1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Spain, Membership negotiations
Beginning to tire of the long negotiations by December 1983, the French government requested a deadline be imposed on the accession talks, proposing 30 September 1984 as the date. The French government continued applying pressure in favour of this deadline into 1984, and it was agreed to by the Member States at the March 1984 Brussels Summit of the European Council. However, the agreed deadline was not met, with questions over fishing, agriculture and steel still remaining by the end of September, and more negotiations scheduled beyond the deadline.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Spain, Membership negotiations
At the end of October 1984, a commitment was made that Spain and Portugal would join the Communities on 1 January 1986, although there remained "difficulties" still in a number of areas of the negotiations. This commitment was confirmed by a vote at the European Council summit on 3 December 1984, so long as "final negotiations [were] successful".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
In July 1959, just over a year after the EEC was established, the government of Portugal began the process of establishing a diplomatic mission to it, and to Euratom the same month. However, Portugal considered its "multi-continental structure" (in reference to its many overseas colonies) to be incompatible with EEC membership; even had it wished to join, its contemporary dictatorship would have made an accession difficult to impossible.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
In spite of these factors, Portugal was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which was initially aimed to compete with the EEC as a European common economic zone. EFTA, constituting something closer to a pure free trade zone than the EEC, was a more palatable prospect at the time for Portugal than taking on the full rules and regulations of the EEC.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
At the time of the organisation's foundation in 1960, Portugal was still under the Estado Novo corporatist dictatorship, led by António de Oliveira Salazar; a year later, the government of Portugal published a report decrying the decision taken by members of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation to establish the EEC "without consulting their partners in the Organisation", and saying that "The Portuguese Government is once again convinced that the spirit of understanding and solidarity that underpinned the establishment and operation of the European Free Trade Association will prevail".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
A Portuguese government report completed at the start of 1962 acknowledged that seeking entry as a member of the EEC would have been unlikely to end in success, and suggested that an application for associate status might have been a better option. A few months later, in April 1962, the Portuguese Ambassador to Brussels was instructed to open negotiations with the EEC to move towards this goal, in spite of potential hostilities due to "disapproval of the basic principles" of contemporary Portuguese government policy.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
However, the Portuguese government did not clarify what type of negotiations were being asked for, or what the future relationship they envisaged looked like.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
There was also significant international opposition to any meaningful agreement being made with Portugal, as a consequence of the country's authoritarian regime, with the General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions intervening in June saying "We remain convinced that the Members of the Council of Ministers will not permit countries subjected to a regime like the Portuguese government of today to enter a community whose primary reason to exist is to strengthen the free world". The 1962 negotiations were later postponed indefinitely.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
Portugal once again looked to open negotiations with the EEC in 1969. These negotiations were more fruitful, and eventually culminated in a trade agreement between the EEC and Portugal, albeit one that came at the same time as the EEC were negotiating free trade agreements with all Member States of EFTA.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
Diplomatic efforts towards Portuguese membership of the EEC were restarted in the early 1970s, still during the time of the Estado Novo dictatorship, but with Marcelo Caetano having assumed the office of Prime Minister after Salazar's death. Exploratory talks began in confidence on 7 January 1971, with Caetano's attitude to Portuguese-EEC relations being described as "pragmatic", seeing that Europe would continue to be incredibly important for the country as their main trading partner.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Relations under the Estado Novo
On 19 December 1972, the EEC and the Portuguese government concluded an agreement significantly reducing tariffs on imports in trade between the two. This was the last move towards Europe on the part of Portugal before the fall of the Estado Novo regime.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, EC loans and application under democracy
Following the Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first democratic elections in 1975, the new Portuguese government started to take greater steps towards European integration. Over the course of the early 1970s, the European Investment Bank loaned millions of units of account – a pre-Euro European system of monetary exchange without preference to a single currency – to Portugal, with the objective of "giving its fullest support to Portugal's efforts to strengthen democracy and promote social and economic progress". In June 1976, the exchange rate for units of account to US dollars meant the amount loaned at the time, UA 70 million, was worth $79.1 million, equivalent to $282,000,000 in 2019.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, EC loans and application under democracy
The first democratically elected government of Portugal spoke of its programme as one that "intends that Portugal be present in the common effort of democratic European countries in the political, economic, social and cultural transformation of the old continent". These efforts bore their first fruits in September 1976, with the entrance of Portugal into the Council of Europe.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, EC loans and application under democracy
In 1977, just before Portugal made its formal application to join the Communities, Mário Soares, the Prime Minister of Portugal, and his Foreign Minister both went on a tour of European capitals, attempting to gather preliminary support for his country's accession. Shortly afterwards, on 28 March, Portugal made their formal application to join the European Communities, with a series of three letters written by Soares to David Owen, the President of the council. The Portuguese government at the time claimed that the application was not "the decision of a government" but rather "the decision of a people".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, EC loans and application under democracy
Just over a year after the application was made, on 19 May 1978, the Commission issued a positive opinion on the Portuguese application for membership, following which membership negotiations were opened. Although the opinion recommended that the Portuguese application be considered, it also highlighted significant dangers inherent to a Portuguese accession in the country's state at the time, noting that "profound social and economic reforms" would be required before admission could be successful.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Governmental turbulence
In the immediate months following the opening of negotiations, there was some concern expressed over the level of support within the Portuguese populace for membership of the Communities, with the French newspaper Le Monde reporting that half of the population of Lisbon were unaware of what the Common Market was, rising to 72% in Porto. Furthermore, at the end of 1979, after the government collapsed several times, Parliament was dissolved and fresh elections were called, leading to the election of a new Prime Minister, Francisco de Sá Carneiro.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Governmental turbulence
However, after having been in office for only a year, Carneiro died in the 1980 Camarate air crash. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Francisco Pinto Balsemão, whose government highlighted in their program concerns over "negative economic and social consequences" resulting from Community regulations that "suppose a different stage of structural evolution" in a Member State. During Balsemão's government, a new Transitional Protocol was agreed between the EEC and Portugal, adjusting some of the tariffs applicable to trade between the two, with "a view to the accession of the Portuguese Republic to the Communities".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Governmental turbulence
In 1983, amid a storm of resignations, Balsemão's government too collapsed, and the 1983 Portuguese legislative election was called. The elections led to the return of the Socialist Party, and consequently the return of Mário Soares as Prime Minister. However, with insufficient support in the Portuguese Assembly, Soares was forced to form a coalition with Carneiro's party, the Social Democratic Party. The new coalition's program stated that "accession to the EEC in good time and under the right conditions [...] is the top priority of Portuguese economic and foreign policy".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Internal political reactions
After 23 meetings of negotiations between ministers in Portugal and the Communities, on 24 October 1984, a joint statement was signed in Dublin between Soares, Garret FitzGerald, the president of the European Council, and Lorenzo Natali, the Vice-President of the commission, "reaffirming the objective" of Portugal joining the Community on 1 January 1986. In debates in the Portuguese Assembly, the Socialist Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Independent Social Democratic Association all expressed their agreement with the accession arrangements.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Internal political reactions
The planned entrance was not entirely without opposition; some members of the Portuguese Democratic Movement, which had been an important force in Portuguese politics at the time, claimed the accession was a "myth" that "served as an alibi" for the Portuguese government to "avoid being confronted with the disastrous economic and social consequences of its policy", whilst the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) member Carlos Carvalhas claimed the EEC were "ready to sacrifice [...] the interests of other countries".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, History, Portugal, Internal political reactions
The Communist-led union Intersindical stood with the PCP, who still exist today, in opposing EEC membership, on the grounds of what they considered to be loss of economic control that it would cause. However, the Communist Party was the only Portuguese political party at the time consistently opposed to EEC membership, and they began to receive fewer and fewer votes starting in the mid-1980s, around the time of accession.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, United Kingdom and Gibraltar
The status of the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar was a significant sticking point in the negotiations for Spain's accession. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party were elected into government in 1982 on a manifesto including both EEC membership and a return of the territory to Spain. Following the election, the Spanish government re-opened the border with Gibraltar to pedestrians on "humanitarian" grounds, which laid the foundation for further negotiations with the United Kingdom, although no other types of traffic were permitted through.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, United Kingdom and Gibraltar
These negotiations continued for some time, with one suggestion being that the territory could be turned into a NATO military base with shared sovereignty as a consequence. The negotiations surrounding the status of Gibraltar were described at the time by Fernando Morán, the Spanish foreign minister, as "the most decisive and delicate moment" of Spain's accession negotiations.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, United Kingdom and Gibraltar
The government of the United Kingdom at the time declared themselves publicly to be in favour of Portugal and Spain joining the Communities, with the Minister of State for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office saying that the country had been a "staunch supporter of the accession".


