1982 Irish general election
1982 Irish general election may refer to one of the following general elections:


1982 Islington London Borough Council election
The 1982 Islington Council election took place on 6 May 1982 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party regained overall control of the council from the Social Democratic Party.


1982 Israel Super Cup
The 1982 Israel Super Cup was the 12th Israel Super Cup (17th, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.


1982 Israel Super Cup
The match was played between Hapoel Kfar Saba, champions of the 1981–82 Liga Leumit and Hapoel Yehud, winners of the 1981–82 Israel State Cup.


1982 Israel Super Cup
This was Kfar Saba's 3rd Israel Super Cup appearance and Hapoel Yehud's first. At the match, played at Yehud, Hapoel Kfar Saba won 3–2 on penalties.


1982 Italian Athletics Championships
The 1982 Italian Athletics Championships was the 72nd edition of the Italian Athletics Championships and were held in Rome (track & field events).


1982 Italian Grand Prix
The 1982 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 12 September 1982. This was the final pole position, podium, finish, and points for 1978 World Champion Mario Andretti at this race. René Arnoux won the race. Arnoux announced he would be replacing Andretti at Ferrari in 1983. Arnoux finished ahead of his Ferrari teammate in 1983 Patrick Tambay, and Mario Andretti in the second Ferrari finished third.


1982 Italian Grand Prix
John Watson's fourth place put him 9 points behind Keke Rosberg (who finished outside the points after his rear wing came off and he had to pit in order for his team to replace it) with an outside chance of winning the Drivers' Title at the final race at Caesars Palace, where Ferrari, McLaren, and Renault would battle for the Constructors' Title. Both Brabham cars ran strongly early on but dropped out after several laps due to mechanical failures, a problem that would often compromise their otherwise fast package in 1982.


1982 Italian Open (tennis)
The 1982 Italian Open was a tennis tournament that was played by men on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy and was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. The women's tournament was played on outdoor clay courts in Perugia, Italy and was part of the 1982 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. The men's tournament was held from May 17 through May 21, 1982, while the women's tournament was played from 3 May through 9 May 1982.


1982 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Heinz Günthardt /  Balázs Taróczy defeated  Wojtek Fibak /  John Fitzgerald 6–4, 4–6, 6–3


1982 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Kathleen Horvath /  Yvonne Vermaak defeated  Billie Jean King /  Ilana Kloss 2–6, 6–4, 7–6


1982 JSL Cup, Overview
It was contested by 20 teams, and Furukawa Electric won the championship.


1982 JSL Cup Final
1982 JSL Cup Final was the 7th final of the JSL Cup competition. The final was played at Kusanagi Athletic Stadium in Shizuoka on August 30, 1982. Furukawa Electric won the championship.


1982 JSL Cup Final, Overview
Furukawa Electric won their 2nd title, by defeating Yanmar Diesel 3–2.


1982 James Hardie 1000
The 1982 James Hardie 1000 was the 23rd running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race. It was held on 3 October 1982 at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia. The race, which was Round 3 of both the 1982 Australian Endurance Championship and the 1982 Australian Endurance Championship of Makes, was open to cars eligible to the locally developed CAMS Group C touring car regulations with two engine capacity based classes.


1982 James Hardie 1000
The race was won by Peter Brock and Larry Perkins of the Holden Dealer Team driving a Holden Commodore. It was Brock's sixth victory, a record, the Holden Dealer Team's sixth win and the first win in the race for a car carrying a Racecam unit. Holden Commodores filled the top four positions, but only after Dick Johnson was disqualified after originally finishing in fourth spot. Brock and Perkins finished a lap ahead of Allan Grice and Alan Browne. It was the second time Grice had finished second but had yet to win. The second Holden Dealer Team Commodore of John Harvey and Gary Scott finished third, equalling the best previous performance of the HDT, their first in 1969.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Class structure, Class A
Officially designated as the Over 3000cc class, it featured the V8 Holden Commodores, Ford Falcons and Chevrolet Camaros. Also in this class were the Mazda RX-7s, the factory supported BMW 635CSi's and a Jaguar XJS.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Class structure, Class B
Officially designated as the Under 3000cc class, it featured the turbo charged Nissan Bluebirds, considerably quicker than the opposition made up of Ford Capris, Alfa Romeo GTV6s, and an Audi 5+5 plus cars from the previously featured 2.0 litre class, i.e. Toyota Celicas, Ford Escorts and Isuzu Geminis.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Class structure, Class B
As a round of the Australian Endurance Championship there was also a secondary class structure applied which divided cars into four engine capacity classes.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Class structure, Class B
There were no starters in the Up to 1600cc class.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
In official qualifying, Re-Car team owner and driver Alan Browne put up a $5,000 reward for the first Touring Car driver to break the 100 mph average lap barrier. The favourite to win the money was the Bathurst pole winner of the past two years, Kevin Bartlett in his 500 bhp (373 kW; 507 PS) V8 Chevrolet Camaro Z28. However, when his co-driver Colin Bond crashed the car due to a tyre blowout, the subsequent repairs put the Camaro's preparation a day behind and its chance was gone.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
The Holden Dealer Team had announced Peter Brock to have broken the barrier in qualifying and Browne actually congratulated Brock. However it was revealed that Brock's time of 2:18.1 fell short of 100 mph average. Coincidentally it was Browne's co-driver Allan Grice who pocketed the cash in Friday's qualifying session with a time of 2:17.8 to set the first ever 100 mph lap of the 6.172 km Mount Panorama circuit.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
After qualifying 31st and 43rd in 1981, the appearance of the Nissan Bluebird Turbos in the top 10 in qualifying came as a surprise to the V8 fraternity which had dominated the race since 1967, and was a sign of things to come at Bathurst.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
From 1983, turbo powered cars would qualify first or second in every year other than 1985 until CAMS banned turbos at the end of 1992, with 1983 (Brock in a V8 Holden Commodore VH SS), and 1985 (Tom Walkinshaw's V12 Jaguar XJS) being the only years a turbo powered car did not qualify on pole at Bathurst. The turbos prime year would come in 1989 when all 10 cars in the Saturday morning runoff were turbo powered (nine Fords and one Nissan). Also surprising the V8 runners was four time race winner Allan Moffat who qualified his rotary powered Mazda RX-7 in Hardies Heroes for the second year running.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
* The first and only pole position for Allan Grice at Bathurst, and the first of only two times in 26 starts between 1968 and 2002 that he qualified on the front row. He finished 2nd in the 1986 Hardies Heroes, but had been the fastest qualifier going into the runoff. * Masahiro Hasemi became the first and (as of 2020) only Japanese driver to appear in the runoff. * 1982 saw the first time a turbocharged car qualified for the runoff.


1982 James Hardie 1000, Hardies Heroes
Hasemi and former Australian Rally Champion George Fury qualified their Nissan Motorsport Bluebird Turbos 3rd and 10th respectively* Nissan became the 5th make of car to appear in Hardies Heroes, following Holden, Ford, Chevrolet and Mazda. The Bluebirds were also the first cars in the runoff to use a 4 cyl engine. * 1976 race winners Bob Morris and John Fitzpatrick were due to start in their Seiko Watches sponsored Ford XE Falcon after Morris finished 6th in the runoff. Unfortunately during Saturday afternoon's final practice session, Fitzpatrick suffered a broken wheel going into Forrest's Elbow and crashed the car heavily into the bank. The damage was sufficient to see the car withdrawn from the race.


1982 James Madison Dukes football team
The 1982 James Madison Dukes football team was an American football team that represented James Madison University during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season as an independent. In their eleventh year under head coach Challace McMillin, the team compiled an 8–3 record.


1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Tokyo, Japan that was part of the 1982 Avon Championships World Championship Series and the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. The tournament was held from 18 October through 24 October 1982. Jimmy Arias and Laura Arraya won the singles titles.


1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Ferdi Taygan /  Sherwood Stewart defeated  Tim Gullikson /  Tom Gullikson 6–1, 3–6, 7–6


1982 Japan Open Tennis Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Laura duPont /  Barbara Jordan defeated  Naoko Sato /  Brenda Remilton 6–2, 6–7, 6–1


1982 Japan Series
The 1982 Japan Series was the 33rd edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Chunichi Dragons against the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions. The Lions defeated the Dragons in six games to win their fourth championship in team history, and first championship since 1958. This was also the Lions' first title since moving from Fukuoka to Saitama in 1979.


1982 Japan Soccer League
1982 was the 18th season of the Japan Soccer League.


1982 Japan Soccer League, First Division
NKK could not adjust to the top flight for this season and was relegated instantly. Honda saved itself by defeating Toshiba in the playout.


1982 Japan Soccer League, Second Division
Yamaha returned to the First Division at the first attempt and also had an amazing cup run, winning the Emperor's Cup.


1982 Japan Soccer League, Second Division
Saitama Teachers kept its League place by defeating Seino Transportation of Gifu, while Teijin, the top representative of Matsuyama, Ehime at the time, went back to the Shikoku regional league.


1982 Japan national football team
This page records the details of the Japan national football team in 1982.


1982 Japanese Super Cup
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 00:22, 8 January 2020 (→top: Task 15:  language icon template(s) replaced (1×);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1982 Japanese Super Cup
1982 Japanese Super Cup was the Japanese Super Cup competition. The match was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on March 28, 1982. Fujita Industries won the championship.


1982 John Player League
The 1982 John Player League was the fourteenth competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League. The competition was won for the first time by Sussex County Cricket Club.


