1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The military plan with the code name "Big Pines", prepared by IDF, envisaged invasion to Lebanon up to the highway Damascus-Beirut and linking with Maronite forces. It was first presented to Israeli cabinet on 20 December 1981 by Begin, but rejected by the majority of ministers. According to Avi Shlaim, Sharon and chief of staff Rafael Eitan, realizing that there was no chance in persuading the cabinet to approve a large-scale operation in Lebanon, adopted a different tactic and intended to implement "Operation Big Pines" in stages by manipulating enemy provocations and Israeli responses.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
On 3 June 1982 Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov was shot and seriously wounded in London by militants belonging to the Iraqi-backed Abu Nidal militant organization. The attack was ordered by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. Following the attack, the assassins drove to the Iraqi embassy in London, where they deposited the weapon. In his memoirs, Sharon stated that the attack was "merely the spark that lit the fuse". Israeli prime Minister Begin used this as the "internationally recognized provocation" necessary to invade Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The fact that the Abu Nidal organization was the longtime rival of PLO, that its head was condemned to death by the PLO court, and that the British police reported that PLO leaders were on the "hit list" of the attackers did not deter Begin. Iraq's motives for the assassination attempt may have been to punish Israel for its destruction of Iraq's nuclear reactor in June 1981, and to provoke a war in Lebanon that Iraqi leaders calculated would be detrimental to the rival Ba'ath regime in Syria—whether Syria intervened to help the PLO or not!


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
At the Israeli Cabinet meeting the following day, both Begin and Eitan belittled intelligence reports that the likely culprit was the Abu Nidal group. Begin cut short his own advisor on terrorism, arguing that all Palestinian militants were members of the PLO, while Eitan ridiculed the intelligence staff for splitting hairs and demanded to strike at the PLO. Yet Abu Nidal had broken with Arafat and PLO in 1974 over a fundamental principle: namely, that the Palestinian national movement would adopt a phased piecemeal approach to secure a Palestinian state and embark on a political path.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The lack of understanding of the difference between Palestinian groups and the total ignorance of Palestinian politics on the part an overwhelming majority of Israelis and Jews played into the hands of those who did not wish to distinguish between the PLO and the Abu Nidal group. Thus, instead of an initiative to locate the Abu Nidal group in Damascus or Baghdad, the plan to invade Lebanon was activated.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The PLO denied complicity in the attack, but Israel retaliated with punishing air and artillery strikes against Palestinian targets in Lebanon, including the PLO camps. Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp were bombed for four hours and the local "Gaza" hospital was hit there. About 200 people were killed during these attacks. The PLO hit back firing rockets at northern Israel causing considerable damage and some loss of life. According to another source, twenty villages were targeted in Galilee and 3 Israelis were wounded.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
According to Shlaim, Yasser Arafat, at that time being in Saudi Arabia, told the Americans through the Saudis that he was willing to suspend cross-border shelling. But that message was disregarded by the Israeli government. President Reagan also sent a message to Begin urging him not to widen the attack.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
On 4 June the Israeli cabinet authorized a large scale invasion. Begin referred to the operation as self-defense to "avoid another Treblinka".


