1985 Belgian Grand Prix
The race was won by Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna driving a Lotus 97T. It was Senna's second World Championship victory and the first of five he would win at Spa-Francorchamps. Senna won by 28 seconds over British driver Nigel Mansell driving a Williams FW10. Third was World Championship points leader, French driver Alain Prost driving a McLaren MP4/2B. The win promoted Senna to third in the drivers' standings and third place allowed Prost to expand his lead over Ferrari driver Michele Alboreto to 16 points.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Postponement
This was the second Belgian Grand Prix to occur at a reconfigured Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, with the first being the 1983 race. Race organisers opted to resurface the track with a material called Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer that intended to provide improved grip in wet-weather conditions at a cost of £3 million. Fédération Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA), the governing body of Formula One, was queried about the resurfacing work and replied it would approve if race organisers complied with a regulation that mandates any such work occur 60 days beforehand.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Postponement
Local bureaucracy and a harsh winter caused delays to the work, which were reportedly finished ten days before the event's scheduled date of 31 May, and forced a cancellation of a pre-race test session at the circuit. Organisers did not refer the incident to the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile and went ahead.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Postponement
Warm weather, the powerful turbocharged cars of the time, and their wide, slick tyres, damaged the track during the Friday practice session. Repairs to the circuit were conducted overnight and undamaged turns were also addressed. After around 25 minutes into the Saturday practice session, all on-track activity stopped, since drivers noticed the damage and held a series of meetings. One suggestion was to cancel the remainder of the day's activities, the Sunday morning warm-up session and enter straight into the race on Sunday afternoon.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Postponement
Bernie Ecclestone, the commercial rights holder of Formula One, called every team principal to a meeting and told them to hold the International Formula 3000 support round on Sunday afternoon or it be the primary event. Drivers and officials inspected the track at 18:00 local time. Discussions continued until 19:30 local time and drivers' representative Niki Lauda told the media that the Formula One race would be postponed.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Postponement
Jean-Marie Balestre, the president of FISA, was furious and summoned race organisers to the FISA executive meeting in Paris "to explain the serious fault committed," and said that they "will be liable to very heavy sanctions." The Belgian ASN was fined $10,000 and a provisional $100,000 bond to be deposited to FISA by the organisers would be returned in the event there were no further problems with the track on the rescheduled date. Ecclestone rescheduled the race to 15 September, following the Italian Grand Prix at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza and the European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch. The race at Brands Hatch was later moved back by one week to provide the teams with some preparation.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
Because this was a re-scheduled race Formula One's newest team Haas Lola and their driver, 1980 World Champion Alan Jones, who had their first race at the previous round in Italy were not permitted to enter as they were not on the original entry list. During the buildup to the race FISA president Jean-Marie Balestre announced that the controversial South African Grand Prix would take place despite pressure to cancel the event as part of anti-apartheid embargoes.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
Missing from the grid was an injured Niki Lauda. At the end of Friday's practice session before qualifying proper, his McLaren MP4/2B's throttle struck open while he was only touring back to the pits. The car slid off the track on the newer section of track and the three time and defending World Champion hit a guardrail and on impact the steering wheel whipped around wrenching his wrist as it did so. X


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
-rays revealed no break but Lauda was not fit to race so he returned home to Austria for further inspection and treatment from his physical therapist Willi Dungl. McLaren initially hoped to put John Watson in Lauda's car but this would have required the approval of all other teams. Mindful of the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari refused to agree, leaving Alain Prost as McLaren's only driver in Belgium. RAM was also down to one car, only bringing a single RAM 03 for Philippe Alliot and the 1985 Formula 3000 champion Christian Danner made his world championship debut with Zakspeed.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
Prost took pole position, averaging 135.929 mph (218.756 km/h) from Senna with Nelson Piquet qualifying third in his Brabham BT54, with Alboreto fourth in his Ferrari 156/85. Rain fell before the race leaving the grid to form on a damp track with wet-weather tyres for the first time since Senna won in Portugal. Senna won the start from Piquet but the Brabham spun at the first corner. Senna led from Prost, Mansell and the two Ferraris of Alboreto and Stefan Johansson. The Ferraris were soon out, from a broken clutch and engine respectively.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
Meanwhile Johansson retired after spinning off at the end of the Kemmel Straight on Lap 8. Prost dropped behind the two Williams FW10s as the field pitted for dry tyres. Late in the race rain fell again and Senna expanded his lead. Keke Rosberg dropped to fourth with a brief pit visit with a brake problem and they finished in that order. Fifth had been Thierry Boutsen until his Arrows A8 broke its gearbox. Piquet claimed fifth from Derek Warwick in a Renault RE60B. Twelve cars finished the race, including for the first time a Minardi as Pierluigi Martini finished twelfth in his Minardi M185. A further two cars, Boutsen and the crashed Ligier JS25 of Jacques Laffite were also classified as finishers. Huub Rothengatter's Osella FA1G fell one lap short of being classified.


1985 Belgian Grand Prix, Race summary, Race
Although the marshals led the cars directly into the pits after finish, Ayrton Senna drove around them and took a lap of honour.


1985 Belgian general election
General elections were held in Belgium on 13 October 1985. The Christian People's Party emerged as the largest party, with 49 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives and 25 of the 106 seats in the Senate. Elections to the nine provincial councils were also held.


1985 Belgian general election
The incumbent government was a coalition of Christian democrats (CVP/PSC) and liberals (PVV/PRL) led by Prime Minister Wilfried Martens. Following the elections, the same parties formed a new Martens Government. Guy Verhofstadt, PVV leader since 1982, was elected for the first time as representative. Despite PVV being the only governing party to lose seats, he was able to weigh on the government agreement and he became Deputy Prime Minister in the Martens VI Government. The government would fall two years later due to the Voeren issue; distrust of labour unions in Verhofstadt proved to be a factor as well.


1985 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1985 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 5–7 July 1985 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.


1985 Benson & Hedges Championships
The 1985 Benson & Hedges Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Wembley Arena in London in England that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and took place from 11 November until 17 November 1985. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won his second consecutive singles title at the event.


1985 Benson & Hedges Championships, Finals, Singles
Ivan Lendl defeated  Boris Becker 6–7, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4


1985 Benson & Hedges Championships, Finals, Doubles
Anders Järryd /  Guy Forget defeated  Boris Becker /  Slobodan Živojinović 7–5, 4–6, 7–5


1985 Benson & Hedges Cup
The 1985 Benson & Hedges Cup was the fourteenth competing of cricket’s Benson & Hedges Cup.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final
The 1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final was a One Day International (ODI) match played on 10 March 1985 between India and Pakistan at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne. Popularly known as World Championship of Cricket, this ODI tournament was held from 17 February to 10 March 1985 in Australia and it marked the culmination of the only World Championship of Cricket with India defeating Pakistan by 8 wickets.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Road to the Final
India reached the final by defeating New Zealand by seven wickets, while Pakistan reached the final by defeating West Indies by seven wickets.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
Heading into the match, Pakistan had to play Azeem Hafeez instead of Wasim Akram, from their semi-final victory over West Indies while India made one change with Chetan Sharma replacing Roger Binny from their victory over New Zealand. Pakistan skipper Javed Miandad won the toss and elected to bat. Kapil Dev had Pakistan reeling at 29/3 as he dismissed Mudassar Nazar, Mohsin Khan and Qasim Umar.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
Soon Rameez Raja was dismissed by Sharma cheaply, but Captain Javed Miandad and Imran Khan steadied Pakistan with 68 runs partnership after both had been controversially given not out by umpire Raymond Isherwood, having edged deliveries to the wicketkeeper. Ironically for India, Imran was yet to open his account. Finally the partnership was broken as Imran was run out for 35. Later Saleem Malik and Javed Miandad, both got dismissed by L Sivaramakrishnan with the same score reading 131.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
At one stage, Pakistan were 145/9 in 42 overs, but Wasim Raja, the last official batsman for Pakistan remained unbeaten on 21 as he pushed the score with the help of tailender Azeem Hafeez. At the end of the stipulated 50 overs, Pakistan made only 176 for 9, a below par score in a final. For India, Kapil Dev claimed three wickets, While Sharma, Madan Lal and Mohinder Amarnath had economical spell of under 3 runs per over.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
19-year-old leg spinner Laxman Sivaramakrishnan had been a revelation during the tournament and produced another superb spell in the final claiming 3 wickets. It was the first time, in the tournament, that India had failed to bowl out the opposition. India bagged 49 out of a maximum possible 50 wickets in the tournament.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
Indian openers Ravi Shastri and Krishnamachari Srikkanth, each had wonderful tournament and chasing the target of 177 to win, their century opening stand did most of the work for their strong batting line-up. Finally Srikkanth was dismissed for 67 by Imran. Azharuddin had a 39 runs partnership with Shastri before being dismissed for 25. Ravi Shastri and Vengsarkar remained unbeaten on 63 and 18 respectively as Indian chased down 177 in 47.1 overs. None of the Pakistan bowlers threatened Indian batsmen, even though Imran Khan, Azeem Hafeez, Tahir Naqqash and Mudassar Nazar had economical spells.