1982 Junior League World Series
The 1982 Junior League World Series (then known as the 13 year old Little League World Series) took place from August 17–21 in Taylor, Michigan, United States. Tampa, Florida defeated Libertyville, Illinois in the championship game.


1982 Junior Pot Black
The 1982 Junior Pot Black was the second staging of the junior snooker tournament which was held in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham. 8 young players were competing in a knockout format reduced from 12 from 1981. The matches are one-frame shoot-outs and a 2 frame aggregate score in the final.


1982 Junior Pot Black
Broadcasts were on BBC2 and started at 19:00 on Monday 23 August 1982 running 7 shows in 10 days. Alan Weeks presented the programme with Ted Lowe as commentator and John Williams as referee.


1982 Junior Pot Black
As the previous year's champion Dean Reynolds turned professional, The only players from the last series competing this year were John Parrott, Neal Foulds, John Keers and Jonathan White and Parrott and Keers met in the final which Parrott won 169–70.


1982 KB Cup
The 1982 KB Cup was the 9th edition of the NSWRFL Midweek Cup, a NSWRFL-organised national club Rugby League tournament between the leading clubs and representative teams from the NSWRFL, the BRL, the CRL, the QRL and the NZRL.


1982 KB Cup
A total of 18 teams from across Australia and New Zealand played 24 matches in a round-robin format with teams playing a round of games with the 2 lowest performing teams being eliminated before the remaining teams played another round of games with the top 8 teams advanced to a knockout stage, with the matches being held midweek during the premiership season.


1982 KB Cup, Round 2
The original second round draw saw Cronulla-Sutherland play Canterbury-Bankstown and Canberra play Illawarra. That was amended because under the competition guidelines, the 2 teams that were placed last after round 1 were eliminated. The amended draw is listed below.


1982 KB Cup, Final
Manly-Warringah:  1.Graham Eadie, 2. John Ribot, 3. Phil Blake, 4. Michael Blake, 5. Simon Booth, 6. Alan Thompson, 7. Mike Eden, 8. Bruce Walker, 9. Les Boyd, 10. Paul McCabe, 11. Mark Broadhurst, 12. Max Krilich (c), 13. Geoff Gerard. Res – 14. Paul Vautin, 15. Chris Close, 16. Ray Brown, 17. Ian Thomson. Coach – Ray Ritchie.


1982 KB Cup, Final
Newtown: 1. Phil Sigsworth, 2. John Ferguson, 3. Mick Ryan, 4. Allan McMahon, 5. Mal Graham, 6. Dean Lance, 7. Tom Raudonikis, 8. Graeme O'Grady, 9. Mick Pitman, 10. Col Murphy, 11. Craig Ellis, 12. Mark Bugden, 13. Steve Bowden. Res - 14. Ken Wilson, 15. Ron Sigsworth, 16. Peter Kelly, 17. John Mackay. Coach - Warren Ryan.


1982 KB Cup, Final
Manly-Warringah 23 (Ribot, P.Blake, M.Blake, Booth tries, Eden 4, Eadie goals, Eden field goal) d Newtown 8 (Graham, Lance tries, Wilson goal). Crowd: 14,490.


1982 KFK competitions (Ukraine)
The 1982 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1982 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union. It was 18th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964. The winner eventually qualified to the 1983 Soviet Second League.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
The 1982 Kangaroo tour was the fifteenth Kangaroo tour where the Australian national rugby league team played a number of matches against British and French rugby league teams, in addition to the Test matches. The Australia national rugby league team have generally since 1908 barring wartime, toured Great Britain every four years often capping the tour with matches and Tests in France. This regular touring side (and in recent years all Australian representative sides) are known as the Kangaroos.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France
The 1982 Kangaroos, coached by Frank Stanton dominated, winning both Test series against Great Britain (three Tests) and France (two Tests); winning every match of the tour and earning the nickname The Invincibles. This was the first Kangaroo undefeated touring side winning twenty-two matches played and scoring 1,005 points with 120 against at an average of 45.6 points per game while conceding only 5.4 points per game. The twenty-eight player squad was captained by Max Krilich, with Wally Lewis his deputy. The next Kangaroo Tour was staged in 1986.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
The team was coached by the tough and single-minded Balmain Tigers coach Frank Stanton who demanded great discipline and focus from his sides and who was making his third tour. Stanton's first tour came as a player in 1963–64, while this was his second consecutive as coach after also coaching the 1978 Kangaroo tour. Manly-Warringah's Max Krilich was making his second Kangaroo tour and was named captain and carried out his duties coolly and with great application. Queensland captain Wally Lewis was named as tour vice-captain.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Interviewed by journalist/author Ian Whiticker in 2004 Krilich said about the talented squad; "The players in that squad were yet to reach their full potential. We were criticised as a weak side, but nobody knew how great a player Wayne Pearce was going to be on the tour. Wally Lewis was still in his early 20s, and many of the Queenslanders were in the early stages of their careers".


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
He also spoke of Stanton (who was his Manly-Warringah club coach when he had won the 1976 and 1978 NSWRFL premierships, the second of which Krilich was captain of the Sea Eagles): "Frank was a mentally tough coach who totally believed in what he told his players. Great credit must go to Stanton who played down the accomplishment and kept our heads straight."


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
While the pair did not enjoy an easy relationship, mostly due to Stanton not being impressed with his attitude to training or habits on tour which actually caused him to put on weight, Wally Lewis also found respect for Stanton he had not previously experienced after making his test debut under him against France in 1981.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
After missing selection for the first Test in Hull in favour of Parramatta's 1982 premiership winning Five-eighth Brett Kenny, Stanton challenged Lewis to get back into shape and win his way back into the Test team, something he achieved with selection on the bench for the second Test in Wigan and the third Test in Leeds. Lewis later admitted that early on in the tour his poor attitude did not sit well with Stanton and that it had led to his missing first test selection.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Although this was his first Kangaroo Tour, it was not the first tour of Great Britain and France for Lewis who had been a member of the 1977 Australian Schoolboys rugby union tour of Japan, Great Britain and France, a team that included future dual-rugby international Michael O'Connor as well as the Ella brothers Mark, Gary and Glen, cousins of 1982 tourist Steve Ella.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Six players from the 1982 NSWRL premiership winning Parramatta Eels were selected in the squad, a new Kangaroo tour record for the club with all six players playing in at least one test each on the tour. Manly, the team they defeated in the inaugural Winfield Cup Grand Final, also had six players selected. One Manly player considered unlucky not to tour was their Queensland back rower Paul Vautin who had made his test debut earlier in the year against New Zealand and was one of Manly's best in their run to the Grand Final.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
His non-selection came as a shock to many and rumours started that he had missed out due to the NSW vs Qld selection room politics which prevailed at the time and that he had been a trade-off for a NSW player to be selected (ironically Vautin would be back into the test team for the first test against New Zealand in 1983). 1982 Brisbane premiers Wynnum-Manly had two players selected (Gene Miles and Rod Morris), while the team they defeated in the BRL Grand Final Souths Magpies were represented by Mal Meninga.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
One notable absentee was Western Suburbs Five-eighth Terry Lamb who had represented NSW in the 1981 State of Origin game. Lamb was originally selected to tour but declined to do so due to his upcoming wedding to his fiancé Kim.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Tour managers were the Newtown administrator Frank Farrington and Queenslands, Tom Drysdale. Open Rugby magazine claimed the Australians had brought "a new dimension of excitement and adventure" to the game and former England great Alex Murphy, who called each test for the BBC alongside Ray French, called then "men from another planet."


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
This was the first Kangaroo tour since the introduction of State of Origin and it allowed Queensland to counter New South Wales' long dominance in representative selection with a record-equalling eleven Queenslanders selected for the tour. This was a considerable increase on the Queensland representation in the 1978 Kangaroos when only three players were selected. Two of those players, Kerry Boustead and Rod Morris, were also members of the 1982 Kangaroos.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Despite there being a record number, the selection of only 11 Queenslander's in the 28 man touring squad was controversial. Queensland had won the 1982 State of Origin series despite being comparatively under prepared due to the NSWRFL clubs refusing to release their Queensland players for pre-series training. Among the Queensland Origin representatives to miss selection were Manly-Warringah's Paul Vautin and Chris Close (who had been the Man of the Match in both Origin games in 1980 and 1981), Wynnum-Manly fullback Colin Scott and South Sydney outside back Mitch Brennan.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party
Future Kangaroos captain Mal Meninga, making the first of his record four consecutive Kangaroo Tours, was the leading point scorer on tour with 166 from 10 tries and 68 goals, including 48 points in the three Tests against Great Britain (2 tries, 21 goals), and 17 points in the two Tests against France (1 try, 7 goals). John Ribot was the leading try scorer on tour with 25 from just 14 games, including a try in the 3rd test against Great Britain. Ribot added 20 goals to his points tally to join Meninga as the only players on tour to score over 100 points.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Touring party, By club
The touring side was represented by 17 New South Welshmen (N) and 11 Queenslanders (Q).


