1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 7: France
F1 returned to Europe to start the second European tour with the French Grand Prix at the very fast Circuit Paul Ricard with its long 1.1 mile Mistral straight. Keke Rosberg took pole position, averaging more than 140 mph. He was ahead of Senna, Alboreto, Prost and Nelson Piquet. The weather was hot, and after gaining places at the start, double world champion Piquet made the most of his BMW engine's superior power (this engine was the most powerful in F1 at the time) and Pirelli tires.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 7: France
After moving up to third at the start, Piquet passed Senna on the Mistral Straight, and then passed the leader Rosberg on Lap 11. Senna went into the pits and fell down the order; while driving hard to make up places he crashed heavily at the very fast Signes corner after the Mistral Straight when the Renault engine in his Lotus failed and dropped oil on the rear tires. Rosberg had wrecked his tires early on, and was harried by Prost and his teammate, defending champion Niki Lauda.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 7: France
After a long battle where Rosberg held up the two McLarens and allowed Piquet to get away, Lauda retired with gearbox failure (the Austrian had only finished once in the season thus far), Prost eventually took Rosberg, who went into the pits to have his tires changed. Rosberg stormed after Prost, who was putting considerable pressure on Piquet. The Finn eventually passed Prost for 2nd, behind Piquet.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 7: France
During qualifying, the turbocharged Brabham-BMW of Marc Surer reached a season-fastest 338 km/h (210 mph) on the Mistral Straight. This compared to the fastest (and only) non-turbo car, the Tyrrell-Ford V8 of Stefan Bellof who was recorded at 277 km/h (172 mph).


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 8: Great Britain
F1 went to England for the British Grand Prix, this year being held at Silverstone, which was the fastest Grand Prix circuit in the world at the time. Rosberg outlined this by averaging 160.9 mph in qualifying – more than 7 mph faster than the pole time set for the 1983 British GP. Senna, after starting 4th, took the lead at the start. He led for most of the race distance, after Rosberg and others fell out with mechanical trouble. Prost had dropped back early on to save fuel, and then climbed through the field to catch Senna.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 8: Great Britain
Prost's McLaren was well suited to fast circuits, and he pressured Senna. In an effort to stay in front of Prost, Senna turned the Renault's engine's turbo boost up, and this caused him to run out of fuel and retire from the race. After that, Prost built a huge lead, and lapped the rest of the field, including Alboreto, who finished 2nd. The chequered flag was shown in error at the end of the 65th lap, ending the race one lap before its scheduled distance. Jacques Laffite, who finished in 3rd place, ran out of fuel on what was supposed to be the last lap, the error thus depriving 4th placed Nelson Piquet of a podium finish.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 9: Germany
The German Grand Prix 1985 was held at the Nürburgring instead of the Hockenheimring like in previous years, although instead of the historic Nordschleife being used, the new GP track was utilized for the second time in Formula 1 history after being the European Grand Prix in 1984. After Senna and Rosberg collided while being harried by Alboreto, Prost and Jacques Laffite in a Ligier-Renault, Alboreto in his Ferrari took advantage of a rare spin by Prost to take his last F1 victory.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 10: Austria
The extremely fast Österreichring was the venue for the Austrian Grand Prix, which was dominated by McLaren drivers Prost and Lauda. Prost took pole at an average speed of more than 155 mph (250 km/h). The McLaren car was superior to all the others on this track, and after Lauda fell out with turbo failure, Prost took victory ahead of Senna and Alboreto. Ligier-Renault driver Andrea de Cesaris crashed heavily after making a mistake and losing his car at the Texaco bends, but emerged unscathed, thanks to the grassy surface made soft by rain the night before. He was fired from the Ligier team soon afterwards.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 11: Netherlands
The beach-side Circuit Park Zandvoort near Amsterdam hosted the Dutch Grand Prix. After pole-sitter Piquet stalled at the start, Rosberg took the lead, but the McLarens were to show their high-speed circuit superiority once again: after Rosberg retired with engine failure, Prost took the lead, ahead of Senna and Lauda. Lauda eventually passed the Brazilian, and took the lead from Prost while the Frenchman was in the pits. With a car that was not entirely set up to his liking, Lauda won by a car's length from Prost, who drove very hard to catch the Austrian. This was the triple-world champion's 25th and last Grand Prix victory, and it was also the last Dutch Grand Prix for 35 years – the track owners went bankrupt, and the back side of the Zandvoort circuit past the Marlborobocht was sold to developers.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 12: Italy
The Italian Grand Prix at the very fast Autodromo Nazionale di Monza saw Williams-Honda driver Rosberg dominate the race, but he retired with engine failure, and Prost took victory, ahead of Brazilians Piquet and pole-sitter Senna.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 13: Belgium
The rescheduled Belgian Grand Prix returned to the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, a track relished by drivers, even in the wet. Niki Lauda crashed his McLaren in practice, and injured his wrist; he would not take part in this weekend or the upcoming European GP. Prost took pole ahead of Senna, but Senna took an immediate lead into La Source, ahead of Piquet and Prost. Piquet then spun, and Senna started to break away. The race began in wet conditions but later dried.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 13: Belgium
After most of the drivers changed onto slick tires after the conditions were found to be too dry for wet tires, Senna led most of the race, but was challenged by Nigel Mansell most of the way. Senna won his 2nd GP from Mansell and Prost. Prost, the championship leader, now had a firm lead over his closest challenger Alboreto – if Prost gained more points in the next race, he would be Drivers' Champion.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 14: Europe
The European Grand Prix was a filler race after proposed Grands Prix in New York City and Rome were cancelled. The race was held at the fast southern English Brands Hatch circuit, normally used for the British Grand Prix on even numbered years. Senna took his 6th pole position at an average speed of more than 140 mph (228 km/h).


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 14: Europe
There had been some concerns about racing these very powerful cars at the small, very fast Brands Hatch circuit: Niki Lauda and a few other drivers felt the cars were too fast for a short circuit like Brands, and if the power of the engines increased over time, the circuit would have to be modified in order to accommodate the cars. Senna led from pole position and was followed by Rosberg. Going into Surtees, Rosberg tried to get past Senna, but Senna took his line forcefully and Rosberg spun to avoid contact.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 14: Europe
Piquet hit Rosberg and retired, but Rosberg was able to get to the pits and returned to the track right in front of Senna who was then being harried by Mansell. Rosberg then held Senna up whilst going into Surtees, which enabled Mansell to overtake into the lead. Mansell led the rest of the race distance, while Marc Surer in a Brabham-BMW got up to 2nd, but retired at Stirling's corner after a fire broke out on the back of his car.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 14: Europe
Meanwhile, Alboreto's car failed and caught fire; he drove it back to the Ferrari pit while still in flames. Prost dropped to 15th at the start, but finished in 4th, which was enough for him to become world Drivers' Champion for the first time. He finished behind Mansell, Senna, and Rosberg.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 15: South Africa
The South African Grand Prix, held at the very fast Kyalami circuit, had been a point of contention throughout the year: South Africa's Apartheid regime had declared a state of emergency, and controversy ensued throughout the year whether this race would take place or not. Governing body president Jean-Marie Balestre announced that the race would take place despite opposition from Renault and Ligier teams, who pulled out due to pressure from the French government. With only 20 cars starting, Nigel Mansell took pole at an average speed of 147 mph (235 km/h).


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 15: South Africa
Rosberg took the lead, but then went off on some oil at Crowthorne which had been dropped by Piercarlo Ghinzani's Toleman, whose Hart engine had failed. Mansell took the lead from Rosberg and held it until the end. Rosberg drove hard and caught 2nd-placed Prost before the finish, who ran out of fuel, but was still classified 3rd to make it a Williams 1–2; Williams was the third team this year to finish a race 1–2, the others being Ferrari and McLaren. A few days after the race, it was announced that the South African GP would be struck off the calendar for 1986.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Season review, Race by race, Race 16: Australia
The first ever world championship Australian Grand Prix was held on a street circuit in the city of Adelaide. Senna took his seventh pole position of the season by some margin on his superior-handling Lotus-Renault. However, he lost the lead to Lauda after a delayed pit stop. Lauda and Senna battled hard, and Senna eventually took the lead. Lauda crashed on the main straight due to brake failure in what was his last Grand Prix. Senna, retired with a misfiring engine, leaving Rosberg to win ahead of the two Ligier drivers Jacques Laffite and Phillippe Streiff, whom both crashed into each other on the main straight on the last lap.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, Scoring system
Points were awarded at each round to the top six finishers at each Grand Prix as follows:


1985 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, Scoring system
For the drivers championship only the eleven best results contributed to the World Championship.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings
† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings
Only drivers who scored points were classified by the FIA in the final championship results.


1985 Formula One World Championship, Results and standings, World Constructors' Championship standings
Only manufacturers that scored points were classified by the FIA in the final championship results.


1985 France rugby union tour of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay
The 1985 France rugby union tour of South America was a series of matches played in June 1985 in South America by France national rugby union team.


1985 France rugby union tour of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, Matches
Complete list of matches played by France in South America:


1985 Frankfurt airport bombing
On 19 June 1985, a bombing at the Frankfurt Airport, West Germany, killed three and wounded 74 people. A second bomb was found and defused not far from the first explosion. Two of those killed were Australian children, 2-year-old and 5-year-old siblings, and the third a Portuguese man.


