1982 bombing of the African National Congress headquarters in London
General Johann Coetzee, former head of the South African security police, and eight other South African policemen, admitted to the attack at an amnesty hearing of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Pretoria in September 1998. Coetzee claimed the "symbolic attack" was ordered by the National Party government of the time.


1982 college softball season
The 1982 college softball season, play of college softball in the United States began in February 1982. Two organizations sponsored end of season tournaments crowning a national champion: the AIAW and the NCAA. Both ended in an event called the Women's College World Series. The season progressed through the regular season, many conference tournaments and championship series, and concluded with the dueling tournaments in May 1982.


1982 college softball season
1982 was the final season of AIAW sports, and the first of NCAA-sanctioned women's sports.


1982 college softball season
The AIAW title was claimed by Texas A&M while the NCAA event crowned UCLA as champion. Following the season, the NCAA became the sole sponsor of top-level women's college athletics, as the AIAW folded.


1982 college softball season, AIAW Women's College World Series
The 1982 AIAW Women's College World Series took place from May 20 to May 25, 1982 in Norman, Oklahoma.


1982 college softball season, NCAA Women's College World Series
The 1982 NCAA Women's College World Series took place from May 27 to May 30, 1982 in Omaha, Nebraska.


1982 college softball season, Records
NCAA Division I season consecutive wins streak:33 – Kathy Van Wyk, Cal State Fullerton Titans; January 30-May 27, 1982


1982 college softball season, Records
Freshman class single game hits:6 – Ann Schroeder, Nebraska Cornhuskers; May 8, 1982


1982 college softball season, Records
Junior class single game hits:6 – Cindy Aerni, Nebraska Cornhuskers; May 8, 1982


1982 college softball season, Records
Senior class winning percentage:35-1 (97%) – Kathy Van Wyk, Cal State Fullerton Titans


1982 demonstrations in Poland
The 1982 demonstrations in Poland refers to anti-government street demonstrations organized by underground Solidarity to commemorate the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement. The bloodiest protest occurred in southwestern Poland, in the town of Lubin, on August 31, 1982. The Lubin demonstration resulted in three protesters killed by Communist services, and an unknown number of wounded. On the same day, rallies and demonstrations took place in several cities across the country. According to Solidarity sources, there were four more victims—in Wrocław, Gdańsk, Nowa Huta, and Toruń. According to official government sources, there were demonstrations in 66 cities.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
On December 13, 1981, the Communist government of Poland under general Wojciech Jaruzelski crushed the opposition, introducing martial law. The main oppositional movement, Solidarity, was delegalized, and its key members were interned. However, by April 1982, Solidarity re-emerged, creating its underground body, the Temporary Coordinating Committee (known as TKK from the Polish name Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna), with delegates who had eluded arrests – Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Bogdan Lis from Gdańsk, Władysław Frasyniuk from Wrocław, and Władysław Hardek from Kraków.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
At the beginning, the Committee opposed street demonstrations, drawing the so-called "Five times yes" appeal, which stipulated negotiations with the government and release of all political prisoners. However, when the program was rejected, the Committee changed its stance, announcing the "Five times no" appeal, and urging the nation to participate in demonstrations on August 31, 1982, the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
The August 31 street protests were organized by all regional underground structures of Solidarity. In Lower Silesia, the main oppositional bodies were Regional Strike Committee, and Fighting Solidarity. In Legnica Voivodeship, there also were such organizations, as Interfactory Strike Committee, and Interfactory Coordinating Committee. The demonstrations were regarded as very important for the future of the opposition movements, as activists hoped that they would become a turning point, forcing the government to change its policy.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
The government was aware of these plans, and initiated a massive propaganda campaign, aimed at reducing the number of demonstrators. Special posters were printed and distributed, and on August 25, general Czesław Kiszczak spoke on TV, warning against "possible tragic consequences". His threats were barely concealed: "If the provocateurs have not had enough of their lessons, we will provide them with some more". In factories across the nation, party activists warned the workers, telling them not to demonstrate.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
However, the most important part of the action was carried out by the security services. In the last days of August, its agents detained hundreds of people, and confiscated several underground printing shops. On August 28, during a teleconference, general Czesław Kiszczak told police commanders of the voivodeships: "The victory must be ours. We have to use a tough rule of action: be quick and determined". Members of the Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party sometimes used an exaggerated tone, while describing the plans of Solidarity.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
On August 26, during a meeting with party activists in Szczecin, said: "The plans of the extremists are the following: public gatherings, a general strike, and, if necessary, an uprising aimed at overthrowing the social system. I accuse Solidarity leaders of political stupidity, leading to crimes against the state and the nation".


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
On August 27, Zbigniew Bujak, one of the Solidarity leaders who had eluded arrest, published a statement, in which he urged the nation to participate in rallies and demonstrations on the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement. Two days later, general Jaruzelski warned people to keep away from protests. On the next day, units of riot police armed with water cannons were deployed on the streets of Warsaw and other main cities of the country. Citizens were warned that the government would not hesitate to use force.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Background
Polish news agency PAP issued a statement, which said: "The martial law decree makes the forces of law and order absolutely responsible for ensuring public order. In order to fulfill this duty, the agencies of law and order may use means of direct compulsion and in special cases they can be aided by units of the armed forces".


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Street protests across the country
On August 31, 1982, demonstrations took place in 66 Polish towns and cities, with as many as 18 of them occurring in southwestern province of Lower Silesia. Official reports stated that protests took place in 65 places. In Wrocław, which was one of main centers of underground Solidarity, several thousand people for many hours fought riot police and soldiers. One demonstrator, 27-year-old Kazimierz Michałczyk, was killed by a bullet.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Street protests across the country
Street fights were a common sight not only in major urban centers, such as Warsaw, Kraków, Szczecin, Wrocław, Łódź, and Gdańsk, but also in provincial cities (Rzeszów, Koszalin, Kielce, Przemyśl, Częstochowa, Bielsko-Biała, Gorzów Wielkopolski), and towns (Starachowice, Lubin, Konin). The magnitude of the demonstrations was confirmed by official sources, as on September 1, PAP informed that a day before, the police detained 4,050 people nationwide (589 in Warsaw, 645 in Wrocław, 201 in Szczecin, and 120 in Gorzów Wielkopolski). Among those arrested was Zbigniew Romaszewski, a Solidarity activist and physicist of the Polish Academy of Sciences.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Street protests across the country
Besides Michałczyk, who was killed in Wrocław, other victims of police brutality were: 32-year-old Piotr Sadowski from Gdańsk, Mieczysław Joniec from Nowa Huta, and Jacek Osmański from Toruń. Additional victim was 35-year-old Stanisław Raczek, who was severely beaten during a protest in Kielce, and died on September 7. In Kielce, where about 4000 people demonstrated in front of the Cathedral, riot police used tear gas and truncheons. In Koszalin, at the main market square, some 3000 people showed up, who were dispersed by the police. In northwestern city of Gorzów Wielkopolski, some 5000 people appeared in front of the cathedral. The demonstration turned into a riot, which lasted several hours, and in which 14 police vehicles were destroyed, 24 officers and 5 demonstrators were wounded, and 200 people detained.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Lubin events
Among towns and cities whose citizens joined the demonstrations was the southwestern copper-mining town of Lubin in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The rally in the local Freedom Square began on August 31, at 3 pm A cross made of flowers was laid, and a small banner was raised. People sung the Polish national anthem, and than chanted: "down with the junta", "release those interned", "Jaruzelski is a traitor and murderer of the nation", "down with communism", "free Lech Wałęsa" etc. About 30 minutes later, the crowd of 2,000 was surrounded by 80-member unit of the riot police. In response, agitated protesters shouted: "pigs", "bandits", "Gestapo", "servants of Brezhnev". People unsuccessfully tried to erect a barricade. They were attacked and dispersed with tear gas.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Lubin events
At 4 pm, a platoon of riot police (ZOMO) from Legnica appeared on Lubin streets and immediately attacked the protesters. The officers were armed with AK-47 assault rifles, which they pointed towards the demonstrators. When the line of policemen reached the intersection of Kopernika and Odrodzenia streets, some of them opened fire. A few minutes later, two men, 26-year-old Mieczysław Poźniak and 32-year-old Andrzej Trajkowski, were mortally wounded.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Lubin events
The events of the late afternoon and evening hours are difficult to recount. It has been established that the police opened fire several times more, thus hitting 28-year-old Michał Adamowicz in the back of his head. He died on September 5. Before 5 pm, another ZOMO platoon came to Lubin (its members were armed with semi-automatic pistols P-83 Wanads), and local police commandant asked offices in Leszno and Zielona Góra to send more reinforcements. At about 5:30, the police changed their tactics. Instead of attacking large groups of demonstrators, the officers created the so-called raid groups, consisting of 6–7 officers, riding in Nysa vans. They roamed the town, brutally attacking even single persons.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Lubin events
Meanwhile, the demonstrators, upon finding out about deaths of their two colleagues, became more determined. More people joined the fighting, and riots lasted until 10:30 pm, when another ZOMO company from Zielona Góra, a platoon of soldiers from Krosno Odrzańskie, and three water cannons were brought to Lubin. Altogether, 1323 officers pacified the demonstration, and new street fights erupted in the town both on September 2 and 3. Altogether, on August 31 in Lubin, three demonstrators were killed, unknown number wounded (six of them were hit by bullets). Around 300 people were arrested.


