1984 New York City Subway shooting, Grand juries
The shootings initially drew wide support from a public fearful and frustrated with rising crime rates and the state of the criminal justice system. A month after the grand jury's decision, a report summarizing statements Goetz made to police became public, indicating he had fired one shot at each of the four men, then checked their condition, and seeing no blood on the fourth, said "You don't look so bad, here's another" and fired again.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Grand juries
The media now wrote of a change in the public mood and demanded that Goetz be tried on the attempted murder and assault charges while suggesting approaches that would allow Morgenthau to convene a new grand jury. Public figures including New York State Governor Mario Cuomo raised questions based on the police summary. Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania called for a special prosecutor.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Grand juries
Stating that he had a new witness, Morgenthau obtained Judge Crane's authorization to convene a second grand jury, which heard testimony by Canty and Ramseur and indicted Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment and weapons possession. Judge Crane later granted a motion by Goetz to dismiss the new indictments, based on alleged errors in the prosecutor's instructions to the jury regarding Goetz's defense of justification for the use of deadly force.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Grand juries
A second factor in the dismissal was the judge's opinion that Canty and Ramseur "strongly appeared" to have perjured themselves, based on later public statements that they had intended to rob Goetz, and on a newspaper interview where Cabey stated that the other members of the group planned to frighten and rob Goetz because he "looked like easy bait". The judge allowed the weapons possession and reckless endangerment charges to stand.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Grand juries
The New York Court of Appeals, in People v. Goetz, reversed Judge Crane's dismissal, affirming the prosecutor's charge to the grand jury that a defendant's subjective belief that he is in imminent danger does not by itself justify the use of deadly force. The court agreed with the prosecutor that an objective belief, one that would be shared by a hypothetical reasonable person, is also required. The appeals court further held that Judge Crane's opinion that the testimony of Canty and Ramseur was perjurious was speculative and inappropriate. All charges were reinstated, and the case was sent to trial.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Criminal trial
The case was defended by Barry Slotnick and Mark M. Baker. Slotnick argued that Goetz's actions fell within the New York State's self-defense statute. Under Section 35.15, "A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person ... unless ... He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit [one of certain enumerated predicate offenses, including robbery]."


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Criminal trial
Goetz was tried before a Manhattan jury of 10 whites and 2 blacks, of whom 6 had been victims of street crime. He was acquitted of the attempted murder and first-degree assault charges and convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree – carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon in a public place. He was sentenced to six months in jail, one year's psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a $5,000 fine. An appellate court affirmed the conviction and changed the sentence to one year in jail without probation.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Criminal trial
The order of the appellate court was affirmed because the trial court had not erred in instructing the jury that, if it found the People had proved each of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, it "must" find the defendant guilty. This was not a directed verdict. Goetz served eight months.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Civil trial
A month after the shootings, Cabey's lawyers William Kunstler and Ron Kuby filed a civil suit against Goetz. The civil case was tried in 1996, over eleven years later, in the Bronx, with race as the dominant theme. During jury selection, Kuby asked the mostly non-white prospective jurors whether they had ever been discriminated against. Goetz admitted to previous use of racial language and to smoking PCP-laced marijuana during the 1980s. Kuby portrayed Goetz as a racist aggressor; Goetz's defense was that when surrounded he reacted in fear of being again robbed and beaten. Newspaper columnist Jimmy Breslin testified that in a 1985 interview, Cabey denied his involvement in an attempted robbery, but said that Canty, Allen, and Ramseur intended to rob Goetz. William Kunstler died during the trial.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Civil trial
The jury found that Goetz had acted recklessly and had deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Jurors stated that Goetz shooting Cabey twice was a key factor in their decision. The jury awarded Cabey $43 million – $18 million for pain and suffering and $25 million in punitive damages.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Trials, Civil trial
Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy, saying that legal expenses had left him almost penniless. A judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court ruled that the $43 million jury award could not be discharged by the bankruptcy. Asked in 2004 whether he was making payments on the judgment, Goetz responded "I don't think I've paid a penny on that", and referred any questions on the subject to his attorney.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
The New York State legal standard for the self-defense justification use of deadly force shifted after rulings in the case. New York State jurors are now told to consider a defendant's background and to consider whether a hypothetical reasonable person would feel imperiled if that reasonable person were the defendant.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s. As of 2006, New York City had statistically become one of the safest large cities in the U.S., with its crime rate being ranked 194th of the 210 American cities with populations over 100,000. New York City crime rates as of 2014 were comparable to those of the early 1960s.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
Goetz and others have interpreted the significance of his actions in the subway incident as a contributing factor precipitating the groundswell movement against crime in subsequent years. While that claim is impossible to verify, Goetz achieved celebrity status as a popular cultural symbol of a public disgusted with urban crime and disorder.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
Goetz occasionally gives media interviews about the 1984 subway incident that brought him into the public eye. In 2001 he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. In 2004, Goetz was interviewed by Nancy Grace on Larry King Live, where he stated his actions were good for New York City and forced the city to address crime. In 2010 he was interviewed and did a dry fire shooting demonstration on the inaugural episode of The Biography Channel's documentary show Aftermath with William Shatner.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
In March 1985 James Ramseur falsely reported to police that two men apparently hired by Goetz kidnapped and attempted to kill him. Goetz was not prosecuted for this hoax. Ramseur was incarcerated at the time of the trial. He was convicted in 1986 of the previous year's rape, sodomizing, and robbery of a young pregnant woman. He was conditionally released in 2002, but was returned to prison for a parole violation in 2005. He finished his sentence in July 2010. In 2011, on the 27th anniversary of the shooting, James Ramseur died from a drug overdose at age 45.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, Aftermath
In November 2013 Goetz was arrested for allegedly selling marijuana; the charges were dismissed in September 2014.


1984 New York City Subway shooting, In popular culture
Goetz and the shooting have endured in popular culture and inspired a number of creative works.


1984 New York Cosmos season
The 1984 New York Cosmos season was the fourteenth season for the New York Cosmos playing in the now-defunct North American Soccer League. It was the final year of the original Cosmos playing in the original NASL; they would play three friendlies in 1985 before disbanding. During the 1984 season, the Cosmos finished in third place in the Eastern Division, failing to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since 1975. It was also the first season since 1978 that the Cosmos failed to finish first in the overall league table, ending a streak of six premierships.


1984 New York Cosmos season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1984 New York Cosmos season, Results, NASL regular season
Pld = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, D = Draws, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points6 points for a win, 3 points for a draw, 0 points for a loss, 1 point for each goal scored (up to three per game).


1984 New York Cosmos season, 1985
After the disbanding of the North American Soccer League, the Cosmos opted to play as an independent team. After poor attendances and lack of media interest, the club shut down operations upon playing a handful of friendly matches.


1984 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
The 50th New York Film Critics Circle Awards honored the best filmmaking of 1984. The winners were announced on 18 December 1984 and the awards were given on 27 January 1985.


1984 New York Giants season
The 1984 New York Giants season was the franchise's 60th season in the National Football League. With a 9–7 record, the Giants finished in a tie for second in the National Football Conference East Division and qualified for the playoffs. In the Wild Card round, New York traveled to Anaheim Stadium and defeated the Los Angeles Rams 16–13 to advance to the Divisional round. Instead of traveling across the country back to New York, the Giants spent the week in Fresno, California. They used the facilities at Fresno State to prepare for the San Francisco 49ers. However, the Giants lost to the 49ers 21–10.


1984 New York Jets season
The 1984 New York Jets season was the 25th season for the team and the fifteenth in the National Football League. It began with the team trying to improve upon its 7–9 record from 1983 under head coach Joe Walton. After playing the previous 20 seasons at Shea Stadium in Queens, 1984 marked their first season of playing its home games at Giants Stadium in The Meadowlands, which was also the home of the NFC’s New York Giants. Mark Gastineau made NFL history by recording 22 sacks, to establish a then-new official single season record. The Jets finished the season with a record of 7–9.


1984 New York Mets season
The New York Mets' 1984 season was the 23rd regular season for the Mets. They went 90–72 and finished in second place in the National League East. They were managed by Davey Johnson. They played home games at Shea Stadium.


1984 New York Mets season, Regular season
1984 got off to an embarrassing start for GM Frank Cashen and the Mets before the season even began. Believing that it was unnecessary to protect a high-salaried, 39-year-old pitcher, the Mets left Tom Seaver unprotected. In a move that stunned the Mets, on January 20 Seaver was claimed in a free-agent compensation draft by the Chicago White Sox.


1984 New York Mets season, Regular season
This left opening day duties to Mike Torrez. Torrez lasted only 1.1 innings against the Cincinnati Reds at Riverfront Stadium, giving up six earned runs, and giving the Mets their first opening day loss since 1974. Davey Johnson's team did, however, come back to win the next six in a row, including Dwight Gooden's Major League Baseball debut on April 7. Johnson also helped bring the Mets back in contention, producing their first winning season since 1976. Off-season acquisition Sid Fernandez made his debut with the Mets on July 16, going seven innings against the Houston Astros at the Astrodome, and earning the victory.