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Papua New Guinea and Western Australia
Before flying to England, half the squad, led by Kangaroos vice-captain Wally Lewis, went to Perth to play Western Australia, while the other half, along with coach Stanton, travelled to Papua New Guinea for Australia's first ever Test match against the Papua New Guinea Kumuls, won 38–2 by the Kangaroos. Nine of the players who travelled to PNG with Stanton would go on to play in the first Test against Great Britain.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Papua New Guinea and Western Australia
Winger John Ribot crossed for four tries (though he would be overlooked for the first two Ashes Tests in favour of Eric Grothe), while fullback Greg Brentnall scored twice. Other try scorers for the Kangaroos were Kerry Boustead, Brett Kenny, Mal Meninga and Steve Rogers, while Meninga kicked 4 goals. Peter Sterling, Brett Kenny, Mark Murray and Ray Brown made their test debuts in the match.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Papua New Guinea and Western Australia
Those missing from the 2nd test win over New Zealand earlier in the year at the Sydney Cricket Ground were Michael Cronin who did not tour, and Wally Lewis, Steve Mortimer, Les Boyd and Rod Morris who played in Perth on the same day. Of the quartet that played in Perth, only Boyd would go on to play in the first test against Great Britain.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Papua New Guinea and Western Australia
In Perth, the Kangaroos crossed for 13 tries (with Eric Grothe bagging four) and predictably defeated WA 57–5.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
Once on English soil controversy surfaced when the incumbent Australian Test halves from the mid-year tests against New Zealand, Steve Mortimer and Wally Lewis (both had played the game against WA in Perth), were incomprehensibly not chosen for the opening match. Instead, Stanton chose to go with the halves from the test against Papua New Guinea, Parramatta's Grand Final winning duo Peter Sterling and Brett Kenny. The Eels pair took the field against Hull Kingston Rovers and, playing alongside nine of the eventual first Test team, set about locking up their positions for the first Test on 30 October.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
Leading up to the first Test at the Boothferry Park ground in Hull, the Kangaroos also played a tour international match against Wales at Ninian Park in Cardiff on 24 October. The match was played in heavy rain in front of 5,617 fans and Australia, captained by Wally Lewis, ran in nine tries to one in a 37–7 rout. The game marked the first time Lewis, who would take over the Test captaincy in 1984, captained Australia in an international match.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain
Fiery forward Les Boyd enhanced his reputation for the rough play when he was sent off twice on tour. He was sent off in the first game of the tour against Hull Kingston Rovers at Craven Park, and in the second Test against the Lions at Central Park in Wigan. He was also sin-binned in the third Ashes Test at Headingley in Leeds.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test Venues
The three Ashes series tests took place at the following venues.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Test Venues
Hull KR led the Kangaroos 8–5 at half time but that was as good as it got for Roger Millward's men as the Kangaroos piled on 25 points to just 2 in the second half to run out easy 30–10 winners. Man of the Match Mal Meninga lit up Craven Park on his first taste of football on English soil, scoring a try and kicking 6 goals in the win.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
The Kangaroos played an international against Wales at Ninian Park in Cardiff. This was the first time Wally Lewis (playing in the unfamiliar position of centre) would captain Australia against an international team.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, Wales
Playing fullback, Steve Ella pressed for test selection by scoring 4 tries in the game. Only two players from the team, second row forward Rod Reddy and reserve winger Kerry Boustead, were considered certainties for selection in the upcoming 1st Ashes test.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series
Due to sponsorship reasons, the 1982 Ashes was known as the "Dominion Insurance Test series".


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
While Australia's side for the opening Test was built around the new breed of young players such as Eric Grothe, Wayne Pearce, Mal Meninga, Brett Kenny and Peter Sterling mixing with veterans Craig Young, Les Boyd, Ray Price, Rod Reddy, Kerry Boustead, Steve Rogers and captain Max Krilich, Great Britain chose five players aged over 30. The only player over the age of 30 for the Kangaroos first test team was Krilich who had turned 33 only five days prior to the test. Great Britain were captained by veteran Leeds hooker David Ward. Making his debut for the Lions was Hull F.C. teenager Lee Crooks who was also handed the goal kicking duties in preference to George Fairbairn. Wayne Pearce was awarded the Man of the Match award after throwing the last pass for four tries and scoring a try himself.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
Great Britain did well in the first half to trail by only 10–4 at half time, but the two penalty goals by debutante second rower Lee Crooks was as good as it got for the home side. In the second half the Kangaroos unleashed their skills and fitness, and blazed six tries to leave the British game, and most of the 26,771 strong crowd packed into Hull's Boothferry Park stunned. The game was Australia's 5th straight win over Great Britain, dating back to the final Test of the 1978 Kangaroo Tour and including the 3–0 whitewash of the Lions on their lacklustre 1979 Australasian tour.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
In his test debut for Australia, back row forward Wayne Pearce was judged as the Man of the Match thanks to his defensive work and having a hand in a number of tries as well as backing up a break by Max Krilich and Craig Young to race away and score a 45-metre try with only French referee Julien Rascagneres anywhere near him.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
Centre Mal Meninga, playing his 4th test and the first of what would eventually be a record 17 Ashes tests against Great Britain, scored the opening try of the game after good lead up work by Peter Sterling and Pearce, then easily palming off Les Dyl and outpacing fullback George Fairbairn to score in the corner. Meninga also kicked 8 of 10 goals for a personal haul of 19 points.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
His 8 goals also broke the record number of goals for an Australian in a test in England, the old record of 7 had been set by Graeme Langlands in the second test of the 1963–64 Kangaroo tour (the famous "Swinton Massacre" test). It also equaled the most goals for an Australian in an Ashes test, the record was previously the sole property of Noel Pidding who kicked 8 in the first test of the 1954 series at the Sydney Cricket Ground.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
In commentary for the BBC, former Great Britain and England dual-rugby international forward Ray French stated after the final siren "Well, I've got to eat a little humble pie. I thought Great Britain could do something, but with only those two penalty goals from Lee Crooks its back to the drawing board for the Great Britain selectors I'm afraid", while his commentary partner, Wigan coach, former Lions halfback and Kangaroos tormentor Alex Murphy said during the first half "We need something to combat this lot."


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
This was the first time that future Australian test halves pair Wally Lewis and Peter Sterling played alongside each other as Australia's five-eighth and halfback.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
Emulating what cross-town rivals Hull Kingston Rovers had done in the opening game of the tour, Hull led the Kangaroos at half time, this time 7–0. It would not be until Leeds led Australia 10–6 at Headingley during the 1990 Kangaroo tour that an English club side would lead the Kangaroos at half time of a tour match. However, a double to Eric Grothe and another to Kerry Boustead, with Meninga kicking 2 goals, along with Australia keeping Hull scoreless in the second saw the Kangaroos keep their undefeated record alive with a 13–7 win in front of 16,049 fans. This was the largest tour match attendance at The Boulevard since Australia defeated a combined Hull / Hull KR XIII 37–14 during the 1956–57 Kangaroo tour. It was also the Kangaroos 9th win in a row over Hull since 1911–12 and the largest tour match attendance of the 1982 tour.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, First Test
Australia played the game with the same team that would line up in the second test at Wigan just 4 days later.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Second Test
Despite ten changes to the Lions' side, with only winger Des Drummond and props Trevor Skerrett and Jeff Grayshon (who also took over the captaincy) retained from the first Test thrashing, the second Test was scarcely a contest and the Kangaroos won by 27–6. The only change to the Kangaroos was tour vice-captain Wally Lewis' inclusion on the bench. With captain Max Krilich in some doubt with a niggling neck injury, hooker forward Ray Brown was also selected on the Kangaroos bench.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Second Test
Prior to the second test, Phil Larder, the Coaching Director of the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA) spent a week in camp with Frank Stanton and the Kangaroos to observe their training and tactics. After Great Britain's first test humiliation, Larder (who was not actually connected to the Great Britain team in any way) had taken it upon himself to contact Stanton and request the opportunity. English football had begun to fall well behind Australia in recent years and Larder's initiative was rewarded by being made the Coaching Director of the Rugby Football League in 1983. He would also become the assistant coach of the Great Britain side in 1983.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Second Test
Australia's fiery forward Les Boyd was sent off late in the first half for kicking a tackled player on the ground. The touch judge, only seeing Boyd's kick and not that it was in reaction to tackled Lions hooker John Dalgreen lashing out with a boot at Boyd while he was on the ground, came on with his flag up and French referee Julien Rascagneres, who did not actually see the incident, did not hesitate in sending Boyd off, leaving the Kangaroos to play out the remaining 46 minutes with twelve men.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Second Test
Eric Grothe suffered a knee injury while scoring a try late in the first half and was replaced at half time by Wally Lewis. The injury would see Grothe miss the third Test, played a week later in Leeds. Lewis came straight in to the five-eighth position while Brett Kenny moved to the centres and Mal Meninga out to the wing. Half-way through the second half Lewis showed the 23,126 crowd at Central Park what the British game was missing when he sent a bullet like 20 metre pass to Meninga to score in the corner. The pass did psychological damage to the Lions, who wondered just how good the Kangaroos really were if a player who could pass like Lewis did could not even make the starting XIII.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
Injuries forced Frank Stanton to make three changes to the Kangaroos for the final Test. Eric Grothe's knee injury in the second Test kept him out with the tour's leading try scorer John Ribot re-claiming his test spot on the wing; Rod Morris replaced Craig Young in the front row; while second test man of the match Ray Price was also ruled out with a knee injury and was replaced by Paul McCabe in the second row allowing Wayne Pearce to move to his favoured position at lock forward.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
Kangaroos coach Frank Stanton predicted that the third Test would be the best contested of the three, and he was proved correct until the final ten minutes of play. Recalled Widnes halfback Andy Gregory, and Bradford Northern hooker Brian Noble (making his Test debut), led the way for the Lions and provided a service to their speedy outside backs that Britain had lacked in the first two Tests. The Lions made more line breaks in the third Test at Headingley than they had in the previous two Tests combined.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
The Australian's ran with a very strong breeze in the first half and used this to their advantage, keeping much of the play in Great Britain's half, though they were unable to cross the British try line. Mal Meninga kicked three goals (two from near half-way) while Hull youngster Lee Crooks kicked two long range penalties into the breeze to keep the Lions in the game at 6–4 at half time. Lions winger Des Drummond brought the crowd to its feet mid-way through the half with a 40-metre run from near his own line before he was brought down on half-way by Greg Brentnall and Steve Rogers in cover.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
The first try of the game came with just on 50 minutes gone. From deep in his own half, Brentnall made a break down the right wing after breaking a tackle. The play looked like breaking down when he didn't pass to an un-marked Kerry Boustead on his outside and was tackled from behind by a desperate David Stephenson. From there the Kangaroos spread the ball to the opposite wing where Ribot was tackled. Wayne Pearce then broke the British line before passing to Rod Reddy who gave the ball to Ribot flying on his outside.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
Ribot crashed over in the corner with Lions fullback George Fairbairn clinging to his legs. Pearce then made another break and sent captain Max Krilich on a 30-metre run for his first try of the tour. Krilich scored under the posts giving Meninga an easy conversion and Australia held a 14–4 lead.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
With just over 10 minutes left to play the Aussies were holding-off Great Britain by 14–8 and an intense finish loomed after Hull F.C. winger Steve Evans had scored the Lions only try of the series (it was also the first try the Australians had conceded in all 11 Tests they'd played since the second Ashes Test of 1979 against the Lions in Brisbane).