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Details
For their consistency, at the end of the match, Srikkanth won the Player of the Match award, while Shastri was named the player of the tournament, or as it was known, the Champion of Champions. He was awarded his prize of an Audi 100 motor car, valued at A$35,000 and immediately drove it around the MCG with his entire team sitting either in or on the car The attendance of 35,296 in the match was the highest in Australia at a match in which the home side was not involved


1985 Benson & Hedges World Championship of Cricket Final, Scorecard
Fall of wickets:  1-17 (Mohsin Khan), 2-29 (Mudassar Nazar), 3-29 (Qasim Umar), 4-33 (Ramiz Raja), 5-101 (Imran Khan), 6-131 (Saleem Malik), 7-131 (Javed Miandad), 8-142 (Tahir Naqqash), 9-145 (Anil Dalpat)


1985 Benson and Hedges Open
The 1985 Benson and Hedges Open was a men's Grand Prix tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Auckland, New Zealand. It was the 18th edition of the tournament and was held from 7 January to 14 January 1985. Seventh-seeded Chris Lewis won the singles title.


1985 Benson and Hedges Open, Finals, Doubles
John Fitzgerald /  Chris Lewis defeated  Broderick Dyke /  Wally Masur 7–6, 6–2


1985 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles
Chris Lewis defeated Wally Masur 7–5, 6–0, 2–6, 6–4 to win the 1985 Benson and Hedges Open singles competition. Danny Saltz was the defending champion.


1985 Benson and Hedges Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1985 Berlin Marathon
The 1985 Berlin Marathon was the 12th running of the annual marathon race held in Berlin, West Germany, held on 29 September. Britain's James Ashworth won the men's race in 2:11:43 hours, while the women's race was won by Belgium Magda Ilands in 2:34:10. Switzerland's Heinz Frei (1:57:28) and Gabriele Schild (2:33:51), won the men's and women's wheelchair races. A total of 9810 runners finished the race, comprising 9146 men and 664 women.


1985 Bermudian general election
General elections were held in Bermuda on 29 October 1985. The result was a victory for the United Bermuda Party, which won 31 of the 40 seats in the House of Assembly.


1985 Bermudian general election
A total of 98 candidates contested the election, although one seat, Southampton West, was uncontested and the two United Bermuda Party candidates returned unopposed.


1985 Better Brakes 300
The 1985 Better Brakes 300 was an endurance race for Group A touring cars held at the Amaroo Park circuit in Sydney, New South Wales on 4 August 1985. The race was the opening round of the 1985 Australian Endurance Championship. It was held over 155 laps of the tight 1.94 km (1.20 mi) circuit for a total of 300.7 km (186 mi).


1985 Better Brakes 300
The field was divided into three classes according to engine displacement.


1985 Better Brakes 300
The race was won by the 1985 Australian Touring Car Champion Jim Richards driving his championship winning JPS Team BMW 635 CSi. Richards won the race by two laps from two more New Zealanders, Kent Baigent and Neal Lowe driving an ex-Schnitzer BMW 635 CSi, with Peter Brock in his Mobil Holden Dealer Team VK Commodore finishing third.


1985 Better Brakes 300
Colin Bond and Gregg Hansford finished 5th outright and 1st in Class B driving the Network Alfa Romeo GTV6 after a race long battle with the JPS BMW 323i of Tony Longhurst. Class C was won by the Team Toyota Australia Corolla of former open wheel star driver John Smith who also finished 7th outright.


1985 Better Brakes 300
One of the pre-race favourites, the Volvo 240T of Kiwi Robbie Francevic was out before the race started as the left front wheel parted company with the car on the formation lap going through Suttons Corner. Allan Grice, having his first ever Group A start driving in The Toy Shop Alfa GTV6, was out after just three laps with gearbox failure.


1985 Better Brakes 300
Richards qualified on pole for the race with a time of 53.80 seconds.


1985 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1985 Big East Baseball Tournament was held at Muzzy Field in Bristol, CT. This was the inaugural Big East baseball tournament, and was won by the St. John's Redmen. As a result, St. John's earned the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.


1985 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The 1985 Big East baseball tournament was a 4 team double elimination tournament. The top two teams from each division, based on conference winning percentage only, earned berths in the tournament. Each division winner played the opposite division's runner up in the first round.


1985 Big East Conference Baseball Tournament, Jack Kaiser Award
Joe Armeni was the winner of the 1985 Jack Kaiser Award. Armeni was a shortstop for Seton Hall.


1985 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1985 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from March 6 to March 9, 1985. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds. St. John's had the best regular season conference record and received the #1 seed.


1985 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament
Georgetown defeated St. John's in the championship game 92–80, to claim its second straight Big East Tournament championship, and fourth overall.


1985 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1985 Big Eight Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 5–7 at a combination of on-campus gymnasiums and the Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.


1985 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Top-seeded Oklahoma defeated #3 seed Iowa State in the championship game, 73–71, to win the Big Eight men's basketball tournament.


1985 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The Sooners received an automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Tournament. They were joined in the tournament by fellow Big Eight members Iowa State and Kansas, who earned at-large bids.


1985 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All eight of the conference's members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records, with all teams placed and paired in the initial quarterfinal round.


1985 Big Eight Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All first-round games were played on the home court of the higher-seeded team. The semifinals and championship game were played at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.


1985 Big League World Series
The 1985 Big League World Series took place from August 10–17 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. Host team Broward County defeated Carolina, Puerto Rico twice in the championship game.


1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 7–9 at the BSU Pavilion at Boise State University in Boise, Idaho.


1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
Regular season champion Nevada defeated seventh-seeded Idaho State in the championship game 79–63 for their second consecutive (and second overall) Big Sky tournament title. Nevada was nearly upset in the first round by last-place Idaho, but held to win by three points and advanced.


1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
For the second year, all eight Big Sky members participated in the conference tournament; this was the first in which all seven games were played at the same venue. Teams were seeded based on regular season conference records, and all were entered into the quarterfinal round. For the first time, the host team was not the top seed, as Boise State finished tied for sixth in the regular season and was seeded seventh.


1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Two upsets occurred in the first round, as the second and third seeds were eliminated.


1985 Big Sky Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, NCAA tournament
The Wolf Pack received an automatic bid to the 64-team NCAA tournament, where they lost to NC State (also nicknamed the Wolfpack) in the first round at The Pit in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Regular season runner-up Montana played in the 32-team NIT, but lost 78–47 at UCLA in the first round; the Bruins went on to win the NIT title.


1985 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament
The 1985 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament  was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference, held from May 13–15, 1985, at Taylor Stadium on the campus of Campbell University in Buies Creek, North Carolina. In this, the first year of existence for the conference, four teams participated in the double-elimination tournament. The conference was composed of teams playing at the NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II, and NAIA levels, and had yet to be certified as an NCAA Division I conference. No automatic bids were awarded, although teams could participate in tournaments with at-large invitations.


1985 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, Format
The four teams that participated were matched in a blind draw, as no conference standings were kept in the inaugural season.


1985 Big South Conference Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Valuable Player
Jeff Dodig and John Posey were named co-Most Valuable Players. Dodig was an outfielder for Winthrop and Posey was a third-baseman for Campbell.


1985 Big Ten Baseball Tournament
The 1985 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournament was held at Ray Fisher Stadium on the campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan from May 17 through 19. The top two teams from the regular season in each division participated in the double-elimination tournament, the fifth annual tournament sponsored by the Big Ten Conference to determine the league champion. Minnesota won their second tournament championship and earned the Big Ten Conference's automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament


1985 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, Format and seeding
The 1985 tournament was a 4-team double-elimination tournament, with seeds determined by conference regular season winning percentage within each division. The top seed from each division played the second seed from the opposite division in the first round. Ohio State and Minnesota claimed the second seeds from their respective divisions by tiebreakers.


1985 Big Ten Baseball Tournament, All-Tournament Team, Most Outstanding Player
Jon Beckman was named Most Outstanding Player. Beckman was an outfielder for Minnesota.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1985 Big Ten Conference football season was the 90th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1985 Big Ten champion was the 1985 Iowa Hawkeyes football team. The Hawkeyes began the season 7-0 and rose to the No. 1 ranking, including a 12-10 win over No. 2 Michigan at Kinnick Stadium, before losing to Ohio State. Iowa entered the Rose Bowl at 10-1 with an outside shot at a national championship, but were upset by UCLA in the 1986 Rose Bowl, 45–28. Iowa quarterback Chuck Long received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the conference's most valuable player. Long and linebacker Larry Station were consensus first-team All-Americans.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1985 Michigan Wolverines football team finished in second place in the Big Ten, compiled a 10–1–1 record, defeated Nebraska in the 1986 Fiesta Bowl, and was ranked No. 2 in the final AP and Coaches Polls. Quarterback Jim Harbaugh set a school record with 1,976 passing yards, and Jamie Morris rushed for 1,030 yards. Led by consensus first-team All-Americans Mike Hammerstein at defensive tackle and Brad Cochran at cornerback, the defense tallied three shutouts, gave up only 75 points in 11 regular season games (6.8 points per game), and led the nation in scoring defense. Bo Schembechler was selected as Big Ten Coach of the Year.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1985 Ohio State Buckeyes football team compiled a 9–3 record, defeated BYU in the 1985 Florida Citrus Bowl, and was ranked No. 11 in the final Coaches Poll. Linebackers Chris Spielman and Pepper Johnson both received first-team All-American honors. Wide receiver Cris Carter had 950 receiving yards and received first-team All-Big Ten honors.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season
Running back Lorenzo White of Michigan State led the conference in both rushing (2,066 yards) and scoring (102 points) and was a consensus first-team All-American. Wide receiver David Williams of Illinois was also a consensus first-team All-American.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyAP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1985 seasonAP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1985 seasonPPG = Average of points scored per game; conference leader's average displayed in boldPAG = Average of points allowed per game; conference leader's average displayed in boldMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Passing yards
1. Jim Everett, Purdue (3,651)2. Chuck Long, Iowa (2,978)3. Jack Trudeau, Illinois (2,938)4. Jim Karsatos, Ohio State (2,311)5. Mike Greenfield, Northwestern (2,152)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Rushing yards
1. Lorenzo White, Michigan State (2,066)2. Larry Emery, Wisconsin (1,113)3. Ronnie Harmon, Iowa (1,111)4. Jamie Morris, Michigan (1,030)5. Bobby Howard, Indiana (967)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Receiving yards
1. Rodney Carter, Purdue (1,099)2. David Williams, Illinois (1,047)3. Cris Carter, Ohio State (950)4. Kenny Allen, Indiana (929)5. Bill Happel, Iowa (812)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Total offense
1. Jim Everett, Purdue (3,589)2. Jack Trudeau, Illinois	(2,914)3. Chuck Long, Iowa (2,887)4. Jim Karsatos, Ohio State (2,350)5. Mike Greenfield, Northwestern (2,222)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Passing efficiency rating
1. Jim Harbaugh, Michigan (157.9)2. Chuck Long, Iowa (153.0)3. Jim Karsatos, Ohio State (144.6)4. Jim Everett, Purdue (143.5)5. Jack Trudeau, Illinois (123.4)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Rushing yards per attempt
1. Joe Armentrout, Wisconsin (6.4)2. Valdez Baylor, Minnesota (5.9)3. Thomas Rooks, Illinois (5.4)4. Ronnie Harmon, Iowa (5.3)5. Jamie Morris, Michigan (5.2)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Yards per reception
1. Mark Ingram Sr., Michigan State (21.9)2. Tim Fullington, Wisconsin (19.2)3. Paul Jokisch, Michigan (18.4)4. Mike Lanese, Ohio State (17.8)5. Mark Jackson, Purdue (17.0)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Points scored
1. Lorenzo White, Michigan State (102)2. Rob Houghtlin, Iowa (97)3. Mike Gillette, Michigan (78)4. Rich Spangler, Ohio State (77)5. Chris White, Illinois (73)


