1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, April 1985
The students who had been arrested were released on 18 April, but the agitation continued. Despite the army's presence, a dozen people were killed in the first two days after its deployment, and looting and arson also continued to occur. Communal violence increased, as did violence on the part of the police. Complaints against the police became so frequent that a court barred them from entering some regions of the city; the army was tasked with patrolling them instead.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, April 1985
The situation deteriorated further four days later, when a police Head Constable, Laxman Desai, was killed. In reaction, the police abandoned their post and "went on a rampage." Police attacked the premises of the Gujarat Samachar, a newspaper that had previously criticized the police violence, and burned their printing presses; the Western Times, an English-language newspaper housed in the same building, was also attacked. Communal violence increased, particularly in the eastern neighborhoods of the city, where residents stated that Hindus were attacking Muslim houses, with the support of the police.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, April 1985
Several hundred houses were burned down, and many thousands of people, most of whom were Muslims, were displaced and were forced into a relief camp. Government records stated that 17 people were killed in the violence on 23 April alone; unofficial tallies put the number at 50, with 85 people injured. The extent of the violence led to protests against the role of the police, demands for an inquiry, and demands for the removal of the state government led by Solanki. On 29 April, the central government denied a demand by the opposition parties in Gujarat to dismiss Solanki's government.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, May and June 1985
The extent of violence again declined briefly in the last week of April and the first week of May. Demonstrations continued; a strike by government employees, initially as a protest against police atrocities but subsequently demanding an end to reservation in government jobs, was described as drawing the support of one million workers. The strike ended on 7 May after the employees withdrew their demand, and the government committed to publishing the report of a 1981 commission studying reservation.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, May and June 1985
Clashes between Hindus and Muslims resumed on 8 May after a police sub-inspector, Mahendrasingh Rana, was shot dead in a Hindu neighborhood. Muslims were immediately blamed for the murder; over the next few days, 33 people were killed and several more were injured. Many of the casualties were victims of stabbings, particularly in the older parts of the town, and arson and stone-pelting also continued. Leaders of three political parties from the opposition, the BJP, the Janata Party, and the Lok Dal, went on a hunger strike demanding Solanki's removal. The government also faced pressure from those supporting the reservation, who threatened to "revolt" if the additional quotas of 18% were not enacted. Negotiations took place between the student protestors and the government, but failed to reach any agreement.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, May and June 1985
The Gujarat Chamber of Commerce called for another bandh on 5 June, citing the "government’s inability tomaintain law and order". Widespread violence occurred on this day, including when a crowd of 200 women attempted to enforce the shutdown by stopping traffic. During the violence that occurred over the next few days, 34 people were killed. Notably, a family of eight Dabgars, a Hindu community, were burned alive, and the fire brigade that arrived to put out the blaze was prevented from doing so. Hindus in the neighborhood reacted by looting and burning stores owned by Muslims.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, May and June 1985
In response to these incidents, the Solanki government decided to delay the proposed changes to the reservation policy, and set up a judicial commission to investigate the violence that had occurred. The commission was led by a judge, V. S. Dave, and was referred to as the Dave commission. In doing so, the government conceded to most of the demands of the anti-reservation agitators; however, the agitation continued, with demands being made for the abolition of the existing 10% quota for "socially and economically backward classes" after 1988.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, May and June 1985
A second notable incident of violence occurred soon after, when, on 20 June, a Hindu religious procession coincided with Muslim celebrations of Eid al-Fitr, despite a prior agreement between the organizers of the procession and the government. Despite the army's presence in the area, the two celebrations degenerated into violence. The subsequent day, thousands of Muslim women defied the curfew to protest the army's conduct during the violence, and demanding government action against the leaders of the procession.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, July and August 1985
Those protesting the reservation policy began demanding Solanki's immediate resignation in July. The violence at the end of June had led to conflict within the Congress party as well, with multiple allies of Solanki making public statements favoring his removal. Bombings and stabbings continued to occur, prompting members of the Indian government and of the Congress party from Delhi being sent to investigate. On 6 July, Solanki resigned under pressure from the Congress party's high command. He was replaced by Amarsinh Chaudhary, who became Gujarat's first adivasi Chief Minister. The composition of the cabinet was shuffled to include some Patels and Banias, in an effort to balance its caste composition. Julius Ribero, the Director General of the Central Reserve Police Force with a reputation for bringing the underworld in Mumbai under control, was made head of the state's police.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, July and August 1985
The violence continued despite Solanki's dismissal. The strike by government employees continued, and grew in strength. The government eventually reached an understanding with the agitating students on 18 July, when it announced that the 18% increase in reservations would not be implemented, and a commission would be appointed to examine the existing 10% reservation for underprivileged castes after 1988. The army was withdrawn from the city on 17 July, but during and immediately after its withdrawal further violence occurred. Seven people were killed, five of them in police firing, on 18 July, and eight more on 22 July.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, July and August 1985
During the period of transition, 60 people were killed, and 138 reported injured. Most of the violence during this period was communal. The curfew ended at the beginning of August. The government reached an agreement with striking employees in the middle of August, after which the strike was called off and schools reopened.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Casualties and further violence
The number of people killed in the riots of 1985 has been estimated at 220, and 275. The city police recorded 662 "incidents and offences" related to caste-based violence, and 743 related to communal violence. The property damage was approximately equal to 2200 crore at the time ($1.75 billion). The Muslim community of the city were the main victims of the riots; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made homeless. According to scholar Ornit Shani, the commission of inquiry appointed to look into the riots reported a picture of "uncontrolled rage, destruction and at times the utter collapse of the rule of law and social order" both in the city of Ahmedabad and in other parts of the state.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Casualties and further violence
Communal violence broke out again in Ahmedabad in 1986. These riots were also triggered by a Hindu religious procession on 9 July. A Hindu organisation called for a bandh on 12 July, citing Muslim attacks during the procession, although responsibility for those attacks was not determined. The bandh was widely observed, and 24 people were killed during it. The violence that occurred in 1986 was made more severe by a desire for revenge across communities in Ahmedabad, driven by the incidents of the previous year.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Casualties and further violence
Soon after the shutdown on 12 July, Indian Home Minister P. Chidambaram flew into the city, and soon after 54 companies of security forces, including the Border Security Force and the Central Reserve Police Force, were brought in to patrol the city. 61 people were detained under the National Security Act, and an attempt by the same Hindu group to hold another procession was prevented by the police, who feared further violence.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Causes and impacts
The caste-related violence and the communal violence have been described as having a common origin. People belonging to upper castes saw the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes as threatening their status and their caste identity. Political alliances between lower castes, Muslims, and adivasis, such as in Solanki's KHAM coalition, led to the belief among upper castes that all "minorities" were responsible for this threat. Conversely, despite their newfound social mobility, lower caste people were often denied social acceptance, which led to mounting frustration among them. Hindu nationalist groups, including the BJP, were able to offer a Hindu identity as an antidote to both these groups. As a result, the violence that began over caste-related tensions turned into communal violence, and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Causes and impacts
During the riots, in primarily upper caste neighborhoods, lower castes were the main targets of violence; in working-class regions, however, Muslims were the primary targets, and the perpetrators of violence often had the support of the police. According to testimony from Dalits, members of the BJP legislative assembly who during the riots in 1981 had assaulted them gave them money, food, and weapons during the 1985 violence. Muslims were used as scapegoats during the riots by many Hindu politicians, as it allowed them to unify Hindu voters and gain their support. This shift from caste-based violence to communal violence also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement, and specifically strengthened the BJP's standing in Gujarat.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Causes and impacts
In addition to the immediate conflict over the reservation policy, several factors have been described as driving the violence of 1985. The conflict was exacerbated by land developers seizing an opportunity to remove slum dwellers from desired property by any available means, and by conflicts over the bootleg liquor industry in the nominally dry state. Shani suggestion that the killing of police sub-inspector Mahendrasingh Rana in May was the result of conflicts between local bootleggers and the police over payoffs that the police were receiving. Nonetheless, police testimonies in court blamed Rana's death on communal violence. The commission that investigated the riots found another incident, initially described as caste-based violence, which it stated was the result of conflicts between bootleggers.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Causes and impacts
Scholar Howard Spodek wrote that the breakdown of law and order was at least partially affected by the lack of a clear chain of command within the Congress party, and in particular the party's reluctance to remove Solanki from power because of his electoral success in March 1985. Solanki's government was also described as using the violence for political gains. In contrast, when riots reoccurred in 1986, the Congress government in Delhi acted to suppress the riots far more quickly than it had the previous year.