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
It seemed Britain had not been so far behind Australia's standard after all, but in the final 10 minutes the Kangaroos superior fitness told and they ripped the home side apart with 4 tries to Boustead, Pearce, Steve Rogers and Man of the Match Brett Kenny to run out win 32–8 winners and become the first touring side to go through Britain undefeated.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
Right on half-time there was a set-to between forwards Les Boyd and Mick Crane which resulted in an all-in brawl. Boyd had hit Lions captain David Topliss (their third captain in as many tests) with a shoulder charge on the half-way line and Topliss had lashed out with his feet at Boyd who then punched Topliss as he lay on the ground, with Crane then coming in and began trading punches with the Australian front rower. As the teams lined up for the second half, referee Rascagneres called out both Boyd and Crane and sent both to the sin-bin for 10 minutes.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Great Britain, The Ashes series, Third Test
The Ashes series win was Australia's 4th straight over the Lions dating back to 1974, and their second straight 3–0 Ashes series win. It also continued the streak started by the 1963–64 Kangaroos of successfully defending The Ashes in England. As of 2017, this was also the last test Australia played at Headingley. Starting with the 1986 Kangaroo tour, all test matches Australia has played in Leeds have been played at the Elland Road stadium, home of the Leeds United soccer club, due to its greater spectator capacity (Elland Road currently holds 37,890 while Headingley has a capacity of 21,062).


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, France, First Test
The tourists found the French Tests more of a challenge than the British, but in the end the Kangaroos prevailed and finished their tour unbeaten.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, France, First Test
During the first half, Wally Lewis dislocated his shoulder while attempting to tackle a French player which ended his tour, though as there were only 2 weeks remaining he remained with the squad until they returned to Australia (the injury was a recurrence of a similar injury he had suffered while touring Great Britain and France with the Australian Schoolboys rugby union team in 1977). He was replaced by Eric Grothe who went to the wing, Mal Meninga moved to his preferred centre with Brett Kenny moving to 5/8. Within 12 minutes of being on the field, Grothe had scored two tries.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Statistics
The tally of 25 tries by Eric Grothe includes 4 tries scored in the match against Western Australia. The leading try scorer in Great Britain and France was Steve Ella, with 22. Ella also scored one try against Papua New Guinea.


1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France, Aftermath
Following the most successful Kangaroo Tour in history, a number of Australians were targeted by English clubs. Over the next 3 years players such as Peter Sterling (Hull F.C. ), Brett Kenny and Steve Ella (Wigan), Eric Grothe (Leeds), Wally Lewis (Wakefield Trinity) and Mal Meninga (St Helens) would have short, but successful stints in England.


1982 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1982 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's strike-shortened 13th season in the National Football League  and the 23rd overall.


1982 Kansas City Chiefs season
In May 1982, running back Joe Delaney underwent surgery to repair a detached retina in his eye, a radical procedure at the time. Optimism abounded at Arrowhead Stadium thanks to the club's promising 9–7 record from 1981, but swelling labor unrest from NFL players spelled doom for both the Chiefs and Levy in 1982. The Chiefs split their first two games of the year before a 57-day strike by the NFL Players Association began at midnight on September 20.


1982 Kansas City Chiefs season
The strike concluded on November 17 after seven games were canceled and one was rescheduled, but the Chiefs would never recover, losing four straight games after their return to the field. Center Jack Rudnay, who had been one of the franchise's most durable and decorated offensive performers over the past decade, announced on December 20 that he would retire after the season. Despite wins in two of the season's final three games, the Levy era concluded as the club finished the strike-shortened campaign at 3–6.


1982 Kansas City Royals season
The 1982 Kansas City Royals season  was their 14th in Major League Baseball. The Royals finished second in the American League West at 90-72, three games behind the California Angels in the first full season as manager for Dick Howser. Hal McRae led the team with 27 home runs and led the American League in runs batted in (133, a single-season franchise record) and doubles (46). Dan Quisenberry's 35 saves was also tops in the American League.


1982 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1982 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1982 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their eighth and final season under head coach Don Fambrough, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–7–2 record (1–5–1 against conference opponents), finished in seventh place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 276 to 150. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1982 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The team's statistical leaders included Frank Seurer with 1,625 passing yards, Dino Bell with 370 rushing yards, and Bob Johnson with 428 receiving yards. Tim Friess, Russ Bastin, Gary Coleman, and Paul Fairchild were the team captains.


1982 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1982 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Jim Dickey. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium.


1982 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The Wildcats finished the 1982 season with a record of 6–5–1, and a 3–3–1 record in Big Eight Conference play. It was the program's first winning season since 1970. During the season Kansas State played its first night game in KSU Stadium, a 36–7 win over Kansas. Temporary lights were erected for the game by TBS, which televised the contest. A then-record crowd of 43,167 attended the game.


1982 Kansas State Wildcats football team
Following the season, Kansas State was invited to its first ever bowl game, the 1982 Independence Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers. The Badgers beat the Wildcats, 14–3. The 1982 Independence Bowl was the first college football game televised live by ESPN. After the season Dickey was named coach of the year by the Big Eight Conference.


1982 Kansas gubernatorial election
The 1982 Kansas gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1982. Incumbent Democrat John W. Carlin defeated Republican nominee Sam Hardage with 53.16% of the vote.


1982 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election
The 1982 Kensington and Chelsea Council election took place on 6 May 1982 to elect members of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1982 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1982 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Ed Chlebek, the Golden Flashes compiled a 0–11 record (0–9 against MAC opponents), finished in last place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 270 to 114.


1982 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Dana Wright with 363 rushing yards, Walter Kroan with 1,304 passing yards, and Todd Feldman with 519 receiving yards.


1982 Kentucky Derby
The 1982 Kentucky Derby was the 108th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 1, 1982, with 141,009 people in attendance.


1982 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1982 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Jerry Claiborne, the Wildcats compiled a 0–10–1 record (0–6 against SEC opponents), finished in last place in the SEC, and were outscored by their opponents, 287 to 96. The team played its home games in Commonwealth Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky.


1982 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Randy Jenkins with 933 passing yards, George Adams with 720 rushing yards, and Robert Mangas with 293 receiving yards.


1982 Kentucky Wildcats football team
Jerry Claiborne had been the head football coach at Virginia Tech from 1961 to 1970 and Maryland from 1972 to 1981. He had played college football at Kentucky under Bear Bryant from 1946 to 1949. He was hired as Kentucky's head football coach in December 1981.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt
The 1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt was a failed attempt to overthrow President Daniel arap Moi's government. At 3 A.M. on Sunday, 1 August 1982, a group of soldiers from the Kenya Air Force took over Eastleigh Air Base just outside Nairobi, and by 4 A.M. the nearby Embakasi air base had also fallen. At 6 A.M. Senior Private Hezekiah Ochuka and Sergeant Pancras Oteyo Okumu captured the Voice of Kenya radio station in central Nairobi, from where they then broadcast in English and Swahili that the military had overthrown the government.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt
Working at the behest of Ochuka, Corporal Bramwel Injeni Njereman was leading a plot to bomb the State House and the General Service Unit headquarters from the Laikipia Air Base, Nanyuki. Corporal Njereman forced three pilots (Major David Mutua, Captain John Mugwanja, and Captain John Baraza) to fly two F-5E Tiger jets and a Strikemaster that would be used for the mission. However, Major Mutua was aware that Corporal Njereman had never flown a jet fighter before and would likely not be able to cope with the g-forces. The pilots, while communicating on a secret channel, agreed to execute daring manoeuvres to disorient their captor. The trick worked. The pilots dumped the bombs in Mt. Kenya forest and headed back to Nanyuki.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt
The coup was strategically planned to coincide with the war games taking place in Lodwar, a remote town in Kenya, when most of the army units and the senior leadership were away from Nairobi. This meant that the senior-most officers present at the time were Lieutenant General John Sawe (the Army Commander and Deputy Chief of the General Staff), Major General Mahmoud Mohamed (Sawe's deputy), Brigadier Bernard Kiilu (Chief of Operations at Defence Headquarters), and Major Humphrey Njoroge (a staff officer in charge of training at Army Headquarters).


