.


1985 Luton riot, Background
Millwall's association with football hooliganism became strongly apparent with their rise in the English game during the 1980s. Millwall's Bushwackers were already one of the most notorious hooligan firms in the country by 1985, while Luton Town had their own fringe of hooligans in the MIGs. The Den, home of Millwall, had been the scene of a riot seven years earlier, when during another FA Cup sixth-round match against Ipswich Town, Millwall-aligned hooligans had injured dozens of their own club's supporters. Following the incident, the opinion of Ipswich manager Bobby Robson was that "[the police] should have turned the flamethrowers on them".


1985 Luton riot, Background
When George Graham had been appointed manager halfway through the 1982–83 season, Millwall had been bottom of the then third-tier Third Division and battling relegation to the Fourth Division; however, by the time of this FA Cup sixth-round match at First Division Luton Town's Kenilworth Road ground on 13 March 1985, they were challenging for promotion to the second tier. Luton had beaten their arch-rivals Watford in the previous round without incident, while Millwall had upset the odds with a 2–0 home victory over top-flight Leicester City. On the day of the match, Luton were second from bottom of the top division, while Millwall were third in the third tier.


1985 Luton riot, Background
Although Luton were asked by Millwall to make the Wednesday night match all-ticket, the warning was not heeded. A disproportionately large away following, twice the size of Millwall's average home gate, arrived on the day of the game, and by 5.00 p.m. pubs and newsagents around the town were having windows smashed as the police struggled to cope. The Kenilworth Stand, at that time still a vast terrace, was reserved for the away supporters that night.


1985 Luton riot, Background
It was overflowing by 7.00 p.m. – 45 minutes before kick-off – with spectators even perched on the scoreboard supports after the turnstiles had been broken down. Ten minutes later, officers of the Bedfordshire Police were helpless as hundreds of visitors scaled the fences in front of the stand to rush down the pitch towards Luton's supporters in the packed Oak Road End. A hail of bottles, cans, nails and coins saw the home supporters fleeing up the terraces, but their numbers, still growing as fans entered the stand, meant that there was little they could do to avoid the missiles.


1985 Luton riot, Background
The players came out to warm up, and almost immediately vanished back up the tunnel. The rioters then set upon the Bobbers Stand, ripping out seats and brandishing them as weapons. A message appeared on the stadium's electronic scoreboard, stating that the match would not start until they returned to their allocated area, but this was ignored; an appeal from Graham over the ground's loudspeaker also had no effect. It was only when Graham appeared on the sideline that the spectators finally returned to the Kenilworth Stand.


1985 Luton riot, Background
Even after this some managed to find their way into the Main Stand, where isolated fights broke out and more seats were removed. The arrival of police dogs helped to clear the pitch; the match began on time, with many watching from atop the Bobbers Stand after climbing the floodlight pylons.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
Luton started the match, kicking towards the Millwall supporters. After only fourteen minutes, the match was halted as the visiting fans began to riot again. The referee took both teams off for twenty-five minutes, before bringing them back on to complete the match. Brian Stein put Luton ahead on thirty-one minutes, and the home side led by this score at half-time; when Luton continued to lead the match as it entered its final stages, the fear became that the pitch may be invaded once more in order to have the match abandoned and therefore prevent a Millwall defeat.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
Fans attempted to disrupt the match, but extra police managed to keep control. Some seats were removed, and one of these was thrown and hit a match steward in the head. Luton goalkeeper Les Sealey, who had to stand in front of the Millwall fans during the second half, received a missile to the head, and a knife was also found in the goalmouth after the game.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
Following the final whistle, and a 1–0 victory for Luton, the visiting fans invaded the pitch. Both Luton and Millwall players sprinted for the dressing room as fast as they could – one hooligan rushed towards Luton coach Trevor Hartley, and tried to grab him, but Hartley managed to wriggle free and race towards the tunnel after the players. The hooligans made for the Bobbers Stand once more, and started to tear seats out as the fences at the front of the stand were forced down.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
The seats ripped from the stand were hurled onto the pitch towards the police, who started to fall back, before regrouping and charging in waves, batons drawn. Gradually the police started to win the battle, at which point the hooligans started to take seats from the Main Stand and throw them like "makeshift plastic spears". The police were not without casualties – of the 81 people injured, almost half of them were policemen. Sergeant Colin Cooke was caught in the centre circle and stricken on the head with a concrete block. He stopped breathing, but PC Phil Evans resuscitated him while being punched, kicked and hit himself by the concrete.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
As a life-long Millwall supporter I could stand in disbelief as I watched the riots and I felt like crying. Children around me clung to their parents in fear; women and pensioners vowed never to go to a football match again… The scenes before me were ones of open bloody warfare… I was reminded of the Brixton riots. As a true Millwall fan it was impossible not to feel shame, not to feel sorrow for the game of football. And not to despair at how low life had sunk; for these were not fans, they were not people, they were animals.


1985 Luton riot, Match events
The carnage continued through the town, as a battle between the mob and the police developed, leaving smashed cars, shops and homes in its wake. When the situation was brought back under control, thirty-one men were arrested and taken to Luton Magistrates' Court the following morning. The majority of the thirty-one identified themselves as supporters of teams other than Millwall, most notably Chelsea and West Ham United.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath
Despite having reached an FA Cup semi-final, Luton manager David Pleat was left "feeling empty". Luton were defeated by Everton 2–1 at Villa Park after extra-time following a 1–1 stalemate. However, their league form improved so much that they finished 13th in the First Division. Eventually finishing second in the third tier, Millwall won promotion to the Second Division only six weeks later.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath
The Football Association (or The FA) commissioned an inquiry, which concluded that it was "not satisfied that Millwall F.C. took all reasonable precautions in accordance with the requirements of FA Rule 31(A)(II)." A £7,500 fine was levied against Millwall, though this was withdrawn on appeal. The penalty that Millwall faced was perhaps that the club's name was now "synonymous with everything that was bad in football and society". Luton Town were ordered to construct fences around their ground, a decision that was also reversed. Chelsea chairman Ken Bates claimed that he intended to erect electric fences at Stamford Bridge to avert such an incident at his club.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath
Luton Town announced a £1 million overhaul of Kenilworth Road soon after – the club would spend £350,000 on a new artificial pitch that summer, and £650,000 on converting the ground to an all-seater. Work on the stands began during the summer of 1986, but was not finished until 2005.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath
There have been many incidents of football hooliganism among Millwall fans since this incident. On 9 January 1988, forty-one Millwall fans were arrested at Highbury after a disturbance at an FA Cup third-round game which was quickly labelled by the public and media as "The Battle of Highbury".


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath
Millwall relocated to The New Den in 1993, and the end of their first season there was marred by a First Division play-off semi-final defeat and a series of pitch invasions by Millwall fans, as well as alleged racial chanting at opposition Derby County's two black players which led to them both being substituted. In May 2002, fifty police officers were injured when Millwall hooligans clashed with police in a Division One play-off semi-defeat by Birmingham City.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath, Membership scheme and ban on visiting supporters
The Luton Town chairman, David Evans, reacted by imposing a ban on all away supporters from Kenilworth Road from the start of the 1986–87 season. A club membership scheme was also introduced: Luton Town supporters' personal details were taken by the club and all fans would be required to carry their membership cards to be admitted to matches. The football hooliganism "War Cabinet", set up following the incident by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government, attempted to have such schemes adopted by clubs nationwide without success.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath, Membership scheme and ban on visiting supporters
The first match of the identity card scheme was the First Division match against Southampton on 26 August 1986. The Football League insisted that Luton relax the ban for League Cup matches, but when Evans refused to allow Cardiff City fans to visit Kenilworth Road for their second-round tie, the club was banned from the competition for that season. The FA announced that Luton would be allowed to maintain their ban on visiting supporters in the FA Cup, but also that they would allow other clubs to ban away support from Luton.


