1981 College Football All-America Team
Nine players were unanimously selected as first-team All-Americans by all four official selectors. They were:


1981 College Football All-America Team
Allen, Carter, McMahon, Rimington, Smith, and Walker have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1981 College Football All-America Team
The 1981 Michigan Wolverines football team led the nation with five of its players, all on offense, receiving first-team honors from one or more of the selectors. In addition to Anthony Carter, Michigan's honorees were offensive tackles Ed Muransky and Bubba Paris, offensive guard Kurt Becker, and running back Butch Woolfolk.


1981 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1981 and displays which first-team designations they received.


1981 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1981 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the third and final season for Chuck Fairbanks' as head coach, and the first year of blue jerseys for the Buffaloes, which were phased out in 1984.


1981 Colorado Buffaloes football team
Fairbanks resigned in early June 1982 to become head coach, president, and minority owner of the New Jersey Generals of the new United States Football League. Bill McCartney, the defensive coordinator at Michigan under Bo Schembechler, was announced as Colorado's new head coach on June 9, and led the program for thirteen seasons, through 1994.


1981 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1981 Colorado State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Colorado State University in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team compiled a 0–12 record (0–8 against WAC opponents).


1981 Columbia Lions football team
The 1981 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. Columbia tied for last place in the Ivy League.


1981 Columbia Lions football team
In their second season under head coach Bob Naso, the Lions compiled a 1–9 record and were outscored 243 to 116. Vince Pellini and Tom McNally were the team captains.


1981 Columbia Lions football team
The Lions' 1–6 conference record tied for seventh in the Ivy League standings. Columbia was outscored 160 to 93 by Ivy opponents.


1981 Columbia Lions football team
This would be Columbia's last season in the NCAA's top level of football competition. Shortly after the season ended, the NCAA reassigned all of the Ivy League teams to the second-tier Division I-AA, which would later be renamed the Football Championship Subdivision.


1981 Columbia Lions football team
Columbia played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.


1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
The 1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the sixth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in Melbourne, Victoria, between 30 September 1981 and 7 October 1981, and was hosted by that country's Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser.


1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
At the meeting the Melbourne Declaration was agreed which "clarifies and extends the Commonwealth commitment to a fair international economic and financial system, and support for struggling poor countries."


1981 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1981 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1981 NCAA Division I-AA football season. The Huskies were led by fifth year head coach Walt Nadzak, and completed the season with a record of 4–7.


1981 Connecticut Huskies men's soccer team
The 1981 Connecticut Huskies men's soccer team represented the University of Connecticut during the 1981 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. The Huskies won their first NCAA title, and second overall when including NSCAA championships. The Huskies were coached by Joe Morrone, in his thirteenth season. They played home games at Morrone Stadium.


1981 Cook Islands Round Cup
The 1981 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the twelfth recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands, with any results between 1951 and 1969 currently unknown. Titikaveka won the championship, their eleventh recorded championship, and the title back from Avatiu who won the championship the previous season.


1981 Cookstown District Council election
Elections to Cookstown District Council were held on 20 May 1981 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.


1981 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1977: 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x UUUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1981: 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x UUUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1977-1981 Change: No change


1981 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1977: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Republican1981: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Republican1977-1981 Change: UUP and DUP gain from UUUP (two seats)


1981 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1977: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUP1981: 2 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x DUP1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1981 Copa Fraternidad
The 1981 Copa Fraternidad was the 11th edition of the Central American football club championship organized by UNCAF, the regional governing body of Central America.


1981 Copa Fraternidad
Real C.D. España won their first title by winning the final round, as Club Deportivo Olimpia and C.D. Marathón quit the tournament.


1981 Copa Libertadores
The 1981 Copa Libertadores was won by Flamengo of Brazil, who beat Cobreloa of Chile in the finals.


1981 Copa Libertadores, Group stage
Nacional received a bye to the second round as 1980 title holders.


1981 Copa Libertadores Finals
The 1981 Copa Libertadores de América Finals was the final two-legged tie to determine the Copa Libertadores de América champion. It was contested by Brazilian club Flamengo and Chilean club Cobreloa. The first leg of the tie was played on 13 November at Flamengo' home field, with the second leg played on 20 November at Cobreloa'.


1981 Copa Libertadores Finals
Flamengo won the series after winning a tie-breaking playoff 2-0 at Montevideo's Estadio Centenario. Thus, the Brazilian team achieved its first Copa Libertadores trophy.


1981 Copa Libertadores Finals, Qualified teams
Both teams came into the finals as first-time finalists of the Copa Libertadores.


1981 Copa Libertadores Finals, Format
The finals will be played over two legs; home and away. The team that accumulates the most points —two for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss— after the two legs will be crowned the champion. If the two teams are tied on points after the second leg, a playoff in a neutral venue will become the next tie-breaker. Goal difference is going to be used as a last resort.


1981 Copa Perú
The 1981 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1981), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football.


1981 Copa Perú
In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualify a team. Those teams plus de team relegated from First Division on the last year, enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify for the Final round, staged in Lima (the capital).


1981 Copa Perú, Finalists teams
The following list shows the teams that qualified for the Final Stage.


1981 Copa Polla Gol
The Copa Polla Gol 1981 was the 11th edition of the Chilean Cup tournament. The competition started on February 28, 1981, and concluded on May 16, 1981. Only first level teams took part in the tournament. Colo-Colo won the competition for their third time, beating Audax Italiano, 5–1, in the final. The points system in the first round awarded 2 points for a win, and increased to 3 points if the team scored 4 or more goals. In the event of a tie, each team was awarded 1 point, but no points were awarded if the score was 0–0.


1981 Copa del Rey Final
The 1981 Copa del Rey Final was the 79th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Vicente Calderón Stadium in Madrid, on 18 June 1981, being won by Barcelona, who beat Sporting Gijón 3–1.


1981 Coppa Italia Final
The 1981 Coppa Italia Final was the final of the 1980–81 Coppa Italia. The match was played over two legs on 13 and 17 June 1981 between Roma and Torino. Roma won 4–2 on penalties after the matches ended 2–2 on aggregate.


1981 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1981 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 72nd staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The championship began on 29 May 1981 and ended on 30 August 1981.


1981 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
On 30 August 1981, Newtownshandrum won the championship following a 3-12 to 1-10 defeat of Cloughduv in the final at Bishop Casey Memorial Park. This was their third championship title overall and their first title since 1976.


1981 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1981 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 84th staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board. The championship began on 27 September 1981 and ended on 1 November 1981.


1981 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
On 1 November 1981, Milford won the championship following a 1–10 to 0–11 defeat of St. Catherine's in the final. It remains their only championship title.


1981 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1981 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 93rd staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 26 April 1981 and ended on 4 October 1981.


1981 Cork Senior Football Championship
St. Finbarr's entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Nemo Rangers at the semi-final stage.


1981 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 4 October 1981, Nemo Rangers won the championship following a 3-11 to 0-06 defeat of Bantry Blues in the final. This was their sixth championship title overall and their first title since 1978.


1981 Cork Senior Football Championship, Format change
At the County Convention on 25 January 1981, it was decided to introduce a new graded draw with divisional, rural and city clubs all being grouped individually. The winners of the first two groupings progressed to one semi-final, with two of the city teams qualifying for the other semi-final. The new format was introduced to guarantee a city-county pairing in the final.


1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 93rd staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 10 May 1981 and ended on 13 September 1981.


1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 13 September 1981, St. Finbarr's won the championship following a 1-12 to 1-09 defeat of Glen Rovers in the final. This was their 21st championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Christy Ryan from the St, Finbarr's club was the championship's top scorer with 6-05.


1981 Cork Senior Hurling Championship, Format change
At the County Convention on 25 January 1981, it was decided to end the three-year experiment of playing the championship on a league basis in the preliminary rounds and reverted to an open, seeded draw. The four semi-finalists from the 1980 championship (Midleton, Blackrock, St. Finbarr's and Glen Rovers) were the four seeded teams and were separated in the quarter-final stage.


1981 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1981 Cornell Big Red football team represented Cornell University in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Ivy League.


1981 Cornwall County Council election
Elections to Cornwall County Council were held on 7 May 1981.


1981 Corrèze's 3rd constituency election
The 1981 Corrèze's 3rd constituency election took place on June 14, 1981.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic was the 45th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Thursday, January 1. Part of the 1980–81 bowl game season, it matched the ninth-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the #6 Baylor Bears of the Southwest Conference (SWC). Favored Alabama shut out the Baylor offense and won, 30–2.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Televised by CBS, the game kicked off shortly after 1 p.m. CST, at the same time as the Sugar Bowl on ABC.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Alabama took a 6–0 lead on a pair of Peter Kim field goals. Baylor responded later in the first quarter with its only points of the game when Tommy Tabor sacked Alabama quarterback Walter Lewis in the end zone for a safety to bring the score to 6–2. The Crimson Tide extended their lead to 13–2 at the half following a one-yard Major Ogilvie touchdown run in the second quarter.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
After a third Kim field goal in the third, Alabama closed out the fourth quarter with a pair of touchdowns; Don Jacobs scored on a one-yard run, followed by Mark Nix from three yards out to make the final score 30–2. Alabama linebacker Warren Lyles was named the defensive MVP, and running back Ogilvie took the offensive honors.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, Aftermath
This was the final collegiate game for Baylor's All-American linebacker Mike Singletary, a future College and Pro Football Hall of Famer.