1984 New York Mets season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1984 New York Yankees season
The New York Yankees' 1984 season was the 82nd season for the Yankees. The team finished in third place in the American League Eastern Division with a record of 87-75, finishing 17 games behind the Detroit Tigers. New York was managed by Yogi Berra. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium.


1984 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1984 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1984 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 New Zealand Masters
The 1984 Winfield New Zealand Masters was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which took place in July 1984 at the Kingsgate Convention Centre in Auckland, New Zealand. It was the first professional snooker tournament to be held in the country.


1984 New Zealand Masters
Jimmy White won the tournament beating Kirk Stevens 5–3 in the final.


1984 New Zealand NBL season
The 1984 NBL season was the third season of the National Basketball League. The addition of Ponsonby and the readmittance of Hamilton for the 1984 season coincided with Porirua and Waitemata dropping out of the league. Wellington won the championship in 1984 to claim their first league title, beating out an Auckland side who were back-to-back defending champions.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election
The 1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election was held to determine the future leadership of the New Zealand National Party. The election was won by former Deputy Prime Minister Jim McLay.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Background
Muldoon's government was defeated in a landslide in the July 1984 election and there was widespread desire in the party for a leadership change. This desire came mainly from the younger and less conservative wing of the party, which saw Robert Muldoon as representing an era that had already passed.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Background
Muldoon, however, was in no hurry to resign the leadership. In a post-election caucus meeting, he persuaded MPs to defer a vote on the leadership until February 1985 and indicated he would be "unlikely" to stand. Muldoon loyalist Bill Birch commented to media, "The whole thing needs to be considered very carefully, and the leadership decision needs to be dealt with at the appropriate time outside the shadow of a defeat at the election."


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Background
Pressure from leadership aspirant George Gair, among others, resulted in the election being brought forward to November 1984 despite Muldoon's objections. With the change of date, Muldoon also confirmed he would recontest his position. Gair, Birch, Jim McLay and Jim Bolger were the other declared candidates, though Gair and Birch dropped out before the election was held (with Birch's support generally transferring to Bolger and Gair's to McLay).


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Background
McLay had been Minister of Justice and Attorney-General in the previous administration. He was regarded as socially liberal and free-market friendly, and had been installed as Muldoon's deputy earlier that year in an attempt to balance the leadership. Bolger, the former Minister of Labour, pitched himself as a compromise candidate occupying the middle ground between McLay and Muldoon.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Candidates, Jim McLay
By 1984 McLay had become a senior member of Muldoon's government. He had served as both Attorney General, Minister of Justice and later as Deputy Prime Minister upon the retirement of Duncan MacIntyre. McLay was a distinct contrast to Muldoon, he promoted free market economic policies and possessed a relatively liberal social outlook. Indeed, he had been elected deputy due to his difference to Muldoon and building on this campaigned on winning back support from urban liberals and youth voters.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Candidates, Jim McLay
McLay had flirted with the prospect of the party leadership earlier in the year following Muldoon's refusal to act in accordance with the incoming governments wishes which triggered a constitutional crisis. McLay and several other senior cabinet ministers threatened to appeal to the Governor-General to dismiss Muldoon in favour of McLay unless Muldoon enacted Labour's request to devalue the New Zealand Dollar. Muldoon backed down and thus had remained leader. Since the defeat of the government he had been Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Shadow Minister of Justice and Shadow Attorney-General.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Candidates, Jim Bolger
Bolger, Minister of Labour under Muldoon, was seen by most as a more traditionalist and pragmatic candidate whilst being far less conservative than Muldoon. He had a traditionalist social views, but was more favourable to liberal economic policy. Bolger had sided with McLay against Muldoon's refusal to act in accordance with the incoming government. Since July he had been Shadow Minister of Labour and Employment.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Candidates, Robert Muldoon
After losing the snap 1984 election Muldoon wished to remain as leader, confident that he could defeat Labour in the 1987 election and thus refused to resign as leader. He argued he should stay on at least until Labour's "honeymoon period" was over and made sure to point out that few of National's remaining MPs had experience in opposition. Indeed, McLay had only served in government and Bolger had been an opposition MP for only one term in 1972-75. However, the mood for change within National's ranks became overbearing and forced a vote, though Muldoon still stood for the leadership, although he later admitted that he too felt he would lose.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Result
The election was conducted through a members ballot by National's parliamentary caucus. The following table gives the ballot results:


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Aftermath
Bolger was made deputy leader as a sign of party unity. Birch had also sought that role, but was instead ranked third in McLay's January 1985 shadow cabinet and assigned the finance portfolio. Muldoon refused to accept any portfolios McLay offered him and became a backbencher. Muldoon was asked by journalists whether he was going to be a thorn in McLay's side, to which he replied "More like a little prick." He refused McLay's offer of a front bench post, instead opting to return to the backbench for the first time in over two decades.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Aftermath
However, he continued to openly agitate against McLay, refusing to withdraw into an "elder statesman" role as McLay wanted. The relationship between the two bottomed out when Muldoon criticised the entire party leadership, forcing McLay to demote him to the lowest rank in the National caucus. McLay wished for Muldoon to become an elder statesman to National (as Keith Holyoake had done years earlier) but Muldoon insisted on having an active role.


1984 New Zealand National Party leadership election, Aftermath
McLay would lead National in opposition until 1986, when he was deposed by Bolger.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League
The 1984 New Zealand National Soccer League was the 15th season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football. Gisborne City finally wrestled the trophy away from the major centres, taking it to a provincial city for the first time.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Promotion and relegation
Dunedin Technical did not apply for re-entry to the league, so the resumption of play-offs for league places was simply between the winners of the northern, central, and southern leagues (Auckland University, Stop Out, and Rangers respectively). Auckland University were victorious, entering the national league for the first time.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
Gisborne City produced a marked improvement on their previous efforts, becoming the first team from outside Auckland, Wellington, and Christchurch to take the title. The win was a very popular one, and was in large part due to the work of Kevin Fallon. The side were only defeated once all season, by Manurewa, and followed that loss up with a string of six victories which produced an aggregate goal tally of 18-0. The side amassed a total of 59 goals, second only to Wellington's runaway 1979 performance.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
Papatoetoe were also a popular side, and their second season in the league saw them in title contention until a form slump in the latter part of the season. They still held on to finish second, ahead of Christchurch United, whose title run was also badly hampered by poor late-season form. Manurewa showed little of the form that they had displayed in their championship-winning 1983 campaign. The team was in the league's basement for the early p[art of the season, and never fully recovered, though they did pull themselves up into the top third of the table by season's end.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
Capital city rivals Miramar Rangers and Wellington Diamond United filled out the remainder of the top half of the table. Both could be satisfied with their position, though WDU had a chance to finish higher but failed to win any of its last five games. The team's home form was poor, with only two wins all season. Dunedin City finished seventh, pulling themselves together after a lacklustre early part to the season.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
A 0-6 loss to Gisborne City seems to have scared the side into performing well, turning their form around significantly from this mid-season point to win seven of their final ten fixtures. Napier City Rovers finished eighth for the third consecutive season, though their form was probably less consistent than in previous years. Their matches tended to be high scoring, with an aggregate of 91 goals for and against in their 22 fixtures.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
Hanimex North Shore United could not find the form which had seen them runners-up two seasons in a row, and fell to ninth. Their powerful home form deserted them, and they suffered five defeats at home — taking their aggregate over three seasons to six. The season's big surprise, however, was Mount Wellington who fell from their perennial perch near the top of the table to finish tenth with only one victory in its last 12 games.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
It could have been worse for the Mount, as they had, in the early part of the season, scraped to a 4-3 win over Auckland University when reduced to ten men, after trailing three times during the match. If that result had gone the other way, it would likely have seen the Mount finish the season at the foot of the table. Nelson United looked to be finishing last for much of the season, but a late rally was just enough to lift them off the basement.