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Invasion
On 6 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister Ariel Sharon launched a three-pronged invasion of southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee". Roughly 60,000 troops and more than 800 tanks, heavily supported by aircraft, attack helicopters, artillery, and missile boats, crossed the Israel–Lebanon border in three areas. Simultaneously, Israeli armor, paratroopers, and naval commandos set sail in amphibious landing ships from Ashdod towards the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. Israel's publicly stated objective was to push PLO forces back 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Invasion
The westernmost Israeli force was to advance up the coastal road to Tyre. Its mission was to bypass Tyre and destroy three PLO camps in the area, then move up the coast towards Sidon and Damour, while Israeli forces would simultaneously conduct an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off the retreat of PLO forces there.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Invasion
In the center, two divisions were to advance both north and south of the high ground overlooked by Beaufort Castle, which was being used as a PLO stronghold, and take the road junction at Nabatieh, while an elite reconnaissance battalion was to take the castle itself. The two divisions were then to split, with one heading west to link up with the forces along the coast, and another towards Jezzine and from there along the right flank of Syrian forces in the Bekaa Valley. The easternmost Israeli force, the largest of the three, advanced into the Bekaa Valley. Its mission was to prevent Syrian reinforcements from being sent and to stop Syrian forces from attempting to interfere with the operation on the coastal road.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The advance along the coastal road was preceded by heavy artillery bombardment and airstrikes, but quickly became bogged down and was soon behind schedule. The narrowness of the road forced a slow advance, and Israeli armor became stuck in a large traffic jam. Several armored vehicles were knocked out by PLO fighters with anti-tank weaponry hiding in three groves along the road.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
One of the lead battalions, which was supposed to bypass Tyre and establish a blocking position to the north of the city, made a wrong turn and found itself in the center of the city, where it was ambushed. At eight in the evening the force finally crossed the Litani River and headed towards Sidon. In the central sector, the mission went as planned. The two Israeli divisions bypassed Beaufort Castle on both sides.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Although an order to postpone the capture of Beaufort Castle was issued, it did not reach Israeli forces in time to prevent the operation, and Israeli troops of the Golani Brigade captured the castle in the fiercely-fought Battle of the Beaufort. The road junction at Nabatieh was also secured by the end of the first day. Meanwhile, the easternmost force penetrated into the Bekaa Valley and bore down on the Syrian positions. One division bypassed Mount Hermon via a road bulldozed by Israeli military engineers and cleared the town of Hasbaiya before swinging right and advancing towards Rachaiya.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Though Israeli forces halted in the floor of the valley, they were flanking Syrian forces from the east and west. The Syrians put up minimal resistance and conducted some harassing artillery fire. By the end of the first day, the operation had gone almost entirely according to plan, though the advance along the coastal road was behind schedule.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Despite the delays, the Israeli advance along the coastal road continued steadily. This advance was supported by heavy air attacks against PLO positions that included the use of cluster bombs. Israeli missile boats also employed 76mm cannons to destroy targets along the coast, firing 3,500 shells during ten days of fighting. Israeli armor continued to advance towards Sidon, while other Israeli infantry attacked the three Palestinian refugee camps in the area that were used as PLO bases: Rashidiya, Burj ash-Shamali, and al-Bass. The camps were all crisscrossed with networks of bunkers, trenches, and firing positions.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The Israelis took each camp section by section using the same method: warnings were blared by loudspeaker urging civilians to leave, before air and artillery bombardment commenced, followed by an infantry assault. Israeli infantry had to engage in fierce urban combat in narrow streets. The PLO defenders put up strong resistance and sometimes used civilians as human shields. It took four days of combat to secure Rashidiya and three days to secure the other two camps.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
At the same time, an Israeli amphibious operation was conducted north of Sidon, beginning with a diversionary bombardment of targets away from the landing zone by missile boats and aircraft. Two groups of commandos from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit then came ashore to probe enemy defenses and secure the landing site, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
After a brief gunbattle with armed Palestinians, the main landings began, with paratroopers coming ashore in rubber dinghies to establish a beachhead followed by three landing craft that unloaded troops and armor. Over the following days, the three landing ships would run between Israel and Lebanon, shuttling more troops and armor onto the beachhead. The PLO response was limited to ineffective mortar fire, while Israeli missile boats and aircraft attacked Palestinian positions in response, and in total, about 2,400 soldiers and 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers were landed.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
From the beach, these forces advanced on Sidon, supported by naval gunfire from missile boats. At the same time, Israeli forces in the central sector advanced towards Jezzine while those in the eastern sector remained in place, but began setting up heavy artillery positions that put Syrian SAM units in artillery range.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Meanwhile, Israeli forces advancing along the coastal road reached the outskirts of Sidon, but were delayed by heavy resistance in the main streets and the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp on the southeastern edge of the city, and after an attempt by paratroopers to capture the city center and secure the south-north route through the city failed, the city was bypassed via a detour through the hills to the east.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
After linking up with the forces that had landed north of Sidon, while another force of paratroopers and armor with heavy air and artillery support advanced through central Sidon and cleared a south-north route through the city in fierce fighting. Another Israeli division passed through the city to link up with the forces north of Sidon.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
In the center, most Israeli forces advancing towards Jezzine bypassed the town to continue advancing towards the main highway in the area, leaving a blocking force in the area that was soon joined by an armored brigade. Fighting broke out in Jezzine between the Israelis and Syrian forces holding the town.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
In the Battle of Jezzine, Israeli forces consisting of two tank battalions supported by a reconnaissance company and engineering platoon took Jezzine in a fierce daylong battle against a Syrian battalion, then repulsed a fierce counterattack by dozens of Syrian commandos during the night in combat that lasted until dawn. Meanwhile, Israeli forces continued to advance along the Syrians' right flank.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Israeli forces advancing along the coast also completed the capture of Sidon. Paratroopers attacked the Kasbah while a combined force of Golani Brigade infantry and tanks attacked Ain al-Hilweh. The Kasbah was secured in three days; the paratroopers advanced cautiously and managed to take it without suffering any casualties. However, the fighting at Ain al-Hilweh was to prove some of the fiercest of the entire war. The camp was heavily fortified and defended by PLO fighters and Islamic fundamentalists. The defenders fought fiercely over every alley and house, with civilians who wanted to surrender shot by the fundamentalists.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The Israeli advance was slow and was supported by massive air and artillery bombardment. The IDF employed its previous tactics of urging civilians to leave with loudspeakers before attacking an area. It took about eight days for the camp to fall, with the battle culminating in a last stand by the defenders at the camp mosque, which was blown up by the IDF.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
In an effort to establish air superiority and greater freedom of action, the Israeli Air Force launched Operation Mole Cricket 19 on 9 June. During the course of the operation, the Israeli Air Force scored a dramatic victory over the Syrians, shooting down 29 Syrian planes and also destroying 17 Syrian anti-aircraft missile batteries, employing electronic warfare methods to confuse and jam the Syrian radars. The Israelis' only known losses were a single UAV shot down and two fighter jets damaged. Later that night, an Israeli air attack destroyed a Syrian armored brigade moving south from Baalbek, and the IAF attacked and destroyed six more Syrian SAM batteries the following day. The easternmost Israeli force, which had been stationary, resumed its advance forward up the Bekaa Valley.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
In the center, Israeli forces were ambushed by the Syrians as they approached Ain Zhalta, and were pinned down by Syrian forces firing from superior positions. The Israelis were bogged down, and an infantry battalion was sent in by helicopter to reinforce them. The town was only captured after a two-day armored and infantry battle. The battle cost the Israelis 11 killed and 4 tanks, while the Syrians lost approximately 100 killed and 35 tanks. After Ain Zhalta fell, the Israelis advanced to the town of Ain Dara, which overlooked the Beirut-Damascus highway, and captured the heights overlooking the town.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
Along the road to Ain Dara, the Israelis encountered Syrian tank and commando units, and found themselves bogged down as the Syrians took advantage of the terrain. The Israelis called in air support, and Israeli attack helicopters that took advantage of ravines to fly in low beneath their targets to gain an element of surprise proved particularly effective against Syrian tanks. After a daylong battle, the Israelis had surrounded Ain Dara and were in a position to strike on the highway.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
On 10 June 1982, the Israeli air force mistook a column of IDF Nahal Brigade forces for a Syrian commando unit. An IAF F-4 Phantom attacked the Battalion 931, advancing in open APCs in south-eastern Lebanon with cluster ammunition. The unit suffered 24 fatalities and 108 wounded, with a further 30 soldiers shell-shocked.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
In the east, Israeli forces advanced along four main routes towards Joub Jannine, along both sides of the Qaraoun reservoir. The Syrians resisted fiercely. Syrian infantrymen armed with anti-tank weapons staged ambushes against Israeli tanks, and Syrian Gazelle helicopters armed with HOT missiles proved effective against Israeli armor. However, the Israelis managed to capture the valley floor, and the Syrians retreated. The Israelis captured Rachaiya, advanced through Kfar Quoq, and took the outskirts of Yanta. Joub Jannine also fell to the Israelis. The extent of Israeli advances ensured that Syrian reinforcements were blocked from deploying west of the Qaraoun reservoir.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
An Israeli armored battalion then probed past Joub Jannine to the town of Sultan Yacoub, and was ambushed by Syrian forces lying in wait. In the Battle of Sultan Yacoub, the Israelis fought fiercely to extricate themselves, and called in reinforcements and artillery fire to cover the withdrawal. After six hours, the Israelis managed to retreat, having lost 10 tanks and 3 armored personnel carriers. In addition, another major air battle erupted in which the Israeli Air Force shot down 25 Syrian jets and 4 helicopters.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
To the west, as IDF troops mopped up remaining resistance in Tyre and Sidon, the Israeli advance on Beirut continued, and Syrian tank and commando units were then deployed south of Beirut to reinforce the PLO. When the Israelis reached the Beirut suburb of Kafr Sill, they met a joint Syrian-PLO force for the first time, and fought a difficult battle to take it. The IDF temporarily halted its advance in the western sector at Kafr Sill.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
On 11 June, Israel and Syria announced that they had agreed to a cease-fire at noon, which would not include the PLO. The cease-fire was to come into effect at noon. Just before the cease-fire was to take effect, the Syrians moved a column of T-72 tanks so as to position it against Israeli forces in the valley. Israeli infantry teams armed with BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missiles ambushed the Syrian column, destroying 11 tanks. Another air battle also occurred, with the Israelis shooting down 18 more Syrian jets.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The Israeli advance on Beirut pressed forward in the west, reaching Khalde on 11 June. Six miles south of Beirut, the town was the last PLO position in front of Beirut Airport. The Israelis, who stood on the outskirts of Beirut, advanced towards the airport, and engaged in frequent combat with PLO and Syrian units as Israeli warplanes continued to bomb PLO positions in Beirut. The PLO's situation gradually grew worse as the Israeli advance gained ground, threatening to trap the PLO and a Syrian brigade deployed with them in the city.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
With the Israelis advancing on the south and the eastern sector of Beirut held by Lebanese Christian forces, the only way out was on the Beirut-Damascus highway, and the Israelis were building up forces at Ain Dara in the eastern sector, which were in a position to strike at the highway and block any PLO attempt to escape. On 12 June, the Israeli-Syrian cease-fire was extended to the PLO. As the Israeli advance halted, the Israelis turned their attention to the zone they already occupied in southern Lebanon, and began a policy to root out any PLO remnants. Israeli troops began searches for arms caches, and suspected PLO members were systematically rounded up and screened, and taken to a detention camp on the Amoun Heights.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
On 13 June, less than twelve hours after the Israeli-PLO ceasefire had gone into effect, it fell apart, and heavy fighting erupted around Khalde. As the fighting raged, an IDF armored unit struck northeast, attempting to bypass Khalde and advance on Baabda, which overlooked the airport and could be used as another staging point to cut the Beirut-Damascus highway. By 14 June, Syrian forces were being deployed to Khalde. Syrian units in Beirut and three commando battalions armed with anti-tank weaponry took up defensive positions southwest of the airport to block any Israeli attempt to capture it.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The Israelis attempted to flank these defenses by moving off the road past Shuweifat, up a narrow, steep, and winding road towards Baabda, but were ambushed by a Syrian commando battalion. The Syrians attacked Israeli armor with rocket-propelled grenades and anti-tank missiles at close range. Israeli infantry dismounted and engaged the Syrians. Fierce fighting took place, with the Israelis calling in artillery at very close range to themselves. The Israelis advanced relentlessly, and after fourteen hours of fierce combat that raged up through Ain Aanoub and Souq el-Gharb, they broke through the Syrian positions and entered Baabda.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
The IDF then immediately sent reinforcements to the column in Baabda to enable it to carry out further operations. From Baabda, the Israeli force split into three columns, one of which struck across the highway and entered the mountainous area to the northeast, one swung west and took up positions in the steep hills west of Beirut, and one turned toward Kahale, which was further down the highway. To the south, the IDF drove PLO forces out of Shuweifat, but no major battles occurred. The Israelis had now cut the Beirut-Damascus highway, cutting off all PLO and Syrian forces in the city.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Advance on Beirut
On 15 June, Israel offered free passage to all Syrian forces in Beirut if they would withdraw from the city to the Bekaa Valley in the east, but the Syrian government refused and sent further reinforcements to its units along the highway and north of the highway near Beirut. The Israelis faced Syrian strongpoints reinforced by armor and artillery all along the highway. However, between 16 June and 22 June, the fighting was limited to artillery duels and minor firefights between Israeli and Syrian forces, as both sides reinforced their troops.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Battles of the Beirut-Damascus highway
As the two sides prepared for combat, the IDF deemed capturing the Beirut-Damascus highway to be of critical importance. With the Syrians in control of most of the highway, occupying the towns along the highway and to the north, the Israelis could not prevent Syrian and PLO forces from escaping or launch further operations into Beirut without risking a Syrian flanking attack, and the Israelis also wanted a clear transit to Christian-held eastern Beirut.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Battles of the Beirut-Damascus highway
On 22 June, the IDF launched an operation to capture the highway. The Israeli Air Force flew highly effective missions against Syrian positions and vehicles, with Israeli pilots reporting 130 enemy vehicles destroyed in a single air attack alone. Israeli long-range artillery targeted Syrian strongpoints to the north. Israeli armored forces with artillery support attacked Syrian positions along the highway, with the objective of driving them from the highway all the way back to the edge of the Bekaa Valley.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Battles of the Beirut-Damascus highway
With air and artillery support mostly limited to targets north of the highway, the fighting was fierce, especially to the south. By the end of the day, Israel accepted an American request for a cease-fire and halted its offensive, but the cease-fire collapsed the following day and the fighting resumed. As the Israelis pushed forward, and managed to trap a large Syrian force, Syrian defenses began to collapse. For the first time in the war, Syrian troops began to break and run. At Aley, which was defended by Iranian volunteers sent to fight for the PLO, the Israelis encountered fierce resistance.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Battles of the Beirut-Damascus highway
The Israelis managed to push to the eastern Bekaa Valley, and on 24 June, began to shell the outskirts of Chtaura, which was at the northern mouth of the Bekaa Valley and served as headquarters of all Syrian forces there. It was also the last major obstacle before the Syrian border, as well as Syria's capital Damascus itself. The Israelis managed to reach the mountain pass near the village of Dahr el-Baidar, which was the last obstacle before Cthaura.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Battles of the Beirut-Damascus highway
The Syrians fought fiercely to hold the pass, and the Israeli advance halted, with the Israelis holding their ground and harassing the Syrians with artillery fire. By 25 June, with the remaining Syrian positions on and north of the highway no longer tenable, the Syrians withdrew. The Israelis allowed the withdrawal to occur but conducted artillery harassment and continued to shell the outskirts of Chtaura. The Syrians attempted to deploy a SAM battery in the Bekaa Valley at midnight, but Israeli intelligence detected this, and the battery was destroyed in an Israeli air attack. By the end of the day, a cease-fire was announced. The Israelis stopped at their present positions.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Siege of Beirut
The Siege of Beirut had begun on 14 June: Israeli forces had completed the encirclement of the city the previous day. The Israelis chose to keep the city under siege rather than forcibly capture it, as they were unwilling to accept the heavy casualties that the heavy street fighting required to capture the city would have resulted in. Israeli forces bombarded targets within Beirut from land, sea, and air, and attempted to assassinate Palestinian leaders through airstrikes. The Israeli Navy maintained a blockade on the port of Beirut with a ring of missile boats and patrol boats supported by submarines.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Siege of Beirut
The siege lasted until August, when an agreement was reached in August 1982. More than 14,000 PLO combatants evacuated the country in August and September, supervised by the Multinational Force in Lebanon, an international peacekeeping force with troops from the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Italy. About 6,500 Fatah fighters relocated from Beirut to Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Sudan, both North and South Yemen, Greece, and Tunisia—the latter of which became the new PLO headquarters. Israel withdrew its forces from west Beirut on 29 September, officially ending Operation Peace for Galilee.


