1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 14: Italy
The Italian race was host to round fourteen, and as usual Andretti took pole with Gilles Villeneuve pleasing the Ferrari fans by qualifying second, ahead of Jabouille's turbocharged Renault. When the race started, Andretti and Villeneuve got away comfortably with Lauda and Jabouille following, but the rest of the field was bunched up.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 14: Italy
Riccardo Patrese's Arrows overtook many of the cars on the right hand side of the circuit next to the pitlane since he got a rolling start when the starter Gianni Restelli started the race prematurely. He rejoined the other cars just in front of the blocked entrance to the old Monza banking and James Hunt got so surprised that he veered left and hit Peterson's Lotus 78 with his left front wheel. Peterson spun right and rammed the right armco barrier hard head on, the front end of his Lotus 78 was crushed during the impact.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 14: Italy
Seven other drivers were collected, including Carlos Reutemann, Hans Joachim Stuck, Patrick Depailler, Didier Pironi, Vittorio Brambilla and Clay Regazzoni. Peterson's car broke in two on impact with the barriers and caught fire, and Vittorio Brambilla who was in the Surtees was hit on the head by a flying wheel. Peterson and Brambilla were taken to hospital, the former with 27 fractures in his legs and feet, and there was concern for the latter who was unconscious after being hit by the wheel. The rest of the drivers were uninjured, and most of them were able to take the restart.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 14: Italy
The race restarted almost four hours after the original start. Again there was confusion as the front-row starters Andretti and Villeneuve went too early, but the rest of the field did not follow and both Andretti and Villeneuve were handed one-minute time penalties as a result. On the track, Villeneuve led ahead of Andretti and Jabouille, until Jabouille retired handing third place on the track to Lauda. His teammate Watson battled with Reutemann and Laffite, and eventually was able to pull away. The battle on the track was between Villeneuve and Andretti, with the Lotus driver passing Villeneuve with five laps left. Andretti crossed the line first, with Villeneuve close behind, but when their one-minute penalties were added, it was Lauda who emerged the victor ahead of Watson and Reutemann.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 14: Italy
In hospital, Peterson had a clot forming in his blood stream after undergoing an operation on his legs, and slipped into a coma overnight, and died the next morning. This made Andretti the world champion, although he did not celebrate it, and mourned for Peterson along with his fellow drivers. Brambilla was able to recover from his injuries.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 15: United States
The penultimate round of the season was at Watkins Glen in the US, and Lotus had hired Jean-Pierre Jarier to replace Peterson, and Patrese was unable to race because the Grand Prix Drivers Association had deemed him responsible for the accident which ultimately killed Peterson.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 15: United States
New World Champion and home hero Andretti was shaken up more than most drivers due to Peterson's death, but it did not stop him from romping to pole ahead of Reutemann, with Alan Jones's Williams heading the second row. Andretti kept the lead at the start, with Reutemann and Villeneuve following, ahead of Jones. Andretti however was suffering from an ill-handling car which also had brake troubles, and was soon passed by both Reutemann and Villeneuve, and later Jones. Reutemann and Villeneuve ran 1–2 for Ferrari, until Villeneuve's engine blew up.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 15: United States
This left Jones second and Andretti third, but Andretti's engine blew up, handing third to Lauda until he too suffered the same fate, thus leaving Scheckter third before here was passed by a charging Jarier, however Jarier ran out of fuel with four laps left, giving the place back to Scheckter. Reutemann took a comfortable win from Jones, with Scheckter completing the podium.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 16: Canada
The season finished off in Canada, coming to the new île Notre-Dame circuit in Montreal; the Formula One circus left the previous Canadian GP location of Mosport Park due to safety issues with the Toronto circuit. In qualifying it was Jarier who starred, by qualifying on pole ahead of Scheckter and home hero Villeneuve. Jarier was able to easily lead into the first corner, with Jones jumping up to second after a brilliant start, also dropping Scheckter down to third.


1978 Formula One season, Season report, Race 16: Canada
As Jarier began to pull away, Jones suffered a slow puncture, and dropped down the field as the race progressed, promoting Scheckter to second and Villeneuve to third, and then Villeneuve passed Scheckter mid-race to take second. Jarier continued to dominate until he retired with an oil leak, leaving Villeneuve to take his first career win in his home race ahead of Scheckter, with Reutemann taking third.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings
Drivers' Championship points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each round.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, World Drivers' Championship standings
The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, International Cup for F1 Constructors standings
Constructors points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six placegetters in each round with only the best placed car from each constructor eligible to score points.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, International Cup for F1 Constructors standings
The best seven results from the first eight races and the best seven results from the remaining eight races were retained.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, International Cup for F1 Constructors standings
Official FIA results for the 1978 International Cup for F1 Constructors listed the positions as (1) JPS-Lotus (2) Ferrari (3) Brabham-Alfa (4) Elf-Tyrrell (5) Wolf (6) Ligier-Matra (7) Copersucar (8) McLaren (9) Williams & Arrows (11) Shadow (12) Renault (13) Surtees & Ensign.


1978 Formula One season, Results and standings, Non-championship race
A single non-championship Formula One race was held in 1978: the BRDC International Trophy, staged at Silverstone. This was the last time that this event was run under Formula One regulations. The race was won by future World Champion Keke Rosberg, driving in only his second Formula One event.


1978 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season
The 1978 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the second season of the Fort Lauderdale Striker's team, and the club's twelfth season in professional soccer. This year the team were a finalist in the North American Soccer League American Conference.


1978 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season, Competitions, NASL Playoffs, Conference Semifinals
In 1978, if a playoff series was tied after two games, a 30 minute, golden goal, mini-game was played. If neither team scored in the mini-game, they would move on to a shoot-out to determine a series winner. *Teams were re-seeded for the Conference Semifinals based on regular season point totals. This affected only one of the four series; Tampa Bay versus San Diego.


1978 French Grand Prix
The 1978 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on 2 July 1978. It was the ninth race of the 1978 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1978 International Cup for F1 Constructors. The 54-lap race was won by Mario Andretti, driving a Lotus-Ford, with teammate Ronnie Peterson second and James Hunt third in a McLaren-Ford.


1978 French Grand Prix, Report
Following the voluntary withdrawal of the "fan car", Brabham had to revert to their previous car again, but it did not deter them, with John Watson on pole and Niki Lauda starting third behind Mario Andretti's Lotus. At the start, Watson led into the first corner, with Andretti following, and Patrick Tambay putting his McLaren in third, but that order did not remain for long as Andretti took the lead from Watson on the first lap.


1978 French Grand Prix, Report
Lauda and Ronnie Peterson were on the move as well, as they passed Watson and Tambay to jump into second and third, but Lauda suffered another engine failure. This left the two Lotus cars running 1–2 and they finished like that with Andretti taking his third win in four races, and the podium was completed by James Hunt who passed Watson mid-race.


1978 French Open
The 1978 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 29 May until 11 June. It was the 82nd staging of the French Open, and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1978.