1985 Luton riot, Aftermath, Membership scheme and ban on visiting supporters
In response, Luton eased the ban slightly – 500 tickets would be given to certain clubs, with this number doubling should the match pass without incident. The suspension of away support continued for four seasons, and, from a policing standpoint, was a success – during its enforcement, not one arrest was made either inside or outside the ground. Despite this, and the support of Bedfordshire Police for the scheme, Luton Town repealed the ban before the start of the 1990–91 season.


1985 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic
The 1985 Maybelline Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Bonaventure Racquet Club in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the sixth and last edition of the tournament and was held from September 30 through October 6, 1985. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won her second consecutive singles title at the event.


1985 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic, Finals, Doubles
Gigi Fernández /  Robin White defeated  Rosalyn Fairbank /  Beverly Mould 6–2, 7–5


1985 MOVE bombing
The 1985 MOVE bombing refers to the May 13, 1985, incident in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, when the Philadelphia Police Department bombed a residential home occupied by the militant black group MOVE, and the Philadelphia Fire Department let the subsequent fire burn out of control following a standoff and firefight. A lawsuit in federal court found that the city used excessive force and violated constitutional rights against unreasonable search and seizure. Sixty-one homes were burned to the ground over two city blocks.


1985 MOVE bombing, Background
In 1981, MOVE relocated to a row house at 6221 Osage Avenue in the Cobbs Creek area of West Philadelphia. Neighbors complained to the city for years about trash around their building, confrontations with neighbors, and bullhorn announcements of political messages by MOVE members. The bullhorn was broken and inoperable for the three weeks prior to the police bombing of the row house.


1985 MOVE bombing, Background
The police obtained arrest warrants in 1985 charging four MOVE occupants with crimes including parole violations, contempt of court, illegal possession of firearms, and making terroristic threats. Mayor Wilson Goode and police commissioner Gregore J. Sambor classified MOVE as a terrorist organization. Police evacuated residents of the area from the neighborhood prior to their action. Residents were told that they would be able to return to their homes after a 24-hour period.


1985 MOVE bombing, Incident
On Monday, May 13, 1985, nearly 500 police officers, along with city manager Leo Brooks, arrived in force and attempted to clear the building and execute the arrest warrants. Water and electricity were shut off in order to force MOVE members out of the house. Commissioner Sambor read a long speech addressed to MOVE members that started with, "Attention MOVE: This is America. You have to abide by the laws of the United States." When the MOVE members did not respond, the police decided to forcibly remove the people who remained in house, which consisted of seven adults and six children.


1985 MOVE bombing, Incident
There was an armed standoff with police, who lobbed tear gas canisters at the building. The MOVE members fired at them, and a gunfight with semi-automatic and automatic firearms ensued. Police used more than 10,000 rounds of ammunition before Commissioner Sambor ordered that the compound be bombed. From a Pennsylvania State Police helicopter, Philadelphia Police Department Lt. Frank Powell proceeded to drop two 1-pound (0.5 kg) bombs (which the police referred to as "entry devices") made of FBI-supplied Tovex, a dynamite substitute, targeting a fortified, bunker-like cubicle on the roof of the house.


1985 MOVE bombing, Incident
The ensuing fire killed 11 of the people in the house, six adults and five children. The names of those killed in the fire are as follows: John Africa, Rhonda Africa, Theresa Africa, Frank Africa, Conrad Africa, Tree Africa, Delisha Africa, Netta Africa, Little Phil Africa, Tomaso Africa, and Raymond Africa. The fire spread and eventually destroyed approximately 65 nearby houses. After the fire broke out, firefighters were held back and the high powered water cannons at their disposal, called "squirts", were not turned on until one and a half hours after the bomb was dropped.


1985 MOVE bombing, Incident
Mayor Goode later testified at a 1996 trial that he had ordered the fire to be put out only after the bunker had burned. Sambor said he received the order, but the fire commissioner testified that he did not receive the order. Ramona Africa, one of the two MOVE survivors from the house, said that police fired at those trying to escape.


1985 MOVE bombing, Aftermath
Mayor Goode appointed an investigative commission called the Philadelphia Special Investigation Commission (PSIC, aka MOVE Commission), chaired by William H. Brown, III. Commissioner Sambor resigned in November 1985; in a speech the following year, he said that he was made a "surrogate" by Goode.


1985 MOVE bombing, Aftermath
The MOVE Commission issued its report on March 6, 1986. The report denounced the actions of the city government, stating that dropping a bomb on an occupied row house was unconscionable. Following the release of the report, Goode made a formal public apology. No one from the city government was criminally charged in the attack. The only surviving adult MOVE member, Ramona Africa, refused to testify in court and was charged and convicted on charges of riot and conspiracy; served seven years in prison.


1985 MOVE bombing, Aftermath
In 1996, a federal jury ordered the city to pay a $1.5 million civil suit judgment to survivor Ramona Africa and relatives of two people killed in the bombing. The jury had found that the city used excessive force and violated the members' constitutional protections against unreasonable search and seizure. Ramona was awarded $500,000 for the pain, suffering and physical harm suffered in the fire. In 1985, Philadelphia was given the sobriquet "The City that Bombed Itself".


1985 MOVE bombing, Aftermath
In 2005, federal judge Clarence Charles Newcomer presided over a civil trial brought by residents seeking damages for having been displaced by the widespread destruction following the 1985 police bombing of MOVE. A jury awarded them a $12.83 million verdict against the City of Philadelphia.


1985 MOVE bombing, Aftermath
In November 2020, the Philadelphia City Council approved a resolution to formally apologize for the MOVE bombing. The measure also established an annual day of "observation, reflection and recommitment" on May 13, the anniversary of the bombing.


1985 MOVE bombing, Use of human remains from the bombings
Since the bombing, the bones of two children, 14-year-old Tree and 12-year-old Delisha, were kept at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. In 2021, WHYY-TV's Billy Penn revealed that according to the museum, the remains had been transferred to researchers at Princeton University, though the university was unaware of their exact whereabouts.


1985 MOVE bombing, Use of human remains from the bombings
The remains had been used by Janet Monge, an adjunct professor in anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and a visiting professor in the same subject at Princeton University, in videos for an online forensics course named “Real Bones: Adventures in Forensic Anthropology,” as case studies. Present-day MOVE members were shocked to learn this, with Mike Africa Jr. stating “They were bombed, and burned alive ... and now you wanna keep their bones.”


1985 MOVE bombing, Use of human remains from the bombings
The city stated the remains had gone unclaimed by the families after the bombing, but in May 2021, the city of Philadelphia's Health Commissioner, Thomas Farley, resigned under pressure after it was revealed that in 2017 he ordered the cremation and disposal of victims' remains without either identifying them or contacting members of the family. A day after Farley's resignation staff at the Medical Examiner’s Office found the box labeled “MOVE” in a refrigerated area of their office containing the un-cremated remains. Mike Africa Jr stated that the Africa family have not yet decided what to do with the remains.


1985 MTV Video Music Awards
The 1985 MTV Video Music Awards aired live on September 13, 1985, honoring the best music videos from May 2, 1984, to May 1, 1985. The show was hosted by Eddie Murphy at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.


1985 MTV Video Music Awards
Don Henley was the night's biggest winner, taking home four Moonmen, including Video of the Year. In fact, his video for "The Boys of Summer" was also the year's most nominated video, receiving seven nominations in total. Meanwhile, David Lee Roth turned out to be the most nominated artist that night, receiving eight nominations for two of his videos:  five for "Just a Gigolo/I Ain't Got Nobody" and three for "California Girls." Nevertheless, Roth came out of the ceremony empty-handed that night.


1985 MTV Video Music Awards
Other major nominees included Lindsey Buckingham, Bryan Adams, Eurythmics, Madonna, and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Buckingham tied with Don Henley with seven nominations:  three for "Slow Dancing" and four for "Go Insane." Right after him came six-time nominee Adams, who received five nominations for "Run to You" and one for "Heaven." Lastly, Madonna, Eurythmics, and Petty received five nominations apiece:  Madonna split her nominations between "Like a Virgin" (three) and "Material Girl" (two), while Tom Petty and Eurythmics received all five nominations for "Don't Come Around Here No More" and "Would I Lie to You?," respectively.