1982 demonstrations in Poland, Lubin events
Immediately after pacification of the town, security forces began destruction of evidence. In the night of August 31 – September 1, the streets were carefully cleaned, with all shells and bullets taken for analysis. On September 2, police authorities ordered repairs of damaged buildings – broken windows were replaced, and traces of bullets on the walls were covered with plaster. The investigation, despite consistent statements of witnesses of the massacre, was closed.


1982 garment workers' strike
The 1982 garment workers' strike, organized by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU), was the largest strike in the history of New York City's Chinatown.


1982 garment workers' strike, History
In 1982, New York City's Chinatown was home to approximately 500 garment factories employing 20,000 members of the ILGWU Local 23-25. Most of the Chinatown workers were immigrant women from Hong Kong and southern China. Hazardous working conditions, long hours, and payment based on piecework rather than the 1981 minimum wage of $3.35 an hour, were some of the problems that workers sought to address. Every three years, the ILGWU negotiated a new contract on behalf of its 150,000 members throughout the northeastern United States: first with the manufacturers, then with the contractors. Manufacturers were represented by the American Apparel Manufacturers Association (AAMA). Contractors were represented by the Greater Blouse, Skirt and Undergarment Association (GBSUA). Under the agreement, the union would call a strike on any manufacturer or contractor that used a non-union firm.


1982 garment workers' strike, History
That year, the Chinatown contractors rejected the contract negotiated by the GBSUA and presented their own list of demands. Among other things, they maintained that the union, not the contractors, should provide holiday pay; overtime should be calculated on a weekly, rather than a daily, basis; and contractors should be free to do business with non-union manufacturers if union work was not immediately available. They threatened to secede from the GBSUA if their demands were not met.


1982 garment workers' strike, History
The union and the Chinese contractors launched competing propaganda campaigns to win over the workers. Chinese employers tried to play on workers' ethnic loyalties to get them to side against the white-dominated union. ILGWU president Sol Chaikin, meanwhile, called the contractors' demands "an attempt to create a Taiwan in the United States and turn the union clock back fifty years." Ultimately the workers chose the union. Thousands of union members formed a Committee to Defend the Union Contract. Volunteering after work and on weekends, they spread the word in the factories and on the street, handed out leaflets, organized phone banks, and made appearances on local television and radio. Among the organizers were Shui Mak Ka, Lily Moy, Alice Tse, Alice Ip, and Katie Quan.


1982 garment workers' strike, History
On June 24, 1982, nearly 20,000 garment workers rallied in Columbus Park, carrying banners and picket signs. Speakers included Jay Mazur, then the manager of Local 23-25, who told the workers, "We are one!" Afterwards, the crowd marched through Chinatown. As Katie Quan recalled later, "It was an exhilarating moment. Thousands upon thousands of Chinese immigrant women had come together to stand up for themselves."


1982 garment workers' strike, History
Within a few days, all but a few dozen of the Chinatown contractors had pledged to sign the union contract. To persuade the rest, the union organized a second rally on June 29, and warned them that after the rally, they would strike any contractor who had not signed the pledge. The second rally attracted as large a crowd as the first. Within hours, all the contractors had signed the pledge, and the strike ended in victory for the union.


1982 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Afghanistan.


1982 in Afghanistan
Fighting between the Mujahideen jihadists and the Afghan Army backed by Soviet forces is less widespread as the government appears to be in better control of the insurgency problem in general. Karmal, whose position has been considered shaky, is also firmly in command as his Parcham faction of the ruling PDPA manages to eliminate most of the pro-Khalq elements from the government and the party. Diego Cordovez, UN special representative for Afghanistan, visits the capitals of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran to convince their leaders of the necessity to find a peaceful settlement.


1982 in Afghanistan
Clashes between insurgents and security forces are mainly centred on the Panjsher Valley, about 70 km northeast of Kabul. Bitter fighting takes place in this region during June–August. The Afghan Army and the Soviets commit numerous ground troops supported by helicopter gunships and MiG jet fighters to dislodge rebels from the valley. Rebel sources in Pakistan admit that the rebels have to take refuge in nearby mountains but insist that they are preparing to fight back. As a result of large-scale operations by Soviet and Afghan forces, Kandahar, in the south, also seems more secure. Western news agency reports estimate casualties in fighting since the Soviet intervention at 20,000 Afghan and 10,000 Soviet troops. Little is known about rebel losses.


1982 in Afghanistan, February 1982
Karmal signs a trade protocol with the Soviet Union that thrusts Afghanistan further into the Soviet economic orbit. Most Afghan exports go to the U.S.S.R., allowing a credit of 10 million rubles to Afghanistan for essential imports.


1982 in Afghanistan, March 1982
Karmal repeats that Afghanistan is ready to discuss proposals for a "flexible peace policy" with its neighbours but is thwarted by the hostile reaction of the U.S. and its allies. He also stresses his government's agreement with the U.S.S.R. on all policy matters.


1982 in Afghanistan, March 21, 1982
The U.S., the UK, and other Western countries again condemn the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan on the start of the Afghan new year, which is proclaimed Afghanistan Day by Western nations. On the same day the U.S.S.R. declares its intention of staying in Afghanistan until the Kabul government is secure. The Soviet media criticizes the proclamation of Afghanistan Day as part of a "slanderous campaign" against the Soviet presence in Afghanistan.


1982 in Afghanistan, June 1982
Afghan Foreign Minister Shah Mohammad Dost and his Pakistani counterpart, Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, meet in Geneva, while Iran backed out. Cordovez says that at the meeting he broadly outlined the principles of an agreement in separate talks with Khan and Dost and that he also kept Iran informed of progress. Both sides, Cordovez maintains, accepted the main agenda items: withdrawal of troops, resettlement of an estimated three million Afghan refugees, and international guarantees on noninterference in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. Khan comments that talks are "still at a preliminary stage" and reiterates Pakistan's refusal to hold direct talks with Kabul until Pakistan recognizes the Kabul government.


1982 in Afghanistan, September 1982
Gen. Abdul Qadir is appointed minister of defense in place of Gen. Mohammad Rafi.


1982 in Afghanistan, Early November 1982
An explosion in a mountain tunnel north of Kabul is reported to have killed hundreds of Soviet soldiers and Afghan civilians. According to accounts that reach the West, the lead truck of a Soviet military convoy collided with an oncoming fuel truck. The resulting blast and burning gasoline ignited other vehicles, and most of the deaths are believed to have been caused by asphyxiation from the smoke and fumes that filled the tunnel.


1982 in Afghanistan, December 31, 1982
The Soviet news agency TASS declares that Soviet troops will remain in Afghanistan until long-standing Soviet conditions for their withdrawal (including an assurance of noninterference by Pakistan, Iran, and other nations in the internal affairs of Afghanistan) are met. Predictions of a change in Soviet policy toward Afghanistan had gained credence in some Western capitals after the death of Soviet Pres. Leonid Brezhnev in November 1982 and the appointment of Yuriy Andropov as his successor. Western analysts claimed that Andropov, in his previous post as head of the Soviet State Security Committee (KGB), had consistently opposed Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan.


1982 in American television
The year 1982 involved some significant events in television. Below is a list of television-related events in the United States.


1982 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Australia.


1982 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1982.


1982 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1982 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1982 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1982 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1982 in Australian soccer
The 1982 season was the 13th season of competitive association football in Australia.


1982 in Australian television, Events, Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on an Australian television network that had previously premiered on another Australian television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.


1982 in Bangladesh
1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1982nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 982nd  year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd  year of the 20th century, and the  3rd   year of the 1980s decade.


1982 in Bangladesh
The year 1982 was the 11th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the first year of the Government of Hussain Muhammad Ershad.


1982 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1982 average official exchange rate for BDT was 22.12 per US$.


1982 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1982.


