1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Quarter-finals
Stevens and Reardon's first session finished a frame early, with Reardon commenting that he "was glad it was over" having only won a single frame. Reardon won just the first and ninth frames as Stevens defeated him convincingly, 13–2, with a session to spare. Stevens set up a semi-final with Jimmy White, who had defeated Cliff Thorburn 13–8. White led 10-6 after the second session, before moving to 12-7 ahead. White went 63 points ahead in frame 20, but Thorburn made a clearance of 64 to win the frame, before White won the match in frame 21. Dennis Taylor defeated Doug Mountjoy, also 13–8, to move into the other semi-final, against Davis.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
The semi-finals were scheduled to each be played over four sessions, on 3, 4 and 5 May, as best-of-31-frames matches. Steve Davis led Dennis Taylor 4–3 at the end of their first session, with Taylor winning two of his three frames on the final black ball. Davis won the next three frames to lead 7–3 before Taylor won frames 11 and 12.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
On a break of 64, Taylor missed a red ball, allowing Davis to make a break of 65 to win the next frame and then make a break of 76 lead 9–5 lead at the end of their second session. Taylor won just one of the first five frames in the third session; Davis lead 13–6, but Taylor won the next two frames to avoid losing with a session to spare. Leading 14–8, Davis won three frames to Taylor's one in their last session to win 16–9.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
In the other match, Stevens won the opening frame despite needing snookers, but White won the next three to lead 3–1 before the mid-session interval. At this time, White was "violently sick", having celebrated his 22nd birthday the night before. White took a 5–3 lead after the first session, also leaving to be sick after making a break of 85 in frame five. White attributed his illness to some sandwiches he had eaten and some cough syrup he had used to recover from a throat infection.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
The first seven frames of the second session was played in just 90 minutes as Stevens tied the match at 6–6, and then led 8–7 after their second session. Stevens won the next three frames to lead by four with White faltering. White, however, won the next three before Stevens won the final frame of the third session to lead 12–10. White won five frames in a row after Stevens missed a frame ball red in frame 23 to lead 15–12. Just one frame from defeat, Stevens won the next two frames, but White won frame 30 with a break of 44. The match finished 16–14, with White becoming the youngest player to reach a professional snooker World Championship final.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
The final was played over four sessions, on 6 and 7 May, as a best-of-35-frames match between Steve Davis and Jimmy White. English referee Jim Thorpe presided over the match, taking charge of his third Triple Crown final, after two prior UK Championship finals in 1980 and 1984.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
Davis dominated the first session to lead 6–1. He then extended the lead by winning the first two frames of the second session with breaks of 41, 37 and 44. White won the next frame with two breaks over 50, but was 10–2 behind at the mid-session interval. White won the next two frames, but went in-off in frame 15, which he lost. Davis won the next frame to extend his lead to 12–4 at the end of the second session.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
On the second day, White fought back to 11–13 by winning seven of the eight frames in the third session. In 2020, Davis commented that he had gone "into [his] shell" after leading by so much overnight. The first frame he made a break of 119 which was the second-highest of the tournament. Davis started the final session by winning three of the first four frames to lead 16–12. White then won the next three to put himself just one behind at 15–16. Davis won a close frame by clearing the colours to lead 17–15, then White took the next with a break of 65 to reduce his deficit to 16–17. Davis took the last frame 77–40 to win 18–16 and become the first player to retain the championship at the Crucible.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
The victory was Davis' third world championship, having previously won in 1981 and 1983. White's loss was the first of six world championship final defeats. He was the youngest player to compete in a world championship final; however, by losing the match he missed his chance to supersede Alex Higgins as the youngest-ever winner. Davis received £44,000 for winning the tournament, taking his prize money for the 1993–84 season to £159,511, more than double that of the second-highest earner, White, who made £78,725. When the world rankings were updated following the tournament, Davis was in first place; White was seventh, earning eight of his seventeen ranking points from being the championship runner-up.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
"I was so confident that I’d win it the next year or the year after that I was okay losing"


1984 World Snooker Championship, Summary, Final
Davis received boos and jeers from the crowd after defeating the popular White. Davis commented that White had outplayed him on the final day of the final and had "played his brains out". Davis would reach the final again for the following two years, and win a further three championships throughout the 1980s. White, however, stated that he played poorly on the first day of the final because of the lengthy semi-final win over Stevens. This was the first of, as of 2020, six world championship finals that White would lose. Despite this, White was confident that he would win the championship in the following years. White later recounted that he had used crack cocaine to cope with the loss, claiming to have spent £32,000 on the drug over a three-month period.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Qualifying
A three-round knockout qualifying competition was held from 1 to 13 April at the Redwood Lodge in Bristol, producing the 16 qualifying players who progressed into the main draw to play the top 16 seeds. Winners' names are shown in bold.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Main draw
Shown below are the results for each round of the main competition. Numbering in brackets shows player's seed, whilst those in bold denote match winners.


1984 World Snooker Championship, Century breaks
There were eight century breaks in the championship, the fewest since the 1978 event. The highest break of the televised stages was 138 made by Rex Williams. The highest break in qualifying was a 112 made by Jim Donnelly.


1984 World Sports Acrobatics Championships
The 6th World Sports Acrobatics Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1984.


1984 World Sportscar Championship
The 1984 World Sportscar Championship season was the 32nd season of FIA "World Sportscar Championship" motor racing. It featured the 1984 FIA World Endurance Championship, which was open to FIA Group C1, Group C2 and Group B cars and to IMSA GTP, GTX, GTO and GTU cars. The championship was contested over an eleven race series which ran from 23 April to 2 December 1984.


1984 World Sportscar Championship
The World Endurance Championship for Drivers was won by Stefan Bellof, the World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers by Porsche, the Group C2 Prototype FIA Cup by Alba Giannini, and the FIA Grand Touring Cup by BMW.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Schedule
The 1984 FIA World Endurance Championship was contested over an eleven race series.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Schedule
† - The races at Brands Hatch, Imola and Sandown Park were qualifying rounds for the World Endurance Championship for Drivers but not for the three manufacturers awards.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, Races
Race results for the 1984 FIA World Endurance Championship were as follows:


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Drivers
A total of 84 drivers were classified in the 1984 World Endurance Championship for Drivers.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Drivers
Points were awarded to the top 10 finishers in each race on a 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1 basis, with the following exceptions:


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Drivers
Only the best eight scores for each driver counted towards the championship, with any other points being discarded.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
Points were awarded to the top 10 finishers in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1,


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
Manufacturers were awarded points only for their best placed car  with no points awarded for places gained by any additional cars.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
The chassis builder and engine builder of a competing car were considered as a single entity for classification purposes.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
The races at Brands Hatch, Imola and Sandown Park were qualifying rounds for the World Endurance Championship for Drivers but not for the three manufacturers awards.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
Only the best six scores for each manufacturer counted towards the championship, with any other points being discarded. Discarded points are shown with brackets.


1984 World Sportscar Championship, Results, World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers
In addition to competing for the World Endurance Championship for Manufacturers, Group C2 and Group B cars also competed for their own separate awards.


1984 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1984 Men's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Los Angeles, United States from July 29 to August 8, 1984. There were 187 men in action from 48 nations.


1984 World Weightlifting Championships
This tournament was a part of 1984 Summer Olympics but counted as World Weightlifting Championships too. Only total medals counted for Olympic Games while Snatch and Clean & Jerk medals counts for World Weightlifting Championships. The Soviet-led boycott meant that the most dominant forces in weightlifting at the time, the USSR, Bulgaria and East Germany did not take part.


1984 World Weightlifting Championships, Medal table
Ranking by all medals: Big (Total result) and Small (Snatch and Clean & Jerk)


1984 World Women's Curling Championship
The 1984 World Women's Curling Championship, the women's world curling championship, was held from 25–30 March at the Perth Ice Arena in Perth, Scotland.


1984 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Ellen GithmarkThird: Ingvill GithmarkSecond: Heidi ThrondsenLead: Anka Sunde Andreassen


1984 World Women's Curling Championship, Teams
Skip : Amy HattenThird: Terry Ann LeksellSecond: Karen Lee LeksellLead: Kelly Joy Sieger


1984 World's Strongest Man
The 1984 World's Strongest Man was the eighth edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Jón Páll Sigmarsson from Iceland. It was his first title after finishing second the previous year. Ab Wolders from the Netherlands finished second and, 1983 champion Geoff Capes from the United Kingdom finished third. The contest was held at Mora, Sweden.