1985 Frankfurt airport bombing
About 30 groups claimed responsibility, among them an unprecedented group calling itself Arab Revolutionary Organisation, having done so because of West German intelligence recruiting Arabs to assassinate members of Arab revolutionary movements in Lebanon. In July 1988, West German investigators concluded that the Palestinian Abu Nidal Organization, which itself had also claimed responsibility, had perpetrated the attack, and that the Libyan embassy in Bonn had pre-knowledge of the attack. The investigators also claimed that Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi may have played a role in the attack.


1985 Freedom Bowl
The 1985 Freedom Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 30, 1985, in Anaheim, California. It matched the Washington Huskies of the Pacific-10 Conference and the Colorado Buffaloes of the Big Eight Conference.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Teams, Colorado
The Buffaloes finished tied for third in the Big Eight at 7–4 in the regular season. With only one win the previous year and six consecutive losing seasons, this was Colorado's first bowl game since the 1976 season, when they played in the Orange Bowl.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Teams, Washington
The Huskies finished fourth in the Pac-10, but lost three of their last five games to finish the regular season at 6–5. It was their seventh straight bowl game, and eighth under head coach Don James. Washington had finished second in the nation the previous season.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
Jeff Jaeger gave the Huskies the lead late in the first quarter on a 30-yard field goal. The Buffaloes scored back on a one-yard touchdown by Anthony Weatherspoon. The Huskies scored with 30 seconds remaining in the half on a David Toy three yard touchdown run to make it 10-7 at halftime.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
Colorado kicker Larry Eckel tied the game with a 33-yard field goal, but Washington scored quickly on a Tony Covington touchdown run three minutes later. An 18-yard field goal early in the fourth quarter made it 20–10. The Buffaloes responded later in the quarter with a drive into Washington territory, all the way to the 31. But on fourth down, the Buffaloes had to decide whether to kick a field goal or go for the first down. They sent out their punt team, led by punter Barry Helton.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Game summary
He took the snap and threw a 31-yard pass to tight end Jon Embree, who scored to make it 20–17 with 11:05 remaining. Colorado had one last chance with five minutes remaining deep into the Huskies' territory, but Mike Marquez fumed the ball at the two, as Washington held on to win their second straight bowl game. With the loss, Colorado's bowl losing streak stood at four.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Aftermath
The two schools were to be paid $500,000 each to participate in this game, which almost killed the bowl due to stagnant funds after paying approximately $430,000 of the one million combined for both schools before the deadline, which had to be extended. However, the bowl president went before the Anaheim City Council and was given a $250,000 in an interest-free loan to pay the schools.


1985 Freedom Bowl, Aftermath
This was not the first money trouble the bowl had, as the first bowl game had less than marginal success and left the Bowl in debt, having to use the proceeds from next years bowl game to pay off the previous year. The loan was due to be paid in full by 1994 (with payment starting in 1992). Fittingly, the Freedom Bowl disbanded after that year. Strangely enough, Helton's pass was the longest touchdown pass in Colorado bowl history until 1991.


1985 French Figure Skating Championships
The 1985 French Figure Skating Championships (French: Championnat de France Elite) took place in Belfort for singles and pairs and in Angers for ice dance. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior level. The event was used to help determine the French team to the 1986 World Championships and the 1986 European Championships.


1985 French Grand Prix
The 1985 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on 7 July 1985. It was the seventh race of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the 63rd French Grand Prix and the ninth to be held at Paul Ricard. The race was held over 53 laps of the 5.81-kilometre (3.61 mi) circuit for a total race distance of 307.93 kilometres (191.34 mi).


1985 French Grand Prix
The race was won by Nelson Piquet, driving a Brabham-BMW. It was the 35th and final Formula One victory for the Brabham team, as well as the first F1 victory for Italian tyre manufacturer Pirelli since 1957. Keke Rosberg finished second in a Williams-Honda, having started from pole position, while Alain Prost was third in a McLaren-TAG. Prost moved to within five points of Drivers' Championship leader Michele Alboreto, who retired on lap 6 with a turbo failure.


1985 French Grand Prix
This was to be the last French Grand Prix held on the full Paul Ricard circuit until 2018. A shorter, 3.813-kilometre (2.369 mi) circuit would be used from 1986 until 1990, following Elio de Angelis's fatal accident during a test session in May 1986.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Qualifying saw Keke Rosberg take pole position in his Williams-Honda with a time of 1:32.462, averaging 140.561 mph (226.211 km/h), with Ayrton Senna alongside him on the front row in his Lotus-Renault. On the second row were Michele Alboreto in the Ferrari and Alain Prost in the McLaren, and on the third were Nelson Piquet in the Brabham and Niki Lauda in the second McLaren. Completing the top ten were Elio de Angelis in the second Lotus, Gerhard Berger in the Arrows, and the two factory Renaults of Patrick Tambay and Derek Warwick, Tambay driving a 'B' specification of the RE60.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
Rosberg's Williams teammate, Nigel Mansell, had set a time good enough for eighth on the grid when he had a high-speed crash at the Signes corner, located at the end of the 1.8-kilometre (1.1 mi) long Mistral Straight. A puncture caused the car to plunge off the track at over 200 mph (322 km/h) and into catch fencing; one of the poles struck Mansell on the head, giving him a concussion which forced him to miss the race.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Qualifying
The race was also the first in which the Tyrrell team used Renault turbo engines, thus becoming the last F1 team to go over from naturally aspirated engines to turbos. However, only Martin Brundle drove the new Renault-powered 014 car, while teammate Stefan Bellof continued to use the Cosworth-powered 012. Brundle could only qualify 20th, but was still over four seconds faster than Bellof in 25th.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
At the start, Rosberg led away from Senna and Piquet, while Prost slipped to eighth. The early laps saw both Ligiers retire, Jacques Laffite suffering a turbo failure on lap 3 and Andrea de Cesaris dropping out with steering problems two laps later. Alboreto also suffered a turbo failure on lap 6 while running fourth.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
On lap 7, Piquet overtook compatriot Senna on the Mistral Straight. He then closed up to Rosberg, who was struggling for grip, before passing him for the lead at Beausset on lap 11. At the same time, Lauda and Prost moved up to third and fourth respectively, ahead of de Angelis. On lap 21, Berger collided with the Minardi of Pierluigi Martini, putting both drivers out.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
Senna, who had dropped down the order due to gearbox problems, retired in dramatic fashion on lap 27, when his engine failed and oil from it leaked onto his rear tyres, causing him to spin off into the catch fencing at Signes. He escaped with bruises. Lauda retired on lap 31 when his own gearbox failed, promoting Prost to third; Brundle also suffered a gearbox failure on lap 33.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
On lap 38, by which time Piquet had extended his lead to over 20 seconds, Prost overtook Rosberg for second at the Verrerie bends. The Finn promptly pitted for new tyres, emerging in fourth behind de Angelis. He then made a charge, quickly passing the Lotus and setting the fastest lap of the race on lap 46, before retaking second from Prost on the final lap.


1985 French Grand Prix, Report, Race
Up front, Piquet cruised to victory, taking the chequered flag 6.6 seconds ahead of Rosberg. Prost finished 44 seconds ahead of the second Ferrari of Stefan Johansson, who passed de Angelis for fourth on the final lap, with Tambay taking the final point for sixth.


1985 French Open
The 1985 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 27 May until 9 June. It was the 89th staging of the French Open, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1985.


1985 French Open
The event was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix and 1985 Virginia Slims World Championship Series.


1985 French Open, Finals, Men's doubles
Mark Edmondson /  Kim Warwick defeated  Schlomo Glickstein /  Hans Simonsson, 6–3, 6–4, 6–7, 6–3


1985 French Open, Finals, Women's doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Pam Shriver defeated  Claudia Kohde-Kilsch /  Helena Suková, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2


1985 French Open, Finals, Mixed doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Heinz Günthardt defeated  Paula Smith /  Francisco González, 2–6, 6–3, 6–2


1985 French Open – Men's Doubles
The Men's Doubles tournament at the 1985 French Open was held from 27 May until 9 June 1985 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Mark Edmondson and Kim Warwick won the title, defeating Shlomo Glickstein and Hans Simonsson in the final.


1985 French Open – Men's Singles
Fourth-seeded Mats Wilander defeated defending champion Ivan Lendl 3–6, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2 to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1985 French Open. It was Wilander's second French Open title of his career.


1985 French Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Mats Wilander is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1985 French Open – Mixed Doubles
The Mixed Doubles tournament at the 1985 French Open was held from 27 May until 9 June 1985 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Heinz Günthardt and Martina Navratilova won the title, defeating Paula Smith and Francisco González in the final.


1985 French Open – Women's Doubles
Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver were the defending champions and successfully defended their title, defeating Claudia Kohde-Kilsch and Helena Suková in the final 4–6, 6–2, 6–2. This was their 8th successive Grand Slam title in women's doubles.


1985 French Open – Women's Singles
Chris Evert defeated defending champion Martina Navratilova in the final 6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–5, to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1985 French Open. This was a repeat of the previous year's final.


1985 French Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Chris Evert is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1985 French Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual French Open Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held in the week before the event.