1985 Gujarat riots, Aftermath and analysis, Causes and impacts
The BJP and its affiliates were also described as playing a more direct role in the violence. According to reformist and activist Asghar Ali Engineer, the BJP organized the riots to cause the downfall of the Solanki government. According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Vishva Hindu Parishad, along with those of the BJP, played a role in intensifying the violence.


1985 Guyanese general election
General elections were held in Guyana on 9 December 1985. The result was a victory for the People's National Congress, which won 42 of the 53 seats. However, the elections were marred by fraud and the People's Progressive Party and Working People's Alliance withdrew on election day. Voter turnout was 73.8%.


1985 Haitian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Haiti on 22 July 1985. The amendments to the new constitution would restore multi-party politics, although only on the condition that all parties swore allegiance to President Jean-Claude Duvalier, as well as re-confirming Duvalier as President for Life and allowing him to single-handedly appoint the Prime Minister and his successor. The changes were reportedly approved by 99.98% of voters, although it was widely considered a sham and led to Duvalier being overthrown the following year.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic
The 1985 All-American Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Michigan State Spartans.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic, Background
The Spartans tied for fourth in the Big Ten Conference while the Yellow Jackets finished 2nd in the Atlantic Coast Conference.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic, Game summary
Mark Ingram, Sr caught a touchdown pass from Dave Yarema to give the Spartans a 7-0 lead with 2:03 left in the first half. Todd Rampley responded early in the second half on a touchdown plunge with 11:14 left in the 3rd. Ingram scored his second touchdown on a 27-yard pass from Yarema to make it 14-7 with 4:41 in the quarter. Georgia Tech narrowed the lead on a field foal by David Bell with 7:08 left in the game.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic, Game summary
However, a fumble by the Spartans was recovered by the Yellow Jackets at the 42 with five minutes remaining, giving them the ball in Michigan State territory. Six plays later, Malcolm King scored on a 5-yard touchdown run with 1:50 left to give Georgia Tech a 17-14 lead, which proved to be victory after Michigan State failed to get in range for the tie. Malcolm King rushed for 122 yards on 16 carries. Mark Ingram, Sr caught 3 passes for 70 yards for the Spartans.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic, Aftermath
Georgia Tech did not reach another bowl until 1991. Michigan State reached the Rose Bowl in 1988.


1985 Hall of Fame Classic, Aftermath
The following year, the National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame decided to relocate the game to Tampa, FL, beginning the Hall of Fame Bowl (now the Outback for sponsorship reasons). The game in Birmingham, AL remained, though renamed as the All-American Bowl.


1985 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships
The 1985 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships (also known as the 1985 Volvo Tennis Hall of Fame Championships for sponsorship reasons) was a men's Grand Prix tennis tournament held in Newport, Rhode Island, USA. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and was held from July 6 through July 12, 1985. Unseeded Tom Gullikson won the singles title.


1985 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles
Peter Doohan /  Sammy Giammalva Jr. defeated  Paul Annacone /  Christo van Rensburg 6–1, 6–3


1985 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season
The 1985 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 28th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 36th overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 1st place in the East Division with an 8–8 record which marked the first time in league history that a team finished in first place without a winning record. The team appeared in the 73rd Grey Cup game, but lost to the BC Lions.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election
The 1985 Hamilton municipal election was held on November 12, 1985 to elect a Mayor, sixteen members to Hamilton, Ontario City Council, fourteen members to the Hamilton Board of Education and sixteen members to the Hamilton-Wentworth Roman Catholic Separate School Board. In addition, this election was accompanied by a referendum question asking voters if they wanted to directly elect individuals to the office of Regional Chairman.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Campaign
The 1985 municipal election campaign came in the wake of the year's earlier provincial election that saw a Liberal minority government, supported by the Ontario NDP, come to power after the swift defeat of Frank Miller's Progressive Conservatives in a confidence motion in the weeks following the vote.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Campaign
The change in government had impacted the city's local politics, as Premier Miller had vowed to extend GO Train commuter rail service to the city and supported the rapid transit GO-ALRT project. Following the election of the Liberals, both GO-ALRT and extended GO service to Hamilton were cancelled. Due to the fluctuating transit situation in the area, candidates ran on platforms that, in some way, addressed transit.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Campaign
Prior to the 1985 vote, an advocacy group calling itself Concerned Citizens for Hamilton (CCH) formed to endorse candidates for office with a pro-business perspective. CCH solicited donations, eventually collecting approximated $25,000 to support candidates through third-party advertisements. The group's donations came under fire when the advertisements they printed in the Hamilton Spectator were investigated by the city as potentially contravening the Hamilton's election financing bylaw. Ultimately, CCH was cleared of any wrongdoing by the city.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Campaign
Though CCH solicited donations and campaigned on behalf of candidates, members denied they were a political party and lamented the fact they needed to organize. The organizers noted the 1985 vote was the most important in the city since the election of 1949 and one commented to the Hamilton Spectator that the organization was necessary to protect the city, adding "I hope we never have to do this again. This time was an exceptional circumstance."


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral election
The 1985 mayoral contest saw incumbent Mayor Bob Morrow, then 39, defend his three-year administration under the pressure of the lingering economic recession that had decimated the city's steel industry. By the election campaign, the city's unemployment rate had dropped to 5.8% and Morrow campaigned on his record of attracting new jobs to the region. Additionally, Morrow sought to expand GO Transit service to the city and bring more suburban services under the central administration of the municipality. Unlike during his first campaign, Morrow was endorsed by the Hamilton Spectator.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral election
Morrow faced two challengers: former Board of Control member Jim Campbell and small business owner Marvin Sommer. Campbell, who retired from council in 1976, had sought political comebacks in 1980 and 1982, running for Ward 1 and Ward 7 councillor respectively. Campbell, then 64, was a millionaire who operated a concrete manufacturing plant on Hamilton mountain who campaigned on a small-business platform. Seeking a completion to the Red Hill Valley Expressway and a perimeter road to create a highway ring-road around Hamilton, Campbell proposed to tackle unemployment by creating a mayor's advisory panel consisting of local business and labour leaders. He additionally proposed reinstating the abolished Board of Control and reducing council's term of office to two years.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral election
Sommer, a 49-year old James Street merchant at the time of the election, also ran on a pro-business platform, though promoted few specific policies. In an interview with a Spectator reporter, Sommer admitted he had not paid business taxes to the city in two years and his business was in danger of being shut down.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral election
The campaign generate a moderate amount of interest among members of the electorate. At a CHCH-TV-sponsored call-in debate, only six local residents telephoned with questions for the candidates.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, Mayoral election
On election night, Morrow topped the polls, holding a lead of over 19,000 votes on Campbell.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council election, Ward 1 (Chedoke-Cootes)
The race for Ward One alderman was the third time in as many years that electors would go to the polls to select a new member of city council. In early 1985, incumbent alderman Peter Peterson was elected to the Ontario legislature as a Progressive Conservative, triggering a by-election in which former alderman Paul Drage recaptured a seat on council. This came after his loss to Peterson and Mary Kiss in 1982, after capturing the seat vacated after his wife and the area's alderman, Kay Drage, died in 1979.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council election, Ward 1 (Chedoke-Cootes)
Drage and Kiss campaigned on their record of standing in opposition to the city's proposed GO-ALRT plan due to proposals that would have expropriated property along York Boulevard in the ward's north end. As sitting members of council, they instead rested their transit hopes on the promise of expanded GO Train service.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council election, Ward 1 (Chedoke-Cootes)
Drage, 61 at the time of the election, stood on a platform called for an expansion of the area's highways, including completing the Red Hill Valley Expressway and the mid-mountain expressway, as well as advocating for more supermarkets in the area. Kiss, who refused to give her age to the Hamilton Spectator, opposed GO Transit expansion and promoted investment in local industry.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council election, Ward 1 (Chedoke-Cootes)
Terry Cooke, a candidate in the by-election that occurred earlier in the year, promoted a rapid transit link to Toronto using existing heavy rail infrastructure and advocated reinstating the Board of Control. Joanne Gallacher, a 31-year-old business owner, promoted a rapid transit solution and improvements to the city's bayfront. David Gava, a 22-year-old student, called for dismantling regional government and improving rental accommodations. Two law-enforcement officials, 54-year-old Frank Preston and Victor Zwirewich, 61 at the time of the vote, both ran on conservative platforms, with Preston calling for an end to city council 'freeloading' and Zwirewich promoting a law-and-order platform.


