1979–80 in English football, National teams
18 June 1980: England win their final group match at the European Championships 2–1 against Spain, but finish in third place in the group.


1979–80 in English football, UEFA competitions
Brian Clough's Nottingham Forest made up for disappointment in the League by retaining the European Cup and becoming the first team to have won more European Cups than league championships. Arsenal faced Valencia of Spain in the European Cup Winners' Cup final, days after their FA Cup final loss. It finished goalless after extra time, and Arsenal lost the penalty shoot-out after misses from Liam Brady and Graham Rix.


1979–80 in English football, FA Cup
Second Division West Ham United, managed by John Lyall, won the FA Cup, beating Arsenal 1–0 with a Trevor Brooking goal. They are the last team to win the FA Cup from outside the top division.


1979–80 in English football, League Cup
Wolverhampton Wanderers overcame the challenge of European champions Nottingham Forest to lift their second League Cup. The match finished 1–0 with a goal by Andy Gray following a mix-up between goalkeeper Peter Shilton and defender David Needham.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, First Division
Bob Paisley's Liverpool retained their league championship trophy after fighting off a determined challenge by Dave Sexton's Manchester United. Nottingham Forest failed to make a serious title challenge but compensated for this by retaining the European Cup.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, First Division
Bristol City and Bolton Wanderers were relegated after brief and uneventful spells in the First Division, but Derby County's relegation came just five years after they had been league champions.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, First Division
Kevin Keegan, the current European Footballer of the Year, ended his three-year spell with Hamburg in Germany and returned to England in a shock £400,000 move to Southampton.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, First Division
Much of the attention in the early part of the season focused on Manchester City where Malcolm Allison had dismantled the side selling international talents such as Asa Hartford and Peter Barnes and replacing them with unknowns and the uncapped Steve Daley for £1.5 million. City had a mediocre season including an FA Cup defeat by Fourth Division Halifax Town.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, Second Division
Leicester City, Sunderland and Birmingham City ended their relatively short spells in the Second Division and occupied the division's three promotion places. Going down were Fulham, Burnley and Charlton Athletic.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, Third Division
Grimsby Town, Blackburn Rovers and Sheffield Wednesday all achieved some long-awaited success by gaining promotion from the Third Division. Bury, Southend United, Mansfield Town and Wimbledon occupied the Third Division's relegation places.


1979–80 in English football, Football League, Fourth Division
Huddersfield Town and Portsmouth finally achieved some success by gaining promotion from the Fourth Division. Newport County achieved their first promotion since 1939 and Walsall were also promoted. Rochdale finished bottom but survived re-election by one vote ahead of Altrincham.


1979–80 in English football, Awards
Liverpool's Terry McDermott was voted PFA Players' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year. PFA Young Player of the Year was Tottenham Hotspur's midfielder Glenn Hoddle.


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
18 August 1979: Tommy Caton, 16-year-old defender, makes his debut for First Division side Manchester City on the opening day of the season in a goalless home draw with newly promoted Crystal Palace, just weeks after leaving school.


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
15 September 1979: Gary Stevens, 17-year-old defender, makes his debut for First Division side Brighton and Hove Albion in a 2-0 win over Ipswich Town, at the Goldstone Ground


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
29 September 1979: Danny Thomas, 17-year-old defender, makes his debut as a substitute for First Division side Coventry City in a 1-1 draw with Tottenham Hotspur, at Highfield Road


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
12 March 1980: Kevin Ratcliffe, 19-year-old defender, makes his First Division debut for Everton in a 0-0 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford.


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
22 March 1980: Paul Bracewell, 17-year-old midfielder, makes his First Division debut as a substitute for Stoke City in a 0-3 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux.


1979–80 in English football, Famous debutants
7 April 1980: Paul Davis, 18-year-old midfielder, makes his First Division debut for Arsenal in a 2–1 win over local rivals Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.


1979–80 in German football
The 1979–80 season was the 70th season of competitive football in Germany.


1979–80 in German football, DFB–Pokal
Fortuna Düsseldorf won the 1979–80 DFB-Pokal final by defeating 1. FC Köln 2–1 on 4 June 1980 (1980-06-04).


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, European Cup, Hamburger SV
Hamburger SV finished the 1979–80 European Cup as runners-up losing to Nottingham Forest 0–1 in the 1980 European Cup Final.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, European Cup Winners' Cup, Fortuna Düsseldorf
Fortuna Düsseldorf were eliminated in the first round of the European Cup Winners' Cup by Rangers.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup
Five teams from West Germany competed in the UEFA Cup this season. 1. FC Kaiserslautern were eliminated in the quarter-finals. Bayern Munich, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Eintracht Frankfurt, and VfB Stuttgart made up a semi-finals consisting of only teams from West Germany. Frankfurt would go on to win the competition with Gladbach finishing as runners-up.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup, Borussia Mönchengladbach
Borussia Mönchengladbach were runners-up in the UEFA Cup after losing to Eintracht Frankfurt due to the away goals rule.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup, Eintracht Frankfurt
Eintracht Frankfurt won the UEFA Cup by defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach in the 1980 UEFA Cup Final due to the away goals rule.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup, VfB Stuttgart
VfB Stuttgart were eliminated in the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup by Borussia Mönchengladbach.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup, Bayern Munich
Bayern Munich were eliminated in the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup by eventual champions Eintracht Frankfurt.


1979–80 in German football, German clubs in Europe, UEFA Cup, 1. FC Kaiserlsautern
1. FC Kaiserslautern were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup by Bayern Munich.


1979–80 in Scottish football
The 1979–80 season was the 107th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 83rd season of Scottish league football.


1979–80 in Scottish football, Other honours, County
* – aggregate over two legs – won on penalties


1979–80 in Scottish football, Scottish national team
Scotland finished fourth in the 1980 British Home Championship. Scotland won just one game, against Wales; Willie Miller scored Scotland's only goal of the tournament.


1979–80 snooker season
The 1979–80 snooker season was a series of snooker tournaments played between 9 July 1979 and 17 May 1980. The following table outlines the results for the ranking and the invitational events.


1979–80 Úrvalsdeild karla
The 1979–80 Úrvalsdeild karla was the 29th season of the Úrvalsdeild karla, the top tier men's basketball league on Iceland. The season started on October 13, 1979 and ended on March 17, 1980. Valur won its first title by posting the best record in the league with a win against KR in the last day of the season.


1979–80 Úrvalsdeild karla, Competition format
The participating teams first played a conventional round-robin schedule with every team playing each opponent twice "home" and twice "away" for a total of 20 games. The top team won the national championship whilst the bottom team was relegated to Division I.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade
The 197th (2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw distinguished active service in both the First and Second world wars.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
The brigade, originally the 2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade, was created in late August 1914 during the early stages of the First World War as a duplicate formation of the Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade and was part of the 2nd East Lancashire Division, the division itself formed as a duplicate of East Lancashire Division.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
The brigade, composed of four 2nd Line battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers, was formed from those comparatively few men already serving in the Territorial Force before the war who originally had wished not to serve overseas as, according to the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907, soldiers of the TF were not obliged to serve overseas without their consent. The brigade was intended to act as a reserve for the 1st Line units serving overseas, to send drafts of replacements for battle casualties.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
Throughout 1915 all divisions of the Territorial Force were given numbers and so, in August 1915, the 2nd East Lancashire Division was numbered as the 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division and the brigades were also numbered, the 2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers Brigade being numbered as the 197th (2/1st Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
In early 1916, conscription was introduced and the Military Service Act 1916, which swept aside the distinction between 'Home Service' men and those volunteering for foreign service and, as a result, the brigade and division began training for eventual service overseas.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
On 11 February 1917 the 197th Brigade, together with the rest of the 66th Division, received orders to prepare for a move overseas to France and left two weeks later, arriving by 16 March. They were destined to serve with the rest of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the trenches of the Western Front and ended up seeing its first battle during Operation Hush and later the Battle of Poelcappelle, part of the Battle of Passchendaele (also known as the Third Battle of Ypres).


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
Due to a manpower shortage in the BEF serving on the Western Front in early 1918, all British divisions in France and Belgium were reduced from twelve to nine infantry battalions, and so, as a result, the 3/5th Lancashire Fusiliers was disbanded and the men posted to other battalions of the regiment.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War
In March 1918, together with the rest of 66th Division, the brigade suffered extremely high casualties during Operation Michael, the opening phase of the German Army's Spring Offensive. Such were the heavy casualties received by the brigade that it was reduced to a cadre and became a training brigade and saw no more active service for the rest of the war. The brigade was replaced in the 66th Division by the 1st South African Brigade. The war came to an end on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice and, in 1919, the brigade was disbanded.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, First World War, Order of battle
The 197th Brigade was constituted as follows during the First World War:


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
After the First World War, both the brigade and division were disbanded, along with the rest of the Territorial Force. However, in the 1920s, the Territorial Army was formed, on a similar basis to the Territorial Force. By March 1939 another war in Europe seemed inevitable and so the Territorial Army was ordered to be doubled in size.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade came into existence again, now designated as the 197th Infantry Brigade, and again became part of the 66th Infantry Division, which was also again reconstituted as a duplicate of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, and the brigade was again formed as a duplicate of 125th Infantry Brigade. The brigade was not, however, formed as an exact duplicate of the 125th Brigade and consisted of only two battalions (whereas the 125th had three) of the Lancashire Fusiliers and one of the East Lancashire Regiment.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
The Second World War began on 3 September 1939, and the brigade and 66th Division were immediately mobilised. As it was in the Great War, the brigade was originally part of the 66th Division until it was broken up in June 1940, shortly after the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated at Dunkirk.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
With the disbandment of 66th Division, the 197th Brigade (with 257th Field Company, RE and 110th Field Regiment, RA under command) was transferred to the 59th (Staffordshire) Motorised Division, nicknamed "The Pithead Division", and reforming it as a standard infantry division, having previously been a motorised division of only two brigades. With the rest of the 59th Division, which was based in North-East England under Northern Command, the brigade began training to repel a German invasion of England.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
In June 1942 the brigade, along with the rest of the 59th Division, was transferred to Northern Ireland, where they came under command of British Troops Northern Ireland and began training alongside the troops of the United States Army (who had entered the war in December 1941) stationed there in numerous large-scale military exercises. Later in the year the brigade was slightly reorganised with the addition of the 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment which arrived from 143rd Brigade to replace the 2/6th Lancashire Fusiliers, which transferred to the 211th Brigade. The battalion had already seen active service over two years before in France and Dunkirk, one of few units in the 59th Division to do so. In March 1943 the brigade returned to the mainland again, and soon found itself in Kent.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
After spending many years training in the United Kingdom the 197th Brigade, together with the rest of the 59th Division, landed in France on 29 June 1944, D-Day + 23. The division, under command of XII Corps, became part of the British Second Army, which was engaged in the Battle for Caen.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
With the arrival of the 59th Division General Bernard Montgomery, commanding the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, decided to renew the offensive to capture the city of Caen, which was originally a D-Day objective for the British 3rd Infantry Division which ultimately failed, due mainly to heavier resistance than expected. Operation Charnwood.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
The brigade's first action was Operation Charnwood with 2/6th South Staffords (of 177th Brigade), along with C Company of the 7th Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (the divisional MG Battalion), together with numerous units of the Royal Artillery under command (and 510 Field Company, RE), and supported by the Churchill tanks of the 1st East Riding Yeomanry (of 27th Armoured Brigade). The brigade suffered comparatively light casualties in Charnwood. The 197th Brigade later fought in the Second Battle of the Odon, and the Battle of the Falaise Gap.


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War
In late August 1944, however, both the brigade and division were broken up. This was due to a combination of heavy casualties being suffered in all British divisions in Normandy and a severe shortage of infantrymen throughout the British Army and the men of the brigade were sent as replacements to other British divisions in the 21st Army Group, either individually or with their platoons or companies (for example, two whole companies of the 1/7th Royal Warwicks were sent to the 2nd Battalion of 185th Brigade, British 3rd Division).


197th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade, Second World War, Order of battle
197th Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the Second World War:


197th Air Refueling Squadron
The 197th Air Refueling Squadron (197 ARS) is a unit of the Arizona Air National Guard 161st Air Refueling Wing located at Goldwater Air National Guard Base, Phoenix, Arizona. The 197th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Formed at Westover Field, Massachusetts, in August 1943. During World War II the 412th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), Ninth Air Force in Western Europe. It was equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 412th flew its first combat mission on 8 May 1944, a fighter sweep over Normandy. It then took part in preinvasion activities, e.g., escorting B-26 Marauders to attack airdromes, bridges and railroads in Occupied France. The squadron patrolled the air over the beachhead when the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
The 412th moved to the Continent in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at St. Lo, where the Allies broke through on 25 July 1944. The squadron bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise-Argentan area in August 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945, the 412th concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The squadron continued tactical air operations until 4 May 1945.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II
Returned to the United States and prepared for transfer to the Pacific Theater during the Summer of 1945, the Japanese Capitulation in August led to the squadron's inactivation in November 1945.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard
The wartime 412th Fighter Squadron was reactivated and re-designated as the 197th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Arizona Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Luke AFB, Arizona and was extended federal recognition on 12 December 1946. The 197th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 412th. The squadron was equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts and was allocated to the Fourth Air Force, Continental Air Command by the National Guard Bureau.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard
During the Korean War, the 197th was federalized on 1 February 1951 and assigned to Air Training Command. ATC equipped the squadron with F-84B Thunderjet aircraft and used it as a training organization. Some fighter pilots went to Korea to fly combat missions. Other squadron personnel, because of their experience, were sent to bases in the U.S. and Japan to train new people entering the Air Force. The squadron was released from active duty and returned to Arizona state control, 1 November 1952.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard
With the release from active service, The federal government authorized the construction of a new base at Sky Harbor Airport in Phoenix for the Arizona Air National Guard. The 197th returned to flying the F-51H Mustangs as part of Tactical Air Command.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
In 1954, the unit was reassigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), with a new mission of Air Defense of the Phoenix area. The prop-driven Mustangs were replaced by F-86A Sabre day fighters, and the squadron was re-designated as the 197th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. On 2 October 1957, the Arizona Air National Guard 197th FIS was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 161st Fighter-Interceptor Group was established by the National Guard Bureau. The 197th FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 161st Headquarters, 161st Material Squadron (Maintenance), 161st Combat Support Squadron, and the 161st USAF Dispensary.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The F-86A Sabre day fighters were replaced in 1958 by the all-weather/day-night F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft, and in 1960, the 197th was one of three selected ANG units to receive F-104A Starfighter interceptors from the ADC active-duty interceptor forces. The Copperheads, as a result of the national recognition as one of the best air defense units in the nation, were chosen to fly the new high performance jet fighter.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Defense mission
The 161st FIG was called into active service in November 1961 as the construction of the infamous "Berlin Wall" pushed the world to the brink of war. Within a month after mobilization, 750 personnel and 22 197th FIS F-104 aircraft were in place at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany as the unit took up flying daily air defense patrols at the edge of the Iron Curtain. With world tension easing, the squadron returned home in August 1962.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Transport mission
With the return to Arizona, the unit was reassigned from ADC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS) in October 1962. The Mach-2 Starfighters were exchanged for large, 4-engined C-97G Stratofreighters with a mission of worldwide transport of personnel, supplies and equipment. The 197th Air Transport Squadron (later Military Airlift Squadron) flew missions to the Caribbean, Europe, Japan, South Vietnam, Thailand and Australia.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Transport mission
During the height of the Vietnam War, the squadron routinely flew trans-Pacific medical evacuation missions from hospitals in South Vietnam, Japan, and the Philippines of wounded servicemen and women to the United States, being designated as an Aeromedical Transport Squadron. In 1969 the Military Airlift Squadron designation was returned and the unit again flew scheduled transport missions for Military Airlift Command (MAC).


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
In 1972, military requirements resulted in a change in mission when the group was reassigned from MAC transport duties to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Under SAC the group became an Air Refueling unit, being with the air refueling version of the C-97 transport, the KC-97 Stratotanker. Familiarity with the aircraft led to a smooth transition from MAC to the new refueling mission. In 1977, SAC announced that Air National Guard refueling units would begin to upgrade to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker. The 197th Air Refueling Squadron has been flying the KC-135 for almost 40 years.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
During the 1991 Gulf War, Air National Guard tanker units were quickly called into action. An around-the-clock airlift began to support the buildup to the conflict, Operation Desert Shield. Tankers and crews from the 161st were some of the first to arrive in Saudi Arabia. Elements of the 197th ARS were assigned to the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional), flying from King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
From the start and for the duration, tankers servicing the conflict left Phoenix weekly, loaded with maintenance and support technicians who worked in the Saudi Arabian desert up to 45 days, and in some cases more. As the allies prepared to move against Iraq, aircraft crews, maintenance personnel, medics, fire fighters, security forces and food service technicians were dispatched to bases in Europe and the United States. Before the war in the Persian Gulf was concluded more than two-thirds of the force assigned to the 161st Air Refueling Group had served on active duty in some capacity to support the Middle East effort.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
In 1994, 1995 and 1997 the unit deployed to Pisa, Italy where our tankers supported NATO operations in Bosnia. 1997 also saw the 161st facing challenges in the United Arab Emirates. The unit was vital to the success of Operation Deny Flight and Operation Southern Watch. 1 October 1995, marked another key change in the unit's long history. The 161st Air Refueling Group was redesignated as the 161st Air Refueling Wing under the USAF Air Mobility Command (AMC). 1996 saw the Copperheads turn 50 years old. The unit celebrated with year-round contests and a 50th Anniversary Celebration in December.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
The 161st sent about 130 personnel to Operation Northern Watch early in 1999. Based at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, the unit supported flight operations within the northern no-fly zone over Iraq. Early in the second quarter of 1999, 161st Copperheads were quickly pressed into service over Kosovo for Operation Allied Force. Nearly 200 unit airmen served on active duty for about two months, flying 125 missions to offload almost 2.5 million gallons of fuel. The airmen returned to Phoenix in late June 1999.


197th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Arizona Air National Guard, Air Refueling
Although not directly called as a unit the "Copperheads" played a vital role in support units during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2003. Many Security Forces saw duty overseas directly supporting bases while maintenance and operations personnel were called to support the ongoing operations.