1985 French cantonal elections
Cantonale elections to renew canton general councillors were held in France on 10 and 17 March 1985. The left, in power since 1981, lost 10 departments. As a result, the right controlled 69 out of 95 departments.


1985 French cantonal elections, Electoral system
The cantonales elections use the same system as the regional or legislative elections. There is a 10% threshold (10% of registered voters) needed to proceed to the second round.


1985 French cantonal elections, Sources
Alain Lancelot, Les élections sous la Ve République, PUF, Paris, 1988


1985 French motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1985 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 19–21 July 1985 at the Bugatti Circuit located in Le Mans.


1985 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1985 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by head coach Jim Sweeney, in his eighth year, and played their home games at Bulldog Stadium in Fresno, California. They finished the 1985 season undefeated, as champions of the PCAA with a record of eleven wins and no losses and one tie (11–0–1, 7–0 PCAA).


1985 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
Fresno State earned their second Division I-A postseason bowl game after the 1985 season. They played the 20th ranked, Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion Bowling Green Falcons in the fifth annual California Bowl in Bulldog Stadium on December 18. The Bulldogs beat Bowling Green, 51–7.


1985 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Fresno State Bulldogs were selected in the 1986 NFL Draft.


1985 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1985, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1985 Furman Paladins football team
The 1985 Furman Paladins football team represented the Furman Paladins of Furman University during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1985 GP Ouest–France
The 1985 GP Ouest-France was the 49th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 27 August 1985. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Éric Guyot of the Skil team.


1985 GWA Mazda Tennis Classic
The 1985 GWA Mazda Tennis Classic was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Brisbane, Queensland in Australia that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the third and last edition of the tournament and was held from 7 October through 13 October 1985. First-seeded Paul Annacone won the singles title.


1985 GWA Mazda Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles
Marty Davis /  Brad Drewett defeated  Bud Schultz /  Ben Testerman 6–2, 6–2


1985 Gabonese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Gabon on 17 February and 3 March 1985. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Gabonese Democratic Party as the sole legal party. The electoral system had been changed from the previous election, with it now taking place in two stages; firstly a primary election where a candidate and deputy were elected in each constituency, followed by a nationwide ballot on the proposed candidates. The number of elected seats was increased from 89 to 111, with the addition of nine members appointed by the President, one from each province.


1985 Galician regional election
The 1985 Galician regional election was held on Sunday, 24 November 1985, to elect the 2nd Parliament of the autonomous community of Galicia. All 71 seats in the Parliament were up for election.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The Parliament of Galicia was the devolved, unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Galicia, having legislative power in regional matters as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the regional Statute of Autonomy, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Electoral system
Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in Galicia and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The 71 members of the Parliament of Galicia were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of La Coruña, Lugo, Orense and Pontevedra, with each being allocated a fixed number of seats: 22 for La Coruña, 15 for Lugo, 15 for Orense and 19 for Pontevedra.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Electoral system
The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Election date
The term of the Parliament of Galicia expired four years after the date of its previous election. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Journal of Galicia (DOG), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. The previous election was held on 20 October 1981, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 20 October 1985. The election decree was required to be published in the DOG no later than 26 September 1985, with the election taking place up to the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Parliament on Monday, 25 November 1985.


1985 Galician regional election, Overview, Election date
The Parliament of Galicia could not be dissolved before the date of expiry of parliament except in the event of an investiture process failing to elect a regional president within a two-month period from the first ballot. In such a case,  the Parliament was to be automatically dissolved and a snap election called.


1985 Galician regional election, Opinion polls
The table below lists voting intention estimates in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a given poll. When available, seat projections are also displayed below the voting estimates in a smaller font. 36 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Galicia.


1985 Galway City Council election
An election to Galway City Council took place on 20 June 1985 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 15 councillors were elected from three electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a six-year term of office.


1985 Galway County Council election
An election to Galway County Council took place on 20 June 1985 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 30 councillors were elected from five electoral divisions by PR-STV voting for a six-year term of office.


1985 Games of the Small States of Europe
The I Games of the Small States of Europe were held in 1985 by the Republic of San Marino.


1985 Gator Bowl
The 1985 Gator Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Florida State University Seminoles and the Oklahoma State Cowboys, and was played on Monday, December 30, 1985, at Gator Bowl Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. It was the 41st edition of the bowl game.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Freshman quarterback Chip Ferguson threw for 338 yards and a pair of touchdowns, and Tony Smith added 201 yards rushing as Florida State defeated Oklahoma State, 34–23, in the 41st annual Gator Bowl.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
FSU, which entered the game without its top three receivers, tricked Oklahoma State's defense by throwing on 15 of its first 20 plays. Derek Schmidt field goals of 23 and 39 yards, and a 39-yard touchdown catch by Herb Gainer sandwiched in between, gave FSU a 13–0 halftime lead.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Oklahoma State got on the scoreboard following the intermission when a 63-yard drive ended in a 33-yard field goal by Brad Dennis.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Ferguson, who was named Florida State's MVP, went back to the air, taking the Seminoles 73 yards on the next series before handing off to senior fullback Cletis Jones for a three-yard touchdown run. An interception by Deion Sanders gave the ball back to FSU, and Ferguson used just five plays before hitting Gainer with a 19-yard touchdown pass. That made the score 27–3, Florida State.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Oklahoma State didn't give up with Cowboy quarterback Ronnie William passing 29 yards to All-America tailback Thurman Thomas for an Oklahoma State touchdown. Following a Ferguson fumble, Williams handed off to Thomas, who threw back to the quarterback for a 12-yard touchdownthat closed the score to 27–17.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Early in the fourth quarter, Ferguson scored from one yard out to give the Seminoles a 17-point cushion. The Cowboys added a late touchdown on a 31–yard pass from Williams to Hart Lee Dykes.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
Sophomore wide receiver Randy White, who had never caught a pass at FSU, grabbed four passes for 87 yards in the first half while Gainer, who had caught just five during the regular season, hauled in seven for 148 yards and two touchdown. Smith's 201 rushing yards came on 24 carries.


1985 Gator Bowl, Game summary
The Seminole defense held Thomas in check the entire game, limiting him to 97 yards on 26 attempts. Florida State finished the season with a 9–3 record.


1985 Geneva Open
The 1985 Geneva Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts that was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at Geneva, Switzerland from 16 September through 23 September 1985. Third-seeded Tomáš Šmíd won the singles title.


1985 Geneva Open, Finals, Doubles
Sergio Casal /  Emilio Sánchez defeated  Carlos Kirmayr /  Cássio Motta 6–4, 4–6, 7–5


1985 Geneva Open – Doubles
Michael Mortensen and Mats Wilander were the defending champions, but Mortensen did not participate this year. Wilander partnered Joakim Nyström, withdrawing prior to their quarterfinal match.


1985 Geneva Open – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez won the title, defeating Carlos Kirmayr and Cássio Motta 6–4, 4–6, 7–5 in the final.


1985 Geneva Open – Singles
Aaron Krickstein was the defending champion but lost in the second round this year.


1985 Geneva Open – Singles
Tomáš Šmíd won the title, defeating Mats Wilander 6–4, 6–4 in the final.


1985 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1985 Gent–Wevelgem was the 47th edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 10 April 1985. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Eric Vanderaerden of the Panasonic team.


1985 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1985 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the University of Georgia during the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1985 Georgia Southern Eagles football team
The 1985 Georgia Southern Eagles football team represented the Georgia Southern Eagles of Georgia Southern College (now known as Georgia Southern University) during the 1985 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Eagles played their home games at Paulson Stadium in Statesboro, Georgia. The team was coached by Erk Russell, in his fourth year as head coach for the Eagles.


1985 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1985 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology in the 1985 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Yellow Jackets were led by sixth-year head coach Bill Curry and played their home games at Grant Field in Atlanta. In their third season as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, they finished in second with an ACC record of 5–1. They were invited to the 1985 Hall of Fame Classic bowl game, where they defeated Michigan State, 17–14. The Yellow Jackets finished ranked in both the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll for the first time in 15 years.


1985 German Formula Three Championship
The 1985 German Formula Three Championship (German: 1985 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars which conformed to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It commenced on 24 March at Zolder and ended at Nürburgring on 22 September after fourteen rounds.


1985 German Formula Three Championship
Josef Kaufmann Racing driver Volker Weidler clinched the championship title. He won races at Wunstorf, AVUS, Erding, Norisring, Zolder and Siegerland. Kris Nissen lost 33 points to Weidler and finished as runner-up, scoring the same number of wins as Weidler. Nissen's teammate Adrian Campos completed top-three in the drivers' standings. Eric Bachelart and Jari Nurminen were the only other drivers who were able to win a race in the season.


1985 German Grand Prix
The 1985 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on 4 August 1985. It was the ninth race of the 1985 Formula One season.


1985 German Grand Prix
This was the first German Grand Prix that was held on the new GP-Strecke section of the track that replaced the old Südschleife section that had not been used since 1970. It was also the first time in nine years the German GP was held at Nürburgring; previously the German GP was held on the dangerous and very long Nordschleife section of the track up until 1976, and at that race Niki Lauda had a near-fatal accident in his Ferrari that forced the Formula One circus to move to the safer, shorter and faster Hockenheimring. The GP-Strecke would not host another Grand Prix until it hosted the 1995 European Grand Prix, and would not host the German Grand Prix again until 2009.