1985 Hamilton, Ontario municipal election, City Council election, Ward 1 (Chedoke-Cootes)
The Hamilton Spectator endorsed Cooke and Zwirewich for the two aldermanic positions. Cooke was CCH's preferred candidate for election.


1985 Handsworth riots
The second Handsworth riots took place in the Handsworth district of Birmingham, West Midlands, from 9 to 11 September 1985. The riots were reportedly sparked by the arrest of a man near the Acapulco Cafe, Lozells and a police raid on the Villa Cross public house in the same area. Hundreds of people attacked police and property, looting and smashing, even setting off fire bombs.


1985 Handsworth riots
Handsworth had been the scene of a less serious riot four years earlier, when a wave of rioting hit over 30 other British towns and cities during the spring and summer of 1981.


1985 Handsworth riots
Racial tension and friction between the police and the local ethnic minority communities was seen as a major factor in the riots. Handsworth had been predominantly populated by the black and Asian communities for around 30 years by 1985. Handsworth also had one of the highest unemployment rates in Birmingham.


1985 Handsworth riots
Two brothers (Kassamali Moledina, 38, and his 44-year-old brother Amirali) were burnt to death in the post office that they ran. Two other people were unaccounted for, 35 others injured, more than 1500 police officers drafted into the area, about 45 shops looted and burnt, and a trail of damage running into hundreds of thousands of pounds. As well as racial tension, unemployment was seen as a major factor in the riots; by the time of the riots, fewer than 5% of the black population to have left school that summer had found employment.


1985 Handsworth riots
The riots were the subject of John Akomfrah's award-winning documentary film Handsworth Songs. Filmmaker and artist Pogus Caesar documented the riots and owns an extensive photographic archive. They were depicted in reggae artist Pato Banton's song Handsworth Riots. And they were witnessed by Goldie and Bronx graffiti artists Brim, who documented the devastation in the documentary Bombin' (1987).


1985 Handsworth riots
The riots were the first of a series of similar riots across the country during the autumn of 1985, notably the Broadwater Farm riot in London which also resulted in a fatality (the murder of policeman Keith Blakelock).


1985 Hardy Cup
The 1985 Hardy Cup was the 1985 edition of the Canadian intermediate senior ice hockey championship.


1985 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1985 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Harvard tied for second in the Ivy League.


1985 Harvard Crimson football team
In their 15th year under head coach Joe Restic, the Crimson compiled a 7–3 record and outscored opponents 192 to 136. James B. Wilkinson was the team captain.


1985 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard's 5–2 conference record tied for second-best in the Ivy League standings. The Crimson outscored Ivy opponents 140 to 92.


1985 Harvard Crimson football team
The Crimson briefly appeared in the weekly national top 20, achieving No. 16 in the poll released October 1, but fell out of the rankings the next week and remained unranked through the end of the season.


1985 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.


1985 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team
The 1985 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in the Western Athletic Conference during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their ninth season under head coach Dick Tomey, the Rainbow Warriors compiled a 4–6–2 record.


1985 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1985 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 61st season in the Victorian Football League and 84th overall.


1985 Head Cup
The 1985 Austrian Open  (also known as the 1985 Head Cup for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel, Austria, from 5 August through 11 August 1985. Pavel Složil won the singles title.


1985 Head Cup, Finals, Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Paolo Canè /  Claudio Panatta, 6–4, 7–6


1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
The Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent is a 1985 protocol to the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution agreement that provided for a 30 per cent reduction in sulphur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993. The protocol has been supplemented by the 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions. By 1993, most of the countries that participated in the agreement reported reaching the goal and some countries reported even greater sulphur reductions.


1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions
parties - (25) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine


1985 Hewlett-Packard Trophy
The 1985 Hewlett-Packard Trophy was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Hilversum, Netherlands. It was part of the 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series and was played from 4 November until 10 November 1985. Unseeded Katerina Maleeva won the singles title.


1985 Hewlett-Packard Trophy, Finals, Doubles
Marcella Mesker /  Catherine Tanvier defeated  Sandra Cecchini /  Sabrina Goleš 6–2, 6–2


1985 Hillsdale Chargers football team
The 1985 Hillsdale Chargers football team was an American football team that represented Hillsdale College in the 1985 NAIA Division I football season. In their sixth year under head coach Dick Lowry, the Chargers compiled an 11–1–1 record and won the NAIA national co-championship. In the national championship game, played on December 21, in Conway, Arkansas, Hillsdale and Central Arkansas played to a 10–10 tie, resulting in a split national championship. The national title was a first for Hillsdale.


1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Himachal Pradesh in 1985.


1985 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1985 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 1st Tournament in the history of the conference. It was played between March 8 and March 16, 1985. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were, for the first time, played at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island. By winning the tournament, Providence received the Hockey East's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1985 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play. In the quarterfinals, the second seed and seventh seed, the third seed and sixth seeds, and the fourth seed and fifth seeds played a two-game series where an additional mini-game was played if the teams remained tied to determine the winner and advanced to the semifinals. In the semifinals, the first seed was matched against the lowest remaining quarterfinalist while the other remaining quarterfinalists met in a single-elimination game with the winners advancing to the championship game and the losers meeting in a third-place game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1985 Hockey East Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1985 Holiday Bowl
The 1985 Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 22, 1985, in San Diego, California. It was part of the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the 14th ranked Arkansas Razorbacks, and the unranked Arizona State Sun Devils. It was the first Holiday Bowl game since its inception that did not feature BYU.


1985 Holiday Bowl, Scoring summary
Arizona State scored first on a 47-yard field goal from Kent Bostrom taking a 3–0 lead. Arkansas's Derrick Thomas responded by rushing 9 yards for a touchdown, as the Razorbacks claimed a 7–3 lead. That would conclude the 1st quarter of scoring. Bostrom kicked a 22-yard field goal, Jeff Van Raaphorst fired a 16-yard touchdown pass to Aaron Cox, and the 2-point conversion was successful, as Arizona State wound up taking a 14–7 lead to halftime.


1985 Holiday Bowl, Scoring summary
In the fourth quarter, Bobby Joe Edmonds scored on a 17-yard rushing touchdown, and the 2-point conversion try was successful, as Arkansas took a 15–14 lead. Bostrom kicked a 28-yard field goal to put the Sun Devils in front 17–15. Arkansas placekicker Kendall Trainor kicked a 37-yard field goal with 23 seconds remaining to give the Hogs the lead, 18–17. Bostrom's field goal attempt at the end of the game for the Sun Devils fell short, and Arkansas held on to win the game.


1985 Holiday Bowl, Scoring summary
Arkansas running back Bobby Joe Edmunds was the Offensive MVP, and Arizona State linebacker Greg Battle was the Defensive MVP.


1985 Holiday Bowl, Scoring summary
The Razorbacks improved to 10–2 for the season, while the Sun Devils fell to 8–4.


1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
In their fifth and final year under head coach Rick E. Carter, the Crusaders compiled an 4–6–1 record. Leo Carlin, Ed Kutschke and Tom Patton were the team captains.


1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The Crusaders were briefly ranked in the national top 20, claiming No. 20 in the poll released Oct. 8. They fell out of the rankings after that week, and were not ranked at season's end.


1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
This would be Holy Cross' final year as an independent, before joining the Colonial League. Colgate was the only future league football opponent on the Crusaders' 1985 schedule. The league was later renamed Patriot League, and continues to be Holy Cross' home conference as of 2020.


1985 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
Holy Cross played its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.


1985 Honduran Segunda División
The 1985 Honduran Segunda División was the 19th season of the Honduran Segunda División. Under the management of Rafael Núñez, E.A.C.I. won the tournament after finishing first in the final round (or Cuadrangular) and obtained promotion to the 1986–87 Honduran Liga Nacional.


1985 Honduran general election
General elections were held in Honduras on 24 November 1985. Voters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic and a new Congress.


1985 Hong Kong Masters
The 1985 Camus Hong Kong Masters was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament held in Hong Kong in September 1985.


1985 Hong Kong Masters
Terry Griffiths won the tournament, defeating Steve Davis 4–2 in the final.


1985 Hong Kong Open (tennis)
The 1985 Hong Kong Open (also known as the  Seiko Super Tennis Hong Kong for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Victoria Park Tennis Centre in Hong Kong that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. The tournament was held from November 18 through November 24, 1985.