197th Battalion (Vikings of Canada), CEF
The 197th (Vikings of Canada) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 throughout western Canada. After sailing to England in January 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 11th Reserve Battalion (Manitoba), CEF on February 6, 1917. The 197th (Vikings of Canada) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. H. G. Fonseca.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 197th Army Division, then 5th Garrison Brigade of Beijing Military Region was a military formation of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
The 197th Division (Chinese: 第197师) was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 2nd brigade, 1st Column of the Huabei Military Region. Its history could be traced to the 2nd Independent Brigade of Jinchaji Military Region, formed in August 1947.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
The division was a part of 66th Corps. Under the flag of 197th division it took part in several major battles during the Chinese Civil War.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In October 1950 the division entered Korea along with the Corps and became a part of the People's Volunteer Army (Chinese People's Volunteers (CPV) or Chinese Communist Forces (CCF)) during the Korean War with a standard strength of approximately 10,000 men. It was a component of the 66th Army, consisting of the 589th, 590th, and 591st Regiments.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In March 1951 the division pulled out from Korea and stationed in Fengning, Hebei.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1952 the division renamed as 197th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第197师).


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
577th Artillery Regiment was activated in 1951. Tank Regiment was activated in September 1951 and renamed as 402nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment in September 1953.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In January 1957, the division exchanged its subordination with 74th Infantry Division was transferred to 24th Infantry Corps.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In 1960 the division renamed as 197th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第197师).


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1968, 402nd Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment was detached from the division and became 3rd Tank Regiment of 1st Tank Division.


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In June 1969 577th Artillery Regiment became Artillery Regiment, 197th Army Division. In October the division returned to 66th Army Corps' control. Since then the division was composed of:


197th Division (People's Republic of China)
In August 1985, following 66th Army Corps' disbandment, the division was reduced and renamed as 5th Garrison Brigade of Beijing Military Region(Chinese: 北京军区守备第5旅) and transferred to 24th Army's control.


197th Field Artillery Brigade
The 197th Field Artillery Brigade ("Concord Volunteers") is a field artillery brigade of the New Hampshire Army National Guard.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Organized in 1861 at Concord as the Concord Volunteers. Mustered into federal service 3 June 1861 at Portsmouth as Company E, 2d New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry; mustered out of federal service 19 December 1865 at Cabin Point, Virginia. Reorganized 31 October 1865 in the New Hampshire Volunteer Militia at Concord as the State Capitol Guards. Redesignated 24 September 1866 as Company F (State Capitol Guards), 1st Regiment. Disbanded in 1869 at Concord.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Reorganized 15 March 1877 in the New Hampshire Volunteer Militia at Concord as Company K (State Capitol Guards), 2d Regiment. Redesignated 18 April 1878 as Company C (State Capitol Guards), 3d Regiment (New Hampshire Volunteer Militia redesignated 1 April 1879 as the New Hampshire National Guard). Mustered into federal service 8 May 1898 at Concord as Company C, 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry; mustered out of federal service 31 October 1898 at Concord and reorganized as Company C, 3d Regiment. Redesignated 23 January 1900 as Company C, 2d Regiment. Redesignated 15 April 1909 as Company C, 1st Infantry.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Mustered into federal service 30 June 1916 at Concord; mustered out of federal service 20 February 1917 at Concord. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Concord; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 11 February 1918 as Company C, First Army Headquarters Regiment. Demobilized 26 January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Reorganized and federally recognized 24 April 1922 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Concord as Headquarters Battery, 197th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps). Redesignated 23 April 1924 as Headquarters Battery, 197th Coast Artillery (United States). Inducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at Concord. Reorganized and redesignated 15 May 1943 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Antiaircraft Artillery Group. Inactivated 28 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Reorganized and federally recognized 15 April 1947 at Concord. Ordered into active federal service 14 August 1950 at Concord; released 13 August 1952 from active federal service and reverted to state control. Consolidated 1 February 1959 with Battery A, 744th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion see ANNEX 1), and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Artillery Group.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Consolidated 1 December 1967 with Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, II Corps Artillery (see ANNEX 2), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Artillery Group; location concurrently changed to Manchester. Redesignated 1 November 1971 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Field Artillery Group. Redesignated 1 September 1978 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Field Artillery Brigade. Consolidated 30 June 1993 with Battery A, 197th Field Artillery (see ANNEX 3), and consolidated unit designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Field Artillery Brigade.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage
Ordered into active Federal service 3 January 2004 at Manchester; released from active Federal service 30 June 2005 and reverted to state control. Reorganized and redesignated 1 September 2008 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 197th Fires Brigade. Ordered into active Federal service 11 September 2010 at Manchester; released from active Federal service 15 October 2011 and reverted to state control.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 1
Organized 1 March 1877 in the New Hampshire Volunteer Militia at Concord as Company E (Pillsbury Light Guard), 2d Regiment. Redesignated 18 April 1878 as Company E (Pillsbury Light Guard), 3d Regiment. (New Hampshire Volunteer Militia redesignated 1 April 1879 as the New Hampshire National Guard). Disbanded 3 April 1885 at Concord.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 1
Reorganized 14 April 1891 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Concord as Company E, 3d Regiment. Mustered into federal service 9 May 1898 at Concord as Company E, 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry; mustered out of federal service 31 October 1898 at Concord and reorganized as Company E, 3d Regiment. Redesignated 23 January 1900 as Company E, 2d Regiment. Redesignated 15 April 1909 as Company E, 1st Infantry. Mustered into federal service 20 June 1916 at Concord; mustered out of federal service 20 February 1917 at Concord. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Concord; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 11 February 1918 as Company E, First Army Headquarters Regiment. Demobilized 26 January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 1
Reorganized and federally recognized 22 December 1921 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Concord as Battery D, 197th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps). Redesignated 12 February 1923 as Battery A, 197th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps). Redesignated 23 April 1924 as Battery A, 197th Coast Artillery. Inducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at Concord. Reorganized and redesignated 15 May 1943 as Battery A, 744th Coast Artillery Battalion. Reorganized and redesignated 15 June 1944 as Battery A, 744th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion. Inactivated 29 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California. Reorganized and federally recognized 3 December 1947 at Concord. Redesignated 1 October 1953 as Battery A, 744th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 2
Organized 17 March 1873 in the New Hampshire Volunteer Militia at Manchester as Company F (Governor Straw Rifles), 1st Regiment. (New Hampshire Volunteer Militia redesignated 1 April 1879 as the New Hampshire National Guard). Expanded, reorganized, and redesignated 5 March 1896 as Companies F and L, 1st Regiment. Companies F and L consolidated 15 April 1909 and consolidated unit designated as Company F, 1st Infantry. Mustered into federal service 20 June 1916 at Concord; mustered out of federal service 20 February 1917 at Concord. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Manchester; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 11 February 1918 as Company F, First Army Headquarters Regiment. Demobilized 26 January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 2
Consolidated 29 June 1921 with the Supply Company, First Army Headquarters Regiment (see ANNEX 4), and consolidated unit reorganized and federally recognized in the New Hampshire National Guard at Manchester as the Service Battery, 172d Field Artillery. Consolidated 1 July 1940 with Headquarters Battery, 172d Field Artillery (organized and federally recognized 15 May 1936 at Manchester), and consolidated unit as Headquarters Battery, 172d Field Artillery. Inducted into federal service 24 February 1941 at Manchester. Reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1943 as Headquarters Battery, 172d Field Artillery Group. Reorganized and redesignated 10 December 1943 as Headquarters Battery, XVI Corps Artillery. Inactivated 7 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 2
Converted and redesignated 23 May 1946 as Headquarters Company, 195th Infantry. Reorganized and federally recognized 31 March 1948 at Manchester. Converted and redesignated 1 December 1954 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 172d Field Artillery Group. Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, II Corps Artillery.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 3
Organized 24 June 1916 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Manchester as Field Hospital Company Number 1. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Manchester; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 25 August 1917 as Field Hospital Company Number 4, an element of the 26th Division. Redesignated 12 December 1917 as Field Hospital Company 104, an element of the 26th Division. Demobilized 29 April 1919 at Camp Devens, Massachusetts.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 3
Consolidated 12 April 1922 with the Sanitary Detachment, First Army Headquarters Regiment (see ANNEX 5), and consolidated unit reorganized and federally recognized in the New Hampshire National Guard at Manchester as the Medical Department Detachment, 172d Field Artillery. Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1941 as the Medical Detachment, 172d Field Artillery. Inducted into federal service 24 February 1941 at Manchester. Expanded, reorganized, and redesignated 1 March 1943 as the Medical Detachments, 172d and 941st Field Artillery Battalions.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 3
Medical Detachment, 172d Field Artillery Battalion, inactivated 19 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia; Medical Detachment, 941st Field Artillery Battalion, inactivated 23 November 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. Medical Detachments, 172d and 941st Field Artillery Battalions, consolidated, reorganized, and federally recognized 10 November 1947 at Manchester as the Medical Detachment, 172d Field Artillery Battalion. Converted and redesignated 1 June 1950 as the Medical Company, 195th Infantry. Converted and redesignated 1 December 1954 as Battery C, 172d Field Artillery Battalion. Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1959 as Battery C, 1st Howitzer Battalion, 172d Artillery.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 3
Ordered into active federal service 15 October 1961 at Manchester; released 13 August 1962 from active federal service and reverted to state control. Reorganized and redesignated 1 November 1965 as Battery C, 1st Battalion, 172d Artillery. Reorganized and redesignated 1 December 1967 as Battery A, 197th Artillery. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as Battery A, 197th Field Artillery. Assigned 1 September 1978 to the 50th Armored Division.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 4
Organized 8 October 1915 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Manchester as the Supply Company, 1st Infantry. Mustered into federal service 20 June 1916 at Concord; mustered out of federal service 20 February 1917 at Concord. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Manchester; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 11 February 1918 as the Supply Company, First Army Headquarters Regiment. Demobilized 26 January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Brigade, Lineage, ANNEX 5
Organized 5 March 1917 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Manchester as the Sanitary Detachment, 1st Infantry. Mustered into federal service 25 July 1917 at Manchester; drafted into federal service 5 August 1917. Reorganized and redesignated 11 February 1918 as the Sanitary Detachment, First Army Headquarters Regiment. Demobilized 26 January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.