1985 German Grand Prix
Michele Alboreto won the race, his fifth and last F1 victory. This event was the first occasion on which an onboard camera was used in a race; one was attached to François Hesnault's Renault. That car was not eligible for championship points, and this race marked the last time, as of the end of the 2020 season, that an F1 team entered three cars for a race.


1985 German Grand Prix
As it was the German Grand Prix (and that the team still only had 1 new car built) Tyrrell team boss Ken Tyrrell gave his German driver Stefan Bellof use of the Renault powered Tyrrell 014 for the weekend instead of the car's usual driver Martin Brundle who was given Bellof's Cosworth powered 012 to drive.


1985 German Grand Prix
To get around a FISA rule that a team and driver can not run more than 2 engines in the one chassis during a season (with the 012 running the Cosworth and 014 the Renault), Tyrrell simply switched the drivers from one car to the other but not their car numbers meaning Bellof drove in car #3 and Brundle in car #4. Bellof qualified the turbo powered car 19th while Brundle was 26th and last with the Cosworth V8, some 10.2 seconds of Fabi's pole time and 6.4 seconds slower than his teammate in his usual car, something Brundle was reported to be not happy with.


1985 German Grand Prix
This was to be the last Grand Prix for Manfred Winkelhock: the German fatally crashed his Porsche 962C sportscar at the 1000 km of Mosport in Canada the following week.


1985 German Grand Prix, Classification, Qualifying
A surprise pole position went to Teo Fabi, the first of his career and the only pole for the Toleman team. He set his pole time during the Friday qualifying session; rain on Saturday meant that none of the drivers could improve their times.


1985 German motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1985 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 17–19 May 1985 at the Hockenheimring.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season
The 1985 Ginebra San Miguel season was the 7th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, New team name
The new name of the Gilbey's Gin was announced by team manager Adolf Ferrer during the formal turnover ceremonies witnessed by Ginebra playing coach Sonny Jaworski and PBA president Carlos "Honeyboy" Palanca.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, New team name
After two months of negotiations between W & A Gilbey's Ltd. of London and LA Tondeña Inc., Gilbey's International Managing Director John Townsend "finally agreed to sell the team name rights to Ginebra San Miguel."


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Occurrences
Team owner Carlos Palanca offered a role of playing-coach to Robert Jaworski and handle the team beginning the season, replacing their former coach Arturo Valenzona. The Big J brought along his former Toyota teammate Rino Salazar to be his assistant coach and the Ginebra ballclub was a Toyota reincarnation with five former Toyota players with the acquisition of Arnie Tuadles from Great Taste and Ricky Relosa of Beer Hausen.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Occurrences
On the third playing date of the Open Conference on March 7, Ginebra beat Tanduay, 89-86, only to lose that victory when the PBA commissioner uphold the Tanduay protest, citing a fatal error by the referees in the dying seconds of the game. The replay was set on April 14 in a triple-header with the Ginebra-Tanduay game scheduled at 3pm. Unlike when the two teams first met, Ginebra import Harold Driver and Tanduay import Merlin Wilson will no longer be around in the replayed game as they were both already been replaced, Driver was sent home after four games and Ginebra brought in John Campbell.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Occurrences
On October 22, Ginebra beat Northern (NCC), 99–96, in a match wherein Ginebra playing-coach Robert Jaworski was hit by an elbow from naturalized player Jeff Moore late in the second quarter which caused him to bleed from the mouth that requires 9 stitches, the Big J had to come back from the hospital and fielded himself in during the third quarter to lead the Ginebras back in the game along with his backcourt partner Francis Arnaiz. This was said to be the memorable night that give birth to the "never-say-die" spirit.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
April 11: Ginebra scored their first win of the season after seven losses and the Big J finally had his first victory as playing coach in their 118-104 triumph over Manila Beer.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
August 8: Ginebra forces a knockout game with Shell for the second finals berth and the right to meet defending champion Great Taste for the All-Filipino championship following a 101-93 victory over the Bugbusters.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
September 10: Ginebra import Michael Hackett, a third round pick by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1982 draft, debut with 48 points and 27 rebounds in the Gins' 107-106 squeaker over Northern Consolidated (NCC).


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
September 28: Michael Hackett scored 70 points and pulled down 27 rebounds in Ginebra's 137-122 win over Shell in Cabanatuan City.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
October 3: Michael Hackett scored 76 points as Ginebra defeated Manila Beer, 143-127, giving the Beermen their second loss in eight games while Ginebra raised their record to four wins and three losses.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
October 22: In the first of two playoff games to determined the second outright semifinalist, the Ginebras, starring the ageless Sonny Jaworski, completed a pass from Michael Hackett with a go-ahead basket plus a foul from Dennis Still as Ginebra escaped with a 99-96 win over Northern.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
October 24: Ginebra advances to the semifinal round with a 106-98 victory over Magnolia Quench Plus.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Notable dates
November 5: Ginebra opened their semifinal assignment with a repeat win over Northern, 101-97, reminiscent of their playoff match two weeks before with the Ginebras coming up with big plays in the final period to turn back NCC.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Records
November 21: Game One of the showdown for third place in the Reinforced Conference saw Ginebra down Great Taste in lopsided fashion, 197-168. A lot of records, twelve to be exact, were broken in the course of that game. Michael Hackett, who was voted Best Import of the Reinforced Conference, scored 103 points in the highest-scoring game in PBA History. Hackett's 103-point output broke the previous record of 88 points set by Larry McNeill in 1983. Ginebra's 197 was the highest score and the 112 points (57 in the 3rd and 55 in the 4th) scored by Ginebra in the second half broke the previous record. Great Taste' 62 points in the fourth quarter was an all-time high.


1985 Ginebra San Miguel season, Records
Ginebra took a commanding 85-64 edge at the end of the first half and Hackett contributed 48 points of the team's total output after 24 minutes of play. Hackett hit the century mark with still 4:36 to go in the game, he was finally relieve as the clock reads 1:07.


1985 Ginny Championships
The 1985 Virginia Slims Ginny Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Sandpiper Bay Resort in Port St. Lucie, Florida, in the United States that was part of the 1984 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the second and last edition of the tournament and was held from January 2, 1985, through January 6, 1985. Catarina Lindqvist won the singles title.


1985 Ginny Championships, Finals, Doubles
Betsy Nagelsen /  Paula Smith defeated  Christiane Jolissaint /  Marcella Mesker 6–4, 6–1


1985 Girabola
The 1985 Girabola was the seventh season of top-tier football competition in Angola. Estrela Clube Primeiro de Maio were the defending champions.


1985 Girabola
The league comprised 14 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated.


1985 Girabola
Primeiro de Maio were crowned champions, winning their 2nd title, while Gaiatos de Benguela, Dínamos do Kwanza Sul and Leões do Planalto were relegated.


1985 Girabola
Osvaldo Saturnino aka Jesus of Petro de Luanda finished as the top scorer with 19 goals.


1985 Girabola, Changes from the 1984 season
Relegated: M.C.H. do Uíge, Nacional de Benguela, Progresso do SambizangaPromoted: Dínamos do Kwanza Sul (ex-Andorinhas), Gaiatos de Benguela, Leões do Planalto


1985 Giro d'Italia
The 1985 Giro d'Italia was the 68th running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours races. The Giro started in Palermo, on 16 May, with a 6.6 km (4.1 mi) prologue and concluded in Lucca, on 9 June, with a 48 km (29.8 mi) individual time trial. A total of 180 riders from twenty teams entered the 22-stage race, that was won by Frenchman Bernard Hinault of the La Vie Claire team. The second and third places were taken by Italian Francesco Moser and American Greg LeMond, respectively.


1985 Giro d'Italia
Moser led the race for the first two days after winning the opening prologue. He lost the lead to Giuseppe Saronni after his team won the stage three team time trial. Upon conclusion of the event's fourth stage, Roberto Visentini won sufficient time to take the race leader's maglia rosa (English: pink jersey) from Saronni. Visentini held the jersey for a total of eight days of racing, during which the race traversed the Dolomites, before losing it to Hinault after the stage 12 time trial. Hinault then successfully defended his lead through the Alps, all the way to the race's finish.