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Female Video
Tina Turner – "What's Love Got to Do with It"


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Stage Performance in a Video
Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – "Dancing in the Dark"


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Direction in a Video
Don Henley – "The Boys of Summer" (Director: Jean-Baptiste Mondino)


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Choreography in a Video
Elton John – "Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (Choreographer: David Atkins)


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Special Effects in a Video
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers – "Don't Come Around Here No More" (Special Effects: Tony Mitchell, Kathy Dougherty and Peter Cohen)


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Art Direction in a Video
Don Henley – "The Boys of Summer" (Art Director: Bryan Jones)


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Editing in a Video
Art of Noise – "Close (to the Edit)" (Editor: Zbigniew Rybczyński)


1985 MTV Video Music Awards, Nominations, Best Cinematography in a Video
Don Henley – "The Boys of Summer" (Director of Photography: Pascal Lebègue)


1985 Macau Grand Prix
The 1985 Macau Grand Prix Formula Three was the 32nd Macau Grand Prix race to be held on the streets of Macau on 24 November 1985. It was the second edition for Formula Three cars. The race was won by Brazilian driver Mauricio Gugelmin, driving a Ralt RT30-Volkswagen.


1985 Maccabiah Games
The 1985 12th Maccabiah Games brought over 4,000 athletes to Israel from 37 nations to compete in 28 sports.


1985 Maccabiah Games, History
The Maccabiah Games were first held in 1932. In 1961, they were declared a "Regional Sports Event" by, and under the auspices and supervision of, the International Olympic Committee.


1985 Maccabiah Games, Opening ceremonies
Twenty years after his first appearance in the Maccabiah, Olympic Champion Mark Spitz returned to Israel to carry the Opening Ceremony’s Torch into Ramat Gan Stadium. He was accompanied by Shirli Shapiro, Anok Spitzer, and Shlomit Romano, children of three of the Israelis slain at the 1972 Munich Olympics.


1985 Maccabiah Games, Notable performances
Seven men's and 14 women's records were broken in swimming, with the U.S. team winning all but three of the gold medals in this category. Twelve new men's records and 7 new women's records were broken in track and field.


1985 Maccabiah Games, Notable performances
The U.S. won 109 gold medals, 90 silver medals, and 74 bronze medals, slightly fewer than half of the medals won by all other countries combined.


1985 Maccabiah Games, Notable performances
Canadian Mark Berger, who had won a silver medal at the Olympics the year prior, won a gold medal in judo. American Ken Flax won the gold medal in the hammer throw. American Donna Orender played for, was the oldest player on, and was captain of the Team USA women's basketball team. Israeli Ari Rosenberg won a silver medal in basketball with Team Israel.


1985 Maccabiah Games, Participating communities
The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that community contributed.


1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held in 1985.


1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
These were the elections to the legislative assembly having 320 seats in undivided Madhya Pradesh.


1985 Magherafelt District Council election
Elections to Magherafelt District Council were held on 15 May 1985 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.


1985 Magherafelt District Council election, Districts results, Magherafelt Town
1985: 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Sinn Féin


1985 Magherafelt District Council election, Districts results, Moyola
1985: 2 x DUP, 1 x Sinn Féin, 1 x UUP, 1 x SDLP


1985 Magherafelt District Council election, Districts results, Sperrin
1985: 2 x SDLP, 2 x Sinn Féin, 1 x UUP


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season
The 1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season was the 11th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). Known as Magnolia Quench Plus in the Reinforced Conference.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, Award
Playing-coach Norman Black won Best Import honors in the Open Conference.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, Finals stint
Magnolia Ice Cream Makers, the former Gold Eagle Beermen in the previous year, started the 1985 PBA season with a bang with returning import Norman Black now as the team's playing coach. In the Open Conference, Magnolia battled tremendous odds in reaching the finals with Black leading the charge. Standing only at 6-5, Black outhustled and outwitted opposing imports who were taller than him in steering Magnolia to a best-of-seven finals showdown with powerhouse Great Taste for the first conference crown.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, Finals stint
A decided underdog, Magnolia defied the skeptics and held Great Taste on even terms with two wins apiece before folding up to lose the series in six games. It was the ballclub's second runner-up finish in 11 years as a PBA founding franchise.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, The end of the road
In the Reinforced Conference, Magnolia carry a new product as Quench Plus. After losing their first game to Great Taste by one point, the Thirst Quenchers won seven of their next eight games to overtake Manila Beer on top of the standings. But Magnolia blew hot and cold, dropping their last three matches in the eliminations and lost to Ginebra in the playoff for an outright semifinals berth on October 24. The Thirst Quenchers' 105-93 win over NCC at the start of the quarterfinal round proved to be their last hurrah. Magnolia lost three chances to clinch a semifinals seat when they were beaten by Tanduay Rhum Makers, who played a spoiler's role, and losing twice to Great Taste.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, The end of the road
On October 31, Magnolia took the first three quarters against Great Taste, who were forced to go all-filipino the rest of the way when import Cory Blackwell sprained his left ankle in the second quarter. The Coffee Makers seems all set to bid their grandslam hopes goodbye when things suddenly looked up for them in the fourth quarter when Norman Black fouled out and Magnolia's strength waned. Great Taste won in the end, 106-101. The victory by the Coffee Makers forces a do-or-die playoff game with Magnolia for the last semifinals berth.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, The end of the road
The end of the match saw Magnolia's Biboy Ravanes confronting Chito Loyzaga of Great Taste. Ravanes' teammate Joey Loyzaga tried to pacify the protagonists in the post-game when an irate Rudy Distrito let go a kick that landed on his teammate Joey Loyzaga. GAB representative Caloy Loyzaga, seeing the injustice done to his sons, joined the fracas and hit Distrito. An unidentified spectator fired three shots in the air to halt the commotion. A day later, Distrito, Ravanes and the Loyzagas were summoned to the PBA Commissioner's office. Distrito was given a stiff fine plus a three-game suspension.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, The end of the road
Rudy Distrito serve a suspension meted for sparking a melee and sat out in the knockout game on November 3, the lack of local support for Norman Black was clearly evident in Magnolia's final appearance in the third conference. The depleted-Magnolia lost to Great Taste for the fourth time in the conference, 95-99, to seal its fate as a semifinal outcast.


1985 Magnolia Ice Cream Makers season, Scoring record
October 13: Norman Black scored a career-high 76 points in Magnolia's 119-131 loss to Ginebra San Miguel.


1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election
Maharashtra State Assembly election, 1985 was held in Indian state of Maharashtra in March 1985, to elect 288 members to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.


1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election, Results
Indian National Congress won majority seats in the Assembly, Vasantdada Patil became Chief Minister. Shankarrao Chimaji Jagatap became Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. Sharad Pawar became Leader of the Opposition.


1985 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1985 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first season under head coach Buddy Teevens, the Black Bears compiled a 6–5 record (2–3 against conference opponents) and tied for third out of six teams in the Yankee Conference. Mark Coutts was the team captain.


1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 56th playing of the game, annually played between the All-Stars of the National League and the All-Stars of the American League. The game was played on July 16, 1985, in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota, home of the Minnesota Twins.


1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Roster
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.


1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Game summary
The National League won the game 6–1, with the winning pitcher being LaMarr Hoyt of the San Diego Padres and the losing pitcher being Jack Morris of the Detroit Tigers. Hoyt also won the game's MVP award. The National League was managed by the Padres' Dick Williams, while the American League was managed by Sparky Anderson of the Tigers.


1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Game summary
Williams was backed by coaches Jim Frey and Bob Lillis and Anderson was aided by coaches Bobby Cox and Dick Howser.


1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Game summary
The teams' honorary captains each starred in the 1965 All-Star game, also held in Minnesota -- Harmon Killebrew for the AL, and Sandy Koufax for the NL. In the game two decades ago, Koufax earned the NL win, and Killebrew hit the AL's second home run.