1978 French Open, Finals, Men's doubles
Gene Mayer /  Hank Pfister defeated  José Higueras /  Manuel Orantes, 6–3, 6–2, 6–2


1978 French Open, Finals, Women's doubles
Mima Jaušovec /  Virginia Ruzici defeated  Lesley Turner Bowrey /  Gail Sherriff Lovera, 5–7, 6–4, 8–6


1978 French Open, Finals, Mixed doubles
Renáta Tomanová /  Pavel Složil defeated  Virginia Ruzici /  Patrice Dominguez, 7–6, retired


1978 French Open – Men's Doubles
Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Gene Mayer and Hank Pfister.


1978 French Open – Men's Doubles
Gene Mayer and Hank Pfister won in the final 6–3, 6–2, 6–2 against José Higueras and Manuel Orantes.


1978 French Open – Men's Singles
Björn Borg defeated defending champion Guillermo Vilas 6–1, 6–1, 6–3 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1978 French Open. Borg did not lose a single set during the tournament, and dropped only 32 games in total, which remains a French Open record. The tournament also featured the first major appearance of Ivan Lendl.


1978 French Open – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Björn Borg is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1978 French Open – Mixed Doubles
John McEnroe and Mary Carillo were the defending champions but both players chose not to participate.


1978 French Open – Mixed Doubles
Virginia Ruzici, the winner of the women's singles and the women's doubles titles, reached the mixed doubles final, which she lost to Pavel Složil and Renáta Tomanová when her partner Patrice Dominguez, had to retire injured.


1978 French Open – Women's Doubles
Regina Maršíková and Pam Teeguarden were the defending champions but competed this year with different partners. Maršíková teamed up with Helena Anliot, and lost in the semifinals to Lesley Bowrey and Gail Benedetti. Teeguarden teamed up with Marjorie Blackwood, and lost in the second round to Daniela Marzano and Paula Smith.


1978 French Open – Women's Doubles
Mima Jaušovec and Virginia Ruzici won in the final 5–7, 6–4, 8–6 against Lesley Bowrey and Gail Benedetti.


1978 French Open – Women's Singles
Second-seeded Virginia Ruzici defeated Mima Jaušovec 6–2, 6–2 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1978 French Open.


1978 French Open – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Virginia Ruzici is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1978 French Open – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual French Open Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held in the week before the event.


1978 French legislative election
The French legislative elections took place on 12 and 19 March 1978 to elect the sixth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.


1978 French legislative election
On 2 April 1974, President Georges Pompidou died. The non-Gaullist center-right leader Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was elected to succeed him. Because the Gaullist UDR was the largest party in the pro-Giscard majority in the Assembly, Giscard chose Jacques Chirac to lead the cabinet. This period was one of renovation for Gaullism.


1978 French legislative election
The presidential will to "govern towards the center" and to promote a "modern liberal society" disconcerted the Gaullist party. The Abortion Act and the reduction of the age of majority to 18 years worried a part of the conservative electorate. Furthermore, a personal conflict opposed the two heads of the executive. In August 1976, Chirac resigned because he considered that he "(had) not the means to carry on (his) function of Prime Minister".


1978 French legislative election
Three months later, the UDR was replaced by the Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République or RPR). This, Chirac's electoral machine, was officially a member of the Presidential Majority, but frequently criticized the liberal and pro-European policy of President Giscard d'Estaing and his new Prime minister Raymond Barre. The executive duo reacted by federating the non-Gaullist center-right in the Union for French Democracy (Union pour la démocratie française or UDF).


1978 French legislative election
While the right-wing majority was divided, and the economic situation deteriorated, the "Union of Left" won the mid-term local elections. According to the polls, it was favourite to win the legislative election. In his Verdun-sur-le-Doubs speech, President Giscard d'Estaing warned the French voters that he could not prevent the enforcement of the left-wing Common programme if the "Union of Left" won. However, Socialists and Communists did not update their Common programme due to increasing tension between the two parties resulting from the PS gaining in electoral success at the PCF's expense.


1978 French legislative election
Contrary to what polls indicated, the Presidential Majority won but it obtained only 2,284 votes more than the "Union of Left". For the first time since 1936, the Socialists obtained more votes than the Communists. Furthermore, the French electorate appeared evenly shared between four equivalent political parties (RPR, UDF, PS, PCF). Raymond Barre was confirmed as Prime Minister. Until the 2007 French legislative election, it was the last time that either the right or the left had won back-to-back legislative elections.


1978 French legislative election in Mayotte
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Mayotte on 12 March 1978. The territory elected a single seat, won by Younoussa Bamana of the Mahoré People's Movement.


1978 French motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1978 French motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 5–7 May 1978 at the Circuit de Nogaro.


1978 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1978 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented California State University, Fresno during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. The team was led by head coach Bob Padilla, in his first year, and played their home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins and eight losses (3–8, 1–4 PCAA).


1978 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1978, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
The Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election of 1978 took place on 25 June 1978.


1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, largely ahead of the Italian Communist Party which came second. The regionalist parties, Friuli Movement, Slovene Union and the recently formed List for Trieste (which stole many votes from the mainstream social-democratic parties), had a total score of more than 10% for the first time.


1978 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election, Events
After the election Antonio Comelli, the incumbent Christian Democratic President, formed a one-party government. In 1980 he managed to enlarge his cabinet to the Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party and the Italian Liberal Party (Pentapartito).


1978 Fuji Long Distance Series season
The 1978 Fuji Long Distance Series was the second season of this series, with all races being held at the Fuji International Speedway.


1978 Fuji Long Distance Series season
It was contested by Group 6 sportscars (class R2), Group 5 silhouettes (class R1) and touring cars (classes 1, 2 and 3).


1978 Furman Paladins football team
The 1978 Furman Paladins football team represented the Furman Paladins of Furman University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1978 GP Ouest–France
The 1978 GP Ouest-France was the 42nd edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 22 August 1978. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Pierre-Raymond Villemiane.


1978 Garden State Bowl
The 1978 Garden State Bowl, part of the 1978 bowl game season, took place on December 16, 1978, at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The competing teams were the Rutgers Scarlet Knights, which competed as a football independent, and the Arizona State Sun Devils, representing the Pacific-10 Conference (Pac-10). In the inaugural edition of the Garden State Bowl, Arizona State came-from-behind to defeat Rutgers 34–18.


1978 Garden State Bowl, Background
This was the seventh bowl game of the decade for Arizona State, who had finished 3rd in the Pacific-10 Conference. Rutgers began their season with a loss to #3 Penn State 20-17. They did not lost another game for two months, winning nine straight games against teams in the area (such as Bucknell, Connecticut, and Columbia). They lost their final game to Colgate at home, but the Scarlet Knights were still invited to their first ever bowl game, played in New Jersey, the same state the team played in.


1978 Garden State Bowl, Game summary
John Mistler caught 7 passes for 148 yards in an MVP effort as the Sun Devils pulled away in the second half.


1978 Garden State Bowl, Aftermath
Rutgers was not invited to another bowl game until 2005, which coincidentally was against the Sun Devils. Arizona State did not reach a bowl game again until 1983.