1985 Giro d'Italia
Amongst the other classifications that the race awarded, Johan van der Velde of Vini Ricordi-Pinarello won the points classification, José Luis Navarro of Gemeaz Cusin-Zor won the mountains classification, and Sammontana-Bianchi's Alberto Volpi completed the Giro as the best neo-professional in the general classification, finishing tenth overall. Alpilatte-Olmo-Cierre finishing as the winners of the team classification, ranking each of the twenty teams contesting the race by lowest cumulative time.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Teams
A total of twenty teams were invited to participate in the 1985 Giro d'Italia, six of which were based outside of Italy. Each team sent a squad of nine riders, which meant that the race started with a peloton of 180 cyclists. The presentation of the teams – where each team's roster and manager are introduced in front the media and local dignitaries – took place at the Verona Arena on 15 May. From the riders that began this edition, 135 made it to the finish in Lucca.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
The starting peloton did include the 1984 winner, Francesco Moser. Two–time champion Bernard Hinault entered the race with a strong supporting La Vie Claire team as he sought a third overall victory. Author Bill McGann believed that going into the race Hinault was "the world's most potent racing machine" and that Moser would have to ride very well in order to repeat as champion. Mario Fossati of La Repubblica named Moser, Saronni, Hinault, and Greg LeMond as contenders for the overall crown. LeMond rode the Giro d'Italia for the first time this edition.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Pre-race favorites
Spanish rider Marino Lejarreta decided not to race the Vuelta a España in favor of racing the Giro. Luis Gómez, of El Pais, believed Lejarreta to be in top form going into the race and that he could challenge for the overall victory. Javier Dalmases, an El Mundo sportswriter, believed that there was no clear favorite for the race. Prominent French rider Laurent Fignon did not participate in the race due to an inflamed Achilles tendon.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
The route for the 1985 edition of the Giro d'Italia was revealed to the public by head organizer Vincenzo Torriani on 16 February 1985. Covering a total of 3,998.6 km (2,484.6 mi), it included four time trials (three individual and one for teams), and eleven stages with categorized climbs that awarded mountains classification points. Three of these eleven stages had summit finishes: stage 4, to Selva di Val Gardena; stage 14, to Gran Sasso d'Italia; and stage 20, to Valnontey di Cogne. The organizers chose to include two rest days. When compared to the previous year's race, the race was 190.6 km (118 mi) longer and contained the same number of time trials and rest days. In addition, this race contained the same number of stages, but one more set of half stages.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
Luis Gómez, an El Pais writer, believed that the route was designed to benefit the Italian participants, with there being three individual time trials, the team time trial being flat, and most stages being primarily flat. El Mundo writer Javier Dalmases believed that the route was purposefully less mountainous so that an Italian would win the race, citing that this route favored the likes of Giuseppe Saronni or Moreno Argentin. La Stampa's Gian Paolo Ormezzano thought overall easiness of the course — the few mountains and summit finishes — added some mystery as to who could win.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The event began with a 6.6 km (4.1 mi) prologue around the city of Verona. The brief time trial leg was won by Francesco Moser, who finished seven seconds faster than the second placed rider. The following day was the first mass-start stage of the race, which culminated in a bunch sprint that was won by Atala-Ofmega-Campagnolo's Urs Freuler. The second stage was a team time trial that stretched 38 km (23.6 mi).


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Del Tongo-Colnago won the leg and their rider, Giuseppe Saronni, earned enough of an advantage to take race lead and don the race leader's maglia rosa (English: pink jersey). The third stage saw Saronni expand upon his lead by winning the leg after out-sprinting the rest of the leading group. The fourth stage took the race into the Dolomites, as well as featuring a summit finish on Selva di Val Gardena.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Spanish rider Marino Lejarreta attacked with around 15 km (9.3 mi) to go and only Roberto Visentini, Bernard Hinault, Hubert Saiz, and Gianbattista Baronchelli were able to mark his move. The group of five stayed together to the finish as Saiz took the stage victory by edging out Hinault. Visentini took the race lead after Saronni finished over four minutes behind, while another Italian favorite Francesco Moser finished two minutes behind.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The route went through more mountains in the fifth stage. With large amounts of rain, the peloton made a truce and the stage saw few attacks. A three-man breakaway formed with around twelve kilometers to go. The riders stayed together and all sprinted for the stage win, which was originally won by Roberto Pagnin; however, due to his non-linear sprint line that interfered with the two other riders, he was relegated to second place and the original second-place finisher, Emanuele Bombini, was promoted and declared winner.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The next day of racing ended with a bunch sprint won by Frank Hoste, but a crash with two kilometers to go from the finish saw general classification contenders Visentini and Saronni, as well as others, lose twenty seconds. The seventh stage saw a six-man breakaway survive and finish ahead of the peloton by almost two minutes as Orlando Maini won the day.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The twelfth stage of the race was 38 km (23.6 mi) individual time trial. Hinault won the stage by fifty-three seconds over Moser. Hinault's time gains were enough to give him the race lead by a minute and fourteen seconds. The thirteenth stage saw Freuler win his second stage of the race by virtue of a sprint finish. Italian Franco Chioccioli won the mountainous fourteenth leg of the event after attacking on the descent of the third climb of the day.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The following day of racing began with a twenty-man breakaway forming off the front of the peloton; however, all but one rider was caught with ten kilometers remaining. With under five kilometers left, another four-man attack group formed, of which 7-Eleven's Ron Kiefel survived. Kiefel caught the lone remaining rider in front and went on to win the stage as the peloton crossed the line three seconds behind. This was the first stage victory by an American in the history of the Giro d'Italia. The sixteenth stage saw the day of racing end with a field sprint which was won by Saronni.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Race leader Hinault and his team, La Vie Claire, allowed a breakaway to get almost a twenty-minute advantage over the peloton during the race's seventeenth stage, before other general classification contenders' teams stepped in to help with the chase. The attack group reached the finish line around ten minutes faster than the peloton. Swiss rider Daniel Gisiger won the stage ahead of Giovanni Mantovani. Paolo Rosola won his second stage of the event as the eighteenth stage resulted in a bunch sprint.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
The following day's race route was altered the night before by Torriani, which removed six kilometers off the climb of Great St Bernard Pass, while it still contained the full climb of the Cima Coppi, the Simplon Pass. The stage saw a large group of fifty-three riders cross the finish line together, with Moser at the head, taking his second stage victory of the event. Former race leader Visentini, after losing a significant amount of time during the stage 16 individual time trial, abandoned the race during the nineteenth stage.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Stage 20 was a brief 58 km (36 mi) that featured a seventeen kilometer ascent to finish the leg. La Vie Claire drove a hard pace throughout the stage and fractured the peloton in the process. American Andrew Hampsten attacked with around nineteen kilometers to go and won the stage by a minute over the second-place finisher. The penultimate stage of the race was culminated with a field sprint, which was won by Freuler. The final stage of the race was a 48 km (30 mi) individual time trial that stretched from Lido di Camaiore to Lucca. Moser was able to win the stage by seven seconds on race leader Hinault, which was not enough to overcome Hinault and take first. This meant Hinault won his third Giro d'Italia.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Six riders achieved multiple stage victories: Freuler (stages 1, 13, and 21), Moser (prologue and stages 19 and 22), da Silva (stages 8b and 10), Allocchio (stages 8a and 11), Saronni (stages 3 and 16), and Rosola (stages 9 and 18). Stage wins were achieved by nine of the twenty competing squads, six of which won multiple stages. Del Tongo-Colnago collected a total of five wins through the team time trial, Saronni, Bombini (stage 5), and Hoste (stage 6). Atala-Ofmega-Campagnolo amassed a total of four stage wins through Freuler and Gisiger (stage 17).


1985 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
Malvor-Bottecchia also secured four stage wins through da Silva and Allocchio. Sammontana-Bianchi obtained two stage victories with Rosola. Gis Gelati-Trentino Vacanze collected two stage successes with Moser. 7-Eleven recorded two stage wins with Kiefel (stage 15) and Hampsten (stage 20). Cilo-Aufina, Alpilatte-Olmo-Cierre, and La Vie Claire all won a single stage at the Giro, the first through Seiz (stage 4), the second through Maini (stage 7), and the third by Hinault (stage 12), and the fourth with Chioccioli (stage 14).


1985 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
Four different jerseys were worn during the 1985 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider, and allowing time bonuses for the first four finishers on mass-start stages – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
For the points classification, which awarded a purple (or cyclamen) jersey to its leader, cyclists were given points for finishing a stage in the top 15; additional points could also be won in intermediate sprints. The green jersey was awarded to the mountains classification leader. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. Each climb was ranked as either first, second or third category, with more points available for higher category climbs. The Cima Coppi, the race's highest point of elevation, awarded more points than the other first category climbs.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The Cima Coppi for this Giro was the Simplon Pass. The first rider to cross the Simplon Pass was Colombian rider Reynel Montoya. The white jersey was worn by the leader of young rider classification, a ranking decided the same way as the general classification, but considering only neo-professional cyclists (in their first three years of professional racing). Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the stage finish times of the best three cyclists per team were added; the leading team was the one with the lowest total time.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10
The 1985 Giro d'Italia was the 68th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Verona, with a prologue individual time trial on 16 May, and Stage 10 occurred on 27 May with a stage to Paola. The race finished in Lucca on 9 June.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Prologue
16 May 1985 — Verona, 6.65 km (4.13 mi) (ITT)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 1
17 May 1985 — Verona to Busto Arsizio, 218 km (135 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 2
18 May 1985 — Busto Arsizio to Milan, 38 km (24 mi) (TTT)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 3
19 May 1985 — Milan to Pinzolo, 190 km (120 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 4
20 May 1985 — Pinzolo to Selva di Val Gardena, 237 km (147 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 5
21 May 1985 — Selva di Val Gardena to Vittorio Veneto, 225 km (140 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 6
22 May 1985 — Vittorio Veneto to Cervia, 237 km (147 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 7
23 May 1985 — Cervia to Jesi, 185 km (115 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 8a
25 May 1985 — Foggia to Foggia, 45 km (28 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 8b
25 May 1985 — Foggia to Matera, 167 km (104 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 9
26 May 1985 — Matera to Crotone, 237 km (147 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 10
27 May 1985 — Crotone to Paola, 203 km (126 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22
The 1985 Giro d'Italia was the 68th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Verona, with a prologue individual time trial on 16 May, and Stage 11 occurred on 28 May with a stage from Paola. The race finished in Lucca on 9 June.