1984 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1984 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by head coach Al Kincaid, the Cowboys finished the season with a record of 6–6. The Cowboys offense scored 201 points while the defense allowed 182 points. Jay Novacek was in his senior season with the Cowboys. Novacek finished his Cowboys career with 83 career receptions for 1,536 yards and 10 touchdowns as a tight end.


1984 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1984 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1984 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Bulldogs were led by 20th-year head coach Carmen Cozza, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished in second place in the Ivy League with a 5–2 record, 6–3 overall.


1984 Ykkönen – Finnish League Division 1
League table for teams participating in Ykkönen, the second tier of the Finnish Soccer League system, in 1984.


1984 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1984 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the 1984 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 15–17 June 1984 at the Automotodrom Rijeka.


1984 Zairean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Zaire on 29 July 1984. At the time, the country was a one-party state with the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the only legal party. Its leader, incumbent president Mobutu Sese Seko, was the only candidate, with voters asked to vote "yes" or "no" to his candidacy. The results showed 99.16% of voters casting a "yes" vote.


1984 anti-Sikh riots
The 1984 anti-Sikh riots, also known as the 1984 Sikh Massacre, was a series of organised pogroms against Sikhs in India following the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her Sikh bodyguards. The ruling Indian National Congress had been in active complicity with the mob, as to the organisation of the riots. Government estimates project that about 2,800 Sikhs were killed in Delhi and 3,350 nationwide, whilst independent sources estimate the number of deaths at about 8,000–17,000.


1984 anti-Sikh riots
The assassination of Indira Gandhi was in retaliation to her order to the Indian Army to attack the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab, in June 1984. The attack had resulted in a deadly battle with armed Sikh groups who were demanding greater rights and autonomy for Punjab. Sikhs worldwide had criticized the army action and many saw it as an assault on their religion and identity.


1984 anti-Sikh riots
In the aftermath of the pogroms, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the city; the People's Union for Civil Liberties reported "at least" 1,000 displaced persons. The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods of Delhi. Human rights organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised. The collusion of political officials in the violence and judicial failure to penalise the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement. The Akal Takht, Sikhism's governing body, considers the killings genocide.


1984 anti-Sikh riots
In 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that the Government of India had "yet to prosecute those responsible for the mass killings". According to the 2011 WikiLeaks cable leaks, the United States was convinced of Indian National Congress' complicity in the riots and called it "opportunism" and "hatred" by the Congress government, of Sikhs. Although the U.S. has not identified the riots as genocide, it acknowledged that "grave human rights violations" occurred. In 2011, the burned sites of multiple Sikh killings from 1984, were discovered in Hondh-Chillar and Pataudi areas of Haryana. The Central Bureau of Investigation, the main Indian investigative agency, believes that the violence was organised with support from the Delhi police and some central-government officials.


1984 anti-Sikh riots
After 34 years of delay, in December 2018, the first high-profile conviction for the 1984 anti-Sikh riots took place with the arrest of Congress leader Sajjan Kumar, who was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Delhi High Court. Very few convictions have taken place in the pending 1984 cases, with only one death penalty conviction for an accused, Yashpal in the case of murdering Sikhs in the Mahipalpur area of Delhi.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
In 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and Akali Dal was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to demand more autonomy to Punjab. It demanded that power be generally devolved from the Central to state governments. The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it. Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a prominent Sikh leader of Damdami Taksal, then joined the Akali Dal to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982 to implement the Anandpur Sahib resolution. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed. Others demanded an autonomous state in India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
As high-handed police methods normally used on common criminals were used on protesters during the Dharam Yudh Morcha, creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population, retaliatory violence came from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
The concept of Khalistan was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General Shabeg Singh and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities," making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals. Meanwhile, out of 220 deaths during the first 19 months of the Dharam Yudh Morcha protests, 190 had been Sikhs.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
By 1983, the situation in Punjab was volatile. In October, Sikh militants stopped a bus and shot six Hindu passengers. On the same day, another group killed two officials on a train. The Congress-led central government dismissed the Punjab state government (led by their party), invoking the president's rule. During the five months before Operation Blue Star, from 1 January to 3 June 1984, 298 people were killed in violent incidents across Punjab. In the five days preceding the operation, 48 people were killed by violence. According to government  estimates, the number of civilians, police, and militants killed was 27 in 1981, 22 in 1982, and 99 in 1983. By June 1984, the total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
On 1 June, Operation Blue Star was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the Golden Temple complex. On 6 June Bhindranwale died in the operation. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured. According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties. Later operations by Indian paramilitary forces were conducted to clear the separatists from the state of Punjab.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Background
The operation carried out in the temple caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for Khalistan Movement. Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. One of the assassins was fatally shot by Gandhi's other bodyguards while the other was convicted of Gandhi's murder and then executed. Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the killings of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence
After the assassination of Indira Gandhi on 31 October 1984 by two of her Sikh bodyguards, anti-Sikh riots erupted the following day. They continued in some areas for several days, killing more than 3,000 Sikhs in New Delhi and an estimated 8,000 – 17,000 or more Sikhs were killed in 40 cities across India. At least 50,000 Sikhs were displaced. Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Trilokpuri, and other Trans-Yamuna areas of Delhi were the worst affected. Perpetrators carried iron rods, knives, clubs, and combustible material (including kerosene and petrol). They entered Sikh neighbourhoods, killing Sikhs indiscriminately and destroying shops and houses. Armed mobs stopped buses and trains in and near Delhi, pulling off Sikh passengers for lynching; some were burnt alive. Others were dragged from their homes and hacked to death, and Sikh women were reportedly gang-raped and Sikhs also had acid thrown on them.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence
Such wide-scale violence cannot take place without police help. Delhi Police, whose paramount duty was to upkeep law and order situation and protect innocent lives, gave full help to rioters who were in fact working under able guidance of sycophant leaders like Jagdish Tytler and H K L Bhagat. It is a known fact that many jails, sub-jails and lock-ups were opened for three days and prisoners, for the most part hardened criminals, were provided fullest provisions, means and instruction to "teach the Sikhs a lesson". But it will be wrong to say that Delhi Police did nothing, for it took full and keen action against Sikhs who tried to defend themselves. The Sikhs who opened fire to save their lives and property had to spend months dragging heels in courts after-wards.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence
The riots have also been described as pogroms, massacres or genocide.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
On 31 October, a crowd around the All India Institute of Medical Sciences began shouting vengeance slogans such as "Blood for blood!" and became an unruly mob. At 17:20, President Zail Singh arrived at the hospital and the mob stoned his car. It began assaulting Sikhs, stopping cars and buses to pull Sikhs out and burn them. The violence on 31 October, restricted to the area around the AIIMS, resulted in many Sikh deaths. Residents of other parts of Delhi reported that their neighbourhoods were peaceful.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
During the night of 31 October and the morning of 1 November, Congress Party leaders met with local supporters to distribute money and weapons. Congress MP Sajjan Kumar and trade-union leader Lalit Maken handed out ₹100 notes and bottles of liquor to the assailants. On the morning of 1 November, Sajjan Kumar was observed holding rallies in the Delhi neighbourhoods of Palam Colony (from 06:30 to 07:00), Kiran Gardens (08:00 to 08:30), and Sultanpuri (about 08:30 to 09:00).


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
In Kiran Gardens at 8:00 am, Kumar was observed distributing iron rods from a parked truck to a group of 120 people and ordering them to "attack Sikhs, kill them, and loot and burn their properties". During the morning he led a mob along the Palam railway road to Mangolpuri, where the crowd chanted: "Kill the Sardars" and "Indira Gandhi is our mother and these people have killed her". In Sultanpuri, Moti Singh (a Sikh Congress Party member for 20 years) heard Kumar make the following speech:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
Whoever kills the sons of the snakes, I will reward them. Whoever kills Roshan Singh and Bagh Singh will get 5,000 rupees each and 1,000 rupees each for killing any other Sikhs. You can collect these prizes on November 3 from my personal assistant Jai Chand Jamadar.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
The Central Bureau of Investigation told the court that during the riot, Kumar said that "not a single Sikh should survive". The bureau accused Delhi police of keeping its "eyes closed" during the riot, which was planned.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
In the Shakarpur neighbourhood, Congress Party leader Shyam Tyagi's home was used as a meeting place for an undetermined number of people. Minister of Information and Broadcasting H. K. L. Bhagat gave money to Boop Tyagi (Tyagi's brother), saying: "Keep these two thousand rupees for liquor and do as I have told you ... You need not worry at all. I will look after everything."