1982 Lebanon War, Timeline, Siege of Beirut
Philip Habib, Ronald Reagan's envoy to Lebanon, provided an understanding (i.e., assurance) to the PLO that the Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps would not be harmed. However, increased hostilities against the US resulted in the April 1983 United States Embassy bombing. In response, the US brokered the May 17 Agreement, in an attempt to stall hostilities between Israel and Lebanon. However, this agreement eventually failed to take shape, and hostilities continued. These attacks were attributed to Iranian-backed Islamist guerrillas. Following this incident, international peacekeeping forces were withdrawn from Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal
Following the departure of the PLO and international peacekeepers, Islamist militants began launching guerrilla attacks against Israeli forces. Suicide bombings were a particularly popular tactic, the most serious being the Tyre headquarters bombings, which twice devastated IDF headquarters in Tyre, and killed 103 Israeli soldiers, border policemen, and Shin Bet agents, as well as 49–56 Lebanese. The IDF subsequently withdrew from the Shouf Mountains but continued occupying Lebanon south of the Awali River.


1982 Lebanon War, Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal
An increased number of Islamic militias began operating in South Lebanon, launching guerrilla attacks on Israeli positions and on pro-Israeli Lebanese militias. Israeli forces often responded with increased security measures and airstrikes on militant positions, and casualties on all sides steadily climbed. In a vacuum left with eradication of PLO, the disorganized Islamic militants in South Lebanon began to consolidate. The emerging Hezbollah, soon to become the preeminent Islamic militia, evolved during this period. However, scholars disagree as to when Hezbollah came to be regarded as a distinct entity. Over time, a number of Shi'a group members were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as Islamic Jihad members, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and the Revolutionary Justice Organization.


1982 Lebanon War, Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal
In February 1985, Israel withdrew from Sidon and turned it over to the Lebanese Army, but faced attacks: 15 Israelis were killed and 105 wounded during the withdrawal. Dozens of pro-Israeli Lebanese militiamen were also assassinated. From mid-February to mid-March, the Israelis lost 18 dead and 35 wounded. On 11 March, Israeli forces raided the town of Zrariyah, killing 40 Amal fighters and capturing a large stock of arms. On 9 April, a Shiite girl drove a car bomb into an IDF convoy, and the following day, a soldier was killed by a land mine. During that same period, Israeli forces killed 80 Lebanese guerrillas in five weeks. Another 1,800 Shi'as were taken as prisoners.


1982 Lebanon War, Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal
Israel withdrew from the Bekaa valley on 24 April, and from Tyre on the 29th. In June 1985, the IDF unilaterally withdrew to a security zone in southern Lebanon along with its principal Lebanese ally, the South Lebanon Army, completing its troop withdrawal to the security zone on 5 June.


1982 Lebanon War, Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal
Despite this being considered the end of the war, conflict would continue. Hezbollah continued to fight the IDF and SLA in the South Lebanon conflict until Israel's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.


1982 Lebanon War, Military analysis
During the course of combat operations, the Israeli Air Force conducted successful ground attack missions against Syrian and PLO targets, with Israeli attack helicopters inflicting heavy losses on Syrian armor. Israeli jets shot down between 82 and 86 Syrian aircraft in aerial combat, without losses. A single Israeli A-4 Skyhawk and two helicopters were shot down by anti-aircraft fire and SAM missiles. This was the largest aerial combat battle of the jet age with over 150 fighters from both sides engaged. Syrian claims of aerial victories were met with skepticism even from their Soviet allies.


1982 Lebanon War, Military analysis
The Soviets were so shaken by the staggering losses sustained by their allies that they dispatched the deputy head of their air defense force to Syria to examine how the Israelis had been so dominant. The Israeli Air Force also performed ground attacks, notably destroying the majority of Syrian anti-aircraft batteries stationed in Lebanon. AH-1 Cobra helicopter gunships were employed against Syrian armour and fortifications. IAF Cobras destroyed dozens of Syrian Armored fighting vehicles, including some of the modern Soviet T-72 main battle tanks.


1982 Lebanon War, Military analysis
The war also witnessed the Israeli Merkava MBT make its first combat debut, squaring off against Syrian T-72 tanks. During these engagements, the Israelis claimed that the Merkava proved superior to the T-72, destroying a number of them without sustaining a single loss to T-72 fire.


1982 Lebanon War, Military analysis
Former IAF commander, David Ivri would later recall a meeting with a high-ranking member of the Warsaw Pact, in which he was told that the dominance of Israeli and U.S. technology and tactics during the war was one of the factors that changed Soviet mind-set, leading to Glasnost and ultimately, the fall of the Soviet Union. However, defense analysts and the Syrians claimed the opposite, saying that their T-72s were highly effective and that none were lost.


1982 Lebanon War, Military analysis
The T-72 tanks of the Syrian 2nd Armored Division were credited with not only halting the advance of an Israeli armored brigade on Rashaya on 10 June but pushing them back. They tallied the destruction of 33 tanks and the capture of an M60 Patton, which was sent to Damascus and thence transported to Moscow. Syrian tanks saw similar success against Israeli armor in Ain Zhalta and Sultan Yacoub in fighting on 8–10 June, stemming their advance to capture the Beirut-Damascus highway.


1982 Lebanon War, Final accords
On 14 September 1982, Bachir Gemayel, the newly elected President of Lebanon, was assassinated by Habib Shartouni of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as the Phalangists, were allied with Israel. The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp.


1982 Lebanon War, Final accords
Shatila had previously been one of the PLO's three main training camps for foreign militants and the main training camp for European militants; the Israelis maintained that 2,000 to 3,000 terrorists remained in the camps, but were unwilling to risk the lives of more of their soldiers after the Lebanese army repeatedly refused to "clear them out." Between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites were massacred by the Phalangists, who themselves suffered only two casualties.


1982 Lebanon War, Final accords
The Lebanese army's chief prosecutor investigated the killings and counted 460 dead, Israeli intelligence estimated 700–800 dead, and the Palestinian Red Crescent claimed 2,000 dead. 1,200 death certificates were issued to anyone who produced three witnesses claiming a family member disappeared during the time of the massacre. Nearly all of the victims were men. Israeli troops surrounded the camps with tanks and checkpoints, monitoring entrances and exits. Further, Israeli investigation by the Kahan Commission of Inquiry found that Ariel Sharon bore "personal responsibility" for failing to prevent the massacre, and for failing to act once he learned of the massacre.