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt
At a meeting of the four, it was agreed that Mohamed would take charge of the operation to suppress the coup. He then assembled a team of about 30 officers from First Kenya Rifles Battalion and Kahawa barracks. The team stormed the broadcasting station and killed or captured the rebel soldiers inside. Leonard Mbotela, a broadcaster who had earlier been captured by Ochuka to announce the coup went on air to report that the rebels had been defeated and Moi was back in power. With the help of the General Service Unit (GSU) and later the regular police, Mohamed gained control of Nairobi, causing the Air Force rebels to flee.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt
Hezekiah Ochuka, whose rank of Senior Private Grade-I was the second lowest rank in the Kenyan military, claimed to rule Kenya for about six hours, before fleeing to Tanzania. After being extradited back to Kenya, he was tried and found guilty of leading the coup attempt, and was hanged in 1987. Also implicated in the coup attempt were Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, a former vice-president to Jomo Kenyatta (Moi's predecessor), and his son Raila Amolo Odinga.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, The plan
Ochuka had become obsessed with becoming the President of Kenya at one time in his lifetime (he had the words "The next president of Kenya" carved on his desk), and this led him to quickly accept a proposal by Obuon and Oteyo to overthrow Moi's government. He recruited some of the soldiers at his base at Embakasi, including those who ranked higher than he.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, The plan
There was a heated debate amongst the plotters about who would become the chairman of the "People Redemption's Council" (PRC) that would assume power after the coup. For his part, Obuon claimed that he had recruited the largest number of soldiers into the plan, and so warranted the chairmanship. Obuon also added the fact that he had served as the chairman of the airmen's mess. Ochuka threatened in return that all the soldiers he had recruited to the plot would quit if he was not selected as the PRC's chairman.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, The plan
Obuon and Ochuka had a heated debate that almost broke into a fight over the chairmanship, until Oteyo intervened. Oteyo advised Obuon to leave the chairmanship to Ochuka, whom they could then kill once the coup had succeeded. Ochuka may have suspected the plot of Obuon and Oteyo. He rallied support from soldiers to him as an individual, and he went further to build a protective wall around him. Ochuka also rallied support from Obuon's old political friend and it is believed that the old friend even gave him two million shillings and a second hand car. He had also managed to steal some military communication equipment which he had set up at a private house in Nairobi which was located a few kilometres from the city center.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, The plan
In late July 1982, Ochuka held a secret meeting at football grounds near Umoja estate, at which details of how the coup was to be executed were discussed. Ochuka told the attendees that he had the support of Uganda, Tanzania, and Sudan, who would send their soldiers to the borders to counter any opposition. He went further to allege that he had the blessings of the Soviet Union, which would send a ship to the Kenyan coast to guard against any external interference. Ochuka had made up all these stories to convince his recruits to take up the risk in the mission.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, The plan
Details of the impending coup were known by senior military officials. James Kanyotu, the Directorate of the Kenya Security Intelligence had infiltrated the military and was also aware of the coup plot. After the opening ceremonies of the Nyeri ASK Show on Friday, 30 July, Kanyotu asked President Moi to give him permission to arrest the officers who were planning the coup. However, President Moi was not willing to involve the police in military matters. He preferred the matter to be dealt with internally by the military on Monday, 2 August. However, the coup happened on Sunday, 1 August before any action could be taken.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Why the coup failed
Oteyo said that the coup failed because most of the soldiers did not execute their parts of the plan, as they were drinking and looting instead of going to arrest the president and his ministers. The coup leader, Ochuka, had gone to fetch a radio presenter, Leonard Mambo Mbotela. The plotters' poor organisation left the rebels unprepared for a counter-attack. They failed to capture or kill any of the political leaders they had targeted and did not seize the army headquarters. The air force rebels also lacked support from within the army, leaving them with no armor or heavy arms to take and hold key installations.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The coup left more than 100 soldiers and perhaps 200 civilians dead, including several non-Kenyans.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
After the failed coup, the organizers were arrested and tried by court martial at the Army's Langata Barracks. Corporal Bramwel Injeni Njereman, who was an armaments technician, was the second to be convicted of treason on 24 November 1984. He was found guilty of five overt acts, and sentenced to death by hanging. Corporal Walter Odira Ojode was the first to be charged with the same offence, on 16 December 1982, of which he was found guilty; he also received the death penalty. Both appealed their cases and lost.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
Their death sentences, together with those of coup mastermind Ochuka and his counterpart Pancras Oteyo Okumuwere, were carried out on the night of 10 July 1985 at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison. Up to date they are the last people to have been executed under Kenyan law. A total of twelve people were sentenced to death, and over 900 were jailed. The convicts who were hanged were buried at the Kamiti Maximum Security Prison.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
During the trials, the name of Oginga Odinga was mentioned several times as having financed the organizers, and he was put under house arrest. His son Raila Odinga, together with other university lecturers, were sent to detention after being charged for treason.


1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
After the coup attempt, the entire Kenya Air Force was disbanded. The coup attempt was also a direct cause for the snap 1983 general election. In response to alleged campus involvement in the failed coup, the Kenyan government accused external communist sources of secretly funding the coup attempt.


1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
The elections to the Seventh Kerala Assembly were held on May 19, 1982.


1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, Background
After the election of 1980, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) formed a government led by E. K. Nayanar. By 20 October 1981, LDF lost their majority in the Assembly when the Congress (A), the Kerala Congress (M) and the Janatha (Gopalan) withdrew support for the government to join the UDF. E.K.Nayanar recommended to the Governor to dissolve the assembly and impose President's rule on 21 October 1981 which led to a mid-term election in 1982.


1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, Use of electronic voting machines
The election of 1982 has historic significance, as it is the first time Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) were used in the country. EVM was used in 50 booths of the Paravoor constituency of Ernakulam district. But it was later challenged in the High Court of Kerala, but the plea was dismissed. The case was moved to the Supreme Court, which ordered re-polling as those 50 booths had no provision in the electoral law for use of voting machines.


1982 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1982 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 88th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1982 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Ballyhale Shamrocks won the championship after a 3-10 to 2-04 defeat of James Stephens in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their first title in two championship seasons.


1982 King Cup
The 1982 King Cup was the 24th season of the knockout competition since its establishment in 1956. Al-Nassr were the defending champions but they were eliminated by Al-Shabab in the Round of 16.


1982 King Cup
Al-Hilal won their 4th title after defeating Al-Ittihad 3–1 in the final.


1982 King Cup, Round of 32
The matches of the Round of 32 were played on 11, 12 and 13 April 1982.


1982 King Cup, Round of 16
The Round of 16 matches were held on 15 and 16 April 1982.


1982 King Cup, Quarter-finals
The Quarter-final matches were held on 22 and 23 April 1982.


1982 King Cup, Semi-finals
The four winners of the quarter-finals progressed to the semi-finals. The semi-finals were played on 29 and 30 April 1982. All times are local, AST (UTC+3).


1982 King Cup, Final
The final was played between Al-Ittihad and Al-Hilal in the Youth Welfare Stadium in Al-Malaz, Riyadh.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The 1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes was a horse race held at Ascot Racecourse on Saturday 24 July 1982. It was the 32nd running of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes
The winner was Tony Ward's Kalaglow, a four-year-old grey colt trained at Pulborough in West Sussex by Guy Harwood and ridden by the British jockey Greville Starkey. Kalaglow's victory was the first in the race for his owner, trainer and jockey. Kalaglow was the first of only two greys to win the race, the other being Daylami in 1999.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The contenders
The race attracted a field of nine runners, five of whom were trained in the United Kingdom, one in France, one in Ireland and one is Israel. The favourite was the Irish-trained Assert, a three-year-old colt who had won both the Prix du Jockey Club by three lengths and the Irish Derby by a margin conservatively estimated as eight lengths. The French challenger was Assert's half-brother Bikala, who had won the Prix du Jockey Club and finished a close second in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in as a three-year-old before winning the Prix Ganay in April 1982.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The contenders
Israel was represented by Dronacharya a son of Nijinsky who had shown no discernable ability as a racehorse. The best of the British runners appeared to be Kalaglow, who had finished behind Bikala in the Prix Ganay but won the Eclipse Stakes by four lengths and Height of Fashion a three-year-old filly who had defeated Ardross in the Princess of Wales's Stakes. The other runners were the six-time Group One winner Glint of Gold, Easter Sun, who had recorded an upset victory over Glint of Gold in the Coronation Cup, the Hardwicke Stakes winner Critique and the 100/1 outsider Lafontaine. Assert headed the betting at odds of 10/11 ahead of Bikala (11/2), Kalaglow (13/2), Height of Fashion (9/1) and Glint of Gold (10/1).


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Bikala went to the front shortly after the start and set a very fast pace from Lafontaine with Glint of Gold and  Kalaglow close behind. The French colt maintained his advantage into the straight where challengers began to emerge. Assert moved up on the outside of his half-brother whilst Pat Eddery brought Glint of Gold out wider still as Kalaglow made ground along the rail. Assert gained the advantage inside the final quarter mile but was immediately challenged by Glint of Gold on his left and Kalaglow on his right.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, The race
Kalaglow produced the best finish to take the lead in the final strides and win by a neck from the favourite. Glint of Gold took third ahead of the fast-finishing Critique and the weakening Bikala. There were long gaps back to Easter Sun, Height of Fashion and Lafontaine, with Dronacharya tailed-off in last place.