1985 Hong Kong Open (tennis), Champions, Men's Doubles
Brad Drewett /  Kim Warwick defeated  Jakob Hlasek /  Tomáš Šmíd 3–6, 6–4, 6–2


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform
The 1985 Hong Kong electoral reform introduced the first ever indirect election to the colonial legislature during the last years of the British colonial rule in Hong Kong. The reform proposals was first carried out in the Green Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong in July 1984  right before the Sino-British Joint Declaration in December. The reform laid the foundation of the representative democracy in Hong Kong which developed throughout the last years of the colonial rule and succeeded by the democratic development in Hong Kong after the handover of Hong Kong in 1997.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Background
The Green Paper: A Pattern of District Administration in Hong Kong was published in July 1984 before the Sino-British negotiations over the sovereignty of Hong Kong began which marked the intention of first large-scale constitutional reform in the colonial history. The 1980 Green Paper stated the continual evolution of the government system including the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The formation of the District Boards and the first direct election in 1982 were followed by the 1980 Green Paper. In 1983 the membership of the Urban Council was increased to 30, half of whom were elected from direct constituencies on the further extended franchises.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Background
A further democratic reform was considered in the Green Paper of 1984 published in July, months before the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed which the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China governments agreed on handing over Hong Kong from British to Chinese rule in 1997.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper
The Green Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong was published by the Hong Kong government in June 1984 proposed a further representative government. The main aims of the proposals were:


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper
The main issues for consideration were the role, functions or composition of the Legislative Council, the Executive Council and the position of the Governor.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper, Legislative Council
The Green Paper suggested the introduction of the indirect election in two stages in 1985 and 1988 to the unofficial members in the Legislative Council by an electoral college of Urban Council of Hong Kong, new Regional Council to be established in 1986, and District Board members and by functional groups or functional constituencies. It also suggested the length of term for the unofficial members should be three years. Furthermore, the number of the official members and appointed unofficial members was considered to be gradually reduced as the number of the indirect elected unofficial members was increased. The Green Paper indicated a review to consider the possibility of direct election on a constituency basis or a single territory-wide list.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper, Executive Council
The Green Paper suggested the introduction of a representative element into the Executive Council by proposing an indirect election of the unofficial members of the Executive Council by the unofficial members of the Legislative Council.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Green Paper, Governor
The Green Paper suggested the Governor's power to appoint members of the Executive and Legislative Councils to be limited. It also suggested Governor to cease to be the President of the Legislative Council. The power of the Governor to oppose to the advice of the Executive Council was also considered to be removed.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
A two-month period was allowed for public consultation on the Green Paper proposals. In addition to over 360 written submission from various organizations, groups and individuals. Many meetings and public discussions were attended by government officers, several surveys of public opinion were carried out and the public was generally in favour of the aims of the Green Paper. Comments were received from many members of District Boards, Area Committees and Mutual Aid Committees.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper
Urban Councillors expressed their views in an open debate on 4 and 6 September 1984, which was followed up by a Resolution from the Standing Committee of the Whole Council on 27 September 1984. and Unofficial Members of the Legislative Council commented on the proposals during the debate in the Legislative Council on 2 August 1984.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper, General reactions
The White Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong was published in November 1984, summing up the public responses to the constitutional reform proposal. The ideas of an electoral college and functional constituencies for the election of the unofficial members of the Legislative Council were adopted. However the government concluded that "there was little evidence of support in public comment on the Green Paper for any move towards direct elections in 1985."


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper, General reactions
There was much less comment on the Executive Council proposals than on the Legislative Council. It was not proposed to make any changes affecting the Executive Council in 1985. The idea of replacing the Governor as President of the Legislative Council by an elected Presiding Officer was generally received, but the general view was in favour of making no significant changes in the position of the Governor during the next few years.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper, Electoral college
Under the White Paper proposals, the electoral college comprised all members of the District Boards, the Urban Council and the new Regional Council. The college would elect 12 Unofficial members to the Legislative Council in September 1985. In order to achieve a more balanced and adequate representation the District Boards would be grouped into ten geographical constituencies each representing approximately 500 000 people. The remaining two seats would be provided by the two special constituencies formed respectively by members of the Urban Council and the Regional Council. The interests of the Heung Yee Kuk would be represented through the Regional Council.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, White Paper, Functional constituencies
Nine functional constituencies would return an overall total of 12 unofficial members to the Legislative Council in the elections planned for September 1985. The commercial, industrial, and labour constituencies would each return two unofficial members to the Legislative Council. The remaining six constituencies would each return one Unofficial member.


1985 Hong Kong electoral reform, Electoral Provisions Bill
The Legislative Council (Electoral Provisions) Bill 1985 was introduced into the Legislative Council in early 1985 and was passed on 3 April 1985 with the support of the unofficial members. The first Legislative Council elections were subsequently held in September 1985.


1985 Hong Kong legislative election
The 1985 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was an indirect election for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) held on 26 September 1985. It was the first ever election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong which marked the beginning of the Hong Kong representative democracy.


1985 Hong Kong legislative election
After the Sino-British Joint Declaration, the Hong Kong government decided to start the process of democratisation in Hong Kong based on the consultative document Green Paper: the Further Development of Representative Government in Hong Kong published on 18 July 1984. There were 12 members elected by the Electoral Colleges and 12 by the functional constituencies, four official members and the rest of the seats were appointed by the Governor.


1985 Hong Kong legislative election, Composition, Electoral colleges
12 unofficial members were elected by the electoral college comprised all members of the District Boards, the Urban Council and the new Regional Council. In order to achieve a more balanced and adequate representation the District Boards would be grouped into ten geographical constituencies each representing approximately 500,000 people. The remaining two seats would be provided by the two special constituencies formed respectively by members of the Urban Council and the Regional Council. The interests of the Heung Yee Kuk would be represented through the Regional Council. The 12 constituencies formed from the electoral college were:


1985 Hong Kong legislative election, Composition, Functional constituencies
Nine functional constituencies returned 12 unofficial members to the Legislative Council. The commercial, industrial, and labour constituencies would each return two unofficial members to the Legislative Council. The remaining six constituencies would each return one unofficial member. The nine functional constituencies and their representative organizations were:


1985 Hong Kong local elections
The 1985 Hong Kong District Board elections were the second district board elections held on 7 March 1985 for the all 19 districts of Hong Kong (original Tsuen Wan District Board was separated into Tsuen Wan District Board and Kwai Tsing District Board).


1985 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
The two political groups with long history, the Hong Kong Civic Association and the Reform Club of Hong Kong continued to fill candidates in various districts. The Reform Club focused on its base in the Eastern District and both groups focused their campaigns in the urban areas. The relatively new grassroots group, the Hong Kong People's Council on Public Housing Policy which mainly focused on the public housing policies also actively fill in candidates. The incumbent District Councillors in the Central and Western District, Eastern District and the Southern District on the Hong Kong Island formed the coalition of seeking for re-election. Most of the members retained their seats.


1985 Hong Kong local elections, Overview
The pro-Beijing leftist union Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) also supported 10 of its members who all ran as individuals and 5 of them were elected, while 5 elected candidates were with pro-Taipei background, one of whom was a member of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (TUC). The Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (PTU) also supported 30 of its members, 24 of whom were elected.


1985 Hong Kong local elections, General outcome
Total of 476,530 voters cast their votes on the election day on 7 March, which was about 37.5% of the total eligible voters, slightly higher than the last election.


1985 Hong Kong local elections, General outcome
Note: The votes of candidates with multiple affiliations are overlapped in this table.


1985 Hopmann
1985 Hopmann (prov. designation: 1929 AE) is a dark background asteroid in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 13 January 1929, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl in southern Germany. The asteroid has a rotation period of 17.5 hours and measures approximately 36 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was later named after German astronomer Josef Hopmann (1890–1975).


1985 Hopmann, Orbit and classification
Hopmann is a dark C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,014 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. The first observation used for the body's observation arc was taken at the discovering observatory on 4 February 1926, or 22 days after its official discovering observation.


1985 Hopmann, Naming
This minor planet was named in memory of German astronomer Josef Hopmann (1890–1975), a director of Vienna Observatory between 1951 and 1962, a productive observer of variable and binary stars, and a participant in the international program to observe near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros in the early 1930s. The lunar crater Hopmann is also named in his honour. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 October 1977 (M.P.C. 4237).


1985 Hopmann, Physical characteristics
According to the survey carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, Hopmann measures 35.51 kilometers in diameter. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with the Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) data and derives an albedo of 0.039 and a diameter of 35.47 kilometers, while observations with NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission gave an albedo of 0.06 and a diameter of 44.33 kilometers.