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
During the night of 31 October, Balwan Khokhar (a local Congress Party leader who was implicated in the massacre) held a meeting at Pandit Harkesh's ration shop in Palam. Congress Party supporter Shankar Lal Sharma held a meeting, where he assembled a mob which swore to kill Sikhs, in his shop at 08:30 on 1 November.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
Kerosene, the primary mob weapon, was supplied by a group of Congress Party leaders who owned filling stations. In Sultanpuri, Congress Party A-4 block president Brahmanand Gupta distributed oil while Sajjan Kumar "instructed the crowd to kill Sikhs, and to loot and burn their properties" (as he had done at other meetings throughout New Delhi). Similar meetings were held at locations such as Cooperative Colony in Bokaro, where local Congress president and gas-station owner P. K. Tripathi distributed kerosene to mobs. Aseem Shrivastava, a graduate student at the Delhi School of Economics, described the mobs' organised nature in an affidavit submitted to the Misra Commission:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
The attack on Sikhs and their property in our locality appeared to be an extremely organized affair ... There were also some young men on motorcycles, who were instructing the mobs and supplying them with kerosene oil from time to time. On more than a few occasions we saw auto-rickshaw arriving with several tins of kerosene oil and other inflammable material, such as jute sacks.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Meetings and weapons distribution
A senior official at the Ministry of Home Affairs told journalist Ivan Fera that an arson investigation of several businesses burned in the riots had found an unnamed combustible chemical "whose provision required large-scale coordination". Eyewitness reports confirmed the use of a combustible chemical in addition to kerosene. The Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee later cited 70 affidavits noting the use of a highly-flammable chemical in its written reports to the Misra Commission.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Congress Party voter-list use
On 31 October, Congress Party officials provided assailants with voter lists, school registration forms, and ration lists. The lists were used to find Sikh homes and business, an otherwise-impossible task because they were in unmarked, diverse neighbourhoods. During the night of 31 October, before the massacres began, assailants used the lists to mark Sikh houses with an "S". Because most mob members were illiterate, Congress Party officials provided help reading the lists and leading the mobs to Sikh homes and businesses in other neighbourhoods. With the lists, the mobs could pinpoint the location of Sikhs they otherwise would have missed.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Violence, Congress Party voter-list use
Sikh men not at home were easily identified by their turbans and beards, and Sikh women were identified by their dress. In some cases, the mobs returned to locations where they knew Sikhs were hiding because of the lists. Amar Singh escaped the initial attack on his house by having a Hindu neighbour drag him into the neighbour's house and announce that he was dead. A group of 18 assailants later came looking for his body; when his neighbour said that his body had been taken away, an assailant showed him a list and said: "Look, Amar Singh's name has not been struck off from the list, so his body has not been taken away."


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Timeline, 2 November
A curfew is announced in Delhi, but is not enforced. Although the army is deployed throughout the city, the police did not co-operate with soldiers (who are forbidden to fire without the consent of senior police officers and executive magistrates).


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Timeline, 3 November
By late evening, army and local police units work together to subdue the violence. After law-enforcement intervention, violence is comparatively mild and sporadic. In Delhi, the bodies of riot victims are brought to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and the Civil Hospital mortuary in Delhi.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
The Delhi High Court, delivering its verdict on a riot-related case in 2009, said:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
Though we boast of being the world's largest democracy and the Delhi being its national capital, the sheer mention of the incidents of 1984 anti-Sikh riots in general and the role played by Delhi Police and state machinery in particular makes our heads hang in shame in the eyes of the world polity.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
The government allegedly destroyed evidence and shielded the guilty. Asian Age, an Indian daily newspaper, ran a front-page story calling the government actions "the mother of all cover-ups".


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
From 31 October 1984 to 10 November 1984 the People's Union for Democratic Rights and the People's Union for Civil Liberties conducted an inquiry into the riots, interviewing victims, police officers, neighbours of the victims, army personnel and political leaders. In their joint report, "Who Are The Guilty", the groups concluded:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
The attacks on members of the Sikh Community in Delhi and its suburbs during the period, far from being a spontaneous expression of "madness" and of popular "grief and anger" at Mrs. Gandhi's assassination as made out to be by the authorities, were the outcome of a well organised plan marked by acts of both deliberate commissions and omissions by important politicians of the Congress (I) at the top and by authorities in the administration.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
According to eyewitness accounts obtained by Time magazine, Delhi police looked on as "rioters murdered and raped, having gotten access to voter records that allowed them to mark Sikh homes with large Xs, and large mobs being bused in to large Sikh settlements". Time reported that the riots led to only minor arrests, with no major politicians or police officers convicted. The magazine quoted Ensaaf, an Indian human-rights organisation, as saying that the government attempted to destroy evidence of its involvement by refusing to record First Information Reports.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
A 1991 Human Rights Watch report on violence between Sikh separatists and the Government of India traced part of the problem to government response to the violence:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
Despite numerous credible eye-witness accounts that identified many of those involved in the violence, including police and politicians, in the months following the killings, the government sought no prosecutions or indictments of any persons, including officials, accused in any case of murder, rape or arson.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
The violence was allegedly led (and often perpetrated) by Indian National Congress activists and sympathizers. The Congress-led government was widely criticised for doing little at the time and possibly conspiring in the riots, since voter lists were used to identify Sikh families.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
A few days after the massacre, many surviving Sikh youths in Delhi had joined or created Sikh militant groups. This led to more violence in Punjab, including the assassination of several senior Congress Party members. The Khalistan Commando Force and Khalistan Liberation Force claimed responsibility for the retaliation, and an underground network was established.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
On 31 July 1985, Harjinder Singh Jinda, Sukhdev Singh Sukha and Ranjit Singh Gill of the Khalistan Commando Force assassinated Congress Party leader and MP Lalit Maken in retaliation for the riots. The 31-page report, "Who Are The Guilty? ", listed 227 people who led the mobs; Maken was third on the list.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath
Harjinder Singh Jinda and Sukhdev Singh Sukha assassinated Congress Party leader Arjan Dass because of his involvement in the riots. Dass' name appeared in affidavits submitted by Sikh victims to the Nanavati Commission, headed by retired Supreme Court of India judge G. T. Nanavati.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath, Convictions
In Delhi, 442 rioters were convicted. Forty-nine were sentenced to the life imprisonment, and another three to more than 10 years' imprisonment. Six Delhi police officers were sanctioned for negligence during the riots. In April 2013, the Supreme Court of India dismissed the appeal of three people who had challenged their life sentences. That month, the Karkardooma district court in Delhi convicted five people – Balwan Khokkar (former councillor), Mahender Yadav (former MLA), Kishan Khokkar, Girdhari Lal and Captain Bhagmal – for inciting a mob against Sikhs in Delhi Cantonment. The court acquitted Congress leader Sajjan Kumar, which led to protests.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath, Convictions
In the first ever case of capital punishment in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots case death sentence was awarded to Yashpal Singh convicted for murdering two persons, 24-year-old Hardev Singh and 26-year-old Avtar Singh, in Mahipal Pur area of Delhi on 1 November 1984. Additional Sessions Judge Ajay Pandey pronounced the Judgement on 20 November 34 years after the crime was committed. The second convict in the case, Naresh Sehrawat was awarded life imprisonment. The Court considered the failing health of 68-year-old Sehrawat while giving him a lighter sentence.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath, Convictions
The conviction followed a complaint by the deceased Hardev Singh's elder brother Santokh Singh. Though an FIR was filed on the same day of the crime nothing came of the case as a Congress leader, JP Singh, who led the mob was acquitted in the case. A fresh FIR was filed on 29 April 1993, following recommendations of the Ranganath Commission of inquiry. The police closed the matter as untraced despite witness testimonies of the deceased's four brothers who were witness to the crime.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath, Convictions
The case was reopened by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the BJP-led NDA government on 12 February 2015. The SIT completed the investigation in record time. The first conviction resulting from the formation of the SIT came on 15 November 2018, by the conviction of Naresh Sehrawat and Yashpal Singh.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Aftermath, Convictions
In December 2018, in one of the first high-profile convictions, former Congress leader Sajjan Kumar was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Delhi High Court based on the re-opened investigation by the Special Investigation Team constituted by the NDA government in 2015.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations
Ten commissions or committees have been formed to investigate the riots. The most recent, headed by Justice G. T. Nanavati, submitted its 185-page report to Home Minister Shivraj Patil on 9 February 2005; the report was tabled in Parliament on 8 August of that year. The commissions below are listed in chronological order. Many of the accused were acquitted or never formally charged.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Marwah Commission
The Marwah Commission was appointed in November 1984. Ved Marwah, Additional Commissioner of Police, was tasked with enquiring into the role of the police during the riots. Many of the accused Delhi Police officers were tried in the Delhi High Court. As Marwah was completing his inquiry in mid-1985, he was abruptly directed by the Home Ministry not to proceed further. The Marwah Commission records were appropriated by the government, and most (except for Marwah's handwritten notes) were later given to the Misra Commission.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Misra Commission
The Misra Commission was appointed in May 1985; Justice Rangnath Misra was a judge on the Supreme Court of India. Misra submitted his report in August 1986, and the report was made public in February 1987. In his report, he said that it was not part of his terms of reference to identify any individual and recommended the formation of three committees.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Misra Commission
The commission and its report was criticised as biased by the People's Union for Civil Liberties and Human Rights Watch. According to a Human Rights Watch report on the commission:


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Misra Commission
It recommended no criminal prosecution of any individual, and it cleared all high-level officials of directing the pogroms. In its findings, the commission did acknowledge that many of the victims testifying before it had received threats from local police. While the commission noted that there had been "widespread lapses" on the part of the police, it concluded that "the allegations before the commission about the conduct of the police are more of indifference and negligence during the riots than of any wrongful overt act."


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Misra Commission
The People's Union for Civil Liberties criticised the Misra Commission for concealing information on the accused while disclosing the names and addresses of victims.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Kapur Mittal Committee
The Kapur Mittal Committee was appointed in February 1987 at the recommendation of the Misra Commission to enquire into the role of the police; the Marwah Commission had almost completed a police inquiry in 1985 when the government asked that committee not to continue. This committee consisted of Justice Dalip Kapur and Kusum Mittal, retired Secretary of Uttar Pradesh. It submitted its report in 1990, and 72 police officers were cited for conspiracy or gross negligence. Although the committee recommended the dismissal of 30 of the 72 officers, none have been punished.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Jain Banerjee Committee
The Jain Banerjee Committee was recommended by the Misra Commission for the registration of cases. The committee consisted of former Delhi High Court judge M. L. Jain and retired Inspector General of Police A. K. Banerjee.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Jain Banerjee Committee
In its report, the Misra Commission stated that many cases (particularly those involving political leaders or police officers) had not been registered. Although the Jain Banerjee Committee recommended the registration of cases against Sajjan Kumar in August 1987, no case was registered.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Jain Banerjee Committee
In November 1987, press reports criticised the government for not registering cases despite the committee's recommendation. The following month, Brahmanand Gupta (accused with Sajjan Kumar) filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court and obtained a stay of proceedings against the committee which was not opposed by the government. The Citizen's Justice Committee filed an application to vacate the stay. The writ petition was decided in August 1989 and the high court abolished the committee. An appeal was filed by the Citizen's Justice Committee in the Supreme Court of India.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Potti Rosha Committee
The Potti Rosha Committee was appointed in March 1990 by the V. P. Singh government as a successor to the Jain Banerjee Committee. In August 1990, the committee issued recommendations for filing cases based on affidavits submitted by victims of the violence; there was one against Sajjan Kumar. When a CBI team went to Kumar's home to file the charges, his supporters held and threatened them if they persisted in pursuing Kumar. When the committee's term expired in September 1990, Potti and Rosha decided to end their inquiry.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Jain Aggarwal Committee
The Jain Aggarwal Committee was appointed in December 1990 as a successor to the Potti Rosha Committee. It consisted of Justice J. D. Jain and retired Uttar Pradesh director general of police D. K. Aggarwal. The committee recommended the registration of cases against H. K. L. Bhagat, Sajjan Kumar, Dharamdas Shastri and Jagdish Tytler.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Jain Aggarwal Committee
It suggested establishing two or three special investigating teams in the Delhi Police under a deputy commissioner of police, supervised by an additional commissioner of police answerable to the CID, and a review of the work-load of the three special courts set up to deal with the riot cases. The appointment of special prosecutors to deal the cases was also discussed. The committee was wound up in August 1993, but the cases it recommended were not registered by the police.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Ahuja Committee
The Ahuja Committee was the third committee recommended by the Misra Commission to determine the total number of deaths in Delhi. According to the committee, which submitted its report in August 1987, 2,733 Sikhs were killed in the city.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Dhillon Committee
The Dhillon Committee, headed by Gurdial Singh Dhillon, was appointed in 1985 to recommend measures for the rehabilitation of victims. The committee submitted its report by the end of the year. One major recommendation was that businesses with insurance coverage whose claims were denied should receive compensation as directed by the government. Although the committee recommended ordering the (nationalised) insurance companies to pay the claims, the government did not accept its recommendation and the claims were not paid.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Narula Committee
The Narula Committee was appointed in December 1993 by the Madan Lal Khurana-led BJP government in Delhi. One recommendation of the committee was to convince the central government to impose sanctions.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Narula Committee
Khurana took up the matter with the central government, which in the middle of 1994, the Central Government decided that the matter did not fall within its purview and sent the case to the lieutenant governor of Delhi. It took two years for the P. V. Narasimha Rao government to decide that it did not fall within its purview.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Narula Committee
The Narasimha Rao Government further delayed the case. The committee submitted its report in January 1994, recommending the registration of cases against H. K. L. Bhagat and Sajjan Kumar. Despite the central-government delay, the CBI filed the charge sheet in December 1994.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, The Nanavati Commission
The Nanavati Commission was established in 2000 after some dissatisfaction was expressed with previous reports. The Nanavati Commission was appointed by a unanimous resolution passed in the Rajya Sabha. This commission was headed by Justice G.T. Nanavati, retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India. The commission submitted its report in February 2004. The commission reported that recorded accounts from victims and witnesses "indicate that local Congress leaders and workers had either incited or helped the mobs in attacking the Sikhs".