197th Field Artillery Regiment
The  197th Field Artillery Regiment is a regiment in the New Hampshire Army National Guard.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, History
B Battery claims to have been formed before 1780 as 1st Company, Light Infantry, 2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, New Hampshire Militia. C Battery traces its history to Captain Waldron’s Minute Company, 2nd New Hampshire Regiment, which was organized on July 3, 1775, making C Battery one of several National Guard units with colonial roots. The regiment takes most of its lineage from the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage and Honors, Lineage
Reorganized and federally recognized 24 April 1922 in the New Hampshire National Guard at Concord as the 197th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps)


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage and Honors, Lineage
Redesignated 23 April 1924 as the 197th Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft)(Semimobile)


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Lineage and Honors, Lineage
1 February 1959 744th and 210th AAA Battalions consolidated with 197th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System1968-1969 3rd Battalion 197th Artillery served in Vietnam


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Vietnam (1968-1969)
During the Vietnam war, 3rd Battalion 197th-FAR served in country from 1968-1969.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Vietnam (1968-1969), "Jungle Battery" D BTRY-2nd BN-13th FAR
During its time in Vietnam, Bravo Battery 3-197th merged with Alpha Battery 2-13th to form D Battery 2-13th, known in country as "The Jungle Battery". The newly formed D Battery comprised three 155mm Howitzers from B-BTRY and three 105mm Howitzers, allowing it to provide a multitude of artillery support. The unit supported special forces groups for most of its existence. On April 19th 1969, CPT Roland C Labonte was killed by a enemy mortar round. CPT Labonte was the commander of B BTRY 3-197. He is remembered on the Vietnam Wall, (Panel W26, Line 9), as well as a memorial stone outside of the Nashua Armory, still home of B BTRY 3-197, in Nashua NH.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Vietnam (1968-1969), Casualties
The following are the known losses for 3rd BN-197th FAR during Vietnam, by date.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia
A Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1⁄8 inches (2.9 cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, in base a lion passant guardant Or, and in fess a lozenge and a fleur-de-lis Argent; on a chief Gules fimbriated of the second a winged projectile, wings inverted, of the last. Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed "A Bas L’Avion" in Black letters.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia
The shield is blue to indicate the longer service of the unit as Infantry. The gold lion passant guardant is for service in the War of 1812; the white lozenge—the corps badge for the 2nd Division, 3rd Corps, during the Civil War—represents Civil War service and the fleur-de-lis, service during World War I. The chief is red for Artillery and the winged projectile indicates that it is an anti-aircraft unit.


197th Field Artillery Regiment, Heraldry, Distinctive unit insignia
The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 197th Coast Artillery Regiment, New Hampshire National Guard on 16 April 1927. It was redesignated for the 744th Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, New Hampshire National Guard on 28 December 1951. The insignia was redesignated for the 197th Artillery Regiment, New Hampshire National Guard on 29 March 1961. It was redesignated for the 197th Field Artillery Regiment, New Hampshire Army National Guard on 9 August 1972.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States)
The 197th Infantry Brigade ("Sledgehammer" / "FOLLOW ME") is an active Infantry brigade of the United States Army. The brigade was active as an Organized Reserve unit from 1921–1942, in the Regular Army from 1962–1991, and as a TRADOC training unit from 2007–2013. The brigade saw service in Operation Desert Storm with the 24th Infantry Division. On July 31st, 2020 the Brigade was activated as a Training Brigade in Ft. Benning, GA to serve the increased training needs of the Army.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
For the new Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) brigade at Fort Benning, Georgia, the adjutant general on 1 August 1962 restored elements of the 99th Reconnaissance Troop, which thirty years earlier had been organized by consolidating infantry brigade headquarters and headquarters companies of the 99th Infantry Division, as Headquarters and Headquarters Companies, 197th and 198th Infantry Brigades. The following month the 197th Infantry Brigade was activated at Fort Benning. When the Third U.S. Army activated the brigade to support training at the Infantry Center, it consisted of a composite artillery battalion (105-mm. and 155-mm.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
howitzers and Honest Johns), an armor battalion, a mechanized infantry battalion, two infantry battalions, an engineer company, and a chemical platoon, but no support battalion. At some point, a support battalion was organized. The support battalion was composed of A company, the brigade administration company, B company was a medical company providing medics for training event, C company which was the brigade supply company, and D company which was a transportation company. The battalion was composed mostly of soldiers returning from Viet Nam having only several months to serve on active duty. Colonel Dorchek was the Support Battalion Commander.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
A company consisted of the Brigade Chaplains, Brigade Adjutant General section, and the Brigade Judge Advocate General Section. A company also contained the battalion consolidated mess hall. A company was commanded 1969-1970 By Captain Terrence Rudes and the First Sergeant was John A. Hoyt. In 1969, Colonel Willard Latham assumed command of the 197th Brigade, he later became the Post Commander at Ft. Benning. COL Edwin L. Kennedy succeeded COL Latham in command in an unusual coincidence. LTC Kennedy had succeeded LTC Latham in battalion command in Berlin, Germany in 1968. This was COL Kennedy's second brigade command having commanded the 196th Light Infantry Brigade in Vietnam previously. The strength of the brigade was approximately 3,500 men.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
In late 1965 an infantry battalion of the 197th Infantry Brigade was inactivated at Fort Benning to provide personnel for expanding the Army in Vietnam. In early 1973, to provide personnel needed for the Infantry School, Continental Army Command directed that the school support troops be reorganized and the 197th be restructured as a unit in the Strategic Army Force. On 21 March 1973 the brigade officially joined the strategic force, fielding one battalion each of infantry, mechanized infantry, and armor.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The intent of this reorganization at the time was that the brigade would align with XVIIIth Corps possible contingency assignment to potential middle east situations. If activated, the brigade would be the Corps heavy force element. It was also understood that the brigade would become as a longer term objective, though remaining at Ft, Benning, a divisional maneuver brigade of a mechanized division that would at some point activate at Ft. Stewart, Georgia. The division that would form was believed at the time to be the 24th Mechanized Division.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
An aggressive brigade training and validation by Forces Command followed the new mission assignment for the brigade. It included many joint exercises and other deployments locally at Ft. Benning in support of Infantry Center missions that were part of a massive Army modernization that was initiating.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The Infantry Center missions along with the aggressive reorganization and training program relative to the new mission orientation of the brigade saw deployments such as the following. As part of the XVIIIth Corps mission, the brigade deployed as a brigade or as subordinate formations to MacGregor Range, New Mexico, Ft, Stewart, Georgia and Eglin Air Force Base, Florida and participation in XVIIIth Corps CPXs at Ft.Bragg, North Carolina, The brigade also made demanding deployments to Infantry Center missions.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
As examples the brigade's 3rd Battalion, 7th Infantry deployed a detachment for four months of first 69, then after an extensive machine-gun gunnery period, 49 soldiers in support of the Squad Automatic Weapons Test administered by the U.S. Army Infantry Board in 1974 for four-month. The 1st Battalion (Mechanized), 58th Infantry, almost immediately after their return from a month long gunnery and maneuver training density at McGregor Range, New Mexico, deployed Companies A and B for six months in support of Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (MICV) Tests 1 & 2, what became the Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle in 1976.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
Company A, with three tank sections from the 2nd Battalion 69th Armor (7 tanks) under operational control reconfigured for the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MiILES) using test battle scenarios that collected the digitized engagement data as a Soviet Motorized Rifle Battalion. Company B configure as a U.S mechanized force using bot M113s and ht e MICVs. These and other support missions by the brigade and its soldiers made major contributions to the Army's then massive modernization effort in progress that would continue through the 1990s.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
One scenario of the MICV Test at Turrentine Range and Company A's performance of a Soviet armored attack may have played a role in the ultimate production Bradley M2 acquiring the Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guidedmissile (TOW) launcher installed on the vehicle's torrent. A significant development supported by the work of the two 1st Battalion, 58th Infantry companies.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
Also important and in keeping with larger Army objectives at this time was a major National Guard partnership training mission with a sister Tennessee National Guard mechanized brigade. This mission continued for a year until the Tennessee brigade reorganized as armored cavalry. This activity involved companies for example of the 58th Infantry handrexeipting the companies M113s to the sister mechanized company from Tennessee and then administering the Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP) to the company during their summer active training (AT).