1982 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, Full result
* Abbreviations: nse = nose; nk = neck; shd = head; hd = head; dist = distance; UR = unseated rider


1982 King's Cup
The 1982 King's Cup was held from 1 to 17 May 1982 in Bangkok. Nine teams from eight nations participated.


1982 King's Cup, Round 1, Group B
Note: Malaysia's team was also reported as Kelantan by a Thai source.


1982 King's Cup, Knockout stage, Third place play-off
Note: No extra time was played. The score is also reported as 0–0, 5–4 on penalty shoot-out.


1982 Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council election
The 1982 Kingston upon Thames Council election took place on 6 May 1982 to elect members of Kingston upon Thames London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1982 Kiribati parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Kiribati on 26 March 1982, with a second round on 1 April. All candidates for the 36 seats ran as independents. In the constituency of Banaba there was only one candidate, who was returned without an election taking place. Voter turnout was 82.5%.


1982 Kiribati presidential election
Presidential elections, the first after the independence of 1979, were held in Kiribati on 4 May 1982. The result was a victory for incumbent Ieremia Tabai, who won 48.7% of the vote. Voter turnout was 82.4%.


1982 Kvalserien
The 1982 Kvalserien was the eighth edition of the Kvalserien. It determined which two teams of the participating ones would play in the 1982–83 Elitserien season and which two teams would play in the 1982–83 Swedish Division 1 season.


1982 LFF Lyga
The 1982 LFF Lyga was the 61st season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. It was contested by 16 teams, and Pazanga Vilnius won the championship.


1982 LPGA Championship
The 1982 LPGA Championship was the 28th LPGA Championship, played June 10–13 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, a suburb northeast of Cincinnati.


1982 LPGA Championship
Jan Stephenson led wire-to-wire to win the second of her three major titles, two strokes ahead of JoAnne Carner. She entered the final round with a two-stroke lead over Beth Daniel.


1982 LPGA Tour
The 1982 LPGA Tour was the 33rd season since the LPGA Tour officially began in 1950. The season ran from January 28 to November 7. The season consisted of 35 official money events. JoAnne Carner and Beth Daniel won the most tournaments, five each. Carner led the money list with earnings of $310,400.


1982 LPGA Tour
There were three first-time winners in 1982: Janet Alex, Cathy Morse, and Ayako Okamoto. Sandra Haynie won the last of her 42 LPGA events in 1982.


1982 LPGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1982 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1982 LSU Tigers football team
The 1982 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1982 La Flèche Wallonne
The 1982 La Flèche Wallonne was the 46th edition of La Flèche Wallonne cycle race and was held on 15 April 1982. The race started in Charleroi and finished in Spa. The race was won by Mario Beccia of the Hoonved–Bottecchia team.


1982 Labatt Brier
The 1982 Labatt Brier was held from March 7 to 14 at the Keystone Centre in Brandon, Manitoba. It was the first Brier to be attended by over 100,000 spectators.


1982 Labatt Brier
Al Hackner of Northern Ontario defeated Brent Giles of British Columbia to win his first Brier title. Hackner won his first game in three consecutive appearances in the Brier final.


1982 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet (more formally, its "Parliamentary Committee") took place on 18 November 1982. In addition to the 15 members elected, the Leader (Michael Foot), Deputy Leader (Denis Healey), Labour Chief Whip (Michael Cocks), Labour Leader in the House of Lords (Lord Cledwyn of Penrhos), and Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (Jack Dormand) were automatically members.


1982 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
All 15 members elected the previous year were retained. The value of being the top loser dropped as by-elections would be held for future vacancies under a change in the Parliamentary Labour Party's rules. The results for 20 of the 40 candidates are listed below:


1982 Ladies European Tour
The 1982 Ladies European Tour was the fourth season of golf tournaments organised by the Women's Professional Golfers' Association (WPGA), which later became the Ladies European Tour (LET). There were ten tournaments on the schedule including the Women's British Open, organised by the Ladies' Golf Union.


1982 Ladies European Tour
The tour experienced difficulties during 1982. Having lost several sponsors during 1981 due to economic problems, their principal supporter Carlsberg had also departed. Twelve new tournaments were planned to fill out the calendar but only half took place, including Ford Ladies Classic and the Ladies Spanish Open. Plans for new events in Ireland, France, West Germany and Portugal were abandoned, and several other tournaments were cancelled during the season, including the British Women's Matchplay and two of the new events.


1982 Ladies European Tour
The Order of Merit was won for the second time by Jenny Lee Smith, who again dominated the season with one win and five runner-up finishes; her £12,551 in prize money put her more than £5,500 clear of runner-up Rosie Jones.


1982 Ladies European Tour, Tournaments
The table below shows the 1982 schedule. The numbers in brackets after the winners' names show the number of career wins they had on the Ladies European Tour up to and including that event. This is only shown for members of the tour.


1982 Ladies European Tour, Order of Merit
The Order of Merit was sponsored by Hambro Life and based on prize money won throughout the season.


1982 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1982 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College as an independent during the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1982 Lafayette Leopards football team
In their second year under head coach Bill Russo, the Leopards compiled a 7–3 record. Bob Mahr and Ed Stahl were the team captains.


1982 Lafayette Leopards football team
Though the team went unranked in the  Division I-AA Football Committee poll during the season, the five-game winning streak at the end of the schedule secured a No. 20 rank in the final week of the poll, released November 24.


1982 Lafayette Leopards football team
Lafayette played its home games at Fisher Field on College Hill in Easton, Pennsylvania.


1982 Lake Waco murders
The 1982 Lake Waco Murders refers to the deaths of three teenagers (two females, one male) near Lake Waco in Waco, Texas, in July 1982. The police investigation and criminal trials that followed the murders lasted for more than a decade and resulted in the execution of one man, David Wayne Spence, as well as life prison sentences for two other men allegedly involved in the crime, Anthony and Gilbert Melendez. A fourth suspect, Muneer Mohammad Deeb, was eventually let out  after spending several years in prison.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Murders
On July 13, 1982, two fishermen discovered the bodies of Jill Montgomery, 17, Raylene Rice, 17, and Kenneth Franks, 18, in Speegleville Park, near Lake Waco. Franks' body was found propped against a tree, with sunglasses over his eyes. All three victims had been repeatedly stabbed, and both of the women's throats had been slashed. There was also evidence that the women had been sexually assaulted.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Investigation
The investigation was initially headed by Lieutenant Marvin Horton of the Waco police department, with assistance from Detective Ramon Salinas and Patrolman Mike Nicoletti. Truman Simons, who was with the Waco police department at the time and had been one of the first respondents on the scene of the crime, also assisted the investigation in an informal capacity.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Investigation
Initially, the investigation revealed a number of different possible suspects, including James Russell Bishop  and Terry Harper, local residents who had been tied to the area at the time of the crime. However, both men were found to have credible alibis (Harper's was later proven false when Spence's attorneys investigated it), and in September of that year, the investigation began to stall and was marked as "suspended." Simons, who had taken a significant personal interest in the case, requested that he be given permission to continue investigating the case, which he was subsequently granted.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Investigation
Within a few days, the first arrest in the case was made. Muneer Mohammad Deeb, the owner of a local gas station, was known to have had a contentious relationship with Kenneth Franks. The two had engaged in verbal confrontations on multiple occasions. Following the murders, he had even commented to two young women that he committed the murders. After one of the women reported this comment to the police, Deeb was quickly arrested and submitted to a polygraph test, which he passed. Subsequently, Deeb was released for lack of evidence.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Investigation
The case languished for nearly a year, until the work of Simons and others had produced enough evidence to again arrest Deeb and three alleged accomplices in the plot. Deeb had had a life insurance policy for one employee at his convenience store who bore a striking resemblance to Jill Montgomery. Simons hypothesized that Deeb had hired David Wayne Spence to murder her, and that Spence and two friends, Anthony and Gilbert Melendez, had seen the victims and mistaken Montgomery for the target. They speculated that the other two victims had been murdered because they were witnesses.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Trials
Deeb, Spence, and the Melendez brothers were all indicted late in 1983. District Attorney Vic Feazell, whose office had been instrumental in continuing to pursue new evidence in the case, would manage the prosecution against the accused. Spence and both Melendez brothers were, at the time, already serving prison sentences for various crimes.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Trials
The evidence against the men largely consisted of testimony provided by other inmates, who claimed that the defendants had admitted to their involvement in the killings in private discussions, as well as confessions made by Anthony and Gilbert Melendez. Also considered was the confession Deeb had made to the two young women about his involvement in the killings, as well as the life insurance policy he had taken out for his employee. Bite marks on the victims were also presented as evidence of Spence’s involvement.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Trials
The trials began in May, with testimony from dental specialists supplementing the evidence that had been provided by the prison witnesses. In June, Anthony Melendez pleaded guilty to the crimes and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Spence’s case was badly damaged by Melendez’ confession, which played a key role in his eventual conviction in July 1984. Unlike Melendez, Spence was sentenced to death for his involvement in the killings.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Trials
In January 1985, Gilbert Melendez also pleaded guilty to the murders, and agreed to testify against Deeb. Like his brother, he received a term of life imprisonment in exchange for this confession. Gilbert Melendez died in prison in 1998 from AIDS-related complications. Anthony Melendez died in prison on January 13, 2017.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Trials
Deeb, who had continued to protest his innocence, was found guilty of instigating the murders, and on March 14, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Appeals
Both Spence and Deeb continued to maintain their innocence following their convictions, and both men sought appeals in their cases. In 1991, Deeb’s appeal was granted when the Court of Criminal Appeals “ruled that the testimony of a jail inmate should not have been allowed” in his initial trial. Deeb won his new trial in January 1993, and was subsequently released from prison. Those who had been involved in the initial prosecution were stunned. Former McLennan County District Attorney Vic Feazell, who had prosecuted Deeb, stated following the trial, "I am perplexed and bewildered, as I'm sure a lot of people are. But in my mind, this doesn't change anything as far as Mr. Deeb's culpability goes."