1984 New Zealand National Soccer League, Team performance
Auckland University proved to be the unlucky side to finish last — unlucky, in that it had played effectively during its first season in the league, winning heavily when it did win, and only losing by single goal margins. This led to it having an unlikely goal difference of just -5 at the season's end. Despite finishing last, University won the 1985 play-off series and returned to the league.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards
The 1984 New Zealand bravery awards were announced via a Special Honours List on 13 December 1984, and recognised ten people for acts of bravery between 1982 and 1984.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
On 31 October 1982 a man making his maiden parachute jump over Momona Airport was blown off course and landed in the Taieri River. The river was in high flood, full of debris, discoloured, extremely cold and flowing swiftly. Mr Wanoa, then on annual leave, arrived at the scene shortly after the accident and with complete disregard for his own safety entered the river and for over 35 minutes endeavoured to locate the parachutist, whose body was recovered 7 days later.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For services on 29 November 1982 when he saved the life of an elderly woman at a railway level crossing by removing her from the tracks seconds before an approaching train passed. His prompt action saved the woman's life while placing his own at risk.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For services on 30 July 1983 when, at considerable personal risk to themselves, they saved the life of a driver of a motor vehicle which had crashed and caught fire. After some difficulty they managed to remove the unconscious driver from behind the wheel shortly before an explosion and the vehicle being engulfed in flames.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For service on 19 February 1984 when patrolling with their section along a river bank in West Malaysia they rescued a fellow soldier who had accidentally stepped into a water-hole and disappeared. It was the wet season, the river was flooded 1.5 metres above its normal level, was dirty and flowing swiftly. The soldier surfaced some 20 metres downstream and was then dragged under a further 20 metres by the weight of his rifle and pack. Had it not been for Private Tristram and Private Upton's prompt action and disregard for their own safety, the soldier would have drowned.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For services in 1983 when he prevented a woman from jumping from the Newmarket Viaduct; in early 1984 for stopping a man from jumping from the Auckland Harbour Bridge, and in particular, on the evening of 4 June 1984, when after a violent struggle he secured a man who intended to jump from the Auckland Harbour Bridge.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For services on 23 June 1984 when he single-handedly pulled 2 people from a motor vehicle which had collided with another vehicle, spun around, rolled over on its right side and burst into flames. Heat and flames prevented him from rescuing a third person, an 82-year-old passenger. Bystanders did not attempt to assist in rescuing the trapped people.


1984 New Zealand bravery awards, Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
For services on the evening of 22 August 1984 when he was instrumental in saving the life of a driver from drowning by pulling him from a motor vehicle which was upside down and gradually becoming submerged in a swamp.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis
The New Zealand constitutional crisis of 1984 was an important constitutional and political event in the history of New Zealand. The crisis arose following the 1984 general election, and was caused by a major currency crisis. The crisis led the incoming government to review New Zealand's constitutional structures, which resulted in the Constitution Act 1986.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Background
Prior to 1985 the New Zealand dollar was controlled centrally by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand at an exchange rate fixed to the United States dollar. In early 1984 the Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank, Roderick Deane, became concerned that the New Zealand dollar had become significantly overvalued and was vulnerable to currency speculation on the financial markets in the event of a "significant political event".


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Currency crisis
Media speculation followed a leak that an incoming Labour government would be likely to significantly devalue the dollar upon election. The Reserve Bank advised the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Muldoon, who was also the Minister of Finance, that the dollar should be devalued. Muldoon ignored the advice, owing to his belief that it would hurt poorer New Zealanders in the medium term. In June 1984 Muldoon announced a snap election to be held in July. This caused an immediate run on the dollar, as currency speculators believed a Labour win would mean devaluation. Despite a deepening foreign exchange crisis, Muldoon continued to refuse to devalue, forcing the Reserve Bank to take some extraordinary steps, such as closing the Forex markets for a short period of time to slow down devaluation.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Currency crisis
On 14 July, Muldoon and National lost the general election, and the Fourth Labour government led by David Lange was set to be sworn in on 26 July.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops
By constitutional convention, between election day and the return of the writs for the election, an outgoing caretaker government implements the directions of an incoming government.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 15 July
On the morning of Sunday 15 July, Reserve Bank officials (Reserve Bank Governor Spencer Russell, deputy Roderick Deane, and Treasury Secretary Bernie Galvin) met with the head of the Prime Minister's Department Gerald Hensley, and agreed that the currency market could not open on Monday unless there was a devaluation. Contacted by Hensley, Muldoon refused to meet that afternoon but told him that they could close the market on Monday if they liked, and agreed to meet them at 8:30 am on Monday 16 July. Russell closed the market on Sunday evening. The Reserve Bank officials also wrote a letter to Lange, and a senior Treasury officer unofficially briefed the incoming Finance Minister Roger Douglas on the situation.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 16 July
After their meeting on Monday morning, Russell and Galvin boarded a flight to Auckland in order to advise Lange, and Deane reluctantly briefed Labour's Deputy Leader Geoffrey Palmer, before escaping from waiting journalists out a back door. Muldoon called Lange at 10:30 am and suggested they make a joint statement that the currency would not be devalued. Lange said he would give Muldoon an answer after meeting with Russell and Galvin. The meeting, which also included Douglas and his incoming associate finance minister David Caygill, took place at Auckland International Airport.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 16 July
On being advised that a joint statement would not solve the currency problem, Lange told Russell and Galvin to inform Muldoon there would be no joint statement. Lange then travelled to unrelated meetings with the U.S. Secretary of State in Ohakea and the Australian Foreign Minister in Wellington, before returning to Auckland. Meanwhile, Russell and Galvin decided while travelling back to Wellington that they should not tell Muldoon, but that Lange should do so himself. Muldoon was left waiting for a response and despite Hensley's appeals to Galvin, received none before going home around 5 pm. His wife told him to have a rest and took the phone off the hook without telling him. By now, Deane had decided Muldoon had to be told what had happened, but could not reach Muldoon by phone.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 16 July
Lange had meanwhile imposed a 24-hour news blackout on the currency problem, and was reported in the 6:30 pm television news as saying that Muldoon was "refusing his advice on the matter". Muldoon had his press secretary issue a statement that this was untrue, and agreed to a television interview with Richard Harman that evening. Shortly afterward he received a handwritten note from Deane explaining the situation, followed by a letter from Lange. In the interview, Muldoon went over the events of the day from his perspective.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 16 July
He said Lange had not yet responded to him, that "I am not going to devalue, as long as I am Minister of Finance", and that he hoped Lange would agree tomorrow not to devalue. Prime Minister elect David Lange responded with an interview of his own. He stated: "This nation is at risk. That is how basic it is. This Prime Minister outgoing, beaten, has, in the course of one television interview tried to do more damage to the New Zealand economy than any statement ever made. He has actually alerted the world to a crisis. And like King Canute he stands there and says everyone is wrong but me".


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 17 July
Following the interviews, a further crisis was triggered in the foreign exchange markets - when the exchange opened on 17 July, millions of foreign exchange dollars left the country as currency speculators expected a devaluation of the New Zealand dollar. Lange later remarked "We actually were reduced to asking our diplomatic posts abroad how much money they could draw down on their credit cards! That is the extent of the calamity that had been ground into us by the briefings that we'd got".


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 18 July: Resolution
Roderick Deane and Spencer Russell then spoke to several senior ministers within the National Party caucus. On the morning on Wednesday 18 July, after an emergency caucus meeting, Muldoon relented and agreed to devalue the currency upon Lange's wishes. Muldoon's most senior Cabinet members, led by the soon to be Leader Jim McLay, had threatened to remove Muldoon from his leadership of the National Party and therefore strip him of his post as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. Cabinet members Jim McLay and Geoffrey Palmer had key roles in persuading Muldoon to step down.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Constitutional crisis develops, 18 July: Resolution
They advocated a ‘caretaker convention’ despite it not existing formally. McLay drafted the convention and presented it in a press statement on June 17, where it became recognised as the ''. The New Zealand dollar was devalued by 20%. In a 1994 documentary on the crisis, former Cabinet minister Hugh Templeton confirmed that McLay, working with Bill Birch and Jim Bolger, was ready to approach the Governor-General, Sir David Beattie to have Muldoon removed as Prime Minister (Beattie had suggested he could remove Muldoon prior to the Cabinet meeting on 19 July).


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Result
As a result of the constitutional crisis, the incoming Labour Government convened the Officials Committee on Constitutional Reform to review New Zealand's constitutional law, and the Constitution Act 1986 resulted from the two reports by this Committee. The issue of the transfer of power from incumbent to elect governments (and hence Prime Ministers) was not resolved by this Act however, and the transfer of executive powers remains an unwritten constitutional convention, known as the 'caretaker convention' which was developed by Jim McLay.


1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis, Dramatisation
A television mini-series, Fallout, dramatising both the events surrounding the crisis and the initiation of New Zealand's nuclear-free policy (a major plank of Labour's 1984 election campaign) was produced in New Zealand in 1995. This mini-series, written by Greg McGee and Tom Scott, starred Mark Mitchell as Lange and Ian Mune as Muldoon.


1984 New Zealand general election
The 1984 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the 41st New Zealand Parliament. It marked the beginning of the Fourth Labour Government, with David Lange's Labour Party defeating the long-serving Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, of the National Party. It was also the last election in which the Social Credit Party won seats as an independent entity. The election was also the only one in which the New Zealand Party, a protest party, played any substantial role.


1984 New Zealand general election
A snap election, Muldoon called for it a month prior. When doing so he was both live on television and heavily drunk, leading to the election being dubbed the "schnapps election".


1984 New Zealand general election, Background
Before the election, the National Party governed with 47 seats, a small majority. The opposition Labour Party held 43 seats, and the Social Credit Party held two. Although National theoretically commanded a two-seat lead over the other parties, dissent within the National caucus (particularly by Marilyn Waring and Mike Minogue) resulted in serious problems for National leader Robert Muldoon. Muldoon felt that he could no longer maintain a majority until the end of the sitting year.