1982 Lebanon War, Final accords
The Commission recommended that he be removed as Defense Minister and that he never hold a position in any future Israeli government. Sharon initially ignored the call to resign, but after the death of an anti-war protester, resigned as Israel's Defense Minister, remaining in Begin's cabinet as a Minister without portfolio.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces
The 1982 Lebanon War was at first a conventional war up to and including when the PLO were expelled from Beirut. The war was limited by both Israel and Syria because they were determined to isolate the fighting, not allowing it to turn into an all-out war. Israeli forces were numerically superior, allowing Israel to maintain both the initiative and an element of surprise. The Syrian Army fielded six divisions and 500 aircraft, while Israel used five divisions and two brigades, plus 600 aircraft. There were numerous other factions involved.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Israel
IDF forces totalled 78,000 men, 1,240 tanks and 1,500 armoured personnel carriers. IDF troops were deployed in five divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units. The IDF maintained additional forces on the Golan Heights as an area reserve. IDF forces were divided into three main axis of advances called sectors:


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Syria
The largest concentration was in the Bekaa Valley where the 1st Armoured Division consisting of the 58th Mechanised and the 76th and 91st Armoured Brigades. The 62nd Independent Armored Brigade and ten commando battalions were also assigned to the division. Syria deployed around 400 tanks in the Bekaa Valley. 19 surface-to-air missile batteries, including SA6's, were also deployed in the Bekaa Valley.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Syria
In Beirut and the Shouf Mountains were the 85th Infantry Brigade, the PLA, As-Sa'iqa and 20 commando battalions. Syria deployed around 200 tanks in this area. Their primary mission was to protect the Beirut-Damascus Highway, which was Syria's primary supply line in the region.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Lebanon, Armed Forces
Lebanese Army – By 1982 the Lebanese Army had largely disintegrated and what was left was a Christian-staffed force of about 10,000 men in five brigades (the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th) plus some smaller independent units. The Lebanese Army was officially neutral and followed the orders of the Lebanese government, but provided tacit and active support to the Lebanese Front. The Army had lost much of its heavy equipment due to defections of its units.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Lebanon, Armed Forces
A Lebanese national army unit of 1,350 was under the operational control of the UNIFIL commander, HQ located at Arzun with sub-units attached to UNIFIL Battalions.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Lebanon, Armed Forces
Lebanese Navy: The mostly Christian manned force operated several patrol boats and was loyal to the government. It played little or no part in the war.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Lebanon, Armed Forces
Lebanese Air Force: This largely Christian force operated a force of jet fighters, helicopters and other aircraft and it too played little part in the war.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Lebanon, Security forces
Internal Security Forces: the national police and internal security force of Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, PLO
Palestinian Liberation Organization forces continued to grow in Lebanon, with full-time military personnel numbering around 15,000 fedayeen, although only 6,000 of these – including 4,500 regulars – deployed in the south. They were armed with 80 aging tanks, many of them no longer mobile, and with 100 to 200 pieces of artillery. According to Israeli analysts Schiff and Ya'ari (1984), the PLO more than quadrupled its artillery from 80 cannons and rocket launchers in July 1981 to 250 in June 1982. The same authors also refer to Israeli intelligence estimates of the number of PLO fighters in southern Lebanon of 6,000 as


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, PLO
divided into three concentrations; about 1,500 south of the Litani River in the so-called Iron Triangle (between the villages of Kana, Dir Amas, and Juya), Tyre, and its surrounding refugee camps; another 2,500 of the Kastel Brigade in three districts between the Litani and a line running from Sidon to northeast of Nabatiye; and a third large concentration of about 1,500–2,000 men of the Karameh Brigade in the east, on the slopes of Mount Hermon.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, PLO
PLO primary forces consisted of three conventional brigades – each of 2,000 to 2,500 men – and of seven artillery battalions. Each brigade comprised contingents of the many PLO factions. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along the coastal strip while the Kastel Brigade was in the south. The Karameh Brigade was stationed on the eastern slopes of Mount Hermon in the area called Fatahland.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, PLO
The PLO had around 15,000 to 18,000 fighters (of whom about 5,000 to 6,000 were alleged to be foreign mercenaries (or volunteers) from such countries as Libya, Iraq, India, Sri Lanka, Chad and Mozambique) deployed as follows:


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, PLO
Heavy weapons consisted of about 60 T-34, T-54 and T-55 tanks (most of them dug in as pillboxes), up to 250 130mm and 155 mm artillery, many BM21 Katyusha multiple-rocket launchers plus heavy mortars.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, Non-PLO Palestinian groups
Palestinian groups in the radical Rejectionist Front fought on the Muslim-leftist side. The alliance did nothing to improve cooperation between member factions, and internecine bloodshed continued. The following were members of the Rejectionist Front:


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Palestinians, Non-PLO Palestinian groups
Some, such as As-Sa'iqa, the Arab Liberation Front, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) were essentially mercenary armies for foreign governments (Syria, Iraq, and Libya, respectively).


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, Paramilitary forces, Religious
The Christian Lebanese Front, was a coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976, during the Lebanese Civil War. It was intended to act as a counter force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and others. Combined Lebanese Front forces totalled about 30,000 fighting men and women. These forces were mostly Phalangist, though there were some men from Saad Haddad's "Free Lebanon forces" and other smaller right-wing militias, including al-Tanzim.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, UNIFIL
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, or UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 and the United Nations Security Council Resolution 426 on 19 March 1978, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon which Israel had invaded five days prior, restore international peace and security, and help the Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.


1982 Lebanon War, Opposing forces, UNIFIL
The first UNIFIL troops were deployed in the area on 23 March 1978; these troops were reassigned from other UN peacekeeping operations in the area (namely the United Nations Emergency Force and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone). During the 1982 Lebanon War, UN positions were overrun, primarily by the South Lebanon Army forces under Saad Haddad.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
By the end of the first week, 14 June 1982, International Red Cross and Lebanese police figures claimed that 9,583 had died and 16,608 injured. By the end of the second week, they claimed up to 14,000 people died and 20,000 were injured, mostly civilians.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
During the Siege of Beirut, by late August 1982, Lebanese sources put the death toll in Beirut at 6,776. This figure included victims of the 4 June 1982, bombing, which occurred two days before the operation officially started. Lebanese police and international doctors serving in Beirut put the number of civilian casualties at about 80%. According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, all factions in the conflicts agree that between 4,000 and 5,000 civilians died during the siege caused by military activity of all sides. He states that most of the observers that were present on the ground and other relevant sources in Lebanon agree that estimates of 8,000–10,000 are too high.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
Accurate numbers of total casualties are hard to estimate, due to "[t]he chaos of warfare, the destruction of city neighborhoods and refugee camps, the haste with which bodies were buried in mass graves and the absence of impartial agencies". Many officials in Beirut, including those of the International Red Cross, claimed that the number of deaths were extremely difficult to estimate correctly. At least one official from a relief organization claimed that in the South about 80% of deaths were civilian and only 20% military.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
In early September 1982, the independent Beirut newspaper An Nahar published an estimate of deaths from hospital and police records covering the period from 6 June to 31 August 1982. It claimed that 17,285 people were killed: 5,515 people, both military and civilian, in the Beirut area; and 2,513 civilians, as well as 9,797 military forces, including PLO and Syrians, outside of the Beirut area.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
The Lebanese authorities gave a figure of 19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded with combatants accounting for 57% of the dead and civilians 43% in 1982. They do not include the estimated 800–3,500 killed in the Sabra and Shatila massacre.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties
Richard Gabriel estimated that roughly 2,400 PLO fighters were killed during the war, of whom about 1,400 were killed throughout southern Lebanon and another 1,000 killed during the Siege of Beirut. Gabriel also estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians died during the war. Some later estimates have put the total figure at 18–19,000 killed and more than 30,000 wounded, most of them civilians. 80% of villages in South Lebanon were damaged, with some completely destroyed. The Israeli government maintained that about 1,000 Palestinian fighters and 800 Lebanese civilians died during the invasion, excluding the siege of Beirut. Anthony Tucker-Jones estimated that about 1,500 PLO fighters were killed. Kenneth Pollack estimated that 1,200 Syrian soldiers were killed and about 3,000 wounded during the war.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Israeli casualties
According to Israeli figures, Israeli losses in Operation Peace for Galilee were 368 dead and 2,383 wounded, from 6 June until 10 October. The highest ranking IDF casualty of the war was Brigadier General Yekutiel Adam, who was Deputy Chief of Staff of the IDF and had been appointed to be the next Director-General of the Mossad. He was killed by a Palestinian fighter while seeking protection in a house in Dawha, near Damour, during a mortar attack. Other Israeli fatalities included one Colonel, two Lieutenant Colonels; 19 Majors, 28 Captains, 46 Lieutenants, 132 Sergeants, 90 Corporals, and 49 Privates. According to Kenneth Pollack, Israeli losses in action against the Syrians were 195 dead and 872 wounded. 130 Israeli tanks were destroyed or damaged by the Syrians, as were 175 APCs.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Israeli casualties
The IDF's total casualties in the First Lebanon War from June 1982 to June 1985 amounted 654 killed and 3,887wounded.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Israeli casualties
The IDF continued to occupy a substantial part of Lebanon even after the withdrawal to security zone in June 1985. Resistance continued and IDF losses continued to mount. By the time IDF withdrew from Lebanon in May 2000 the total number of IDF fatalities had reached 1,216 killed since June 1982.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Israeli casualties
IDF lost six soldiers as Missing in action in the Battle of Sultan Yacoub. Two prisoners and the bodies of another two were later returned to Israel but two soldiers remain missing. Palestinian factions captured 10 IDF soldiers during the war, including an Israeli air force pilot in the Beaufort battle, a soldier during the Siege of Beirut and eight soldiers in the raid on an IDF observation post in Bhamdoun. All ten prisoners were subsequently released in prisoner exchanges.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Casualties, Israeli casualties
Israeli civilian casualties from cross-border shelling numbered 9–10 killed and at least 248 wounded between June 1982 and 1999.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation
In September 1982, the PLO withdrew most of its forces from Lebanon. With U.S. assistance, Israel and Lebanon reached an accord in May 1983, that set the stage to withdraw Israeli forces from Lebanon while letting them patrol a "security zone" together with the Lebanese Army.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation
The instruments of ratification were never exchanged, however, and in March 1984, under pressure from Syria, Lebanon cancelled the agreement.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation
In January 1985, Israel started to withdraw most of its troops, leaving a small residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia, the South Lebanon Army in southern Lebanon in a "security zone", which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The Israeli withdrawal to the security zone ended in June 1985. Israel withdrew fully from Lebanon in 2000.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation
The political vacuum resulting from the 1985 Israeli withdrawal would eventually lead to the de facto Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Syria would gain much more power over Lebanon than what it enjoyed before 1982, but it would no longer align with the PLO. In the War of the Camps that followed the Israeli withdrawal, Syria fought their former Palestinian allies.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Relocation of PLO
Following Arafat's decision of June 1982, by September 1982, the PLO had withdrawn most of its forces from West Beirut. Syria backed the anti-Arafat PLO forces of Abu Musa in the Beka valley from May 1983. When Arafat castigated the Syrian government for blocking PLO supplies in June 1983, the Syrian government declared Arafat a persona non-grata on 24 June 1983.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Relocation of PLO
With the withdrawal of the PLO leadership from Tripoli in December 1983 there was an Egyptian-PLO rapprochement, this was found to be encouraging by the Reagan administration but was condemned by the Israeli government.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Political results for Israel
In the voting in the Knesset on the war, only Hadash opposed the war (and even submitted a no-confidence motion against the Israeli government). Hadash Knesset member Meir Vilner said in the Knesset plenary session that: "The government is leading Israel to an abyss. It is doing something that in the course of time might lead to crying for generations". In response, they were condemned, and calls were heard, among others from the editor of Yediot Ahronoth, to prosecute them for treason. Left-wing Knesset members, including Shulamit Aloni and Yossi Sarid, were absent from the plenary for the vote. Even the Labour faction voted in support. By mid January 1983 Rabin was saying that the Israeli attempt to impose a peace agreement on Lebanon by the use of force was a "mistake" based upon an "illusion".