1981 Cotton Bowl Classic, Aftermath
In the final AP poll, Alabama climbed to sixth and Baylor dropped to fourteenth.


1981 Country Music Association Awards
The 1981 Country Music Association Awards, 15th Ceremony, was held on October 12, 1981, at the Grand Ole Opry House, Nashville, Tennessee, and was hosted by CMA Award winners Mac Davis and Barbara Mandrell.


1981 County Championship
The 1981 Schweppes County Championship was the 82nd officially organised running of the County Championship. Nottinghamshire won the Championship title.


1981 County Championship
The number of points awarded for a win was increased to 16. The Championship was sponsored by Schweppes for the fourth time.


1981 Coupe de France Final
The Coupe de France Final 1981 was a football match held at Parc des Princes, Paris on 13 June 1981, that saw Bastia defeat Saint-Étienne 2–1 thanks to goals by Louis Marcialis and Roger Milla.


1981 Craigavon Borough Council election
Elections to Craigavon Borough Council were held on 20 May 1981 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 25 councillors.


1981 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area A
1977: 3 x SDLP, 1 x Republican Clubs, 1 x UUP1981: 3 x SDLP, 1 x Republican Clubs, 1 x UUP1977-1981 Change: No change


1981 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area B
1977: 3 x UUP, 2 x Alliance, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP1981: 3 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x SDLP1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from Alliance


1981 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area C
1977: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP1981: 2 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Republican Clubs1977-1981 Change: DUP and Republican Clubs gain from SDLP and Alliance


1981 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area D
1977: 4 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x UUUP1981: 3 x UUP, 3 x DUP, 1 x UUUP1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season
The 1981 Crispa Redmanizers season was the seventh season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Colors
Crispa Redmanizers (Open Conference)        (dark)        (light)        (alternate)Crispa Redmanizers (Reinforced All-Filipino Conference)      (dark)      (light)


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Transactions
During the Reinforced Filipino Conference, the Crispa Redmanizers recruited and signed four players from the Multi-titled APCOR ballclub in the MICAA namely; Ramon Cruz, Arturo Cristobal, Padim Israel and Elpidio Villamin, a fifth recruit from the amateurs was Rudy Distrito.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Transactions
With the Entry of former APCOR players, four players from Crispa who were part of the Open Conference lineup that lost to Toyota were dropped from the rosters; Virgilio Dela Cruz, Tito Varela, Jaime Javier and Gregorio Dionisio.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Byron "Snake" Jones is playing in his sixth PBA season and will be returning for the Redmanizers in the Open Conference after seeing action for Crispa in the short Invitational Championship last year. Jones' partner is 6-8 James Hardy, a first round pick of the New Orleans Jazz in the NBA.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Crispa won their first game of the season on March 8 against rival Toyota Super Diesels, 112-97, spoiling the debut of new Toyota coach Ed Ocampo. The Redmanizers placed second in the team standings with 13 wins and five losses, a game behind San Miguel Beermen and U-Tex Wranglers after 18 games in the elimination round. In the semifinals, Crispa and Toyota arranged a title showdown as they raced to a similar 4-1 won-loss slates as opposed to U-Tex and San Miguel's 1-4 card with still one scheduled game left in the semifinal round.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Crispa was a slight favorite to win the championship for having beaten the Super Diesels in three of their four previous meetings. The Redmanizers lost the first game of the series but scored back-to-back victories in Games two and three for a 2-1 lead and a win away from clinching the crown. Toyota came back to win the last two games of the best-of-five finals series and take home the Open Conference title.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
In the Reinforced Filipino Conference, the Redmanizers paraded 6-1 Allan Green as their import. Crispa were tied with Toyota at first place with seven wins and two losses after the one-round elimination phase and advances into the semifinals by posting a 3-2 won-loss card in the round of six. In the semifinal round, the Redmanizers had to win two of their last three matches in the second round to force a playoff with Presto Fun Drinks for the second finals berth and the right to play U-Tex, which booked the first finals seat. Crispa defeated Presto, 119-114 on November 17, to arrange a titular showdown with the Wranglers. The Redmanizers won their 9th PBA title with a 3-1 series victory over U-Tex.


1981 Crispa Redmanizers season, Reinforced All-Filipino Conference roster
Note: The four players released after the Open Conference upon the acquisition of five new recruits, may have played a couple of games in the Reinforced All-Filipino but were no longer part of the championship roster.


1981 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
The 1981 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré was the 33rd edition of the cycle race and was held from 26 May to 2 June 1981. The race started in Grenoble and finished in Avignon. The race was won by Bernard Hinault of the Renault team.


1981 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Teams
Ten teams, containing a total of 99 riders, participated in the race:


1981 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season
The 1981 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season was the fifteenth in the club's history. They competed in the NSWRFL's 1981 Premiership as well as the 1981 Craven Mild Cup and 1981 Tooth Cup.


1981 Crosby by-election
The Crosby by-election, 1981 was a by-election held in England on 26 November 1981 to elect a new Member of Parliament (MP) for the House of Commons constituency of Crosby on Merseyside. It followed the death of Crosby's MP Sir Graham Page, of the Conservative Party.


1981 Crosby by-election, Background
The Crosby by-election took place against an almost unprecedented backdrop of division and disunity within both the Conservative and Labour parties, combined with social unrest and economic recession in the United Kingdom as a whole.


1981 Crosby by-election, Background
The opposition Labour Party was riven by factionalism and divided over entryism – in particular, that of the Militant tendency. It expounded left-wing policies, with perceived weak leadership provided by Michael Foot, who was routinely ridiculed by the national press.


1981 Crosby by-election, Background
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher had recently sacked or neutralised the remaining allies of Edward Heath, the previous more moderate Conservative leader, and the country was being subjected to the full rigours of monetarism, her economic policy. Inflation was over 10%, with unemployment climbing towards three million, a figure not seen since the 1930s.


1981 Crosby by-election, Background
In July 1981 the most intense and prolonged instance of public unrest in the United Kingdom in the late twentieth century had occurred in the Toxteth area of Liverpool, following on the heels of similar riots in the St Paul's area of Bristol, Handsworth and Brixton.


1981 Crosby by-election, Constituency
Crosby was regarded as a very safe seat for the Conservatives. Page had sat as the constituency MP since the 1953 Crosby by-election, and the party had held the seat since its creation in 1950, also easily holding its predecessor seat, Waterloo since 1918. The constituency contained some of the wealthiest areas in the North of England. The districts of Blundellsands in Crosby and Freshfield in Formby had more in common with the likes of Surrey than they did with the nearby City of Liverpool. Only Waterloo and Seaforth, at the southern end of the constituency could be considered as working-class. The seat consisted of three main conurbations; Formby, to the north, Maghull, to the east, and Crosby, to the south.


1981 Crosby by-election, Constituency
Crosby constituency had one of the top-ten highest levels of owner-occupation in the country, and had one of the largest electorates in England with over 83,000 voters.


1981 Crosby by-election, Constituency
Notably, Crosby had one of the largest Roman Catholic electorates in England and Wales, with about one third of the voters adherents of the faith. There were no fewer than eighteen Catholic churches in the constituency, numerous Catholic schools including St. Mary's College, and several Catholic charities including Jospice.


1981 Crosby by-election, Constituency
The Catholicism of the area could be ascribed to two factors: those of Liverpool-Irish ancestry whose families had migrated the six miles north from the city-centre over the previous century to become the middle-class intelligentsia, doctors, lawyers and the like; and a significant indigenous group who traced their roots to the village of Little Crosby, one of the oldest extant Catholic villages in England.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
At the 1979 general election, Page had gained more than half the votes cast. For the by-election, the Conservatives stood John Butcher, a chartered accountant and a Royal Navy reservist, living in Cheshire and working in Warrington.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party had taken second place in 1979, with just over a quarter of the vote. Their candidate had been Tony Mulhearn, a leading figure on Liverpool City Council, and a prominent member of the Militant tendency, a far left wing group with considerable influence in the city. For the by-election, the party instead chose John Backhouse, the Chair of the Crosby Labour Party, a local teacher and a Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activist.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
The Social Democratic Party (SDP) was formed by a split of some prominent figures on the right of the Labour Party in March 1981. Its main figures were the "Gang of Four" – Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins, David Owen and Bill Rodgers. Of the four, Williams and Jenkins were out of Parliament, with the party keen for them to stand in by-elections under their new party label.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
Following the agreement of an electoral pact with the Liberal Party, who had come third in Crosby in 1979, with 15% of the vote, the two parties supported Jenkins in the 1981 Warrington by-election, where he narrowly failed to capture the seat. At Crosby, they agreed to support Williams in an attempt to become the SDP's first successful Parliamentary candidate. Williams, it transpired later, had no particular urge to return to what she described as "an old men's club", and felt her talents would be better used outside Parliament. However, her father, George Catlin, had been born in nearby Liverpool, and the constituency's large Roman Catholic electorate seemed tailor-made for a practising Catholic like Shirley Williams.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
The fourth candidate in 1979 had been from the Ecology Party, receiving 2.4% of the vote, in one of the party's better results. For the by-election, the party selected Richard Small, a local lecturer.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
John Desmond Lewis, a 22-year-old student from Hayes in Greater London, contested the election as the President of the Cambridge University Raving Loony Society. For the election, he changed his name by deed poll to Tarquin Fin-tim-lin-bin-whin-bim-lim-bus-stop-F'tang-F'tang-Olé-Biscuitbarrel, the outlandish name of a character from Monty Python's "Election Night Special" sketch. In the sketch, the character by that name wins Luton for the Silly Party.