1984 New Zealand general election, Background
The 1984 election was called when Marilyn Waring told Muldoon that she would not support his government in the vote over an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. Muldoon, visibly drunk, announced a snap election on national television on the night of 14 June. It is believed that Muldoon's behaviour was also the result of a number of personal factors, including, not least, tiredness and frustration, but alcohol and diabetes also, issues that had been plaguing him for some time. Muldoon's drunkenness while making the announcement led to the election being nicknamed the "schnapps election".


1984 New Zealand general election, Background
There is debate over whether the election was necessary — Waring had not threatened to block confidence and supply, meaning that the government could still have continued on even if it had lost the anti-nuclear vote. Nevertheless, Muldoon appears to have wanted an election to reinforce his mandate (just as Sidney Holland sought and won a mandate to oppose striking dock-workers with the 1951 snap election).


1984 New Zealand general election, Background
Muldoon's government, which had been growing increasingly unpopular in its third term, was seen as rigid, inflexible, and increasingly unresponsive to public concerns. The Labour Party had actually gained a plurality of the vote in the previous two elections, but had narrowly missed out on getting a majority of the seats. Labour's primary campaign message was one of change — Muldoon's government, which employed wage and price controls in an attempt to "guide" the economy, was widely blamed for poor economic performance. Labour also campaigned to reduce government borrowing, and to enact nuclear-free policy.


1984 New Zealand general election, Background
The New Zealand Party, founded by property tycoon Bob Jones, was launched primarily to oppose the Muldoon government (although it did not support Labour). A right-wing liberal party, it promoted less government control over markets, in contrast to the paternalist and somewhat authoritarian policies of National, the other significant right-wing party.


1984 New Zealand general election, Background, MPs retiring in 1984
Seven National MPs and two Labour MPs intended to retire at the end of the 40th Parliament.


1984 New Zealand general election, Electoral changes
The 1983 electoral redistribution was even more politically influenced than the previous one in 1977. The Labour Party believed it had been disadvantaged in 1977 and it was not to let this happen again. Every proposal was put to intense scrutiny, and this resulted in the electoral redistribution taking forty-one working days; the average length of the five previous redistributions was eight. As Social Credit had two MPs, the Labour Party nominee on the commission formally represented that party, which further increased tensions.


1984 New Zealand general election, Electoral changes
The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created, bringing the total number of electorates to 95. The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution. More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished (Dunedin Central and Papanui), while two electorates were recreated (Christchurch North and Dunedin West). In the North Island, six electorates were newly created (Glenfield, Otara, Panmure, Tongariro, Waikaremoana, and West Auckland), three electorates were recreated (Franklin, Raglan, and Rodney), and six electorates were abolished (Albany, Helensville, Hunua, Otahuhu, Rangiriri, and Taupo).


1984 New Zealand general election, The election
The election was held on 14 July. There were 2,111,651 registered voters. Turnout was 93.7%, the highest turnout ever recorded in a New Zealand election. Most political scientists attribute the high turnout to a desire by voters for change.


1984 New Zealand general election, The election
Immediately after the election there was a constitutional crisis when Muldoon initially refused to follow the advice of the incoming Labour government and devalue the New Zealand Dollar.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The 1984 election saw the Labour Party win 56 of the 95 seats in parliament, a gain of 13. This was enough for it to hold an outright majority and form the fourth Labour government. The National Party won only 37 seats, a loss of ten. The New Zealand Party, despite winning 12.2% of the vote, failed to gain any seats at all. Social Credit managed to win two seats, the same number as it had held previously. The Values Party, an environmentalist group, gained fifth place, but no seats.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
There were 95 seats being contested in the 1984 election, three more than in the previous parliament. All but two of these seats were won by one of the two major parties.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The Labour Party, previously in opposition, won 56 seats, an outright majority. Most of the seats won by Labour were in urban areas, following the party's typical pattern. Exceptions to this general trend include the eastern tip of the North Island and the western coast of the South Island. Labour's strongest regions were the Wellington area (where the party won every seat), as well as Auckland, Christchurch and Dunedin (cities in which it won most seats). Smaller cities such as Hamilton, Nelson, Napier, Hastings and Palmerston North were also won by Labour. As expected, Labour also won all four Māori seats, maintaining its traditional strength there.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The National Party, the incumbent government, was (as expected) strongest in rural areas. Most of the rural North Island was won by National, as were most of the rural areas on the South Island's eastern coast. In the larger cities, the party fared poorly, with Auckland and Christchurch being the only places that the party won seats. It was more successful in smaller cities, however, winning Rotorua, Tauranga, Invercargill, New Plymouth and Whangarei. It was placed second in two Māori electorates, and third in the other two.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The only minor party to win electorates was the Social Credit Party, which won East Coast Bays and Pakuranga (both in Auckland). It had held East Coast Bays before the election, but won Pakuranga for the first time. It did not manage to retain Rangitikei, which it had also held before the election. Social Credit candidates were placed second in six electorates, including Rangitikei.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The New Zealand Party, despite gaining more votes than Social Credit, did not win any seats. Some commentators have suggested that the party was not seeking to do so, and instead was merely acting as a spoiler for National. This impression has been backed up by comments by Bob Jones himself. The party was, however, placed second in the electorates of Remuera (an affluent part of Auckland), Kaimai (a region in the Bay of Plenty), and Tauranga.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
The Values Party, an environmentalist group, managed to win 0.2% of the vote, substantially below previous efforts. The party, which was in slow decline, would eventually vanish, but its ideals and goals would be reborn in the Green Party.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
In two of the Māori electorates, the Mana Motuhake party gained second place, but the party did not gain a substantial number of votes elsewhere.


1984 New Zealand general election, Summary of results
No independent candidates won seats, but one independent candidate, Mel Courtney, was placed second in the electorate of Nelson.


1984 New Zealand general election, Detailed results, Electorate results
The tables below shows the results of the 1984 general election:


1984 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1984 New Zealand rugby league season was the 77th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. The main feature of the year was the Interdistricts Series competition that was run by the New Zealand Rugby League. Auckland won the series, defeating the other three inter-district teams.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
The Great Britain side toured New Zealand in July. They opened the tour by defeating Northern Districts, who featured Russell Stewart before losing the first Test match against the New Zealand national rugby league team 0-12. They then defeated the New Zealand Māori side 19-8 and Central Districts, who included Sam Stewart, 38-6 before losing the second Test match, and the series, 12-28. They defeated the South Island 36-14 before losing the third and final Test match 16-32.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
The South Island side included Glen Gibb, Robin Alfeld, Marty Crequer, David Field, Wayne Dwyer, Wayne Wallace, Ross Taylor, Barry Edkins and Adrian Shelford. The tour finished with a match against Auckland, which they lost 16-18 in front of 7,000 fans at Carlaw Park. Auckland were coached by Bob Bailey and included; Darrell Williams, Cedric Lovett, Dean Bell, captain Ron O'Regan, Joe Ropati, Shane Cooper, Clayton Friend, Kevin Tamati, Lindsay Hooker, Ricky Cowan, John Ackland, Steve Howells and Owen Wright. Bench: Afi Ah Kuoi and John Zwart.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
Before the tour a Kiwis trial match was held with the sides being coached by Mike McClennan and John O'Sullivan. The Kiwis were coached by Graham Lowe and for all three tests the side was: Gary Kemble, Dane O'Hara, James Leuluai, Fred Ah Kuoi, Dean Bell, Olsen Filipaina, Shane Varley, Kevin Tamati, Howard Tamati, Dane Sorensen, Owen Wright, Kurt Sorensen, Hugh McGahan. Bench: Clayton Friend and Riki Cowan.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
In June, before the Great Britain tour, a home based New Zealand side lost to Queensland 18-14 in Brisbane. The side for the Brisbane match was: Nick Wright, Joe Ropati, Dean Bell, Ron O'Regan, Marty Crequer, David Field, Clayton Friend, Riki Cowan, Wayne Wallace, Vern Wilson, Owen Wright, Russell Tuuta, Hugh McGahan. Bench: Robin Alfeld and Chappie Pine.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
A Queensland Country side had earlier toured the country in May–June, the side defeated the South Island and Northern Districts but lost to Auckland 2-28. Auckland had earlier lost a Panasonic Cup match 18-25 to Queensland Country to be eliminated from the tournament.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
A New Zealand Universities side toured Great Britain and France, defeating English University Students 24-4 but losing to French Universities 8-0.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
During the season a match between Europe and Oceania was held in France to celebrate the French Rugby League's 50th year. Graham Lowe was appointed the Oceania coach with Robin Alfeld, Dean Bell, Howie Tamati, Kevin Tamati, Mark Graham, Shane Varley and Hugh McGahan all invited to play in the side.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
Kevin Tamati won the New Zealand Rugby League's Player of the Year award.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Rugby League Cup
Wellington defended the Rugby League Cup with Taranaki being their only challenger. Wellington defeated Taranaki 30-12 at Rugby League Park in Wellington with Mike Kuiti, Sam Stewart and George Lajpold representing Wellington.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Interdistricts Series
The Travelseekers Interdistricts Series included Auckland, Northern Districts, Central Districts and the South Island. Auckland defeated the South Island 22-18.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, National Provincial Competition
A final between Canterbury and Waikato was not played as no suitable date could be found.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, National Provincial Competition, South Island Second Division
This was the last time a combined Otago-Southland would play until 1998, with the districts splitting after the 1984 season.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, National Club Competition
The national club competition, called the Tusk Cup for sponsorship reasons, was won by the Mt Albert Lions who defeated the Randwick Kingfishers 24-10 in the final. The final was held at Carlaw Park.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Mount Albert defeated minor premiers Otahuhu 25-6 in the Fox Memorial grand final. City-Newton won the Sharman Cup. The pre season tournament was won by Manukau. Mt Albert won the Roope Rooster, played as a mid-week knock out competition.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Otahuhu were then defeated 32-13 by the touring Wynnum Manly Seagulls.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Wellington
The Randwick Kingfishers defended their Wellington Rugby League title, defeating Marist-Northern 28-14 in the Grand Final. Randwick included Sam Stewart, Kevin Tamati and George Lajpold. Mike Kuiti played for Upper Hutt.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Hornby, who included Marty Crequer, Ross Taylor, Wayne Wallace and Adrian Shelford, defended their Canterbury Rugby League title. They defeated Halswell 22-12 in the grand final.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Hornby then defeated Runanga 50-12 to retain the Thacker Shield for Canterbury.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Waikato
Taniwharau won the Waikato Rugby League grand final, in the first year of the competition since the Waikato and Hamilton districts amalgamated. Taniwharau, who included Rick Muru, defeated the Hamilton City Tigers 15-8.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
Piako won the Bay of Plenty Rugby League competition, defeating Central 22-14 in the grand final. Minor premiers Central were coached by Tony Gordon.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
The Waitara Bears, led by Howie Tamati, won the Taranaki Rugby League grand final, defeating Western Suburbs 8-2.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
The Omahu Huias won the Hawkes Bay Rugby League competition by defeating He Tauaa 30-18.