1978 Gator Bowl
The 1978 Gator Bowl was a college football bowl game played between the Ohio State Buckeyes and Clemson Tigers on December 29, 1978. Clemson won the contest, 17–15. The game is most remembered for an incident in which long time Ohio State head coach Woody Hayes punched a Clemson player after a play late in the fourth quarter with two minutes remaining, leading to Hayes' being fired the next day.


1978 Gator Bowl, Woody Hayes incident
With just over two minutes left in the game, Ohio State had the ball near midfield trailing 17–15. Ohio State quarterback Art Schlichter threw a short pass that was intercepted by Clemson nose guard Charlie Bauman. Bauman avoided several tackles and was finally shoved out of bounds on the Ohio State sideline. After Bauman got up, Ohio State coach Woody Hayes grabbed his jersey, punched him in the throat, and had to be restrained from hitting him again. Bauman was unaffected by Hayes' attack, but the incident sparked a brief but intense bench-clearing fight between players of both teams.


1978 Gator Bowl, Woody Hayes incident
Ohio State was penalized for unsportsmanlike conduct, but the referee could not explain the penalty to the crowd in the stadium or the TV audience because they did not have microphones at the time, and the ABC sports TV announcer Keith Jackson had not seen the punch right away. Hayes stormed onto the field and pulled on an official's shirt a few plays later, drawing another penalty for his team. Meanwhile, Clemson was able to run out the clock and preserve the 17–15 victory.


1978 Gator Bowl, Woody Hayes incident
After it became clear that Hayes had punched an opposing player, Ohio State's athletic director fired Hayes the next morning, ending his 28-season tenure as the Buckeyes head coach.


1978 Gator Bowl, Future rematches
Ohio State and Clemson would meet again in the 2014 Orange Bowl and the semifinal for the College Football Playoff in the 2016 Fiesta Bowl and the 2019 Fiesta Bowl, with Clemson winning each time. Ohio State and Clemson met once again in the semifinal for the College Football Playoff in the 2021 Sugar Bowl, won by Ohio State, 49–28.


1978 Gazankulu legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Gazankulu on 13 September 1978.


1978 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1978 Gent–Wevelgem was the 40th edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 12 April 1978. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Ferdi Van Den Haute of the Marc team.


1978 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1978 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1978 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, at Kentucky
Rex Robinson kicked a 29-yard field goal with three seconds left to win it for Georgia.


1978 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, at Kentucky
16 to 14, Kentucky, with 8 seconds! The stadium’s standing. Naw, some of ’em are upside down, but they’re trying to stand. It’s gonna be held just inside the 19. It’s set down, he puts it up, it looks good, watch it, watch it … yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah! He kicked the whatchamacallit out of it!


1978 Georgia Bulldogs football team, Season summary, Georgia Tech
Buck Belue's 42-yard pass to Amp Arnold and Arnold's two-point conversion put Georgia ahead with 2:24 left in the game.


1978 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1978 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Yellow Jackets were led by fifth-year head coach Pepper Rodgers, and played their home games at Grant Field in Atlanta. The team was invited to the 1978 Peach Bowl, held just three miles from their home stadium in Atlanta, where they lost to Purdue.


1978 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1978 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1978. George Busbee was re-elected, the first time a Governor of Georgia was re-elected for a second four-year term under the amendment made to the constitution in 1976 and the first time overall after serving a complete first four-year term.


1978 Georgia gubernatorial election, Democratic nomination
Governor Busbee won the primary with 503,875 votes (72.41%), defeating Roscoe Dean, Jr and his 111,901 votes (16.08%). Notable segregationist J. B. Stoner finished 3rd with 37,654 votes (5.41%).


1978 Georgia gubernatorial election, Republican nomination
Rodney Cook, who had served in the Georgia House of Representatives defeated Bud Herrin with 23,231 votes (87.32%) to his 3,374 votes (12.68%).


1978 Georgia gubernatorial election, General election results
This election was a contest between the Democratic Governor Busbee and civil rights icon Rodney Cook who ran on the Republican ticket. Despite fewer votes from the previous election four years earlier, Busbee defeated Cook in every single county and by over 400,000 votes.


1978 Georgia gubernatorial election, General election results
This article related to the state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1978 Georgian demonstrations
On 14 April 1978, demonstrations in Tbilisi, capital of the Georgian SSR, took place in response to an attempt by the Soviet government to change the constitutional status of languages in Georgia. After a new Soviet Constitution was adopted in October 1977, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR considered a draft constitution in which, in contrast to the Constitution of 1936, Georgian was no longer declared to be the sole State language.


1978 Georgian demonstrations
A series of indoor and outdoor actions of protest ensued and implied with near-certainty there would be a clash between several thousands of demonstrators and the Soviet government, but Georgian Communist Party chief Eduard Shevardnadze negotiated with the central authorities in Moscow and managed to obtain permission to retain the previous status of the Georgian language.