1981 Crosby by-election, Candidates
Veteran candidate Bill Boaks stood as "Democratic Monarchist, Public Safety, White Resident", while Tom Keen stood in support of a Conservative-Liberal Alliance. John Kennedy stood to highlight the case of seven students at Middlesex Polytechnic who had been suspended after a sit-in protest demanding nursery facilities, while Donald Potter, a former Young Conservative and founder of the "Close Encounters" lonely heart group, stood to promote his idea of a national phone line for lonely people.


1981 Crosby by-election, Result
Williams won the election, taking almost half the votes cast and became the first MP to be elected under the SDP label. The Conservatives and Labour both fell back by more than 15% of the vote and dropped to second and third positions respectively. For Labour, Backhouse took less than 10% of the vote and lost his deposit, while none of the other candidates achieved 1% of the votes cast.


1981 Crosby by-election, Result
Jenkins won another seat for the SDP at the Glasgow Hillhead by-election in 1982, but the party suffered setbacks at the 1983 general election, and Williams lost Crosby to a new Conservative candidate aided by the fact that boundary changes had been implemented bringing Aintree into the constituency in place of Waterloo and Seaforth (which transferred to Bootle Constituency).


1981 Crosby by-election, Result
When the results were declared, Lewis was referred to by the Returning Officer as "Mr Tarquin Biscuit-Barrel". He later worked with Screaming Lord Sutch to form the Official Monster Raving Loony Party for the 1983 Bermondsey by-election.


1981 Croydon North West by-election
The Croydon North West by-election took place on 22 October 1981. It was caused by the death of Conservative Member of Parliament Robert Taylor on 18 June 1981.


1981 Croydon North West by-election
The Conservative Party selected John Butterfill, then vice-chairman of Guildford Conservative Association. The Labour Party, the runners-up at the 1979 general election, selected a local councillor, Stanley Boden.


1981 Croydon North West by-election
The Liberal Party had come a distant third in 1979, but the by-election came shortly after the formation of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), with whom the Liberals had entered into an electoral pact, the SDP-Liberal Alliance. It was therefore expected that the election would provide a platform for Shirley Williams of the SDP to return to Parliament, having lost her seat in 1979. However, the Liberal Party insisted on their own candidate and selected the lesser known Bill Pitt who had stood in the seat for the previous three general elections and at the time was the London Regional Party Chair.


1981 Croydon North West by-election
The then 22-year-old Nick Griffin (who became leader of the British National Party in 1999) stood in his first election in Croydon North West, representing the National Front. Bill Boaks, a road safety campaigner and perennial candidate, was also on the ballot. In total, a record twelve candidates stood, one more than in the 1978 Lambeth Central by-election. This record would be broken at the 1984 Chesterfield by-election.


1981 Croydon North West by-election
Pitt duly won the seat on the surge of support for the Alliance and a 24% swing, strengthening the Liberals' hand in negotiations with the SDP.


1981 Cuban parliamentary election
Indirect parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 28 December 1981.


1981 Cuban parliamentary election
On 11 and 18 October voters elected members of the 169 Municipal Assemblies. A total of 6,097,139 votes were cast in the first round (11 October) and in the second round (18 October), giving a turnout of 97% in the first round and 93.6% in the second. The elected members of the Municipal Assemblies then elected the 499 members of the National Assembly. Candidates were selected by a commission composed of the Communist Party, the Young Communist League or mass organisations.


1981 Cumbria County Council election
Elections to Cumbria County Council were held on 7 May 1981. This was on the same day as other UK county council elections. The council size was increased to 83 members following a boundary review. The Labour Party gained control of the council from the Conservative Party.


1981 Cuore Cup
The 1981 Cuore Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Palazzo dello Sport in Milan, Italy. The event was part WCT Tour which was incorporated into the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 23 March through 29 March 1981. Second-seeded John McEnroe won his third consecutive singles title at the event and earned $35,000 first-prize money.


1981 Cuore Cup, Finals, Doubles
Brian Gottfried /  Raúl Ramirez defeated  John McEnroe /  Peter Rennert 7–6, 6–3


1981 Cupa României Final
The 1981 Cupa României Final was the 43rd final of Romania's most prestigious cup competition. The final was played at the Stadionul Republicii in Bucharest on 24 June 1981 and was contested between Divizia A sides Universitatea Craiova and Politehnica Timişoara. The cup was won by Craiova.


1981 Currie Cup
The 1981 Currie Cup was the 43nd edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1981 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Northern Transvaal for the 13th time; they beat  Free State 23–6 in the final in Pretoria.


1981 Curtin by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Curtin on 21 February 1981. This was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP Victor Garland in order to be appointed High Commissioner of Australia to the United Kingdom. It was held on the same day as by-elections for Boothby and McPherson.


1981 Curtin by-election
The by-election was won by Liberal Allan Rocher, who had resigned from the Senate to contest it.


1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
The 1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney in Australia and was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from 12 October through 18 October 1981. Top-seeded John McEnroe won his second successive singles title.


1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships, Finals, Doubles
Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe defeated  Sherwood Stewart /  Ferdi Taygan 6–7, 7–6, 6–1


1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles
Peter Fleming and John McEnroe were the defending champions and won in the final 6–7, 7–6, 6–1 against Sherwood Stewart and Ferdi Taygan.


1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Singles
John McEnroe was the defending champion and won in the final 6–4, 7–5, 6–2 against Roscoe Tanner.


1981 Cypriot legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cyprus on 24 May 1981. AKEL and the Democratic Rally both won 12 of the 35 seats. Voter turnout was 95.7%.


1981 Czech legislative election
National Council elections were held in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia on 5 and 6 June 1981.


1981 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 5 and 6 June 1981. The National Front put forward a single list of candidates for both the House of the People (the lower house) and the House of Nations (the upper house) and one NF candidate ran in each single member constituency. With a total of 350 seats in the two Houses, 240 were assigned to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, 18 to the Czechoslovak People's Party, 18 to the Czechoslovak Socialist Party, four to the Party of Slovak Revival, four to the Freedom Party and 66 to independents. Voter turnout was reported to be 99.51%.


1981 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Like the other elections of the Communist era, the result was a foregone conclusion. People were afraid not to vote, and when they did so, those who entered a voting booth to modify their ballot paper could expect to be persecuted by the state.


1981 DFB-Pokal Final
The 1981 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1980–81 DFB-Pokal, the 38th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 2 May 1981 at the Neckarstadion in Stuttgart. Eintracht Frankfurt won the match 3–1 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern, to claim their 3rd cup title.


1981 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
The DFB-Pokal began with 128 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.


1981 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1981 Daihatsu Challenge
The 1981 Daihatsu Challenge was a women's singles tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Brighton Centre in Brighton in England. The event was part of the Category 4 tier of the 1981 Toyota Series. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 19 October through 25 October 1981. Seventh-seeded Sue Barker won the singles title and earned $22,000 first-prize money.


1981 Daihatsu Challenge, Finals, Doubles
Barbara Potter /  Anne Smith defeated  Mima Jaušovec /  Pam Shriver 6–7, 6–3, 6–4


1981 Dallas Cowboys season
The 1981 Dallas Cowboys season was their 22nd in the league. The team matched their previous output of 12–4, winning their fifth division title in six years. They lost the Conference Championship game for the second straight season.


1981 Dallas Cowboys season
The season began with four straight victories, followed by two losses (including a surprising 45–14 blowout loss to the 49ers in week six). The Cowboys rebounded to win 8 of their last 9 games to clinch the NFC East but had to settle for the conference's number two seed behind the 49ers.


1981 Dallas Cowboys season
The Cowboys easily defeated Tampa Bay in the divisional playoff to earn a rematch with the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game. The game was much closer this time, and the Cowboys still held a 27–21 lead with less than a minute to play. However, Joe Montana led a late drive and hit Dwight Clark in the famous "Catch" to give San Francisco a 28–27 lead. On the ensuing Cowboys possession, Danny White completed a pass to Drew Pearson, and was only an arms length away from breaking free from Eric Wright and most likely scoring a touchdown. Jim Stuckey recovered a White fumble on the next play, then the 49ers ran out the clock for the win.


1981 Danish 1st Division
The 1981 Danish 1st Division season was the 36th season of the Danish 1st Division league championship, governed by the Danish Football Association. It constituted the 68th edition of the Danish football championship, and saw Hvidovre IF win their third championship title.


1981 Danish 1st Division
The Danish champions qualified for the European Cup 1982-83, while the second placed teams qualified for the UEFA Cup 1982-83. The three lowest placed teams of the tournament were directly relegated to the Danish 2nd Division for the following season. Likewise, the Danish 2nd Division champions and two first runners-up were promoted to the 1st Division.


1981 Danish general election
General elections were held in Denmark on 8 December 1981. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest in the Folketing, with 59 of the 179 seats. Voter turnout was 83.3% in Denmark proper, 55.4% in the Faroe Islands and 61.0% in Greenland.


1981 Danish local elections
The Danish local elections of 1981 were held on 17 November 1981. 4769 municipal council members were elected to the 1982 - 1985 term of office in the 275 municipalities, as well as members of the 14 counties of Denmark.


1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team
The 1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. Dartmouth tied for third place in the Ivy League.


1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team
In their fourth season under head coach Joe Yukica, the Big Green compiled a 6–4 record and outscored opponents 208 to 137. Kent Cooper and George Thompson were the team captains.