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, United Kingdom and Gibraltar
However, Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister, stated in 1983 that Spain could not accede to the Communities "until the restrictions on the border between Spain and Gibraltar are lifted"; Lord Trefgarne, an undersecretary of state at the time, even went so far as to say that the restrictions were "incompatible with the obligations" of Spain as a member of the EEC.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, United Kingdom and Gibraltar
Thatcher's government's insistence on a complete re-opening of the border prior to EEC entry "angered" the Spanish government of the time; however, they also said that they would be prepared to allow vehicular and other crossings, rather than just those on foot. After even further protracted negotiations, the border was fully reopened on 5 February 1985.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, Greek veto
From 1982 onwards, Greece had been trying to secure approval by the European Council for the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMPs), a series of financial aid measures for disadvantaged regions of the Communities. Having had little success, and with the idea still under "consideration" by the Council several years later, Greece threatened to veto the accessions of Spain and Portugal. The veto was based on Greece's claims that its economy would not be able to cope with more economically weak Member States joining, without receiving agricultural subsidies for its poorest regions that had not yet been approved.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, Greek veto
In late 1984, Andreas Papandreou, the Prime Minister of Greece, formally confirmed that the only blocker for Greek approval of the accessions was the availability of financial subsidy through the IMPs. This drew criticism from other Member States, who argued that Greek financial demands to the Communities should not affect the accession of new members, and led to doubts from Gaston Thorn, the President of the commission, that completing the agreements would be possible for an accession date of 1 January 1986.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, International reaction, Greek veto
Negotiations continued on into 1985, and on 29 May, the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs Giulio Andreotti, in conjunction with Spain's Fernando Morán and the Portuguese Finance Minister Ernâni Lopes, announced that an agreement had been reached. Some parts of the IMPs would be implemented, thereby increasing EEC funding to Greece; consequentially, Greece dropped its reservations, and Portugal and Spain would enter the "Europe of Twelve" on 1 January 1986. In total, Greece received US$2,000,000,000 in additional aid as a consequence of the negotiations, equivalent to $4,800,000,000 in 2020.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, Democratic transition
Membership of the Communities is widely seen as having assisted the transitions to democracy of Spain and Portugal; however, there is some debate as to what extent Community membership is responsible for this. The prerequisite that a state should be a democracy before joining the Communities has been described as a motivating factor for democratisation, and such a requirement has been suggested for agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement as a result. Eurobarometer surveys between 1985 and 1997 found a significant majority of Portuguese citizens felt that EU membership had benefited their country; this peaked at 82% of the population in 1991, before falling to a low of 67% in 1997.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, Acquis communautaire
Special arrangements agreed for Spain and Portugal as new EEC members meant that, whilst in principle they were subject to the acquis communautaire of the Common Fisheries Policy, they were not fully integrated into it for many years. It has also been argued that the acquis on environmental policy "imposed significant costs" on accession countries; compliance pressure and capacity building assistance from the Communities, later the EU, has been described as "necessary but not sufficient" alone to foster successful environmental governance in the accession countries. However, other scholars have argued that the eventual benefit from the acquis has outweighed this, and pointed out that Spain has come to ardently insist on new EU members taking up the entire acquis.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, International relations
Shortly after formally joining in 1986, both Spain and Portugal agreed to proposed changes to the Treaty of Rome which limited individual countries' abilities to veto proposed legislation affecting tariffs and trade, and committed to a common foreign policy for Community Member States. They also expressed themselves to be in favour of a doubling of the research budget of the EEC over a period of 5 years.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, International relations
The accession of Portugal to the European Communities also had an impact on the decolonisation of Portuguese colonies in Africa and on Europe-Africa relations consequently. Whilst the acquis communautaire itself had been weak, dominated only by the European Political Cooperation, the acquis politique was very much in favour of decolonisation, a process which Portugal was pushed to adopt in order to join the Communities - although there is debate as to whether the planned accession was the primary cause.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, Economic impact
The accession led to significant benefits for both in terms of economic stability and strength, and the average per-capita income of Portuguese and Spanish citizens grew significantly, reaching 74% and 83% respectively of the EU average by 2003. Structural funds offered by European Community membership were of particular importance in easing pressure on the countries' economies, especially following the Single European Act reforms that doubled the amount of structural funds available between 1988 and 1993. In Portugal, these funds were invested primarily in road infrastructure, public buildings and urban renewal, indirectly creating many new jobs in the construction industry, which led to a significant (if small in absolute terms) increase in "unskilled or low-skilled" migration to the country.