1982 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1982 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 81st season of competitive football in the country.


1982 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Flamengo declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions by aggregate score of 2-1.


1982 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Relegation
The worst placed team in each one of the eight groups in the first stage plus the four clubs eliminated in the qualification/relegation playoff, which are Nacional, River, Ferroviário, Itabaiana, Mixto, Vitória, Taguatinga, Joinville, América (RN), CSA, Goiás and Desportiva, were relegated to the same year's second level.


1982 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Campo Grande declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B champions by aggregate score of 8-5.


1982 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Promotion
The competition champion, which is Campo Grande, was promoted to the following year's first level, and the first placed team in each one of the four groups in the second stage, which were América-RJ, Corinthians, São Paulo-RS and Atlético Paranaense, were promoted to the same season's first level's second stage.


1982 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1982.


1982 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1982.


1982 in British music
This is a summary of 1982 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1982 in British music, Charts, Number-one singles
"The Model"/"Computer Love" was the first single by a German artist to top the chart since its establishment 29 years earlier. By the end of 1982, there had been two further number ones by German artists, "Seven Tears" and "A Little Peace".


1982 in British music, Year-end charts
The tables below include sales between 1 January and 31 December 1982: the year-end charts reproduced in the issue of Music Week dated 26 December 1982 and played on Radio 1 on 2 January 1983 only include sales figures up until 11 December 1982.


1982 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1982.


1982 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1982.


1982 in Cambodia
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Cambodia.


1982 in Canadian television
This is a list of Canadian television related events from 1982.


1982 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Cape Verde.


1982 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Chile.


1982 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1982.


1982 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1982.


1982 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1982.


1982 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1982 in Estonia.


1982 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1982.


1982 in French television
This is a list of French television related events from 1982.


1982 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1982.


1982 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1982 in Iceland.


1982 in India
Events in the year 1982 in the Republic of India.


1982 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1982.


1982 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1982 include:


1982 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1982 include:


1982 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1982 include:


1982 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1982.


1982 in Italian television, Television shows, Rai, Miniseries
RAI answers to the spread of American fictions on the private networks with three miniseries of prestige, realized in international coproduction and trusted to renowned movie directors.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In anime, the winners of the Anime Grand Prix were the TV series Six God Combination Godmars for best work, an episode of Urusei Yatsura for best episode, Takeru Myoujin from Six God Combination Godmars and voiced by Yū Mizushima for best character, Toshio Furukawa for best voice actor, Mami Koyama for best voice actress and Macross, the opening for the TV series Super Dimension Fortress Macross and sung by Makoto Fujiwara for best song. For a list of anime released in 1982 see Category:1982 anime.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In film, Fall Guy won the Best Film award at the Japan Academy Prize, the Blue Ribbon Awards and the Hochi Film Award. Exchange Students won the Best Film award at the Yokohama Film Festival. For a list of Japanese films released in 1982 see Japanese films of 1982.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In manga, Gakuto Retsuden by Motoka Murakami (shōnen), Yōkihi-den by Suzue Miuchi (shōjo) and Karyūdo no Seiza by Machiko Satonaka (general) were the winners of the Kodansha Manga Award. The winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award were Tsuribaka Nisshi by Jūzō Yamasaki and Ken'ichi Kitami (general), Miyuki and Touch by Mitsuru Adachi (shōnen or shōjo) and Game Center Arashi and Kon'nichiwa! Mi-com by Mitsuru Sugaya (children). Gin no Sankaku by Moto Hagio won the Seiun Award for Best Comic of the Year. For a list manga released in 1982 see Category:1982 Manga.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In music, the 33rd Kōhaku Uta Gassen was won by the Red Team (women). They were: Junko Mihara, Naoko Kawai, Aming, Mizue Takada, Seiko Matsuda, Kyoko Suizenji, Sugar, Naoko Ken, Los Indios and  Sylvia, Mina Aoe, Chiyoko Shimakura, Mieko Makimura, Ikue Sakakibara, Rumiko Koyanagi, Junko Sakurada, Miyuki Kawanaka, Hiromi Iwasaki, Masako Mori, Sayuri Ishikawa, Sachiko Kobayashi, Aki Yashiro and Harumi Miyako. Hiromi Iwasaki won the Nippon Television Music Festival and the Japan Music Awards with her song Madonna tachi no lullaby. The Japan Record Award was won by Takashi Hosokawa with his song Kita Sakaba. The May edition of the Yamaha Popular Song Contest was won by Aming with their song Matsuwa. Seiko Matsuda won the FNS Music Festival with Nobara no Etude.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In television, for dramas initially broadcast in 1982 see: List of Japanese television dramas#1982. For more events see: 1982 in Japanese television.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
At the 1982 Asian Games Japan ranked second in the number of gold medals with 57 and tied with China in the total medal count with 153.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In badminton, Hiroyuki Hasegawa won the Men's singles and Sumiko Kitada the Women's singles at the Japanese National Badminton Championships (for the other results see the article).


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In baseball, the Seibu Lions won the Japan Series 4-3 against the Chunichi Dragons. The MVP in the Central League was Takayoshi Nakao and in the Pacific League Hiromitsu Ochiai. At the Japanese High School Baseball Championship Ikeda won 12-2 against Hiroshima.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In basketball, Japan hosted the ABC Championship for Women 1982 that was won by Korea, with the Japanese team winning the third place. The All Japan Intercollegiate Basketball Championship was won by Nippon Sport Science.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In chess, Hiroyuki Nishimura (men's) and Naoko Takemoto (women's) were the winners of the Japanese Chess Championship.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In figure skating, the winners of the 1981–1982 Japan Figure Skating Championships were Fumio Igarashi (men), Mariko Yoshida (women) and Noriko Sato and Tadayuki Takahashi in ice dancing.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In golf, Yoshitaka Yamamoto won the NST Niigata Open, Hideto Shigenobu won the Kansai Pro Championship, Takashi Kurihara won the Hiroshima Open, Masahiro Kuramoto won the Japan PGA Championship, Teruo Sugihara won the Kansai Open and Akira Yabe won the Japan Open Golf Championship.


1982 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In football (soccer) Japan hosted the 1982 Intercontinental Cup between C.A. Peñarol and Aston Villa F.C.. Peñarol won 2-0. Mitsubishi Motors (currently the Urawa Red Diamonds) won the 1982 Japan Soccer League. Yamaha Motor Company (currently the Júbilo Iwata) won the Second Division of the Soccer League and was promoted to the First Division. It also won the Emperor's Cup. For the champions of the regional leagues see: Japanese Regional Leagues 1982.


1982 in Japanese television
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Danielgonz (talk | contribs) at 02:58, 23 June 2020 (→Debuts). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1982 in Kenya
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Kenya.


1982 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1982.


1982 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Laos.


1982 in Libya
The following lists events that happened in 1982 in Libya.


1982 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1982 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1982, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1982 in Michigan
The Associated Press (AP) selected the state's top news stories as follows:


1982 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1982 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1982 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1982 in Michigan, Music and culture
Michigan acts performed five of the songs ranked on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1982, as follows:


1982 in Michigan, Music and culture
Notable albums released in 1982 by Michigan acts included the following:


1982 in Michigan, Music and culture
In October 1982, Madonna's first single "Everybody" was released. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard dance chart.


1982 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in New Zealand.


1982 in New Zealand, Population, Government
The 40th New Zealand Parliament continued. The third National Party government was in power.


1982 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Music, New Zealand Music Awards
Winners are shown first and in boldface with nominees underneath.


1982 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1982 in New Zealand television, 1982 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1982 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1982 film awards, 1982 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1982 films


1982 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing, Harness racing
New Zealand men's rowing 8 win gold medal at the world rowing championships in Lucerne, Switzerland.


1982 in New Zealand, Sport, Horse racing, Harness racing
Stephanie Foster wins the first ever NZ women's medal at a world championships with a bronze medal in the single sculls event.


1982 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1982 in Norwegian music.


1982 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1982. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1982 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 with Doce and the song "Bem bom".


1982 in Portugal, Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1981–82 Primeira Divisão and 1982–83 Primeira Divisão.


1982 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1982.


1982 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Singapore.


1982 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in South Africa.


1982 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Three new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways:


1982 in Sri Lanka
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Sri Lanka.


1982 in Swedish football
The 1982 season in Swedish football, starting January 1982 and ending December 1982:


1982 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1982 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 71 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1982 in Thailand
The year 1982 was the 201st year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand, which celebrated its bicentenary on 6 April. It was the 37th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2525 in the Buddhist Era.


1982 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1982 to Wales and its people.


1982 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1982 in Zaire.