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Political results for Israel
Heavy Israeli casualties, alleged disinformation of Israeli government leaders and the Israeli public by Israeli military, as well as political advocates of the campaign and lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet among Israelis. This culminated in a large protest rally in Tel Aviv on 25 September 1982, organized by the Peace Now movement, following the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre. Organizers claimed 400,000 people participated in the rally, and it became known as the "400,000 rally". Other estimates put the figure much lower, maybe reaching 100,000 Israelis but including thousands of reserve soldiers back from Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Political outcome for Lebanon
The Israeli-Maronite alliance dissolved, and Sharon's goal of installing a pro-Israel Christian government in Beirut was not accomplished. 850,000 Christians would emigrate during the Civil War out of Lebanon, most of them permanently.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Political outcome for Lebanon
The withdrawal of the IDF from central Lebanon in the summer of 1983, was followed by one of the bloodiest phases of the Lebanese war, where the Christian Militia (the Lebanese Forces) was left alone to defend the "Mountain" area which comprised the Aley and Chouf districts against a coalition of Druze PSP, PLO remnants, Syrian Army, Lebanese Communist, and Syrian Social National Party. This heavily impacted the civilian population from both sides (more than 5,000 killed from both sides). The Mountain War ended after the Christian forces and civilians withdrew to the town of Deir el Kamar where they were besieged for 3 months before all hostilities ceased and they were transported to East Beirut.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Political outcome for Lebanon
The invasion led to the switching of sides of Amal Movement, which used to fight against the PLO prior to the invasion. The invasion is also popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported Hezbollah organization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Cold War perspective
According to Abraham Rabinovich, the complete dominance of U.S. and Israeli technology and tactics over those of the Eastern Bloc was to have been a factor that hastened the demise of the Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union. However, this was not the first confrontation in which Soviet weaponry had been outmatched by American weaponry. In many of the Cold War conflicts the Americans and their allies had superior technology. Nonetheless, the gap between the First World and Second World weaponry was more apparent in the 1980s and weighed more heavily on Second World leaders.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Long-term consequences
One of the lingering consequences of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon was the creation of Hezbollah.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Long-term consequences
In 2000, when Ehud Barak was Israeli Prime Minister, Israel finally withdrew from the security zone to behind the Blue Line. Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area called Shebaa Farms as Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as the Golan Heights. The United Nations has not determined the final status of Shebaa Farms but has determined that Israel has complied with UNSC resolution 425. The UN Secretary-General had concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 425 of 1978, bringing closure to the 1982 invasion as far as the UN was concerned.


1982 Lebanon War, Outcome of the war, Long-term consequences
Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon led to pressure on the Syrians to withdraw their occupation forces and this pressure intensified after the assassination of the popular Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafik Hariri. On 26 April 2005 the Syrian occupation forces withdrew from Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Investigation into violation of international law
On 16 December 1982, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide. The voting record on section D of Resolution 37/123, which "resolves that the massacre was an act of genocide", was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The abstentions were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany (Federal Republic), Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Ivory Coast, Papua New Guinea, Barbados and Dominican Republic. Some delegates disputed the claim that the massacre constituted genocide.


1982 Lebanon War, Investigation into violation of international law
In 1982, an international commission investigated into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. Chairman was Seán MacBride, the other members were Richard Falk, Kader Asmal, Brian Bercusson, Géraud de la Pradelle, and Stefan Wild.


1982 Lebanon War, Investigation into violation of international law
The commission's report concluded that "the government of Israel has committed acts of aggression contrary to international law", that the government of Israel had no valid reasons under international law for its invasion of Lebanon, and that the Israeli authorities or forces were directly or indirectly responsible for the massacres and killings, which have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September.


1982 Lebanon War, Investigation into violation of international law
Following a four-month investigation, on 8 February 1983, the Kahan Commission submitted its report, which was released to the public by spokesman Bezalel Gordon simultaneously in Hebrew and English. It concluded that direct responsibility rested with the Gemayel Phalangists led by Fadi Frem, and that no Israelis were deemed directly responsible, although Israel was held to be indirectly responsible:


1982 Lebanon War, In cinema
Several films were staged, based on the events of the 1982 war:


1982 Leeds City Council election
Elections to Leeds City Council were held on Thursday, 6 May 1982, with one-third of the council to be elected. As well as that, there was a vacancy to fill after the defection of Whinmoor incumbent Edward Hewitt to the newly formed Alliance between the Liberal Party and the Labour-breakaway Social Democratic Party in February, following his colleague and Headingley councillor, Ernest Millet, who had also defected to the SDP two months prior.


1982 Leeds City Council election
The first election featuring the Alliance seen their support increase by a third upon the previous election, mostly at the expense of the Labour vote, but also helped by the comparative absence of minor parties this election. The Alliance surge resulted in Leeds first three-way race for the popular vote, with the Conservatives pipping Labour by less than 3,000 votes.


1982 Leeds City Council election
The large swings from Labour to Alliance produced gains in Burmantofts and Richmond Hill, as well as allowing Conservative gains in Barwick & Kippax, Garforth & Swillington, Morley North and Pudsey South. There was also an Alliance gain from the Conservatives in the already marginal Horsforth, but with the Ecologist absence playing a bigger role there. Despite the inferior vote and near-halving of their majority by six losses, Labour still won a plurality of the seats fought, and gained back the Headingley and Whinmoor seats they'd lost through defections.


1982 Leeds City Council election, Election result
This result has the following consequences for the total number of seats on the council after the elections:


1982 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1982 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University as an independent during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1982 Lehigh Engineers football team
In their seventh year under head coach John Whitehead, the Engineers compiled a 4–6 record. John Ashler, Ed Godbolt and Jack Meyers were the team captains.


1982 Lehigh Engineers football team
Lehigh played its home games at Taylor Stadium on the university's main campus in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1982 Lewisham London Borough Council election
Elections to Lewisham London Borough Council were held in May 1982. The whole council was up for election. Turnout was 36.4%.


1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill
A spill of the leadership of the Liberal Party of Australia took place on 8 April 1982, following former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock's dissatisfaction with the party's direction under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Fraser beat Peacock's challenge for the leadership of the Liberal Party, 54 votes to 27.


1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Background
On 16 April 1981 Andrew Peacock suddenly resigned from the Cabinet, accusing Prime Minister Fraser of constant interference in his portfolio. This prompted much speculation that intended to challenge Fraser for the leadership.


1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Background
Almost exactly a year later, after a disappointing by election defeat and days after the party's defeat in the Victorian state election (losing power after 27 years), on 5 April 1982 Peacock declared his intention to challenge Fraser, saying "The results of recent elections have shown that the Liberal Party has lost the broad community support which it requires to govern effectively. ".


1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Background
The day before the spill Deputy Leader Phillip Lynch announced his resignation stating that "I believe that this is the time to seek the talents of a younger man for the position." This prompted talk of a ticket of Peacock for Leader and Treasurer John Howard for Deputy


1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, Aftermath
Following his victory Fraser returned Peacock to the Cabinet, replacing the retiring Lynch. It was however not enough to maintain his prime ministership for long, 11 months later he lost a snap federal election to Bob Hawke's Labor Party and resigned, leaving Peacock to take the leadership.