1978 Georgian demonstrations
This highly unusual concession to an open expression of opposition to state policy of the Soviet Union defused popular anger in Tbilisi, but triggered tensions in the Abkhaz ASSR (Abkhazia), an autonomous republic in northwest Georgia, where Abkhaz Communist officials protested against what they saw as a capitulation to Georgian nationalism and demanded that their autonomy be transferred from Georgia to the Russian SFSR. The request was rejected but a number of political, cultural and economic concessions were made. Since 1990, 14 April has been celebrated in Georgia as the Day of the Georgian Language.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Background
The late 1970s witnessed the reemergence of a Georgian national movement which called for the revival of Georgian national culture and, in its most radical form, saw no compromise to Georgia's ultimate independence from the Soviet Union, a rare instance of pro-independence dissident movement in the Union at the time.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Background
Although Georgian opposition intelligentsia preached avoidance of conflict with non-Georgian minorities, as such conflict would hamper the road to independence, and forged ties with the Russian dissidents of the time, including Andrei Sakharov, the movement had a strong anti-Russian emphasis and alarmed some minorities, especially in Abkhazia, where there was a lingering ethnic discord between Georgian and Abkhaz communities. In early 1977, the Soviet Committee for State Security (KGB) managed to suppress most Russian dissident groups and moved to Georgia, with the irreconcilable Georgian opposition leaders, Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia, being arrested in April.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Background
Such measures failed to curb the movement, however. New influential young dissidents such as Tamar Chkheidze, Avtandil Imnadze, later Giorgi Chanturia, and Irakli Tsereteli, emerged in support of the jailed leaders, and several underground publications (samizdat) were founded. During this period Georgia acquired the position of the republic with the highest level of per capita higher education in the Soviet Union, and the increasing number of students, especially the rural youth with higher education and with little connection to the Communist Party and Nomenklatura, formed a ground for anti-Soviet sentiments.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Status of language
The three Transcaucasian republics – Georgia, Armenian SSR and Azerbaijan SSR – were the only Union republics where the language of a "titular nationality", in this case Georgian, enjoyed the status of sole state language. When in early 1978 the issue of adopting new constitutions in the republics, based on the 1977 Soviet Constitution, came up, an attempt was made by the Soviet authorities to remove the anomaly of the three Transcaucasian republics, replacing it with a clause giving an equally official status to the Russian language.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Status of language
The move was highly unpopular, but in Georgia the question of language was particularly sensitive and a negative outcry was quite predictable since a suggestion to hold certain courses in the local institutions of higher learning in Russian two years earlier, in April 1976, had provoked a public outrage. While the situation in Azerbaijan remained calm, the events proceeded in an unexpectedly dramatic manner in Georgia and to a lesser extent Armenia.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Protests
Demonstrations broke out throughout Georgia, reaching their climax in Tbilisi on 14 April 1978, the day when the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR convened to ratify the new legislation. An estimated 20,000, mainly university students, took to the streets. Several intellectuals, including the venerated 80-year-old linguist Akaki Shanidze, campaigned against reforming Article 75 (addressing the official status of Georgian), and leaflets calling for nationwide resistance appeared in the streets. The demonstrators marched to the House of the Government in downtown Tbilisi.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Protests
The Soviet police (militsiya) officers managed to partially block the march, but around 5,000 people still managed to reach the government building, which was quickly surrounded by the Soviet army. The rest of the protesters gathered in and around Tbilisi State University. As the situation threatened to turn dangerous and rumors were coming of Soviet troops preparing for action, Eduard Shevardnadze, the First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party Central Committee, addressed the demonstrators and reminded them about the student demonstrators shot by the Soviet army in Tbilisi on 9 March 1956.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Protests
Although he was booed when he first tried to speak to the crowd, Shevardnadze was quick to react. He immediately contacted Moscow and asked for permission to leave Article 75 unchanged. While the shocked Kremlin was contemplating the issue, Shevardnadze came out and spoke to the demonstrators, explaining the situation and pledging his sympathies to their cause. Finally, the government—giving in to popular pressure—decided not to change the disputed clause. The demonstrators began gradually to withdraw only after Shevardnadze announced the final decision and read out the article affirming the status of Georgian as the state language of the Georgian SSR.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
Following this unprecedented concession to public opinion, Soviet authorities, alarmed by the mass actions in Georgia, abandoned similar amendments to the constitutions of Armenia and Azerbaijan and declared Armenian and Azerbaijani state languages at the republican level, without waiting for similar manifestations in either republic.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
The language issue in the Transcaucasian republics revealed the sensitivity of the national problem in the region. The upsurge of the national movement in Georgia proper led to tensions between minorities as well, in particular with the Abkhaz, who interpreted the concession by the Soviet authorities as a retreat in the face of Georgian nationalism and saw this as an opportunity to secede from Georgia.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
In May 1978, several thousands of Abkhaz nationalists assembled in the village of Lykhny to support 130 Abkhaz Communists, who had signed the letter to Moscow, demanding that the Abkhaz ASSR be allowed to be transferred from Georgia to the Russian SFSR. The Kremlin dispatched I.V. Kapitonov, secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee, to Sukhumi and installed a new party leader, Boris Adleiba, in Abkhazia. Kapitonov declared that secession was impermissible, but the government acknowledged the seriousness of the Abkhaz problem by decreeing a costly plan "for the development of the economy and culture of the Abkhaz ASSR".


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
An extra 500 million rubles were appropriated over seven years for economic investments such as a road-building program for infrastructure-poor Abkhazia, and cultural benefits such as the creation of an Abkhaz State University (with Abkhaz, Georgian, and Russian sectors), a State Folk Dance Ensemble in Sukhumi, and Abkhaz-language television broadcasting. Besides, ethnic quotas were established for certain bureaucratic posts, giving the Abkhaz a degree of political power that was disproportionate to their minority status in the autonomous republic.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
Both the Georgian language and Abkhaz questions were high on the agenda throughout the following years. Georgians living in Abkhazia protested about discrimination against them at the hands of the Abkhaz Communist Party élite and demanded equal access to the autonomous structures. Several Georgian intellectuals petitioned Shevardnadze and the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev to address the situation. During 1981, at least five mass demonstrations took place in Georgia at which the Abkhaz question was raised once again alongside broader issues connected with the defense of Georgian language, history, and culture.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
The protesters also demanded the release of Avtandil Imnadze, the only person who was arrested in connection with the events of 14 April 1978 for having filmed the student demonstrations in Tbilisi. Although Shevardnadze managed to comply with popular opinion without being punished or reprimanded by the centre, probably due to the success of his economic policy in Georgia, he still sought to neutralise the dissident movement in order to retain his reputation as a successful and loyal Communist leader.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
Under increasing pressure from the authorities, the national movement suffered a setback in April 1979, when the prominent Georgian dissident, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was pardoned after having repented his views, admitting his "errors of judgment" on nationwide television. As Gamsakhurdia's close associate, Merab Kostava, refused to surrender, he remained an untainted leader of the Georgian dissident movement until his release in 1987 and his mysterious death in a car crash in 1989.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
The anti-nationalist measures also included the dismissal of Akaki Bakradze, a popular professor who taught a course on Georgian literature at Tbilisi University and was known for his anti-Soviet feelings. In March 1981, over 1,000 students protested and achieved the restoration of Bakradze to his position. Later that month, large groups of students and intellectuals demonstrated in defence of Georgian national rights and submitted to the Georgian party leadership a document entitled "The Demands of the Georgian People".


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Aftermath
The petition included proposals to protect the status of the Georgian language, improve the teaching of Georgian history and the preservation of Georgian historical monuments, and protect the Georgians in Abkhazia. Other Georgian protests took place in the town of Mtskheta in October 1981, when 2,000 people demonstrated in defence of their native language. Unrest continued, and, in 1982, intellectuals protested against the arrest of dissenters on trumped-up charges.


1978 Georgian demonstrations, Legacy
The April 1978 demonstrations are considered by many as the starting point of a new phase of Georgia's national movement, which eventually led the country into widespread resistance to Soviet rule in the late 1980s and the declaration of Georgian independence on 9 April 1991. Since 1990, 14 April has been celebrated as the "Day of the Georgian Language". Although it is not an official holiday, it is customarily a date for commemorating the events of 1978 and summarizing what has been accomplished by the nation during the past year in the areas of teaching and research.


1978 German Formula Three Championship
The 1978 German Formula Three Championship (German: 1978 Deutsche Formel-3-Meisterschaft) was a multi-event motor racing championship for single-seat open wheel formula racing cars held across Europe. The championship featured drivers competing in two-litre Formula Three racing cars which conformed to the technical regulations, or formula, for the championship. It commenced on 12 March at Circuit Zolder and ended at Erding on 1 October after nine rounds.


1978 German Formula Three Championship
Klaus Zimmermann Racing Team driver Bertram Schäfer became a champion. He won races at Zolder, Nürburgring and Wunstorf. Alan Smith finished as runner-up, he was consistent but wasn't able to win a race. The same was true for Helmut Bross, who completed the top-three in the drivers' standings. Jochen Dauer, Michael Korten and Walter Lechner were the only other drivers who were able to win a race in the season.