1982 in Zaire, Sources
This year in Africa article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1982 in architecture
The year 1982 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1982 in association football
The following are the worldwide football (soccer) events of the year 1982.


1982 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1982  throughout the world.


1982 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1982  throughout the world.


1982 in comics
Notable events of 1982 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1982 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1982.


1982 in film
The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


1982 in film, Highest-grossing films, North America
The top ten 1982 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1982 in film, Highest-grossing films, Outside North America
The highest-grossing 1982 films in countries outside of North America.


1982 in film, Worldwide gross revenue
The following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1982. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1982.


1982 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1982 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1982 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1982. For video games, see 1982 in video gaming.


1982 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1982 in the Men's hammer throw. One of the main events during this season were the 1982 European Athletics Championships in Athens, Greece, where the final of the men's competition was held on September 10, 1982. (The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s.) Soviet Union's Sergey Litvinov broke the world record in 1982 season.


1982 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1982.


1982 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1982.


1982 in home video, Film releases
The following films were released on video on the following dates:


1982 in ice hockey
The following is a chronicle of events during the year 1982 in ice hockey.


1982 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of jazz in the year 1982.


1982 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1982.


1982 in marathon running
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1982 in the Marathon for both men and women. Australia's Robert de Castella broke the men's world record on December 6, 1981, at the Fukuoka Marathon, clocking a total time of 2:08:18.


1982 in motoring
1982 in motoring includes developments in the automotive industry throughout the year 1982 by various automobile manufacturers, grouped by country.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
British Leyland announced the new Austin Ambassador. The Ambassador was a heavily reworked version of the Princess, with a hatchback bodystyle.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
British Leyland also revived the MG marque, a year after the last MGB was sold. The MG Metro 1300 was a sporty version of the standard Austin hatchback with a 1.3L petrol engine which was capable of 100 mph. British Leyland also expanded the Metro range with the introduction of a Vanden Plas version.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
In the same year British Leyland sold the Coventry Climax forklift truck and specialist engines business into private ownership.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
The end of 1982 also saw the end of Austin Allegro production after a decade. It was replaced by the Maestro, which did not go on sale until March 1983.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
After 20 years on sale, for most of which it was the best selling car in Britain, the Ford Cortina ceased production. Its successor was the aerodynamic Sierra, a range of hatchbacks and estates. A saloon called the Sapphire would launch in early 1987. Underneath, the Sierra differed little from its predecessor. 1.3, 1.6, 2.0 and 2.3 petrol engines were carried over from the Cortina although the car rode on a new rear wheel drive platform with independent rear suspension. There was the added option of a 2.3L diesel unit sourced from Peugeot and a 5 speed gearbox became available.


1982 in motoring, United Kingdom
The Sierra divided opinion at launch over its space-age styling which also became known as the "jellymould". However, Ford dealers still had high stock of the Cortina to shift and sales of it still continued into 1983 but the Sierra still managed second place in the UK's top-selling new cars for that year.


1982 in motoring, France
Renault withdrew the R14 hatchback from production after six years, with a Renault 9-based model due to replace it during 1983.


1982 in motoring, France
Citroën introduced a new medium-sized hatchback and estate range which replaced the long-running GS - the BX. It was aimed directly at the new Ford Sierra, and was designed to include plastic body panels which were designed to reduce corrosion and improve fuel economy. The engine range started with a 1.1-litre petrol, which was unusual in this size of car and was only to be sold in certain European markets. The BX range's top engines were 1.9 petrol and 1.9 diesel units (turbo and non-turbo). It was launched on the continent in September 1982, but British sales did not begin until the following summer.


1982 in motoring, Germany
Audi launched the 100, a saloon with an aerodynamic bodyshell. The four-door saloon (no longer with a two-door variant) was joined by the five-door Avant estate car. Equipment levels on the 200 had specification levels comparable to the BMW 7 Series.


1982 in motoring, Germany
BMW launched the 3 Series, a new range of two- and four-door saloons aimed to compete with the Audi 80. The 316 was a 1.8 engined model, and the 323i, was capable of around 130 mph.


1982 in motoring, Germany
The new 5 Series, is a large saloon aimed at competing with the Audi 100.


1982 in motoring, Germany
Volkswagen launched a heavily restyled Scirocco, though it maintains the original front-wheel drive chassis of the original 1974 MK1 Golf based model. The mechanical design and engines are very much the same as before, but the new bodyshell is substantially different.


1982 in motoring, Germany
Mercedes-Benz has finally made its cars affordable for the mass production market by introducing the new 190E in December – which is a direct competitor for the BMW 3 Series. It is an all-new four-door saloon with rear-wheel drive, with the entry-level model being the 2.0 carburetor engine which produces 105 bhp. Like the larger, more expensive models in the Mercedes range, the 190E is a well-equipped, comfortable, solid, reliable, refined and prestigious competitor which is difficult to beat in almost every area. UK sales commenced in September 1983.


1982 in motoring, Italy
Fiat made changes to the 132 range which was renamed Argenta.


1982 in motoring, Italy
Lancia launched the Prisma, a four-door family saloon. Based on the chassis of the Delta and Fiat Ritmo hatchbacks, it is nearer in size to cars in the Ford Sierra and Opel Ascona (Vauxhall Cavalier) sector. It uses the same mechanical design and engines as the Delta.


1982 in motoring, Spain
In September the Opel Corsa was launched, a small front-wheel drive hatchback. General Motors announced its intention to import the car from Spain to Britain from April 1983 as a Vauxhall, where it would eventually replace the Chevette.


1982 in motoring, Japan
Nissan announced a front-wheel drive model in its Sunny range. The model was badged as a Datsun in Europe, and as the Nissan Sentra in America. A new small model in the Nissan range was planned to go on sale the following year. The Cherry was repositioned as a hatchback in the mould of the Volkswagen Golf, with 1982 seeing the Cherry's position in the supermini market filled by the Micra (sold as the March in certain markets), although the Micra will not be available to European buyers until the summer of 1983. Nissan also responded to the growing demand for front-wheel drive hatchbacks with its new Stanza, which was launched in Europe from January 1982 after going on sale in Japan towards the end of 1981.


1982 in motoring, Japan
Daihatsu announced the Charmant, a four-door saloon based on the then current Toyota Corolla. It was sold alongside the compact Charade, which competed with the likes of the Austin Metro and Ford Fiesta.


1982 in motoring, Poland
1982 saw the Polski Fiat badge removed from the long-running Fiat 125 based saloons, which were now badged on all markets as FSO.


1982 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1982 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1982 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1982 in music
This is a list of notable events in music from 1982, a year in which Madonna made her debut and Michael Jackson released Thriller, which holds the title for the world's best selling album.


1982 in music, Albums released
In the US, the RIAA stated that 2,630 albums, 2,710 cassettes and 2,285 singles were released.


1982 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1982.


1982 in music, Chronological table of US and UK number one hit singles
"Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (3 weeks in 1981 + 2 weeks in 1982)"Land of Make Believe" – Bucks Fizz (2)"Oh Julie" – Shakin' Stevens (1)"The Model" – Kraftwerk (1)"Town Called Malice" – The Jam (3)"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" – Tight Fit (3)"Seven Tears" – Goombay Dance Band (3)"My Camera Never Lies" – Bucks Fizz (1)"Ebony and Ivory" – Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder (3)"A Little Peace" – Nicole (2) 500th UK No. 1 single"House of Fun" – Madness (2)"Goody Two Shoes" – Adam Ant (2)"I've Never Been to Me" – Charlene (1)"Happy Talk" – Captain Sensible (2)"Come on Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (4) best selling single of the year"Eye of the Tiger" – Survivor (4)"Pass the Dutchie" – Musical Youth (3)"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?" – Culture Club (3)"I Don't Wanna Dance" – Eddy Grant (3)"Beat Surrender" – The Jam (2)"Save Your Love" – Renée and Renato (2 weeks in 1982 + 2 weeks in 1983)


1982 in music, Chronological table of US and UK number one hit singles
"Physical" – Olivia Newton-John (6 weeks in 1981 + 4 weeks in 1982) best selling single of the year"I Can't Go For That (No Can Do)" – Daryl Hall & John Oates (1)"Centerfold" – The J. Geils Band (6)"I Love Rock 'N Roll" – Joan Jett & The Blackhearts (7)"Titles" – Vangelis (1)"Ebony And Ivory" – Paul McCartney & Stevie Wonder (7)"Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (3)"Eye Of The Tiger" – Survivor (6)"Abracadabra" – Steve Miller Band (2)"Hard To Say I'm Sorry" – Chicago (2)"Jack And Diane" – John Cougar (4)"Who Can It Be Now?" – Men at Work (1)"Up Where We Belong" – Joe Cocker & Jennifer Warnes (3)"Truly" – Lionel Richie (2)"Mickey" – Toni Basil (1)"Maneater" – Daryl Hall & John Oates (2 weeks in 1982 + 2 weeks in 1983)Or see: Hot 100 No. 1 Hits of 1982


1982 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1982.