1984 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
Runanga won their sixth consecutive West Coast Rugby League championship.


1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
The 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was a series of fourteen rugby union matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) in Australia in July and August 1984. The All Blacks won thirteen games and lost only the first of the three international matches against the Australia national rugby union team. It was the 25th tour of Australia by a New Zealand team.


1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
The previous tour by the All Blacks in Australia was the 1980 tour, while Australia had visited New Zealand on their 1982 tour


1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
The All Blacks won two test matches of three and retained the Bledisloe Cup which they had won in the 1982 series.


1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Fiji
The 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Fiji  was a series of four rugby union matches played by the New Zealand national rugby union team (the All Blacks) in Fiji in October 1984. The All Blacks won all four games, including the international match against the Fiji national rugby union team which New Zealand did not consider a full international match.


1984 Nicaraguan general election
General elections were held in Nicaragua on November 4, 1984, to elect a president and parliament. Approximately 1.2 million Nicaraguans voted, representing a 75% turnout, with 94% of eligible voters registered. Impartial observers from international groupings such as the European Economic Community, religious groups sent to monitor the election, and observers from democratic nations such as Canada and the Republic of Ireland concluded that the elections were generally free and fair.


1984 Nicaraguan general election
The election date, November 4 was selected so that Nicaragua would have a legitimate, elected government in place before the anticipated reelection of Ronald Reagan in the United States on November 6. "The Sandinistas hoped that a competitive election with heavy turnout would deter a U.S. military intervention and reassure the FSLN's defenders. So the Sandinistas' decision to hold elections in 1984 was largely of foreign inspiration".


1984 Nicaraguan general election
Between 1982 and 1984 the FSLN negotiated with the opposition on the proposed Political Parties Law and Electoral Law, and ultimately these were modified "in response to several of the opposition's most significant demands." Similarly, multiple extensions of the deadline for candidate registration were granted whilst talks with the Coordinadora continued.


1984 Nicaraguan general election, Coordinadora Democrática participation
It has been argued that "probably a key factor in preventing the 1984 elections from establishing liberal democratic rule was the United States' policy toward Nicaragua." The Reagan administration was divided over whether or not the rightwing coalition Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense should participate in the elections, which "only complicated the efforts of the Coordinadora to develop a coherent electoral strategy." Ultimately the US administration public and private support for non-participation allowed those members of the Coordinadora who favoured a boycott to gain the upper hand.


1984 Nicaraguan general election, Coordinadora Democrática participation
A coalition of right-wing parties including the Social Christians, Social Democrats, and the Constitutional Liberal Party, calling itself the 'Democratic Coordinating Committee' (Coordinadora), decided to abstain from the elections on the grounds that the opposition parties had been given insufficient 'guarantees,' and not enough time to prepare for the elections. The Coordinadora's abstentionism was publicly supported by the US government, which hoped to challenge the legitimacy of the November elections by alleging that opposition sectors were not able to participate. But despite US intervention and the Coordinadora abstention seven political parties took part in the November elections. The three center-right/right-wing parties which put forward candidates were the PCDN, PLI, and PPSC. The three opposing left-wing parties were the PSN, PC de N and MAPML."


1984 Nicaraguan general election, Aftermath
The Reagan administration denounced the 1984 vote as a 'Soviet-style sham', despite contrary opinions from external observers such as Baron Chitnis, the Latin American Studies Association, and the international press. It escalated its diplomatic and propaganda campaign against the Sandinista government and increased military aid to the Contras. "This undercut the new regime's legitimacy abroad and frustrated its hopes that the 1984 vote might smooth the way at home." May 1985 saw a trade embargo imposed, followed by $27m of "non-lethal" aid to the Contras, supplemented by $37m of secret "lethal" aid. This led to the October 1985 reimposition of a State of Emergency in Nicaragua.


1984 Nice International Open
The 1984 Nice International Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the 1984 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the 13th edition of the tournament and was held from 9 April through 15 April 1984. Fifth-seeded Andrés Gómez won the singles title.


1984 Nice International Open, Finals, Doubles
Jan Gunnarsson /  Michael Mortensen defeated  Hans Gildemeister /  Andrés Gómez 6–1, 7–5


1984 Nicholls State Colonels football team
The 1984 Nicholls State Colonels football team represented Nicholls State University in the 1984 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Colonels were led by fourth-year head coach Sonny Jackson. They played their home games at John L. Guidry Stadium and were a member of the Gulf Star Conference. They finished the season 6–5, 4–1 in Gulf Star play tied for first place.


1984 Nippon Professional Baseball season
The 1984 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 35th season of operation for the league.


1984 Niuean general election
General elections were held in 1984. Following the elections, Robert Rex remained Premier and appointed Enetama Lipitoa, Frank Lui and Robert Rex Jr. to the cabinet.


1984 North American Soccer League season
The 1984 North American Soccer League season was the 72nd season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer, the 17th with a national first-division league, in the United States and Canada. It would be the 17th and final season of the NASL.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
By 1983, the NASL had shrunk to half of the 24 teams that made up the league in 1980. The ongoing salary war with the Major Indoor Soccer League had taken its toll, along with shrinking attendances and a lack of interest from American network TV broadcasters. The league made plans to have both an outdoor and indoor presence, with a 24-game outdoor season and 40-game indoor season scheduled for 1984 and beyond.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
The off-season following the 1983 outdoor playoffs saw three more teams fall by the wayside: the Montreal Manic, Seattle Sounders and Team America would all fold. The Fort Lauderdale Strikers decided to move to Minnesota because of a lack of suitable indoor arenas in Southeastern Florida. Things had gotten so bad for the league that the champion Tulsa Roughnecks almost folded two weeks after winning the Soccer Bowl. They survived, thanks to a fundraiser that put $65,000 in the team's coffers. The league would soldier on with nine teams.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
While there would not be huge changes on the field, the single game Soccer Bowl would be no more. The league moved to a best-of-three championship series format, as was done back in the 1971 Final. The revised NASL playoff format had the two division winners and the two next best teams qualify. The four teams would be seeded 1 through 4.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
When the season finally got underway in May, the nine teams were bunched together for most of the year as six teams finished within five points of each other. A hoped-for renaissance in New York never materialized, as the return of former Cosmos coach Eddie Firmani did not lead the team back to the playoffs. Rumors about a possible return by Pelé proved to be without merit. However, not everyone struggled on the field.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
In Oakland, Steve Zungul and Branko Segota were able to translate their talents from the MISL to the outdoor game, finishing 1-2 in the league's scoring race. Zungul would earn league MVP honors despite the Golden Bay Earthquakes' last-place finish. For the fifth time (and second year in a row), the NASL's points system rewarded a team other than the one with the best record (Chicago instead of San Diego) the regular season title and number one playoff seed. Moreover, Toronto and Minnesota also had better won-loss records than Chicago. Minnesota would not even qualify for the playoffs, despite having a better record than both Chicago and Vancouver.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
The Chicago Sting won the last NASL title with a two-game sweep over the Toronto Blizzard. The Sting needed a last-second victory over the Cosmos in their regular season finale to qualify for the playoffs and knock New York out. In the playoffs they won a deciding game over the Vancouver Whitecaps, who themselves only made the playoffs thanks to the Cosmos' loss. Vancouver's Bob Lenarduzzi scored the quickest goal in NASL playoff history 46 seconds into the match, but Chicago rallied for the win.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Season recap
There were still plans for a 1985 outdoor season as the year ended, but the departures of Chicago Sting, Minnesota Strikers, New York Cosmos and the San Diego Sockers to the MISL for the indoor season made that difficult. The Cosmos left both the NASL and MISL on February 22. A month later, on March 28, 1985, the NASL suspended operations when only Toronto and Minnesota were interested in fielding teams for a 1985 "outdoor" season.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Regular season
W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, BP = Bonus Points, Pts= point system


1984 North American Soccer League season, Regular season
6 points for a win,4 points for a shootout win,0 points for a loss,1 point for each regulation goal scored up to three per game.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Regular season, Scoring Leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points


1984 North American Soccer League season, Regular season, Leading Goalkeepers
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shutouts


1984 North American Soccer League season, Playoffs
Top team from each division qualified automatically. The next two teams with the highest point totals qualified regardless of which division they were in.