1978 German Formula Three Championship, Calendar
All rounds were held in West Germany, excepting Zolder rounds that were held in Belgium.


1978 German Grand Prix
The 1978 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 1978 at the Hockenheimring. This was the debut race of future world champion Nelson Piquet.


1978 German Grand Prix, Report
There were no surprises in qualifying, with Mario Andretti on pole and Ronnie Peterson alongside him, with Niki Lauda third. At the start, Peterson got off better and took the lead from Andretti, but he held it for only four laps before Andretti retook it. Lauda ran third in the early stages, but he was passed by Alan Jones, and the duo battled until Lauda's engine failed yet again. The two Lotus cars were cruising at the front, and Jones ran third comfortably until he retired with a fuel vaporization problem. Lotus's hopes of a 1–2 ended when Peterson's gearbox failed, but Andretti was unaffected by that and cruised to his fifth win of the season, with Jody Scheckter second and Jacques Laffite third.


1978 German Open (tennis)
The 1978 German Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. The men's tournament was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit, categorized as a four-star event, while the women's tournament was part of the Colgate Series and classified as an A category event. It was the 70th edition of the tournament and took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, West Germany, from 15 May through 21 May 1978. Guillermo Vilas and Mima Jaušovec, both first-seeded, won the singles titles.


1978 German Open (tennis), Champions, Men's doubles
Tom Okker /  Wojciech Fibak defeated  Antonio Muñoz /  Víctor Pecci 6–2, 6–4


1978 German Open (tennis), Champions, Women's doubles
Mima Jaušovec /  Virginia Ruzici defeated  Katja Ebbinghaus /  Helga Masthoff 6–4, 5–7, 6–0


1978 German motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1978 German motorcycle Grand Prix was the eleventh round of the 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 20 August 1978 at the Nürburgring circuit.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum
A referendum on the system of government was held in Ghana on 30 March 1978.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum, Background
In December 1971 the government of Kofi Abrefa Busia drastically devalued the cedi. However, the authorities' inability to control the subsequent inflationary pressures led to discontent, and military officers seized power in a bloodless coup on 13 January 1972.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum, Background
The coup leaders, led by Col. Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, formed the National Redemption Council (NRC) to which they admitted other officers, the head of the police, and one civilian. The NRC promised improvements in the quality of life for all Ghanaians and based its programs on nationalism, economic development, and self-reliance. In 1975, a government reorganization resulted in the NRC's replacement by the Supreme Military Council (SMC), also headed by now-General Acheampong.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum, Background
Unable to deliver on its promises, the NRC/SMC became increasingly marked by mismanagement and rampant corruption. In 1977, General Acheampong brought forward the concept of union government (UNIGOV), which would make Ghana a non-party state.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum, Aftermath
Although the referendum passed, professional groups and students perceived UNIGOV to be ploy by Acheampong to retain power, and continued the strikes and demonstrations against the government which had begun in 1977. The steady erosion in Acheampong's power led to his arrest in July 1978 by his chief of staff, Lt. Gen. Fred Akuffo, who replaced him as head of state and leader of what became known as the SMC-2.


1978 Ghanaian governmental referendum, Aftermath
Akuffo abandoned UNIGOV and established a plan to return to constitutional and democratic government. A Constitutional Assembly was established, and political party activity was revived. Akuffo was unable to solve Ghana's economic problems, however, or to reduce the rampant corruption in which senior military officers played a major role. On 4 June 1979, his government was deposed in a violent coup by a group of junior and non-commissioned officers - the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) - with Flt. Lt . Jerry Rawlings as its chairman. Presidential and parliamentary elections were held in the summer of 1979.


1978 Gilbertese Chief Minister election
Elections to the post of Chief Minister were held in the Gilbert Islands on 17 March 1978. The result was a victory for Ieremia Tabai, who won 55.6% of the vote. Voter turnout was 73.5%.


1978 Gilbertese Chief Minister election, Background
Following the February 1978 parliamentary elections, five candidates were nominated for the post of Chief Minister. However, the constitution only allowed for four members to be put to voters. Incumbent Chief Minister Naboua Ratieta was the one candidate to fail to progress to the public election.


1978 Gilbertese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Gilbert Islands on 1 February 1978, with a second round on 6 February.


1978 Gilbertese parliamentary election, Electoral system
The  recommendations of the 1977 constitutional convention on a proposed electoral system were introduced prior to the 1978 elections. There were to be 35 members of the House of Assembly, who would be elected from 13 single-member constituencies, 8 two-member constituencies, and 2 three-member constituencies. The three-member constituencies covered South Tarawa, the capital and home to nearly one-third of the entire population of 56,000. For the first time, Christmas, Fanning and Washington Islands, as well as Banaba, each returned one member from their populations of migrant workers and their families.


1978 Gilbertese parliamentary election, Electoral system
The 35 members of the House of Assembly were elected from 23 constituencies (with each island forming a constituency) using the two-round system; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round was held within seven days.


1978 Gilbertese parliamentary election, Campaign
All candidates for the 35 seats ran as independents. In three constituencies (two seats on Beru, one on Arorae) the candidates were returned unopposed.


1978 Gilbertese parliamentary election, Aftermath
An election for Chief Minister was held on 17 March between Ieremia Tabai, Roniti Teiwaki, Babera Kirata and Taomati Iuta. After Tabai won with 56% of the vote, he appointed a cabinet with Teewe Arobati as Minister for the Line and Phoenix Group, Tiwau Awira as Minister for Finance, Iuta as Minister for Trade, Industry and Labour, Kirata as Minister for Works and Communications, Abete Merang as Minister Health and Community Affairs, Ieremia Tata as Minister for Education, Training and Culture, Teatao Teannaki as Minister for Home Affairs and Teiwaki as Minister for Natural Resource Development. Following independence, Tabai became president, with Teannaki as vice-president.


1978 Gillette Cup
The 1978 Gillette Cup was the sixteenth Gillette Cup, an English limited overs county cricket tournament. It was held between 5 July and 2 September 1978. The tournament was won by Sussex County Cricket Club who defeated Somerset County Cricket Club by 5 wickets in the final at Lord's.


1978 Gillette Cup, Format
The seventeen first-class counties, were joined by five Minor Counties: Devon, Durham, Shropshire, Staffordshire and Suffolk. Teams who won in the first round progressed to the second round. The winners in the second round then progressed to the quarter-final stage. Winners from the quarter-finals then progressed to the semi-finals from which the winners then went on to the final at Lord's which was held on 2 September 1978.


1978 Gillette Cup Final
The 1978 Gillette Cup Final was a cricket match between Somerset County Cricket Club and Sussex County Cricket Club played on 2 September 1978 at Lord's in London. It was the sixteenth final of the Gillette Cup, which had been the first domestic tournament to pit first-class cricket sides against each other in a knock-out competition. This was Sussex's sixth appearance in the final, which they had previously won twice, while Somerset had lost in their only previous final.