1982 in paleontology, Plants, Angiosperms
A Trochodendron wood species. New comb of Trochodendroxylon beckii Hergert & Phinney 1954


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
An Enantiornithes Walker, 1981, Ambiortiformes Kurochkin, 1982. Ambiortidae Kurochkin, 1982, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Phasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
An Odontopterygiformes Howard, 1957, family Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Threskiornithidae, placed in Aves Incerta Sedis by Olson, 1982, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Podicipedidae, this is the type species of the new genus, Mlíkovský, 2000 transferred the species to the genus Podiceps.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Strigidae, probably a synonym of Ornimegalonyx oteroi Arredondo, 1958.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
Described as a Psittacidae, transferred by Mourer-Chauviré in 1992 to the Quercypsittidae, placed in Aves Incertae Sedis by Mayr et Daniels 1998, Mayr 2009 thought it might be a Fluvioviridavidae G. Mayr, 2005, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A possible Balaenicipitidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
Described as a Falconidae, but Mlíkovský 2002  placed it in Aves Incertae Sedis, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Gruiformes, Phorusrhacidae Ameghino, 1889, Brontornitinae Moreno et Mercerat, 1891, in 1993 Alvarenga mede it the type species of his new genus Paraphysornis.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
An Otididae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1982 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds, Newly named birds
A Gruiformes, Ergilornithidae Kozlova, 1960. According to Karhu, 1997 not an Ergilornithidae. Olson, 1985 and Kurochkin, 1985 place the species in the genus Amphipelargus Lydekker, 1891.


1982 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1982 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1982 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1982 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1982 in professional wrestling
1982 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1982 in radio
The year 1982 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting history.


1982 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1982.


1982 in science
The year 1982 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.


1982 in sports
1982 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1982 in the Netherlands
This article lists some of the events from 1982 related to the Netherlands.


1982 in the Philippines
1982 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1982.


1982 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1982 in the United Arab Emirates.


1982 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1982 in the United Kingdom. The year was dominated by the Falklands War.


1982 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1982. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1982 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1982 in athletics.


1982 in video games
1982 was the peak year for the golden age of arcade video games as well as the second generation of video game consoles. Many games were released that would spawn franchises, or at least sequels, including Dig Dug, Pole Position, Mr. Do!, Pitfall!, Zaxxon and Q*bert. Additional game consoles added to a crowded market, notably the ColecoVision and Atari 5200. Troubles at Atari late in the year triggered the video game crash of 1983.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games
The highest-grossing arcade game of 1982 was Pac-Man, which had accumulated a total revenue of $6 billion worldwide ($16.1 billion adjusted for inflation) by 1982.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan
In Japan, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games of 1982, according to the annual Game Machine chart.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United States
In the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games of 1982, according to RePlay and Cash Box magazines and the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA).


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, United States
The following table lists the top-grossing titles of each month in 1982, according to the RePlay and Play Meter charts.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games
The following titles were 1982's best-selling home video games with known annual sales figures for the year.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games
The following titles were listed by Billboard magazine as the top ten best-selling home video games in the United States between September 1982 and March 1983.


1982 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games
Note: Donkey Kong (Atari VCS) published by Coleco sold 4 million units between 1982 and 1994, grossing over $100,000,000 (equivalent to $268,000,000 in 2020) in sales revenue. However, its sales figures for 1982 specifically are currently unknown.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
The Invasion of the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Invasión de las Islas Malvinas), code-named Operation Rosario, was a military operation launched by Argentine forces on 2 April 1982, to capture the Falkland Islands, and served as a catalyst for the subsequent Falklands War. The Argentines mounted amphibious landings and the invasion ended with the surrender of Falkland Government House.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence
Governor Rex Hunt was informed by the British Government of a possible Argentine invasion on 1 April 1982. At 3:30 pm that day he received a telegram from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office stating:


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence
We have apparently reliable evidence that an Argentine task force could be assembling off Stanley at dawn tomorrow. You will wish to make your dispositions accordingly.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
The Governor summoned the two senior Royal Marines of Naval Party 8901 to Government House in Stanley to discuss the options for defending the Falklands. He said during the meeting: "Sounds like the buggers mean it."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
Major Mike Norman was given overall command of the Marines due to his seniority, while Major Gary Noott became the military advisor to Governor Hunt. The total strength was 68 Marines and 11 sailors from the Antarctic patrol ship Endurance's survey team, commanded by RN Lieutenant Chris Todhunter. That number was greater than would normally have been available because the garrison was in the process of changing over – both the replacements and the troops preparing to leave were in the Falklands at the time of the invasion.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
This was decreased to 57 when 22 Royal Marines embarked aboard HMS Endurance to join the 13-man British Antarctic Survey (BAS) team under base commander Steve Martin to observe Argentine soldiers on South Georgia. The Royal Navy and author Russell Phillips state that a total of 85 marines were present at Stanley.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
Their numbers were reinforced by at least 25 Falkland Islands Defence Force (FIDF) members. Graham Bound, an islander who lived through the Argentine occupation, reports in his book Invasion 1982: Falkland Islanders at War that the higher figure of 40 members (including 15 ex-FIDF members) of the FIDF reported for duty at their drill hall. Their commanding officer, Major Phil Summers, tasked the volunteer militiamen (including his son Brian Summers) with guarding such key points as the telephone exchange, the radio station and the power station.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
Skipper Jack Sollis, on board the civilian coastal ship Forrest, operated his boat as an improvised radar screen station off Stanley. Four other civilians, former Royal Marines Jim Fairfield and Anthony Davies, a Canadian citizen, Bill Curtiss and Rex Hunt's chauffeur, Don Bonner also offered their services to the governor. Rex Hunt himself was armed with a Browning 9 mm pistol.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
Prior to the main Argentine landings, nine of the British sailors present were placed under the command of the Chief Secretary, Dick Baker, and rounded up 30 Argentine nationals living in Port Stanley and placed them in protective custody next to the Police Station. He recalls:


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
There were a few local people to arrest, and I remember being terribly apologetic to them, and saying, 'Because you are Argentine or married to an Argentine, or work for LADE [an Argentinian airline], we have got to take you into custody.' We put them in the refreshment room of the Town Hall, which was near the Police Station.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Defence, Forces involved
The nine sailors came back to Government House, where they established an information service, leaving the prisoners in custody of RN Lieutenant Richard Ball.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario
The Argentine amphibious operation began in the late evening of Thursday 1 April, when the destroyer ARA Santísima Trinidad disembarked special naval forces south of Stanley. The bulk of the Argentine force was to land some hours later from the amphibious warfare ship ARA Cabo San Antonio near the airport on a beach previously marked by frogmen from the submarine ARA Santa Fe. The operation had been called Azul (Blue) during the planning stage, but it was finally renamed Rosario.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, ARA Santa Fe
Rosario began with the reconnaissance of Port William by the submarine ARA Santa Fe and the landing of 14 members of the Buzos Tácticos near Cape Pembroke, including the commander of this elite unit, Lieutenant-Commander Alfredo Raúl Cufré. The reconnaissance mission began as early as 31 March, when the trawler Forrest was spotted through the periscope at 10:00 p.m. off Port Stanley. The next day, Santa Fe learned that the authorities in Stanley were aware of the Argentine plans, so a change was necessary. Instead of landing right on Pembroke, the commandos would initially take a beach nearby.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, ARA Santa Fe
The commandos left Santa Fe at 1:40 p.m. and from the beach headed towards Pembroke peninsula in Zodiac boats. They reached Yorke Bay at 4:30 a.m. on 2 April. After planting beacons for the main landing, they took over the airfield and the lighthouse without encountering significant resistance. After the British surrender at Port Stanley, this team was given the task of gathering the Royal Marines and taking them into custody.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
On the night of 1–2 April 1982, Santísima Trinidad halted 500 metres (1,600 ft) off Mullet Creek and lowered 21 Gemini assault craft into the water. They contained 84 special forces troopers of Lieutenant-Commander Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots's 1st Amphibious Commandos Group and a small party under Lieutenant-Commander Pedro Giachino, who was second-in-command of the 1st Marine Infantry Battalion and had volunteered for the mission to capture Government House. Argentine Rear Admiral Jorge Allara, through a message radioed from Santisima Trinidad, had requested from Rex Hunt a peaceful surrender, but the request was rejected.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
Giachino's party had the shortest distance to go: two and a half miles due north. Moody Brook Barracks, the destination of the main party, was six miles (9.7 km) away over rough terrain. Sánchez-Sabarots, in the book The Argentine Fight for the Falklands, described the main party's progress in the dark:


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
It was a nice night, with a moon, but the cloud covered the moon for most of the time. It was very hard going with our heavy loads; it was hot work. We eventually became split up into three groups. We only had one night sight; the lead man, Lieutenant Arias had it. One of the groups became separated when a vehicle came along the track we had to cross. We thought it was a military patrol. Another group lost contact, and the third separation was caused by someone going too fast.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
This caused my second in command, Lieutenant Bardi, to fall. He suffered a hairline fracture of the ankle and had to be left behind with a man to help him. We were at Moody Brook by 5.30 a.m., just on the limits of the time planned, but with no time for the one hour's reconnaissance for which we had hoped.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
The main party of Argentine Marines assumed that the Moody Brook Barracks contained sleeping Royal Marines. The barracks were quiet, although a light was on in the office of the Royal Marine commander. No sentries were observed, and it was a quiet night. Sánchez-Sabarots could hear nothing suggesting any action at Government House nor from the distant landing beaches. Nevertheless, he ordered the assault to begin. Sánchez-Sabarots's account continued:


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
It was still completely dark. We were going to use tear-gas to force the British out of the buildings and capture them. Our orders were not to cause casualties if possible. That was the most difficult mission of my career. All our training as commandos was to fight aggressively and inflict maximum casualties on the enemy. We surrounded the barracks with machine-gun teams, leaving only one escape route along the peninsula north of Stanley Harbour. Anyone who did get away would not able to reach the town and reinforce the British there. Then we threw the gas grenades into each building. There was no reaction; the barracks were empty.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
The noise of the grenades alerted Major Norman to the presence of Argentines on the island, so he drove back to Government House. Realising that the attack was coming from Moody Brook, he ordered all troop sections to converge on Government House to enable the defence to be centralised. Around this time, most of the Falkland Islands Defence Force received similar orders and fell back to Drill Hall.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
Sergeant Gerald Cheek from the FIDF recalled: "We were requested to phone in to HQ whenever possible, and when I made the routine call at 06.00 hours Phil Summers informed me that the Governor had said FIDF members were not to engage with the enemy under any circumstances, and they were to surrender when ordered to do so without offering any resistance."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Attack on Moody Brook barracks
Although there were no Royal Marine witnesses to the assault, British descriptions of the state of Moody Brook barracks afterwards contradict the Argentine version of events. After the Royal Marines were allowed to return to barracks to collect personal items. Norman describes walls of the barracks as riddled with machine gun fire and bearing the marks of white phosphorus grenades – "a classic houseclearing operation". The Argentines maintain that the barracks were damaged in an air attack by Harriers from No. 1 Squadron RAF on 12 June 1982—involving Flight Lieutenant Mark Hare and Wing Commander Peter Squire—that killed three conscripts and wounded their commander.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
There was a more pressing action on the eastern edge of Stanley. Twenty LVTP-7A1 Argentine tracked amphibious armoured personnel carriers from Lieutenant-Commander Guillermo Cazzaniga's 1st Amphibious Vehicles Battalion, carrying D and E Companies of the 2nd Marine Infantry Battalion (BIM-2) from Puerto Belgrano, had been landed from the tank landing ship ARA Cabo San Antonio at Yorke Bay, and were being watched by a section of Royal Marines under the command of Lieutenant Bill Trollope. Two Argentine-built landing craft also took part in the landings later that morning and would fall into British hands at the end of the fighting in June.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
The armoured column drove along the Airport Road into Stanley, with three Amtracs in the vanguard, and, near the Ionospheric Research Station, at exactly 7:15 a.m., was engaged by a section of Royal Marines with anti-tank rockets and machine guns. Lieutenant-Commander Hugo Santillán later wrote an official post-battle report.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
We were on the last stretch of the road into Stanley. A machine-gun fired from one of the three white houses about 500 metres away and hit the right-hand Amtrac. The fire was very accurate. Then there were some explosions from a rocket launcher, but they were inaccurate, falling a long way from us. We followed our standard operating procedure and took evasive action. The Amtrac on the right returned fire and took cover in a little depression. Once he was out of danger, I told all three vehicles to disembark their men.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
I ordered the crew with the recoilless rifle to fire one round of hollow charge at the ridge of the roof of the house where the machine-gun was, to cause a bang but not an explosion. We were still following our orders not to inflict casualties. The first round was about a hundred metres short, but the second hit the roof. The British troops then threw a purple smoke grenade; I thought it was their signal to withdraw. They had stopped firing, so Commander Weinstabl started the movement of the two companies around the position.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
Some riflemen in one of the houses started firing then; that was quite uncomfortable. I couldn't pinpoint their location, but one of my other Amtracs could and asked permission to open up with a mortar which he had. I authorized this, but only with three rounds and only at the roofs of the houses. Two rounds fell short, but the third hit right in the centre of the roof; that was incredible. The British ceased firing then.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
The Amtrac on the right manoeuvred itself off the road into a little depression and as it did so, disembarked the Marines inside—including one wounded, Private Horacio Tello—out of view. This encouraged the Royal Marines to think that Gibbs had scored a direct hit on the passenger compartment of the APC. According to Santillán, this vehicle took 97 rounds and another lost its tracks.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
Trollope, with No. 2 Section, describes the action: "Six Armoured Personnel Carriers began advancing at speed down the Airport Road. The first APC was engaged at a range of about 200 to 250 metres. The first three missiles, two 84 mm and one 66 mm, missed. Subsequently one 66 mm fired by Marine [Mark] Gibbs hit the passenger compartment and one 84 mm Marines [George] Brown and [Danny] Betts hit the front. Both rounds exploded and no fire was received from that vehicle.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
The remaining five APCs which were about 600 to 700 metres away deployed their troops and opened fire. We engaged them with GPMG, SLR and sniper rifle [Sergeant Ernie Shepherd] for about a minute before we threw a white phosphorus smoke grenade and leap-frogged back to the cover of gardens. Incoming fire at that stage was fairly heavy, but mostly inaccurate."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
According to Governor Hunt in his memoirs, Marines Brown and Betts brought the leading Amtrac to a screeching halt with a direct hit in one of the forward tracks while Marine Gibbs scored another hit in the passenger compartment: "About this time, we received the heartening news that the section led by Mike's second-in-command, Bill Trollope, had knocked out the first APC. They put an 84mm rocket into the tracks and a 66mm rocket into the passenger compartment. They stood ready to shoot anybody who got out, but nobody did."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
Trollope and his men withdrew along Davis Street, running behind the houses with Argentine Marines in hot pursuit, and went to ground firing up the road when it became obvious they could not reach Government House. Corporal Lou Armour, commanding '1 Section', was positioned at Hookers Point when the invasion began. Shortly after the attack on Moody Brook, he was ordered to withdraw to Government House, meeting up with Corporal David Carr's section along the way.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
"The marines, now numbering sixteen, decided to try and work their way around to the back of the ridge where the Argentinians were positioned, and then charge down to Government House, hopefully taking the enemy by surprise. But as they moved through the edges of the town they came under fire at every street corner and it was eventually so heavy they had to abandon their plan."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
As both sections headed off to find Trollope's men, Armour decided to have one more try at getting into Government House. Using fire and manoeuvre to cross a football pitch they then crawled along the hedgerow leading to the gardens where they experienced friendly fire. According to Armour: "I had a running battle with a bunch of Argentines in armored vehicles who were chasing me and my section back toward Stanley.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
When we eventually got to government house, we were taking fire from three directions: the Argentines who were attacking the house, both behind and in front, and our own guys, who were in the house and thought we were another Argentine snatch squad trying to get in. So that was a bit hairy. An Argentine was killed that day and a few more wounded."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
They eventually made it to safety via the kitchen door. Again according to Armour: "One Section pepper-potted down the road towards the wood where we knew Government House to be. Movement was slow as we had to crawl and monkey run until we reached the hospital. It was now broad daylight. From there the section fired and manoeuvred behind the nurses' home and across the football pitch until we reached a hedgegrow. I informed Marine Parker to call out, 'Royal Marines!' as we approached the house. We were eventually heard by Corporal Pares, who told us where the enemy were. The section, under cover from Corporal Pares, then dashed into the house where we were deployed upstairs by Major Noott."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
In the meantime, Corporal Stefan York and his section had been patiently manning their hiding place on the western end of Navy Point. As Argentine landing craft were reported approaching Stanley Harbour, Marine Rick Overall fired a Carl Gustav anti-tank round which the British, in an interview with military historian Martin Middlebrook, claimed to have penetrated the side of an Argentine Marine Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, killing all on board. According to Lieutenant-Commander Hugo Jorge Santillán, an Amtrack Amphibious Recovery Vehicle around this time had entered Stanley Harbour after the capture of Government House, to carry out emergency repairs on the two amphibious armoured personnel carriers that had been damaged in the earlier gun-battle near the Ionospheric Research Station.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Amphibious landing at Yorke Bay
Major Mike Norman wrote in his book about the Navy Point defenders: "All well and good, but if an enemy landing craft had been sunk in the Narrows, by Corporal York's 4 Section, I would certainly have heard about it – they were in constant radio contact with my HQ. No such incident was ever mentioned."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Lying on a small hillock south of Government House, Lieutenant-Commander Pedro Giachino faced the difficulty of capturing this tactically important objective with no radio and with a force of only sixteen men. He split his force into small groups, placing one on either side of the house and one at the rear. Unknown to them, the governor's residence was the main concentration point of the Royal Marines, who outnumbered the commandos by over two to one.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
The first attack against this building came at 6.30 a.m., barely an hour before the Yorke Bay amphibious landing, when one of Giachino's squads, led by Lieutenant Gustavo Adolfo Lugo, started to exchange fire with the British troops inside the house. At the same time, Giachino himself, with four of his subordinates, entered the servants' annex, believing it to be the rear entrance to the residence. Four Royal Marines, Corporals Mick Sellen and Colin Jones and Marines Harry Dorey and Murray Paterson, who were placed to cover the annex, beat off the first attack. Giachino was hit instantly as he burst through the door, while Lieutenant Diego Garcia Quiroga was shot in the arm. The remaining three retreated to the maid's quarters.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Giachino was not dead, but very badly wounded. An Argentine combat medic, Corporal Ernesto Urbina, attempted to get to Giachino but was wounded by a grenade. Giachino, seeing what had happened, pulled the pin from a hand grenade and threatened to use it. The Royal Marines then attempted to persuade the officer to get rid of the grenade so that they could give him medical treatment, but he refused, preventing them from reaching his position. After the surrender of the British forces at Government House, some three hours later, Major Giachino was taken to Stanley Hospital but died from loss of blood.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