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-conference players
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press International (UPI) as first-team players on the 1985 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Americans
At the end of the season, five Big Ten players were consensus first-team picks for the 1985 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-Americans were:


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Americans
Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Three Big Ten players finished among the top six in voting for the Heisman Trophy: Iowa quarterback Chuck Long (second, trailing Bo Jackson by one percent); Michigan State running back Lorenzo White (fourth); and Purdue quarterback Jim Everett (sixth).


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Chuck Long and Lorenzo White tied for the Big Ten Player of the Year award. Long received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football award.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Bo Schembechler of Michigan received the Big Ten Coach of the Year award.


1985 Big Ten Conference football season, 1986 NFL Draft
The 1986 NFL Draft was held April 29-30, 1986. The following Big Ten players were selected in the first round of the draft:


1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
Bihar Legislative Assembly election, 1985 was held in 1985 to elect members to the Bihar Legislative Assembly.


1985 Birthday Honours
Queen's Birthday Honours are announced on or around the date of the Queen's Official Birthday in Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are formally conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for service people on active duty.


1985 Birthday Honours
The 1985 Queen's Birthday honours lists were announced on 15 June 1985.


1985 Birthday Honours
The recipients are shown below as they were styled before their new honour.


1985 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1985 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 15 June 1985.


1985 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1985 Black & Decker Indoor Championships
The 1984 Black & Decker Indoor Championships, also known as the Melbourne Indoor Championships,  was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Festival Hall in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the fifth and last edition of the tournament, which was part of the  1985 Grand Prix tennis circuit, and was held from 21 October until 27 October 1985. Sixth-seeded Marty Davis won the singles title.


1985 Black & Decker Indoor Championships, Finals, Doubles
Brad Drewett /  Matt Mitchell defeated  David Dowlen /  Nduka Odizor, 4–6, 7–6, 6–4


1985 Black & Decker Indoor Championships – Singles
Matt Mitchell the defending champion of the Melbourne Indoor title lost in the second round to Broderick Dyke. Dyke lost in the quarter finals to the eventual champion, Marty Davis, who beat Paul Annacone in the final, 6–4, 6–4


1985 Blue Swords
The Blue Swords  began as a senior international figure skating competition in East Germany. First time in 1984 the competition was organised only for junior skaters. The 1985 edition was held November 21–23 in  East-Berlin. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating.


1985 Bluebonnet Bowl
The 1985 Bluebonnet Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Texas Longhorns and Air Force Falcons, played on December 31 at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas.


1985 Bluebonnet Bowl, Background
The Falcons ran the wishbone offense and had the most regular season victories in program history with eleven, but a conference loss to  defending national champion BYU at Provo on November 16 cost them a shot at the national title and an outright Western Athletic Conference (WAC) title. This was the fourth consecutive bowl appearance for Air Force, the previous three were victories. Unranked Texas tied for second in the Southwest Conference (SWC) but had lost to rival Texas A&M to end the regular season; it was their ninth straight bowl appearance and first Bluebonnet Bowl in five years.


1985 Bluebonnet Bowl, Background
This Bluebonnet Bowl was the first at Rice Stadium since 1967; the previous seventeen editions (1968–1984) were at the Astrodome. Nearly a dozen years earlier, Rice Stadium hosted Super Bowl VIII (January 1974).


1985 Bluebonnet Bowl, Game summary
Air Force fullback Pat Evans had 18 carries for 129 yards in an MVP effort.


1985 Bluebonnet Bowl, Aftermath
The Falcons (12–1) finished in the top ten in both major polls (fifth in Coaches, eighth in AP), which remains their highest ranking ever. Texas (8–4) lost its fourth straight bowl and did not make a bowl game the following season (at 5–6), and head coach Fred Akers was soon fired.


1985 Boise State Broncos football team
The 1985 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Broncos competed in the Big Sky Conference and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho. The Broncos were led by third–year head coach Lyle Setencich, Boise State was 7–4 overall and 5–2 in conference.


1985 Bolivarian Games
The X Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos) were a multi-sport event held between November 9–18, 1985, in Cuenca, Ambato,  and Portoviejo, Ecuador. The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO).


1985 Bolivarian Games
The opening ceremony took place on November 9, 1985, at the Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar in Cuenca. The Games were officially opened by Ecuadorean president León Febres Cordero. Torch lighter were cyclist Jhon Jarrín and football player Arturo Cárdenas, gold medalist at the 1965 Bolivarian Games.


1985 Bolivarian Games
A detailed history of the early editions of the Bolivarian Games between 1938 and 1989 was published in a book written (in Spanish) by José Gamarra Zorrilla, former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee, and first president (1976-1982) of ODESUR. Gold medal winners from Ecuador were published by the Comité Olímpico Ecuatoriano.


1985 Bolivarian Games, Medal count
The medal count for these Games is tabulated below. This table is sorted by the number of gold medals earned by each country. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, and then the number of bronze medals.


1985 Bolivian general election
General elections were held in Bolivia on 14 July 1985. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a President on 4 August. Although Hugo Banzer of Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) received the most public votes, Congress elected Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR).


1985 Bolivian general election, Campaign
Since 1982, the country had undergone an economic crisis as Bolivia's hyperinflation reached the fourth largest ever recorded in the world. The incumbent President Hernán Siles Zuazo faced little support from Congress and debilitating strikes led by Juan Lechín. Under pressure from Congress, Siles ultimately allowed general elections to be moved forward by one year, thus shortening his own constitutional mandate.


1985 Bolivian general election, Campaign
The new elections, set for 14 July 1985, were the first to be held since the country's transition back to democracy in October 1982. The previous elections had been held in 1980 but were annulled by a military coup led by General Luis García Meza. As a result, a total of 18 political parties were on the ballot, the largest number out of any election in Bolivian history. Former presidents Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hugo Banzer presented themselves as candidates for the ADN and MNR. For Paz Estenssoro, this was his eighth presidential bid and the fourth since he was last elected in 1964 while this was Banzer's third campaign in a row since 1979.


1985 Bolivian general election, Campaign
On 14 December 1984, given the dire situation of the current government, Jaime Paz Zamora resigned his position as Siles' vice president to run for president. As such, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) left its governing alliance with Siles' Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI) and joined the opposition. Further splintering in the MNRI also saw members of the peasant sector split from the MNR and form the Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-1 (MNRI-1). Nevertheless, the MNRI still opted to present Roberto Jordán Pando as their presidential candidate.


1985 Bolivian general election, Results
The result saw Hugo Banzer of the ADN win the popular vote by 32.83%, 2.8 points ahead of Víctor Paz Estenssoro. The popular vote victory of Hugo Banzer was a testament to the gradual erosion of popularity of the opposition as well as to Paz Estenssoro's continued inability to win a majority of voters (since 1978 he had consistently reached either second or third place). Discontent with the economic management of the left-wing and constant strikes from trade unions (traditionally affiliated with the left) produced a rightward shift in the electorate.


1985 Bolivian general election, Results
Paz Zamora's position in third place at 10.18% was notable as it established his party as one of the three top political forces in the country and validated the MIR's decision to split with the MNRI. For the MNRI, the result was catastrophic. At just 5.48%, the incumbent was relegated to a minor political party. For the remaining 14 minor parties, the results demonstrated that regardless of the number of candidates, the population would mostly vote on only three to four viable parties leaving the rest with little political power.