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 11
28 May 1985 — Paola to Salerno, 240 km (150 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 12
29 May 1985 — Capua to Maddaloni, 38 km (24 mi) (ITT)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 13
30 May 1985 — Maddaloni to Frosinone, 154 km (96 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 14
31 May 1985 — Frosinone to Gran Sasso d'Italia, 195 km (121 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 15
1 June 1985 — L'Aquila to Perugia, 208 km (129 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 16
2 June 1985 — Perugia to Cecina, 217 km (135 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 17
3 June 1985 — Cecina to Modena, 248 km (154 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 18
5 June 1985 — Monza to Domodossola, 128 km (80 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 19
6 June 1985 — Domodossola to Saint-Vincent, 247 km (153 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 20
7 June 1985 — Saint-Vincent to Valnontey di Cogne, 58 km (36 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 21
8 June 1985 — Saint-Vincent to Genoa, 229 km (142 mi)


1985 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11 to Stage 22, Stage 22
9 June 1985 — Lido di Camaiore to Lucca, 48 km (30 mi) (ITT)


1985 Giro del Trentino
The 1985 Giro del Trentino was the ninth edition of the Tour of the Alps cycle race and was held on 7 May to 9 May 1985. The race started in Riva del Garda and finished in Arco. The race was won by Harald Maier.


1985 Giro di Lombardia
The 1985 Giro di Lombardia was the 79th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 12 October 1985. The race started in Como and finished in Milan. The race was won by Sean Kelly of the Skil team.


1985 Gloucester state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Gloucester in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 12 October 1985. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of National MP Leon Punch.


1985 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1985 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.


1985 Grand National
The 1985 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 139th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 30 March 1985.


1985 Grand National
The race was won by eleven-year-old, 50/1 outsider, Last Suspect, ridden by Hywel Davies in a time of 9 minutes 42.7 seconds for a prize of £54,314. The winner was owned by Anne, Duchess of Westminster and trained by Captain Tim Forster in Letcombe Bassett, Oxfordshire.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Aintree chose this year to honour all of the surviving winning jockeys in National history. Almost all of those still alive attended the event which took place in front of the Grandstand two hours before the race was due to take place. Each rider was introduced to the crowd before being presented with an Aynsley China Trophy by Princess Anne. The oldest of those to take part was eighty-two-year-old Tim Hamey who had been victorious aboard Forbra in 1932.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
As for its introduction last year, the maximum field safety limit of forty runners was filled with no entrants being withdrawn on the day of the race. The public however were undecided on where they believed the title would fall this year with joint favourites, Greasepaint and West Tip at 13/2.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
The former had joined an elite group of competitors to have been runner up in the race twice, having done so in each of the last two years and at ten years old was thought to have now reached the prime age at which to go one better and win the race. He was partnered, as in defeat last year by Tommy Carmody. The other co favourite had no Grand National experience for neither horse nor rider but still attracted heavy public attention.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
The horse, West Tip had been fortunate to survive being hit by a lorry in 1982, which left a huge scar in his hind quarters. Having recovered, he went on to show impressive form by winning four races in the buildup to the National, including The Ritz Club National Hunt Handicap at Cheltenham a few weeks before Aintree. His partner was Richard Dunwoody, the youngest rider in the contest and among thirteen riders making their National debut. Such was the interest in the pair in the days leading to the race that he was asked to appear on the Wogan show on BBC.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Those who questioned the ability of the two favourites turned instead to champion jockey John Francome who would partner 8/1 chance Drumlargen. The horse had been third in the previous year's Cheltenham Gold Cup while speculation was rife that this would be Francome's last attempt at the National, having so far never won the race.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Despite being given top weight of 11 stones 10 lbs, Corbiere was by now something of a housewive's favourite at 9/1, having followed victory in the race in 1983 by finishing third in 1984. This year he would be deprived of his partner in victory, Ben de Haan, through injury and was instead partnered by Peter Scudamore.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Lucky Vane had finished just behind Corbiere last year and followed that by winning the four-mile Happy New Year Chase at Cheltenham in January. His proven ability over long distance saw him backed to 10/1 on the day in partnership with the most experienced rider in the race, John Burke who had won the race in 1976 and had already announced his retirement before what would be his eleventh and final ride in the National.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Those with a more keen eye to study form looked to the bottom of the handicap for a horse that had slipped under the radar of the handicapper and found him in Mr Snugfit, a horse that had only just scraped into the final forty and had won five races in the last four months. They racecourse pundits considered him the eyecatcher of the field and backed him heavily at 12/1 with Phil Tuck taking the ride. His detractors noted however that the handicapper had allotted the horse only 9 stones and that he would have to carry a stone more to meet minimum weight in this race.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
The majority of the betting public put their faith in last year's champion Hallo Dandy at 14/1, Fethard Friend at 16/1, and Classified at 20/1 with Hill of Slain, Kumbi, Scot Lane, Broomy Bank, Rupertino, Tacroy and Talon considered the only others in the field capable of winning the race. Last Suspect was among those largely unconsidered at 50/1. In the company of Welsh jockey Hywel Davies he had developed a reputation as a stubborn horse and had pulled himself up in his last race.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
His owner, Anne, Duchess of Westminster, instantly decided to scratch her horse from the race, having never really wanted to run him in the first place, and when her decision was supported by trainer, Captain Tim Forster it took all of Davies' persuasive powers to convince them to give the horse his chance. The jockey was convinced that Aintree would suit the horse whose jumping and stamina were unquestioned.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
The runners were sent off at the first time of asking but a huge groan came from the stands when it was seen that Hallo Dandy was among four horses to fall at the first fence. All of the other main contenders remained in contention at the end of the first circuit with the exception of Lucky Vane who had been pulled up after breaking down jumping Valentine's Brook.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
Corbiere had been the most prominent of the favourites on the first circuit but West Tip seemed to be cantering and moved up to dispute the lead as the field came to Becher's Brook for the second time only to crumple on landing and fall. Rupertino, Corbiere and Last Suspect led Greasepaint over the Canal Turn with Mr Snugfit and Classified both still in contention while Drumlargen had stopped at the fence before Becher's and Fethard Friend was tailed off.


1985 Grand National, Build up, leading contenders and race
At the third last fence Corbiere held a two length lead over Greasepaint, Last Suspect, Mr Snugfit, Rupertino and Classified with Scot Lane and Glenfox still in contention but by the penultimate flight Mr Snugfit had moved up to take the lead and looked assured of victory at the final fence with Corbiere, Greasepaint, Last Suspect and Classified all labouring behind him. However the extra stone began to tell on Mr Snugfit at the elbow as both Corbiere and Last Suspect made a renewed effort with the latter finishing strongly in the final 100 yards to win. The race was won in a time of 9 minutes 42.7 seconds, 40.8 seconds outside the race record set twelve years earlier.


1985 Grand National, Non-finishers
Note: Sources vary on the fate of many of the competitors. In instances where sources differ, the television footage from the BBC is used as the source.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
64,924 spectators came through the gates on Grand National day, which marked an increase of over 10,000 spectators on the previous year.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
The race was broadcast live by the BBC as part of its regular Saturday afternoon sports programme, Grandstand, which was broadcast as a Grand National special, as it had been done every year since 1960. Des Lynam became the fourth person to host the broadcast, making the first of fifteen consecutive appearances as presenter, replacing David Coleman who had presented all but two of the previous twenty-five broadcasts.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
Another new innovation this year was the BBC's decision to change the way it filmed the start of the race, switching from the previous shot alongside the runners from inside the course to a new shot taken from a helicopter above the runners. While the overhead shots have continued ever since in the slow motion reruns of the races, it was only used once more in the live footage before being replaced by a camera in a gantry above the banking of the course.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
The commentary team remained unchanged from that which had covered every National since 1972. John Hanmer called the race as the runners raced away from and back towards the racecourse proper, Julian Wilson called the runners at the far side of the course as they jumped Becher's Brook and the Canal Turn while lead commentator, Peter O'Sullevan called the start and end of each circuit, including the finish, as he had done on first radio and then Television in all bar one year since 1946. Richard Pitman presented a post race rerun, using camera shots not used during the original broadcast, to show viewers what fate had befallen the horse they had backed.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
Twenty-five years after jockey Hywel Davies' win, his hometown of Cardigan in Mid Wales held a commemorative dinner to celebrate the anniversary of his Grand National victory. Champion jockey Peter Scudamore, who finished the race third on Corbiere, and Neale Doughty, who won the race in 1984, were among the guests at the dinner in February 2010. Davies said of the horse "In the last race before the National, at Warwick, we went about halfway round and he just pulled up and as a result his owner nearly didn't run him at the National. He was a careful jumper and had never fallen. He got his blood up the day of the National and just went. I kept him out of traffic on the first circuit and just rode him home on the second circuit."