1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team
The Big Green's 6–1 conference record tied Yale for the Ivy League championship. Dartmouth outscored Ivy opponents 193 to 87. Dartmouth's sole league loss was to its co-champion, Yale.


1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team
This was the Big Green's last season in the NCAA's top level of football competition. Shortly after the season ended, the NCAA reassigned all of the Ivy League teams to the second-tier Division I-AA, which would later be renamed the Football Championship Subdivision.


1981 Dartmouth Big Green football team
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1981 Davis Cup
The 1981 Davis Cup (also known as the 1981 Davis Cup by NEC for sponsorship purposes) was the 70th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 53 teams would enter the competition, 16 in the World Group, 23 in the Europe Zone, 8 in the Americas Zone, and 6 in the Eastern Zone.


1981 Davis Cup
The United States defeated Argentina in the final, held at the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States on 11–13 December, to win their 27th title overall.


1981 Davis Cup, Format changes
The 1981 tournament marked the introduction of the 16-team World Group and a move to a tiered system including promotion and relegation. The original 16 teams to compete were chosen through the previous year's results, with teams that reached the Zonal semifinals chosen to compete in the inaugural bracket. Teams which lost in the World Group first round would now compete against each other in the World Group Relegation Play-off, with the four losers relegated to their respective Zonal competition the following year. The four winners of the Zonal competitions would now earn promotion into the following year's World Group to replace the relegated teams.


1981 Davis Cup, Format changes
The 16 qualifying teams for the first World Group were: from the 1980 Americas Zone, the North & Central America Zone finalists the United States and Mexico, and the South America Zone finalists Argentina and Brazil; the 1980 Eastern Zone semifinalists Australia, Japan, New Zealand and South Korea; and the semifinalists from the two Europe Zones Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, France, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany.


1981 Davis Cup, Format changes
This year also marked the first year of commercial sponsorship, when Japanese electronics company NEC became the tournament's first Title Sponsor, a partnership that lasted 21 years in total. NEC's partnership also enabled prize money to be given for the first time, with the World Group team competing for a total of US$1 million.


1981 Davis Cup Americas Zone
The Americas Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1981 Davis Cup.


1981 Davis Cup Americas Zone
8 teams entered the Americas Zone in total, split across the North & Central America and South America Zones. With the introduction of a new tiered format, the previous year's sub-zonal finalists bypassed Zonal competition and qualified directly for the new 16-team World Group. The remaining teams would now compete for a place in the following year's World Group. The winner of each sub-zone advanced to the Americas Inter-Zonal Final to compete for one place in next year's World Group.


1981 Davis Cup Americas Zone
Chile defeated Colombia in the Americas Inter-Zonal Final and qualified for the 1982 World Group.


1981 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
The Eastern Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1981 Davis Cup.


1981 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
6 teams entered the Eastern Zone in total. With the introduction of a new tiered format, the previous year's semifinalists bypassed Zonal competition and qualified directly for the new 16-team World Group. The remaining teams would now compete for a place in the following year's World Group.


1981 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
India defeated Indonesia in the final and qualified for the 1982 World Group.


1981 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1981 Davis Cup.


1981 Davis Cup Europe Zone
23 teams entered the Europe Zone in total, split across two sub-zones. With the introduction of a new tiered format, the previous year's sub-zonal semifinalists bypassed Zonal competition and qualified directly for the new 16-team World Group. The remaining teams would now compete for two places in the following year's World Group.


1981 Davis Cup Europe Zone
Spain defeated Hungary in the Zone A final, and the Soviet Union defeated the Netherlands in the Zone B final, resulting in both Spain and the Soviet Union being promoted to the 1982 World Group.


1981 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1981. It was the first edition of the newly-formed 16-team World Group and a move to a tiered system including promotion and relegation. The original 16 teams to compete were chosen through the previous year's results, with teams that reached the 1980 Zonal semifinals chosen to compete in the inaugural bracket. The first-round losers would play in the Davis Cup World Group Relegation Play-offs, with the four losers relegated to their respective Zonal competitions the following year and replaced by the four winners of the current year's Zonal competitions.


1981 Davis Cup World Group
Czechoslovakia were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals.


1981 Davis Cup World Group
The United States won the title, defeating Argentina in the final, 3–1. The final was held at the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States from 11 to 13 December. It was the US team's 27th Davis Cup title overall.


1981 Davis Cup World Group, Relegation play-offs
The first-round losers played in the Relegation Play-offs. The winners of the play-offs advanced to the 1982 Davis Cup World Group, and the losers were relegated to their respective Zonal Regions.


1981 Dawu earthquake
The 1981 Dawu earthquake occurred on 24 January at 5:13 a.m. CST, in Sichuan, China. Registering a surface wave magnitude of 6.8, the earthquake killed about 150 people and injured roughly 300 more. It caused comprehensive damage within close range of its epicenter.


1981 Dawu earthquake, Background
China has an extensive history of catastrophic earthquakes that ranges back to 1290. The first verified earthquake took place in Chih-li, killing roughly 100,000 people. The next great earthquake was probably the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake, the most devastating earthquake of all time. Roughly 830,000 were killed by the event. Other earthquakes in 1917, 1918, 1920, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1948, 1950, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976 each killed at least one thousand people. Since 1981, earthquake fatalities have diminished greatly, though have not been stopped. As recently as 2008, an earthquake in Sichuan killed nearly 90,000 people.


1981 Dawu earthquake, Characteristics
The epicenter was pinpointed to Dawu County in Sichuan. Its official magnitude was 6.8 and its surface wave magnitude reached 6.6.


1981 Dawu earthquake, Characteristics
A moderately well controlled focal mechanism indicates that the earthquake was probably a result of left lateral strike-slip faulting on the Daofu fault. The Daofu fault forms part of the Xianshuihe fault system, which experienced a sequence of four earthquakes greater than 6.0 between 1973 and 1982, with each event triggering the next in the sequence by changing the stress state. A 44 km surface rupture has been reported for the 1981 earthquake.


1981 Dawu earthquake, Damage and casualties
The earthquake killed roughly 150 people and 300 or so were injured. Damage was considerable, but limited to a small zone around the area.


1981 Daytona 500
The 1981 Daytona 500, the 23rd running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. It was held on Sunday, February 15, 1981.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
Contested over 200 laps and over the course of 2 hours and 56 minutes, the race was won by Richard Petty for his record seventh at the Daytona 500, beating Bobby Allison to the line by 3.5 seconds and bringing about Buick's first win in NASCAR since 1956. Ricky Rudd, Buddy Baker, and Dale Earnhardt rounded out the Top 5. A new generation of smaller cars, with a wheelbase of 110 inches (280 cm), down from the previously used 115 inches (290 cm), made their debut in this race.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
David Pearson had the only Chevrolet in the field. He started 9th in his new Monte Carlo after finishing 5th in the Twin 125 before retiring with engine failure. Steve Moore attempted to qualify in a Chevrolet Malibu but his #73 didn't make the race.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
Bobby Allison dominated Speedweeks from the beginning, winning the pole position, his 125-mile qualifying race, and was considered the prohibitive favorite for the 500. He was driving a 1981 Pontiac Le Mans, which was the only car in the race with a "fastback" sloped rear window, greatly improving aerodynamics and downforce on the rear spoiler over the "notchback" profiles of the Buick Regals, Pontiac Grand Prixs, Oldsmobile Cutlasses, and Ford Thunderbirds. The Le Mans was on the NASCAR approved-model list, but no other team thought to build one.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
Allison led the most laps and was the car to beat. But Allison lost considerable time when he ran out of fuel and had to coast through most of a lap to make his final pit stop. Meanwhile, on Richard Petty's final planned pit stop, Petty's crew chief Dale Inman, who was working his final race with the team before leaving to become Dale Earnhardt's crew chief, opted not to change tires and only took on fuel. Petty then re-entered the track with a considerable lead that Allison rapidly closed, but could not overcome before the finish.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
The race was contested in front of 130,000 spectators and featured 49 lead changes. 18 laps were run under the caution flag. It was one of the few Daytona 500s where the final caution flag occurred before the halfway point of the race.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
Petty earned $90,575 ($257,834 when adjusted for inflation) for winning, the largest purse of his entire career. Blackie Wangerin finished last after an accident on lap 17.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
First Daytona 500 starts for Ronnie Sanders, Tim Richmond, Kyle Petty, and Billie Harvey. Only Daytona 500 starts for Glenn Jarrett and Don Sprouse. Last Daytona 500 starts for Johnny Rutherford, Bill Elswick, Don Whittington, James Hylton, Cecil Gordon, Bruce Hill, and Blackie Wangerin.