1984 North American Soccer League season, Playoffs, Playoff Scoring Leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals (worth 2 points), A = Assists (worth 1 point), Pts = Points


1984 North American Soccer League season, Playoffs, Playoff Leading Goalkeepers
Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; SO = Shutouts


1984 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1984 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Tar Heels were led by seventh-year head coach Dick Crum and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in third.


1984 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1984 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1984. Democratic incumbent Jim Hunt was unable to run for another consecutive term under the North Carolina Constitution. Hunt ran instead for the U.S. Senate against Jesse Helms and lost. Popular 9th District Congressman James G. Martin ran as the Republican nominee against Democratic Attorney General Rufus L. Edmisten, who defeated Hunt's Lt. Governor, James Green, among other candidates, in a hotly contested primary.


1984 North Carolina gubernatorial election
Martin won by a comfortable margin on Election Day thanks to the surprise endorsement of Green, and to President Ronald Reagan's coattails (see also 1984 United States presidential election). Martin became just the second Republican elected to the state's highest office in the 20th century.


1984 North Carolina gubernatorial election
An offhand remark by Edmisten during the 1984 campaign became part of the state's political lore. He was quoted as complaining about all the barbecue pork he had to eat on the campaign trail, saying he could not eat anymore of "that damnable stuff", which is widely popular. Edmisten later said he was joking.


1984 North Carolina gubernatorial election, Footnotes
This North Carolina elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1984 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1984 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1984. Democratic nominee Robert B. Jordan defeated Republican nominee John H. Carrington with 53.70% of the vote.


1984 North Dakota State Bison football team
The 1984 North Dakota State Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota State University during the 1984 NCAA Division II football season as a member of the North Central Conference. In their sixth year under head coach Don Morton, the team compiled an 11–2 record, finished as NCC co-champion, and lost to Troy State in the NCAA Division II championship game.


1984 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1984 North Dakota gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1984 to elect the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota. Voters selected Democratic candidate George A. Sinner and his running mate Ruth Meiers over Republican incumbent Governor Allen I. Olson and Lieutenant Governor Ernest Sands.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
The 1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Storm One (1A)
On May 23 a tropical depression developed in the northwest Arabian Sea. It drifted west-northwestward, slowly organizing into a tropical storm on the 26th. It tracked westward through the Gulf of Aden, reaching a peak of 50 mph winds before hitting northern Somalia on the 28th, quickly dissipating thereafter.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two (2B)
Tropical Storm Two, which developed on October 10 in the central Bay of Bengal, hit North Odisha coast near Chandbali on the 14th, causing little damage or deaths over Odisha and West Bengal.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclone Three (3B)
Tropical Depression Three formed in the south-central Bay of Bengal. It tracked west-northwestward, becoming a tropical storm on November 10 and a cyclone on 11th. A break in the ridge brought it northward, where steering currents collapsed on 13th. After reaching a peak of 100 mph winds the cyclone looped slowly to the west and hit southern Andhra Pradesh at Sriharikota on 14th and dissipating on 15th. Due to the cyclone's stalling just offshore, the cyclone brought torrential flooding, resulting in at least 430 fatalities and moderate damage.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclone Three (3B)
Storm surge of 20 ft hit the nearby village of Durgarajupatnam which led to coastal inundation up to 3 km from the coast. Nearly 1,00,000 livestock were killed by the storm and 4,00,000 houses were destroyed in Andhra Pradesh. In nearby Tamil Nadu, the storm brought moderate damages killing 54 people.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclone Four (4B)
The final storm of the season formed just to east of Sri Lanka on November 27. It drifted northwestward, becoming a tropical storm on 28th before cyclonically looping to the west. On 30th the storm became a category-1 cyclone, and hit South India at Nagapattinam on 1st as an 85 mph cyclone. It rapidly weakened over India, and lost its low level circulation on  2 November. However, the mid-level circulation remained, and the system redeveloped over the Arabian Sea on 3 November. After reaching a secondary peak of 70 mph winds the storm turned to the southwest, hit Somalia on  7th as a weak tropical storm and dissipated on the next day.


1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclone Four (4B)
50,000 acres of farm land and 35,000 people were affected in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Tiruchirappalli districts of Tamil Nadu.


1984 North-East Fife District Council election
Elections to North-East Fife Council were held in May 1984, the same day as the other Scottish local government elections.


1984 Northeast Louisiana Indians football team
The 1984 Northeast Louisiana Indians football team was an American football team that represented Northeast Louisiana University (now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe) as part of the Southland Conference during the 1984 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their fourth year under head coach Pat Collins, the team compiled a 7–4 record.


1984 Northern Illinois Huskies football team
The 1984 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University. The Huskies competed in the highest division of football at the time, Division I-A. They were led by first year head coach Lee Corso and they played their home games at Huskie Stadium.


1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake
The 1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake occurred with a moment magnitude of 7.2 on November 17 at 06:49 UTC. The epicentre was located off the coast of Sumatra, near the island of Nias, where building damage was reported. This earthquake could be strongly felt in parts of Northern Sumatra, including Padang and Medan. The focal mechanism corresponded to reverse faulting.


1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake, Tectonic setting
The island of Sumatra lies on the convergent plate boundary between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The convergence between these plates is highly oblique near Sumatra, with the displacement being accommodated by near pure dip-slip faulting along the subduction zone, known as the Sunda megathrust, and near pure strike-slip faulting along the Great Sumatran fault. The major slip events on the subduction zone interface are typically of megathrust type. Historically, megathrust earthquakes have been recorded in 1797, 1833, 1861, 2004, 2005 and 2007, most of them being associated with devastating tsunamis.


1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake, Tectonic setting
Smaller (but still large) megathrust events have also occurred in the small gaps between the areas that slip during the larger events, in 1935, 1984, 2000 and 2002. The deformation velocity in the offshore Sumatra fore-arc region is estimated to be 19 mm/yr along N45° near the equator, with compression being the dominant deformation. The 1984 earthquake occurred in the same gap as the 1935 event.


1984 Northern Sumatra earthquake, Characteristics
The earthquake was caused by a rupture of the subduction interface. The focal depth was about 27 km and the fault plane dipped at 12°. This earthquake contained mainly a down-dip convergence but also a right-lateral displacement.


1984 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1984 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1984 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fourth year under head coach Dennis Green, the Wildcats compiled a 2–9 record (2–7 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in ninth place in the Big Ten Conference.


1984 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Sandy Schwab with 845 passing yards, Casey Cummings with 386 rushing yards, and Tony Coates with 311 receiving yards. Defensive lineman Keith Cruise received first-team All-Big Ten honors from both the Associated Press and the United Press International.


1984 Norwegian Football Cup
It took two finals for Fredrikstad to win the Norwegian Cup. The first final was on 28 October, and ended tied at 3-3. The goal scorers for Fredrikstad were Jørn Andersen in the 42nd minute, Vidar Hansen in the 78th minute and Per Egil Ahlsen, who scored a wonder-goal from 40 metres in the 96th minute. The goal scorers for Viking were Jan Erik Audsen in the 22nd minute, Isak Arne Refvik in the 80th minute, and Gary Goodchild in the 107th minute. 23 668 spectators attended the match at Ullevål stadion. The referee was Per Arne Larsgård representing Sandefjord BK.


1984 Norwegian Football Cup
The replay was played at Ullevål on 4 November. The goal scorers for Fredrikstad were Jørn Andersen in the 4th minute, Per Egil Ahlsen with a penalty in the 18th minute, and Terje Jensen in the 68th minute. The goal scorers for Viking were Kjell Lundal in the 63rd minute, and Nils Ove Hellvik in the 69th minute. Only 15 993 spectators attended the replay. The referee was Einar Halle from Molde FK.