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
Doughty had been due to ride Hallo Dandy in the race but was forced to withdraw through injury. Trainer Gordon Richards would later intimate that the horse's early exit from the race was due to rider, Graham Bradley's failure to heed his warning that the horse "Took a tremendous hold and tended to over-jump at the opening obstacles." Bradley responded that the criticisms were unfair, stating the horse merely landed too steeply at the first fence.


1985 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
BBC Commentator Peter O'Sullevan describes the climax of the 1985 National


1985 Grand Prix (snooker)
The 1985 Rothmans Grand Prix was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place during October 1985 at the Hexagon Theatre in Reading.


1985 Grand Prix (snooker)
The final was a re-match of the 1985 World Championship final between Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor, the defending Grand Prix champion. Davis lead 6–1 at the end of the first session but Taylor fought back to lead 8–7 winning 6 consecutive frames. Eventually it was Davis this time who became champion winning 3 out of the last 4 frames to win 10–9. The match became the longest one-day final in snooker history. It lasted 10 hours and 21 minutes and it finished at 2.14am.


1985 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix was a professional men's tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of 71 tournaments held in 19 different countries. The tour incorporated the four ITF grand slam tournaments, three World Championship Tennis tournaments and the Grand Prix tournaments. Total prize money for the circuit was $23 million. The circuit was administered by the Men's International Professional Tennis Council (MIPTC). In November 1985 the MIPTC sued player–management agencies ProServ and IMG alleging that these firms were holding the tennis game hostage and were 'exerting extensive power over players'.


1985 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1985 circuit marked the last time the Australian Open was held in November before moving to its current slot in January. In January 1986 at an awards ceremony in New York the ATP players elected Ivan Lendl as the 1985 ATP Player of the Year. Lendl won the most tournament titles, played the most finals, was the points leader of the Grand Prix circuit and finished the year as no.1 in the ATP Ranking. The Grand Slam tournaments were won by four different players (Wilander, Edberg, Becker, Lendl) and for the first time since 1934 all winners were European.


1985 Grand Prix (tennis), Schedule
The table below shows the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix schedule (a precursor to the ATP Tour).


1985 Grand Prix (tennis), Standings
The 1985 Grand Prix tournaments were divided in 18 separate point categories, ranging from the Grand Slam tournaments (700 points for the Singles winner and 120 points for Doubles winner) to the smallest Regular Series tournaments (80 points for the Singles winner and 15 points for Doubles winner). At the end of the year the top 64 Singles players and top 24 Doubles players received bonuses from a $4,000,000 bonus pool. To qualify for a bonus a player must have participated in at least 14 tournaments. The best 16 players in the points standing at the end of the season qualified for the Nabisco Masters which was played in January 1986.


1985 Grand Prix (tennis), List of tournament winners
The list of winners and number of Grand Prix singles titles won, alphabetically by last name:


1985 Grand Prix F3000 de Belgique
The inaugural Grand Prix F3000 de Belgique, was the sixth round of the 1985 International Formula 3000. This was held at Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, on 2 June.


1985 Grand Prix F3000 de Belgique, Report, Entry
A total of 18 F3000 cars were entered for the event.


1985 Grand Prix F3000 de Belgique, Report, Qualifying
Michel Ferté took pole position for Oreca Motorsport, in their March Engineering-Cosworth 85B, averaging a speed of 131.195 mph.


1985 Grand Prix F3000 de Belgique, Report, Race
The race was held over 29 laps of the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. Mike Thackwell took the winner spoils for works Ralt team, driving their Ralt-Cosworth RT20. The Kiwi won in a time of 1hr 11:56.51mins., averaging a speed of 104.434 mph. Over 50 seconds adrift, was the second place car of Alain Ferté, driving Corbari Italia's March 85B. The podium was completed by the BS Automotive March of Christian Danner.


1985 Grand Prix German Open (tennis)
The 1985 Grand Prix German Open (also known as the 1985 Ebel German Open for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the 77th edition of the event. It took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, West Germany, from 29 April through 5 May 1985. Ninth-seeded Miloslav Mečíř won the singles title and earned $45,500 first-prize money.


1985 Grand Prix German Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Hans Gildemeister /  Andrés Gómez defeated  Heinz Günthardt /  Balázs Taróczy, 6–4, 6–3


1985 Grand Prix d'Automne
The 1985 Grand Prix d'Automne was the 79th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 6 October 1985. The race started in Créteil and finished in Chaville. The race was won by Ludo Peeters.


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse
The 1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1985 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 7 October until 13 October 1985. First-seeded Yannick Noah won the singles title.


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse, Finals, Doubles
Ricardo Acuña /  Jakob Hlasek defeated  Pavel Složil /  Tomáš Šmíd, 3–6, 6–2, 9–7


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles
The 1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on Indoor Carpet in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1985 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 7 October – 13 October.


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles
The 1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Toulouse, France that was part of the Regular Series of the 1985 Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 7 October – 13 October.


1985 Grand Prix de Tennis de Toulouse – Singles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 37th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.


1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Honda's Freddie Spencer gave a dominating performance becoming the first man to win the 250 and 500 championships in the same year. Defending champion Eddie Lawson finished in second with former 250 world champion, Christian Sarron coming in third. Sarron's victory at the German Grand Prix would mark the first 500cc Grand Prix victory for a non-American rider since the 1982 Swedish Grand Prix. Australian Wayne Gardner showed promise with a fourth-place finish for Honda.


1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
With perennial champion Angel Nieto moving to the 80cc class, the 125 class was left open for his Garelli teammate, Fausto Gresini to clinch the title, giving the Italian team its fourth consecutive championship. Swiss Stefan Dörflinger would take his fourth consecutive title in the 80cc class. Angel Nieto won his 90th and final Grand Prix victory in the 80cc round in France, at the time second only to Giacomo Agostini, but since surpassed by Valentino Rossi.


1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, 1985 Grand Prix season calendar
The following Grands Prix were scheduled to take place in 1985:


1985 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Participants, 500cc riders' standings
Points are awarded to the top ten finishers. A rider has to finish the race to earn points.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season
The 1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season was the 11th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Championships
The Great Taste Coffee Makers have emerged as the new dynasty in winning their third straight PBA crown with a 4-2 series win over Magnolia Ice Cream. The title playoffs where Great Taste were prohibitive picks to win easily have turned out to be the toughest. The series are tied at two games apiece before Great Taste scored runaway victories in Games five and six.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Championships
The defending All-Filipino champions went on to play surprise finalist and first-year ballclub Shell Azodrin in the All-Filipino finals. The Coffee Makers easily won the first two games but the Bugbusters extended the series by winning the third game by one point. Great Taste won their fourth straight title on August 20, routing Shell Azodrin, 110-91, in Game four for a 3-1 series victory.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Occurrences
On March 19, Great Taste point guard Ricardo Brown played in his first game in the 1985 season upon returning from an extended furlough in the US. The Coffee Makers will also have a new import Joe Binion (3rd round pick by San Antonio Spurs in the 1984 NBA draft), who will make his debut against Magnolia when Great Taste management decided to send home Napoleon Johnson after four games.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Occurrences
In the Third Conference, Great Taste played their last two games in the first round of eliminations without an import when their original choice Wally Rank refused to play after four appearances unless he was paid in advance. Rank was replaced by Michael Britt, who also saw action for four games before Great Taste had to settled for a former Seattle Supersonic Cory Blackwell.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Notable dates
March 3: With 15,000 fans who filled the new venue ULTRA to the rafters on opening day twinbill, Great Taste hammered out a 102-99 victory over Ginebra San Miguel in the nightcap. Import Napoleon Johnson scored 39 points while transferees Abe King and Willie Pearson proved their worth with 17 and 16 points respectively. The Coffee Makers played without Ricardo Brown, Frankie Lim and Jaime Manansala.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Notable dates
November 3: Great Taste keeps its grandslam hopes alive with a 99-95 win over Magnolia in the sudden-death playoff for the last berth in the semifinal round, despite being handicapped with import Cory Blackwell still not in tip-top condition and only saw action briefly in the first half. Abe King topscored for Great Taste with 28 points.


1985 Great Taste Coffee Makers season, Notable dates
November 17: In the last game of the semifinal playdate, both Great Taste and Ginebra toted a 2-3 won-loss card and needed a win to stay on track for a finals berth. Great Taste prevailed over Ginebra in the knockout match, 138-130. Ricardo Brown knocked in 39 points, Cory Blackwell had 33 points and Jaime Manansala added 29 markers.


1985 Greek legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 3 June 1985. The ruling Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou, was re-elected, defeating the conservative New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis (Mitsotakis succeeded Evangelos Averoff as ND leader in 1984).


1985 Green Bay Packers season
The 1985 Green Bay Packers season was their 67th season overall and their 65th in the National Football League. The team finished with an 8–8 record under coach Forrest Gregg, the same record from the previous year. The Packers earned a second-place finish in the NFC Central division.


1985 Green Bay Packers season, Regular season
The team finished with an 8–8 record for the third consecutive season. The team was 5–3 at home and 3–5 on the road.


1985 Green Bay Packers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13
This divisional matchup with Tampa Bay would come to be known as the Snow Bowl in Packers' history. By kickoff, twelves inches of snow had fallen and the roads were impossible to navigate preventing many fans from attending. This gave the game the dubious distinction of having over 36,000 "no-shows", the most in Packers history.