1981 Daytona 500, Race report
Dickie Boswell would make his only Cup Series attempt at this race.


1981 Defence White Paper
The 1981 Defence White Paper (titled "The UK Defence Programme: The Way Forward" Cmnd 8288) was a major review of the United Kingdom's defence policy brought about by the Conservative government under the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence, John Nott. The aim of the review was to reduce expenditure during the early 1980s recession and to focus on supporting NATO rather than out of area operations. It was ultimately judged however to have been extremely detrimental to the Defence of the Realm, being among other things widely considered to have been one of the contributing factors that led to the outbreak of the Falklands War.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Navy
This review proposed extensive cuts to the Royal Navy's surface fleet, including the sale of the new aircraft carrier Invincible to Australia thereby reducing the carrier fleet to just two vessels. Under the review, the Royal Navy was focused primarily on anti-submarine warfare under the auspices of NATO. Any out-of-area amphibious operations were considered unlikely. The entire Royal Marine amphibious force was in jeopardy of being disbanded and the review announced an intent to phase out both assault ships, Intrepid and Fearless, by 1984.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Navy
Although an additional Type 22 frigate was confirmed ordered, Nott stated that nine of the navy's 59 escorts would be decommissioned, mainly from the County, Leander, and Rothesay classes. This decision was attributed to the growing cost of refitting and maintaining older warships. Several of the older destroyers and frigates would be placed on stand-by/reserve. Alongside the proposed hull cuts, Nott revealed that the navy would incur a manpower reduction of between 8,000 and 10,000 people.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Navy
Nott announced the intent to order five additional nuclear-powered attack submarines, eventually increasing the total to 17 and placing greater emphasis on the fleet's sub-surface forces. A new class of conventionally-powered attack submarines (the Type 2400) was also to be ordered. The Royal Navy's existing building programme of 20 surface warships was to be unaffected by the cuts, though the surface fleet would be downsized as ships were withdrawn from service at a faster rate than their replacements entered service. The White Paper also confirmed that the navy's acquisition of the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile would move forward as part of the Government's plan to modernize the British nuclear deterrent.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Navy
The ice patrol ship Endurance was also due to be withdrawn from the South Atlantic. This was interpreted as a sign of weakness by the Argentine Government, encouraging the invasion of the Falkland Islands. Chatham Dockyard was also to be closed as an operational base. Feasibility studies for the Type 43 and Type 44 destroyers were also cancelled, together with the Sea Dart MkII surface-to-air missile.


1981 Defence White Paper, British Army
The regular army was to be reduced to 135,000 men, a loss of 7,000, which was to be partly offset by the gradual expansion of the Territorial Army by a figure of 16,000. In Germany, Britain's NATO land commitment was to be reduced by about 2,000, giving a total of 55,000. This was to be achieved by the withdrawal of a divisional headquarters.


1981 Defence White Paper, British Army
In Nott's statement, it was announced that four armoured regiments would be equipped with the Challenger tank, while there would be an increase in the order of the MILAN anti-tank missile.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Air Force
Manpower losses for the Royal Air Force would amount to 2,500, but the white paper committed to retaining all of the RAF's projects, and confirmed the procurement of the AV-8B Harrier in collaboration with the United States. Two F-4 Phantom squadrons were to be retained for the air defence mission in the U.K. (together with two additional Phantom squadrons deployed in Germany) rather than being phased out with the introduction of the Panavia Tornado ADV, while the number of refitted Nimrod Mk II maritime patrol aircraft would be increased by three to 34.


1981 Defence White Paper, Royal Air Force
Reflecting the white paper's emphasis on air defence, the number of Hawk trainers equipped with the AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile would be doubled to 72 with the intention of augmenting the Royal Air Force's front-line fighter squadrons.


1981 Defence White Paper, Controversy
In a 1982 live interview about the White Paper for the BBC 2 television programme Newsnight, during the interview by broadcaster Robin Day, taking umbrage at a perceived insult when Day made the comment on the lines that the public might question the judgement of a "here-today, gone-tomorrow politician" on the best long term defence interests of the country, Nott stood up, took off his microphone, and walked out on the interview.


1981 Defence White Paper, Impact of the Falklands War
In the aftermath of the Falklands War, many of the assumptions inherent in the 1981 defence review were re-visited. The December 1982 Defence White Paper introduced a number of initiatives "to increase the mobility and flexibility of our Armed Forces for future operations in the NATO area and elsewhere". These initiatives incorporated several measures to strengthen the Royal Navy including:


1981 Defence White Paper, Impact of the Falklands War
Further initiatives were undertaken to also improve the "out-of-area" capabilities of the Army and Royal Air Force, including:


1981 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1981 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware as an independent during the 1981 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Delaware ended the regular season ranked No. 7 in the nation, but lost in the first round of the playoffs.


1981 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
In their 16th year under head coach Tubby Raymond, the Hens compiled a 9–3 record (9–2 regular season). Ed Braceland was the team captain.


1981 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
Starting the year on a three-game winning streak, the Hens were ranked No. 1 in the first two weeks of the weekly rankings. Though they dropped out of the top 10 in the middle of the year, a strong ending to the season saw them climb back to No. 7 in time to qualify for the eight-team playoff.


1981 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
Delaware played its home games at Delaware Stadium on the university campus in Newark, Delaware.


1981 Denver Broncos season
The 1981 Denver Broncos season was the team's 22nd year in professional football and its 12th with the National Football League (NFL). Led by first-year head coach Dan Reeves,  the Broncos were 10–6, tied for first in the AFC West, but failed to make the postseason again due to their loss to the Buffalo Bills, who gained the final berth.


1981 Denver Broncos season
The Broncos were undefeated at home in 1981, but had six road losses. After a promising 8–3 start, Denver lost three of their final five games, including a critical loss at Cincinnati in week 12. Entering the season finale at Chicago, they had a one-game lead over the San Diego Chargers in the AFC West, but the loss at Soldier Field ended their season, losing the tiebreakers for the division and wild card berths.


1981 Denver Broncos season
Prior to this season, ownership changed in February; coaching and front office changes were made in March.


1981 Detroit Lions season
The 1981 Detroit Lions season was their 52nd in the league. The team failed to improve upon their previous season's record of 9–7, winning eight games. The Lions started off the first four games even at 2-2. In the fourth game of the season, starting quarterback Gary Danielson suffered a dislocated wrist, which ended his season. Backup quarterback Jeff Komlo finished the game and was named the starter for the next week. In the next two games, Komlo struggled. The Lions lost both of those games. Head Coach Monte Clark made the decision to give third-string quarterback Eric Hipple start on a Monday Night game against the Chicago Bears. In front of approximately 71,000 fans, Clark's gamble paid off as the Lions defeated the Bears 48-17.


1981 Detroit Lions season
Star halfback Billy Sims continued to play solid football, amassing 1,888 total yards in total offense while scoring a team-high 14 touchdowns. The Lions had a chance to win the division on the last day against Tampa Bay, but lost and finished in second place in the NFC Central with an 8–8 record. The team missed the playoffs for the eleventh straight season.


1981 Detroit Tigers season
The 1981 Detroit Tigers season was the team's 81st season as a member of the American League. Games were suspended for 50 days due to the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, causing a split season. The Tigers finished the first half of the season in fourth place in the American League East, and the second half of the season tied for second place. Their overall record was 60 wins and 49 losses, and they outscored their opponents 427 to 404. The Tigers drew 1,149,144 fans to their home games at Tiger Stadium, ranking fifth of the 14 teams in the American League.


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W= Wins; L= Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1981 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 all time at position
The following members of the 1981 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 of all time at their position, as ranked by The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract:


1981 Division 1 (Senegal)
The 1981 Division 1 season was the 18th of the competition of the first-tier football in Senegal. The tournament was organized by the Senegalese Football Federation. US Gorée won the second title and participated in the 1982 African Cup of Champions Clubs the following year. AS Police participated in the 1982 CAF Cup Winner's Cup and SEIB Diourbel in the 1982 West African Cup.


1981 Division 1 (Senegal)
SEIB Diourbel (now SONACOS) was the defending team of the title. A total of 14 clubs participated in the competition. The season featured 337 matches, the match with Casa Sport and ASC Niayès was cancelled and scored 378 goals. No new clubs came from the second division (Division 2).


1981 Division 1 (Senegal), Overview
The league was contested by 14 teams with US Gorée winning the championship.


1981 Djiboutian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Djibouti for the first time on 12 June 1981. Earlier in the year, the country had been declared a one-party state with the People's Rally for Progress as the only legally permitted party. RPP leader Hassan Gouled Aptidon, who had been president since independence in 1977, was the sole candidate on the ballot, and was re-elected with 84.58% of the total votes cast.


1981 Donnay Indoor Championships
The 1981 Donnay Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Brussels, Belgium. It was a WCT tournament that was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 9 March until 15 March 1981. Second-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title.


1981 Donnay Indoor Championships, Finals, Doubles
Sandy Mayer /  Frew McMillan defeated  Kevin Curren /  Steve Denton, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3


1981 Donnay Indoor Championships – Doubles
Sandy Mayer and Frew McMillan won the title, defeating Tracy Delatte and Chris Dunk 4–6, 6–3, 6–3 in the final.


1981 Donnay Indoor Championships – Singles
Jimmy Connors won the title, defeating Brian Gottfried 6–2, 6–4, 6–3 in the final.


1981 Donnay Open
The 1981 Donnay Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Nice Lawn Tennis Club in Nice, France, and was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and was held from 6 April until 4 April 1981. First-seeded Yannick Noah won the singles title.


1981 Donnay Open, Finals, Doubles
Pascal Portes /  Yannick Noah defeated  Chris Lewis /  Pavel Složil 4–6, 6–3, 6–4


1981 Down District Council election
Elections to Down District Council were held on 20 May 1981 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 20 councillors.


1981 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1977: 4 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance1981: 3 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 2 x DUP1977-1981 Change: DUP (two seats) gain from UUP and Alliance


1981 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1977: 4 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance1981: 3 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Republican Clubs, 1 x Independent Labour1977-1981 Change: Republican Clubs and Independent Labour gain from SDLP and Alliance


1981 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1977: 4 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Alliance1981: 4 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1981 Drake Bulldogs football team
Drake finished the season with 10 wins and a single loss (59–6) to the Tulsa Golden Hurricane. Since both teams had 5–1 conference records, they were co-champions for 1981.