1986 enlargement of the European Communities, Impact, Economic impact
The dismantling of tariff barriers subsequent to both countries' accessions led some scholars to predict the collapse of industry in the two countries; a columnist of the Harvard International Review, Anne Robinson, predicted "both Spain's and Portugal's generally under-productive and inefficient industries will collapse, creating profitable new markets for exporters in Europe's modernised north". "Restrictive administrative practices" in Spain, however, are noted as having "penalised" products from abroad, placing a preference on locally produced ones. Concerns were also expressed over potential impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy on the Portuguese farming industry, especially with regard to pushes for afforestation and extensification - although these were additionally noted to have benefits for some industries, including in logging and paper production.


1986 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Afghanistan.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events
Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev announces that six regiments will be withdrawn from Afghanistan by the end of the year. The withdrawal of troops begins on October 15. Gorbachev's offer is made from Siberia and is part of a much wider Soviet initiative in Asia. The withdrawal brings sharp reactions: the U.S. dismisses it as "inadequate" and suggests it is no more than a normal rotation of troops; Afghan resistance groups reject it as a "bluff," while Pakistan sees it as a small but positive move.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events
Strategic analysts say the withdrawal has no military significance since three of the six units are air-defense regiments and the Afghan resistance has no air capability. The regiments constitute only a little over 6% of an estimated 120,000 Soviet troops in Afghanistan. The war continues unabated, with many clashes between Soviet-backed Afghan troops and the resistance. Claims of success are made by both sides, but they are impossible to verify. A number of major offensives are launched during the year.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events
Toward the end of 1986, the resistance fighters begin to receive more and better weapons from the outside world - particularly from the United States, the United Kingdom, and China - via Pakistan, the most important of these being shoulder-fired ground-to-air missiles. The Soviet and Afghan air forces then begin to suffer considerable casualties.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, February 1986
A report by the U.S. State Department states that the war has resulted in "one of the greatest mass migrations in history" and that Kabul's population has more than doubled to two million. "More than five million have been uprooted, nearly four million of them becoming refugees abroad ... In large areas of the countryside where resistance is active, wartime conditions and longstanding animosities among competing tribal groups have led to multiple taxation, arbitrary detention, and outright banditry." The resistance shoots down several military aircraft in Herat province; the reported death toll is 200.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, May, July, and August 1986
Karmal resigns as general secretary of the PDPA, retaining the less important position of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. The resignation is officially attributed to reasons of health - he has made no public appearance since March 30 and is reported to have been in the U.S.S.R. for medical treatment. It is widely thought, however, that the Soviet leadership is dissatisfied with his performance and wants to create a broader power base. His successor, new general secretary Mohammad Najibullah, was formerly head of Khad, the country's secret police, and more recently took charge of security.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, May, July, and August 1986
Government troops clash with resistance soldiers in Badakhshan province, leaving 200 Soviet-Afghan soldiers and "dozens" of resistance soldiers dead. Also in July 120 government troops died during an ambush on a military convoy in Zabol province.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, May, July, and August 1986
A massive explosion destroys an ammunition dump in the headquarters of the Afghan Army's 8th Division near Kabul, reportedly killing up to 100 people.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, May, July, and August 1986
For the fifth consecutive year, UN-sponsored talks are held in Geneva between Afghanistan and Pakistan with the object of ending the military presence in Kabul. None of the meetings produce any concrete results, though differences between the two countries have narrowed since the talks began in 1982. Discussions continue through diplomatic channels, and in December a UN spokesman announces that agreement has been reached on the monitoring of Soviet troop withdrawals. The remaining stumbling block is the timetable for a total withdrawal, with Pakistan insisting that this should take place as soon as technically feasible.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, September 1986
A national reconciliation campaign is approved by the Politburo, including a unilateral six-month cease-fire to begin on January 15, 1987, but it meets with little response inside Afghanistan and is rejected by resistance leaders in Pakistan.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, November 1986
A UN human rights report reports that 10,000 to 12,000 Afghan civilians have been killed in the previous nine months by Soviet and Afghan government forces, and that children have been killed by the indiscriminate use of explosives disguised as toys. The "continuation of the military solution," the report says, "will lead to a situation approaching genocide." The same month the UN General Assembly passes a resolution, by a vote of 122 to 20, calling for a negotiated settlement to the war. Karmal resigns from the largely ceremonial post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. He is succeeded on November 24 by Haji Mohammad Chamkani, formerly first vice-chairman and a non-PDPA member.