1982 Liberation Memorial
The 1982 Liberation Memorial is a war memorial in Stanley, Falkland Islands. It commemorates all British Forces and supporting units that served in the Falklands War and helped liberate the Falkland Islanders from Argentine military occupation in 1982. The Memorial is situated in front of the Secretariat Building, overlooking Stanley Harbour. The funds for the Memorial were raised entirely by Falkland Islanders and it was unveiled by the Governor of the Falkland Islands, Sir Rex Hunt, on Liberation Day (14 June) 1984, the second anniversary of the end of the war.


1982 Liberation Memorial, Design
The Memorial consists of an obelisk on the front of which is the coat of arms of the Falkland Islands surrounded by a laurel wreath above the words "In Memory of Those Who Liberated Us" and the date the war ended; "14 June 1982". On top of the obelisk is a bronze figure of Britannia, the female personification of the island of Great Britain. On the back and sides of the Memorial are the lists of the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches. Directly behind the Memorial is a relief depicting famous moments during the war.


1982 Liberation Memorial, Design
The Memorial was designed by Falklands-born architect Gerald Dixon and the bronze figure of Britannia was sculpted by David Norris.


1982 Liberation Memorial, Design
In 2015 a bust of Margaret Thatcher (who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time of the 1982 war) was erected next to the Liberation Memorial.


1982 Liberation Memorial, Usage
Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June (Liberation Day) and on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day), with wreaths being laid at the foot of the Memorial.


1982 Liberation Memorial, Usage
The Memorial has also been featured in commemorative coins and postage stamps issued by the Falkland Islands government.


1982 Liberty Bowl
The 1982 Liberty Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game held on December 29, 1982, in Memphis, Tennessee, at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium. The 24th edition of the Liberty Bowl featured the Illinois Fighting Illini of the Big Ten Conference and the Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Alabama won the game, 21–15.


1982 Liberty Bowl
Alabama entered the game with a 7–4 record, having lost their final three regular season games. The team was led by coach Paul "Bear" Bryant, who was coaching his final game after twenty-five years with the program, announcing he would retire and hand over control of the team to Ray Perkins following the game. Bryant's retirement made the Liberty Bowl one of the most covered games of the season as many news stations and newspapers sent reporters to cover the game.


1982 Liberty Bowl
Illinois was led by head coach Mike White and quarterback Tony Eason. The team was making their first bowl appearance since 1964, having won each of their previous bowls.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Game
In the first quarter, Ricky Moore began the scoring as he punched in a 4-yard touchdown run to give Alabama an early lead. Illinois scored their own touchdown in the second quarter as Joe Curtis scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, but kicker Mike Bass missed the extra point which gave Alabama a 7–6 halftime lead.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Game
Wide receiver Jesse Bendross extended Alabama's lead when he scored on an 8-yard touchdown run off a reverse. Illinois rallied behind quarterback Tony Eason following a touchdown pass to Oliver Williams and a 23-yard field goal from Mike Bass. Craig "Touchdown" Turner scored the final points in the fourth quarter for Alabama from a 1-yard touchdown run.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Game
Defensive back Jeremiah Castille was named the game's MVP after intercepting three passes from Tony Eason. Despite giving up 444 total offensive yards from Illinois, 423 passing yards by Eason, Alabama won the game 21–15.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Game
The Tide intercepted seven passes in this game, four from Eason and three from backup quarterback Kris Jenner. Jenner was in the game for only three plays, all of which came after Eason had to leave the game after taking a hard hit from the Alabama defense. On all three plays, Jenner attempted a pass which was intercepted.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Game
Bear Bryant finished with a collegiate record of 323 victories, 85 losses, and 17 ties. Bryant died of a heart attack January 26, 1983—exactly four weeks after the Liberty Bowl.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Statistical summary
Rushing (Att.-Yds.-TD): UI - Curtis 7-13-1, Richard Ryles 4-10-0; UA - Moore 13-65-1, Jeff Fagan 6-38-0, Turner 11-36-1.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Statistical summary
Passing (Att.-Comp.-Int.-TD-Yds. ): UI - Eason 55-35-4-1-423, Kris Jenner 3-0-3-0-0; UA - Walter Lewis 13-7-2-0-130.


1982 Liberty Bowl, Statistical summary
Receiving (No.-Yds.-TD): UI - Mike Martin 8-127-0, Williams 7-84-1, Tim Brewster 6-55-0; UA - Jesse Bendross 3-51-0, Joey Jones 2-60-0.


1982 Liechtenstein general election
General elections were held in Liechtenstein on 5 and 7 February 1982. The result was a victory for the Patriotic Union, which won 8 of the 15 seats in the Landtag. Voter turnout was 95.4%, although only male citizens were allowed to vote.


1982 Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito season
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito's 1982 season was the club's 52nd year of existence, the 29th year in professional football and the 22nd in the top level of professional football in Ecuador.


1982 Lilian Cup
The 1982 Lilian Cup was the 1st season of the competition. The four top placed teams for the previous season took part in the competition.


1982 Lilian Cup
The competition was held in two stages. First, the four teams played a round-robin tournament, after which the two top teams played for the cup, while the bottom teams played for the third place. The competition was held between 4 September and 15 September 1982. This was the first league competition in Israel to award three points for a victory.


1982 Lilian Cup
The competition was won by Maccabi Netanya, who had beaten Hapoel Be'er Sheva 3–1 in the final.


1982 Lilian Cup, Group stage
The matches were played from 4 September to 11 November 1982.


1982 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1982 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 88th staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.


1982 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
On 12 September 1982, Patrickswell won the championship after a 0–17 to 0–15 defeat of Bruree in the final. It was their seventh championship title overall and their first title in three championship seasons.


1982 Lion Shield
The 1982 season of the Lion Shield was the fourth recorded season of top flight association football competition in Tonga, with the results of any competitions that took place between 1972 and 1981 unknown. Ngeleia won the championship, their second recorded championship since their shared title in 1971–72 with Kolofo'ou No.1 and Veitongo after they all finished level on 18 points after eleven games.


1982 Little League World Series
The 1982 Little League World Series took place between August 24 and August 28 in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The Kirkland National Little League of Kirkland, Washington, defeated the Puzih Little League of Chiayi County, Taiwan, in the championship game of the 36th Little League World Series.


1982 Little League World Series
The historic victory by Kirkland snapped the 31-game winning streak by Taiwanese teams and their streak of five consecutive titles. As of 2018, these streaks by Taiwan still stand, and have not been seriously approached by another country or U.S. state. Kirkland's championship is recounted in the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary, Little Big Men (season 1, episode 19), which originally aired in 2010.


1982 Little League World Series, Champions path
The Kirkland National Little League won four games to reach the LLWS.


1982 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 6 May 1982. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour party retained overall control of the council.


1982 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1982 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 68th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 11 April 1982. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Silvano Contini of the Bianchi team.


1982 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet
The 1982 Lliga Catalana de Bàsquet was the 3rd edition of the Catalan Basketball League. As a novelty, there was a change in the competition system, dividing into two groups and also for the first time appeared a team of a lower category (Español), since there were only 5 Catalan teams in the first division. The title was won again by FC Barcelona, with an easily winning against the FIBA Korać Cup champions Joventut Fichet in a newly filled Palau dels Esports. Also for the first time, and as a novelty at that time, Josep Maria Margall was awarded the best player in the competition, who was also the absolute maximum scorer of the competition with 105 points (21 points per game).


1982 Loft Law
Article 7-C of the New York Multiple Dwelling Law, commonly known as the 1982 Loft Law, was designed to protect the residential tenants of certain former commercial buildings in New York City from substandard conditions, eviction, and unfair rent increases. The law affected buildings it defined as Interim Multiple Dwellings (IMDs), commercial or manufacturing loft buildings that had at least three units occupied by residents during the period of April 1, 1980, through December 1, 1981. It required landlords to bring converted residences up to code, and prevented them from charging tenants for improvements until the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy. The law was administered by the New York City Loft Board.


1982 Loft Law
The 1982 Loft Law should not be confused with the artists' loft law, Article 7-b of the New York State Multiple Dwelling Law nor with rent control legislation, which limits the ability of landlords to increase the rent of certain long-term tenants. The artists' loft law requires that the tenant be certified by either the New York State council on the arts or the city's department of cultural affairs. While this law applied to any city of at least one million in New York State, only New York City has such population.


1982 London Marathon
The 1982 London Marathon was the second running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 9 May. The elite men's race was won by home athlete Hugh Jones in a time of 2:09:24 hours and the women's race was won by Britain's Joyce Smith in 2:29:43.


1982 London Marathon
Around 90,000 people applied to enter the race, of which 18,059 had their applications accepted and around 16,350 started the race. A total of 15,116 runners finished the race.


1982 London local elections
Local government elections took place in London, and some other parts of the United Kingdom on Thursday 6 May 1982. Ward changes took place in Enfield which increased the total number of councillors by 6 from 1,908 to 1,914.


1982 London local elections
All London borough council seats were up for election. Both major parties lost votes to the SDP-Liberal Alliance, but whilst the Conservatives gained 20 council seats, Labour lost 101.


1982 London local elections
The party's result of 30.4%, 12 councils and 781 councillors was the worst Labour result since 1968.