1981 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1981 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. Duke's offense became the first in ACC history to average over 300 yards a game passing.


1981 Dungannon District Council election
Elections to Dungannon District Council were held on 20 May 1981 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 20 councillors.


1981 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1977: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1981: 2 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Republican1977-1981 Change: Independent Republican gain from SDLP


1981 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1977: 2 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist, 1 x Independent Republican1981: 2 x Independent Nationalist, 1 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Republican1977-1981 Change: Independent Nationalist leaves SDLP


1981 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1977: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1981: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1981 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area D
1977: 2 x Independent, 1 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1981: 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x IIP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1977-1981 Change: UUP and IIP gain from Independent (two seats), Independent Nationalist leaves SDLP


1981 Durham mayoral election
The 1981 Durham mayoral election was held on November 3, 1981 to elect the mayor of Durham, North Carolina. It saw the election of Charles Markham, who unseated incumbent mayor Harry E. Rodenhizer Jr..


1981 Durham mayoral election, Results, Primary
Candidate Jim Farthing had withdrawn on September 21, but remained on the ballot and received votes.


1981 Dutch Grand Prix
The 1981 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 30 August 1981. The race was won by Alain Prost, who led the race for all but one of the 72 laps, in his 25th career start. The race also marked Fittipaldi's return to the F1 circus, having sat out the previous race; although neither Fittipaldi managed to qualify.


1981 Dutch Grand Prix, Race
At the start, Prost led the field into Tarzan, with teammate René Arnoux following closely behind. Further back in the midfield, Gilles Villeneuve crashed into the back of Bruno Giacomelli's Alfa Romeo, vaulting over the Alfa before spinning out of the race.


1981 Dutch Grand Prix, Race
As the field wound toward the second corner, Mario Andretti and Carlos Reutemann collided, leaving Andretti's car with a broken nose. Before the end of the first lap, another incident occurred when Patrick Tambay and Didier Pironi came together. It resulted in instant retirement for Tambay, whilst the second Ferrari carried on for three more laps before also pulling out of the race.


1981 Dutch Grand Prix, Race
At the front of the field, Arnoux was unable to keep up with the pace and dropped four places, behind Alan Jones, Nelson Piquet, Jacques Laffite and Reutemann. With Arnoux out of the way, Jones hunted down Prost and challenged for the lead until his tires wore out and Jones had to slow down. Reutemann and Laffite, in the meantime, battled fiercely for fourth, ending with both cars crashing out of the race on the 18th lap.


1981 Dutch Grand Prix, Race
Toward the end of the race, a slowing Jones was overtaken by Piquet. This would prove to be crucial in the World Championship standings, for if Jones had kept second, Piquet would have missed out on the title at the final race of the season.


1981 Dutch Open (tennis)
The 1981 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum, Netherlands. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 20 July until 26 July 1981. It was the 25th edition of the tournament. Balázs Taróczy won his fourth consecutive title at the event and his fifth in total.


1981 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Heinz Günthardt /  Balázs Taróczy defeated  Raymond Moore /  Andrew Pattison 6–0, 6–2


1981 Dutch TT
The 1981 Dutch TT was the eighth round of the 1981 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 26–27 June 1981 at the TT Circuit Assen located in Assen, Netherlands.


1981 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 26 May 1981. The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) emerged as the largest party, winning 48 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives.


1981 Dutch general election
The incumbent Christian Democratic Appeal-People's Party for Freedom and Democracy coalition lost its overall majority leading to a new coalition being formed between the CDA, the Labour Party (PvdA) and Democrats 66, with the CDA's Dries van Agt continuing as Prime Minister. However due to disagreements between the CDA and PvdA on government spending the coalition collapsed after just a year, leading to fresh elections.


1981 Dwars door België
The 1981 Dwars door België was the 36th edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 29 March 1981. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Frank Hoste.


1981 Dyfed County Council election
The second election to Dyfed County Council was held in May 1981. It was preceded by the 1977 election and followed by the 1985 election. There were a number of unopposed returns, particularly in rural parts of the county.


1981 Dyfed County Council election, Overview
The Independents remained the largest party but lost ground to Labour.


1981 Dyfed County Council election, Overview
In Pembrokeshire, Labour gained three seats from the Independents, although one of these - in Pembroke Dock - was from a former Labour councillor who stood as an Independent.


1981 Dyfed County Council election, Ward Results (Pembrokeshire), Cemaes No. 3
This ward was previously known as Narberth No.3 but was renamed following the transfer of several wards from South Pembrokeshire to Preseli District Council.


1981 Dyfed County Council election, Ward Results (Pembrokeshire), Pembroke No. 3
The previous Labour councilor stood as an Independent but was defeated by a future MP.


1981 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
The 1981 E3 Harelbeke was the 24th edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 28 March 1981. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Jan Raas of the TI–Raleigh team.


1981 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1981 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 20th tournament in league history. It was played between March 10 and March 14, 1981. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the 'final four' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. By winning the tournament, Providence received the ECAC's automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1981 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play, all of which were single-elimination. The three teams that were division champions automatically qualified for the tournament while the remaining five seeds were given to the teams with the highest winning percentage. The top four seeds were given out to the three division champions and the top qualifier and assorted based upon winning percentage. The remaining four seeds were assigned to the other qualifiers and assorted based upon winning percentage.


1981 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
In the quarterfinals the first seed and eighth seed, the second seed and seventh seed, the third seed and sixth seed and the fourth seed and fifth seed played against one another. In the semifinals, the highest seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the two remaining teams play with the winners advancing to the championship game and the losers advancing to the third place game. The tournament champion receives an automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1981 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; Pct. = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1981 ECAC North Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1981 America East Men's Basketball Tournament was hosted by the higher seeds in head-to-head matchups. Canisius, New Hampshire, Niagara and Rhode Island did not qualify for the 1981 tournament. The final was held at The Cabot Center on the campus of Northeastern University. Northeastern gained its first overall America East Conference Championship and an automatic berth to the NCAA Tournament with its win over Holy Cross. Northeastern was given the 11th seed in the West Regional of the NCAA Tournament and won in the first round against Fresno 55–53, but lost in the second round to Utah 94–69. Holy Cross and Rhode Island both gained bids to the NIT and lost within the first two rounds to Syracuse and Purdue respectively.


1981 ECAC South Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1981 ECAC South Men's Basketball Tournament (now known as the Colonial Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament) was held March 5–7 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia.


1981 ECAC South Men's Basketball Tournament
James Madison defeated Richmond in the championship game, 69–60, to win their first ECAC South men's basketball tournament. The Dukes, therefore, earned an automatic bid to the 1981 NCAA Tournament; this was JMU's first-ever bid to the NCAA tournament.


1981 East Carolina Pirates football team
The 1981 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented East Carolina University as an independent during the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Ed Emory, the team compiled a 5–6 record.


1981 East German general election
General elections were held in East Germany on 14 June 1981. 500 deputies were elected to the Volkskammer, with all of them being candidates of the single-list National Front. 679 Front candidates were put forward, with 500 being elected and 179 becoming substitute deputies. At its first session on 25 June, the Volkskammer re-elected Willi Stoph as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, while Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party, was also re-elected Chairman of the Council of State.


1981 East Texas State Lions football team
The 1981 East Texas State Lions football team represented East Texas State University in the 1981 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by head coach Ernest Hawkins, who was in his 17th season at East Texas State. The Lions played their home games at Memorial Stadium and were members of the Lone Star Conference. The Lions finished fourth in the Lone Star Conference.


1981 Eastern 8 Conference Baseball Championship Series
The 1981 Eastern 8 Conference Baseball Championship Series was held on May 8 and 9, 1981 to determine the champion of the NCAA Division I Eastern 8 Conference, renamed in 1982 as the Atlantic 10 Conference, for the 1981 NCAA Division I baseball season. This was the third iteration of the event, and was held on the campus of George Mason in Fairfax, Virginia. Rutgers won the championship.


1981 Eastern 8 Conference Baseball Championship Series, Format and seeding
The regular season winners of each of the conference's two divisions advanced to a best of three series.


1981 Eastern 8 Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1981 Eastern 8 Men's Basketball Tournament was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the Civic Arena from March 3-7, 1981 (first round games were held at campus sites). Pittsburgh defeated Duquesne 64-60 to win their first tournament championship. Lenny McMillan of Pittsburgh was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament.


1981 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
The 1981 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University as a member of the Association of Mid-Continent Universities during the 1981 NCAA Division I-AA football season, and completed the 80th season of Panther football. The Panthers were led by fourth-year head coach Darrell Mudra and played their home games at O'Brien Stadium in Charleston, Illinois. Eastern Illinois finished the season with an overall record of 7–4 and shared the conference title with Northern Iowa and Western Illinois.


1981 Eastern League season
The 1981 Eastern League season began on approximately April 1 and the regular season ended on approximately September 1.


1981 Eastern League season
The Bristol Red Sox defeated the Glens Falls White Sox three games to two to win the Eastern League Championship Series.


1981 Eastern League season, Playoffs, Semi-Finals Series
Bristol Red Sox defeated Reading Phillies 2 games to 0.


1981 Eastern League season, Playoffs, Championship Series
Bristol Red Sox defeated Glens Falls White Sox 3 games to 2.


1981 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team
The 1981 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University in the 1981 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fourth season under head coach Mike Stock, the Hurons compiled a 0–11 record (0–9 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the Mid-American Conference, and were outscored by their opponents, 338 to 88. The team's statistical leaders included J.F. Green with 1,391 passing yards, Ricky Calhoun with 971 rushing yards, and Jeff Dackin with 440 receiving yards.