1984 Norwegian Football Cup
This was Fredrikstad's tenth Norwegian Cup. They had to wait 22 years for their eleventh, in 2006.


1984 Norwegian Football Cup
Fredrikstad's winning squad: Jan Erik Olsen, Lars Sørlie, Per Egil Ahlsen, Hans Deunk, Espen Engebretsen, Jan Erik Audsen, Terje Jensen, Reidar Lund, Vidar Hansen, Jørn Andersen, Atle Kristoffersen, Vidar Kristoffersen, Morten Thomassen, Arild Andreassen, Tom Espen Fingarsen, Åge Wiggo Hansen and Henning Johannesen.


1984 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1984 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 1984 college football season. The team was coached by Gerry Faust and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana.


1984 Nova Scotia general election
The 1984 Nova Scotia general election was held on November 6, 1984 to elect members of the 54th House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada. It was won by the Progressive Conservative party.


1984 NutraSweet WTA Championships
The 1984 Lipton WTA Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation in Amelia Island in the  United States that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the 5th edition of the tournament and was held from April 16 through April 22, 1984. First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $32,000 first-prize money. It was Navratilova's 10th straight win against Evert-Lloyd but her first on clay after seven prior defeats on that surface. The loss broke Evert-Lloyd's 84 match win streak on Florida clay courts.


1984 NutraSweet WTA Championships, Finals, Doubles
Kathy Jordan /  Anne Smith defeated  Anne Hobbs /  Mima Jaušovec 6–3, 6–3


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions
The 1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, also known as the 1984 Nürburgring Eröffnungsrennen (Opening Race), was an exhibition race organised by Mercedes-Benz and held at the Nürburgring GP-Strecke on 12 May 1984 to celebrate the opening of the circuit. It featured 20 of the world's top drivers including nine of the fourteen Formula One world champions still alive at the time (and two future champions Alain Prost and Ayrton Senna), the most F1 world champions of any major motor race in history. All drivers competed in identical examples of the new Mercedes-Benz 190 E 2.3-16 with minor race modifications.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions
The 12-lap race was won by Senna and is widely regarded as marking his ascension onto the world stage of motor racing, having beaten some of the world's greatest drivers in equal machinery. His victory is comparable to Rudolf Caracciola's triumph in the first car race at the Nürburgring (the 1927 Eifelrennen).


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Circuit
Formula One had not raced at the Nürburgring since the 1976 German Grand Prix, a race in which Niki Lauda had been seriously injured after protesting the safety of the Nordschleife, and particularly the slow responses of marshals that such a long circuit made inevitable. In an effort to entice F1 back to the venue (the German Grand Prix had moved to the Hockenheimring), a new, shorter layout was proposed to meet the tougher safety requirements that had since been developed.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Circuit
The GP-Strecke broke ground on 30 November 1981 and was constructed in place of the old start-and-finish straight and Südschleife over two years. The circuit was chosen to host the 1984 European Grand Prix and, in order to showcase the venue and drum up interest for the return of F1, the concept of a "Race of Champions" was devised.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Cars
Mercedes-Benz were due to launch a new 190 E 2.3-16, a departure from their more reserved line-up featuring a sporty, aerodynamic appearance and redeveloped 2.3-litre, 16-valve engine over the existing Mercedes 190. The event provided a good opportunity to market this new sports model, so 20 examples were set aside for it. Half the cars were painted in Rauchsilber (smoke silver) and half in Blauschwarzmetallic (blue-black metallic). Engineer Gerhard Lepler ensured the vehicles' suitability for racing with some minor safety and performance modifications:


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Competitors
Gerd Kremer, head of product placement in motorsport at Mercedes-Benz, was tasked with inviting former F1 world champions and Nürburgring race winners. Helping his cause was Mercedes' long tradition offering heavily discounted road cars to F1 drivers: many saw participation as a way of repaying the brand for their support. Only five of the living world champions did not compete. Juan Manuel Fangio, then aged 72, did not race but was present in his capacities as a Mercedes-Benz ambassador. Emerson Fittipaldi and Mario Andretti were taking part in Pole Day for the Indy 500. Jackie Stewart upheld his vow never to race again following the death of his friend and teammate François Cevert. Reigning champion Nelson Piquet declined to enter.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Competitors
The grid also featured contemporary Grand Prix winners Elio de Angelis, Jacques Laffite and Alain Prost, recently-retired F1 drivers Carlos Reutemann and John Watson, former Mercedes-Benz F1 drivers Hans Herrmann and Stirling Moss, and Nürburgring 1000 km winners Klaus Ludwig, Manfred Schurti and Udo Schütz.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Background, Competitors
Having successfully convinced nine world champions to take part, Kremer had leverage to secure an invitation for a young Ayrton Senna, whom he'd met at an F3 race the previous year and established what would be a long, close friendship. Senna was relatively unknown at the time, with only four Grand Prix entries, the British Formula Three Championship title and a Macau Grand Prix victory to his name.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Race
Pre -race events included demonstration runs in modern F1 cars by Manfred Winkelhock (driving Nelson Piquet's championship-winning Brabham-BMW BT52), Marc Surer and Johnny Cecotto. Winkelhock, who had suffered a frightening accident in which has car took off at the Flugplatz during the 1980 Eifelrennen, spoke positively of the safety improvements to the circuit. Cars and motorcycles which had previously raced at the Nordschleife were paraded around the new GP-Strecke; the parade featured former Mercedes-Benz F1 drivers Juan Manuel Fangio and Karl Kling. Before the race got underway, there was a TV segment in which most of the drivers introduced themselves to the camera, complementing the new circuit and talking about their own success at the Nürburgring. Many of them appeared light-hearted.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Race
The official broadcast did not catch the start of the race due to an overrunning speech from Rhineland-Palatinate Minister-President Dr. Bernhard Vogel. Polesitter Alain Prost has stated that Ayrton Senna forced him off the track on the first lap, taking a lead he would not relinquish. Meanwhile, Prost had a run-in with Elio de Angelis, causing de Angelis to lose two laps in the pits repairing his car and relegating Prost to fifteenth by the end of the race. Alan Jones retired after three laps with mechanical issues. Niki Lauda missed out on practice time due to TV commitments (as stated during the official broadcast) and could only qualify 14th, but managed to recover to 2nd by the end of the race. Keke Rosberg and John Watson engaged in a late-race battle for fourth place.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Race
Not all drivers took the event so seriously, however. James Hunt and others cut many corners in the infield section, while John Surtees and Hans Herrmann were more concerned about bringing the car home in one piece. For Surtees, this was out of respect to Mercedes for having laid the event on; Herrmann, whose lap times were far off pace, had reportedly arranged to purchase his car and did not want to damage it.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Aftermath and legacy
The winning car was sent to the Mercedes-Benz Museum and has remained there since. Lauda's car was sold in race specification and is currently owned by a Swiss collector. The remaining vehicles were reverted to factory specifications and sold as road cars; only Senna's and Lauda's cars have been proven to be in their original race specification today. Senna was awarded a brand new example in Blauschwarzmetallic as a prize for winning the race.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Aftermath and legacy
The drivers were impressed by Senna's performance. Surtees reportedly urged his former boss Enzo Ferrari, with whom he'd enjoyed a close friendship during his time as a Ferrari driver, to hire him; Watson, who had followed him closely throughout the race, praised his attacking nature and commitment, especially through the chicane. Modern accounts present the race as Senna's first demonstration that he could take on, and beat, drivers at any level. However, not every competitor approached the event with the same commitment, and other drivers' performances in the race are often overlooked.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Aftermath and legacy
To these articles' defence, the official broadcast's heavy focus on the lead pack made it difficult to follow any other developments; this was possibly done to avoid showing less-serious drivers cutting corners in the infield section. Regardless, sources agree that Senna was highly focused throughout the weekend, was determined to prove his worth as a top-level racing driver, and that he left a lasting impression on his competitors.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Aftermath and legacy
Senna backed up this performance with a drive to second place in torrential rain in the Monaco Grand Prix three weeks later, another race seen as marking his arrival on the world stage. He raced again at the GP-Strecke on 15 July in his only sportscar race, the 1984 Nürburgring 1000 km. However, F1's return to the Nürburgring that October for the European Grand Prix did not go so well for him: he got a good launch but caused a crash in the first corner. Prost won the race and Lauda put in another strong recovery drive.


1984 Nürburgring Race of Champions, Event report, Aftermath and legacy
The 190 E went on to achieve great success in the DTM, with a race-winning span from 1986 to 1993 that included the 1991 and 1992 constructors' titles for Mercedes-Benz and the 1992 drivers' title for Klaus Ludwig.


1984 Oakland Athletics season
The Oakland Athletics' 1984 season involved the A's finishing 4th in the American League West with a record of 77 wins and 85 losses. While the A's struggled for a third consecutive season, they staged a major coup by drafting future superstar Mark McGwire with the tenth overall pick of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft. The season also marked the end of Rickey Henderson's first (of four) stints with the Athletics. His second stint would begin in 1989.