1985 Bolivian general election, Results, Congressional ballot
Only Hugo Banzer of the ADN and Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the MNR contested the 4 August Congressional ballot. Whilst Banzer was only supported by his own party, Paz also received the votes of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), the Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI), the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-Vanguard (MNRV), the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) and the Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari (MRTK). Socialist Party-1 (PS-1), the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB) and the United People's Front (FPU) did not support either candidate. Víctor Paz Estenssoro, at age 78, became the oldest president in Bolivian history.


1985 Bologna Open
The 1985 Bologna Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts in Bologna, Italy that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was played from 10 June until 16 June 1985. Third-seeded Thierry Tulasne won the singles title.


1985 Bologna Open, Finals, Doubles
Paolo Canè /  Simone Colombo defeated  Jordi Arrese /  Alberto Tous 7–5, 6–4


1985 Bordeaux Open
The 1985 Bordeaux Open also known as the Nabisco Grand Prix Passing Shot was a men's tennis tournament played on clay courts at Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, France that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix circuit. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and took place from 16 September until 20 September 1985. Fifth-seeded Diego Pérez won the singles title.


1985 Bordeaux Open, Finals, Doubles
David Felgate /  Steve Shaw defeated  Libor Pimek /  Blaine Willenborg 6–4, 5–7,6–4


1985 Borobudur bombing
The 1985 Borobudur bombing occurred on 21 January 1985 when nine bombs detonated at the Borobudur Buddhist temple located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. There were no human casualties in this attack; however, nine stupas on upper rounded terraces of Arupadhatu were badly damaged by the bombs.


1985 Borobudur bombing, Perpetrator
In 1991, a blind Muslim preacher, Husein Ali Al Habsyi, was sentenced to life imprisonment for masterminding a series of bombings in the mid-1980s including the temple attack. It is believed that the attack was Indonesian Islamist retaliation on Tanjung Priok massacre in 1984. During trial, Habsyi refused to be held responsible on the attack and mentioned Mohammad Jawad, a mysterious figure, as the true mastermind. Mohammad Jawad remains unknown. On 23 March 1999 Habsyi was pardoned and released by the President B. J. Habibie administration. Two other members of a right-wing extremist group that carried out the bombings were each sentenced to 20 years in 1986 and another man received a 13-year prison term.


1985 Boston City Council election
Boston City Council elections were held on November 5, 1985. Eleven seats (seven district representatives and four at-large members) were contested in the general election, as the incumbents in districts 4 and 5 were unopposed. Nine seats (the four at-large members, and districts 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9) had also been contested in the preliminary election held on September 10, 1985.


1985 Boston City Council election, At-large
Councillors Dapper O'Neil, Joseph M. Tierney, Christopher A. Iannella, and Michael J. McCormack were re-elected.


1985 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1985 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Eagles were led by fifth-year head coach Jack Bicknell, and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. They also played two alternate-site home games at Sullivan Stadium (later known as Foxboro Stadium) in Foxborough, Massachusetts. The Eagles failed to replicate their 1984 success after the departure of their Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback, Doug Flutie, finishing with a 4–8 record.


1985 Boston Marathon
The 1985 Boston Marathon was the 89th running of the annual marathon race in Boston, United States, which was held on April 15. The elite men's race was won by Great Britain's Geoff Smith in a time of 2:14:05 hours and the women's race was won by American Lisa Rainsberger in 2:34:06. In the wheelchair race, George Murray of the United States won the men's race in 1:45:34 and Candace Cable of United States won the women's race in 2:05:26.


1985 Boston Marathon
A total of 3931 runners finished the race, 3472 men and 459 women.


1985 Boston Marathon
The elite field was of a lower standard than usual, given the lack of prize money on offer and it being the year after an Olympics. The men's and women's winners were by far the favourites for their races, Smith particularly so after the refusal to admit Mark Plaatjes into the race, as part of the international sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era.


1985 Boston Red Sox season
The 1985 Boston Red Sox season was the 85th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 81 wins and 81 losses, 18+1⁄2 games behind the Toronto Blue Jays.


1985 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
The Red Sox also had one game end in a tie; on July 31, a home game against the Chicago White Sox was ended in the 7th inning due to rain, with the score tied, 1–1. It was the first tie game for the Red Sox since June 8, 1961. The game was replayed the following day as part of a doubleheader. MLB games that end in a tie are not included in league standings, although individual player statistics (e.g. hits, errors, innings pitched) are counted.


1985 Boston Red Sox season, Farm system
The Greensboro Hornets replaced the Winston-Salem Spirits as a Class A affiliate.


1985 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1985 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their first season under head coach Steve Stetson, the Terriers compiled a 3–8 record (1–4 against conference opponents), tied for last place in the Yankee Conference, and were outscored by a total of 265 to 172.


1985 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1985 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their ninth season under head coach Denny Stolz, the Falcons compiled an 11–1 record (9–0 against MAC opponents), won the MAC championship, lost to Fresno State by a 51–7 score in the 1985 California Bowl, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 355 to 223.


1985 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The team's statistical leaders included Brian McClure with 2,674 passing yards, Bernard White with 949 rushing yards, and Stan Hunter with 761 receiving yards.


1985 Brabantse Pijl
The 1985 Brabantse Pijl was the 25th edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 31 March 1985. The race started in Sint-Genesius-Rode and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Adri van der Poel.


1985 Brantford municipal election
The 1985 Brantford municipal election was held on November 12, 1985, to elect a mayor, city councillors, and school trustees in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. The rural and small-town communities surrounding Brantford also held elections on the same day.


1985 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 1985 Brazilian Grand Prix (officially known as the XIV Grande Prêmio do Brasil) was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá in Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro on 7 April 1985. It was the first round of the 1985 Formula One World Championship, and marked the 13th edition of the Brazilian Grand Prix as a round of the World Championship since its inception in 1950.


1985 Brazilian Grand Prix
Alain Prost, driving for McLaren was the defending race winner heading into the race. In qualifying, Ferrari driver, Michele Alboreto took pole, his second of his career. In the race, he would finish second on the podium behind eventual race winner, Prost while Elio de Angelis rounded out the podium in the Lotus car. Of note, even though René Arnoux finished 4th for Ferrari, he was sacked after the race, with both the team and Arnoux never revealing the reason behind the sacking. The driver who finished 7th in this race, Stefan Johansson, was picked up by the Scuderia for the rest of the year. This race was also Nigel Mansell's first race of seven seasons with the Williams team.


1985 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background
The 1985 Formula One season saw an entry list of 28 drivers competing with Zakspeed officially joining Formula One with Jonathan Palmer being the driver to compete for the team. Though they wouldn't be competing in the opening round as they was going to join in the field in Portugal. The other brand new team that was competing in the 1985 season was Minardi who had competed in Formula Two from 1980 to 1984 with a custom chassis before stepping up and competing in F1.


1985 Brazilian Grand Prix, Background
The opening round in Brazil was the first round of the 1985 championship, this was the 14th edition of the Brazilian Grand Prix since its inception in 1972. It's also the 13th time that an Formula One World Championship had been held there with the 1972 edition being a non-championship race. The race was held at the Jacarepaguá circuit which held its first Grand Prix in 1978 and had been holding the Grand Prix since 1981.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Brazil on 15 January 1985, the last to be held indirectly through an electoral college, and the last to be held under the military regime. The electoral college system was put in place so that the military elite that controlled the government could secure the election of the candidate chosen by the High Command of the Armed Forces as President. However, in 1985, due to the process of negotiated transition to democracy that started in the late 1970s, the politicians in the electoral college were placed under no coercion, and were allowed to choose the president of their choice.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
Under the 1967–1969 Constitution enacted by the military, the electoral college was composed of all the members of the Brazilian bicameral National Congress (formed by Senators and Federal Deputies) and also of a number of State Deputies who were especially elected by their peers in the State Assemblies for the purpose of serving as delegates of those Assemblies in the electoral college.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
The 1982 legislative elections had already taken place under the process of gradual restoration of democratic freedoms, and the opposition had a slim majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, but the governing party, allied with the Military Regime, still controlled the Senate (only a fraction of the composition of the Senate had been up for election in 1982, other senators had been elected indirectly in the late 1970s).


1985 Brazilian presidential election
Two groups were disputing the succession of President João Figueiredo: the Democratic Alliance and the Democratic Social Party. The Democratic Alliance, which advocated the restoration of democracy through the creation of a new Constitution, launched the candidacy of Tancredo Neves from the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB). The MDB led the Alliance and was supported by the Liberal Front Party, a dissidence of the Democratic Social Party, and the Democratic Labour Party.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
The Democratic Social Party, on the other hand, defended the legacy of the 1964 military regime, and launched the candidature of Paulo Salim Maluf, also a civilian, but one that was aligned with the military elite that controlled the regime.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
The supporters of the regime, however, were weakened: they had even rebranded their party as the Democratic Social Party, abandoning the old name ARENA (National Renewal Alliance) in order to confuse voters at legislative elections and thus avoid a massive loss of seats. Also, in the nomination of the PDS's Presidential candidate, Colonel Mário Andreazza was the preferred candidate of outgoing President General João Figueiredo, but the membership of the PDS was no longer disciplined: former São Paulo Governor Paulo Maluf defeated Andreazza in the Party's Convention, resulting in a split in the PDS. After Maluf's nomination, many members left the Party and joined the Opposition MDB (including José Sarney, who went on to become Tancredo Neves's running mate in a political deal that secured for the Opposition the votes of the electoral college members who defected from the PDS and joined the MDB).