1978 Gillette Cup Final
Both teams entered the competition in the first round; Somerset faced first-class opposition in each of the four rounds prior to the final. In their semi-final match against Essex, Somerset only progressed as they had lost fewer wickets in a tied match. Sussex played against minor counties in each of the first two rounds, but only beat Staffordshire by two runs to advance from the second round, before more straightforward victories against first-class opposition in the later stages. Somerset batted first, but with the exception of Ian Botham, the batsmen struggled to score runs fluently.


1978 Gillette Cup Final
They scored 207 runs for 7 wickets, of which Botham scored 80 and Viv Richards 44. Sussex began their run-chase well, with a first-wicket partnership of 93, before losing four wickets in quick succession. A second partnership, between Paul Parker and Paul Phillipson led Sussex to victory by five wickets, chasing down Somerset's total with more than six overs to spare. Parker was named as the man of the match for his score of 62 not out.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Background
The Gillette Cup was first contested in 1963, as the first English domestic knock-out competition between first-class sides. Sussex had appeared in the Gillette Cup Final on five previous instances; they won the tournament in each of the first two years (1963 and 1964), and were runners-up in 1968, 1970 and 1973. In contrast, Somerset had only reached the final of the competition once previously, losing to Kent in 1967. Somerset were one of only two first-class counties in 1978 to have never won a domestic competition. Tony Greig, who had been the Sussex captain from 1973 to 1977, was released from his contract midway through the 1978 season.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Route to the final
Somerset entered the tournament in the first round, in which they beat Warwickshire by six wickets, aided primarily by a score of 139 not out by Viv Richards, who was later named man of the match. In their second round match against Glamorgan, Somerset scored 330 for 4, the highest total in that year's competition. Peter Denning scored 145 runs, while Joel Garner bowled six overs and conceded just five runs.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Route to the final
Garner's bowling was once again miserly in the quarter-final against Kent; he conceded five runs in nine overs, though Colin Dredge was named as the man of the match for his four wickets, which helped Somerset to a five-wicket victory. In the semi-final, Somerset batted first, and helped by another century from Richards, scored 287 for 6. In their response, Essex kept up with the required run rate, and needed three runs to win from the final ball of the match. The batsmen managed two runs, but Neil Smith was run out attempting the third run, and as a result the scores were tied. Somerset advanced to the final, as they had lost fewer wickets; six to ten.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Route to the final
Sussex also took part in the first round, facing Suffolk, one of the minor cricket counties who did not play first-class cricket. Suffolk were bowled out for 101 runs, a total which Sussex chased down with 161 deliveries remaining. Another minor county, Staffordshire, were Sussex's second round opponents, but the margin of victory was far narrower. Sussex batted first and scored 221 for 6, in which Paul Parker scored his second half-century of the competition. In their response, Staffordshire fell three runs short, finishing with 219 for 9; each of Imran Khan and Geoff Arnold collecting four wickets.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Route to the final
In the quarter-final, Sussex faced Yorkshire. The match began on 2 August, but after 52 overs of Yorkshire's innings no further play was possible, even though the match had two reserve days. On 4 August, the match was abandoned, and replaced with a match in which each side would bat for 10 innings. In that match, Sussex batted first and scored 68 for 6, and then restricted Yorkshire to 59 for 8. Imran Khan and Arnold bowled through the entire ten overs, taking three wickets each. A more facile victory provided Sussex with their place in the final; facing Lancashire, Sussex scored 277 for 8, helped by another half-century from Parker, and 75 runs from Javed Miandad, and then bowled their opponents out for 141 runs.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
In his preview of the final, John Woodcock, the cricket correspondent for The Times rated Somerset as the favourites. He cited the talent of Richards as their primary asset, but asserted that they were "not a one man side". He noted that Sussex also relied upon their overseas players, Javed Miandad and Imran Khan, but that they would need to be backed up by Sussex's other players for them to have a chance of victory. The match was played at Lord's in London, as had every previous final of the competition, and play began at 10:30, with a lunch break scheduled for 12:45 to 13:25, and a 15-minute tea interval after 25 overs of the second innings.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
The Sussex captain, Arnold Long, won the toss and chose to bowl first, hoping that morning dew might give his bowlers an advantage. Brian Rose scored 14 runs from the first over, bowled by Imran, who later took Somerset's first wicket, bowling Denning before the batsman had scored a run. That brought Richards to the crease, and Long immediately changed both of his bowlers, replacing the quick bowling of the openers with the slower deliveries of Giles Cheatle and John Spencer.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
Cheatle dismissed Rose in his first over, caught down the leg side by the wicket-keeper, Long after scoring 44 runs. Peter Roebuck also got out to Cheatle, scoring nine runs before being caught by Mendis. Botham joined Richards in the middle, and immediately scored a four with a straight drive, followed by two hooks for sixes. Cheatle and Spencer each bowled their entire allocation of 12 overs without a break, and were followed by the introduction of another slow bowler, John Barclay.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
Although Richards finished as the competition's leading run-scorer, Woodcock said that he struggled to score fluently, particularly against the spin bowling of Barclay and Cheatle. In the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack's summary of the season, Jack Alridge praised Long's captaincy in the final, highlighting the use of slower bowling against Richards and Ian Botham as being particularly commendable. Vic Marks, who also played in the match for Somerset, suggested that Botham was the only Somerset batsman to play with freedom, and said that the rest of the team were nervous and intimidated by the prospect of winning Somerset's first trophy. Richards scored 44 runs, and Botham 80, including three sixes, but none of the rest of the middle- or lower-order batsmen made a significant score and Somerset finished their innings on 207 for 7. Along with Barclay, Spencer bowled particularly economically for Sussex.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
Sussex began their run-chase well; Barclay and Gehan Mendis scored 93 runs together, surviving a spell of attacking fast bowling from Garner and Dredge early on. Mendis had broken his thumb shortly before the final, and in the third over, it was fractured again, but he continued to bat. When Somerset did make a breakthrough, after 24 overs, they collected four wickets for the addition of seventeen runs. Mendis was the first man out, caught by Marks off the bowling of Graham Burgess, followed by Barclay who was caught hooking a delivery from Botham.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
Miandad was dismissed without scoring, and shortly thereafter, Imran was caught and bowled by Botham for three. Rose then chose to replace his bowlers, and against the less incisive bowling of Keith Jennings and Burgess, Parker and Paul Phillipson were able to establish a 97-run partnership, which brought Sussex to within five runs of their winning target, before Phillipson was by caught by the wicket-keeper, Derek Taylor off the bowling of Dredge. Woodcock thought that Botham in particular bowled too short against Phillipson, who he suggested would have been susceptible to a yorker. In Wisden, Eric Hill opined that Botham's short-pitched bowling, which was a feature of his play late in the season, was due to him being overused by England and Somerset through the year. Parker scored the winning runs to secure a five-wicket victory for Sussex with 41 deliveries remaining.


1978 Gillette Cup Final, Post-match
Parker was selected as the man of the match by Ken Barrington. Somerset, who had started the weekend with the potential of winning both the Gillette Cup and the John Player League, returned to their home ground in Taunton needing to avoid defeat against Essex to guarantee winning the latter competition. They lost by two runs, prompting Alan Gibson of The Times to write "So we are saying, as we have said at the end of so many seasons, 'well tried Somerset', and no more than that." Somerset returned to the final in 1979, when they beat Northamptonshire to win their first trophy. Sussex did not reach the final again until 1986, though they won the 1982 John Player League in the interim.