1986 in Afghanistan, Events, December 1986
An extraordinary plenum of the PDPA Central Committee approves a policy of national reconciliation, involving negotiations with opposition groups, and the proposed formation of a coalition government of national unity. A cabinet reshuffle sees the elevation of Najibullah supporters Abdul Wakil and Mohammad Rafi to the posts of foreign minister and defense minister, respectively. Najibullah visits the U.S.S.R. to discuss prospects for ending the conflict in Afghanistan.


1986 in American television
The year 1986 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.


1986 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Australia.


1986 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1986.


1986 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1986 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1986 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1986 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1986 in Australian television, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1986 in Bangladesh
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1986th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 986th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 86th  year of the 20th century, and the  7th   year of the 1980s decade.


1986 in Bangladesh
The year 1986 was the 15th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the fifth year of the Government of Hussain Muhammad Ershad.


1986 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1986 average official exchange rate for BDT was 30.41 per US$.


1986 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1986.


1986 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1986 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 85th season of competitive football in the country.


1986 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
São Paulo declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions by aggregate score of 3-3.


1986 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1986.


1986 in Brazilian football, Women's football, National team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil women's national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1986.


1986 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1986.


1986 in British music
This is a summary of 1986 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1986 in British music, Summary
The first number 1 single of 1986 was the breakthrough hit for London synthpop duo the Pet Shop Boys. Their song "West End Girls" had climbed the charts during late 1985 and reached number 1 for two weeks in January. They would have three more top 20 hits this year as well as two top 20 albums, and were still reaching the top 10 in 2006, twenty years later. Another popular synthpop duo this year were Erasure, with their song "Sometimes" reaching number two in the autumn; this success would be followed by many more hits throughout the decade.


1986 in British music, Summary
After four successful years, the band Wham! split up in the spring. Made up of George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley, they finished with a farewell concert at Wembley Stadium, a greatest hits album The Final which reached number 2, and the single "The Edge of Heaven", their fourth number one, and their last until "Last Christmas" finally reached No. 1 in 2021. George Michael also reached number 1 this year with a solo release, A Different Corner, and went on to have a highly successful solo career.


1986 in British music, Summary
The formation of the charity Comic Relief provided an unusual song from Cliff Richard, a singer with several huge hits in the 1950s and '60s. He teamed up with the cast of the popular sitcom The Young Ones (itself named after a Richard song) for a new version of his 1959 single "Living Doll", half sung by Richard and half shouted by the Young Ones cast. With proceeds going to the charity, it reached number one for three weeks and was Richard's first number 1 of the decade.


1986 in British music, Summary
Another novelty number one was "The Chicken Song", sung by the cast of satirical puppet show Spitting Image. With lyrics such as "Hold a chicken in the air, stick a deckchair up your nose" it was intended as a parody of novelty holiday songs which were popular at the time, and also topped the chart for three weeks.


1986 in British music, Summary
American singer Madonna had the biggest-selling album of the year with "True Blue". All singles released from it made the top five, including the number 1s "Papa Don't Preach", "True Blue", and "La Isla Bonita" which topped the chart the year after. The biggest-selling single of the year went to The Communards, with a hi-NRG cover of the disco song "Don't Leave Me This Way". The band included singer Jimmy Somerville who had previously enjoyed success with Bronski Beat, and later started a solo career.


1986 in British music, Summary
The Christmas number one single was something of a surprise, a re-issue of Jackie Wilson's 1957 single "Reet Petite". Wilson had died in 1984, but the song been re-issued after being used in a television advert for Levi's, with a new video made of a Claymation version of Wilson. Having first been released 29 years earlier, it broke the record for the longest time between a single being released and it hitting number 1, a record that would last until 2005 when Tony Christie's 1971 song "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo" topped the chart.


1986 in British music, Summary
The Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment was founded in London by a group of period music enthusiasts, going on to become one of the UK's leading orchestras. Harrison Birtwistle's innovative opera, The Mask of Orpheus, was premièred in London, to great critical acclaim. Michael Nyman also came up with a new opera, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, a chamber work with a minimalist score.


1986 in British music, Year-end charts, Best-selling singles
Based on sales from 30 December 1985 to 3 January 1987.


1986 in British music, Year-end charts, Best-selling albums
Based on sales from 29 December 1985 to 3 January 1987.


1986 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1986.


1986 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1986.


1986 in Cambodia
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Cambodia.


1986 in Canadian television
This is a list of Canadian television related events from 1986.


1986 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Cape Verde.


1986 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Chile.


1986 in China
The following lists events in the year 1986 in China.


1986 in China, Births
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1986 in China, Births
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1986 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1986.


1986 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1986.


1986 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1986 in Estonia.


1986 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1986.


1986 in Estonian television, Deaths
This Estonian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1986 in French television
This is a list of French television related events from 1986.


1986 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1986.


1986 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1986 in Iceland.


1986 in India
Events in the year 1986 in the Republic of India.


1986 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1986.