1985 Brazilian presidential election
In 1984, the Diretas Já movement, that sought the immediate restoration of direct popular elections for the Presidency of the Republic, failed, since, in spite of strong popular support and rallies, the Opposition to the military government failed to secure the two-thirds supermajority of votes in Congress, that was required to amend the 1967 Constitution, as amended and republished in 1969.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
On 15 January 1985 the Electoral College gathered to vote for the presidential election. Tancredo Neves was elected President with 480 votes (72.4%) against only 180 (27.3%) given to Maluf. There were 26 abstentions, mostly from parliamentarians from the Workers' Party, which decided to maintain its neutrality and support neither candidates. Some of its members, however, such as actress and congresswoman Bete Mendes, voted on the Democratic Alliance and ended up being expelled from the party. Overall, three members of the party (Airton Soares, Mendes and José Eudes) were expelled from it.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
On 14 March 1985, just one day prior to his inauguration, President-elect Tancredo Neves fell ill with strong abdominal pain, so that he could not appear before Congress to take office as President on March 15 (the Constitution required the oath of office to be taken before a joint session of the Legislature). José Sarney, who was elected Vice-President, took office as Vice-President on inauguration day, and immediately became Acting President. This marked only the second time in Brazil's republican history that a sitting government peacefully transferred power to the opposition.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
On 21 April 1985, Neves died from a generalized infection. Although he was never technically President because he never took the constitutional oath, he died during his Presidential term and Congress passed a special statute, directing that his name be included on the official list of Brazilian presidents as a matter of homage. Upon the death of the President-elect, Acting President Sarney succeeded to the Presidency.


1985 Brazilian presidential election
The Democratic Alliance's promise of passing a Constitutional Amendment to the 1967-1969 Constitution summoning elections for a National Constituent Assembly was fulfilled on 27 November 1985, with the enactment of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution inherited from the military regime era. Under that Amendment, the members of the 48th Legislature of Brazil's National Congress, that assembled on 1 February 1987 after the 1986 legislative elections, convened as a National Constituent Assembly, with unlimited powers to draft and enact Brazil's new Constitution. The Constitution was promulgated on 5 October 1988.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election
The Brecon and Radnor by-election, 1985 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 1985 for the British House of Commons constituency of Brecon and Radnor.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Previous MP
The seat had become vacant on 9 May 1985, when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Tom Ellis Hooson, had died at the age of 52. He was a cousin of Emlyn Hooson, the former Liberal Party MP for Montgomery.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Previous MP
Tom Hooson had been Brecon and Radnor's MP since the 1979 general election, when he gained the seat from the Labour Party.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Seven candidates were nominated. Richard Arthur Lloyd Livsey was the candidate of the Liberal Party and represented the SDP-Liberal Alliance. He was a former senior lecturer in farm management, born in 1935, who had become a smallholder. He had contested the seat in the 1983 general election.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
(Frederick) Richard Willey, born 1945, was the Labour candidate. He was the son of veteran Labour MP Fred Willey and a member of Radnor District Council. He was a freelance educational researcher and writer.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Christopher John Butler, born 1950, represented the Conservative Party. He was a special adviser to the Secretary of State for Wales and had previously worked at the Conservative Research Department in Wales and the Political Office in 10 Downing Street.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Janet Mary Davies was nominated by Plaid Cymru. She was born in 1938 and was a member of Taff Ely Borough Council.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Frequent election candidate and pop singer Screaming Lord Sutch (otherwise known as  David Edward Sutch) represented the Monster Raving Loony Party.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Roger Joseph Everest was an Independent candidate who sought election as a One Nation Conservative.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Candidates
Andre Charles Leopold Genillard was an Independent who campaigned as a Free the World from Multiple Sclerosis candidate. He was a teacher at Mayfield College, Mayfield, and entered the election as an educational exercise for students before electoral deposits substantially increased.


1985 Brecon and Radnor by-election, Aftermath
Livsey held the seat for the Liberals at the 1987 general election, with a  majority of just 56 over the Conservative Jonathan Evans with Labour dropping to third place. This meant that Brecon and Radnor was  the only seat that the Conservatives lost at a by-election in the 1983-1987 parliament that they failed to regain at the 1987 election. However at the 1992 general election the Conservatives did regain the seat, although Richard Livsey went on to regain it at the 1997 general election.


1985 Brisbane Rugby League season
The 1985 Brisbane Rugby League premiership was the 77th season of Brisbane's semi-professional rugby league football competition. Eight teams from across Brisbane competed for the premiership, which culminated in a grand final match between the Southern Suburbs and Wynnum-Manly clubs.


1985 Brisbane Rugby League season, Season summary
Teams played each other three times, with 21 rounds of competition played. It resulted in a top four of Southern Suburbs, Past Brothers, Wynnum-Manly and Fortitude Valley.


1985 Brisbane Rugby League season, Grand Final
Southern Suburbs 10 (Tries: N. Carr. Goals: G. French 3.)


1985 Bristol Open – Doubles
Larry Stefanki and Robert Van't Hof were the defending champions, but Van't Hof did not participate this year. Stefanki partnered Mike Bauer, losing in the quarterfinals.


1985 Bristol Open – Doubles
Eddie Edwards and Danie Visser won the title, defeating John Alexander and Russell Simpson 6–4, 7–6 in the final.


1985 Bristol Open – Singles
Johan Kriek was the defending champion, but did not participate this year.


1985 Bristol Open – Singles
Martin Davis won the title, defeating Glenn Layendecker 4–6, 6–3, 7–5 in the final.


1985 Brit Awards
The 1985 Brit Awards were the 5th edition of the biggest annual pop music awards in the United Kingdom. They are run by the British Phonographic Industry and took place on 11 February 1985 at Grosvenor House Hotel in London. This year marked the first presentation of the British Video of the Year and Soundtrack/Cast Recording awards, and the last presentation of the defunct International Artist award.


1985 Brit Awards
For the first time, the awards ceremony was televised by the BBC.


1985 British Formula Three Championship
The 1985 British Formula Three Championship was the 35th season of the British Formula Three Championship. Maurício Gugelmin took the BARC/BRDC Marlboro British Formula 3 Championship.


1985 British Formula Three Championship
Formula Three witnessed three major changes in 1985; in an attempt to eliminate ground effects, flat-bottomed cars became mandatory; the cancellation of the FIA European Formula Three Championship; and the arrival of Reynard Motorsport, giving Ralt the real rival for the first time since March Engineering stop building F3 cars after the 1981 season. Using a revolutionary carbon-fibre monocoque, a first for F3, Reynard manufacturer cars at the same pace as Ralt, but Adrian Reynard had a knack of producing cars that won on their race debut. The Reynard 853 kept that record going, when Andy Wallace won the opening race of the season. With no European series, the national series across Europe were greatly strengthen, notably the British, French and Italian.


1985 British Formula Three Championship
Reynard driver, Russell Spence led at the mid-season break with 55 pts., from Andy Wallace on 50, Maurício Gugelmin, the first Ralt on 41 and Tim Davies with another Reynard on 34.


1985 British Formula Three Championship
Ralt drivers later took over: Gerrit van Kouwan won three races after the break and notched up 40 pts. ; Dave Scott won twice, scoring 36 pts. Gugelmin’s Ralt was sorted by West Surrey Racing’s Dick Bennetts and with two races remaining, he held narrow two points lead in the title race on 66 pts., from both Spence and Wallace, tied on 64pts. All the momentum was with the man from Joinville, Brazil, and Gugelmin won both these easily to win the Championship.


1985 British Grand Prix
The 1985 British Grand Prix (formally the XXXVIII Marlboro British Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 21 July 1985. It was the eighth race of the 1985 Formula One World Championship.


1985 British Grand Prix
The 65-lap race was won by Alain Prost, driving a McLaren-TAG, after he started from third position. Michele Alboreto finished second in a Ferrari, with Jacques Laffite third in a Ligier-Renault. The win, Prost's third of the season, moved him to within two points of Alboreto at the top of the Drivers' Championship.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
Silverstone, a circuit located on a former World War II airfield located between London and Birmingham in England was known for being the fastest circuit used by Formula One; it was even faster than Monza and the Österreichring. The circuit's layout back then was quite different and simpler compared to the current layout used from 2010 onwards. Silverstone alternated the British Grand Prix with Brands Hatch and each circuit would host it every 2nd year.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
Qualifying saw Keke Rosberg underline Silverstone's incredibly high speed laps by taking pole in his Williams with a lap of 1:05.591. At an average speed of 160.9 mph (259 km/h), it stood as the fastest qualifying lap in F1 history for 17 years. Alongside Rosberg on the front row was Nelson Piquet in the Brabham, while Alain Prost in the McLaren and Ayrton Senna in the Lotus were on the second row.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
Nigel Mansell in the second Williams and championship leader Michele Alboreto in the Ferrari filled the third row, while on the fourth were Andrea de Cesaris in the Ligier and Elio de Angelis in the second Lotus. Teo Fabi in the Toleman and Niki Lauda in the second McLaren completed the top ten.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
At the start of the race, Senna made a superb start and passed Prost, the slow-starting Piquet and Rosberg to take the lead, while Mansell moved up to third and de Cesaris to fifth. Behind them, four cars were eliminated at the first corner, Copse, as Patrick Tambay in the Renault lost control and was hit by the second Ferrari of Stefan Johansson, which also caused the Osella of Piercarlo Ghinzani and the RAM of Philippe Alliot to crash into each other.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
Back at the front, de Cesaris passed Prost and then Mansell to be third, before Prost repassed the Ligier on lap 9. Prost later admitted he was apprehensive about being behind the Ligier thanks to the unpredictable de Cesaris' reputation for crashing. Mansell dropped out on lap 18 with a clutch failure, before team-mate Rosberg suffered a broken exhaust four laps later. Senna continued to lead, with Prost now second and Lauda up to third ahead of de Cesaris, Piquet and Alboreto. Prost and Lauda's McLaren-TAG/Porsche MP4/2B's performance through high-speed corners was far superior to that of any other car competing that year – something that was a feature of all of the original Silverstone's 8 corners (10 if the 3-turn sequence of the Woodcote chicane is counted).