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, The Nanavati Commission
Its report also found evidence against Jagdish Tytler "to the effect that very probably he had a hand in organising attacks on Sikhs". It also recommended that Sajjan Kumar's involvement in the rioting required a closer look. The commission's report also cleared Rajiv Gandhi and other high ranking Congress (I) party members of any involvement in organising riots against Sikhs. It did find, however, that the Delhi Police fired about 392 rounds of bullets, arrested approximately 372 persons, and "remained passive and did not provide protection to the people" throughout the rioting.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
The Central Bureau of Investigation closed all cases against Jagdish Tytler in November 2007 for his alleged criminal conspiracy to engineer riots against Sikhs in the aftermath of Indira Gandhi's assassination. The bureau submitted a report to the Delhi court that no evidence or witness was found to corroborate allegations that Tytler led murderous mobs during 1984. It was alleged in court that Tytler – then an MP – complained to his supporters about the relatively-"small" number of Sikhs killed in his constituency (Delhi Sadar), which he thought had undermined his position in the Congress Party.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
In December 2007 a witness, Dushyant Singh (then living in California), appeared on several private television news channels in India saying that he was never contacted by the CBI. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) demanded an explanation in Parliament from Minister of State for Personnel Suresh Pachouri, who was in charge of the CBI. Pachouri, who was present, refused to make a statement. Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of the Delhi Court Sanjeev Jain, who had dismissed the case against Tytler after the CBI submitted a misleading report, ordered the CBI to reopen cases against Tytler related to the riots on 18 December 2007.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
In December 2008 a two-member CBI team went to New York to record statements from Jasbir Singh and Surinder Singh, two eyewitnesses. The witnesses said that they saw Tytler lead a mob during the riot, but did not want to return to India because they feared for their safety. They blamed the CBI for not conducting a fair trial, accusing the bureau of protecting Tytler.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
In March 2009, the CBI cleared Tytler amidst protests from Sikhs and the opposition parties. On 7 April, Sikh Dainik Jagran reporter Jarnail Singh threw his shoe at Home Minister P. Chidambaram to protest the clearing of Tytler and Sajjan Kumar. Because of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, Chidambaram did not press charges.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
Two days later, over 500 protesters from Sikh organisations throughout India gathered outside the court which was scheduled to hear the CBI's plea to close the case against Tytler. Later in the day, Tytler announced that he was withdrawing from the Lok Sabha elections to avoid embarrassing his party. This forced the Congress Party to cut the Tytler and Sajjan Kumar Lok Sabha tickets.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Role of Jagdish Tytler
On 10 April 2013, the Delhi court ordered the CBI to reopen the 1984 case against Tytler. The court ordered the bureau to investigate the killing of three people in the riot case, of which Tytler had been cleared.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, New York civil case
Sikhs for Justice, a U.S.-based NGO, filed a civil suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York on 14 March 2011 accusing the Indian government of complicity in the riots. The court issued a summons to the Congress Party and Kamal Nath, who was accused by the Nanavati commission of encouraging rioters. The complaint against Nath was dismissed in March 2012 by Judge Robert W. Sweet, who ruled that the court lacked jurisdiction in the case.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, New York civil case
The 22-page order granted Nath's motion to dismiss the claim, with Sweet noting that Sikhs for Justice failed to "serve the summons and its complaints to Nath in an appropriate and desired manner". On 3 September 2013, a federal court in New York issued a summons to Sonia Gandhi for her alleged role in protecting participants in the riots. A U.S. court dismissed the lawsuit against Gandhi on 11 July 2014.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Cobrapost operation
According to an April 2014 Cobrapost sting operation, the government muzzled the Delhi Police during the riots. Messages were broadcast directing the police not to act against rioters, and the fire brigade would not go to areas where cases of arson were reported.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Investigations, Special Investigation Team (Supreme Court)
In January 2018, the Supreme Court of India decided to form a three-member Special Investigation Team (SIT) of its own to probe 186 cases related to 1984 anti-Sikh riots that were not further investigated by Union Government formed SIT. This SIT would consists of a former High court judge, a former IPS officer whose rank is not less than or equivalent to Inspector general and a serving IPS Officer.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Impact and legacy
On 12 August 2005, Manmohan Singh apologised in the Lok Sabha for the riots. The riots are cited as a reason to support the creation of a Sikh homeland in India, often called Khalistan.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Impact and legacy
Many Indians of different religions made significant efforts to hide and help Sikh families during the rioting. The Sikh Jathedar of Akal Takht declared the events following the death of Indira Gandhi a Sikh "genocide", replacing "anti-Sikh riots" widely used by the Indian government, the media and writers, on 15 July 2010. The decision came soon after a similar motion was raised in the Canadian Parliament by a Sikh MP. Although several political parties and governments have promised compensation for the families of riot victims, compensation has not yet been paid.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Impact and legacy
On 16 April 2015, Assembly Concurrent Resolution 34 (ACR 34) was passed by the California State Assembly. Co -authored by Sacramento-area assembly members Jim Cooper, Kevin McCarty, Jim Gallagher and Ken Cooley, the resolution criticized the Government for participating in and failing to prevent the killings. The assembly called the killings a "genocide", as it "resulted in the intentional destruction of many Sikh families, communities, homes and businesses." In April 2017, the Ontario Legislature passed a motion condemning the anti-Sikh riots as "genocide". The Indian government lobbied against the motion and condemned it upon its adoption. In February 2018, American state of Connecticut, passed a bill stating, 30 November of each year to be "Sikh Genocide" Remembrance Day to remember the lives lost on 30 November 1984, during the Sikh Genocide.


1984 anti-Sikh riots, Impact and legacy
On 15 January 2017, the Wall of Truth was inaugurated in Lutyens' Delhi, New Delhi, as a memorial for Sikhs killed during the 1984 riots (and other hate crimes across the world).


1984 anti-Sikh riots, In popular culture
The Delhi riots have been the subject of several films and novels:


1984 du Maurier Classic
The 1984 du Maurier Classic was contested from July 26–29 at St. George's Golf and Country Club. It was the 12th edition of the du Maurier Classic, and the sixth edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa
The 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa was a Hawaiian eruption in the U.S. state of Hawaii that lasted from March 25 to April 15, 1984. It ended a 9-year period of quiescence at the volcano and continued for 22 days, during which time lava flows and lava fountains issued from the summit caldera and fissures along the northeast and southwest rift zones. Although the lava threatened Hilo, the flow stopped before reaching the outskirts of town.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Precursors
Repeated deformation measurements showed that the summit area of Mauna Loa began to inflate shortly after a brief summit eruption on July 5–6,  1975. This was followed by a 3-year period of slowly increasing earthquake activity beneath the volcano that included a swarm of earthquakes 3 to 9 mi (4.8 to 14.5 km) deep in mid-September 1983. The earthquakes reached a maximum frequency just after a 6.6 magnitude earthquake took place beneath the southeast flank of Mauna Loa, in the Ka‘ōiki fault system, on November 16, 1983. Following the Ka‘ōiki earthquake, the number of earthquakes over 1.5 magnitude increased gradually as the time of eruption approached.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Precursors
The immediate precursors to the 1984 eruption consisted of an abrupt increase in small earthquakes and volcanic tremor recorded on seismic stations located near Moku‘āweoweo caldera. At 10:55 p.m. on March 24, small earthquakes began at a rate of 2–3 per minute. By 11:30 p.m., the seismic background increased, marking the onset of tremor. Just before 1:00 a.m. on March 25, the tremor amplitude increased to the point that the astronomical telescopes on Mauna Kea, 25 mi (40 km) to the northwest, could not be stabilized due to the constant ground vibration.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
At 1:25 a.m., a military satellite recorded a strong infrared signal from the summit of Mauna Loa, indicating that the eruption was underway. Within just a few minutes, people throughout Hawaii island were reporting an intense red glow above the volcano. Eruptive fissures migrated rapidly down the southwest rift zone to the 12,750 ft (3,890 m) elevation and across the southern half of Moku‘āweoweo (flow A on map). By 4:00 a.m., lava fountains extended across the northeast half of Moku‘āweoweo and into the upper reaches of the northeast rift zone (flow B on map).


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
At 10:30 a.m., intense steam emissions began along a fracture 0.6 mi (0.97 km) long farther down the northeast rift zone between the 10,690 and 10,400 ft (3,260 and 3,170 m) elevation, but no eruptive fissure formed in this area. By mid-afternoon, eruptive activity began to decrease at the uppermost vents between 12,140 and 12,400 ft (3,700 and 3,780 m).


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
At 4:41 p.m., a new fissure opened up at the 9,350 ft (2,850 m) elevation. This fissure rapidly migrated both uprift and downrift, so that by 6:30 p.m., a line of lava fountains slightly longer than 1 mi (1.6 km) was active. Eventually the fissure system condensed to four centers of activity with fountains up to 50 m (165 ft) high. Four parallel flows (flows D on map) moved down the northeast flank at speeds as fast as 300 to 700 ft (91 to 213 m) per hour.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
All vents uprift from these new ones quickly became inactive and the eruptive activity was confined to these vents for the next three weeks. Six large vent structures eventually formed in this area around the active vents. By daybreak on March 26, these vents were feeding lava to a fast-moving flow (flow E on map) that had advanced 5.5 mi (8.9 km) to the northeast and three less active, shorter flows (flows D on map) that were advancing east toward Kulani Prison. The prison was put on alert because the shorter lava flows were as close as 2 mi (3.2 km) to the prison. These flows, however, stopped advancing within 48 hours and never crossed the Powerline Road.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
The fast-moving flow (flow E on map) advanced as a relatively narrow, channelized ‘a‘ā lava flow. Its rate of advance slowed as it moved downslope, but by March 29 the flow had moved 15.5 mi (24.9 km) to an elevation of 3,000 ft (910 m). At this time, the flow front was about 4 mi (6.4 km) from the outskirts of Hilo. Smoke from burning vegetation, loud explosions caused by methane gas along the advancing flow front and the intense glow at night all contributed to a growing concern among Hilo's residents.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
Early in the morning of March 29, a levee along the lava channel broke at the 1,737 m (5,699 ft) elevation about 8 mi (13 km) upslope from the flow front (flow E on map). The lava was diverted into a new subparallel flow (flow F on map) and flow E stagnated, temporarily relieving emergency-response officials and residents of Hilo. This new ‘a‘ā lava flow moved at a comparable rate to the earlier flow E, yet did not extend beyond flow E until April 4.


1984 eruption of Mauna Loa, Eruption
Another significant levee breakout occurred on April 5, forming a third subparallel ‘a‘ā lava flow (flow G on map) that moved downslope. Concurrently, lava output at the source vents diminished slightly, and the lava became more viscous, resulting in channel blockages and levee collapses that occurred more frequently. The collapses restricted the supply of lava to the flow fronts, which moved steadily higher and more distant from the outskirts of Hilo. By April 14, no active ‘a‘ā lava flows extended more than 1.25 mi (2.01 km) from the vents, and on April 15, the eruption ended.


1984 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Afghanistan.