1981 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season
The 1981 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season was the 74th in the club's history. Coached by Bob Fulton and captained by Royce Ayliffe, they played in the pre-season 1981 Craven Mild Cup, which they won and also in the 1981 Tooth Cup. The Roosters competed in the NSWRFL's 1981 premiership, finishing the regular season 1st (out of 12) to claim the minor premiership. They then came within one match of the grand final but were knocked out by the Newtown Jets.


1981 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season, Season Highlights
Eastern Suburbs finished the Premiership season as minor premiers and won the rich Pre Season Cup. Kevin Hastings won Rugby League's major award, the Rothmans Medal, as well as winning the popular media award 'Rugby League Week's' player of the year.


1981 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 1981 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 1st place in the West Division with a 14–1–1 record and won their fourth consecutive Grey Cup championship after winning the 69th Grey Cup.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite
On June 19, 1981, residents of Edmonton were asked a series of plebiscite questions.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Background
During the fall of 1980, a group calling itself the Save City Hall Committee presented a petition to Cal McGonigle, Edmonton's City Clerk, asking that the City Hall be designated as a municipal historic building. McGonigle rejected the petition on the basis of insufficient signatures. This decision was overruled by the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in January 1981, and the petition was declared valid. McGonigle, acting independently of City Council, appealed the ruling on the basis that it could cause "ambiguity about the authority of all city clerks in Alberta in respect to legislation governing petitions."


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Background
Council gave first reading to the plebiscite on April 8, with the vote to be held May 10; this date was changed to June 19 when Council discovered that information on the design of the proposed new city hall wouldn't be available in time for a May 10 plebiscite.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Background
In addition to the question on which the Save City Hall Committee had sought a vote, council added two questions of its own, the first dealing with how the city should deal with the need for increased municipal office space and the second asking for the electorate's views on the ward system.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Designating City Hall as a Historical Building
Are you in favour of bylaw No. 6403, a bylaw to designate a building within the City of Edmonton and known as the "City Hall", a Municipal Historic Building to be preserved and used by the City?


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Municipal Office Space
There are three basic options to house the Civic Government in the downtown area. These are listed below. Please choose one only.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Municipal Office Space
a. Build a new City Hall on same site, according to the design selected in the recent Architectural Competition - 14126


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Municipal Office Space
b. Retain and renovate the present City Hall and construct an extension to use the space between 102A Avenue and the CN Tower to incorporate the theme of the design selected in the recent Architectural Competition - 19115


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Municipal Office Space
c.  Retain the present City Hall and continue to lease office space as required - 11099


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Ward System
Before 1971, there were no wards and Alderman were elected at large. For example, if there were 40 candidates for City Council, all 40 names would appear on the ballot and the 12 receiving the largest number of votes were elected. In 1971, four wards with three Aldermen each were set up. Voters in each ward voted only for the candidates competing for the positions in that ward. In 1980, the number of wards was increased to six, with two Alderman each.


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Ward System
Are you in favour of the Ward System? (VOTE YES or NO ONLY)


1981 Edmonton municipal plebiscite, Results, Ward System
If your answer is yes, do you favour one of the following? (Vote for one if you voted "Yes" above)


1981 Egyptian presidential confirmation referendum
Presidential elections were held in Egypt on 13 October 1981 following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat on 6 October. The vote took the form of a referendum on Mubarak's candidacy, with 98.5% of voters voting in favour. Voter turnout was reported to be 81.1%.


1981 Egyptian protection of national unity referendum
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Number 57 (talk | contribs) at 23:58, 17 March 2020 (Avoid duplicate). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1981 Egyptian protection of national unity referendum
A referendum on "the protection of national unity" was held in Egypt on 10 September 1981. It was approved by 99.5% of voters.


1981 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and Nippon Kokan won the championship.


1981 Emperor's Cup Final
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1981 Emperor's Cup Final
1981 Emperor's Cup Final was the 61st final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 1982. Nippon Kokan won the championship.


1981 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Nippon Kokan won their 1st title, by defeating Yomiuri 2–0. Nippon Kokan was featured a squad consisting of Koji Tanaka, Nobuo Fujishima and Toshio Matsuura.


1981 Empress's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and Shimizudaihachi SC won the championship.


1981 Empress's Cup Final
1981 Empress's Cup Final was the 3rd final of the Empress's Cup competition. The final was played at Nishigaoka Soccer Stadium in Tokyo on March 21, 1982. Shimizudaihachi SC won the championship.


1981 Empress's Cup Final, Overview
Defending champion Shimizudaihachi SC won their 2nd title, by defeating FC PAF 6–0. Shimizudaihachi SC won the title for 2 years in a row.


1981 England riots
In April and July 1981, there were riots in several cities and towns in England. The riots mainly involved black British youth clashing with police. They were caused by tension between black people and the police, especially perceived racist discrimination against black people through increased use of stop-and-search, and were also fuelled by inner city deprivation. The most serious riots were the April Brixton riots in London, followed in July by the Toxteth riots in Liverpool, the Handsworth riots in Birmingham, the Chapeltown riots in Leeds, and the Moss Side riots in Manchester. There were also a series of less serious riots in other towns and cities. As a result of the riots, the government commissioned the Scarman Report.


1981 England riots, Context, Racial tensions
In all four main cases, the areas had large ethnic minority communities, who had largely immigrated from the Commonwealth in the 1950s and 1960s to do low-paid manual jobs. All the areas suffered from poor housing (mostly dating from the 19th and early 20th centuries), high unemployment and particular problems with racial tensions. According to the Scarman report that was subsequently commissioned by the UK government, the riots were a spontaneous outburst of built-up resentment sparked by particular incidents. Lord Scarman stated that "complex political, social and economic factors" created a "disposition towards violent protest". The Scarman report highlighted problems of racial disadvantage and inner-city decline, warning that "urgent action" was needed to prevent racial disadvantage becoming an "endemic, ineradicable disease threatening the very survival of our society".


1981 England riots, Context, Racial tensions
Brixton (London), Toxteth (Liverpool) and Chapeltown (Leeds) were originally built as affluent areas of these cities. However the relocation of industry, rising popularity of homes on new private housing estates since the 1930s, poor connections and the influx of migrant workers had led to a downfall in their fortunes and the large Victorian terraces and villas were often divided up into low-rent bed sits, and many of those still existing as houses had been bought by landlords who let them to tenants.


1981 England riots, Context, Racial tensions
The First Thatcher ministry (Conservative Party) elected in May 1979 had instituted new powers for the police under the Vagrancy Act 1824 to stop and search people based on only a 'reasonable suspicion' that an offence had been committed – hence their common name of "sus laws". These were applied disproportionately to the black community, and caused widespread resentment amongst young black men. The majority of these were not immigrants; they were the British-born children of immigrants, mostly born in the late 1950s or the first half of the 1960s (Baby boomers).


1981 England riots, Context, Economic circumstances
The election of the Conservatives in 1979 had also seen the implementation by the Thatcher government of monetarist economic policies that were designed to tackle inflation, which had peaked at 27% just before the election, dropped merely to 22% in 1980 and was still above 10% by 1981. In 1979, the second oil price crisis started.


1981 England riots, Context, Economic circumstances
Although inflation was falling by 1981, unemployment was still rising and the recession was now in its second year. By April 1981, unemployment exceeded 2.5 million, having stood at 1.5 million two years earlier. Less than a decade earlier, unemployment had still been in six figures and it had stood at less than 400,000 as recently as the early 1960s. The inner city areas affected by the 1981 riots were among those hit particularly hard by the recession and the unemployment and other social issues that came with it.


1981 England riots, Context, Economic circumstances
This level of unemployment, not seen since the 1930s (Great Depression in the United Kingdom), had led to mass discontent in the working-class areas of Britain most affected by the recession.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
The Asian community also felt isolated and vulnerable to racist attack. The police were given new powers to question people about their immigration status. Resentment arose that these laws were applied, but the police were failing to protect the Asian community from violence. On 11 July 1981, the "Bradford 12" — a group of Asian youths, members of the "United Black Youth League" — were arrested for manufacturing petrol bombs, allegedly to protect their community from a threatened attack. At the subsequent trial, they were acquitted by a jury, on the grounds of self-defence.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
On 18 January 1981, thirteen Black youths died in the New Cross Fire in London when a house was reportedly petrol bombed. The police quickly dismissed a racial motive for the apparent arson attack; and the local Black community were dismayed by the indifference shown in the press towards the deaths. 15,000 people marched demanding action to Central London, in the largest Black issue demonstration seen in the UK.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
Racial tensions continued to rise in the early part of the year. On 28 March 1981, Enoch Powell — by then an Ulster Unionist MP, but still an influence on the Conservative Party — gave a speech in which he warned of the dangers of a "racial civil war" in Britain. Powell had been dismissed from the shadow cabinet in 1968 by the then Tory leader Edward Heath following Powell's controversial Rivers of Blood speech in which he predicted mass civil unrest if Commonwealth immigration continued.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
Three years later, when still a Tory MP, he warned of an "explosion" unless there was a massive repatriation scheme for the immigrants. Racial tension had been particularly high in Wolverhampton, where Powell was an MP, and the town was one of those affected by the less serious waves of rioting during 1981.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
By 6 April, overall unemployment had risen from 1.5 million to 2.5 million in 12 months; and that joblessness among ethnic minorities had risen faster, up 82% in the same period. During March and April, the Metropolitan Police began "Operation Swamp 81", a London-wide campaign against burglary and robbery. In Brixton, over only six days, 120 plain-clothes officers stopped 943 people, arresting 118 — predominantly Black youths. The police justified their style of policing by statistics showing that while street robberies had increased 38% across London between 1976 and 1980; in Brixton it had risen 138%.