1985 Major League Baseball draft, First round draft picks
The following are the first round picks in the 1985 Major League Baseball draft.


1985 Major League Baseball draft, Background
Six of the first eight draft picks from the June regular phase had at least one full year of major league experience prior to the start of the 1987 season. Included in that list were B.J. Surhoff (Milwaukee), the draft's number one pick, Will Clark (San Francisco), Bobby Witt (Texas), Barry Larkin (Cincinnati), Pete Incaviglia (Montreal) and Barry Bonds (Pittsburgh).


1985 Major League Baseball draft, Background
Incaviglia was selected eighth overall by the Expos, but was unable to reach a contract and was traded to Texas. He made his major league debut on Opening Day 1986 as the Rangers' left fielder, becoming just the 15th drafted player to go directly to the majors.


1985 Major League Baseball draft, Background
As of 2017, this year's draft class has accumulated the highest Baseball-Reference Wins Above Replacement total of any class in the draft's history.


1985 Major League Baseball season
The 1985 Major League Baseball season ended with the Kansas City Royals defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh game of the I-70 World Series. Bret Saberhagen, the regular season Cy Young Award winner, was named MVP of the Series. The National League won the All-Star Game for the second straight year.


1985 Major League Baseball season
The League Championship Series playoffs were expanded to a best-of-seven format beginning this year, and both leagues ended up settling their pennant winners in more than five games, with the Royals beating the Toronto Blue Jays in seven games, and the Cardinals beating the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.


1985 Major League Baseball strike
The 1985 Major League Baseball strike was the fifth work stoppage in Major League Baseball since the 1972 Major League Baseball strike. The strike ran only two days, August 6 and 7. 23 of the 25 games which were scheduled for those days were made up later in the season.


1985 Malian general election
General elections were held in Mali on 9 June 1985. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM) as the sole legal party. Its leader, Moussa Traoré, was the only candidate in the presidential election, and was elected unopposed. In the National Assembly elections several UDPM candidates were able to contest each seat.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season
The 1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season was the 2nd season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Occurrences
Manila Beer’s first import in the Open Conference, Doug Harris, played seven games and was replaced by the comebacking Lew Brown, who is on his third PBA stint after playing previously with Great Taste in 1980 and Crispa in 1982.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Occurrences
Coach Loreto Carbonell was replaced by former U-Tex import Aaron James to be the team's new head coach starting the All-Filipino Conference. After three straight losses, James was given his walking papers and former Toyota coach Edgardo Ocampo takes over the coaching chores for the Brewmasters, Carbonell remains on the bench as the assistant coach.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Occurrences
On September 25, two-time MVP Ramon Fernandez was sent by Manila Beer to Tanduay Rhum Makers in exchange for one-time MVP Abet Guidaben in a blockbuster trade that took place in two and a half weeks after the start of the PBA Third Conference.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Notable dates
September 26: Abet Guidaben played his first game in Manila Beer uniform as the Brewmasters beat Magnolia, 93-91, for their fifth win in six games.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Notable dates
October 17: Manila Beer turned back Northern Consolidated, 126-121, to make it as the first outright semifinalist in the Third Conference and with the best record after the double round eliminations with nine wins and three losses.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Notable dates
November 17: In a match to decide the first finalist, Manila Beer trailed by nine points against Northern in the fourth period when they banked on an 18-2 salvo and posted a 98-91 lead with 30 seconds left in the ballgame. The Brewmasters enters the finals with a 99-93 win, sending NCC to a playoff match with Great Taste to determine the other finalist.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Finals stint
Heavily fancied at the start of the season, but struck out twice in their cracks for a round of four berth in the Open and All-Filipino Conferences and the crisis which ultimately resulted in the decision to trade Ramon Fernandez, Manila Beer came back in the Third Conference and pulled a hat trick as they will be playing in their second finals appearance.


1985 Manila Beer Brewmasters season, Finals stint
Manila Beer were swept in four games by the guest national team Northern Consolidated, coach by Ron Jacobs and with two naturalized players; Jeff Moore and Dennis Still. The Brewmasters lost in the four-game series by an average of 25.5 points and were routed in Games One and Four. The finals sweep by NCC was the first time in PBA history that it happen in a best-of-seven series.


1985 Marche regional election
The Marche regional election of 1985 took place on 12 May 1985.


1985 Marche regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was the largest party, narrowly ahead of the Italian Communist Party. After the election Emidio Massi, the incumbent Christian Democratic President, formed a new government including also the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Italian Republican Party (organic Centre-left).


1985 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1985 Marshall Thundering Herd football team was an American football team that represented Marshall University in the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its second season under head coach Stan Parrish, the team compiled a 7–3–1 record (3–3–1 against conference opponents) and played its home games at Fairfield Stadium in Huntington, West Virginia.


1985 Maryland Terrapins football team
The 1985 Maryland Terrapins football team represented University of Maryland in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Terrapins offense scored 326 points while the defense allowed 192 points. Led by head coach Bobby Ross, the Terrapins appeared in the Cherry Bowl .


1985 Maryland Terrapins football team, 1986 NFL Draft
The following players were selected in the 1986 NFL Draft.


1985 Masters (snooker)
The 1985 Benson & Hedges Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 27 January and 3 February 1985 at the Wembley Conference Centre in London, England. The highest break of the tournament was 103 made by Cliff Thorburn, for which Thorburn earned £3,750.


1985 Masters (snooker)
The top 16 ranked players took part in the competition. The first round match between Alex Higgins and Steve Davis on 30 January turned out to be one of the all-time greatest matches between the pair when Higgins won 5–4 in front of an ecstatic Wembley crowd. The final on 3 February gave Cliff Thorburn his second Masters title defeating Doug Mountjoy 9–6 in the final, and he became the second player to win two Masters titles.


1985 Masters (snooker), Field
Defending champion Jimmy White was the number 1 seed with World Champion Steve Davis seeded 2. The remaining places were allocated to the top 16 players in the world rankings. Willie Thorne was making his debut in the Masters.


1985 Masters Tournament
The 1985 Masters Tournament was the 49th Masters Tournament, held April 11–14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.


1985 Masters Tournament
Bernhard Langer won the first of his two major championships, both Masters, two strokes ahead of runners-up Seve Ballesteros, Raymond Floyd, and Curtis Strange. A 69 (−3) on Saturday put Floyd in the lead after 54 holes at 212 (−4); Strange was a stroke back, with Langer and Ballesteros two strokes back. Despite an opening round 80, Strange led by three strokes with six holes to play in the final round, but made key bogeys at 13 and 15 when his attempts to reach both greens in two shots found water instead and finished two strokes back. It was Strange's only top-5 finish at Augusta, but he won consecutive U.S. Opens in 1988 and 1989.


1985 Masters Tournament
Langer, age 27 and dressed in red, birdied four of the last seven holes to win the green jacket. The second champion from Europe, he had consecutive rounds of 68 (−4) on the weekend to become the first winner of a major from Germany (then West Germany). Langer won a second green jacket eight years later in 1993.