1982 Lake Waco murders, Appeals
David Wayne Spence’s appeals were not successful, and in April 1997 he was executed for his role in the killings.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Book and film
In 1986, true-crime writer Carlton Stowers published his account of the murders and police investigation surrounding the Lake Waco murders, Careless Whispers. The book focused heavily on Truman Simons’ involvement in producing the evidence which led to the convictions.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Book and film
The incident also inspired a made-for-TV adaptation, Sworn to Vengeance, starring Robert Conrad as a fictionalized version of Simons. The film aired on CBS in 1993.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Controversy
Following the convictions of Spence and Deeb, some began to question the substance of the evidence on which the convictions had been based and the methods through which it had been obtained. Forensic odontologist Homer Campbell was proven to have made false assessments at around the same time, and when a blind panel examined the alleged bite marks and a mold of Spence's teeth, two matched them to a Kansas housewife, and the other three could not match them to anyone's teeth.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Controversy
Three of the seven people who said Spence confessed later stated that Simons had offered them privileges in order to secure their testimony, including one that said he had fed her info on what to say. Spence's lawyers also discovered an alternate suspect in Terry Harper, a local thug with a history of knife-related offenses. Witnesses testified to seeing Harper in the park on the night of the murders, and others claimed that he had boasted of committing the murders.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Controversy
Also, one of the victims, Kenneth Franks, was later alleged to have been an associate of Harper's in the drug trade. When Harper was interviewed by Spence's lawyers, he claimed that he was at home watching Dynasty; records showed that Dynasty did not air that night. Brian Pardo, a wealthy Texas businessman, met Spence a few months prior to his execution and, on becoming convinced of his innocence, launched a campaign to delay his death sentence so that a new trial could be commenced. His efforts were unsuccessful, but they brought attention to the case following Spence’s execution.


1982 Lake Waco murders, Controversy
Bob Herbert wrote a series of articles for The New York Times in 1997, with headlines such as “The Wrong Man” and “The Impossible Crime,” in which he claimed that the case had been “cobbled […] together from the fabricated and often preposterous testimony of inmates who were granted all manner of favors in return.”


1982 Lamar Cardinals football team
The 1982 Lamar Cardinals football team represented Lamar University in the 1982 NCAA Division I-AA football season as a member of the Southland Conference. The Cardinals played their home games at Cardinal Stadium now named Provost Umphrey Stadium in Beaumont, Texas. Lamar finished the 1982 season with a 4–7 overall record and a 1–4 conference record. The 1982 had a couple of firsts for the program. 1982 was the first season for the Cardinals to play at the NCAA Division I-AA level. The 1982 season was also the first season with new head coach Ken Stephens.


1982 Lambeth London Borough Council election
Elections to Lambeth London Borough Council were held in May 1982. The whole council was up for election. Turnout was 40.1%.


1982 Latvian SSR Higher League
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 15:12, 17 February 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1982 Latvian SSR Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Elektrons won the championship.


1982 Laurence Olivier Awards
The 1982 Society of West End Theatre Awards were held in 1982 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of West End Theatre. The awards would not become the Laurence Olivier Awards, as they are known today, until the 1984 ceremony.


1982 Laurence Olivier Awards, Productions with multiple nominations and awards
The following 17 productions, including one ballet, received multiple nominations:


1982 Lebanon War
The 1982 Lebanon War, dubbed Operation Peace for Galilee (Hebrew: מבצע שלום הגליל, or מבצע של"ג Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil or Mivtsa Sheleg) by the Israeli government, later known in Israel as the Lebanon War or the First Lebanon War (Hebrew: מלחמת לבנון הראשונה, Milhemet Levanon Harishona), and known in Lebanon as "the invasion" (Arabic: الاجتياح, Al-ijtiyāḥ), began on 6 June 1982, when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The military operation was launched after gunmen from Abu Nidal's organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin blamed Abu Nidal's enemy, the PLO, for the incident, and used the incident as a casus belli for the invasion.


1982 Lebanon War
After attacking the PLO – as well as Syrian, leftist, and Muslim Lebanese forces – the Israeli military, in cooperation with their Maronite allies and the self-styled Free Lebanon State, occupied southern Lebanon, eventually surrounding the PLO and elements of the Syrian Army. Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy bombardment, the PLO forces and their allies negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of United States Special Envoy Philip Habib and the protection of international peacekeepers. The PLO, under the chairmanship of Yasser Arafat, had relocated its headquarters to Tripoli in June 1982. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by President Bachir Gemayel, Israel hoped to sign a treaty which Menachem Begin promised would give Israel "forty years of peace".


1982 Lebanon War
Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. Outrage following the IDF's role in the Phalangist-perpetrated Sabra and Shatila massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Shias, as well as Israeli popular disillusionment with the war, led to a gradual withdrawal from Beirut to the areas claimed by the Free Lebanon State in southern Lebanon (later to become the South Lebanon security belt), which was initiated following the 17 May Agreement and Syria's change of attitude towards the PLO.


1982 Lebanon War
After Israeli forces withdrew from most of Lebanon, the War of the Camps broke out between Lebanese factions, the remains of the PLO and Syria, in which Syria fought its former Palestinian allies. At the same time, Shi'a militant groups began consolidating and waging a low-intensity guerrilla war over the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, leading to 15 years of low-scale armed conflict. The Lebanese Civil War would continue until 1990, at which point Syria had established complete dominance over Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Relocation of PLO from Jordan to South Lebanon
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Lebanon became home to more than 110,000 Palestinian refugees, after their settlements in Palestine and Israel had been depopulated as a result of the war. After its founding in 1964 and the radicalization among Palestinians, which followed the Six-Day War, the PLO became a powerful force, then centred in Jordan. The large influx of Palestinians from Jordan after the Black September conflict caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society and its democratic institutions established earlier by the National Pact. By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the PLO in effect created an unofficial state-within-a-state, particularly in Southern Lebanon, which then played an important role in the Lebanese Civil War.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Relocation of PLO from Jordan to South Lebanon
Continual violence near the Lebanese border occurred between Israel and the PLO starting from 1968; this peaked, following the relocation of PLO bases to Lebanon after the civil war in Jordan.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Incidents 1975–1980
The violence between Israel and the PLO peaked during Operation Litani in 1978, provoked by the Coastal Road Massacre which was carried out by Palestinian militants. The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Incidents 1975–1980
As early as 1976, Israel had been assisting Lebanese Christian militias in their sporadic battles against the PLO. During Operation Litani in 1978, Israel established a security zone in southern Lebanon with mostly Christian inhabitants, in which they began to supply training and arms to Christian militias which would later form the South Lebanese Army. But Israel's main partner was to be the Maronite Phalange party, whose paramilitary was led by Bashir Gemayel, a rising figure in Lebanese politics.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Incidents 1975–1980
Gemayel's strategy during the early stages of the Lebanese Civil War was to provoke the Syrians into retaliatory attacks on Christians, such that Israel could not ignore. In 1978, Menachem Begin declared that Israel would not allow a genocide of Lebanese Christians, while refusing direct intervention. Hundreds of Lebanese militiamen began to train in Israel, at the IDF Staff and Command College.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Incidents 1975–1980
The relationship between Israel and the Maronites began to grow into a political-strategic alliance, and members of the Israeli government like Ariel Sharon began to conceive of a plan to install a pro-Israel Christian government in Lebanon, as it was known that Bashir wanted to remove the PLO and all Palestinian refugees in the country.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Incidents 1975–1980
During the period June to December 1980 the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) recorded an increase in activities along the border zone. No attacks by Palestinian forces on Israel were recorded, while the IDF incursions across the armistice line into Lebanon increased markedly, with minefields being laid, gun posts established, and generally involving numerous violations of Lebanese air-space and territorial waters. This was formally protested by the Lebanese government to the UN Security Council and General Assembly in several communications as violations by Israel of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. During the same period Israel protested numerous attacks by Palestinian forces, unrelated to the Lebanese border zone.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
In his report for the period of 12 December 1980 to 12 June 1981 on UNIFIL activities, the Security Council Secretary General noted that infiltrations into the border zone by Palestinian armed forces had decreased relative to the previous six months. In contrast the IDF had launched various attacks on Lebanese territory often in support of the Lebanese Christian militia. In doing so Israel had violated UN Security Council resolution 425 on hundreds of occasions [paragraph 58]. Where the initiator(s) of attacks could be identified in the report, in 15 cases Palestinian militants were to blame while on 23 occasions the Militia and/or the IDF were the instigators, the latter also being responsible for the most violent confrontation of the period on 27 April [paragraph 52].