1982 London local elections
To date, this remains the last London local election in which the Conservatives won a majority of council seats or councils, as well as the last time the party won over 40% of the vote. The Conservatives would not win the popular vote in a London local election for another two decades, and would not win a plurality of seats in London again until the election of 2006, 24 years later.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race
The 1982 London-Paris ultralight race was a competition for ultralight aircraft and microlight aircraft to fly between London, England and Paris, France, across the English Channel. It was the pivotal event in the European ultralight/microlight aircraft movement that brought ultralight/microlight aviation in Europe into serious public recognition.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, History and development, Prehistory
In 1909, a competition for the first airplane to cross the English Channel resulted in victory for Louis Bleriot in his small Bleriot XI monoplane -- flying from the French coast to the English coast -- one of the most historic flights in aviation history (along with 1903 "first flight" of the Wright Brothers, and the 1927 transatlantic flight of Charles Lindbergh), and a pivotal event for the early development of airplanes.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, History and development, Development
In 1982, during the rise of the ultralight airplane movement, a race was held to repeat the event -- though going the opposite direction, and farther: flying from London, England to Paris, France -- crossing the English Channel in the process.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, History and development, Development
The race was organized by New York-based Fenwick Aviation (which planned a similar event, for autumn of 1983, between New York and Washington, D.C.).


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, History and development, Development
Besides speed, the rules of the race were structured to reward precise navigtion and landing, and minimal fuel consumption.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, Event and outcomes, Race
There were 76 entrants (68 of whom departed from Biggin Hill Aerodrome, near London. At Lydd, England, near the Channel, 66 landed for refueling. Of those, 64 departed Lydd. Finally, 61 landed at Le Toquet, and 59 flew all the way to Pontoise, a few miles from the race end in downtown Paris.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, Event and outcomes, Race
Nearly all of the pilots had never flown over the Channel before. But, despite the risk of overwater flights in early ultralights, none of the aircraft fell into the sea during the Channel crossing, and there were no injuries.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, Event and outcomes, Other notables
Nine Huntair Pathfinder I airplanes participated in the 1982 London-Paris. All of them finished, seven of them finishing in the first ten places. Further, a Pathfinder (pilot: Gerry Breen) was joint winner of the speed award.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, Event and outcomes, Other notables
A small number of Butterfly II motorized ultralight gliders, built by SABENA, and sponsored by R.T.B.F. (Belgian national radio & television), participated in the race. RTBF reporter René Thierry piloted the aircraft to second place in its category.


1982 London-Paris ultralight race, Event and outcomes, Impact
The event generated intense media interest -- initially portraying the flight as a replay of the comic movie Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines, but gradually responding to the general success and safety of the flights. Industry historians note it as the point at which Europe's ultralight/microlight movement gained substantial respect and attention.


1982 Long Beach State 49ers football team
The 1982 Long Beach State 49ers football team represented California State University, Long Beach during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1982 Long Beach State 49ers football team
Cal State Long Beach competed in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by sixth-year head coach Dave Currey, and played the majority of their home games at Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, California, with one game at Veterans Stadium adjacent to the campus of Long Beach City College in Long Beach, California. They finished the season with a record of six wins, five losses (6–5, 5–1 PCAA).


1982 Long Beach State 49ers football team, Team players in the NFL
No Long Beach State 49ers were selected in the 1983 NFL Draft.


1982 Long Beach State 49ers football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1982, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1982 Lorraine Open
The 1982 Lorraine Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. The event was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. It was played in Metz in France and was held from 15 March through 21 March 1982. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and unseeded Erick Iskersky won the singles title.


1982 Lorraine Open, Finals, Doubles
David Carter /  Paul Kronk defeated  Matt Doyle /  David Siegler 6–3, 7–6


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season
The 1982 Los Angeles Dodgers entered the season as the defending World Series champions. They would remain in contention until the final day of the regular season, when the San Francisco Giants would knock them out of the National League West division race, in a season that saw the Atlanta Braves reach the playoffs instead. The Dodgers finished second in the National League West at 88–74, becoming the fifth team since 1969 to miss the playoffs one year after winning the World Series. This was the final L.A. season for longtime cornerstones Steve Garvey and Ron Cey, who would move on to new teams next season. The Dodgers did welcome new second baseman Steve Sax, who won the Rookie of the Year Award.


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The Dodgers drafted 32 players in the June draft and 12 in the January draft. Of those, only four players would eventually play in the Major Leagues.


1982 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Major League Baseball Draft
The first selection in the June draft was first baseman Franklin Stubbs of Virginia Tech. He would spend 10 seasons in the Majors, including 6 with the Dodgers but only hit .232 during that span.


1982 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The 8th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best filmmaking of 1982, were announced on 11 December 1982.


1982 Los Angeles Raiders season
The 1982 Los Angeles Raiders season was the team's 23rd season, 13th season in the National Football League, and first of thirteen seasons in Los Angeles.


1982 Los Angeles Raiders season
In May 1982, a verdict was handed down against the NFL in the lawsuit brought by the Raiders and the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 1980. The jury ruled that the NFL violated antitrust laws when it declined to approve the proposed move by the team from Oakland to Los Angeles. The Raiders promptly moved to Los Angeles although for the 1982 season the team continued to practice in Alameda.


1982 Los Angeles Raiders season
Despite the Raiders' disappointing 7–9 record in their previous season—their last in Oakland until 1995—the Raiders cruised to an 8–1 record in the strike-shortened 1982 season, winning all four of their home games, and clinching home-field advantage throughout the NFL's makeshift playoff tournament for 1982. However, in the second round of the playoffs, the Raiders blew a fourth-quarter lead to the 6th-seeded Jets, losing 17–14, ending the Raiders' season.


1982 Los Angeles Rams season
The 1982 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's 45th year with the National Football League and the 37th season in Los Angeles. The season saw the Rams attempting to improve on their 6-10 record from 1981, a season that saw them miss the playoffs for the first time since 1972. However, a players strike wiped out 7 of the team's 16 games, and shortened the season schedule to only 9 games. The team struggled early, starting 0-3 by the time the strike started.


1982 Los Angeles Rams season
After the conclusion of the strike, the Rams finally got a win at home over the Kansas City Chiefs. However, during the game, quarterback Bert Jones was lost for the season after suffering a neck injury that ultimately led to his retirement. The Rams would lose their next four games before upsetting the 49ers in San Francisco in the season finale. The Rams would ultimately finish the season 2-7, last place in their division and dead last in the NFC. It was the team's worst season since 1962, when they won only 1 game. As a result, head coach Ray Malavasi was fired after the season and replaced by John Robinson the next season.


1982 Los Angeles Rams season, Offseason, NFL Draft
The Rams signed free-agent and oft-injured QB Bert Jones from the Baltimore Colts. Vince Ferragamo returned from the CFL as well, and, with Pat Haden retired, the competition was between these two. Jones opened the season as the starter.


1982 Lothian Regional Council election
The second election to Lothian Regional Council was held on 6 May 1982 and yielded a swing to the Conservatives. Whilst the Labour presence was reduced, the Conservatives were unable to win an outright majority, and both parties exited the election with 22 seats. The council Conservative group, under Brian Meek, was able to take over the council however due to support from the SDP-Liberal Alliance councillors.


1982 Lothian Regional Council election
Turnout was 47.6%, giving the Lothians the highest regional turnout rates in the 1982 Scottish regional elections. The turnout was also an increase of 3.7% on the turnout for the 1978 elections.


1982 Lothian Regional Council election, Background
The Lothian Regional Council had been a key battleground in a fierce ideological battle between a new, younger generation of radical left-wing Labour activists elected in the 1980 election, and the incumbent Thatcherite Conservative government. In a precursor to the Rate-capping rebellion, several Scottish councils had refused to implement spending cuts necessitated due to a cut in funding from George Younger, the then Secretary of State for Scotland. Lothian in particular had seen its funding cut to the tune of £47 million in July 1981.


1982 Lothian Regional Council election, Background
The Labour leader of Lothian Regional Council; John Mulvey, pursued a policy of resisting the cuts, and claimed that Labour had a popular mandate to protect jobs and services through increasing local expenditure. The Lothian council, alongside the councils of certain other Scottish regions, planned spending above government guidelines. Younger responded by cutting the Lothian budget by a further £30 million, and the council caved in to pressure.


1982 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1982 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana Tech University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their third year under head coach Billy Brewer, the team compiled a 10–3 record and finished as Southland Conference champions.


1982 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1982 Louisville Cardinals football team represented the University of Louisville in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Cardinals, led by third-year head coach Bob Weber, participated as independents and played their home games at Cardinal Stadium.


1982 Lowe by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Lowe on 13 March 1982. This was triggered by the resignation of former Liberal Party Prime Minister and MP William McMahon.


1982 Lowe by-election
The by-election was won by Labor Party candidate Michael Maher.


1982 Lowe by-election
The election occurred during the Franklin Dam controversy in Tasmania, which had broad national support; 12% of voters wrote 'No Dams' on their ballot papers.


1982 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic
The 1982 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic, also known as the Lynda Carter Classic, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Deer Creek Racquet Club in Deerfield Beach, Florida in the United States that was part of the Toyota Series of the 1982 Avon Championships World Championship Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from October 4 through October 10, 1982. First-seeded Chris Evert-Lloyd won her third consecutive singles title at the event and earned $22,000 first-prize money.