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Tommy Aaron, George Archer (11,12), Seve Ballesteros (3,10,11), Gay Brewer, Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Ben Crenshaw (8,12,13), Raymond Floyd (4,8,13), Doug Ford, Bob Goalby, Jack Nicklaus (2,4,8,11,12), Arnold Palmer, Gary Player (8,10), Craig Stadler (11,12,13), Art Wall Jr., Tom Watson (2,3,8,9,11,12,13), Fuzzy Zoeller (2,9,11,13)


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Jerry Haas (a), Sam Randolph (a), Randy Sonnier (7,a), Scott Verplank (6,7,a)


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Andy Bean (9,12), Ronnie Black (11), Rex Caldwell, Fred Couples (9,12), Danny Edwards, David Edwards (12), Jay Haas (9,13), Hale Irwin (9), Tom Kite (11,12,13), Wayne Levi (11,12), Mark Lye, Larry Mize (10), Gil Morgan (12,13), Calvin Peete (10,11,12,13), Jack Renner (12), Payne Stewart (12)


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Lennie Clements, Peter Jacobsen (11,12), Mark McCumber (11), Johnny Miller, Mark O'Meara (11,12), Tom Purtzer, Tim Simpson, Curtis Strange (11,12,13), Jim Thorpe, Lanny Wadkins (10,11,12,13)


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Woody Blackburn, Bob Eastwood (12), Hubert Green, Scott Hoch (12), Billy Kratzert, Corey Pavin (12), Joey Sindelar


1985 Masters Tournament, Field
Isao Aoki (9), Ian Baker-Finch, Nick Faldo (8,11), David Graham (2,8), Bernhard Langer, Sandy Lyle, Tsuneyuki Nakajima, Greg Norman (9,11,12), José María Olazábal (6,a), Sam Torrance, Denis Watson (11,12)


1985 Matchroom Trophy
The 1985 Goya Matchroom Trophy was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 23 September to 6 October 1985 at the Eldon Square Recreation Centre in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.


1985 Matchroom Trophy
Cliff Thorburn won the tournament defeating Jimmy White 12–10 in the final having trailed 0–7. The defending champion Steve Davis was defeated by White in the quarter-finals.


1985 Mayo County Council election
An election to Mayo County Council took place on 20 June 1985 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 31 councillors were elected from seven electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a five-year term of office.


1985 McDonald's All-American Boys Game
The 1985 McDonald's All-American Boys Game was an All-star basketball game played on Saturday, April 13, 1985 at the Moody Coliseum in University Park, Texas. The game's rosters featured the best and most highly recruited high school boys graduating in 1985. The game was the 8th annual version of the McDonald's All-American Game first played in 1978.


1985 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, 1985 game
The game was telecast by ESPN. 1985 was the first year in which the McDonald's game was televised. The East team had 3 North Carolina commits (Bucknall, Lebo and Madden) and two of the top ranked centers of the 1985 class, Danny Ferry and Pervis Ellison. The West team had many forwards, including Ed Horton and Tony Kimbro, and center Tito Horford, a heavily recruited center born in the Dominican Republic. During the game Walker Lambiotte scored 24 points 10 for 12 from the field and 4 for 7 from the free throw line, winning the MVP award. Terry Dozier and Danny Ferry scored 17 points, and Mark Stevenson had 16; for the West team, Lowell Hamilton and Tito Horford both scored 13 points, while Ed Horton had 12. Of the 25 players, 15 went on to play at least 1 game in the NBA.


1985 Meath County Council election
An election to Meath County Council took place on 20 June 1985 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 29 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a six-year term of office.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship
The 1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship is the 59th edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for intermediate graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 18 teams. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship
This was Rathkenny's return to the grade after a 2-year absence as they were promoted after claiming the 1984 Meath Junior Football Championship title. They were previously relegated from the I.F.C. in 1983 under the name Grove Emmets.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship
This was Gaeil Colmcille's first time ever in the middle grade as they had spent 21 years in the top flight of Meath football since being founded in 1964 from the Kells parish clubs of Kells Harps, Kilmainham and Drumbaragh. Martinstown/Athboy returned to the I.F.C. 5 years of playing senior football.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship
On 3 November 1985, Martry Harps claimed their 1st Intermediate championship title when they defeated St. Mary's Donore 1-8 to 1-2 in a final replay.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship
Moylagh were relegated to the J.F.C. and hence ending their 8-year stay in the middle grade since being regraded from the S.F.C. in 1977. They previously won an I.F.C. title in 1975 and reached two finals in 1971 and 1973.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Team changes
The following teams have changed division since the 1984 championship season.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Group stage
There are 3 groups called Group A, B and C. The top finishers in Group A and B will qualify for the semi finals. First place in Group C along with the runners-up in all the groups qualify for the quarter finals.


1985 Meath Intermediate Football Championship, Knock-out Stages, Finals
The teams in the quarter-finals are the second placed teams from each group and the Group C winner. The teams in the semi finals are Group A and B winners along with the quarter final winners.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship
The 1985 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 93rd edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 14 teams, with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship
Walterstown were the defending champions once again after they defeated Skryne in the previous years final to claim the "3-in-a-Row", but Skryne claimed their revenge when ending the Black's winning streak at the Semi-Final stage.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship
Slane returned to the senior grade after claiming the 1984 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship
Navan O'Mahonys claimed their 11th S.F.C. title when defeating Skryne 0-10 to 0-7 in the final on 29 September 1985. Damien Sheridan raised the Keegan Cup for O'Mahonys while Joe Cassells claimed the 'Man of the Match' award.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship
Kilmainhamwood were regraded to the I.F.C. for 1986 after just 3 years in the grade.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship, Team Changes
The following teams have changed division since the 1984 championship season.


1985 Meath Senior Football Championship, Knock-out Stages
The teams in the quarter-finals are the second placed teams from each group and the Group C winner. The teams in the semi finals are Group A and B winners along with the quarter final winners.


1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix
The 24th Gran Premio del Mediterraneo (Grand Prix of the Mediterranean), was the eighth round of the 1985 International Formula 3000. This was held on the Isle of Sicily, at the Autodromo di Pergusa, Enna, on 28 July.


1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix, Report, Entry
A total of just 15 F3000 cars, from 8 teams ventured across the Strait of Messina for the event.


1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Mike Thackwell took pole position for Team Ralt, in their Ralt-Cosworth RT20, averaging a speed of 123.768 mph.


1985 Mediterranean Grand Prix, Report, Race
The race was held over 40 laps of the Enna-Pergusa circuit. Mike Thackwell took the winner spoils for works Ralt team, driving their Ralt-Cosworth RT20. The Kiwi won in a time of 1hr 01:58.99mins., averaging a speed of 119.103 mph. Just 0.63 seconds behind, was the second place car of Emanuele Pirro, driving Onyx Racing’s March 85B. The podium was completed by the BS Automotive March of Christian Danner.


1985 Melbourne Outdoor
The 1985 Melbourne Outdoor, also known as the 1985 Jason Victorian Open, was a Grand Prix tournament held in Melbourne, Australia. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 23 to 29 December and was played on outdoor grass courts. Second-seeded Jonathan Canter won the singles title.


1985 Melbourne Outdoor, Finals, Doubles
Mark Edmondson /  Kim Warwick defeated  Brett Dickinson /  Roberto Saad 7–6, 6–1


1985 Memorial Cup
The 1985 Memorial Cup took place on May 11–18 at the Shawinigan Municipal Auditorium in Shawinigan, Quebec and at Centre Civique in Drummondville, Quebec. It was the 67th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). The tournament was originally only to be played in Shawinigan, but support columns in the seats of the ancient Auditorium made televising the games impossible and the tournament was moved to Drummondville after the second game.