1986 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1986 include:


1986 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian militant acts and operations committed against Israeli targets during 1986 include:


1986 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1986 include:


1986 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1986.


1986 in Japan
1986 in Japan was the first year of the Japanese asset price bubble.


1986 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1986.


1986 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Laos.


1986 in Latin music
This is a list of notable events in Latin music (music from the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking areas of Latin America, Latin Europe, and the United States) that took place in 1986.


1986 in Latin music, Best-selling albums
The following is a list of the top 5 best-selling Latin albums of 1986 in the United States divided into the categories of Latin pop, Regional Mexican, and Tropical/salsa, according to Billboard.


1986 in Libya
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Libya.


1986 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1986 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1986, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The Associated Press (AP) selected the top stories in Michigan for 1986 as follows:


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
1. Heavy rains in September and October that brought 20 inches of rainfall and resulted in $400 million in damage, including $289 million in losses to farmers. Gov. Blanchard declared the flooding to be the worst in state history. 2 . The November gubernatorial election in which James Blanchard won re-election with 68% of the vote. Republican William Lucas, the first African-American candidate for the office, received 31% of the vote. The margin was the largest landslide in Michigan in six decades. 3. Incentives offered by General Motors and other American automobile manufacturers to reduce inventory.


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
GM offered 2.9% financing, and American Motors offered zero percent loans on some models. 4. Record high water levels in the Great Lakes. Lake levels in October 1986 were more than a foot higher than the previous year. 5. The proposed conversion of Consumers Power's Midland Nuclear Power Plant to gas generation. 6. General Motors' announcement, following a $338 million operating loss in the third quarter, that it would close nine plants and scale back operations at two other plants. Seven of the affected plants were located in Michigan.


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The move was expected to result in the loss of 17,000 jobs in Michigan. 7 . The decline in gasoline prices to 83 cents a gallon in Michigan. 8. The arraignment of Judge S. Jerome Bronson for bribery and his suicide hours later. 9. The application to the Department of Justice for a joint operating agreement between the state's two largest newspapers, The Detroit News and Detroit Free Press. 10. Michigan's unemployment rate drops below 10%.


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The AP also separately suggested the state's top sports stories as follows:


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
1. The story of Chuck Long being drafted by the Detroit Lions, holding out for better contract terms, and missing most of the 1986 Detroit Lions season. 2 . Kirk Gibson re-signing with the Detroit Tigers after becoming a free agent. 3 . The Michigan Wolverines defeated Nebraska in the 1986 Fiesta Bowl, led by Jamie Morris who rushed for 156 yards in the game, and were ranked No. 2 in the final AP Poll. 4 . The Detroit Red Wings' firing of Brad Park as head coach and hiring of Jacques Demers to replace him.


1986 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
5. (tie) Jim Harbaugh guaranteeing a victory over Ohio State and leading the 1986 Michigan Wolverines football team to a berth in the Rose Bowl. 5. (tie) The demise of the Cherry Bowl, a bowl game played in the Pontiac Silverdome in 1984 and 1985. 7 . The end of Scott Skiles' college basketball career. He led the 1985–86 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team to the Sweet Sixteen round in the 1986 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. 8. The Michigan State Spartans men's ice hockey team winning the 1986 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. 9. (tie) The deaths of Detroit sports legends, Hank Greenberg (September 4), Norm Cash (October 11), and Bobby Layne (December 1). 10. The Detroit Pistons' trades that saw the departures of Kelly Tripucka and John Long and arrivals of Adrian Dantley and Sidney Green.


1986 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1986 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1986 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1986 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in New Zealand.


1986 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 41st New Zealand Parliament continued. The fourth Labour Party government was in power.


1986 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1986 in New Zealand television, 1986 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, TV3 (New Zealand), Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1986 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1986 film awards, 1986 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1986 films


1986 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket
Their 1–0 victory over Alan Border's Australians in February/March 1986 was their first series win over Australia at home with a 5 wicket win in the third test at Eden Park. This followed on from their 2-1 series win in Australia in November/December 1985, where Richard Hadlee took a record 33 wickets in three tests.


1986 in New Zealand, Sport, Cricket
In June/July 1986 New Zealand achieved their first test series win in England, 1-0, winning the second test at Trent Bridge.


1986 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1986 in Norwegian music.


1986 in Norwegian television
This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1986.


1986 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1986. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1986 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 with Dora and the song "Não sejas mau para mim".


1986 in Portugal, Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1985–86 Primeira Divisão and 1986–87 Primeira Divisão.


1986 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1986.


1986 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Singapore.


1986 in Somalia
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Somali Democratic Republic.


1986 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in South Africa.


1986 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Sri Lanka.


1986 in Swedish football
The 1986 season in Swedish football, starting January 1986 and ending December 1986:


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Sweden |score = 0–0|team2 =  Greece|goals1 = |goals2 = |stadium = Malmö Stadion, Malmö|attendance = 9,944|referee = Aass (Norway)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Austria |score = 1–0|team2 =  Sweden|goals1 = Kienast 51'|goals2 = |stadium = Lehner Stadion, Salzburg|attendance = 12,500|referee = van Ettekoven (Netherlands)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Finland |score = 1–3|team2 =  Sweden|goals1 = Lipponen 60'|goals2 = Prytz 23', 35' (p)Ekström 33'|stadium = Olympiastadion, Helsinki|attendance = 7,040|referee = Halle (Norway)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Sweden |score = 0–0|team2 =  Soviet Union|goals1 =|goals2 = |stadium = Ullevi, Gothenburg|attendance = 13,043|referee = Damgaard (Denmark)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Sweden |score = 1–0|team2 =  England|goals1 = Ekström 49'|goals2 = |stadium = Råsunda, Solna|attendance = 15,646|referee = Föckler (West Germany)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Sweden |score = 2–0|team2 =   Switzerland|goals1 = Ekström 19', 79'|goals2 = |stadium = Råsunda, Solna|attendance = 26,489|referee = Christov (Czechoslovakia)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Portugal |score = 1–1|team2 =  Sweden|goals1 = Coelho 69'|goals2 = Strömberg 51'|stadium = Estádio Nacional, Lisbon|attendance = 15,106|referee = Hackett (England)}}