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
In the subsequent period 16 June to 10 December 1981, a relative quiet was reported continuing from 29 May 1981 until 10 July. This was broken when "Israeli aircraft resumed strikes against targets in southern Lebanon north of the UNIFIL area. (The Israeli strikes) led to exchanges of heavy firing between armed elements (Palestinians), on the one hand, and IDF and the de facto forces (Christian Militia) on the other. On 13 and 14 July, widespread Israeli air-strikes continued. Armed elements (Palestinians) fired into the enclave and northern Israel." Israeli-initiated attacks had led to rocket and artillery fire on northern Israel. This pattern continued in the coming days.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
Israel renewed its air strikes in an attempt to trigger a war that would allow it to drive out the PLO and restore peace to the region. On 17 July, the Israel Air Force launched a massive attack on PLO buildings in downtown Beirut. "Perhaps as many as three hundred died, and eight hundred were wounded, the great majority of them civilians." The Israeli army also heavily targeted PLO positions in south Lebanon without success in suppressing Palestinian rocket launchers and guns. As a result, thousands of Israeli citizens who resided near the Lebanese border headed south.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
There patterns of Israeli-initiated airstrikes and Palestinian retaliations with attacks on northern Israel are in contrast with the official Israeli version "A ceasefire declared in July 1981 was broken: the terrorists continued to carry out attacks against Israeli targets in Israel and abroad, and the threat to the northern settlements became unbearable."


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
On 24 July 1981, United States Undersecretary of State Philip Habib brokered a ceasefire badly needed by both parties, the best achievable result from negotiations via intermediaries, aimed at complying with the decisions of UN Security Council resolution 490. The process was complicated, requiring


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
shuttle diplomacy between Damascus, Jerusalem, and Beirut, United States. Philip Habib concluded a ceasefire across the Lebanon border between Israel and the PLO. Habib could not talk to the PLO directly because of Kissinger's directive, so he used a Saudi member of the royal family as mediator. The agreement was oral – nothing could be written down since Israel and the PLO did not recognize each other and refused to negotiate with each other – but they came up with a truce. ... Thus the border between Lebanon and Israel suddenly stabilized after over a decade of routine bombing.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
Between July 1981 and June 1982, as a result of the Habib ceasefire, the Lebanese-Israeli border "enjoyed a state of calm unprecedented since 1968." But the 'calm' was tense. US Secretary of State, Alexander Haig filed a report with US President Ronald Reagan on Saturday 30 January 1982 that revealed Secretary Haig's fear that Israel might, at the slightest provocation, start a war against Lebanon.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
The 'calm' lasted nine months. Then, on 21 April 1982, after a landmine killed an Israeli officer while he was visiting a South Lebanese Army gun emplacement in Taibe, Lebanon, the Israeli Air Force attacked the Palestinian-controlled coastal town of Damour, killing 23 people. Fisk reports further on this incident: "The Israelis did not say what the soldier was doing ... I discovered that he was visiting one of Haddad's artillery positions (Christian militia) and that the mine could have been lain [sic] as long ago as 1978, perhaps even by the Israelis themselves".


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
On 9 May 1982, Israeli aircraft again attacked targets in Lebanon. Later that same day, UNIFIL observed the firing of rockets from Palestinian positions in the Tyre region into northern Israel, but none of the projectiles hit Israeli towns – the gunners had been ordered to miss. Major-General Erskine (Ghana), Chief of Staff of UNTSO reported to the Secretary-General and the Security Council (S/14789, S/15194) that from August 1981 to May 1982, inclusive, there were 2096 violations of Lebanese airspace and 652 violations of Lebanese territorial waters. The freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel and UNTSO observers within the enclave remained restricted due to the actions of Amal and the South Lebanon Army under Major Saad Haddad's leadership with the backing of Israeli military forces.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, 1981 events and cease-fire
Prior to establishing ceasefire in July 1981, U.N. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim noted: "After several weeks of relative quiet in the area, a new cycle of violence has begun and has, in the past week, steadily intensified." He further stated: "There have been heavy civilian casualties in Lebanon; there have been civilian casualties in Israel as well. I deeply deplore the extensive human suffering caused by these developments." The President of the U.N. Security Council, Ide Oumarou of Niger, expressed "deep concern at the extent of the loss of life and the scale of the destruction caused by the deplorable events that have been taking place for several days in Lebanon".


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
From the ceasefire, established in July 1981, until the start of the war, the Israeli government reported 270 militant attacks by the PLO in Israel, the occupied territories, and the Jordanian and Lebanese border (in addition to 20 attacks on Israeli interests abroad).


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
In Ariel Sharon's biography by his son, Gilad Sharon, the author referring to the Habib ceasefire, comments: "However, the agreement was explicit only regarding preventing terror from Lebanon, which is why my father encouraged the cabinet not to accept the offer as presented by the Americans."


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The cease-fire, as both the PLO and the Americans saw it, did not include terror attacks stemming from Lebanon and carried out against Jews in Europe and other locales. In a meeting my father had with Alexander Haig and Philip Habib on 25 May 1982, Habib repeated what he had already said many times before: "Terrorist attacks against Israelis and Jews in Europe are not included in the cease-fire agreement.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
Arafat pressured the radical factions to maintain the ceasefire because he did not wish to provoke the Israelis into an all-out attack. The PLO acceptance of the ceasefire had led to dissension even within Fatah itself. A faction sympathetic to Abu Nidal forced a military confrontation, with accompanying arrests and executions — an event unprecedented in PLO internal disputes'. Arafat even attempted to distance himself from Palestinian unrest on the West Bank to prevent an Israeli attack. In contrast, Begin, Sharon and Eitan were searching for any excuse to neutralize their military opponents through a breach of the ceasefire.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
They believed that Arafat was buying time to build up his conventional forces. The Israeli interpretation of the conditions for the ceasefire placed responsibility for any act of Palestinian violence on Arafat's shoulders. It presumed that Arafat had complete control, not only over all factions within the PLO such as the rejectionist Popular Front of George Habash,but also over those outside such as Abu Nidal's Fatah Revolutionary Council and Ahmed Jibril's Popular Front — General Command. Moreover, in Begin's eyes, the ceasefire was not geographically limited to the Lebanese border.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
He argued that if Palestinian terrorism struck internationally, then this too would be regarded as a breach of the ceasefire. Begin thus took a stand-off in a local battle as applying to the entire war anywhere in the Middle East or any incident internationally. Eitan commented that there was no difference if a militant threw a grenade in Gaza or fired a shell at a Northern settlement — all such acts broke the ceasefire. Sharon similarly did not wish to draw distinctions between different Palestinian factions, since all blame had to be attached to the PLO. He dismissed attempts at more rational evaluation as masking the real issue. In a speech to a Young Herut conference in April 1982, he accused those who tried to take a more objective standpoint of erecting 'a protective wall around the PLO inside and outside Israel'.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
Further support comes from George Ball, that the PLO had observed the ceasefire. Israel, he said, continued looking for the "internationally recognized provocation" that Secretary of State Alexander Haig said would be necessary to obtain American support for an Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Secretary Haig's critics have accused him of "greenlighting" the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denies this and says he urged restraint. In the biography of ceasefire broker Philip Habib, Alexander Haig is cited as leaving the worst impression of all in the lead up to Israel's Lebanon invasion:


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
Haig thus comes off very badly: not a team player, not able to keep the rest of the administration informed of what was going on beforehand, not willing to tell anyone in the White House why Sharon was so confident during the invasion, hoping that Reagan's special envoy would fail in his mission, and having little sense of what the national security of the United States required—which was not a confrontation between Israeli and Soviet tanks on the road from Beirut to Damascus.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
The American reaction was that they would not apply any undue pressure on Israel to quit Lebanon as the Israeli presence in Lebanon may prove to be a catalyst for the disparate groups of Lebanon to make common cause against both Syrian and Israeli forces. Haig's analysis, which Ronald Reagan agreed with, was that this uniting of Lebanese groups would allow President Elias Sarkis to reform the Lebanese central Government and give the Palestinian refugees Lebanese citizenship.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
Additional evidence that the United States approved the Israeli invasion comes from longtime CIA analyst Charles Cogan, who says that he was in the room during a May 1982 meeting in The Pentagon during which Sharon explained to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger "in great detail how the Israelis were going to invade Lebanon ... Weinberger just sat there and said nothing."


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
According to Avi Shlaim, the real driving force behind the Israeli invasion to Lebanon was the defense minister Ariel Sharon. One of his aims was the destruction of PLO military infrastructure in Lebanon and undermining it as a political organization, in order to facilitate the absorption of the West Bank by Israel. The second aim was the establishment of the Maronite government in Lebanon, headed by Bashir Gemayel and signing the peace treaty between two countries, the third aim was the expelling of the Syrian Army from Lebanon. Also, according to Shlaim, with the completion of Israeli withdrawals from Sinai in March 1982, under the terms of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, the Likud-led government of Israel hardened its attitude to the Arab world and became more aggressive.


1982 Lebanon War, Background, Lebanese Civil War, Immediate causes
According to Zeev Maoz in Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's National Security and Foreign Policy the goals of the war were primarily developed by then Minister of Defense Ariel Sharon and were fourfold:1) "Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon, including the PLO headquarters in Beirut." 2) "Drive Syrian forces out of Lebanon." 3) "Install a Christian-dominated government in Lebanon, with Bashir Gemayel as President." 4) "Sign a peace treaty with the Lebanese government that would solidify the informal Israeli-Christian alliance and convert it into a binding agreement." George Ball testified before the U.S: Senate's Foreign Affairs Committee that Sharon's long-term strategy, as revealed in conversations, was one of "squeezing the Palestinians out of the West Bank . .allowing only enough of them to remain for work."