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
Alboreto passed Piquet for fifth, before moving up to fourth on lap 42 when de Cesaris's clutch failed. By then, Senna and Prost were running nose-to-tail. The Frenchman finally passed the Brazilian on lap 58, Lauda's electrics failing on the same lap. Then Senna's fuel injection failed, promoting Alboreto to second, while Jacques Laffite in the second Ligier moved up to third ahead of Piquet.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
The chequered flag was erroneously shown at the end of lap 65, one lap early, with Prost having lapped the entire field. Halfway around what was meant to have been the final lap, Laffite ran out of fuel, which annoyed Piquet – he would have thus taken the final podium place had the error not been made. The final points were taken by Derek Warwick in the second Renault and Marc Surer in the second Brabham.


1985 British Grand Prix, Report
In the Drivers' Championship, Prost moved to within two points of Alboreto, while in the Constructors' Championship McLaren moved up to second, 18 points behind Ferrari.


1985 British League season
The 1985 British League season was the 51st season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom and the 21st known as the British League.


1985 British League season, Team changes
Wimbledon Dons dropped to the National league, this was the first time that Wimbledon would not compete in the top tier of speedway.


1985 British League season, Summary
Oxford Cheetahs won the league and cup double. The Oxford team, financed by the Oxford Stadium owners Northern Sports and headed by David Hawkins was the most expensive team assembled in the history of the league. The team included Danish international Hans Nielsen (signed for a record £30,000) in 1984. Nielsen had topped the previous season's averages on Oxford's return to the league and was imperious during 1985, finishing with an exceptional average, way ahead of any other rider. The team eased to the league title by a clear ten points, with Simon Wigg, Andy Grahame, Marvyn Cox, Jens Rasmussen and Melvyn Taylor all riding over 50 matches each during the season.


1985 British League season, Summary
Defending champions Ipswich Witches finished mid-table which was not surprising taking into account that just three matches into the season their leading rider Billy Sanders committed suicide on 23 April. The news shocked the club and the wider speedway world at the time.


1985 British League season, Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points


1985 British League season, British League Knockout Cup
The 1985 Speedway Star British League Knockout Cup was the 47th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Oxford Cheetahs were the winners.


1985 British League season, British League Knockout Cup, Final, Second leg
Oxford Cheetahs were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 79-76.


1985 British League season, League Cup
The League Cup was contested as a league format. Coventry Bees won the final over two legs defeating Oxford Cheetahs 86-70 on aggregrate.


1985 British National Track Championships
The 1985 British National Track Championships were a series of track cycling competitions held from 1–9 August 1985 at the Leicester Velodrome. The Championships were hindered by heavy rain which delayed many events. The national sprint team coach and former rider Eddie Soens died after suffering a heart attack during the Championships.


1985 British Open
The 1985 British Open (also known as the 1985 Dulux British Open due to sponsorship) was a professional ranking snooker tournament, that was held from 17 February to 3 March 1985 with television coverage on ITV beginning on 22 February from the Assembly Rooms in Derby, England. It was the first edition of the British Open, having been rebranded from the International Open the previous year. It was the fifth ranking event of the 1984–85 snooker season, preceding the 1985 World Snooker Championship.


1985 British Open
In the best-of-23-frames final, South African player Silvino Francisco defeated Canadian Kirk Stevens 12–9. It was the first major professional snooker tournament without a British player in the final. The event featured a total prize fund of £250,000 with the winner receiving £50,000. The highest break of the event was made by Alex Higgins, who compiled a 142 in his last-16 match against Cliff Thorburn.


1985 British Open, Overview
The 1985 British Open was held between 17 February and 3 March 1985. The qualifying competition took place across venues in London, Bristol and Stockport. The first round took place at the Connaught Club in London and the Bradbury Hall in Chesterfield between 14 and 17 January 1985, whilst the remaining rounds took place at the Assembly Rooms, Derby. The qualifying and first rounds were played as best-of-11 frames. The following rounds, from last 32 to quarter-finals, were played as shorter best-of-9-frames matches because of television scheduling.


1985 British Open, Overview
Broadcaster ITV were concerned about the prospect of large overtime payments for their staff if matches overran, and also requested that the afternoon matches started at 2:00 pm rather than the originally scheduled 1:00 pm, to avoid higher payments to lighting technicians that would have been due if the lighting was switched on before that time. The decision by snooker governing body the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) to cut the length of matches in response to ITV's request was publicly criticised by WPBSA board member Barry Hearn, who was also the manager of prominent player Steve Davis.


1985 British Open, Overview
The event was sponsored by ICI Paints Division and was known for sponsorship purposes as the 1985 Dulux British Open. It took the place of the non-ranking 1984 International Masters tournament on the professional snooker calendar.


1985 British Open, Overview, Prize fund
The prize fund for the event was £250,000, with the winner receiving £50,000.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
In the first round, Bill Werbeniuk, 14th in the world rankings, was beaten 1–6 by Bob Chaperon. Malcolm Bradley, in his first season as a professional player, beat David Taylor 6–3. Bob Harris, who to that point had made little impact as a player, beat world number six Eddie Charlton 6–3 after being 1–3 behind. Jimmy White was 3–1 ahead of Tony Jones but the match went to the deciding frame before White won, 6–5. Another first-year professional, Danny Fowler, beat Rex Williams, the former world billiards champion, 6–3. A third new professional, Tony Chappel, led reigning world champion Steve Davis 5–4, before Davis prevailed 6–5.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
The television stages of the event began in the second round. Steve Newbury, in his first season as a professional player, recorded a 5–3 win over former world champion Terry Griffiths in the last 32. Other players unexpectedly losing in the second round were Willie Thorne, who lost 0–5 to Murdo MacLeod; Ray Reardon, who was wearing spectacles for the first time in a match and who was beaten 4–5 by Dave Martin after leading 4–1; and Jimmy White, who lost 4–5 to Silvino Francisco.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
Only seven of the top sixteen seeded players progressed into the last 16 of the competition. In the last 16, Alex Higgins was level at 2–2 with Cliff Thorburn, then made a total clearance of 142, the highest break of the tournament, and went on to win 5–2. In the match between Eugene Hughes and Murdo MacLeod, neither player made a break of 30 or over as Hughes won 5–2.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
Kirk Stevens won his quarter-final against Dennis Taylor by winning five straight frames after trailing 0–2, and went on to beat Davis 9–7 in the semi-final to reach his first ranking tournament final. In the other semi-final, Francisco was never behind Higgins in frames, and won 9–7. With the South African Francisco and the Canadian Stevens contesting the final, it was the first snooker ranking tournament where there was no British player in the final. The next time there was a ranking final with no British players was the 2009 Grand Prix.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
Francisco beat Stevens 12–9 in the final to win the title. The final was played across three sessions, with an afternoon and evening session on Saturday 2 March followed by a session on Sunday 3 March. Francisco took a 5–0 lead in the final, before Stevens won the last two frames of the first session to make it 5–2. In the second session, Francisco increased his lead to 6–2 with a fluked on the pink ball in the eighth frame. A few frames later, he made his lead 9–4 due to another fluked pink ball.


1985 British Open, Tournament summary
In the frame following this, Stevens compiled the highest break of the final, 108, which left Francisco 9–5 ahead at the end of the first day. The following day, Stevens took the first three frames of the third session of the final to trail by just one frame. However, Francisco won the next two frames to lead 11–8. Stevens won frame 20 from 47 points behind, but Francisco took the next to gain victory. The winner's prize money of £50,000 was a new record amount for snooker tournaments. It was Francisco's only ranking tournament win.


1985 British Open, Main draw
The main draw for the tournament was held with a total of 64 participants. Players listed in bold denote match winners.


1985 British Open, Qualifying
Qualifying matches were played as best-of-11-frames matches. Players in bold denote match winners.


1985 British Rowing Championships
The 1985 National Rowing Championships was the 14th edition of the National Championships, held from 20–21 July 1985 at the National Water Sports Centre in Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham.


1985 British Saloon Car Championship
The 1985 Trimoco RAC British Saloon Car Championship was the 28th season of the championship. Andy Rouse won his third consecutive BSCC championship in a Ford Sierra, making it a record four titles in total.


1985 British Saloon Car Championship, Calendar & Winners
All races were held in the United Kingdom. Overall winners in bold.


1985 British Saloon Car Championship, Championship Standings, Drivers' Championship
Points were awarded on a 9, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 basis to the top six finishers in each class, with one bonus point for the fastest lap in each class. In races where a class had less than four starters, points would be awarded to the top two finishers (6 & 4 respectively) with one point for the fastest lap. A driver's best nine scores counted towards the championship, dropped scores are shown in brackets. Positions are shown as overall/class.


1985 British Saloon Car Championship, Championship Standings, Drivers' Championship
Bold - Pole in classItalics - Fastest lap in class


1985 British Speedway Championship
The 1985 British Speedway Championship was the 25th edition of the British Speedway Championship. The Final took place on 12 June at Brandon in Coventry, England. The Championship was won by Kenny Carter, who scored a 15-point maximum. John Davis was second, while Kelvin Tatum completed the rostrum in third place.