1986 in Swedish football, National team results
|team1 = Malta |score = 0–5|team2 =  Sweden|goals1 =|goals2 = Hysén 38'Magnusson 68'Fredriksson 70'Ekström 80', 84'|stadium = National Stadium, Ta'Qali/Mdina|attendance = 11,615|referee = Hartmann (Hungary)}}


1986 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1986 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 75 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1986 in Thailand
The year 1986 was the 205th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 41st year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2533 in the Vajiralongkorn


1986 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1986 to Wales and its people.


1986 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in Zaire.


1986 in Zaire, Sources
This year in Africa article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1986 in architecture
The year 1986 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1986 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1986 throughout the world.


1986 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1986  throughout the world.


1986 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1986  throughout the world.


1986 in comics
Notable events of 1986 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1986 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1986.


1986 in film
The following is an overview of events in 1986 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


1986 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1986 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1986 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1986 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1986 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1986. For video games, see 1986 in video gaming.


1986 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1986 in the Men's hammer throw. One of the main events during this season were the 1986 European Athletics Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany, where the final of the men's competition was held on August 30, 1986. The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s. Soviet Union's Yuriy Sedykh broke his own world record twice during the 1986 season.


1986 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1986.


1986 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1986.


1986 in home video, Film releases
The following titles were released on video on the following dates:


1986 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1986.


1986 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1986.


1986 in motoring
1986 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1989 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.


1986 in motoring, United Kingdom
BL (formerly British Leyland Limited) was renamed to Rover Group.


1986 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Rover Group's Leyland Trucks division (which included its Freight Rover van business) was merged with the Dutch DAF Trucks company to form the new commercial vehicle company DAF NV. The new company's trucks (built in Leyland, Lancashire, England and Eindhoven, Netherlands) and its vans built in Birmingham, England, were branded as Leyland DAF for the UK market and as DAF for other European and worldwide markets.


1986 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Rover SD1 ceased production after 10 years and was replaced with the Rover 800, which was the third product of the venture with Honda. The Japanese version of this Rover model was the Honda Legend although SD1 sales continues into 1987 and was still popular with the British police force.


1986 in motoring, United Kingdom
Ford gave the Escort major design changes in March, becoming the MK4. The same changes were made to the Orion saloon range, which had a range mirroring the Escort with L and LX models, having originally been sold in GL and Ghia trim only. Ford also ends production of the long-running Capri coupe in December with sales continuing into the following year.


1986 in motoring, United Kingdom
Vauxhall replaced the Carlton with an all-new model after eight years in November but with a rear-wheel drive chassis providing the underpinnings for a four-door saloon and five-door estate aimed directly at the Ford Granada. Engines ranged from a 1.8 to a 3.0 V6 which produced almost 200 bhp. It was European Car of the Year for the 1987 model year. In January, Vauxhall launches a saloon based on the Astra called the Belmont to rival the forthcoming Ford Orion MK2 facelift in March.


1986 in motoring, Germany
Audi launched a new 80 range to compete with the BMW 3 Series and Mercedes-Benz 190E. The aerodynamic range of four-door saloons were the first cars in their sector to feature a zinc-coated body, aimed at improving resistance to corrosion and rust. The Audi corrosion warranty was also increased from 10 years to 12 years. The engines ranged from a 1.6 75 bhp unit to a 2.0 113 bhp fuel injected model. Five-cylinder versions of the car, with a modified interior, were sold as the Audi 90.


1986 in motoring, Germany
BMW launched a new 7 Series to replace the nine-year-old original version. The 750iL (long-wheelbase) version doubled the cost with higher standards of specification.


1986 in motoring, France
The 1986 model year saw Renault launch the R21 range, a four-door family saloon competing with the Ford Sierra, Vauxhall Cavalier, Austin Montego and Citroën BX. There was also an American-built version called the Eagle Medallion, with 1.7 and 2.0 petrol engines as well as a 2.0 diesel. There was also a seven-seat estate car version of the R21 - badged Savanna in the UK and Nevada in France, priced slightly higher than the saloon.


1986 in motoring, France
In November the Renault group's president Georges Besse was shot dead outside his mansion in Paris by members of militant anarchist organization Action Directe.


1986 in motoring, France
Peugeot phased out the Talbot marque on passenger cars, though it was retained for PSA's light commercial vehicle - the Talbot Express. The phasing-out of Talbot began in October 1985 when the Horizon was replaced by the Peugeot 309 - which became the first "French" car to be built in Britain, at the Ryton plant near Coventry. The new model fit between Peugeot's 205 and 505 ranges, and was a direct competitor for the Ford Escort. Most of its power units, and its chassis, were derived from the Horizon.


1986 in motoring, France
The Minx and Rapier ranges (previously Alpine and Solara) and the Samba were all withdrawn from production. This ended Talbot production in the UK, and by the end of 1986 only the Horizon assembly lines in Finland and Spain retained the marque on passenger cars. They too were terminated in 1987. The Ryton plant hosted production of a new Peugeot-badged car, which was due to be ready for the 1988 model year.