1978 Giro d'Italia
The 1978 Giro d'Italia was the 61st running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours races. The Giro started in Saint-Vincent, on 7 May, with a 2 km (1.2 mi) prologue and concluded in Milan, on 28 May, with a 220 km (136.7 mi) mass-start stage. A total of 130 riders from thirteen teams entered the 20-stage race, that was won by Belgian Johan de Muynck of the Bianchi team. The second and third places were taken by Italians Gianbattista Baronchelli and Francesco Moser, respectively. As of the beginning of the 2021 cycling season this was the last time a Belgian rider won a Grand Tour.


1978 Giro d'Italia
Amongst the other classifications that the race awarded, Sanson's Moser won the points classification, Ueli Sutter of Zonca won the mountains classification, and Vibor's Roberto Visentini completed the Giro as the best neo-professional in the general classification, finishing fifteenth overall. Bianchi finishing as the winners of the team points classification.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Teams
A total of 13 teams were invited to participate in the 1978 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of ten riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 130 cyclists. Out of the 130 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 90 riders made it to the finish in Milan.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
The route for the race was revealed on 8 March 1978. The start of the race was moved up one week and three stage were cancelled so the race did not interfere with the World Cup that started on 1 June in Argentina. The fourteenth stage took the race into the Venice for a time trial. As the city was not conducive to the event, four ramps were created to allow for riders to ride up and down on canal crossings, as well as one floating bridge over the Grand Canal.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
There were four main individual classifications contested in the 1978 Giro d'Italia, as well as a team competition. Four of them awarded jerseys to their leaders. The general classification was the most important and was calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage. The rider with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the general classification and was considered the overall winner of the Giro. The rider leading the classification wore a pink jersey to signify the classification's leadership.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The second classification was the points classification. Riders received points for finishing in the top positions in a stage finish, with first place getting the most points, and lower placings getting successively fewer points. The rider leading this classification wore a purple (or cyclamen) jersey. The mountains classification was the third classification and its leader was denoted by the green jersey. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. Each climb was ranked as either first, second or third category, with more points available for higher category climbs.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
Most stages of the race included one or more categorized climbs, in which points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit first. The Cima Coppi, the race's highest point of elevation, awarded more points than the other first category climbs. The Cima Coppi for this Giro was the Passo Valles, which was first summitted by Italian rider Gianbattista Baronchelli. The fourth classification, the young rider classification, was decided the same way as the general classification, but exclusive to neo-professional cyclists (in their first three years of professional racing). The leader of the classification wore a white jersey.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The final classification, the team classification, awarded no jersey to its leaders. This was calculated by adding together points earned by each rider on the team during each stage through the intermediate sprints, the categorized climbs, stage finishes, etc. The team with the most points led the classification.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
There were other minor classifications within the race, including the Campionato delle Regioni classification. The leader wore a blue jersey with colored vertical stripes ("maglia azzurra con banda tricolore verticale"). The Fiat Ritmo classification, which was created in honor Juan Manuel Santisteban who died in stage 1A of 1976 edition. In all stages longer than 131 km (81 mi), there was a banner at that point in the stage to designate a special sprint. The winner of the sprint in each stage received a Fiat Ritmo.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10
The 1978 Giro d'Italia was the 61st edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began with a prologue individual time trial in Saint-Vincent on 7 May, and Stage 10 occurred on 17 May with a mountainous stage to Lago di Piediluco. The race finished in Milan on 28 May.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Prologue
7 May 1978 — Saint-Vincent, 2 km (1.2 mi) (ITT)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 1
8 May 1978 — Saint-Vincent to Novi Ligure, 175 km (109 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 2
9 May 1978 — Novi Ligure to La Spezia, 195 km (121 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 3
10 May 1978 — La Spezia to Càscina, 183 km (114 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 4
11 May 1978 — Larciano to Pistoia, 25 km (16 mi) (ITT)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 5
12 May 1978 — Prato to Cattolica, 200 km (120 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 6
13 May 1978 — Cattolica to Silvi Marina, 218 km (135 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 7
14 May 1978 — Silvi Marina to Benevento, 242 km (150 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 8
15 May 1978 — Benevento to Ravello, 175 km (109 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 9
16 May 1978 — Amalfi to Latina, 248 km (154 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 10, Stage 10
17 May 1978 — Latina to Lago di Piediluco, 220 km (140 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20
The 1978 Giro d'Italia was the 61st edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began with a prologue individual time trial in Saint-Vincent on 7 May, and Stage 11a occurred on 18 May with a flat stage from Terni. The race finished in Milan on 28 May.


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 11a
18 May 1978 — Terni to Assisi, 74 km (46 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 11b
18 May 1978 — Assisi to Siena, 145 km (90 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 12
19 May 1978 — Poggibonsi to Monte Trebbio, 204 km (127 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 13
20 May 1978 — Modigliana to Padua, 183 km (114 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 14
21 May 1978 — Venezia to Venezia, 12 km (7.5 mi) (ITT)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 15
23 May 1978 — Treviso to Canazei, 234 km (145 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 16
24 May 1978 — Mazzin to Cavalese, 48 km (30 mi) (ITT)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 17
25 May 1978 — Cavalese to Monte Bondone, 205 km (127 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 18
26 May 1978 — Mezzolombardo to Sarezzo, 245 km (152 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 19
27 May 1978 — Brescia to Inverigo, 175 km (109 mi)