1985 British Speedway Championship, Final
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance •  t - exclusion for touching the tapes •  x - other exclusion •  e - retired or mechanical failure •  f - fell •  ns - non-starter •  nc - non-classify


1985 British motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1985 British motorcycle Grand Prix was the tenth round of the 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2–4 August 1985 at the Silverstone Circuit.


1985 Brixton riot
The Brixton riot of 1985 started on 28 September in Lambeth in South London. It was the second major riot that the area had witnessed in the space of four years, the last in 1981. It was sparked by the shooting of Dorothy "Cherry" Groce by the Metropolitan Police, while they sought her 21-year-old son Michael Groce in relation to a robbery and suspected firearms offence; they believed Michael Groce was hiding in his mother's home.


1985 Brixton riot
After two days of riots, photo-journalist David Hodge had died, 43 civilians and 10 police officers were hurt. Amongst a number of fires, one building had been destroyed, 55 cars had been burnt out, and 58 burglaries had been committed including acts of looting.


1985 Brixton riot
In March 2014, the police eventually apologised for the wrongful shooting of Mrs Groce. In July of the same year, an inquest jury concluded that eight separate police failures had contributed to Mrs Groce's death, for which the then Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe subsequently "apologised unreservedly for our failings" to the family.


1985 Brixton riot, Background
The community of Lambeth, after the 1981 Brixton riot, did not trust the Metropolitan Police, with many of the mixed race but mainly Afro-Caribbean population upset about the institutional racism of the police department.


1985 Brixton riot, Background
Twenty-one-year-old Michael Groce was one of six children born to Dorothy "Cherry" Groce, who had migrated to the area from Jamaica when she was in her early teens. From aged six much of his life was spent in residential care, brought up in Tinworth House, on a rough housing estate in Vauxhall. Michael was involved with street gangs, and had been exposed to guns during his childhood. He spent time in and out of prison throughout his life, and by 1985 had accrued 50 convictions and 15 different spells in prison.


1985 Brixton riot, Background
After being released from prison two months before, whilst out on licence Michael became concerned with a turf-war between local street gangs. Subsequently, given a gun for protection by a friend, a few days before the riots Michael was in an argument with his girlfriend at his mother's house, and in a fit of anger fired the gun into a wardrobe. Shortly afterwards, he heard a knock on the door and went down to answer it, finding a police officer enquiring if he was Michael Groce. He attempted to close the door, but after the police officer would not let him, Michael put the gun into the officer's mouth. After the officer left, Michael cleaned the gun and placed it in the house, then fled to his sister's home.


1985 Brixton riot, Raid on Cherry Groce's house
On the morning of Saturday 28 September 1985, a group of police officers raided Cherry Groce's house on Normandy Road, Brixton, including an armed CID officer, searching for suspected armed robber Michael Groce. Mrs Groce was in bed, whilst three of her six children were in residence when the police entered the house with force. During the raid, Mrs Groce was shot and seriously injured; after an extensive search, the police did not find Michael Groce. An ambulance was called, and by the time it had arrived a small crowd had gathered outside the house. Mrs Groce was taken to St Thomas' Hospital in central London.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
As word of the shooting spread throughout the community, rumours persisted that Mrs. Groce had in fact been killed in the raid. The group that had gathered outside her house grew to over 60, and then moved to the local district police station, where they began chanting "murderers" and anti-police slogans, demanding disciplinary action against the officers involved.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
However, hostility between the largely black crowd and the largely white police force quickly escalated into a series of mild street battles. These then developed into elongated skirmishes in the areas of Brixton Road and Acre Lane, where the first two of a total of 55 cars over the following 48 hours were burnt out. In response the police deployed the first 50 officers in riot gear in the afternoon, who approached rioters whilst banging their truncheons on their riot shields. Through force which involved a number of reported unprovoked attacks on local passers-by and accredited members of the media, the police cordoned off the area around the police station on Brixton Road, and then cleared the surrounding shopping district.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
That evening, the police lost control of the area for approximately 48 hours. In the subsequent riot, severe injuries were sustained by both sides, with police injured as they were attacked by young black and white youths equipped with bricks and wooden stakes. After further skirmishes, the rioters built a defensive wall out of upturned cars across the Brixton Road, which were set alight at various times. From behind this wall, the rioters threw petrol bombs at the police, and looted local shops.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
As darkness fell on Coldharbour Lane, groups of men gathered and were stopping cars, opening doors and seizing the keys, expelling their occupants and then setting the cars on fire. One furniture shop, spanning the junction of Gresham Road, Barrington Road and Coldharbour Lane, was set on fire. The fire rapidly spread to the residential flats on the higher levels of the 4-storey building, and it was only by singular good fortune and heroic action of residents in rescuing one elderly gentleman that all escaped without loss of life or serious injury. Police later stated that they made 149 arrests that evening, mostly for violence, 20 for burglary and theft and two for petrol bombing.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
In the aftermath, photo-journalist David Hodge died a few days later as a result of an aneurysm, after being attacked by gang of looters he was trying to photograph. In total over 50 people were injured, 200 arrests were made, one building and dozens of cars were destroyed, and several shops had been looted.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots
In a press conference on 30 September, Deputy Assistant Commissioner Richard Wells described the shooting of Mrs Groce as tragic, and whilst recognising the resultant "genuine feelings, particularly those of the relatives and friends of Mrs Groce", blamed the riots on "an unruly criminal element."


1985 Brixton riot, Riots, Subsequent riots: Peckham, Toxteth and Tottenham
On 30 September in Peckham, south London, black youths began throwing petrol bombs and setting shops alight. A major fire at a carpet warehouse off Peckham High Street was reported.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots, Subsequent riots: Peckham, Toxteth and Tottenham
On 1 October 1985, 10 people (including three police officers) were injured in a second riot in Toxteth on 1 October 1985, after crowds stormed the district's streets and stoned and burnt cars in response to the arrest of four local black men in connection with a stabbing. Merseyside Police Operational Support Division was deployed into the area to restore order and were later criticised by community leaders and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool, Derek Worlock, for their "over zealous and provocative tactics", which included the drumming of batons on riot shields.


1985 Brixton riot, Riots, Subsequent riots: Peckham, Toxteth and Tottenham
One week later, another serious conflict, sparked by similar circumstances, broke out between the Metropolitan Police and mainly black residents of North London's Tottenham district in what became known as the Broadwater Farm riot.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce
On her arrival at hospital, surgeons found that the bullet had penetrated Mrs Groce's lung and exited through her spine, paralysing her from the waist downwards. She was hospitalised for over a year, and in hospital-based rehabilitation for a further year; friends within the local community looked after her children. With Mrs Groce permanently paralysed and only able to get around in a wheelchair, and after further rehabilitation, she and her family were allocated a new bungalow in which to live.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce
The police officer who shot Mrs Groce, Detective Inspector Douglas Lovelock, was prosecuted but eventually acquitted of malicious wounding. Mrs Groce later received over £500,000 in compensation from the Metropolitan Police, but with no admission of liability.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce
In 2011, Mrs Groce contracted an infection which led to kidney failure. She was treated at King's College Hospital, but she died on Easter Sunday, and was buried in May 2011.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce
In 2012 a blue plaque was installed at Cherry Groce's former home at 22 Normandy Road.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce, Inquest
After the death of Cherry Groce, the district coroner announced that a judicial inquest was to be held into her death, scheduled for June 2014. Simon Israel reporting for Channel 4 News revealed on 21 March 2014 that separate pathologists working on behalf of both the family and the police, both independently concluded that there was a causal link between the shooting and the death of Mrs Groce.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce, Inquest
With both the Metropolitan Police and former Inspector Douglas Lovelock both to be represented at the inquest by Queen's Counsel, the Legal Aid Agency refused the Groce family funds on the grounds that "there are no new issues." The family subsequently started a petition, and appealed directly to Prime Minister David Cameron for Legal Aid to support them at the inquest, supported by the Labour MP for Streatham, Chuka Umunna. The decision was subsequently overturned on 11 April 2014 by a ministerial discussion through the Ministry of Justice.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce, Inquest
On 10 July 2014, the jury at Southwark Coroner's Court returned a verdict that concluded that eight separate police failures had contributed to Mrs Groce's death, and that her "subsequent death was contributed to by failures in the planning and implementation of the raid". Pathologist Dr Robert Chapman testified that during his post-mortem examination he had found metal fragments from the bullet still lodged in the base of her spine, which had contributed to her being more susceptible to debilitating illnesses.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Cherry Groce, Inquest
The Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe subsequently "apologised unreservedly for our failings" to the family for the years of suffering, stating that the Metropolitan Police operation had been inadequate, failed to carry out its responsibilities properly, and that it was "inexcusable" that it had taken so long for the police to acknowledge these failings.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Michael Groce
After three days of hiding, Michael learnt via the television news about the shooting of his mother and the riots. He quietly turned himself in to the police the following day, accompanied by solicitor Paul Boateng. Michael was then interviewed at Scotland Yard in relation to an armed robbery at a jeweller's shop in Royston, Hertfordshire on 10 September, and later released on police bail. On 26 September, he was charged at Waterloo police station with illegal possession of a sawn-off shotgun, for which he subsequently received a three-year suspended sentence. He was never charged with any offence associated with the armed robbery or the riots.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Michael Groce
Michael wrote his mother an apology in the form of a poem, subsequently published in The Voice newspaper. Michael attempted to help the community recover; he ran a youth football team, trying to provide a fun alternative to crime.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Michael Groce
Today a reformed character, Michael is a published poet who runs poetry, personal development and motivational workshops in schools under the project title "Cherry Blossoms", and gives talks to dissuade others from making mistakes similar to those that he made.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Metropolitan Police Service
Following the trial of Inspector Lovelock, a review of firearms procedures within the Metropolitan Police led to new policy which authorised only centrally-controlled specifically-trained specialist squads to be armed. This included parts of Special Branch, but excluded others including CID officers.