1985 Hopmann, Physical characteristics
In January and February 2012, three rotational lightcurves were obtained by Robert Stephens at Santana Observatory (646), California, Josep Maria Aymami at Carmelita Observatory (B20), Barcelona, and Patricia Moravec at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09), Australia. The lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 17.476, 17.478 and 17.480 hours, respectively, with a brightness variation between 0.36 and 0.44 magnitude (U=3/3/3-). In 2016, a re-modeled lightcurve, constructed from data compiled in the Lowell Photometric Database, also gave a concurring period.


1985 Houston Astros season
The Houston Astros' 1985 season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Houston Astros attempting to win the National League West.


1985 Houston Astros season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1985 Houston Cougars football team
The 1985 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cougars were led by 24th-year head coach Bill Yeoman and played their home games at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. The team competed as members of the Southwest Conference, finishing in sixth. Houston finished the season with a record of 4–7.


1985 Houston Oilers season
The 1985 Houston Oilers season was the 26th season overall and 16th with the National Football League. The team improved upon their previous season's output of 3–13, winning five games, but failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season.


1985 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1985 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State University during the 1985 NCAA Division II football season. Humboldt State competed in the Northern California Athletic Conference in 1985.


1985 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1985 Lumberjacks were led by head coach Bud Van Deren in his 20th and last year at the helm. They played home games at the Redwood Bowl in Arcata, California. Humboldt State finished with a record of two wins and nine losses (2–8, 1–4 NCAC). The Lumberjacks were outscored by their opponents 175–350 for the season.


1985 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
In 20 years under coach Van Deren, the Lumberjacks compiled a record of 98–101–4 (.493). They had nine winning seasons, and won the conference championship once (1968). That was the same year Humboldt State had its only bowl win, the 1968 Camellia Bowl.


1985 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL
No Humboldt State players were selected in the 1986 NFL Draft.


1985 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 8 June 1985. The Patriotic People's Front, dominated by the Communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, was the only organisation allowed to contest the election. All prospective candidates had to accept the Front's program in order to be eligible.


1985 Hungarian parliamentary election
The HSWP, the only legal political party in the country, won 288 of the 387 seats, with 98 of the remaining 99 going to independents selected by the party. The one other seat remained unfilled until the following year.


1985 Hungarian parliamentary election, Electoral system
The elections took place under new rules enacted in 1983 that allowed for wider participation in the electoral process. In addition to the 352 single-member constituencies, a further 35 MPs were elected unopposed via a national list. According to Politburo member Mihaly Korom, this was necessary in order to ensure the "representation of leading personalities" whose activities extended "beyond the boundaries of their electoral districts." Voters who were away from home on election day could only vote on the national list, which had around 160,000 extra voters compared to the single-member constituencies.


1985 Hungarian parliamentary election, Electoral system
There had to be at least two candidates in the single-member constituencies, which was achieved everywhere except Keszthely, where one candidate withdrew his nomination. A by-election was later held for the seat in the spring of 1986. In 54 constituencies, mainly in urban areas, at least three and as many as four candidates appeared on the ballot.


1985 Hypo-Meeting
The 12th edition of the annual Hypo-Meeting took place on May 25 and May 26, 1985 in Götzis, Austria. The track and field competition featured a decathlon (men) and a heptathlon (women) event.


1985 IAAF Grand Prix Final
The 1985 IAAF Grand Prix Final was the first edition of the season-ending competition for track and field,  organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations. It was held at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy on 7 September 1985. Americans Doug Padilla (5000 metres) and Mary Slaney (3000 metres) were the overall points winners of the tournament.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Sports Complex of Jamor on March 24, 1985. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 569 athletes from 50 countries, four athletes (2 senior men, 2 junior men) less than the official number published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
The Junior men's race at the 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Sports Complex of Jamor on March 24, 1985. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 141 athletes from 35 countries in the Junior men's race, two athletes less than the official number published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
The Senior men's race at the 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Sports Complex of Jamor on March 24, 1985. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
Complete results, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race, Race results, Senior men's race (12.19 km), Individual
†: Micah Boinett from  Kenya was initially 45th in 34:43min, but disqualified.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 297 athletes from 47 countries in the Senior men's race, two athletes less than the official number published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Sports Complex of Jamor on March 24, 1985. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
Complete results, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.


1985 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 131 athletes from 28 countries in the Senior women's race. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published.


1985 IAAF World Cup
The 4th IAAF World Cup in Athletics was an international track and field sporting event sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations, held on October 4–6, 1985, at the Bruce Stadium in Canberra, Australia.


1985 IAAF World Cup – Results
These are the full results of the 1985 IAAF World Cup which was held on 4–6 October 1985 at the Bruce Stadium in Canberra, Australia.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games
The World Indoor Games were arranged by the IAAF and held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from January 18 to January 19, 1985. In 1987 the championship was renamed to the IAAF World Indoor Championships and gained official status. There were a total number of 319 participating athletes from 69 countries.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 1500 metres
The men's 1500 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 and 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 1500 metres, Results, Heats
First 4 of each heat qualified directly (Q) for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 200 metres, Results, Heats
The winner of each heat (Q) and next 7 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 200 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 3000 metres
The men's 3000 metres event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 and 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 3000 metres, Results, Heats
First 4 of each heat (Q) and the next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 and 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 400 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 5000 metres walk
The men's 5000 metres walk event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres
The men's 60 metres event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres, Results, Heats
The winner of each heat (Q) and next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres hurdles
The men's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 and 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's 800 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 of each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's high jump
The men's high jump event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's long jump
The men's long jump event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's shot put
The men's shot put event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Men's triple jump
The men's triple jump event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 200 metres
The women's 200 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 200 metres, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat qualified directly (Q) for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 3000 metres
The women's 3000 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 3000 metres walk
The women's 3000 metres walk event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres
The women's 60 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres hurdles
The women's 60 metres hurdles event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 3 of each heat (Q) and next 3 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 3 of each semifinal (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's high jump
The women's high jump event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's long jump
The women's long jump event  at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 19 January.


1985 IAAF World Indoor Games – Women's shot put
The women's shot put event at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games was held at the Palais Omnisports Paris-Bercy on 18 January.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup
The 1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held on 28 and 29 September 1985 in the streets of St John's, Isle of Man. The event was also known as IAAF Race Walking World Cup.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Results, Team (men)
The team rankings, named Lugano Trophy, combined the 20 km and 50 km events team results.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Participation
The participation of 158 athletes (110 men/48 women) from  countries is reported.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Qualifying Rounds
In 1985, there were qualifying rounds for both men's and women's competition with the first two winners proceeding to the final.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Qualifying Rounds, Men
This year, the Soviet Union, Italy, México, the United Kingdom, the United States, Algeria, Australia, China, Canada, Colombia, and Kenya proceeded directly to the final. México withdrew due to the Mexico City earthquake.


1985 IAAF World Race Walking Cup, Qualifying Rounds, Women
This year, China, the Soviet Union, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada proceeded directly to the final.


1985 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The 1985 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships was the third edition of the annual international road running competition organised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). The competition was hosted by the United Kingdom on 3 November 1985 in Gateshead and featured one race only: a 15K run for women. This was the first time  that the distance was contested at the championships, having previously been a 10K run, and this was a permanent change. There were individual and team awards available, with the national team rankings being decided by the combined finishing positions of a team's top three runners. Countries with fewer than three finishers were not ranked.


1985 IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships
The race was won by Portugal's Aurora Cunha in a time of 49:17 minutes, completing a successful defence of her title from 1984. Judi St. Hilaire of the United States finished eight seconds later in second place, while Great Britain's Carole Bradford came third for a second year running. As she had the year before, Bradford led the British women to the team title (alongside fifth place Paula Fudge and Wendy Sly in eleventh). The Soviet Union's team, featuring Lyudmila Matveyeva in fourth and two other top ten finishers in Mariya Vasilyuk and Yelena Sipatova, was just one point behind in the team race. St Hilaire helped the American women to the bronze medal team position (backed up by Nancy Ditz and Carol McLatchie).


1985 IBF World Championships
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985.


1985 IBF World Championships, Host city selection
Canada was selected over India and Netherlands by IBF during a meeting in May 1983.


1985 IBF World Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985. Following the results of the men's doubles.


1985 IBF World Championships – Men's Singles
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985. Following the results of the men's singles. Men's top seed Zhao Jianhua of China withdrew from the tournament after suffering with Pneumonia.