1985 Memorial Cup
Participating teams were the host team Shawinigan Cataractes, as well as the winners of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League and Western Hockey League which were the Verdun Junior Canadiens, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and Prince Albert Raiders. Prince Albert won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Shawinigan in the final game.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Prince Albert Raiders
The Prince Albert Raiders represented the Western Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Raiders were the top team in the WHL during the 1984-85 season, as they had a record of 58-11-3, earning 119 points. Prince Albert was awarded the Scotty Munro Memorial Trophy for their achievement during the regular season. The Raiders had the highest scoring offense in the league, scoring 455 goals. Defensively, Prince Albert allowed the second fewest goals against, as they allowed 255 goals. In the East Division semi-finals, the Raiders swept the Calgary Wranglers in four games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Prince Albert Raiders
In the East Division finals, Prince Albert had little trouble, as they defeated the Medicine Hat Tigers four games to one, advancing to the Ed Chynoweth Cup. In the championship round, the Raiders swept the Kamloops Blazers in four games to win the Cup and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Prince Albert Raiders
The Raiders high powered offense was led by Dan Hodgson, who led the club with 70 goals and 182 points in 64 games. Hodgson ranked second in overall league scoring during the regular season. In the playoffs, Hodgson continued to lead Prince Albert, as he scored 10 goals and 36 points in 13 games. Tony Grenier scored 62 goals and 120 points in 71 games, while Dave Pasin scored 64 goals and 116 points in 65 games, giving the Raiders three players with 60+ goals.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Prince Albert Raiders
Ken Morrison scored 51 goals and 108 points in 64 games, as Prince Albert had four 100+ point players. On defense, Emanuel Viveiros scored 17 goals and 88 points in 68 games to lead the club. Dave Manson scored eight goals and 38 points in 72 games, while accumulating 247 penalty minutes. He was a top prospect for the upcoming 1985 NHL Entry Draft. Goaltending duties were split between Ward Komonoksy, who earned a 30-7-1 record with a 3.52 GAA and a .883 save percentage in 38 games, and Roydon Gunn, who was 28-4-2 with a 3.42 GAA and .881 save percentage in 36 games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Prince Albert Raiders
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the Raiders first appearance at the tournament in team history.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
The Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds represented the Ontario Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Greyhounds were the top regular season club in the OHL during the 1984-85 season, earning a record of 54-11-1 for 109 points. The Greyhounds were a perfect 33-0-0 at home during the season, and won the Hamilton Spectator Trophy as the top team. Sault Ste. Marie scored 384 goals, which ranked second in the league, while the club allowed a league-low 215 goals against. In the post-season, the Greyhounds swept the Kitchener Rangers in the Emms Division quarter-finals in four games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
The club earned a bye to the Emms Division finals, in which they faced the Hamilton Steelhawks. Sault Ste. Marie defeated Hamilton four games to zero, with one game ending in a tie, to advance to the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals. In the final round, the Greyhounds faced the Peterborough Petes. Sault Ste. Marie defeated the Petes four games to two, with a tie, to win the OHL Championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
The Greyhounds offense was led by Wayne Groulx, who scored 59 goals and a team high 144 points in 64 games. Groulx finished second in OHL scoring during the regular season. In 16 playoff games, Groulx scored 18 goals and 36 points to lead the club. Graeme Bonar scored a team high 66 goals, while earning 137 points in 66 games, finishing fourth in OHL scoring. Derek King emerged as a top prospect for the 1985 NHL Entry Draft after scoring 35 goals and 73 points in 63 games during his rookie season.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
King was awarded the Emms Family Award as OHL Rookie of the Year. Bob Probert scored 20 goals and 72 points, as well as accumulating 172 penalty minutes in 44 games with the Greyhounds following a mid-season trade with the Hamilton Steelhawks. On defense, Chris Felix led the club, as he scored 29 goals and 101 points in 63 games. Jeff Beukeboom and Ken Sabourin provided solid stay-at-home defense for the Greyhounds. In goal, Marty Abrams saw the majority of action, earning a 3.38 GAA in 39 games. His backup was Scott Mosey, who posted a 2.66 GAA in 22 games. Abrams and Mosey won the Dave Pinkney Trophy, awarded to the goaltenders with the fewest goals against in the OHL.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first appearance by the Greyhounds in club history.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Shawinigan Cataractes
The Shawinigan Cataractes of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey Team was the host team at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Cataractes were the best regular season club in the QMJHL during the 1984-85 season, finishing 48-18-1-1 to earn 98 points. The club was awarded the Jean Rougeau Trophy for being the top club during the regular season. Shawinigan scored a league high 384 goals, while the club also led the league by allowing the fewest goals at 255. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Cataractes swept the Quebec Remparts in four games. In the semi-finals, Shawinigan ran into the Verdun Junior Canadiens, who upset the Cataractes by winning the series in five games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Shawinigan Cataractes
The Cataractes high-powered offense was led by Marc Damphousse, who led the team with 65 goals and 160 points in 68 games, finishing second in overall league scoring. Damphousse led Shawinigan in post-season scoring, as he had five goals and 16 points in eight games. Sergio Momesso scored 56 goals and 146 points in 64 games, finishing fourth in league scoring. Mario Belanger scored 44 goals and 113 points in 55 games, as the Cataractes had three players with 100+ points on their roster during the season. On defense, Yves Beaudoin scored 20 goals and 58 points in 58 games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Shawinigan Cataractes
Beaudoin won the Emile Bouchard Trophy as QMJHL Defenseman of the Year. In goal, duties were split between Robert Desjardins and Marc Desbiens. Desjardins earned a record of 24-12-1 with a 3.43 GAA in 42 games, winning the Raymond Lagace Trophy as Defensive Rookie in the QMJHL. Desbiens had a record of 23-7-0 with a 3.71 GAA in 38 games.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Shawinigan Cataractes
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the first time in club history that the Cataractes participated in the event.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Verdun Junior Canadiens
The Verdun Junior Canadiens represented the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League at the 1985 Memorial Cup. The Junior Canadiens were coached by Jean Bégin and were the top team in the Lebel Division, as they posted a record of 36-27-2-3, earning 77 points. During the regular season, the club scored 366 goals, ranking them third in the QMJHL. Verdun allowed 319 goals against, ranking them fourth in the league. In the QMJHL quarter-finals, the Junior Canadiens defeated the Hull Olympiques in five games. In the semi-finals, Verdun upset the heavily favoured Shawinigan Cataractes in five games, advancing to the President's Cup. In the final round, Verdun swept the Chicoutimi Sagueneens in four games to win the QMJHL championship and earn a berth into the 1985 Memorial Cup.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Verdun Junior Canadiens
The Junior Canadiens offense was led by Claude Lemieux, who returned to Verdun after beginning his season in the NHL with the Montreal Canadiens. In 52 games, Lemieux scored 58 goals and 124 points to lead the club in scoring. In 14 playoff games, Lemieux scored 23 goals and 40 points, winning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as QMJHL Playoff MVP. Jimmy Carson scored 44 goals and 116 points in 68 games as a rookie, emerging as a top prospect for the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. Carson was awarded the Michel Bergeron Trophy as QMJHL Offensive Rookie of the Year.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Verdun Junior Canadiens
Jean Bourgeois scored 50 goals and 93 points in 63 games during the regular season. On defense, Ron Annear led the team, as he scored five goals and 51 points in 62 games, while Jerome Carrier scored seven goals and 39 points in 65 games. In goal, Troy Crosby emerged as the starting goaltender for Verdun, as he appeared in 42 games, earning a record of 21-15-2 with a 4.53 GAA.


1985 Memorial Cup, Teams, Verdun Junior Canadiens
The 1985 Memorial Cup was the second time in team history that Verdun was at the Memorial Cup. At the 1983 Memorial Cup as the Verdun Juniors, the club lost in the semi-finals to the Oshawa Generals.


1985 Memphis State Tigers football team
The 1985 Memphis State Tigers football team represented the University of Memphis as an independent in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was led by Rey Dempsey and played their home games at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis, Tennessee.


1985 Men's British Open Squash Championship
The 1985 Davies and Tate British Open Championships was held at the Dunnings Mills Squash Club, East Grinstead, with the later stages being held at the Wembley Conference Centre from 15–23 April 1985. Jahangir Khan won his fourth consecutive title defeating Chris Dittmar in the final.


1985 Men's British Open Squash Championship, Draw and results, Section 2
Greg Pollard (Aus) seeded fifth withdrew before the tournament started.


1985 Men's European Volleyball Championship
The 1985 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the fourteenth edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in several cities in the Netherlands from September 29 to October 4, 1985.


1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
The 1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup was the second edition of the Men's Hockey Asia Cup, the quadrennial international men's field hockey championship of Asia organized by the Asian Hockey Federation. It was held in Dhaka, Bangladesh from 20 to 28 January 1985.


1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup
The defending champions Pakistan won its second Asian title by defeating India 3–2 in the final. South Korea won its first medal by defeating Japan 2–0 in the bronze medal match.