1986 in motoring, France
The Citroën GSA ceased production after 16 years, having been effectively replaced by the larger BX four years ago. In October 1986, the launch took place of a new supermini, the AX, based around the running gear of the Peugeot 205. This was also due to spawn a Talbot badged model until Peugeot decided to discontinue the Talbot marque on passenger cars which meant it only launched as a Citroen. It would replace the LNA as well as the Talbot Samba while a 5-door model due the following year would replace the Visa.


1986 in motoring, France
A CX replacement was planned for sale before the end of the 1980s.


1986 in motoring, Italy
The "Type Four" platform's third car was the Fiat Croma, which went into production early 1986. It was a large five-door hatchback similar in size to the Ford Granada, and its underpinnings had been around for the year beneath the Saab 9000 and Lancia Thema. The final car on this platform - an Alfa Romeo model - was planned for sale the following year.


1986 in motoring, Italy
To celebrate its 75th anniversary, Alfa Romeo launched a 75 range to compete with the likes of the BMW 3 Series.


1986 in motoring, Spain
A year after the launch of the Ibiza hatchback, the saloon version of the car went on sale. Badged the Málaga, it was similar in size to the Ford Orion and Volkswagen Jetta.


1986 in motoring, Holland
Volvo expanded its range with a coupe, the 480. It was a three-door coupe with a 2+2 seating arrangement, and was designed with American buyers in mind. The car had not been imported to the United States, but it had been imported to Britain. It was Volvo's first front-wheel drive car. Power comes from a 1.7 petrol engine which was also used by Renault and Peugeot. An integral computer was built into the car to control its electrical system.


1986 in motoring, Japan
Nissan launched a new version of its Sunny family car. The new model is available as a hatchback, estate, saloon or coupe. It had already been on sale for a year in its homeland, and was planned for sale in mainland Europe the following year as the Pulsar. Nissan opened its first European production plant in the Summer in Sunderland in the UK beginning with the Ford Sierra rivalling Bluebird range until 1990 when it was succeeded by the Primera.


1986 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1986 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1986 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1986 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1986.


1986 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1986.


1986 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1986.


1986 in paleontology, Fish
A member of Symmoriida. The type species is D. oosthuizeni.


1986 in paleontology, Dinosaurs, Newly named birds
Described as an Ichthyornithidae, transferred to Lenesornis maltshevskyi in Kurochkin, 1996.


1986 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1986 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1986 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1986 in professional wrestling
1986 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1986 in radio
The year 1986 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting.


1986 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1986.


1986 in science
The year 1986 in science and technology involved many significant events, some not listed below.


1986 in spaceflight
The year 1986 saw the destruction of Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after lift-off, killing all seven aboard, the first in-flight deaths of American astronauts. This accident followed the successful flight of Columbia just weeks earlier, and dealt a major setback to the U.S. crewed space program, suspending the Shuttle program for 32 months.


1986 in spaceflight
The year also saw numerous fly-bys of Halley's Comet as well as other successes.


1986 in sports
1986 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1986 in the Philippines
1986 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1986.


1986 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1986 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1986 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1986 in the United Arab Emirates.


1986 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1986 in the United Kingdom. It is particularly noted for the "Big Bang" deregulation of the financial markets.


1986 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1986. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1986 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1986 in the sport of athletics.


1986 in video games
1986 has seen many sequels and prequels in video games, and several new titles such as Bubble Bobble, Dragon Quest, The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Out Run and Arkanoid.


1986 in video games, Financial performance
In the United States, the home video game industry recovered with the arrival of the third generation of video game consoles led by the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES).


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1986, according to the Game Machine charts.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United Kingdom and United States
In the United Kingdom and United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games of 1986.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
In Japan, home video games that sold at least one million copies in 1986 include The Hyrule Fantasy: Zelda no Densetsu (The Legend of Zelda), which sold 1 million copies for the Famicom Disk System (FDS) on its first day of release in February; Dragon Quest, which sold over 1 million cartridges for the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) within six months between May and November; and Gradius, which sold over 1 million between April and December.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
According to Famicom Tsūshin (Famitsu) magazine, the following titles were the top ten best-selling 1985-1986 releases during the three-year sales tracking period between May 1986 (when Famitsu began tracking sales) and mid-1989.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, Japan
The following titles were the best-selling home video games on the bi-weekly Famitsu charts in 1986. Famicom Tsūshin magazine began tracking sales from May 1986.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the following titles were the top ten best-selling home video games of 1986, according to the annual Gallup software sales chart. The top ten titles were all home computer games. The best-selling game was Yie Ar Kung-Fu, making it the second year in a row that a fighting game topped the annual charts, after The Way of the Exploding Fist in 1985.


1986 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games, United States
In the United States, Super Mario Bros. for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) was the best-selling home video game of 1986. The following titles were the best-selling home video games on the bi-weekly FAO Schwarz charts in 1986, reported by Famicom Tsūshin (Famitsu) magazine from June 1986 onwards.


1986 in video games, Top-rated games, Famitsu Platinum Hall of Fame
The following 1987 video game release entered Famitsu magazine's "Platinum Hall of Fame" for receiving a Famitsu score of at least 35 out of 40.


1986 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The list below consists of the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1986. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.


1986 Úrvalsdeild
This article is the statistics of the Úrvalsdeild league for the 1986 season.


1986 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Fram won the championship. Fram's Guðmundur Torfason was the top scorer with 19 goals


1986–1987 protests in France
The 1986–1987 protests in France is mass protests and a political movement that erupted after a new law signed by the government in November 1986, named the Devaquet law, sparking mass student protests and Strikes across France from 28 November 1986 – 11 January 1987. Riots and looting occurred throughout the city of Paris but spread to 3 other cities.