1985 IBF World Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985. Following the results of the mixed doubles.


1985 IBF World Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985. Following the results of the women's doubles.


1985 IBF World Championships – Women's Singles
The 1985 IBF World Championships were held in Calgary, Canada, from June 10 to June 16, 1985. Following the results of the women's singles.


1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held between 12-16 June 1985 in Augsburg, West Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time. Augsburg hosted the event previously in 1957. It was the 19th edition. It also marked the first time the championships took place on an artificial whitewater slalom course at the Eiskanal and the first to be held at an Olympic venue. The Eiskanal previously hosted the slalom canoeing events at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in neighboring Munich.


1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Mechelen, Belgium.


1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The men's competition consisted of six canoe (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.


1985 IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championships
The 1985 Sanyo IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championship was the first edition of the IFMAR 1:10 Electric Off-Road World Championship. This global event was for 1 to 10th scale electric powered radio control cars. It was held in United States in Del Mar which is in the state of California.


1985 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship
The 1985 IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship was the second edition of the IIHF Asian Oceanic Junior U18 Championship. It took place between 28 January and 2 February 1985 in Seoul, South Korea. The tournament was won by Japan, who claimed their second title by finishing first in the standings. South Korea and Australia finished second and third respectively.


1985 IIHF European U18 Championship
The 1985 IIHF European U18 Championship was the eighteenth playing of the IIHF European Junior Championships.


1985 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group A
Played April 1–7, 1985, in Anglet France. For the first time, a nation other than the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, and Finland, finished in the top four. Norway defeated Finland three to two, and then hung on to tie the Germans five to five, earning them second in group 1 and an opportunity to play for their first medal. It would take another ten years for another nation to break through the four team monopoly, with the Germans placing 2nd in 1995.


1985 IIHF European U18 Championship, Group B, Final round
Romania was promoted to Group A and Hungary was relegated to Group C, for 1986.


1985 III ACB International Tournament "II Memorial Héctor Quiroga"
The 1985 III ACB International Tournament "II Memorial Héctor Quiroga" was the 3rd semi-official edition of the European Basketball Club Super Cup. It took place at Pabellón Municipal de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Spain, on 6, 7 and 8 September 1985 with the participations of Real Madrid (runners-up of the 1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup), Simac Milano (champions of the 1984–85 FIBA Korać Cup), Limoges CSP (champions of the 1984–85 Nationale 1) and Winston All Star a selective team from NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.


1985 IMSA GT Championship
The 1985 Camel GT Championship season was the 15th season of the IMSA GT Championship auto racing series. It was for prototypes in the existing GTP class and new, smaller Lights class, as well as Grand Tourer-style racing cars which ran in the GTO and GTU classes. It began on February 2, 1985, and ended on December 1, 1985, after seventeen rounds.


1985 IMSA GT Championship, Schedule
The GT and Prototype classes did not participate in all events, nor did they race together at shorter events. Races marked as GT featured both GTO and GTU classes combined. Races marked with All had all classes on track at the same time.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships
The 1985 Ice Hockey World Championships took place in Prague, Czechoslovakia from 17 April to 3 May. Eight teams took part, with each team playing each other once. The four best teams then played each other once more with no results carrying over, and the other four teams played each other again to determine ranking and relegation. This was the 50th World Championships, and also the 61st European Championships of ice hockey. The home side, Czechoslovakia, became world champions for the 6th time, and the Soviet Union won their 23rd European title. For the European Championship, only games between European sides in the first round are included.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships
This was a historic tournament in a few respects. The Soviets were playing without goaltender Tretiak for the first time since 1969. This was Canada's best finish since returning to the Championships in 1977, and after defeating the Soviet Union for the first time in the World Championships since 1961, they played for gold on the last day. Despite Canada's silver medal, the first round saw a professionally stocked Canada lose to the Americans for the first time. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of the tournament was Sweden's poor play. After finishing second in the 1984 Canada Cup expectations were high, but they had their worst finish since 1937, playing in the relegation pool for the first time. It would also be East Germany's final appearance at the top level.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships
The tournament finished on a sour note when the US and Soviet Union faced off against each other for the bronze medal. Several fights broke out, resulting in suspensions of coaches Viktor Tikhonov and David Peterson, as well as players Irek Gimayev, Vyacheslav Fetisov and Tim Thomas. Additionally referee Kjell Lind was disciplined for failing to keep control of the game.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group B (Switzerland)
Played in Fribourg 21–31 March. In the final game, the Swiss had to win by more than four to win the tournament. While the margin was attainable, the unpredictable Dutch side shocked the home crowd beating them six to two.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group B (Switzerland)
Poland was promoted to Group A, and both Norway and Hungary were relegated to Group C.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, World Championship Group C (France)
France and Yugoslavia were both promoted to Group B. For France this was their first return to this level since they boycotted in protest in 1972


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, Ranking and statistics, European championships final standings
The final standings of the European championships according to IIHF:


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, Ranking and statistics, Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.


1985 Ice Hockey World Championships, Ranking and statistics, Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played 50% of their team's minutes are included in this list.


1985 Icelandic Cup
The 1985 Icelandic Cup was the 26th edition of the National Football Cup.


1985 Icelandic Cup
It took place between 22 May 1984 and 25 August 1984, with the final played at Laugardalsvöllur in Reykjavik. The cup was important, as winners qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (if a club won both the league and the cup, the defeated finalists would take their place in the Cup Winners' Cup).


1985 Icelandic Cup
The 10 clubs from the 1. Deild entered in the last 16, with clubs from lower tiers entering in the three preliminary rounds. Teams played one-legged matches. In case of a draw, a penalty shoot-out took place (there were no replays, unlike in previous years).


1985 Icelandic Cup
Fram Reykjavik won the trophy, beating ÍBK Keflavík in the final. They won their fifth Icelandic Cup, and so qualified for Europe.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1985 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Vandals, led by fourth-year head coach Dennis Erickson, were members of the Big Sky Conference and played their home games at the Kibbie Dome, an indoor facility on campus in Moscow, Idaho.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team
The Vandals won their first outright conference title since 1971 (the 1982 team tied for the title, but lost the head-to-head tiebreaker to Montana). Led by quarterbacks Scott Linehan and Rick Sloan, Idaho finished the regular season at 9–2 and 6–1 in the Big Sky.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1985 season marked the first time that the Vandal football program had four consecutive winning seasons; this streak extended to fifteen in 1996.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, Notable games
The Vandals opened the season with a fifteen-point loss at Oregon State in Corvallis, whom they had defeated the year before in Moscow. After six straight losses to Nevada, Idaho recorded its first conference victory over the Wolf Pack,  who joined the Big Sky in 1979. The Vandals defeated rival Boise State for the fourth consecutive year, the fourth of twelve straight over the Broncos. A key one-point road loss at Idaho State in late October prevented the Vandals from attaining an important first round bye in the I-AA playoffs.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, Division I-AA playoffs
After a two-season absence, Idaho returned to the twelve-team I-AA playoffs, hosting independent Eastern Washington, whom they had defeated four weeks earlier by three touchdowns. The Eagles won the rematch, a back-and-forth contest before a sparse crowd at the Kibbie Dome, two days after Thanksgiving. (EWU joined the Big Sky in 1987, raising league membership to nine.)


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, Division I-AA playoffs
For the following season in 1986, the I-AA playoffs expanded from 12 to 16 teams, which eliminated the bye week for the top four seeds.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, Notable players
The 1985 team included two future NFL head coaches: quarterback Scott Linehan and offensive lineman Tom Cable. Future NFL players with lengthy pro careers included guard Mark Schlereth (redshirt freshman starting on defense this season) and true freshman John Friesz, a future collegiate hall of fame quarterback as a three-year starter (1987–89), but inactive in 1985 as a redshirt.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, Coaches
This was the fourth and final season at Idaho for head coach Dennis Erickson and defensive coordinator John L. Smith. Offensive coordinator Keith Gilbertson returned to that position after three spring seasons in the USFL with the L.A. Express. Following Erickson's departure for Wyoming in December, Gilbertson was promoted to head coach for 1986. Smith followed Erickson to Laramie and back to the Palouse at Washington State in 1987, then returned to the Vandals in January 1989. He succeeded Gilbertson, who left after three seasons for an assistant's position in Seattle, as offensive line coach under head coach Don James at Washington.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
Wide receiver Eric Yarber and junior linebacker Tom Hennessey were the offensive and defensive players of the year in the Big Sky, respectively, and were joined on the all-conference team by tackle Mark Caldwell. Six Vandals, all on offense, were included on the second team: quarterback Rick Sloan, tight end Scott Auker, wide receiver Brant Bengen, center Matt Watson, and guards Tom Cable and Joe Smiley. Honorable mention went to tackle Dave Thorsen and running back Todd Hoiness.