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
Primarily, garrisoned at Kelley Hill Barracks at Fort Benning, the brigade with the extensive mission orientation outlined to not only support the Infantry Center and School but also to specialize in desert, jungle and urban warfare and support other aligned missions as assigned, generally aligned with XVIIIth Airborne Corps contingencies, assured a very active brigade program. Eventually, the 197th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) (Separate), a stand-alone heavy brigade, would deploy for active combat operations and in the Middle East.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
During the Gulf War (Desert Storm) the brigade ultimately served as part of the 24th Mechanized Division based at Fort Stewart, Georgia as the division's third brigade. Soldiers in the 197th who are veterans of the Gulf War wear as their combat patch the patch of the 197th, not the 24th. However, The Institute of Heraldry has not yet minted a combat service identification badge (CSIB) for the 197th.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The 197th was inactivated within months of returning from the war, and its units reflagged as the 3rd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division. The motto of the 197th is "Sledgehammer" and the unit is unofficially known as the "$1.97" (the "dollar ninety-seven"), the "Buck and Change", and the "Bite the Bullet" brigade.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
Reactivated in 2007 at Fort Benning, GA as part of TRADOC, the brigade "access(ed) and train(ed) Soldiers and Infantry leaders, demonstrate(ed) Infantry tactics, provide(ed) subject matter expertise, develop(ed) doctrine and support(ed) the USAIS in order to provide the army with soldiers and leaders prepared to fight and win."


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
The 197th Infantry Brigade was inactivated on 13 December 2013 in order that the U.S. Army would reach manning goals through reductions in the force.


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), History
On July 31st, 2020 the Brigade was activated as a Training Brigade at Ft. Benning, GA


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, TRADOC 2007-2013
When activated under TRADOC in 2007, the brigade consisted of:


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), Organization, TRADOC 2007-2013
When activated under TRADOC in 2020, the brigade consisted of:


197th Infantry Brigade (United States), Lineage & Honors, Lineage
(Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps; redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve)


197th Infantry Division (German Empire)
The 197th Infantry Division (197. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


197th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 197th Infantry Division (German: 197. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 1 December 1939. The division was destroyed near Vitebsk during the Soviet Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive of Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.


197th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), War crimes
According to the testimony of a German prisoner of war, non-commissioned officer of the 10th company of the 332nd Infantry Regiment of the 197th Division, Karl Beierlein, the regiment was involved in the torture and death of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. Stalin ordered that the soldiers and officers of the Division, which participated in the execution, should not be taken prisoner.


197th Motor Rifle Division
The 197th Motor Rifle Division was a motorized infantry division of the Soviet Army. The division was based in Uryupinsk and existed from 1966 to 1987. In 1987, it became a territorial training center. The training center became a road construction training brigade in 1990.


197th Motor Rifle Division, History
The division was activated on  27 June 1966 in Uryupinsk, Volgograd Oblast, part of the North Caucasus Military District. The division replaced the 68th Motor Rifle Division, which was transferred to Central Asia. It is known to have included the 187th Motor Rifle Regiment, 182nd Tank Regiment and 1206th Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment. Between 1973 and 1977, the division was commanded by future major general Yan Lyufi (ru:Люфи Ян Кичо), an ethnic Albanian serving in the Soviet Army. The 34th Army Corps was activated in May 1980, and the division became part of it. During the Cold War, it was maintained at 15% strength. On 1 December 1987, it became the 881st Territorial Training Center. The training center became the 345th Road Construction Training Brigade in 1990.


197th New York State Legislature
The 197th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3, 2007, to December 31, 2008, during Eliot Spitzer's and the early part of David Paterson's governorship, in Albany.


197th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Assemblyman Darrel Aubertine was elected to fill a vacancy in the Senate.


197th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


197th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.


197th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assembly members
Note: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words "...the Committee on (the)..."


197th Ohio Infantry Regiment
The 197th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 197th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 197th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.


197th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 197th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and mustered in March 28, 1865, for one year service under the command of Colonel Benton Halstead.


197th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The regiment left Ohio for Washington, D.C., April 25, 1865, and was assigned to a Provisional Brigade, IX Corps. It served duty at Washington, D.C. and Alexandria, Virginia, until May 11, then moved to Dover, Delaware, and served duty at Camp Harrington until May 31. The regiment was then attached to 3rd Separate Brigade, VIII Corps, to May 1865. Moved to Havre de Grace May 31, and assigned to guard duty on the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad by detachments until July. Moved to Baltimore, Maryland, July 3, and served guard duty at various camps and hospitals around that city until July 31.


197th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service
The 197th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service July 31, 1865, at Baltimore, Maryland.


197th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties
The regiment lost a total of 18 enlisted men during service, all due to disease.


197th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 197th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, alternately the 3rd Coal Exchange Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the American Civil War. Raised in Philadelphia in mid-1864, the regiment was made up of Hundred Days Men in an effort to augment existing manpower for an all-out push to end the war within 100 days, and spent most of its service guarding Confederate prisoners of war at Rock Island.


197th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
The regiment was organized at Camp Cadwalader near Philadelphia on 22 July 1864, under the command of volunteer officer Colonel John R. Haslett, who had worked as a house painter before the war. It was alternately known as the 3rd Coal Exchange Regiment due to its having been organized with the assistance of the Coal Exchange Association of Philadelphia, and had a total enrollment of 932. All companies were recruited in Philadelphia, except for a portion of one company in Montgomery County. According to Samuel Penniman Bates' official history, "a large proportion" of the regiment were "well schooled soldiers."


197th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History
Shortly after its organization, the regiment was sent to Camp Bradford at Mankin's Woods near Baltimore on 29 July, where it trained for two weeks. From there, it entrained for Rock Island in August to guard Confederate prisoners of war. The number of guards was insufficient for the task, and this placed pressure on the 197th, which repeated the 133rd Illinois Infantry's practice of firing upon prisoners, but was otherwise undistinguished. The regiment returned to Philadelphia at the end of its term, and was mustered out there on 11 November. During its service, six men of the regiment died of disease.


197th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Notable personnel
Emmet Crawford, who later served as a United States Army officer during the Apache Wars, served as first sergeant of Company K. Future Pennsylvania National Guard General Wendell P. Bowman served as a corporal in Company K.


198
Year 198 (CXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sergius and Gallus (or, less frequently, year 951 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 198 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


198 (number)
198 (one hundred [and] ninety-eight) is the natural number following 197 and preceding 199.


198 AM
The following radio station broadcasts on AM frequency 198 kHz:


198 Ampella
Ampella (minor planet designation: 198 Ampella) is a Main belt asteroid that was discovered by Alphonse Borrelly on June 13, 1879. The name seems to be the feminine form of Ampelos, a satyr and good friend of Dionysus in Greek mythology. It could also derive from the Ampelose (plural of Ampelos), a variety of hamadryad. It is an S-type asteroid.


198 Ampella
So far Ampella has been observed occulting a star once, on November 8, 1991, from New South Wales, Australia.


198 Ampella
This asteroid has been resolved by the W. M. Keck Observatory, resulting in a size estimate of 53 km. It is oblate in shape, with a size ratio of 1.22 between the major and minor axes. Measurements from the IRAS observatory gave a similar size estimate of 57 km. Photometric measurements made in 1993 give a rotation period of 10.38 hours.


198 BC
Year 198 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Catus and Flamininus (or, less frequently, year 556 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 198 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.


198 Contemporary Arts and Learning
198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, also known as the 198 Gallery or 198, is an art space and gallery in Railton Road, Brixton, London, that for more than three decades has had a strong commitment to diversity, equality and inclusion.


198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, History
The organisation, originally named Roots Community, was founded in 1988 by John "Noel" Morgan and Zoe Lindsay-Thomas. Lindsay-Thomas was a minicab driver and Morgan was manager of the Vargus Social Club in Landor Road. The organisation eventually changed its name to 198 Gallery, after its location on Railton Road.


198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, History
198's initial remit was to promote the work of contemporary African, Caribbean and Asian artists whose work represented the diversity of British society. 198 later expanded their policy to include artists from outside the UK.


198 Contemporary Arts and Learning, Exhibitions
During the course of its 28-year existence, 198 Contemporary Arts and learning has hosted projects and solo exhibitions showcasing the work of more than four hundred British and international artists, including: Keith Piper, Eva Sajovic, Hew Locke, Brian Griffiths, Fernando Palma Rodriguez, Quilla Constance, Barby Asante, Delaine Le Bas, and Godfried Donkor


1980
1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1980th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 980th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th  year of the 20th century, and the  1st   year of the 1980s decade.


1980 (album)
1980 is a studio album by American singer-songwriter Gil Scott-Heron and keyboardist Brian Jackson. Their ninth album together, it was recorded from August to October 1979 during a period of creative tension between the two musicians and released in February 1980 by Arista Records.


1980 (album)
Scott-Heron and Jackson produced 1980 with Malcolm Cecil and performed with a host of studio musicians, including drummer Harvey Mason, guitarist Marlo Henderson, and trombonist Bill Watrous. They incorporated sounds from contemporary pop music, such as disco, dance, and new wave, into their established jazz-funk style. Jackson arranged the songs and played a number of instruments, including Cecil's TONTO synthesizer, which was featured in the album's cover photo. Scott-Heron's lyrics explore contemporary concerns in US society, such as nuclear power and racism, as well as pressures in life and fear of the future. Several songs address the idealism held among African Americans amid the declining Black Power movement.


1980 (album)
The album charted at number 82 on the Billboard 200 while also impacting the R&B and jazz charts. A critical success, it received praise for its musical qualities and Scott-Heron's subject matter. 1980 proved to be Scott-Heron and Jackson's last album together.


1980 (album), Background
In the 1970s, Gil Scott-Heron established himself as a prominent vocalist, spoken-word poet, and songwriter in African-American music. Debuting with the spoken-word recording Small Talk at 125th and Lenox (1970), he wrote poignant commentaries on contemporary social issues affecting black people at the turn of the decade, such as racial inequality.