1985 Green Bay Packers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 13
The game itself saw the Packers dominate the Buccaneers en route to a 21–0 victory. The Packers offense gained 512 total yards to the Buccaneers' 65. During the game, Packers defensive end Alphonso Carreker sacked Buccaneers quarterback Steve Young a team record four times.


1985 Green Bay Packers season, Awards and records, Hall of Famers
The Following were inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in February 1985;


1985 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship
The 1985 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the 15th edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Nuuk. It was won by Nuuk IL for the third time in its history.


1985 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
The 1985 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens was the 21st edition of the Grote Prijs Jef Scherens cycle race and was held on 15 September 1985. The race started and finished in Leuven. The race was won by Jozef Lieckens.


1985 Guatemalan general election
General elections were held in Guatemala on 3 November 1985, with a second round of the presidential elections taking place on 8 December. The presidential election resulted in a victory for Vinicio Cerezo, who had received $650,000 towards his campaign from media owner Remigio Ángel González. The Congressional elections resulted in a victory for Cerezo's Guatemalan Christian Democracy, which won 51 of the 100 seats. Voter turnout was 69.3%.


1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
The 7th Gujarat Legislative Assembly election was held in 1985. The incumbent Indian National Congress (INC) obtained majority with an increase in the vote share and number of seats. This was a record number of seat. INC won 149 seats out of total 182 seats. Janata Party (JP) won only 14 seat, which showed dominance of INC at that time. But, in 1985, Gujrat faced riots in cities of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar due to reservation bill.


1985 Gujarat riots
The 1985 Gujarat riots began in February 1985 and lasted till August, in the Indian state of Gujarat. Most of the rioting occurred in the city of Ahmedabad; some other cities, including the state capital of Gandhinagar, were also affected. Between 220 and 275 people were killed in the violence, while several thousands of others were injured, and tens of thousands were displaced. The riots also caused widespread property damage.


1985 Gujarat riots
In January 1985 the Gujarat government of Chief Minister Madhav Singh Solanki announced a change in its policy of reservation that increased the benefits to people from "backward" classes. Resentment over this policy among upper castes led to an agitation against it that began in February 1985. The agitation initially took the form of boycotts and protest marches, but quickly turned violent. Government property and buses were targeted by largely upper caste protesters. Beginning in March, communal violence also began to occur, as the city's Muslim minority were targeted.


1985 Gujarat riots
The state police frequently condoned, and in some cases participated in, the violence. The Indian Army was called in to patrol the city, and curfews were frequently declared. The violence died down in August 1986, after Solanki had resigned, and an agreement had been reached with the agitators. Ahmedabad's Muslims were the main victims; approximately 100 were killed, several hundreds badly injured, 2,500 of their houses destroyed, and 12,000 made homeless.


1985 Gujarat riots
Historians and commentators have stated that the caste-related violence and the communal violence had a common origin. Upper castes felt threatened by the increasing social and economic opportunity available to lower castes, and by political alliances between underprivileged castes, Muslims, and adivasis. The rioting that was triggered by caste-related tensions thus turned into communal violence, and Muslims, who played no role in the reservation debate, were victimized. The religious violence that occurred also strengthened the Hindu nationalist movement, including the BJP's position in Gujarat. According to the government commission that investigated the riots, members of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and the Vishva Hindu Parishad, along with those of the BJP, also played a role in exacerbating the violence. Solanki's government was also described as using the violence for political gains.


1985 Gujarat riots, Background and motivation
In the election to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly held in 1980, the Indian National Congress government headed by Madhav Singh Solanki was returned to power. Since 1977, Solanki had built a successful political coalition based on support from Kshatriyas, traditionally known as a warrior caste, but by that time a disparate group of lower castes looking to improve their status; Harijans, or Dalits, historically known as untouchables; Adivasis, or indigenous tribes; and Muslims. The coalition was known by the moniker "KHAM".


1985 Gujarat riots, Background and motivation
The Solanki government created a "Backward Classes Commission", which in 1983 recommended that proportion of government jobs that were reserved for people from "backward" groups be increased from 10% to 28%, and that their caste identity be removed as a criterion for accessing this quota. To solidify its support among lower caste groups before statewide elections scheduled for March 1985, in January of that year the government implemented this increase; in addition to reserved jobs for Dalits, Adivasis, and "Socially and Economically Backward Classes", 18% of government positions were now set aside for "Other Backward Classes". However, contrary to the commission's recommendation, the government did not remove caste as a criterion for accessing this job quota.


1985 Gujarat riots, Background and motivation
Beginning in the 1970s, growing social mobility among underprivileged castes had led to growing insecurity among upper castes. This intensified after successive Congress governments made a concerted effort to build lower caste support, and the lower caste-based coalition Solanki put together challenged upper caste political dominance. Gujarat saw violent reactions by upper caste groups when the policy of reservation was introduced beginning in 1975; rioting occurred in 1975, and more severe riots in 1981, when more than fifty people, mostly members of underprivileged castes, had been killed.


1985 Gujarat riots, Background and motivation
The agitation in 1981 began after reservations were implemented in post-graduate medical courses, and was begun by Brahmin, Bania, and Patidar students of a medical government in Ahmedabad. Although the government acceded to their demands within a week, the agitation intensified, and led to widespread atrocities against Dalits in particular over more than three months.


1985 Gujarat riots, Background and motivation
These caste-based tensions persisted over the next few years, even though only a fraction of the quotas set aside for underprivileged castes were filled. In February 1985, resentment among upper castes about the changes to the reservation policy again led to rioting, as members of privileged castes began attacking government property. However, the riots rapidly turned into religious violence, as members of the Muslim minority were targeted. Gujarat had been the locus of India's worst communal violence since partition, during the 1969 Gujarat riots.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, February and March 1985
Although the changes to the reservation policy were announced in January, no large-scale reactions occurred until mid-February. At that point, students of an engineering college in Ahmedabad decided to boycott their preliminary examinations, scheduled for 18 February, in protests. Students formed an committee, called the All-Gujarat Educational Reform Action Committee (AGERAC), and began an indefinite strike, boycotting all exams. In response, the government closed all schools and colleges. Students initially responded with boycotts and protest marches, but their agitation soon turned violent. Government and municipal property saw considerable damage as a result of arson and stone-pelting.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, February and March 1985
The participants in the agitation were largely upper caste students, and the violence was initially confined to the western part of the city. AGERAC called for a bandh, or general strike, on 25 February. The strike was observed in some parts of the city but not others. It received the support of some lawyers and doctors organizations, as well as of student groups associated with the BJP. Most members of these groups, which had also supported the 1981 agitations, came from upper caste and upper-class backgrounds.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, February and March 1985
On 28 February, a passenger on a bus died when it was burned, but a lull in the violence followed during the first week of March. Elections to the Gujarat State Assembly were held as scheduled during this period, and the Congress, led by Solanki, won 149 of the 182 constituencies. Solanki formed a cabinet in which 14 of the 20 ministers were members of his KHAM caste coalition. After this, the student agitation resumed; more buses were attacked, along with private vehicles, and two buses were burned. Another statewide bandh was called for 18 March. In response, the government decided to postpone any changes to the reservation policy by a year, defer exams in schools and universities, and to publish the commission report that had recommended changes to the reservation policy. The agitators hardened their position, stating that they wanted an end to all reservation.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, February and March 1985
During the statewide bandh on 18 March, a number of violent incidents occurred, mostly targeting the police, buses, and government establishments; the police recorded more than fifty such incidents. That evening, the first religious or communal violence began in an area between a Hindu neighborhood and a Muslim neighborhood, where a Muslim boy was hit on the head by a thrown stone. Communal violence continued through the night in the adjacent neighborhoods, despite a curfew being decreed by the government at 10:30 PM. Hindu groups attacked Muslims in the Dariapur neighborhood; three people were slain, and eight others injured.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, February and March 1985
The next day, the Indian army was summoned to restore order, but incidents of both religious and caste-based violence continued. On 23 March the Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited the city; the same day, three members of AGERAC were arrested for "abetting communal violence". The rioting abated soon after; the curfew was lifted, and by 2 April the army moved out.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, April 1985
Although the violence had briefly abated, the conflict over reservation continued in the month of April. Boycotts and rallies continued to occur; in Gujarat's capital of Gandhinagar, a thousand people were arrested when they tried to hold a rally. A movement emerged in support of reservation, demanding the implementation of new quotas. After an anti-reservation rally on 4 April was dispersed by the police using lathis, or truncheons, demonstrators stated that police had damaged houses and assaulted women, and demanded an investigation. Student organisations supporting and opposing reservation clashed at a statewide gathering. Incidents grew more violent as the month progressed, despite a curfew being reimposed on some parts of the city on 13 April.


1985 Gujarat riots, Riots, April 1985
The week between 16 and 23 April was described by a subsequent commission of inquiry as the "darkest period" of the 1985 violence. On 16 April the anti-reservation student group announced a "fill the jail" campaign, which led to more than a thousand students being arrested. Dalits and Patels clashed in Saraspur, a neighborhood in the eastern part of Ahmedabad, while police used "excessive force" against demonstrators in another part of the city. The army was called back into the city on 16 April, and would remain for the next three months.