1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy
The 1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy was the seventh edition of the Hockey Champions Trophy, an international men's field hockey tournament. It took place from 16 to 24 November 1985 in Perth, Western Australia.


1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy
The hosts Australia won their third title in a row by finishing first in the round-robin tournament.


1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy, Statistics, Goalscorers
There were 62 goals scored in 15 matches, for an average of 4.13 goals per match.


1985 Men's Junior World Handball Championship
The 1985 Men's Junior World Handball Championship was the fifth edition of the IHF Men's Junior World Championship, held in Italy from 7 to 15 December 1985.


1985 Men's Junior World Handball Championship, Main round
All points and goals against the team from the same preliminary round were carried over.


1985 Men's South American Volleyball Championship
The 1985 Men's South American Volleyball Championship, the 16th such championship, took place in 1985 in Caracas ( Venezuela).


1985 Men's World Open Squash Championship
The 1985 PSA Men's World Open Squash Championship is the men's edition of the 1985 World Open, which serves as the individual world championship for squash players. The event took place in Cairo in Egypt from 18 November to 25 November 1985. Jahangir Khan won his fifth consecutive World Open title, defeating Ross Norman in the final.


1985 Men's World Open Squash Championship, Draw and results, Notes
The 1985 championships saw controversy when many courts had not been prepared properly and this caused players to slip. This nearly led to Jahangir Khan withdrawing during his first round match.


1985 Men's World Team Squash Championships
The 1985 Men's World Team Squash Championships were held in Cairo, Egypt and took place from November 27 until December 05, 1985.


1985 Mendoza earthquake
Coordinates: The 1985 Mendoza earthquake occurred with medium intensity in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. It took place 7 minutes after midnight on 26 January 1985, and had a magnitude of 6.2 in the Richter scale. Its epicenter was located about 45 km southwest of Mendoza, the provincial capital, at the southern end of the region's pre-Andes range, and at a depth of 15 km. It was felt as grade VIII in the Mercalli intensity scale.


1985 Mendoza earthquake
The earthquake caused 6 deaths and about 100 injuries. In the affected Greater Mendoza area, where most of the provincial population is concentrated, one third of the buildings were built of adobe. Some 23,000 homes were destroyed or condemned, though the actual number might have been larger. Estimates vary between 50,000 and 100,000 people left homeless.


1985 Mendoza earthquake
A report released soon afterwards stated that the main reason why the event did not produce thousands of casualties was its short duration (less than 10 seconds). In addition, the fact that it was a summer Friday night might have led many people to be sitting outside their homes, chatting with their neighbors, rather than sleeping inside.


1985 Mercedes Cup
The 1985 Mercedes Cup, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts and held at the Tennis Club Weissenhof in Stuttgart, West Germany that was part of the 1985 Grand Prix circuit. It was the eighth edition of the tournament and was held from 9 September until 15 September 1985. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.


1985 Mercedes Cup, Finals, Doubles
Ivan Lendl /  Tomáš Šmíd defeated  Andy Kohlberg /  João Soares, 3–6, 6–4, 6–2


1985 Mestaruussarja, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and HJK Helsinki won the championship.


1985 Metro Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1985 Metro Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 7–9 at Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky.


1985 Metro Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Memphis State defeated Florida State in the championship game, 90–86 in OT, to win their third Metro men's basketball tournament.


1985 Metro Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The Tigers received the conference's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Tournament, and would go on to reach the 1985 Final Four. Additionally, Virginia Tech received an at-large bid.


1985 Metro Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All eight members of the conference participated. Teams were seeded based on regular season conference records.


1985 Metro Manila Film Festival
The 11th Metro Manila Film Festival was held in 1985.


1985 Metro Manila Film Festival
Ten movies participated in the 1985 Metro Manila Film Festival. Amazaldy Productions' Paradise Inn, a film by Celso Ad. Castillo received five major awards including the Best Picture and Best Actress for Vivian Velez among others. The second Best Picture, Triple A Films' The Moises Padilla Story: The Missing Chapter got four awards including the Best Actor for Anthony Alonzo and Best Screenplay for Tom Adrales. The third Best Picture, Lea Productions' Ano ang Kulay ng Mukha ng Diyos? received the most awards with six including the Best Director for Lino Brocka and Best Child Performer for Katrin Gonzales.


1985 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 7 July 1985. The Institutional Revolutionary Party won 292 of the 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout was 51-52%.


1985 Mexico City earthquake
The 1985 Mexico City earthquake struck in the early morning of 19 September at 07:17:50 (CST) with a moment magnitude of 8.0 and a maximal Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The event caused serious damage to the Greater Mexico City area and the deaths of at least 5,000 people. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the main shock on 19 September, and two large aftershocks.


1985 Mexico City earthquake
The first of these occurred on 20 September with a magnitude of 7.5 and the second occurred seven months later on 30 April 1986 with a magnitude of 7.0. They were located off the coast along the Middle America Trench, more than 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, but the city suffered major damage due to its large magnitude and the ancient lake bed that Mexico City sits on. The event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
Much of Mexico's volcanic and seismic activity stems from the movement of the North American plate against the Cocos and Pacific plates and it is one of the most active trenches in the world. Each year more than 90 tremors above magnitude 4.0 are recorded in this zone.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
While not on or near any fault line like San Francisco or Los Angeles, Mexico City is vulnerable to earthquakes. The main reason for this is the surface geology of the area, especially the downtown area. The city was originally built on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco, and Aztec rulers built dikes to prevent flooding while Spanish colonial rulers later drained the lakes in a massive hydraulic project (known as the Desagüe) in response to major periodic flooding.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
The near surface geology of this area is classified into three sections: the old lake bed which is soft clay from volcanic ash with a high water content, a piedmont area, much of which is capped by 5 to 30 meters of lava less than 2,500 years old, and an old river delta area.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
On the bed of the historic lake, the prevailing silt and volcanic clay sediments amplify seismic shaking. Damage to structures is worsened by soil liquefaction which causes the loss of foundation support and contributes to dramatic settlement of large buildings. Mexico City's downtown area mostly lies on the silt and volcanic clay sediments of the bed of the historic Lake Texcoco, which are between seven and thirty-seven meters deep and have a high water content. Above this is a layer of sand and above this is a layer of sand and rock.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
The western and northwestern parts of the city are outside the old lakeshores and are located on sands from eroding volcanic cones that surround the Valley of Mexico. The southern part of the city rests on hardened basalt lava flows. The old lakebed, with its high water content, is easily moved or compressed. The old lakeshore area also has a fairly high water content, allowing movement, though not as much as the lakebed. The old lava flows have little water content or movement in comparison and are therefore more stable.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
Another factor is that the old lakebed resonates with certain seismic waves and low frequency signals. This lakebed has a natural "pitch" of one cycle every 2.5 seconds making everything built on the bed vibrate at the same frequency. This is the same "pitch" as a number of shallow earthquake waves. This resonance amplifies the effects of the shock waves coming from an earthquake far away.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Preface
However, only certain types of structures are vulnerable to this resonance effect. Taller buildings have their own frequencies of vibration. Those that are six to fifteen stories tall also vibrate at the 2.5-second cycle, making them act like tuning forks in the event of an earthquake. The low-frequency waves of an earthquake are amplified by the mud of the lakebed, which in turn, is amplified by the building itself. This causes these buildings to shake more violently than the earthquake proper as the earthquake progresses. Many of the older colonial buildings have survived hundreds of years on the lakebed simply because they are not tall enough to be affected by the resonance effect.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
The earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of the Mexican state of Michoacán, a distance of more than 350 km (220 mi) from the city, in the Cocos Plate subduction zone, specifically in a section of the fault line known as the Michoacán seismic gap. The Cocos Plate pushes against and slides under the North American Plate, primarily along the coasts of the states of Michoacán and Guerrero in Mexico. Volatile trenches along the Cocos plate generally have had seismic events 30 to 70 years before 1985. This subduction zone outside the Michoacán gap was the source of 42 earthquakes of magnitude 7.8 or stronger in the 20th century prior to the 1985 event. However, this particular section of the subduction zone had not had an event for a much longer time.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
Shockwaves from the earthquake hit the mouth of the Río Balsas on the coast at 7:17 am and hit Mexico City, 350 km (220 mi) away, two minutes later at 7:19 am. The 19 September quake was a multiple event with two epicenters and the second movement occurring 26 seconds after the first. Because of multiple breaks in the fault line, the event was of long duration. Ground shaking lasted more than five minutes in places along the coast and parts of Mexico City shook for three minutes, with an average shaking time of 3–4 minutes.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
It is estimated the movement along the fault was about three metres (9.8 ft). The main tremor was foreshadowed by a quake of magnitude 5.2 on 28 May 1985, and was followed by two significant aftershocks: one on 20 September 1985 of magnitude 7.5 lasting thirteen seconds and the third occurring seven months later on 30 April 1986 with magnitude 7.0 lasting ten seconds. However, at least twelve other minor aftershocks were associated with the seismic event.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
The energy released during the main event was equivalent to approximately 1,114 nuclear weapons exploding. The earthquake was felt over 825,000 square kilometers, as far away as Los Angeles and Houston in the United States.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
In the port of Lázaro Cárdenas, near the epicenter, the 19 September event registered as IX on the Modified Mercalli intensity scale; in parts of Mexico City, it registered the same, even at a distance of about 400 km (249 mi) away. There was no historic record of such a strong quake in Mexico.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Earthquake
While the fault line was located just off the Pacific coast of Mexico, there was relatively little effect on the sea itself. The earthquake did produce a number of tsunamis but they were small, ranging between one and three metres (3 ft 3 in and 9 ft 10 in) in height. Ecuador reported the highest waves of 60 cm (2.0 ft).