1986–1987 protests in France, Background
After the Death of Malik Oussekine, a student who participated in demonstrations across Paris and other suburbs led by students, Police brutality and police reforms became a question and police violence against demonstrators became questionable among protesters. Protests broke out against his death.


1986–1987 protests in France, Protests
Mass rallies were held nationwide after a series of protests and peaceful demonstrations, led by 600,000 students and young civilians living in suburbs in Paris and surrounding towns against the death of Death of Malik Oussekine, a Franco-Algerian student who participated in protests and was killed in custody and demanded the withdrawal of the Devaquet law.


1986–1987 protests in France, Protests
Working-class strikes and Occupations occurred in 50 areas nationwide after tense protests in the central of Paris and inspired other sectors to protest. Protesters rallied on 5 December, the biggest protest movement yet. Workers and students participated in huge Marches against the law.


1986–1987 protests in France, Protests
Widespread social unrest broke out on 7 December, after the death of Malik. Protests turned into escalating tensions and student demonstrations turned violent. Riot police clashed with demonstrators marching in downtown Paris in protest at the killing. Protesters rallied again throughout early-January 1987, after a series of protests the month before. Students rioted again and reminders of the May 1968 movement was rising. After chaotic scenes during 3 weeks of nonviolent-turned violent demonstrations, the protests ended with 200 injured and one killed.


1986–87 1. FC Nürnberg season
The 1986–87 1. FC Nürnberg season was the 87th year of existence. The club was the record-champions up until the end of the season.


1986–87 1. FC Nürnberg season, Review and events
1. FC Nürnberg finished the season in 9th place and lost the title of record-champions.


1986–87 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season
The 1986–87 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga season was the 18th season of the 1. Slovenská národná hokejová liga, the second level of ice hockey in Czechoslovakia alongside the 1. Česká národní hokejová liga. 12 teams participated in the league, and TJ Plastika Nitra won the championship. Slávia Ekonóm Bratislava was relegated.


1986–87 2. Bundesliga
The 1986–87 2. Bundesliga season was the thirteenth season of the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of the German football league system.


1986–87 2. Bundesliga
Hannover 96 and Karlsruher SC were promoted to the Bundesliga while Eintracht Braunschweig, Viktoria Aschaffenburg, KSV Hessen Kassel and FSV Salmrohr were relegated to the Oberliga.


1986–87 2. Bundesliga, League table
For the 1986–87 season SSV Ulm 1846, FSV Salmrohr, FC St. Pauli and Rot-Weiss Essen were newly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga from the Oberliga while 1. FC Saarbrücken and Hannover 96 had been relegated to the league from the Bundesliga.


1986–87 A Group
Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1986–1987 season.


1986–87 A Group, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and CSKA Sofia won the championship.


1986–87 A.C. Fiorentina season
During the 1986–1987 season Associazione Calcio Fiorentina competed in Serie A, Coppa Italia and UEFA Cup.


1986–87 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
During July Pier Cesare Baretti arrived to the club as its new Chairman and appointed a new manager for the squad Eugenio Bersellini, former winner of 1979-80 Serie A title managing Inter. The team was reinforced with several players such as Roberto Galbiati, Marco Landucci replacing goalkeeper Giovanni Galli, transferred out to A.C. Milan. From Parma F.C. arrived midfielder Nicola Berti and from U.S. Avellino 1912 Argentine forward Ramon Diaz. After a year injured, Roberto Baggio, could play as starter.


1986–87 A.C. Fiorentina season, Summary
The team was early eliminated in both Coppa Italia and UEFA Cup. The squad finishes in a disappointing 9th place in Serie A Argentine striker Ramon Diaz,was the club topscorer with 10 goals. With 19 matches and 4 goals, Giancarlo Antognoni played his last season for the club, (341 games played and 61 goals since 1972) transferring out to Lausanne Sports.


1986–87 A.C. Fiorentina season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1986–87 A.C. Milan season
A.C. Milan finished fifth in the first season under Silvio Berlusconi's ownership. Pietro Paolo Virdis scored 17 goals, becoming top scorer in the entire league. They also qualified for the UEFA Cup, thanks to a victory in a playoff encounter against Sampdoria.


1986–87 A.C. Milan season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1986–87 A.S. Roma season
A.S. Roma dropped off the pace of the top teams during the 1986–87 season, which ended Sven-Göran Eriksson's first Italian employment prematurely. From being the top scoring team in the season before, Roma struggled with finding the back of the net, resulting in worsened results.


1986–87 ACB season
The 1986–87 ACB season was the 4th season of the ACB Primera División, the top Spanish professional basketball league. It started on 13 September 1986 with the first round of the regular season and ended on 25 April 1987 with the finals.


1986–87 ACB season
FC Barcelona won their first ACB title, and their fourth Spanish title.


1986–87 ACB season, Format changes
Starting from this season, the promotions and relegations teams at the end of the season between ACB Primera División and Primera División B were reduced from three to two teams. For the championship playoffs, the semifinals and finals adopted the best-of-five playoff, instead of previous season's best-of-three playoff that were kept for the first round and quarterfinals. For the relegation playoffs, were reduced from two to one round and adopted the best-of-five playoff.


1986–87 ACB season, Teams, Promotion and relegation (pre-season)
A total of 16 teams contested the league, including 13 sides from the 1985–86 season and three promoted from the 1985–86 Primera División B.


1986–87 ACHL season
The 1986–87 Atlantic Coast Hockey League season was the sixth season of the Atlantic Coast Hockey League, a North American minor professional league. Five teams participated in the regular season. The New York Slapshots moved to Troy, New York to be re-named the Troy Slapshots before they folded after only six games and merged the player roster with the league’s Mohawk Valley Comets franchise. The Virginia Lancers were the league champions.