1980 (album), Background
He began setting his lyrics to music composed and recorded with keyboardist Brian Jackson on studio albums such as Pieces of a Man (1971) and Winter in America (1974), among the nine albums the two would record together, eventually with a backing ensemble called the Midnight Band. Scott-Heron's performance of spoken-word vocals over funk rhythms helped pioneer hip hop music, which was emerging in the mainstream by the latter half of the decade.


1980 (album), Background
By the late 1970s, however, the duo's creative relationship was deteriorating as Scott-Heron increasingly encroached on Jackson's musical direction of the Midnight Band and dominated their songwriting contributions, eventually relegating Jackson to arrangement and performance roles. While critically successful, their albums had sold modestly amidst a growingly apathetic political climate in the US, leading Clive Davis (the head of their Arista record label) to enlist Malcolm Cecil for 1978's Secrets, which further strained the duo's partnership.


1980 (album), Background
A renowned and eccentric producer with credits on 1970s albums by Stevie Wonder, Billy Preston, and Weather Report, Cecil had developed the TONTO studio system featuring a wall-to-wall set-up of both vintage and custom modular synthesizers. His new electronic direction for the Midnight Band excited Jackson, who saw it as an opportunity to experiment with different elements and jazz improvisation, to the discontent of the more blues- and acoustic-minded Scott-Heron. While Jackson found his creative partner too insecure as a musician to leave his comfort zone, Scott-Heron accused him of exploiting the situation to advance his own career, portending further arguments on a tense concert tour promoting Secrets.


1980 (album), Background
Amidst the duo's creative differences and Arista's growing impatience for a hit song, Scott-Heron found emotional support and escape in his relationship with the actress Brenda Sykes, who he married in December 1978 and shared homes with on both the East and West Coasts. While largely focused and energetic for shows when close to her, Scott-Heron spent most of their marriage away on tour and often resorted to alcohol and drug abuse. As his drug use escalated toward the end of the Secrets tour, the Midnight Band began to break up with concerns over pay and the duo's growing tension.


1980 (album), Recording and production
Scott-Heron and Jackson recorded 1980 from August to October 1979. Scott-Heron composed most of the songs, while Jackson arranged them all. Both musicians produced the album, alongside co-producer Malcolm Cecil. They were accompanied by a team of musicians that included drummer Harvey Mason, guitarist Marlo Henderson, and trombonist Bill Watrous.


1980 (album), Recording and production
The songs "Late Last Night" and "Shah MOT (The Shah Is Dead/Checkmate)" were recorded with Jackson playing the TONTO synthesizer, which produced warm timbres and sub-bass tones. "Corners" was the last song Scott-Heron composed with Jackson.


1980 (album), Musical style
With 1980, Scott-Heron embraced electronic sounds popularized in contemporary music styles like R&B and hip hop. According to The Quietus journalist Tristan Bath, as with Secrets, 1980 departs from the jazz chords, faint keyboards, and Afrocentric themes of Scott-Heron and Jackson's previous recordings together in favor of "disco and futurist dance music tropes". Both records, Pitchfork's Nate Patrin says, find the musicians adopting contemporary music's "synthesized, dancefloor-driven" trends and "funky, disco-beat" settings for their "pop-friendly protest songs". In the opinion of Exclaim! 's David Dacks, 1980 features "a more overtly synthetic sound" than before for Scott-Heron, who shows he can "incorporate changing musical trends into his earthy jazz-funk".


1980 (album), Musical style
Scott-Heron sings forcefully and emotionally over a relaxed beat on the title track, over jazz-influenced rhythms and smooth guitar playing on "Push Comes to Shove", and over a production on "Shah MOT (The Shah Is Dead/Checkmate)" that melds African- and funk-rooted rhythms with synthesizer sounds. On "Corners", the wah-wah guitar and heavy bass riffs from 1970s funk are fused with the "spacey" synthesizers that would characterize 1980s new wave music.


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
To those of us living in 1979, it felt like 1980 was the twenty-first century. With 1984, the Orwellian doomsdate, right around the corner, we were concerned… Even though the Vietnam War was years away, many of us still saw a glimmer of hope in the seventies. But now there really wasn't, as Gil laments in the song '1980,' ' Even no way back to '75, much less 1969.'


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
1980 continues in the socially-conscious thematic vein of Scott-Heron's previous albums, addressing prominent concerns of its era such as nuclear power and big business ("Shut 'Um Down"), racism ("Willing"), and governmental oppression ("Shah MOT"). "Shut 'Um Down" features an anti-nuclear message, while "Alien (Hold On to Your Dreams)" promotes the plight of illegal Mexican immigrants in California. The title track voices feelings of alienation and disillusionment with the future alongside reflections on the past.


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
According to AllMusic's Jeff Schwachter, "Scott-Heron's focus at the close of the decade is strikingly similar to his focus on his 1970 debut, Small Talk at 125th and Lennox; namely that social and political change has yet to come to many Americans, despite the advancements in technology and other seemingly less significant realms."


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
Scott-Heron's lyrics also explore the ideals held among African Americans in the wake of the Black Power movement's decline. "1980" presents "the sound of a Black man who's striving in a creative way to keep the Black movement alive", according to Umoja Sasa of US Black Engineer & IT magazine, who cites the song's refrain: "It's 1980, and there ain't no way back to '75 much less 1969 / It's 1980 and ain't nobody asked me no time lately how we gonna open the door for 1984."


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
The song also references the exploitation and eventual discarding of African-American cultural innovations ("Boogie-Woogie's somewhere in the lost and found"). In "Shah MOT (The Shah Is Dead/Checkmate)", the African-American social movement is related to the concerns of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, which overthrew the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. "My name is what's your name / Our's is a single aim and we can double recognize the need form; Take it to the streets! Tell everybody you meet! Do whatever you do whenever you hear the war drums beat! Put it in the air! Spread it everywhere! Do whatever you do whenever you know you've got to be there", Scott-Heron sings, before asking in the song, "Shah Mot! Look closely, who does it resemble?"


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
Further concerns of black social-consciousness are explored on "Push Comes to Shove", which touches on how African Americans by 1980 had been affected by the deaths or imprisonments of prominent black leaders from the 1960s. Thematizing the need for compromise in life, Scott-Heron relates this to the successful transition by some blacks into mainstream American life.


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
Nobody should ride you about the commitment you had. 'Cause they done learned you and they done burned you;showed you idealistic is all you wuz;everybody gotta realize that we all had to compromise;had to put on suits and ties when push came to shove. Push comes to shove once in your lifetime. Push comes to shove to find out just what's on your mind. Push comes to shove to find exactly what you're made of.


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
Both "Push Comes to Shove" and "Willing" express Scott-Heron's philosophy to pressures in life. The album's final track "Late Last Night" was inspired by his touring life and the process of writing music, featuring an account of waking up in a hotel room with an idea for a song but being unable to find a paper or instrument to compose. The narrative finds him fighting with staff to use the hotel's lounge piano and, in the distraction, losing memory of the song's melody and lyrics.


1980 (album), Lyrics and themes
Scott-Heron's lyrics throughout the album are described by Alex Suskind in Wax Poetics as "fearful of what the future holds, but conscious of the effort we as individuals need to make in order to keep society functioning for all." On "Corners", Scott-Heron "signals an impending sense of doom for the upcoming decade", according to Suskind, who cites the lyrics: "The turning of the decade like a marker hung in space / is a man-made definition like the bending of a page". Robert Christgau summarizes 1980's subjects as "compromise (necessary), 'surviving' (cop-out), aliens (surviving), the shah (dead), the road (long), and the future (here)."


1980 (album), Cover photo
For the album's front cover, Scott-Heron and Jackson were photographed sitting alongside each other and in front of the TONTO synthesizer. Commenting on the photo in retrospect, Mark Sinker from The Wire said the two musicians appeared "foolish" wearing "Star Trek boots and Gary Numan overalls, posing in front of banks of computer technology".


1980 (album), Cover photo
But he extended his interpretation of the photo to the creative "rut" Scott-Heron and Jackson might have been in during this period: "Their worship at the shrine of the small, warm and private, and a unified acoustic space in real time, has worked for them; but it must have begun to seem retro – they want to move on."


1980 (album), Reception and legacy
1980 was released on LP by Arista Records in February 1980. "Shut 'Um Down" and "Willing" were released as singles in March and May, respectively. The former single reached the number 68 position on the R&B singles chart.


1980 (album), Reception and legacy
Reviewing the album in March 1980 for The Village Voice, Christgau named it his "pick hit" for the month and the best record yet from Scott-Heron and Jackson. He applauded the lyrics and said, while "the melodies are only functional", "the rhythms are seductive and the singing is warm."


1980 (album), Reception and legacy
Geoff Brown from Black Music & Jazz Review said Scott-Heron's songs were one of the few remedies for alleviating the "creeping suspicion which must afflict us all from time to time", as well as the idea "that black artists can only write convincingly these days about the topics of love and dancing." At the end of 1980, Christgau ranked it as the 32nd best record of the year in a list accompanying the annual Pazz & Jop critics poll.


1980 (album), Reception and legacy
The album proved to be Scott-Heron and Jackson's last together, as Jackson left the partnership that year to pursue other musical projects in New Jersey. Scott-Heron's subsequent recordings expanded on 1980's political commentary, which would progress to harsh attacks on Ronald Reagan's presidency during the 1980s. As the US "advanced into a new and uncertain decade", the album's abundance of observations proved "perceptive and poignant", according to Schwachter. In his opinion, the production retained past musical styles amidst exceptional arrangements of synthesizers, horns, and background vocals, all of which gave the record "a quality that matched the aura of the period", especially on "Alien (Hold On to Your Dreams)".