1984 in Afghanistan
Resistance against the Soviet-backed government increases sharply during the year. Afghanistan continues to be dependent on the U.S.S.R. for military aid, food supplies, fuel, and even medical treatment for its leaders. Afghanistan's relations with the West remain strained, and its relations with Asian nations, with the exception of India, show no visible improvement. After five years of Soviet military presence, the nation is slowly but steadily becoming a satellite of Moscow.


1984 in Afghanistan, January 1, 1984
New draft laws are proclaimed under which all Afghan youths over 18 years of age are to be conscripted into the Army. The move is seen as part of a desperate attempt to check the depletion of the Army, which has fallen to 30,000-40,000 personnel from 80,000 to 90,000 before the Soviet invasion.


1984 in Afghanistan, January 2, 1984
The U.S.S.R. rejects a UN resolution demanding the withdrawal of foreign troops from Afghanistan. The resolution, which did not name the U.S.S.R. directly, was co-sponsored by 44 countries and adopted in the General Assembly the previous November.


1984 in Afghanistan, January 10, 1984
Heavy fighting is reported from Kandahar, Afghanistan's second largest city. According to some sources, over 100 troops are killed in the operation, but the city remains under insurgent control. The Afghan media denies these reports.


1984 in Afghanistan, February 1, 1984
Radio Kabul claims successes against the insurgents, reporting that 600 "bandits" - the official term for insurgents - have been killed during January.


1984 in Afghanistan, April and July 1984
In the continuing battle for control of the strategic Panjsher Valley near Kabul, the government launches major offensives, claiming on each occasion that it has cleared the valley of rebels, though the claim is disputed by Western diplomats and by subsequent events. Independent reports put casualties among Soviet and Afghan troops during the July 18–24 offensive at 2,000, with the insurgents and valley residents suffering equally.


1984 in Afghanistan, July and August 1984
Pakistan claims that air and artillery attacks on Pakistan from Afghanistan have killed some 100 people. The allegation is promptly denied by Kabul, but Pakistan-based foreign journalists taken on a tour of the affected areas confirm the attacks. The affair heats up when the U.S. State Department issues a statement on August 24 "deploring the attacks on Pakistan".


1984 in Afghanistan, Late August 1984
The most important diplomatic development of the year takes place in Geneva, where talks are held under UN auspices. Afghan Foreign Minister Dost and his Pakistani counterpart Khan do not meet face to face but hold negotiations through Cordovez. Nothing concrete emerges from the talks, however; UN officials refuse to comment, except to say privately that another round of discussions will be held later, possibly in 1985. The three main items under discussions are international guarantees of Afghanistan's security, the return to Afghanistan of the approximately 4.5 million refugees from Pakistan and Iran, and withdrawal of more than 100,000 Soviet troops from Afghanistan.


1984 in Afghanistan, August 31, 1984
A bomb explodes outside the international airport at Kabul, killing 13 people and wounding 207. Karmal accuses Pakistan of masterminding the incident.


1984 in Afghanistan, November 1984
Western diplomats say the Soviets are sending Afghan children to the Soviet Union for ten years of indoctrination. However, there is no independent confirmation of the report.


1984 in Afghanistan, December 3, 1984
Abdul Qadir is replaced as defense minister by Nazar Mohammad.


1984 in American television
This article is a list of television-related events during 1984.


1984 in Argentine football
In 1984 Ferro Carril Oeste won the Nacional, Argentinos Juniors won the Metropolitano and Independiente won the Copa Libertadores 1984.


1984 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Australia.


1984 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1984.


1984 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1984 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1984 in Australian soccer
The 1984 season was the 15th season of competitive association football in Australia.


1984 in Australian television, Events, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1984 in Bangladesh
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1984th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 984th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th  year of the 20th century, and the  5th   year of the 1980s decade.


1984 in Bangladesh
The year 1984 was the 13th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the third year of the Government of Hussain Muhammad Ershad.


1984 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1984 average official exchange rate for BDT was 25.35 per US$.


1984 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1984.


1984 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1984 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 83rd season of competitive football in the country.


1984 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Fluminense declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions by aggregate score of 1-0.


1984 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Uberlândia declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B champions by aggregate score of 1-0.


1984 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Promotion
The champion and the runner-up, which are Uberlândia and Remo, were promoted to the following year's first level.


1984 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1984.


1984 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1984.


1984 in British music
This is a summary of 1984 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1984 in British music, Summary
1984 was a year of several huge selling releases, including at the time the biggest selling single ever. Six singles this year sold over a million copies, the joint highest number ever along with 1998. Out of the top 10 biggest selling songs of the 1980s, six of them all peaked in 1984 including the entire top 4.


1984 in British music, Summary
One of the biggest bands of the year was Frankie Goes to Hollywood, a five-piece from Liverpool fronted by Holly Johnson. Their debut single "Relax" was banned by the BBC for sexually suggestive content, and was number 1 for five weeks. Their second single "Two Tribes" referenced the ongoing cold war and featured a music video of lookalikes of American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko violently fighting, and was number 1 for nine weeks in the summer, both songs selling over a million.


1984 in British music, Summary
In November they made chart history when their third single, "The Power of Love", also made number 1. They were only the second band in chart history to have their first three releases all go to number 1, following Gerry & The Pacemakers twenty years earlier; however, it would be their last. Their album "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" also reached number 1.


1984 in British music, Summary
Wham! had their first number 1 single this year after four earlier top 10 hits, the upbeat "Wake Me Up Before You Go Go". This would soon be followed by their second, "Freedom" later in the year, and their second album Make It Big also reached the top. One of the members of the band, George Michael, also released a solo single this year, the ballad "Careless Whisper" co-written by his bandmate Andrew Ridgeley. It was number 1 for three weeks and sold over a million.


1984 in British music, Summary
A big-selling singer who would go on to have many hits over the next two decades first appeared this year, American singer Madonna. Her debut hit "Holiday" reached number 6, and "Like a Virgin" charted three places higher at number 3. From the same country came Prince, who had his first two top 10 hits with "When Doves Cry" and "Purple Rain". For both artists, 1985 would bring even more hits as would the rest of the decade.


1984 in British music, Summary
After eighteen years, Stevie Wonder achieved his first solo number 1 single with "I Just Called to Say I Love You", from the soundtrack of the film The Woman in Red, selling over a million. He had first charted at the age of 15 with "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" in 1966, and had previously had a number 1 in 1982 with a duet with Paul McCartney, "Ebony and Ivory". In 1984 his harmonica playing featured in Chaka Khan's number one hit "I Feel for You" and in 1985 Eurythmics' number 1 hit "There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)".


1984 in British music, Summary
The Christmas number one single featured more than 40 artists. "Do They Know It's Christmas? ", written by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, was made in response to ongoing famine in Ethiopia, so the supergroup Band Aid was formed to sing a charity record about it, all proceeds from the song going to the charity to raise money for help. Popular acts of the day such as Wham!, U2, Spandau Ballet, Duran Duran and Boy George sung on the record.


1984 in British music, Summary
Not only did the song become the Christmas number one, it sold over three million copies and became the biggest selling single of all time, a record that held for the next thirteen years. The song at number 2, Wham! 's Last Christmas, sold over a million and proceeds from that also went to the charity. Further Band Aid singles would be released in 1989 (Band Aid II) and 2004 (Band Aid 20), both also Christmas number one.


1984 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1984.


1984 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1984.


1984 in Brunei
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Brunei.


1984 in Cambodia
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Cambodia.


1984 in Canadian television
This is a list of Canadian television-related events from 1984.


1984 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Cape Verde.


1984 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Chile.


1984 in China
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in the People's Republic of China.


1984 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1984.


1984 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1984.


1984 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1984.


1984 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1984 in Estonia.


1984 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1984.


1984 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1984.


1984 in German television, Deaths
This German television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1984 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1984 in Iceland.


1984 in India
Events in the year 1984 in the Republic of India.


1984 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1984.