1982 Lynda Carter Maybelline Classic, Finals, Doubles
Barbara Potter /  Sharon Walsh defeated  Rosie Casals /  Wendy Turnbull 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–3)


1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament was held March 5–7 at a combination of on-campus gymnasiums and the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. This was the first edition of the tournament.


1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
Iona upset top-seeded St. Peter's in the championship game, 66–61, to win their first MAAC men's basketball tournament.


1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament
The Gaels, however, did not receive a bid to the 1982 NCAA Tournament. No other MAAC teams were invited to the tournament this year.


1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
All six of the conference's members participated in the tournament field. They were seeded based on regular season conference records, with the top two teams earning byes into the semifinal round. The other four teams entered into the preliminary first round. An additional third place game was also played on the last day of the tournament.


1982 MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
First Round games were played at the home court of the higher-seeded team. All remaining games were played at a neutral site at the Meadowlands Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey.


1982 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1982 Maine Black Bears football team represented the University of Maine as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by second-year head coach Ron Rogerson, the Black Bears compiled an overall record of 7–4 and a conference mark of 3–2, sharing the Yankee Conference title with Boston University, Connecticut, and UMass.


1982 Maine gubernatorial election
The 1982 Maine gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Democratic Governor Joseph Brennan defeated Republican challenger Charles R. Cragin. Brennan defeated Cragin, winning his re-election by the most votes in the state's history, and the highest percent margin in more than thirty years. The 281,066 votes received by Brennan represented the single highest vote total for governor in Maine history, until the re-election of Governor Paul LePage in 2014.


1982 Maine gubernatorial election, Notes
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1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 53rd midseason exhibition between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was played on July 13, 1982, at Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, home of the Montreal Expos of the National League. The game resulted in a 4–1 victory for the NL, and Cincinnati Reds shortstop Dave Concepción was named the MVP.


1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
It is notable for being the first All-Star Game ever played outside the United States. This would be the only All-Star Game to be played in Montréal, as the Expos would leave in 2005 to become the Washington Nationals before having an opportunity to host another. Four members of the Expos were voted into the starting lineup.


1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The flyover at the conclusion of the National Anthems was done for the first time by a national air squadron other than those from the United States Air Force or Air National Guard as the Snowbirds from the Canadian Forces Air Command flew over Olympic Stadium, marking the first of their two All-Star appearances; they would perform the flyover for the 1991 Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Toronto nine years later.


1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
It is also the last All-Star Game in which the manager of the runner-up for any league pennant managed in place of the manager of the defending league champions due to the latter's unemployment; Billy Martin of the Oakland Athletics managed in place of Bob Lemon, who had been fired by the New York Yankees, Martin's former team.


1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Rosters
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.


1982 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Game, Game summary
The AL drew first blood in the first off NL starter Steve Rogers when Reggie Jackson drove home Rickey Henderson with a sacrifice fly. Dave Concepción responded for the NL with a two-run homer in the second off AL starter Dennis Eckersley and the NL never looked back. The NL tacked on a run in the third when Ruppert Jones tripled and Pete Rose hit a sacrifice fly. The NL got their final run in the sixth on a Gary Carter RBI single that scored then-Expo teammate Al Oliver.


1982 Major League Baseball draft, First round selections
The following are the first round picks in the 1982 Major League Baseball Draft.


1982 Major League Baseball season
The 1982 Major League Baseball season. Making up for their playoff miss of the year before, the St. Louis Cardinals won their ninth World Series championship, defeating the Milwaukee Brewers, four games to three.


1982 Major League Baseball season, Notes
Major League Baseball seasons since 1901 without a no-hitter pitched are 1909, 1913, 1921, 1927–1928, 1932–1933, 1936, 1939, 1942–1943, 1949, 1959, 1982, 1985, 1989, 2000 and 2005.


1982 Malagasy presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Madagascar on 7 November 1982. Incumbent President Didier Ratsiraka of AREMA won with over 80% of the vote. Voter turnout was 86.75%.


1982 Malaysian general election
A general election was held between Thursday, 22 April and Monday, 26 April 1982 for members of the 6th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 293 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day. It is the first election for Mahathir Mohamed as Prime Minister since appointed for this position in 1981.


1982 Malaysian general election
The result was a victory for Barisan Nasional, which won 132 of the 154 seats. Voter turnout was 75.4%.


1982 Malaysian state elections
State assembly elections were held in Malaysia on 22 April 1982 in all states except Sabah and Sarawak.


1982 Malian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Mali on 13 June 1982. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Democratic Union of the Malian People (UDPM) as the sole legal party. As a result, the UDPM won all 82 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was reported to be 96.0%.


1982 Manchester City Council election
Elections to Manchester Council were held on Thursday, 6 May 1982. Due to demographic changes in the city since the formation of the new City Council in 1973, and in common with some other English councils in 1982, substantial boundary changes to all wards were implemented in time for these elections. The most notable changes were as follows:


1982 Manchester City Council election
- The wards of Collegiate Church and Miles Platting were merged, with most of their combined areas forming a new Central ward.


1982 Manchester City Council election
- A new ward of Benchill was carved out of the existing wards of Baguley, Crossacres, and Woodhouse Park.


1982 Manchester City Council election
- Beswick ward became the new Beswick and Clayton ward.


1982 Manchester City Council election
Due to these changes, it was necessary for the whole council to be re-elected. Each ward elected three candidates, with the first-placed candidate serving a four-year term of office, expiring in 1986, the second-placed candidate serving a two-year term of office, expiring in 1984, and the third-placed candidate serving a one-year term of office, expiring in 1983. The Labour party retained overall control of the council.


1982 Manchester City Council election, Election result
After the election, the composition of the council was as follows:


1982 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1982 Marshall Thundering Herd football team was an American football team that represented Marshall University in the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its fourth season under head coach Sonny Randle, the team compiled a 3–8 record (1–6 against conference opponents) and played its home games at Fairfield Stadium in Huntington, West Virginia.


1982 Maryland Terrapins football team
The 1982 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Bobby Ross, the Terrapins compiled an 8–4 record, finished in second place in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and outscored their opponents 373 to 220. Ranked No. 19 at the end of the regular season, Maryland lost to No. 9 Washington in the 1982 Aloha Bowl. The team's statistical leaders included Boomer Esiason with 2,302 passing yards, Willie Joyner with 1,039 rushing yards, and Russell Davis with 445 receiving yards.


1982 Maryland gubernatorial election
The 1982 Maryland gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Democrat Harry Hughes defeated Republican nominee Robert A. Pascal with 61.97% of the vote.


1982 Massachusetts elections
A Massachusetts general election was held on November 2, 1982 in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.


1982 Massachusetts elections
Democratic and Republican candidates were selected in party primaries held September 14, 1982.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, United States Senator
Democratic incumbent Ted Kennedy was re-elected over Republican Ray Shamie and Libertarian Howard S. Katz.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, Governor & Lieutenant Governor
Democrats Michael Dukakis and John Kerry were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor, respectively, over Republican candidates John W. Sears and Leon Lombardi.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, Attorney General
Democrat Francis X. Belotti was elected Attorney General. He defeated Republican Richard L. Wainwright and Libertarian Michael Reilly in the general election.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, Secretary of the Commonwealth
Incumbent Secretary of the Commonwealth Michael J. Connolly defeated Republican Jody DeRoma Dow and Libertarian Robin D. Zazula in the general election.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, Treasurer and Receiver-General
Incumbent Treasurer and Receiver-General Robert Q. Crane defeated Barnstable County Treasurer Mary J. LeClair and Libertarian Freda L. Nason in the general election.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Statewide elections, Auditor
Incumbent Auditor John J. Finnegan defeated Republican Michael S. Robertson and Libertarian Donald E. Washburn in the general election.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Ballot questions, Question 1
Proposed Amendment to the Constitution - The proposed constitutional amendment would remove the constitutional prohibition against the use of public funds to aid or maintain private primary or secondary schools.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Ballot questions, Question 2
Proposed Amendment to the Constitution - The proposed constitutional amendment would allow the legislature to enact laws authorizing the state courts to impose the death penalty on the conviction of crimes to be specified by the law.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Ballot questions, Question 3
Law Proposed by Initiative Petition - would require that before the construction or operation of any nuclear power plant or low-level radioactive waste storage or disposal facility in the Commonwealth, the legislature must make certain findings and a majority of voters must approve the facility at a statewide election.


1982 Massachusetts elections, Ballot questions, Question 4
Referendum on an Existing Law - The law requires that a refundable deposit be paid for certain beverage containers sold in Massachusetts.


1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982. Michael Dukakis was elected to a second non-consecutive term. He beat Republican John W. Sears in the General election, after defeating Incumbent Governor Edward J. King in the Democratic primary.


1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
This election notably saw the Dukakis-Kerry ticket for Governor and Lt. Governor, a gubernatorial ticket made up of the 1988 and 2004 Democratic nominees for President of the United States, who both lost to a  Bush family member, George H.W. and George W. respectively. Republican candidate Andrew Card also went on to serve in key roles in both Bush administrations; as White House Deputy Chief of Staff, Transportation Secretary, and White House Chief of Staff.


1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic primary, Governor, Campaign
Former Governor Michael Dukakis challenged incumbent Governor Edward J. King in a rematch of the 1978 Democratic primary. This time, Dukakis was victorious 53–47%.