1980 (album), Reception and legacy
1980 was reissued in CD format by Soul Brother Records on November 17, 2009. On April 26, 2011, in commemoration of the Chernobyl disaster's 25th anniversary, The Nation published a list of the ten best anti-nuclear songs, ranking "Shut 'Um Down" at number one.


1980 (album), Track listing
All songs were written and composed by Gil Scott-Heron, except where noted.


1980 (song)
"1980" is the debut solo single of British singer-songwriter Estelle and the first taken from her debut album The 18th Day. In the song, which samples Tony Orlando and Dawn's "Lazy Susan", Estelle talks about her childhood; she titled the song "1980" for the year she was born. The single reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart and was the highest-charting single from her debut album. The single also reached number 36 in Australia and Sweden. Estelle performed the song during her set at the BBC 1Xtra urban music event.


1980 (song), Music video
The music video for "1980" depicts events that took place in Estelle's younger years, which are featured in the lyrics of the song. The video features members of Estelle's family and leads into album track and the B-side for "1980", "Don't Talk" at the end of the video. This video, as well as the video for follow-up single "Free", was directed by Andy Hylton.


1980 - The Choice Is Yours
1980 - The Choice Is Yours is the second album by the British punk rock band The Members, released in 1980.


1980 1. deild, Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and TB Tvøroyri won the championship.


1980 1. deild, Results
The schedule consisted of a total of 14 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away.


1980 1. deild karla
The 1980 season of 1. deild karla was the 26th season of second-tier football in Iceland.


1980 1. divisjon
The 1980 1. divisjon was the 36th completed season of top division football in Norway.


1980 1. divisjon, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and IK Start won the championship, their second title.


1980 1000km of Monza
The Monza 1000 Kilometers, was the fourth round of the 1980 World Championship for Makes was held at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, on 27 April. This race was also the third round of the FIA World Challenge for Endurance Drivers and the fourth round of the Italian Championship Group 6.


1980 1000km of Monza, Report, Entry
A total of 53 cars were entered for the event, across seven classes/divisions ranging through Group 2 up to Group 6, with a class for local prototypes. Of these 40 cars practised.


1980 1000km of Monza, Report, Qualifying
The pairing of Renzo Zorzi and Claudio Francisci took pole position, in Zorzi’s Capoferri-Ford M1 ahead another Italian Championship runner, the Osella-BMW PA8 of Giorgio Francia and Remo Ramanzini who were nearly one second behind.


1980 1000km of Monza, Report, Race
Although the race maintained the traditional title of 1000km of Monza, the race was actually run over 6 hours, the winner covering 183 laps, approximately 1061 km. Alain de Cadenet and Desiré Wilson took the winner spoils for the de Cadenet team, driving their De Cadenet Lola-Cosworth LM1. The pair won in a time of 6hr 01:08.800mins., averaging a speed of 110.211 mph. This race was only decided three laps from the end; the Porsche 935 of Henri Pescarolo had to pit for a little bit of fuel during the rain, so that Wilson could pass and win the race. Close behind was the little Lancia Montecarlo of Riccardo Patrese and Walter Röhrl.


1980 12 Hours of Sebring
The Coca-Cola Twelve Hours of Sebring International Grand Prix of Endurance, was the second round of the 1980 IMSA GT Championship and was held at the Sebring International Raceway, on 22 March 1980. Victory overall went to the No. 6 Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 935 driven by John Fitzpatrick and Dick Barbour.


1980 2. deild karla
The 1980 season of 2. deild karla was the 15th season of third-tier football in Iceland.


1980 2. deild karla, Final round, Final
Both Reynir S. and Skallagrímur won promotion to the 1981 1. deild karla.


1980 2. divisjon
The 1980 2. divisjon was a Norwegian second-tier football league season.


1980 2. divisjon
The league was contested by 24 teams, divided into two groups; A and B. Both groups consisted of 12 teams. The winners of group A and B were promoted to the 1981 1. divisjon. The second placed teams in group A and B met each other in a two-legged qualification round where the winner was promoted to 1. divisjon. The bottom three teams in both groups were relegated to the 3. divisjon.


1980 2. divisjon
HamKam won group A with 34 points. Brann won group B with 34 points. Both teams promoted to the 1981 1. divisjon. The second-placed teams, Mjøndalen and Haugar met in the promotion play-offs. Haugar defeated Mjøndalen with 4–0 on aggregate and won promotion.


1980 2. divisjon, Promotion play-offs, Results
Haugar won 4–0 on aggregate and was promoted to 1. divisjon.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1980 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 48th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 14 and 15 June 1980. It was the seventh round of the 1980 World Championship for Makes.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Pre-race
Porsche again sent no works Group 6 cars, in order to not compete against their many customers in their 935 Group 5 cars. The lone Group 6 Porsche, a Martini Racing-sponsored roadster entered by Joest Racing for Reinhold Joest himself and Jacky Ickx, was christened the Porsche 908/80 by the team (and "FrankenPorsche" by journalists), but looked much like the 1977 version of the 936. For a long time the car was believed to be a hack on a 908 chassis until it was discovered that it was in fact built on a real 936 replacement chassis, the 936-004. As Porsche didn't wish to be in the business of selling 936s to customers, the secret was kept by using a 908 chassis number plate.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Pre-race
The 908/80 was favorite but Porsche could also count on many 935, five Group 5 plus eight IMSA GTX, including three cars from the Sebring-winning Dick Barbour team. Most of the opposition was in the GTP class: three WM-Peugeot and a trio of local heroes, the Le Mans-built Rondeau-Cosworth.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
The start was the probably wettest ever at Le Mans. Ickx laid back in his roadster until he could actually see something else other than the fog created by closed-cabin cars: Porsche 935s, BMW M1s and Rondeau coupes.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
John Fitzpatrick was leading with Dick Barbour's Porsche 935. Hans Stuck had shoved his BMW M1 from 26th to second by 17:00. At that time Jean Rondeau had two of his made-in-Le Mans cars in the top 10.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
When the rain decreased Ickx and Joest picked off one car after another. By the end of the third hour, Joest found himself in the lead. When Ickx was back in the car he broke the fuel injection pump belt. But Joest had planned wisely; there was a set of basic tools and a spare belt in the car. Ickx restarted just 14 minutes later but this was enough to lose the lead.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
At nightfall, a Rondeau was leading the race but Ickx began the chase. By 01:00 Sunday, the 908/80 was on the same lap as the leaders. Two hours later, they were ahead and began to leave the French coupé behind. After numerous lead changes caused by refuelings and scheduled maintenance on the cars around 07:00, the Joest Martini Porsche had built a solid lead.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
But the Joest team had underestimated the Rondeaus, as they didn't expect the Cosworth to be very reliable. As a result, Joest and Ickx did not run fast enough and at 10:00 when the 908/80 had a gearbox failure, like the works 936s in 1977, they had not built up a large enough lead. The Rondeau of Jean Rondeau himself and Jean-Pierre Jaussaud gained the lead with a gap of three laps over the second placed car. Ickx had to begin a third chase.


1980 24 Hours of Le Mans, Race
When Jaussaud took over from Rondeau with an hour and a half remaining, the Rondeau had still a two laps advance but the Porsche was running faster. With 35 minutes left to race, the rain returned. Ickx pitted for wet tyres while Jaussaud kept the slicks. Jaussaud had made the right choice and remained in the lead. However, there was a final surprise: As the rain became heavier in the last lap, Jaussaud lost the control of his car. By luck he did not hit anything. For the first time a driver had won Le Mans on a car bearing his own name. At the end of the race Ickx announced his retirement, which he was to reverse a few months later.


1980 ABC Championship for Women
The 1980 Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for Women was held in Hong Kong. It was the eighth women's ABC championship. The winner was South Korea, claiming their sixth title out of eight.


1980 ABC Under-18 Championship
The 1980 ABC Under-18 Championship was the sixth edition of the Asian Basketball Confederation (ABC)'s Junior Championship. The games were held at Bangkok, Thailand from November 1–12, 1980.


1980 ABC Under-18 Championship
After finishing runners-up from the previous two editions, China won their first-ever championship, after defeating the five-time defending champions, the Philippines, 94-84, in the Championship Round.


1980 ABC Under-18 Championship, Venue
The games were held at National Stadium, located in Bangkok.


1980 ABN World Tennis Tournament
The 1980 ABN World Tennis Tournament was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at Rotterdam Ahoy in the Netherlands. It was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the eight edition of the tournament and was held from 10 March through 16 March 1980. Unseeded Heinz Günthardt won the singles title.


1980 ABN World Tennis Tournament, Finals, Doubles
Vijay Amritraj /  Stan Smith defeated  Bill Scanlon /  Brian Teacher 6–4, 6–2


1980 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Singles
Björn Borg was the defending champion of the singles event at the ABN World Tennis Tournament, but did not participate in this edition. Unseeded Heinz Günthardt won the title after a victory in the final against first-seeded Gene Mayer 6–2, 6–4.


1980 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1980 Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the Greensboro Coliseum from February 28 through March 1. Duke defeated Maryland, 73–72, to win the championship. Maryland's Albert King was named the tournament MVP, becoming the last player to date (as of the 2018 tournament) to have been named MVP without playing on the tournament winners. Georgia Tech played in this event for the first time as the ACC returned to an eight-team configuration for the first time since the departure of South Carolina in 1971.