1985 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
Yarber was named to the Kodak All-American team for Division I-AA.


1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign during the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Mike White, the Illini compiled a 6–5–1 record and finished in third place in the Big Ten Conference.


1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Jack Trudeau with 2,938 passing yards, running back Thomas Rooks with 718 rushing yards, and wide receiver David Williams with 1,047 receiving yards.


1985 Illinois Fighting Illini football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On November 2, 1985, Illinois played Michigan to a 3-3 tie at Memorial Stadium. Each team kicked a field goal in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove the length of the field, but fullback Gerald White fumbled at the Illinois 12-yard line, with the Illini recovering at the nine-yard line. Illinois then drove the length of the field and, with time running out, Chris White lined up for what would have been a game-winning 37-yard field goal. Dieter Heren tipped the ball, which hit the cross-bar and bounced back, and the game ended in a tie. After the game, head coach White said, "I don't remember feeling worse after a game. . . . I'm devastated."


1985 Independence Bowl
The 1985 Independence Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Clemson Tigers and the Minnesota Golden Gophers.


1985 Independence Bowl, Background
The Gophers finished in 6th place in the Big Ten Conference while the Tigers finished 4th in the Atlantic Coast Conference. This was the first Independence Bowl for either team. Gutekunst was the interim head coach after Lou Holtz left for Notre Dame. This was Minnesota's first bowl game since 1977 and Clemson's first since 1982.


1985 Independence Bowl, Game summary
Minnesota’s Valdez Baylor scored on a 1-yard run in the fourth quarter to lead the Golden Gophers to the victory over Clemson, who committed four turnovers. Foggie went 9-of-12 for 123 yards and 60 yards rushing on 18 carries, en route to being named MVP. Valdez Baylor rushed for 98 yards on 12 carries. In a losing effort, Kenny Flowers ran for 148 yards on 27 carries.


1985 Independence Bowl, Aftermath
Gutekunst would become the full-time head coach for Minnesota starting the following year, which culminated in an appearance in the Liberty Bowl, their last appearance for 13 years. Clemson kept rolling, making four more bowl games in the decade. Neither team has returned to the Independence Bowl since this game.


1985 Indian Federation Cup
The 1985 Indian Federation Cup was the 9th season of the football competition. The competition was won by East Bengal, who defeated local rivals Mohun Bagan 1–0 at Bangalore.


1985 Indian Rajya Sabha elections
Rajya Sabha elections were held on various dates in 1985, to elect members of the Rajya Sabha, Indian Parliament's upper chamber.


1985 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Elections, Members elected
The following members are elected in the elections held in 1985. They are members for the term 1985–1991 and retire in year 1991, except in case of the resignation or death before the term. The list is incomplete.


1985 Indian Rajya Sabha elections, Bye-elections
The following bye elections were held in the year 1985.


1985 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1985 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1985 Big Ten Conference football season. They participated as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Bill Mallory, in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers.


1985 Indianapolis 500
The 69th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, on Sunday, May 26, 1985. The race was sanctioned by USAC, and was included as part of the 1985 CART PPG Indy Car World Series. The Speedway also celebrated 40 years of ownership by the Hulman/George family.


1985 Indianapolis 500
In one of the most dramatic moments in Indy 500 history, Danny Sullivan took the lead from Mario Andretti on lap 120. But as he was completing the pass, Sullivan's car stepped out, and he lost control. He spun directly in front of Andretti in turn one, doing a complete 360°. Andretti veered to the inside and slipped by unscathed, while Sullivan's car somehow avoided contact with the concrete wall. Sullivan remarkably gathered control without stalling the engine, and continued in the race. About twenty laps later, Sullivan managed to re-pass Andretti for the lead, this time cleanly. Sullivan led the final 61 laps, and scored his first and only Indy victory. It was the fifth Indy win for car owner Roger Penske (Penske Racing), tying the record at the time held by Lou Moore.


1985 Indianapolis 500
Due to the electrifying spin by Sullivan, and the subsequent recovery, the race became known in auto racing lore as the "Spin and Win". It is largely considered one of the most famous moments in all of Indy car racing history.


1985 Indianapolis 500
The 1985 Indy 500 was the breakout race for the "stock block" Buick V-6 engine. Pancho Carter and Scott Brayton swept the top two spots on the starting grid with the pushrod Buick, setting new track record speeds in time trials. However, both cars still had questionable reliability for the full 500 miles, and both dropped out early with mechanical problems on race day.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
Defending champion Rick Mears suffered serious leg injuries in a crash at Sanair Super Speedway in August 1984. He missed the rest of the 1984 season, and would participate only in limited events in 1985. The 1985 Indy 500 was his first race back after recovery.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
Danny Sullivan joined Penske Racing for 1985, and Al Unser, Sr., who was filling in for Mears during the rest of the season, took the wheel of the third Penske entry for Indy.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
Willy T. Ribbs entered the Rookie Orientation Program in April, hoping to become the first African American driver to qualify for the Indy 500. However, after 20 laps of testing, he managed only 172 mph, and withdrew, citing his inexperience. He would return in 1991


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
This would be the final Indy 500 broadcast on television in tape-delay. Later in the summer, ABC-TV signed a deal to broadcast the Indy 500 live for the first time starting in 1986. It would also be Jim McKay's final Indy 500 as play-by-play anchor.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
A. J. Foyt announced during the month he was planning to retire after the 1987 race, which would be his 30th start. The decision was later retracted. Foyt entered the month of May 1985 with the opportunity to pass the 10,000 mile mark in competition at Indy, and the race would mark his record 300th career Indy car start.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Background
At the conclusion of the race, the Speedway planned to tear down the legendary Gasoline Alley garage area, in preparations for construction of a new, modern garage facility. This would be the final Indy 500 field to utilize the famous landmark green and white "barn-like" garages.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race schedule
* Includes days where trackactivity was significantlylimited due to rain


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
Pole day was sunny and warm, with temperatures in the low 80s. Mario Andretti (214.285 mph) and Bobby Rahal (214.183 mph) were the fastest cars in practice, and were early favorites for the pole position.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
Qualifying began promptly at 11 a.m. The first car to take to the track was Scott Brayton in one of the Buick V-6 stock block engines. He set new one and four-lap track records, as well as track records for stock block engines. His four-lap average of 212.354 mph tentatively put him on pole position.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
Brayton's final lap dropped off due to transmission trouble. Not to be upstaged, less than twenty minutes later, Pancho Carter took to the track, also driving a Buick V-6.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
Carter could not eclipse Brayton's one-lap track record, but his run was more consistent. Carter's four-lap average of 212.533 mph was faster overall than Brayton, and itself was a new four-lap track record. Carter took the top spot by a mere 0.177 seconds. As a result, in a mostly rare situation, the one-lap and four-lap track records were thus held by two different drivers. Carter clinched the pole position, and completed a 1st-2nd sweep for the Buicks on the starting grid. Only a half-hour had passed, but the Buicks had already established their dominance of time trials, and distanced themselves from the rest of the competition. After the record-setting run, Brayton picked up the sponsorship of Hardee's during the week.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
With the pole position basically out-of-reach, the rest of the field battled out to see who would fill out the front row. Emerson Fittipaldi (211.322 mph) put himself tentatively in third position, but Mario Andretti (211.576 mph) later bumped him off the front row. At 1:13 p.m., Bobby Rahal, the last driver with a legitimate shot, turned in a run of 211.818 mph, securing the outside of the front row.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Pole Day – Saturday May 11
A busy day saw 27 cars qualify. Rick Mears returned from his 1984 leg injuries to qualify 10th. Danny Sullivan put his car in the field in 8th. No driver from 1911–1984 had ever won the race from 8th starting position, and it was often nicknamed the dreaded "8-ball spot."