1981 England riots, Context, Police powers
The first disturbances began in Brixton over the weekend of 10–12 April 1981, and were followed in July by a series of similar disturbances in more than 35 cities and towns, especially Liverpool. In London, these included Dalston, Stoke Newington, Clapham, Hounslow and Acton. Kenneth Leech, the Race Relations Field Officer of the Church of England's Board for Social Responsibility, noted "Here these were not race riots – riots between races. Rather the conflict was with police as symbols of white authority, with state racism and criminalisation of black communities".


1981 England riots, Aftermath
These riots in areas of high unemployment called the Government to attention that strategies for helping young people into work were not working. The Youth Training Scheme and similar schemes were brought in for school leavers.


1981 England riots, Aftermath
The Association of Chief Police Officers, who develop police policy in England,  produced their Public Order Manual in response to the riots. This was subsequently used in training by police forces throughout Britain.


1981 England riots, Aftermath
The UK government commissioned the Scarman report two days after the Brixton Riots. The terms of reference for the enquiry were "to inquire urgently into the serious disorder in Brixton on 10–12 April 1981 and to report, with the power to make recommendations".


1981 England riots, Aftermath
Scarman was concerned with the "plight" of the ethnic communities in UK inner cities and their relationship with the rest of the national "community". He concluded that it was essential that "people are encouraged to secure a stake in, feel a pride in, and have a sense of responsibility for their own area". He called for a policy of "direct coordinated attack on racial disadvantage".


1981 England riots, Aftermath
As a consequence of the Scarman report a new code for police behaviour was put forward in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984; and the act also created an independent Police Complaints Authority, established in 1985, to attempt to restore public confidence in the police.


1981 England riots, Aftermath
The sus law was repealed on 27 August 1981, when the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 received Royal Assent.


1981 England riots, Triggers
While there were common root causes, the triggers of the riots were different.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Brixton
On the evening of 10 April, at around 17:15, a black youth was stabbed by three other black youths in an attack seen by a police patrol in Atlantic Road. As he was being helped, a large hostile crowd gathered. As the police tried to take him to a waiting car on Railton Road, the crowd intervened. The police were attacked and the struggle only ended when more police officers arrived; the youth was taken to a hospital. The crowd is reported to have believed that the police stopped and questioned the stabbed youth, rather than help him.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Brixton
Rumours spread that the youth had been left to die by the police or that the police looked on as the stabbed youth was lying on the street. Over 200 youths reportedly turned on the police. In response the police decided to increase the number of police foot patrols in Railton Road, despite the tensions, and continue "Operation Swamp 81" throughout the night of Friday the 10th and into the following day, Saturday, 11 April. During the disturbances, 299 police were injured, and at least 65 civilians. 61 private vehicles and 56 police vehicles were damaged or destroyed. 28 premises were burned and another 117 damaged and looted. 82 arrests were made. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved in the riot.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Handsworth
The first riot in Handsworth took place on 10 July 1981. A second riot, which would prove more serious, took place in the area four years later. The riots were reportedly sparked by the arrest of a man near the Acapulco Cafe, Lozells and a police raid on the Villa Cross public house in the same area. Hundreds of people attacked police and property, looting and smashing, even setting off fire bombs.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Chapeltown
The exact trigger for the riots is unclear, although much speculation took place in the local and national press. By 1981, Chapeltown was experiencing a high level of violent crime, tensions were high, particularly among the area's Caribbean majority. The high crime brought about a police purge, and the riots took place in July 1981.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Toxteth
The Merseyside police force had, at the time, a poor reputation within the black community for stopping and searching young black men in the area, under the "sus" laws, and the perceived heavy-handed arrest of Leroy Alphonse Cooper on Friday 3 July, watched by an angry crowd, led to a disturbance in which three policemen were injured. By 1981, Liverpool had one of the highest unemployment rates in Britain, with Toxteth having one of the city's highest unemployment rates.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Other riots
There was also rioting during 1981 in a number of other English cities and towns, although most of these riots were less serious and attracted less media attention than the highly publicised rioting in areas like Brixton and Toxteth.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Other riots
Rioting also occurred in the Dingle, Liverpool, and the Cantril Farm district of Liverpool, although neither of these riots were as serious as the Toxeth riots.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Other riots
Brixton was not the only part of London to be affected by rioting. Disturbances in the districts of Southall and Battersea resulted in fire stations being targeted by rioters and ultimately evacuated for the safety of staff.


1981 England riots, Triggers, Other riots
There was also rioting in Bradford, Halifax, Blackburn, Preston, Birkenhead, Ellesmere Port, Chester, Stoke, Shrewsbury, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, High Wycombe, Southampton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Knaresborough, Leeds, Hull, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Stockport, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Luton, Maidstone, Aldershot and Portsmouth. Several of these areas were already known for racial tension and many of them had high levels of unemployment.


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina
England were the first of the Home Nations to tour Argentina, and to take advantage of the recent International Board (IB) ruling that full caps could be awarded for matches against non-IB countries. It had been the intention to tour Argentina in 1973, but terrorist threats had necessitated cancellation and the side had gone to Fiji and New Zealand instead.


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, Matches
San Isidro Club: F.Argerich; F.Sainz Trápaga, M.Perez Coba, M.Loffrede, L.Corral (F.Aguirre); R.Madero, A.Soares Gache; T.Petersen, R.de Vedis (capt,), R.Lucke; C.Durlech, M.Glestra; C.Seinz Trápaga, J.Perez Cabo, F.Insus. England:  D.Hare; J.Carleton, C.Woodward, P.Dodge, A.Swift; J.Horton, S.Smith; N.Jeavana, J.Scott, M.Rafter; W.Beaumont (capt. ), J.Fidler; C.Smart, A.Simpson, C.McGregar.


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, Matches
Regional del Norte: G.Bustos (Córdoba); P.Bobadilla (Córdoba), R.Mas Dan (Córdoba), M.Ambroggio (Cordoba), Guran (Tucumán); G.Palau (Tucumán), R.Sauce (Tucumán); M.Martinez (Cordoba), R.Hyleveld (Cordoba), M.Espósito (Cordoba); E.Amador (Cordoba), R.Passaglia (Cordoba) (capt. ); E.Rodríguez (Cordoba), H.Bianchi (Cordoba), J.Ferro (Tucumán), (A.Sanchez Salta)England:  B.Patrick; D.Track, R.Dodge, N.Preston, J.Carleton; G.Davies, N.Melville; D.Cooke, J.Scott, R.Hesford; W.Beaumont (capt. ), S.Bainbridge; P.Rendell (C.Smart), S.Milla, G.Pearce.


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, Matches
Buenos Aires: F.Argerich; A.Puccio (J.Palma), E.Sanguinetti, G.Lorenzo, F.Seinz Trápaga; G.Beccer Varela, A.Nicholson (capt. ); J.Allen (C.Neyra), R.Sanz, R.De Vedia; M.Iachetti, M.Glastra; F.Insús, A.Courreges, P.Devoto. England:  W.Hare; J.Carleton, S.Woodward, P.Dodge, T.Swift; H.Davies, S.Smith; N.Jeavons, J.Scott, D.Cooke (B.Hesford); S.Baindridge, W.Beaumont (capt. ); J.Smart, S.Milla, G.Pearce.


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, Matches
Combinado Sur: L.Elissando (Tandil); D.De Pau (Mar del Plata), V.Cutuk (Sur) G.Paulucci (Mar del Plata) R.Bonavita (Mar del Plata); G.Pedroza (Mar del Plata), A.Valderrey (Mar del Plata); 0.Varade (Mar del Plata), M.Riego (Mar del Plata), J.Feullassier (Mar del Plata); D.Rotelo (Mar del Plata), B.Minguez (Mar del Plata) (capt. ); H.Bruno (Mar del Plata), R.Rovere (Tandil) (N.Bosso (Mar del Plata), J.Quaglia (Sur)England: B.Patrick; J.Carleton, P.Dodge, N.Preston, D.Trick; J.Hartan, N.Melville; M.Rafter (capt. ), R.Hesford, N.Jeavons; S.Bainbridge, J.Fidler;


1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, Matches, First test
Regional del Litoral D.Baetti; A.Piscione; J.Escalante, A.Trini, D.Giner; M.Dip, R.Cestagna; C.Marengo, V.Macet, G.Minoldo (J.Comba); G.Milano, J.Mangimelli (capt. ); C.Fernández, C.Cristini, A.Risler. England:  B.Patrick; J.Carleton, P.Dodge, N.Prestan, D.Trick; P.Horton, N.Melville; R.Hesford, D.Cocke, N.Jeavons; S.Bainbridge, W.Beaumont (capt. ); G.Pearce, A.Simpson, C.McGregor.


1981 English Greyhound Derby
The 1981 Spillers Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 27 June 1981 at White City Stadium. The winner was Parkdown Jet and the winning owners Sean and Mick Barnett received £25,000. The competition was sponsored by the Spillers.