At the governor's office, Major Norman received a radio report from Corporal York's section, which was positioned at Camber Peninsula, observing any possible Argentine ship entering Stanley Harbour. The corporal proceeded to report on three potential targets in sight and ask which he should engage first. "What are the targets?" the major enquired. "Target number one is an aircraft carrier, target number two is a cruiser", at which point the line went dead.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
After firing a rocket at an amphibious vehicle heading to Yorke Bay, York decided to withdraw his section and proceeded to booby trap their Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle, before paddling their Gemini assault boat north across Port William. As he did so, York said they were chased and fired upon by an Argentine destroyer (either the corvette ARA Drummond or Granville). His initiative led to the Gemini reaching an anchored Polish fishing vessel and hiding the small assault boat under her shadow. They patiently waited for a chance, before moving to the shore and landing on a small beach.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Argentine sources say the Drummond laid down suppressing fire on a cove north of Port William where unidentified personnel had been spotted, in support of Cabo San Antonio, whose crew had reported a "missile falling short to starboard", apparently launched from the area. Other Argentine navy's reports claim that the action at Port Williams was carried out by ARA Granville.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Back at Government House, the Argentine commandos' pressure continued. There is some evidence that their use of stun grenades, mistaken as high-explosive rifle-grenades and/or mortars, and their continuous shift of firing positions during the battle led the Royal Marines inside to believe they were facing a large company of marines and were hopelessly outnumbered. Actually, after the failure of Giachino's small platoon to break into the residence, the British were surrounded by only a dozen amphibious commandos. These men were under Lieutenant Lugo, Giachino's second-in-command. The Land Rovers used by the Royal Marines were disabled by automatic gunfire from the commandos.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Governor Hunt called Patrick Watts—at the radio station, Radio Stanley—by telephone and said he believed the assaulting force to be the equivalent of a reinforced company: "We're staying put here, but we are pinned down. We can't move.(...) They must have 200 around us now. They've been throwing rifle grenades at us; I think there may be mortars, I don't know. They came along very quickly and very close, and then they retreated. Maybe they are waiting until the APCs [Amtracs] come along and they think they'll lose less casualties that way."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Corporals Geordie Gill and Terry Pares, both snipers, also claimed to have shot several Argentines through the chest and head as they attempted to scatter along the hillside overlooking Government House: "We dropped a number of Argentinians as they approached and I had a couple in my sights and made sure they were taken out of the game. It was initially estimated that we had killed five and injured seventeen, but we only counted the bodies that we saw drop in front of us."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Major Norman's estimate is that Corporals Pares and Gills killed or wounded some four or five Argentine special forces: "Corporals Pares and Gill, were doing an excellent job. Gill would look through his sniper scope and tell Pares where the enemy were and Pares would fire ten rounds rapid, and as soon as that got them on the move, Gill would take them out with the sniper rifle. They took out four or five this way and all the time they were giving the rest of us a running commentary."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
In the official history of both sides, Argentine casualties are listed as one killed and three badly wounded outside Government House. Another three Argentine Marines (Private Horacio Tello, Padre Ángel Maffezini and Lieutenant-Commander Hugo Santillán) were injured taking cover in the skirmishes in and around Port Stanley. During the gun-battle, Kenneth Clarke was one of four British correspondents covering the events from the home of the Governor's Secretary as the Argentine Marine Special Forces sheltering behind hedges and rocks attacked Government House less than 100 metres away. Clarke could hear the gunfire and feel the explosions. As dawn broke a bullet from an Argentine sniper came through a bedroom window and parted his hair.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
Around 7.30 a.m., the local police commander Ronnie Lamb, had to order two Royal Falkland Islands Police officers to nearby Government House, in order to rescue a civilian, Henry Halliday, as he blissfully headed off to work, despite the fierce gun-battle taking place all around him. Eventually, Hunt decided to enter talks with Argentine commanders around 8:30 a.m., after Major Norman warned him "that our defence would be determined, unrelenting—but would be relatively short-lived". The liaison was Vice-Commodore Hector Gilobert, the head in the islands of LADE, the Argentine government's airline company. Gilobert and a governor's deputy went to the Argentine headquarters displaying a white flag. A de facto ceasefire was put in place at that time which was occasionally breached by small arms fire.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
The governor's envoys found the Argentine command post at Stanley's town hall. The Argentine commander accepted the British offer of a face to face meeting with Hunt in his battered office. While the negotiations were still going on, another incident occurred inside the residence. Three Argentine amphibious commandos who survived the first skirmish along the compound inadvertently alerted Major Noott to their presence, while they had been preparing to leave their hiding place. The Major fired his Sterling submachine gun into the ceiling of the maid's room. According to British reports, the stunned commandos tumbled down the stairs, laying their weapons on the ground. They became the first Argentine prisoners of war of the Falklands War, although by then Governor Hunt had already been in contact with Argentine officials negotiating the terms of surrender.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House
The version of Lieutenant Commander Cufré, who was then at Stanley airport, is that the three Amphibious Commandos supporting Giachino's party kept their positions right to the end of the hostilities. Admiral Carlos Büsser, commander in chief of the operation, states that a ceasefire was already in place when the three commandos, after realising that the battle was coming to a close and that any loss of life at the time would be futile, laid down their arms to the marines in order to assist the wounded. Just a few minutes after this event, Government House capitulated.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Meanwhile, the Royal Marines in the house saw the approaching Amtracs that had been engaged earlier by Lieutenant Trollope and his section. The Amtracs were Rex Hunt's biggest problem, because they could take up positions outside the range of the Royal Marines and blast Government House to pieces. The vehicles pushed on toward Moody Brook to link up with Lieutenant-Commander Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots. His amphibious commandos were plodding slowly along the road to reinforce their colleagues besieging Government House after taking some prisoners near the racecourse.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
The majority of the FIDF soldiers were captured inside Drill Hall, where they had barricaded themselves a few hours earlier with one section captured near Government House and escorted back to the hall to join their fellow reservists. Two other sections were captured with the fall of Government House and ordered to lie face down with the Royal Marines. In the meantime, the naval detachment from HMS Endurance at Government House began to shred official documents.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Major Norman had earlier advised Governor Hunt that the Royal Marines and the governor could break out to the countryside and set up a 'seat of government' elsewhere, but when he finally met the commander of the Argentine seaborne forces, Admiral Büsser, he agreed to surrender his troops to the now overwhelming Argentine forces at 9:30 a.m. It was a hard decision for Governor Hunt to make: "With a heavy heart, I turned to Mike and told him to give the order to lay down arms. I could not bring myself to use the word 'Surrender'.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Mike's face was a mixture of relief and anguish: it was not part of his training to surrender, but his good sense told him that there was no real alternative. As Gary accompanied Busser to tend the wounded round Government House, Mike told his radio operator to instruct all sections to down arms and wait to be collected."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
While Major Noott accompanied Busser outside Government House, the British officer applied morphine and the tourniquet on the Argentine wounded that would staunch the heavy bleeding and, Lieutenant Diego García Quiroga would later say Noott saved his life. He was rushed to Stanley Hospital where two doctors operated on him after cutting through his heavy clothing using scissors. Corporal Ernesto Urbina was given plasma in Stanley Hospital which saved his life.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Before Hunt's capitulation, Sánchez-Sabarots had to order a section of his men to release the Argentine nationals that Vice-Commodore Gilobert reported were being held under guard inside Town Hall. But, before they could arrive Commander Alfredo Raúl Weinstabl and his adjutant, Lieutenant Juan Carlos Martinelli and several marines from his tactical headquarters secured the Town Hall and Stanley Police Station buildings. According to Weinstabl: "The town was silent. Arriving at the place we had chosen as the Battalion Command Post, we found abandoned weapons and packs.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
I ordered Lieutenant Martinelli to recce the building and within a short while he returned with about thirty men and women who came out of it smiling. They were Argentines who had been locked in that place the night before. Almost opposite was the Police Station. Inside were six or seven policemen with their Chief and a group of sailors from an oceanographic research ship. I ordered the Police Chief to send the constables home and to tell them not to come out until they were told."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Hunt would later state in mid-April that the defenders fired 6,000 rounds in the fighting at Government House and elsewhere. The Falklands Governor disputed Argentine claims that the seaborne assault resulted in only one Argentine dead and two wounded, telling Time Magazine reporters Briton Hadden and Henry Robinson Luce in their 12 April 1982 article that at least five and possibly 15 invaders were killed and 17 were wounded in the invasion. Major Norman, in 2007, confirmed the defending British marines and Royal Navy sailors fired 6,450 small-arms rounds and 12 rockets in the fighting on 2 April 1982.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Fearing that British had established an observation post on Tussock Island, Major Mario Castagneto's 601st Commando Company was sent to clear the island of enemy special forces, but returned empty handed and completely covered in black soot due to another Pucara napalm bombing on 1 May. Nevertheless, several Falkland Islanders maintain the belief that the napalm attacks were part of a cover-up to hide the Argentine losses suffered during the initial fighting codenamed Rosario.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
After the surrender, the Royal Marines and two rifle sections under Corporals Gerald Cheek and Pat Peck from the FIDF were then herded onto the playing fields. Pictures and film were taken of the British prisoners arranged face-down on the ground. This was probably an attempt to demonstrate the lack of British casualties, but it backfired: The images galvanised the British public when they were broadcast on television and increased public opposition to the invasion.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Corporal Armour's section had fought on the second floor at Government House and was taken prisoner: "There were three casualties lying in the garden of Government House. You think: What sort of mood are they going to be in when their oppos are shot up? When we were actually lying down I felt a bit humiliated but I also felt apprehensive about what was going to happen next. One of the Argentine officers came along and actually struck one of the guards and told us to stand up. We stood up and he shook my hand and a few other guys' hands and said that we shouldn't lie down, that we should be proud of what we'd done."