1985 Brixton riot, Aftermath, Metropolitan Police Service
In March 2014, almost 29 years after the events and almost three years after her death, the Metropolitan Police publicly apologised to Cherry Groce's family for her wrongful shooting.


1985 Brown Bears football team
The 1985 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Brown finished fourth in the Ivy League.


1985 Brown Bears football team
In their second season under head coach John Rosenberg, the Bears compiled a 5–4–1 record and outscored opponents 200 to 128. B. Heffernan, P. McCormack and T. Moskala were the team captains.


1985 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 4–3 conference record placed fourth in the Ivy League standings. They outscored Ivy opponents 157 to 138.


1985 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1985 Brownlow Medal
The 1985 Brownlow Medal was the 58th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Brad Hardie of the Footscray Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-two votes during the 1985 VFL season.


1985 Brownlow Medal, Leading votegetters
* The player was ineligible to win the medal due to suspension by the VFL Tribunal during the year.


1985 Brussels summit
The 1985 Brussels summit was the 7th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 21 November 1985. This event was only the seventh meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.


1985 Brussels summit, Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been. Generational change in the leadership of the Soviet Union brought Mikhail Gorbachev to the international stage.


1985 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1985 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1985 Bucknell Bison football team
In their eleventh and final year under head coach Bob Curtis, the Bison compiled a 3–7 record. Will McFarland and Joe Shupp were the team captains.


1985 Bucknell Bison football team
This would be Bucknell's final year as an independent, before joining the Colonial League. Future league opponents on Bucknell's 1985 schedule included Davidson, Lafayette and Lehigh. The league was later renamed Patriot League, and continues to be the Bisons' home conference as of 2020.


1985 Bucknell Bison football team
Bucknell played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1985 Buenos Aires Grand Prix – Singles
Martín Jaite defeated Diego Pérez 6–4, 6–2 to win the 1985 Buenos Aires Grand Prix singles competition. Guillermo Vilas was the champion but did not defend his title.


1985 Buffalo Bills season
The 1985 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 16th season in the National Football League, and the 26th overall. It was Buffalo's second-consecutive 2–14 season. Head coach Kay Stephenson was fired after an 0–4 start. Defensive coordinator Hank Bullough took over, going 2–10 for the remainder of the season.


1985 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
The Bills' offense was anemic: its 200 points scored is the lowest total in the 1980s, and the lowest total in team history for a sixteen-game schedule. Having concluded that longtime starting quarterback Joe Ferguson's career was over after a spike in interceptions in the early 1980s, the Bills cut him in the offseason. (The assumption would be in error, as Ferguson would sign with the Detroit Lions and play an additional six seasons in the NFL after being released.) Ferguson's replacements, quarterbacks Vince Ferragamo and Bruce Mathison, only produced 9 passing touchdowns all season, while combining for a league-high 31 interceptions. Buffalo scored fewer than ten points in seven of its sixteen games. The team’s point-differential of negative-181 is the third-worst in franchise history.


1985 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason, NFL draft
In 1985, the Bills used the first overall pick in the draft to select All-American defensive end Bruce Smith. Smith would dominated the late 1980s and early 1990s. Smith was an 11-time All-Pro selection, two-time NFL Defensive Player of the Year, and logged an NFL-record 200 sacks by the end of his career.


1985 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason, NFL draft
Fourth-round pick Andre Reed, a wide receiver out of Kutztown (PA) State, would go on to be the leading receiver in Buffalo Bills history. When he retired after the 2000 season, Reed's 951 career receptions were third in NFL history behind Jerry Rice and Cris Carter.


1985 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason, NFL draft
Maryland quarterback Frank Reich would become famous for quarterbacking “The Comeback”, a 1993 playoff game in which Buffalo, down 35–3 in the third quarter, would score 35 unanswered points to win 41–38 in overtime. It is the largest deficit overcome to win a game in NFL history.


1985 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason, NFL draft
Reed played more games with the Bills, 221, than any other player. Smith was second with 217 games.


1985 Buffalo mayoral election
The Buffalo mayoral election of 1985 took place on November 4, 1985 and resulted in incumbent mayor Jimmy Griffin losing his primary to local politician George K. Arthur but secured the Republican nomination, defeating Arthur. This marks the last time that a candidate won the mayorship on the Republican line. Griffin won over his two opponents.


1985 Buick WCT Finals
The 1985 Buick WCT Finals was a season-ending men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 15th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix, as the two organisations had reunited. It was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States from April 8 through April 15, 1985. Third-seeded Ivan Lendl won the title.


1985 Buick WCT Finals – Singles
John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Joakim Nyström.


1985 Buick WCT Finals – Singles
Ivan Lendl won in the final 7–6, 6–4, 6–1 against Tim Mayotte.


1985 Buick WCT Finals – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1985 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1985 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 45th final of the Bulgarian Cup, and was contested between CSKA Sofia and Levski Sofia on 19 June 1985 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. CSKA won the final 2–1.


1985 Bulgarian Cup Final, Match
The game ran on high emotions fueled by the streak of consecutive victories of Levski over CSKA in the 2 years prior to the game. The controversial decisions of the referee led to confrontations both on the field and on the stands. By а decree of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party some of the leading players both of the Levski and CSKA teams were suspended from the sport for different lengths, including in the case of Hristo Stoichkov for life. The championship title of the club for 1985 was suspended. However, the suspensions were lifted in 1986. PFC Levski Sofia was renamed to Vitosha, while CSKA was renamed to Sredets, with the previous names being restored in 1989.


1985 Burlington mayoral election
The 1985 Burlington mayoral election was held March 5, 1985. Incumbent Mayor Bernie Sanders won with 56.09% of the popular vote against Democratic nominee Brian D. Burns, independent Diane Gallagher, and various other minor candidates.


1985 Burlington mayoral election
Gallagher initially sought the nomination of the Republican Party, but later became an independent candidate. William Murray and Richard Sartelle sought the Republican nomination, but the Republican caucus voted unanimously to not nominate a candidate. Sartelle also unsuccessfully sought the nomination of the Liberty Union Party which also chose to not nominate a candidate.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Independents
Incumbent Mayor Bernie Sanders, who won as an independent in the 1981 and 1983 elections, initially considered not seeking a third term as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, but announced on December 5, 1984, that he would seek a third term. Sanders formally launched his campaign on December 7. The Progressive Coalition had considered running Gary DeCarolis, a member of the city council from the 3rd district, or Peter Clavelle for mayor if Sanders did not run.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Independents
Richard Sartelle and John Tatro also filed to run as independents while Michael Hackett filed under the Neutral Party. Richard Sartelle had worked as a aide for Sanders during the 1981 election before breaking with him during the 1983 election and later referring to Sanders as dictatorial during the 1985 campaign. Sartelle sought the endorsement of the Liberty Union Party, but the party chose to not endorse any candidate.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Democratic
Brian D. Burns, who served as the 72nd Lieutenant Governor of Vermont and whose brother, James Burns, was a staunch critic of Sanders on the Burlington city council until a pro-Sanders candidate defeated him, announced on December 12, 1984, that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the mayoralty. Burns formally announced his candidacy for mayor on December 19.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Democratic
Burns defeated Terje Anderson, a gay man who supported Jesse Jackson during the 1984 Democratic presidential primaries, a member of the Rainbow Coalition, and who served on the 1984 Democratic platform committee, by a vote of 109 to 19.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Republican
Diane Gallagher, a Republican member of the city council from the sixth ward, announced that she would run for the mayoralty. However, on January 14, 1985, Gallagher announced that she would not seek the Republican nomination and would instead seek the mayoralty as an independent. She withdrew citing opposition to her candidacy within the Republican Party, who wanted to unite behind  Brian Burns, and her desire to avoid becoming a divisive force. She also stated that over sixty percent of voters in Burlington were independents.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Republican
Maggie Green, who was considered as the perfect unity candidate by The Burlington Free Press, chose not to run for the Republican nomination. William Murray and Richard Sartelle sought the Republican nomination, but the Republican caucus voted unanimously to not nominate a candidate.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Candidates, Libertarian
William J. Murray announced on January 16, 1985, that he would seek the mayoralty as a Libertarian and formally announced his campaign on January 28.


1985 Burlington mayoral election, Campaign, Results
During the campaign Sanders had raised $24,428, spent $24,384, and had remaining debts of $555. Burns raised $21,465, spent $23,753, and had remaining debts of around $3,000. Gallagher had raised $10,060, spent $9,030, and had remaining debts of $1,271.


1985 Burmese general election
General elections were held in Burma between 6 and 20 October 1985. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Burma Socialist Programme Party as the sole legal party. It therefore won all 489 seats in the People's Assembly. They were the last elections held before the 8888 Uprising, and thus the last held before the Burma Socialist Programme Party dissolved and, accordingly, the People's Assembly was abolished.


1985 CARIFTA Games
The 14th CARIFTA Games was held in Bridgetown, Barbados, on April 7–9, 1985.