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
Most of the earthquake damage was to buildings. Two reasons are the resonance in the lakebed sediments and the long duration of the shaking. The buildings most damaged were from 6 to 15 stories in height. These buildings tended to resonate most with the energetic frequency band of the lakebed motions. One interesting characteristic was that many buildings had their upper floors collapse, leaving the lower floors relatively undamaged. In many damaged buildings, just one floor had collapsed.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
In some cases the damage was caused by the top of a lower, adjacent building banging against the walls and the supporting columns of its neighbor. Eventually, the columns gave way. In other cases, the first few floors of buildings were designed as parking garages, open lobbies or large shopping areas. These "soft" stories were particularly flexible and tended to collapse after prolonged shaking. Some types of foundations, particularly those involving piles driven into clay and held in place by friction, turned out to be weak. One nine-story building, for example, overturned. Its piles were pulled entirely out of the ground.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
A survey by the government of the damage done found that few buildings from one to five stories suffered serious damage; the same was true for buildings over fifteen stories. When the buildings were built seemed to have an effect as well. Before the 1957 earthquake, there were no building codes with respect to earthquake resistance. Some regulations were passed in that year and more in 1976 after another, stronger earthquake shook the city. However, none of these regulations had an event like 1985's in mind when passed.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
Most of the seriously damaged buildings were built between 1957 and 1976, when the city was starting to build upwards, in the six-to-fifteen floor range. In second place were buildings from before 1957, possibly because they were weakened by the earlier earthquakes. Structures built between 1976 and 1985 suffered the least damage.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
At the time of the earthquake, Mexico City had one of the most stringent building codes, based on experience gained from earthquakes in 1957 and 1979. However, the codes were not designed for seismic activity of the intensity experienced in 1985. The event was one of the most intense ever recorded, and macroseismic waves arrived in the Valley of Mexico with unusually high energy content. Prior to the event, estimates about ground movement on the lakebed were generally accepted and a number of buildings were built on these estimates.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage
Several notable buildings were relatively untouched by the quake. One significant example is the Torre Latinoamericana. Despite being 44 stories tall, it survived the 1985 event almost undamaged. It was constructed with two hundred piles extending down over one hundred feet (30 m) into the stable earth stratum.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Localization of the damage
Mexico City is divided into boroughs. Eighty percent of the earthquake damage was confined to four of them: Venustiano Carranza, Cuauhtémoc, Benito Juárez and Gustavo A. Madero. The damage area corresponds to the western part of the lake zone within two to four kilometres (1.2 to 2.5 mi) of the Alameda Central. Nearly all the buildings that collapsed were located in this lake zone that extended from Tlatelolco in the north to Viaducto Miguel Alemán in the south, Chapultepec Park in the west and to a short distance east of the Zócalo or main plaza.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city
Cuauhtémoc, which includes the historic downtown, suffered the most damage. In this particular area, 258 buildings completely crumbled, 143 partially collapsed and 181 were seriously damaged. The next seriously affected area was Venustiano Carranza where 83 buildings collapsed, 128 partially collapsed and 2,000 structures were seriously damaged. Damage was localized to the center parts of the city, leaving much of the residential outer rim unscathed, but the damage in the affected area was extensive. Over 720,000 tons of debris was removed during the first six weeks after the event.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city
The Metropolitan Commission for Emergencies of the Federal District reported 2,831 buildings damaged for the entire city: 31% or 880 were completely ruined, 13% were reinhabitable with major repairs and the rest, totaling 1581, were recoverable with minor repairs. This translates to more than 30,000 housing units completely destroyed and another 68,000 units damaged.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
One of the most visible government institutions to fall in the event was the tower of Hospital Juárez, one of the oldest hospital institutions in Mexico. It was founded in 1847, converting the old convent of San Pablo to treat wounded soldiers from the Mexican–American War. It originally was called San Pablo Hospital but its name was changed to Juárez Hospital in 1872.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
The "Torre de Hospitalización" was built in 1970 with the main building being twelve stories tall. It had two wings, one facing north and the other south, with an inpatient capacity of 536 beds. At the top was a helipad. It was also surrounded by a number of other buildings belonging to the hospital complex such as a blood bank, teaching facilities, offices as well as the original convent. At the time of the earthquake, the hospital was 80% full, and it was shift change time for nurses, doctors and residents. Within minutes, the steel-frame structure collapsed, crushing and trapping many people inside.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
Those who were rescued first were taken to another building for treatment, as the ambulances were trapped inside the collapsed tower. The hospital did not have an emergency plan but nonetheless, surviving hospital workers and neighbors quickly improvised, under the management of the hospital, setting up aid stations and scavenging supplies. Rescue workers soon arrived to start digging through the rubble. A second quake made rescue work slower, because of fear of further collapse.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
Most bodies were identified by personal effects, some by dental records and some were so mangled that they wound up being cremated without ever being identified, due to the lack of morgue facilities. 561 bodies were found and 188 were never identified. 266 were hospital workers and 44 were medical residents. The majority who were rescued were found in the first five days. The number of bodies recovered was high during those first days as well but the numbers dramatically increased between days 17 and 31.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
Heavy machinery was unable to get to the site until five days after the earthquake. Numbers of dead did not include unidentified body parts found. Most of the injured had contusion injuries and many suffered from dehydration, with the severity of the dehydration increasing with those rescued later.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Hospital Juárez
However, the most memorable story to come from this event was the rescue of nearly all the newborn babies that were in the nursery at the time. These babies were pulled out of the wreckage mostly unscathed but lost their mothers. The infants were found seven days after the initial event and came to be known as the "Miracle Babies" or the "Miracle of Hospital Juárez", having survived without nourishment, water, warmth or human contact during that time.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Sewing factory
On Manuel José Othón Street, in the Colonia Obrera neighborhood, near Metro station San Antonio Abad, was one of the many garment factories located in the city center area. It was destroyed along with approximately 1,200 other workshops.


1985 Mexico City earthquake, Damage, Building damage in the city, Sewing factory
Called "Topeka", it was one of three buildings that collapsed on this block. The magazine Proceso reported that by the time rescue workers reached the building, the owners were already in a hurry to demolish it, without trying to rescue or recover the workers trapped inside. About 150 bodies of workers had already been pulled from the wreckage by fellow employees using their bare hands.