1984 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1984 include:


1984 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian Arab terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1984 include:


1984 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1984 include:


1984 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1984.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In film, The Funeral by Juzo Itami won the Best film award at the Japan Academy Prize and at the Hochi Film Awards, MacArthur's Children by Masahiro Shinoda won Best film at the Blue Ribbon Awards and Mahjong hōrōki by Makoto Wada won Best film at the Yokohama Film Festival. For a list of Japanese films released in 1984 see Japanese films of 1984.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In manga, the winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award were Human Crossing by Masao Yajima and Kenshi Hirokane (general), Futari Daka and Area 88 by Kaoru Shintani (shōnen), Yume no Ishibumi by Toshie Kihara (shōjo) and Kinnikuman by Yudetamago (children). X+Y by Moto Hagio won the Seiun Award for Best Comic of the Year. For a list of manga released in 1984 see Category:1984 manga.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In music, the 35th Kōhaku Uta Gassen was won by the Red Team (women). Hiroshi Itsuki won the 26th Japan Record Awards, held on December 31, and the FNS Music Festival.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
Japan hosted the Miss International 1984 beauty pageant, won by Guatemalan Ilma Urrutia.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
At the 1984 Summer Olympics Japan ranked 7th with 10 gold medals. At the Winter Olympics Japan ranked 14th with one silver medal.


1984 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In football (soccer), Japan hosted the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. Yomiuri won the Japan Soccer League. For the champions of the regional leagues see: 1984 Japanese Regional Leagues.


1984 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1984.


1984 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Laos.


1984 in Libya
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Libya.


1984 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1984 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1984, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The Associated Press (AP) selected the state's top news stories as follows:


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
1. The July 16 decision by Consumers Power to shut down the Midland Nuclear Power Plant which was 85% complete, but had experienced massive cost overruns and total costs in excess of $3.6 billion;2. (tie) The takeover of the Michigan Senate by Republicans in February 1984 following special elections to replace two Democratic Senators (Philip Mastin and David Serotkin) who had been ousted in 1983 recall elections targeting legislators who voted in favor of a 38% income tax increase;2. (tie)


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The resurgence of the automobile industry, including increased sales and profits and the announcement by Mazda that it would build a $450 million plant in Flat Rock, Michigan;4. The United Auto Workers' six-day strike against 17 General Motors plants in September;5. (tie) The defeat of Proposition C, a ballot initiative dubbed "Voter's Choice" which would have rolled back taxes to 1981 levels, required voter approval for future tax increases, and reduced Detroit's non-resident income tax;5. (tie) The resurgence of the state's economy, including a decline in unemployment and a state budget surplus of $282 million;7.


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The sentencing of Upjohn heir Roger A. Gauntlett, age 43, to "chemical castration" (through five years of treatment with Depo-Provera) for the repeated rape of his teenage stepdaughter. (The Depo-Provera aspect of the sentence was later reversed on appeal.) 8. (tie) The tarnishing of Detroit's image due to violent outbreaks in October, including a shooting death and other violence amid the celebration of the Detroit Tigers' October 14 victory in the 1984 World Series, and hundreds of fires set in Detroit on October 30, "Devil's night";8. (tie)


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The federal civil rights trial, following protests over lenient state court sentencing (probation and fines), of Chrysler plant superintendent Ronald Ebens and his stepson, Michael Nitz, in the racially motivated Murder of Vincent Chin, a Chinese American man who was beaten to death in June 1982 with a baseball bat after an altercation at the Fancy Pants Lounge, a Woodward Avenue strip club. Ebens was convicted on June 28 in the federal case and sentenced on September 18 to 25 years in federal prison.


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
(The appellate court later ordered a new trial that resulted in Ebens' acquittal on May 1, 1987.) 10. (tie) The comeback of Chrysler Corporation after repaying federal loan guarantees in 1983 and achieving record earnings of $803 million in the quarter from April to June 1984; and10. (tie)


1984 in Michigan, Top Michigan news stories
The House of Judah controversies, including the trial and conviction of three members of the religious camp in South Haven arising out of the July 1983 beating death of 12-year-old John Yarbough, the conviction of another member for raping a 13-year-old girl, the removal of 66 children from the camp, and the death of two other children in a mobile home fire in October 1984.


1984 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1984 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1984 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1984 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in New Zealand.


1984 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 40th New Zealand Parliament, led by the National Party, concluded, and in the general election the Labour Party was elected in the 41st New Zealand Parliament.


1984 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1984 in New Zealand television, 1984 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1984 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1984 film awards, 1984 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1984 films


1984 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1984 in Norwegian music.


1984 in Pakistan
Anti - Ahmadi activities grew stronger and General Zia's government also took part in it. Ordinance XX was passed, which practically criminalized the Ahmadiyya faith. As a result, Mirza Tahir Ahmad had to migrate to England.


1984 in Pakistan
Pakistan won the gold medal in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic games in the men's hockey event, beating Germany 2-1 and becoming Olympic champions for the third time.


1984 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1984. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1984 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 with Maria Guinot and the song "Silêncio e tanta gente".


1984 in Portugal, Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1983–84 Primeira Divisão and 1984–85 Primeira Divisão.


1984 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1984.


1984 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Singapore.


1984 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in South Africa.


1984 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Two new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways:


1984 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Sri Lanka.


1984 in Swedish football
The 1984 season in Swedish football, starting January 1984 and ending December 1984:


1984 in Swedish television
This is a list of Swedish television related events from 1984.


1984 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1984 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 73 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1984 in Thailand
The year 1984 was the 203rd year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 39th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2527 in the Buddhist Era.


1984 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1984 to Wales and its people.


1984 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1984 in Zaire.


1984 in Zaire, Sources
This year in Africa article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1984 in architecture
The year 1984 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1984 in association football
The following are the association football events of the year 1984 throughout the world.


1984 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1984  throughout the world.


1984 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1984  throughout the world.


1984 in comics
Notable events of 1984 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1984 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1984.


1984 in film
The following is an overview of events in 1984 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


1984 in film
The year's highest-grossing film domestcally was Beverly Hills Cop. Ghostbusters overtook it, however, with a re-release the following year. It was the first time in five years that the top-grossing film did not involve George Lucas or Steven Spielberg although Spielberg directed the third placed Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (the highest grossing film worldwide that year) and executive produced the fourth placed Gremlins.


1984 in film
U.S. box office grosses reached $4 billion for the first time and it was the first year that two films had returned over $100 million to their distributors with both Ghostbusters and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom achieving this. Beverly Hills Cop made it three for films released in 1984 after its performance during 1985 took it to rentals of $108 million. Other popular films included The NeverEnding Story, which was the most expensive film produced in West Germany, The Karate Kid and Romancing the Stone. A high number of sci-fi/fantasy films were released in 1984.


1984 in film, Highest-grossing films, United States
The top ten 1984 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1984 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1984 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1984 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1984. For video games, see 1984 in video gaming.


1984 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1984 in the Men's hammer throw. One of the main events during this season were the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California (USA), where the final of the men's competition was held on August 6, 1984. Women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s. Soviet Union's Yuriy Sedykh broke the world record during the 1984 season.


1984 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1984.


1984 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1984.


1984 in ice hockey
The following is a chronicle of events during the year 1984 in ice hockey.


1984 in ice hockey, Olympics
The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, was the 15th Olympic Championship. The Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal. Sweden obtained the bronze medal, while Canada finished fourth. Erich Kühnhackl was the leading scorer with 14 points.


1984 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1984.


1984 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1984.


1984 in motoring
This article 1984 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1984 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the Earth's most important economic sectors by revenue. The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany.


1984 in motoring, United Kingdom
In 1984 British Leyland sold its Jaguar car business into private ownership. British Leyland's mass-market car division, the Austin Rover Group, scrapped one of its longest-running marques, Morris, which was discontinued in August after the Ital was replaced by the new Austin Montego – a saloon version of the previous year's new Maestro hatchback. The new Montego went on sale in April and is powered by 1.3 and 1.6 petrol engines, with more versions set to follow, including high performance MG variants.


1984 in motoring, United Kingdom
October of this year saw the Triumph marque canned, when the Acclaim saloon finished production to be replaced by the Rover 200 Series in June, a four-door saloon which competes in the same sector as the Austin Maestro. Its 1.3 engine is sourced from the Honda Civic, while the 1.6 power unit is supplied from the Austin Rover parts bin. The 200 Series is made at Cowley, where it will soon be joined by the next generation Honda Ballade. The venture with Honda is set to include a replacement for the Rover SD1, with the new model scheduled for launch in two years' time. The Metro was given a facelift in October and offered a 5-door model for the first time.


1984 in motoring, United Kingdom
Ford had a relatively low profile year in 1984, with the only major changes to the range being the addition of the Escort RS Turbo (powered by a turbocharged XR3i 1.6 engine) and the discontinuation of the unpopular three-door Sierra. A replacement for the Granada range is due next year. Production of the Capri for the European market ended in November but RHD production for the UK would continue for another 2 years.