1984 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1984 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1984 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1984 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1984 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their sixth and final season under head coach Brian Burke, the Bobcats compiled a 4–6–1 record (4–4–1 against MAC opponents), finished in fourth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 262 to 134.


1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
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1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1984 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 9–3 record, including the 1985 Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, where they lost, 20–17, to the USC Trojans.


1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the college football 1984 NCAA Division I-A season. Oklahoma Sooners football participated in the former Big Eight Conference at that time and played its home games in Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium where it has played its home games since 1923. The team posted a 9–2–1 overall record and a 6–1 conference record to earn a share of the Conference title under head coach Barry Switzer who took the helm in 1973. This was Switzer's ninth conference title in twelve seasons.


1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The team was led by All-American Tony Casillas, After winning a share of conference title, it earned a trip to the Orange Bowl for an appearance against the Washington Huskies. During the season, it faced five ranked opponents (In order, #17 Pitt, #1 Texas, #1 Nebraska, #3 Oklahoma State and #4 Washington). The last three of these opponents finished the season ranked in the top 10. It endured a tie against Texas in the Red River Shootout, a loss against a 2–5 Kansas Jayhawks team and a bowl game loss to Washington.


1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team
Lydell Carr led the team in rushing with 688 yards, Danny Bradley led the team in passing with 1095 yards, Derrick Shepard led the team in receiving with 392 yards, Placekicker Tim Lashar led the team in scoring with 68 points, Casillas had 10 quarterback sacks,  freshman Brian Bosworth led the team with 133 tackles and Gary Lowell posted 4 interceptions. The defense set a school record that would only be eclipsed by the 1986 team when it allowed only 2.2 yards per rush over the course of the season.


1984 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team
The 1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team represented the Oklahoma State University in the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Cowboys played their home games at Allie P. Reynolds Stadium. The team was coached by Gary Ward in his 7th year at Oklahoma State.


1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team
The Cowboys won the Midwest Regional to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Cal State Fullerton Titans.


1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The 1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma State University during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1984 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, After the season
The 1985 NFL Draft was held on April 30–May 1, 1985. The following Cowboys were selected.


1984 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1984 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi in the sport of American football during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. The season closed with a victory over rival Mississippi State.


1984 Omloop Het Volk
The 1984 Omloop Het Volk was the 39th edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 3 March 1984. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by Eddy Planckaert.


1984 Open Championship
The 1984 Open Championship was a men's major golf championship and the 113th Open Championship, held from 19 to 22 July at the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. Seve Ballesteros won his second Open Championship and fourth major title, two strokes ahead of runners-up Bernhard Langer and five-time champion Tom Watson, the defending champion.


1984 Open Championship
In the final round, Ballesteros birdied the 18th hole for 69 while 54-hole co-leader Watson bogeyed the famous 17th (Road) for a 73, which ended his bid for a third consecutive Open.


1984 Open Championship
Ballesteros' famous fist pump after his last putt is one of the enduring images of golf. It was further commemorated during the 2012 Ryder Cup at Medinah, also known as the "Miracle at Medinah" after Europe's famous comeback. It was also the first Ryder Cup after Ballesteros' death due to brain cancer in May 2011 at the age of 54, and in his memory, Team Europe's kit bore the silhouette of Ballesteros' celebration. The team also wore navy blue and white garments – his traditional Sunday colors – for the Sunday singles.


1984 Open Championship, Course
Previous lengths of the course for The Open Championship (since 1950):


1984 Open Championship, Round summaries, Second round
Amateurs: Sherborne (+2), McEvoy (+4), Olazábal (+5), Sigel (+5), Wood (+8), Hawksworth (+12).


1984 Orange Bowl
The 1984 Orange Bowl was the 50th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on Monday, January 2. Part of the 1983–84 bowl game season, it matched the undefeated and top-ranked Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Eight Conference and the #5 independent Miami Hurricanes. The game is famous for a coaching call by Nebraska’s Tom Osborne after a touchdown late in the fourth quarter, where instead of playing for a tie with an extra point kick the Cornhuskers went for a two-point conversion to try and take the lead.


1984 Orange Bowl
Despite being the designated away team in their home stadium, Miami, a heavy underdog, emerged victorious by a final count of 31-30. Thanks to results of bowls played earlier in the day, the victory enabled the Hurricanes to leapfrog Nebraska in the polls and become national champion for 1983.


1984 Orange Bowl
Howard Schnellenberger, who had helped build the Miami football program into a contender for national championships, resigned shortly after the game. He did so to pursue a head coaching opportunity in the United States Football League, which was looking to place a team in Miami; this never came to fruition.


1984 Orange Bowl, Teams, Nebraska
Nebraska entered the game ranked first in both major polls, with a 12–0 record, having steamrolled just about every opponent on the 1983 schedule, except for close road wins at Oklahoma State (14–10) and at Oklahoma (28–21). The Huskers were led by "Triplets" Heisman Trophy winning I-back Mike Rozier, future NFL #1 draft pick Irving Fryar at wingback and with All-American quarterback and Heisman finalist Turner Gill calling the signals, the Huskers of 1983 were a formidable outfit, averaging 52 points a game. They rolled up tallies of 84–13, 72–29, 69–19, 67–13 and 63–7 against Minnesota, Iowa State, Colorado, Kansas, and Syracuse, respectively. In the third quarter against Colorado, Nebraska managed to score seven touchdowns in 12 minutes.


1984 Orange Bowl, Teams, Nebraska
They did have notable weaknesses, however. They had a fairly mediocre defense that was vulnerable to the pass, especially across the middle of the field, owing to the fact the Big Eight was dominated by run-oriented offenses, notably Oklahoma's wishbone. Nebraska also had a fairly average kicking game. Both of these weaknesses would haunt the Cornhuskers on the night.


1984 Orange Bowl, Teams, Nebraska
Nebraska was appearing in their tenth Orange Bowl, and third consecutive.


1984 Orange Bowl, Teams, Miami
Miami came in the quiet achiever, having been blown out 28–3 by Florida in their opening game and thought by many to be not much of a challenge to the Cornhuskers. Nevertheless, they had won 10 straight games following their opening defeat, to emerge as a solid #5 in the AP poll, and fourth in the UPI poll. They were led by redshirt freshman quarterback Bernie Kosar, who had completed 61.5 percent of his passes for 2,328 yards and 15 touchdowns and had started all 11 games. Miami had a very good defense. In fact, their defense was the 2nd best in the nation, in scoring defense (9.6 points per game) and in total defense (259.4 yards per game).


1984 Orange Bowl, Other bowls
Earlier in the day, second-ranked Texas had been upset 10–9 in the Cotton Bowl by Georgia and fourth-ranked Illinois fell 45–9 to unranked UCLA in the Rose Bowl. After Miami took a 24–17 lead over Nebraska in the middle of the 3rd quarter, third-ranked Auburn Tigers squeaked out a 9–7 win over Michigan in the Sugar Bowl. This combination of upsets and Auburn's unimpressive win gave Miami the chance to leapfrog to No. 1 in the final polls, should they defeat the Cornhuskers.


1984 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Nebraska came into the game as a 10½-point favorite, and on their opening drive, the Huskers moved downfield rather easily. However, the Hurricanes got an early lift when they forced Nebraska to attempt a field-goal, which they then blocked. It was a huge early momentum swing and they capitalized very quickly. Kosar's two touchdown passes to Glenn Dennison along with a 45-yard Jeff Davis field goal gave Miami a 17–0 lead at the end of one quarter.


1984 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Miami's second touchdown came after linebacker Jack Fernandez intercepted a pass from Gill at the Miami 35 and Kosar threw a pass to Eddie Brown for a touchdown, but the Kosar to Brown touchdown was erased after Stanley Shakespeare was caught for illegal blocking on a Nebraska defensive back and thus resulted in a 15-yard penalty at the spot of the foul, but it was good enough for a first down.


1984 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Nebraska didn't panic. Early in the second quarter, Osborne reached into his bag of tricks. First, in an attempt to confuse Kosar, he switched jerseys between defensive backs Dave Burke and Mike McCashland. As a result, Burke then played in the free safety position and McCashland played in the right cornerback position. Also, Burke, wearing McCashland's jersey, intercepted a pass from Kosar at the Nebraska 26. Then, on the 12th play for a 74-yard touchdown drive, he ran a trick play known as the fumblerooski.


1984 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Facing a 3rd and 5 situation, Nebraska quarterback Gill intentionally “fumbled” the snap from center by effectively setting it on the turf, faking the ball to the fullback Mark Schellen, who, alongside Gill, Rozier and the tight end Monte Engebritson, ran right. The ball was picked up by All-American offensive guard and Outland Trophy/Lombardi Award winner Dean Steinkuhler, who ran left with the ball on a 19-yard touchdown run. While it is neither the first nor the last time this play has been run, it is arguably the most famous incidence of this play, which is now illegal. A touchdown run by Gill later in the period made the score 17–14 at halftime, on a 64-yard touchdown drive.