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Second Day – Sunday May 12
Only two cars, Steve Chassey and Chet Fillip, made qualifying attempts, both late in the day. At the end of the first weekend of time trials, the field was filled to 29 cars.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Third Day – Saturday May 18
The second weekend of time trials saw cooler weather, and better conditions. Rookie Raul Boesel was the first car to take to the track, and put in a solid run of 206.498 mph.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Third Day – Saturday May 18
Late in the day, George Snider continued the trend of stock block engines, putting a Foyt V-6 in the field. In doing so, the field was filled to 33 cars. John Paul, Jr. squeezed in a qualifying run between his IMSA commitments, and bumped Derek Daly from the field.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Third Day – Saturday May 18
Tony Bettenhausen bumped out Chet Fillip, who earlier in the day, had wrecked his back-up car, leaving him on the sidelines for the rest of the month. The day ended as Jim Crawford bumped out Kevin Cogan.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump Day – Sunday May 19
The final day of time trials opened with Steve Chassey on the bubble, and about nine cars looking to make the field. Kevin Cogan got in his backup car, and easily bumped his way back into the field to open the afternoon. After Cogan's run, the track went mostly quiet, as drivers awaited better conditions.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump Day – Sunday May 19
Three-time winner Johnny Rutherford was now on the bubble, the second year in a row he was in danger of not qualifying. At about 5 p.m., Derek Daly (207.548 mph) bumped out Rutherford. A few minutes later, Rutherford got in a backup car, and at 208.254 mph, easily put himself back in the field. Rutherford bumped out Michael Roe in the process.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Time trials, Bump Day – Sunday May 19
With a half hour left in the day, Pete Halsmer was on the bubble. He survived an attempt by Tom Bigelow, but Rich Vogler succeeded in bumping him out. Tony Bettenhausen (204.824 mph) was now on the bubble. Michael Roe tried twice to bump him out, but fell short on both attempts.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Going into the race, the top two qualifiers, Pancho Carter and Scott Brayton were considered underdogs, due to reliability issues with the Buick engine. Mario Andretti emerged as the race day favorite.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Race day dawned sunny and warm. Mary F. Hulman gave the command to start engines just before 11 a.m., and the field pulled away for the pace laps. At the green flag, Bobby Rahal got the jump from the outside of the front row, and took the lead into turn 1. Brayton settled into second, but polesitter Carter slipped back to fourth. By turn three, Mario Andretti had picked off Brayton for second, and Rahal went on to lead the first lap.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
In the first few laps, Carter slid down the standings, and on lap 6, he pulled into the pits with a failed oil pump. He became the second polesitter to finish last (33rd) after Cliff Woodbury in 1929.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Start
Bobby Rahal led the first 14 laps. On lap 15, George Snider and Josele Garza both suffered blown engine, bringing out the first caution. Mario Andretti had a faster pit stop, and emerged on the track as the new leader on lap 16.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
The Buicks' day came to an end on lap 19 when Scott Brayton stopped on the track with a blown engine from a cracked cylinder wall. After keeping a close margin to Andretti, Bobby Rahal went to the pits on lap 52 with a turbocharger wastegate problem. After several long pit stops, Rahal eventually dropped out with 84 laps.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
Mario Andretti continued to dominate, with Danny Sullivan now in second. Also, high in contention was Emerson Fittipaldi, Al Unser, Jr. and Al Unser, Sr.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, First half
On lap 61, A. J. Foyt came into the pits with a poor-handling car in 20th place. After a heated exchange with his crew, it was determined that the front wing was broken. An angry Foyt stormed around the car, bumped into the fueler, fuel spilled, and fire started in the pit area. The fire was quickly doused. Foyt was out of the race just one lap short of the 10,000-mile career mark at the Speedway. Al Unser, Sr. was penalized for running over his air hose, which dropped him down the standings, Al Unser, Jr., who was in the top five, dropped out on lap 91 with an engine failure.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half
At the halfway point, only four cars remained on the lead lap. In order, they were Mario Andretti, Emerson Fittipaldi, Tom Sneva, and Danny Sullivan. After green flag pit stops, Sullivan moved into 2nd place by being the only driver among them to take a fuel-only stop.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
Shortly after the halfway point, Danny Sullivan got a radio call from his crew, but he misunderstood the message. He thought they said there were only 12 laps to go. In reality, there were still over 80 laps remaining. Sullivan quickly turned up the turbocharger boost, and started closing in on Andretti for the lead. On lap 120, Sullivan pulled to the inside down the front stretch, and took the lead going into turn one. Andretti held his ground, forcing Sullivan to make the pass down below the yellow line in the somewhat rough and flat apron.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
Suddenly, the car slipped as Sullivan came off the apron, and the back end snapped loose. Out of control, Sullivan car began a counterclockwise 360° spin directly in front of Andretti in the south short chute. Andretti pinched his car down to the inside, and slipped by unscathed. Meanwhile, Sullivan spun completely around, did not hit anything, and the engine stalled for an instant. When the tire smoked cleared, Sullivan noticed he was pointing in the correct direction, and he put the car in gear. The engine caught, and Sullivan pulled away under power to resume the race.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
The spin was immediately considered one of the most electrifying moments in Indy history, both for Andretti's ability to avoid Sullivan's spinning car, and for Sullivan's recovery from the spin. Sullivan considered it 50/50 skill and "dumb luck" that he emerged from the spin unscathed. Andretti's split-second decision to veer to the inside (the more difficult move, pinching his own car down) was a result of his experience from a very similar incident two years earlier. In the 1983 race, Andretti was faced with a nearly identical situation when Johnny Parsons spun in front of him going into turn one. Andretti was forced to try to avoid Parson's car to the outside, the two cars collided, and Andretti crashed hard into the concrete wall.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
The yellow flag immediately came out, and both Sullivan and Andretti made pit stops for tires and fuel. Their stops briefly put Emerson Fittipaldi into the lead, until he too stopped under caution. This left Andretti back in the lead, with Tom Sneva second and Sullivan third. Several lapped cars began ahead of the race leaders on the restart. Going into turn 1 on lap 124, Howdy Holmes drifted down into the rear quarter of Rich Vogler. Vogler was sent hard into the wall, skidding in front of the leaders. Andretti avoided the wreck, but Sneva locked his brakes and spun wide in front of Sullivan, who slipped by unscathed. Sneva hit the wall, but was not injured. Vogler, with a concussion and two cuts above his eyelid, was airlifted to Methodist Hospital for further treatment.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
After the cleanup, the race again reverted to Mario Andretti leading and Danny Sullivan second. On lap 140, Sullivan tried for the second time to get by Andretti, in exactly the same place as 20 laps before. This time he made the pass cleanly and started to pull away.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Second half, Danny Sullivan spin
Danny Sullivan started to pull away at will in the final 50 laps. Mario Andretti was starting to struggle, and was passed by Emerson Fittipaldi for second place for several laps.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Mario Andretti caught a break on lap 175 when John Paul, Jr. crashed in turn 2. Paul lost a wheel, and spun nearly head-on into the outside wall near the Turn Two Suites. He was not seriously injured. Andretti, meanwhile, bunched up behind Sullivan, and made the race close over the final laps.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
After being a factor nearly all afternoon, Emerson Fittipaldi dropped out of the race with low oil pressure and a broken fuel line with only 12 laps to go.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
On lap 192, Bill Whittington crashed in turn 3. The crash set up a restart with three laps to go. Andretti lined up three cars behind Sullivan, and as the green came out, he was able to quickly pick off both lapped cars. With two laps to go, Sullivan had a comfortable 2.4-second lead. Andretti was not able to close the gap, and Sullivan won his first Indy 500 by 2.477 seconds over Mario Andretti.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
Andretti matched his best finish in the race besides his win in 1969. Andretti was disappointed in an interview stating: "Second sucks. This was my best chance to win since my 1969 victory. We got a lot out of the car but it was not good enough. I left Danny plenty of room down on the apron and he just spun out. I picked the way to go and it happened to have been the right way. I knew he was cooked when he went down the apron but...he was just lucky that's all."


1985 Indianapolis 500, Race summary, Finish
"Mario and I are best friends, but he was so annoyed by the defeat that he didn't talk to me for a year. He would high-five anybody but me for several months. It annoyed him because he felt like he had it won. I had probably the best car of the field and so did he but ultimately I came out on top."


1985 Indianapolis 500, Legacy
The '"Spin and Win" result went down in Indy 500 lore as one of the most famous moments in the history of the race. Mario Andretti considered the 1985 race his "best chance to win," and his subsequent failure added to the Andretti curse. A disappointed Andretti refused to speak with Sullivan for almost a year after the race. In post-race interviews, the experienced Andretti claimed he baited the younger Sullivan during the pass, and deliberately pinched him down to the apron.


1985 Indianapolis 500, Legacy
Sam Posey reflected the win as a "changing of the guard" on the Indy car circuit, as the young 'hot-shot' Sullivan beat the established and long-experienced Andretti. Likewise, Indy legends such as Foyt was not a factor, and Johnny Rutherford, despite a strong finish, struggled to qualify.