1984 in motoring, United Kingdom
Vauxhall scored a huge success in 1984 by launching the second incarnation of the Vauxhall Astra in October. The new model, like its predecessor, is a range of three and five-door medium-sized hatchbacks and estates. Engines range from a slow but economical 1.2 to a swift 2.0 – the GTE – which can top 120 mph. There is also a fuel efficient 1.6 diesel. A more powerful version of the GTE is planned for the near future, as are cabriolet and saloon bodystyles.


1984 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Astra, which is still sold as the Opel Kadett on the continent, was voted European Car of the Year for the 1985 model year. After 9 years on sale and having already been replaced by the Nova in April 1983, the Chevette ends production in January with sales continuing for a while afterwards.


1984 in motoring, France
The big news for Renault in 1984 was the launch of a new competitor in the Granada/Audi 100 sector – the R25 in March. Renault's all-new executive hatchback offers class-leading levels of ride quality, comfort, space and equipment. The smaller-engined petrol and diesel units offered impressive refinement, with more powerful and high-performing variants expected later. The new R25 is officially the most aerodynamic car in the world, giving it excellent ride and handling to match even the most prestigious of its rivals from the likes of BMW and Mercedes-Benz.


1984 in motoring, France
Renault's other big launch of 1984 is Europe's first MPV, the Espace, originally meant to be launched as a Talbot but became a Renault instead. At launch in July only 9 of them were sold but it eventually became popular with buyers across Europe while UK sales started in August 1985.


1984 in motoring, France
The ageing Chrysler-designed Alpine and Solara hatchback and saloon ranges (which were launched nine years ago) were given a mild makeover at the end of 1984 and given new names. Instead of being named by bodystyle, the new versions of this long-running car were badged by trim. The standard models now wear "Minx" nameplates, harking back to one of the Rootes Group's most historic names. The sportier, better-equipped variants are now badged "Rapier" – taking their name from a memorable sports car of the Rootes Group's later years. This is seen as a last-ditch attempt by owners Peugeot to draw customers to these outdated models before any possible replacements are in the pipeline.


1984 in motoring, Italy
Six years after the launch of the Ritmo/Strada hatchbacks, Fiat have finally launched a saloon version. The Regata, as it will be known, is similarly engineered and priced to the hatchback from which it spawned, but is comparable in size to cars in the next highest sector. This makes it exceptionally good value, a unique selling point which is the key factor behind its TV advertising campaign. There is also an estate version of the Regata – the "Weekend" – which is one of the most capacious load carriers of its size.


1984 in motoring, Italy
Production of the Lancia Beta has finally ceased after 12 years. Following the launch of newer models like the Delta and Prisma, demand for this once-iconic Italian sedan has gradually slumped and the makers decided that it was time to pull the plug on the production line. In the pipeline for 1985 are new Lancia-badged cars for the supermini and executive car sectors, giving the marque another chance of reestablishing itself in the many markets where it has endured a fall in popularity due to the rust problems of earlier models.


1984 in motoring, Germany
Opel would launch what would be the final generation of the long-running Kadett small-family car range in August with a choice of 3 and 5-door hatchbacks and estates and featured a more aerodynamic design. It would also be sold as the Vauxhall Astra in the UK and as the Daewoo LeMans in Korea from 1986. Both Opel and Vauxhall versions would win the European Car Of The Year award for 1985.


1984 in motoring, Eastern Europe
Lada has finally made a departure from the veteran Fiat 124-based Lada Riva of 1966 vintage. Though the older car is to continue, the new Samara is a superb engineering achievement after 15 years with virtually no technical changes at Togliatti. The new car, a front-wheel drive hatchback with a choice of three or five doors, uses a completely fresh mechanical design which includes 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 petrol engines. The car has already gone on sale in the USSR, but its Western European debut is unlikely to occur for at least another year or two.


1984 in motoring, Japan
Nissan has made further progress with its fast range of "Z-Cars", though the latest designs have not received the praise that their ancestors did. The current Z-Car is the 300ZX, the successor to the less powerful 280ZX. It is powered by a 3.0 V6 engine that gives strong performance well in excess of 130 mph, making it a real competitor for the likes of the Toyota Supra and Mazda RX-7. But many enthusiasts still loyal to the 240Z of old have yet to accept it as a true successor to those classic old-timers.


1984 in motoring, Japan
Honda is achieving sales success in Asia and Europe with the new, latest version of its Prelude coupe. Its 2.0 16-valve engine gives strong performance, while the pop-up headlights allow for a more aerodynamic front end which gives way to reduced drag. There is also a 1.8 12-valve power unit with a carburettor, which lacks the larger-engined version's impressive performance but is still a good drive and is more competitively-priced.


1984 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1984 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1984 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1984 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1984.


1984 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1984.


1984 in organized crime
This article is about events in organized crime in 1984.


1984 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1984.


1984 in paleontology, Conodont paleozoology
Willi Ziegler and Charles A. Sandberg described the conodont genus Alternognathus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
A megalosauroid. Before it was believed that this animal was a quadruped, but now it is known that this was a biped.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Archaeopterygidae, the 5th specimen, this species becomes the type species of the new genus Jurapteryx Howgate, 1985.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Cuculiformes, Neomorphidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Apodiformes, Eocypselidae Harrison, 1984, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Ornithuromorphae Chiappe, Ji, Ji et Norell, 1999, Gansuiformes Hou et Liu, 1984, Gansuidae Hou et Liu, 1984, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Alexornithiformes, Brodkorb, 1976, Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, Alexornithinae Brodkorb, 1976, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Accipitridae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888, Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
Described as a Rallidae, transferred to the genus Lithornis Owen, 1840 by Houde, 1988, a Palaeognathae, Lithornithiformes Houde, 1988, Lithornithidae Houde, 1988.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Apodidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
Described as a Falconidae, placed in Aves Incertae Sedis by Mlíkovský, 2002.


1984 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Alexornithiformes, Brodkorb, 1976, Alexornithidae Brodkorb, 1976, Zhyraornithinae Nessov, 1984, this is the type species of the new genus.


1984 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1984 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1984 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1984 in professional wrestling
1984 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1984 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1984.


1984 in science
The year 1984 in science and technology involved some significant events.


1984 in sports
1984 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1984 in the Netherlands
This article lists some of the events that took place in the Netherlands in 1984.


1984 in the Philippines
1984 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1984.


1984 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1984 in the United Arab Emirates.


1984 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1984 in the United Kingdom. The year was dominated by the miners' strike.


1984 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1984. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1984 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1984 in the sport of athletics.


1984 in video games
1984 saw many sequels and prequels and several new titles such as Tetris, Karate Champ, Boulder Dash, 1942, Cobra Command and Punch-Out!


1984 in video games, Financial performance
In the United States, home video game sales fall to $800 million ($2 billion adjusted for inflation).


1984 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the top-grossing arcade video games of each month on the Game Machine charts in 1984.


1984 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United Kingdom and United States
The following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1984 in the United Kingdom and United States.


1984 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the following titles were the top ten best-selling home video game software of 1984, according to N.O.P. Market Research.


1984 reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada
The list below consists of the reasons delivered from the bench by the Supreme Court of Canada during 1984. This list, however, does not include decisions on motions.


1984 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and ÍA won the championship. Fram's Guðmundur Steinsson was the top scorer with 10 goals.


19848 Yeungchuchiu
19848 Yeungchuchiu (prov. designation: 2000 TR) is a stony Eos asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 October 2000 by Canadian amateur astronomer William Yeung at the Desert Beaver Observatory in Arizona, United States. It is the largest object found by the discoverer, just 1°.2 west of Jupiter, who named it after his father, Chu Chiu Yeung.


19848 Yeungchuchiu, Orbit and classification
Yeungchuchiu is a member of the Eos family, an orbital group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are known for mostly being of stony composition. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,905 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1982, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 18 years prior to its discovery.


19848 Yeungchuchiu, Naming
This minor planet was named by the discoverer after his father, Chu Chiu Yeung (born 1925), in gratitude for his unconditional support. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 March 2001 (M.P.C. 42368).


19848 Yeungchuchiu, Physical characteristics, Rotation period
In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Yeungchuchiu was obtained from photometric observations by the discoverer at the Desert Eagle Observatory in Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.450 hours with a brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (U=3). The large amplitude suggests that the body is of non-spherical shape and that the long axis is almost twice as long as the short axis. It is likely that the rotational axis was almost perpendicular to the observation's line-of-sight. A second lightcurve was obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in September 2010, and gave a concurring period of 3.4508±0.0003 hours with an amplitude of 0.63 in magnitude (U=2).