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
The Royal Marines had fought with bravery and skill for they had killed one of his best officers—Lieutenant-Commander Giachino, 2IC of the 1st Marine Battalion—Carlos Busser said. Now they could lay down their arms with their military honour intact. The appeal succeeded in that the governor decided he had no choice but to accept the inevitable. The Royal Marines were allowed, 10 at a time, to return to Moody Brook Barracks under armed guard and once inside were given ten minutes to pack their personal belongings.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
In a final act of defiance, Rex Hunt donned his ceremonial uniform, complete with ostrich plumes and sword, for the drive to Stanley Airport in his staff car before they boarded their plane. "We feel as though we are deserting everyone, but what can we do?" Hunt's tearful wife, Mavis, told British journalist Kenneth Clarke.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Soon afterward, the Royal Marines were moved to a C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, which would take them to Comodoro Rivadavia, where they were to be picked up by another airliner to Uruguay and on to the United Kingdom. Members of the FIDF were not taken to Argentina along with members of NP 8901; instead they were disarmed and returned to their homes.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
The 77 British marines and Royal Navy sailors were treated to a heroes' welcome when they landed on 5 April, at Brize Norton Air Base in Britain and in the press conference that followed, Rex Hunt (in the presence of Majors Noot and Norman) informed the world press that the Port Stanley defenders had killed at least five Argentine soldiers, wounded 17 others and captured three attackers, destroying an armored personnel carrier in the process along with 10 more soldiers inside "who never resurfaced".


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
In his final report from Port Stanley that was published on 5 April, Kenneth Clarke from the Daily Telegraph confirmed the tribute that the Argentine Marine Corps commander had paid to the Royal Marine defenders and denied that he and the other British journalists had been subjected to intimidation, as reported by one British newspaper.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Surrender
Corporal York's section remained at large. On 4 April, they reached Long Island Farm owned by a Mrs Watson. York had no radio, and due to worries about possible civilian deaths, chose to surrender to Argentine forces. They gave their position to the Argentine Army using a local islander's radio, and York subsequently ordered his men to destroy and then bury their weapons. Major Patricio Dowling and a platoon from the 181 military police company platoon were helicoptered forward and after roughly handling Yorke's men and posing for pictures, locked up the Royal Marines men in Stanley Police Station. Yorke's section would then be held in Comodoro Rivadavia along with Lieutenant Keith Mill's 22-man platoon and supporting 13-man British Antarctic Survey detachment under Steve Martin captured in South Georgia.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Operation Rosario, Battle of Government House, Stanley Police
The police commander, Ronnie Lamb, was deported soon after the occupation and the other full-time officer, a police woman, left soon afterwards on her own accord, leaving a squad of Special Constables who had been recruited hastily on the eve of the invasion but that had left the service—with the exception of 19-year constable Anton Livermore—in the week that followed rather than be seen as cooperating with the enemy.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Reaction in the United Nations
On 3 April 1982, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 502 demanding an immediate withdrawal of all Argentine forces from the islands and calling on the governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom to seek a diplomatic solution to the situation and to refrain from further military action.


1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands, Informing London
At 16:30 local time on 2 April 1982, the last telex conversation between the operator in the Falklands and an operative in London, announced that the islands were under Argentine control.


1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
Three Iranian diplomats as well as a reporter of Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) were abducted in Lebanon on 4 July 1982. None of them have been seen since. The missing individuals are Ahmad Motevaselian, military attaché for Iran's embassy in Beirut; Seyed Mohsen Mousavi, chargé d'affaires at the embassy; Taghi Rastegar Moghadam, an embassy employee; and Kazem Akhavan, IRNA photojournalist. Motevaselian was also an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) member in command of an Iranian expeditionary force in Lebanon.


1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats, Early life
They were stopped at a checkpoint in northern Lebanon by Lebanese Phalange forces commanded by Samir Geagea. Speculation about their fate has circulated since their abduction. Iranian officials believe that they were handed over to Israel after they were kidnapped and are still alive and being held in Israeli territory. Israel said that the diplomats were captured by militia under Elie Hobeika. The Israeli newspaper Haaretz said that the diplomats were believed to be executed by Phalange shortly after their abduction. Geagea as well as Hobeika's bodyguard Robert Hatem also said that they were executed while under the Phalange's custody.


1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats, Early life
The diplomats' disappearance is regularly commemorated in Iran. Both the Iranian and Lebanese governments have tried to gain information about their whereabouts. According to Nazih Mansour, former member of the Lebanese parliament, the case has turned into a political issue, rather than a judicial one since some of the involved people such as Samir Geagea have become political figures.


1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats, Background
During the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Ahmad Motevaselian, a military attaché for Iran's embassy in Beirut; Seyed Mohsen Mousavi, chargé d'affaires at the embassy; and Taghi Rastegar Moghadam, an embassy employee, were sent on diplomatic mission to Lebanon along with Kazem Akhavan, an IRNA photojournalist covering the events in Lebanon.