1980 AFC Asian Cup
The 1980 AFC Asian Cup was the 7th edition of the men's AFC Asian Cup, a quadrennial international football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). The finals were hosted by Kuwait between 15 and 30 September 1980. The field of ten teams was split into two groups of five. Kuwait won their first championship, beating South Korea in the final 3–0.


1980 AFC Asian Cup, Squads
For a list of all squads that played in the final tournament, see 1980 AFC Asian Cup squads.


1980 AFC Asian Cup Final
The 1980 AFC Asian Cup Final was a football match that took place on 30 September 1980, at the Sabah Al-Salem Stadium in Kuwait City, Kuwait, to determine the winner of the 1980 AFC Asian Cup. Kuwait defeated South Korea 3–0 with one goal from Al-Houti and two goals from Al-Dakhil, to win their first AFC Asian Cup.


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification
This 1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification phase started in December 1978 while other qualification matches took place in early 1979. A total of 18 teams participated. Eight teams from the top two of each group advance to the final tournament, joining hosts Kuwait and defending champions Iran.


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Groups
Bahrain Lebanon Pakistan (withdrew)  South Yemen (withdrew)  Syria United Arab Emirates


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Groups
Afghanistan Bangladesh India (withdrew)  Iraq (withdrew)  Jordan (withdrew)    Nepal (withdrew)  Qatar Saudi Arabia (withdrew)


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Groups
Brunei (withdrew)   Burma (withdrew) Hong Kong Indonesia Malaysia North Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Groups
China PR Kampuchea (withdrew)  Japan (withdrew)   Laos (withdrew)  Macau Philippines South Korea Vietnam (withdrew)


1980 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Controversies
In the 17 November match between Syria and Bahrain, the referee awarded a penalty to Bahrain. The Syrian head coach entered the pitch, threatening the referee, who stopped the match in the 81st minute. The committee initially awarded the match 3–0 in favour of Bahrain, but Syria threatened to withdraw; the committee adjusted its decision to a replay of the match on 25 November, but then Bahrain withdrew. All matches involving Bahrain were annulled.


1980 AFC Women's Championship
The 1980 AFC Women's Championship was the 3rd edition of the AFC Women's Championship (now the AFC Women's Asian Cup). The tournament was hosted by India and was the first time the competition was held in South Asia. It was originally scheduled to be held in 1979, but was eventually held between 11 and 20 January 1980. All matches were played at the EMS Stadium in Calicut (now Kozhikode), Kerala.


1980 AFC Women's Championship
The tournament was won by the Chinese Taipei for the second time.


1980 AFC Women's Championship, Venue
All matches were held at the EMS Stadium in Calicut (now Kozhikode), Kerala.


1980 AFC Youth Championship
The 1980 AFC Youth Championship was held from 21 February to 1 March 1981 in Bangkok, Thailand. The tournament was won by for the fifth time by South Korea.


1980 AFC Youth Championship, Qualification
The finals will consist of five teams from the qualification phase. Qualification consisted of two groups with the top two of Group 1 and the top three of Group 2 qualifying for the final tournament.


1980 AFC Youth Championship, Qualification to World Youth Championship
The following teams qualified for the 1981 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1980 AFC Youth Championship qualification, Group 2
All matches in Group 2 were played in Manila, Philippines.


1980 AFC Youth Championship qualification, Group 2, Group 2 final
South Korea, Japan and Thailand qualified for the final tournament.


1980 AIAW National Division I Basketball Championship
The 1980 AIAW National Division I Basketball Championship was held on March 12–23, 1980. Twenty-four teams were invited, with eight teams receiving first round byes. First round games were played at on-campus locations. Old Dominion University was crowned national champion at the conclusion of the tournament, for the second straight season. The championship game was broadcast live on NBC.


1980 AIAW National Division I Basketball Championship
The host site for the Final Four was Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan.


1980 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship
The 1980 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship was the 7th edition  of the tournament, and was played in Taipei.


1980 ARFU Asian Rugby Championship
The 8 teams were divided in two pool, with final between the winner of both of them. Japan won the tournament.


1980 ATP Challenger Series
The ATP Challenger Series is the second tier tour for professional tennis organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 1980 ATP Challenger Series calendar comprises 24 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $25,000 up to $50,000.


1980 ATP Challenger Series, Statistical information
These tables present the number of singles (S) and doubles (D) titles won by each player and each nation during the season, within all the tournament categories of the 1980 ATP Challenger Series. The players/nations are sorted by: (1) total number of titles (a doubles title won by two players representing the same nation counts as only one win for the nation); (2) a singles > doubles hierarchy; (3) alphabetical order (by family names for players).


1980 Abruzzo regional election
The Abruzzo regional election of 1980 took place on 8 June 1980.


1980 Abruzzo regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, while the Italian Communist Party came distantly second.


1980 Abruzzo regional election, Events
After the election Romeo Ricciuti, the incumbent Christian Democratic President, formed a new regional government, but as soon as in 1981, he was replaced by Anna Nenna D'Antonio and later, since 1983, by Felice Spadaccini.


1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival
The 1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival was the 21st Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian rules football competition. It was just the second carnival to take place under the State of Origin format.


1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival
Four states took part, the hosts South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and the reigning carnival champions Western Australia. Football Park hosted all the fixtures, which took place in October after the football season had ended.


1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival, Honours, All-Australians
At the completion of the tournament, the All-Australian team was named, based on performances during the carnival.


1980 Adur District Council election
Elections to the Adur District Council were held on 1 May 1980, with one third of the council up for election. There was an additional vacancy in the Southwick Green ward, and no elections for the single-member ward St Marys. Overall turnout dropped to 48.7%.


1980 Adur District Council election
The election resulted in the Liberals gaining control of the council from the Conservatives.


1980 Adur District Council election, Ward results
+/- figures represent changes from the last time these wards were contested.


1980 African Cup Winners' Cup
The 1980 season of the African Cup Winners' Cup football club tournament was won by Tout Puissant Mazembe in two-legged final victory against Africa Sports. This was the sixth season that the tournament took place for the winners of each African country's domestic cup. Twenty-eight sides entered the competition, with Dingareh and Ader Club withdrawing before the 1st leg of the first round. No preliminary round took place during this season of the competition.


1980 African Cup of Champions Clubs
The 1980 African Cup of Champions Clubs was the 16th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CAF region (Africa), the African Cup of Champions Clubs. It determined that year's club champion of association football in Africa.


1980 African Cup of Champions Clubs
The tournament was played by 31 teams and was used a playoff scheme with home and away matches. Canon Yaoundé from Cameroon won that final, and became for the third time CAF club champion.


1980 African Cup of Champions Clubs, Top scorers
The top scorers from the 1980 African Cup of Champions Clubs are as follows:


1980 African Cup of Nations
The 1980 African Cup of Nations was the 12th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the soccer championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Nigeria. Just like in 1978, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. Nigeria won its first championship, beating Algeria in the final 3−0.


1980 African Cup of Nations, Venues
The competition was played in two venues in Lagos and Ibadan.


1980 African Cup of Nations Final
The 1980 African Cup of Nations Final was a football match that took place on 22 March 1980, at the National Stadium in Lagos, Nigeria, to determine the winner of the 1980 African Cup of Nations. Nigeria defeated Algeria 3–0 with two goals from Segun Odegbami and a goal from Muda Lawal, to win their first African Cup.


1980 African Cup of Nations qualification
This page details the qualifying process for the 1980 Africa Cup of Nations in Nigeria. Nigeria, as hosts, and Ghana, as title holders, qualified automatically.


1980 African Cup of Nations qualification, Qualifying tournament, Preliminary round
Mauritius won by away goals rule after 2–2 on aggregate.


1980 African Cup of Nations qualification, Qualifying tournament, First round
Guinea won 6–5 on penalty shootout after 3–3 on aggregate.


1980 African Cup of Nations qualification, Qualifying tournament, First round
Kenya advanced after Tunisia was banned from CAF competitions for two years. Tunisia walked off the pitch in the third-place match of the 1978 African Cup of Nations.


1980 African Cup of Nations squads
Below is a list of squads used in the 1980 African Cup of Nations.


1980 Air Canada Cup
The 1980 Air Canada Cup was Canada's second annual national midget 'AAA' hockey championship, which was played April 15 – 20, 1980 at the Cornwall Civic Complex in Cornwall, Ontario. The Notre Dame Hounds won their first national championship, defeating the Gouverneurs de Ste-Foy in the gold medal game. The North Shore Winter Club of North Vancouver, British Columbia won the bronze medal.


1980 Air Canada Cup
The two most notable players in this tournament were future Hall of Famers Steve Yzerman of the Nepean Raiders and Ron Francis of the Sault Ste. Marie Legion. Other future National Hockey League players competing were Lyndon Byers, Brian Curran, Dean Evason, Gary Leeman, Gerard Gallant, Ron Hextall, James Patrick, Darren Pang, and Michel Petit.


1980 Air Canada Silver Broom
The 1980 Air Canada Silver Broom, the men's world curling championship, was held from March 24 to 29 at the Moncton Coliseum in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.


1980 Air Canada Silver Broom, Teams
Fourth: Hans Dieter KieselSkip: Franz EnglerSecond: Willie RosenfelderLead: Heiner Martin


1980 Air Canada Silver Broom, Teams
Fourth: Andrea PavaniSkip: Giuseppe Dal MolinSecond: Giancarlo ValtLead: Enea Pavani