1978 Giro d'Italia, Stage 11a to Stage 20, Stage 20
28 May 1978 — Inverigo to Milan, 220 km (140 mi)


1978 Giro di Lombardia
The 1978 Giro di Lombardia was the 72nd edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 7 October 1978. The race started in Milan and finished in Como. The race was won by Francesco Moser of the Sanson team.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election
The Glasgow Garscadden by-election, 1978 was a parliamentary by-election held on 13 April 1978 for the British House of Commons constituency of Glasgow Garscadden, in the north west periphery of the City of Glasgow.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election
It was won by Donald Dewar of the Labour Party. It was important in that it was widely seen as halting the Scottish National Party (SNP) tide in the 1970s.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Previous Member of Parliament
The by-election was caused by the death of William Watson Small (19 October 1909 – 18 January 1978) who was a Labour Party politician from Scotland.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Previous Member of Parliament
Small was an engineer. He was an Ayrshire County Councillor from 1945 to 1951 and an active member of the Amalgamated Engineering Union, serving on its national committee from 1955 to 1957 and as president of the union's West Ayrshire district.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Previous Member of Parliament
At the 1959 general election, he was elected as Member of Parliament for Glasgow Scotstoun. At the February 1974 election he was elected for Glasgow Garscadden which was largely the same constituency under a new name. He held that seat until his death.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Previous Member of Parliament
Small never held ministerial office, but served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Power from 1964.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
The Labour candidate was Donald Campbell Dewar. He had worked as a solicitor in Glasgow before being elected at the age of 28 in the 1966 general election to Westminster to represent the marginal constituency of Aberdeen South. In his maiden speech in the Commons Dewar railed against a proposed increase on potato tax. This was his first notable success - the tax was repealed in 1967. That year he was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Education Secretary Anthony Crosland, who Dewar later confessed to never really establishing a rapport with. He held that position until 1969. In April 1968 he was proposed for a Minister of State position by Roy Jenkins but nothing came of it. He lost his seat to Ian Sproat at the 1970 general election.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
Dewar later went on to become Secretary of State for Scotland, and the first First Minister of Scotland.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
Representing the Scottish National Party (SNP) was Keith S. Bovey. He had previously contested the neighbouring seat of Glasgow Hillhead in February 1974 and Garscadden in the October 1974 general election. In that contest the SNP replaced the Conservative Party as the runners up to Labour in Glasgow Garscadden. He was also a senior figure in CND.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
Bovey went on to contest Glasgow Hillhead in 1983, as well as Monklands West in the 1987 and 1992 general elections.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
The Conservative nominee was Iain M. Lawson. He contested Dumbarton for the Conservatives in 1983. Later he was the SNP candidate for Stirling in 1987 and for Paisley South in the 1990 Paisley South by-election and the 1992 general election.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
Mrs Shiona Farrell represented the Scottish Labour Party, which was a short lived breakaway party from the Labour Party. She did not contest any other parliamentary election.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
Sammy Barr was the Communist candidate. He contested Glasgow Garscadden in February 1974, 1979 and 1983, as well as at this by-election.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Candidates
The Socialist Workers Party stood Peter Porteous, who did not contest any other parliamentary election.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Political context
The by-election was important as it was the first Westminster by-election in Scotland to take place since the October 1974 general election, a lengthy gap. The SNP was widely seen as being on a rise, doing well at the 1977 district council elections.


1978 Glasgow Garscadden by-election, Political context
Although the by-election saw a significant swing from Labour to SNP, because the SNP failed to take the seat it was seen as a defeat for them. Labour did even better, and the SNP worse, shortly after this, in the 1978 regional elections, and Westminster by-elections in Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian.


1978 Gli Dei Se Ne Vanno, Gli Arrabbiati Restano!
1978 Gli dei se ne vanno, gli arrabbiati restano! ("The gods depart, the angry remain!") is the sixth album of the Jazz fusion band Area and was released in 1978, as the title says. It is the first album without guitarist Paolo Tofani, and it is also the first album whose lyrics were not written by Gianni Sassi. Also, noticeably it is the only album in which Demetrio Stratos is credited as a composer.


1978 Golden Masters
The 1978 McEwans Golden Masters was an invitational snooker tournament which took place in June 1978 in Newtownards, Northern Ireland. The tournament featured four professional players - Ray Reardon, Dennis Taylor, Doug Mountjoy and Graham Miles.


1978 Golden Masters
Mountjoy won the title beating Reardon 4–2 in the final.


1978 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1978 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.


1978 Grand National
There coming to the elbow now with just over a furlong to run, and it's Lucius and Bob Davies now just taking a fresh advantage, The Pilgarlic running fast on the far side but it's Lucius from Sebastian as they race into the closing stages, Lucius from Sebastian with Drumroan putting in a tremendous finish, but at the line, Lucius wins the National!


1978 Grand National
Commentator Peter O'Sullevan describes the climax of the 1978 National


1978 Grand National
The 1978 Grand National (officially known as The Sun Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 132nd renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree near Liverpool, England, on 1 April 1978. In a close finish between the leading five horses, the winner was Lucius, by about half a length.


1978 Grand National
Three times winner Red Rum was declared out of the race due to injury, but was allowed to lead the post parade.


1978 Grand National, Media coverage and aftermath
David Coleman was back presenting the special edition of Grandstand after missing the previous year's broadcast. The 1976 winner Rag Trade pulled up lame before the 22nd fence and was later euthanized.


1978 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix was a professional tennis circuit held that year. It consisted of four Grand Slam tournaments, the Grand Prix tournaments and the Nations Cup, a team event. In addition eight World Championship Tennis (WCT) tournaments, a separate professional tennis circuit held from 1971 through 1977, were incorporated into the Grand Prix circuit. The 28 tournaments with prize money of $175,000 or more formed the Super Series category. Jimmy Connors won 10 of the 84 tournaments which secured him the first place in the Grand Prix points ranking. However he did not play enough tournaments (13) to qualify for largest share ($300,000) of the bonus pool, which instead went to third–ranked Eddie Dibbs.


1978 Grand Prix (tennis), Schedule
The table below shows the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix schedule (a forerunner to the ATP Tour).


1978 Grand Prix (tennis), Points system
The tournaments of the 1978 Grand Prix circuit were divided into nine point categories. The highest points were allocated to the Grand Slam tournaments; French Open, the Wimbledon Championships, the US Open and the Australian Open. The eight WCT events were part of the $175,000-plus "Super Grand Prix" category. Points were allocated based on these categories and the finishing position of a player in a tournament. The points table is based on a 32 player draw. No points were awarded to first-round losers and advancements by default were equal to winning a round. The points allocation, with doubles points listed in brackets, is as follows:


1978 Grand Prix (tennis), ATP rankings
*The official ATP year-end rankings were listed from January 1st, 1979.


1978 Grand Prix (tennis), List of tournament winners
The list of winners and number of singles titles won, alphabetically by last name:


1978 Grand Prix d'Automne
The 1978 Grand Prix d'Automne was the 72nd edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 1 October 1978. The race started in Blois and finished in Montlhéry. The race was won by Jan Raas.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 30th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
There was an air of excitement at the start of the 1978 Grand Prix season. The popularity of defending champion Barry Sheene had boosted the appeal of motorcycle racing into the realm of the mass marketing media. The arrival of Kenny Roberts from America added to the anticipation. A young Spaniard, Ricardo Tormo took five of seven rounds to claim the 50 cc title for Bultaco. Italy's Eugenio Lazzarini won the 125 cc crown aboard an MBA. South Africa's Kork Ballington pulled off an impressive double, winning the 250 cc and 350 cc titles for Kawasaki, matching the double championships of Walter Villa in 1976 and Mike Hailwood in 1967.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
In the 500 cc class, Suzuki returned with its defending world champion, Barry Sheene, along with teammates Teuvo Lansivuori, Pat Hennen and Wil Hartog. Yamaha's official factory team entered former 350 cc world champions Johnny Cecotto and Takazumi Katayama. Lacking a competitive bike with which to compete against Harley Davidson in the AMA Grand National Championship, Yamaha's American subsidiary decided to send its former AMA champion Roberts to compete in the 250 cc, 500 cc and Formula 750 F.I.M. road racing world championships. Roberts also secured the financial backing of the Goodyear tire company.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Sheene opened the season with a win in the Venezuelan Grand Prix but then fell ill to a virus that weakened him for the first part of the year. Roberts won the 250 cc Grand Prix in Venezuela but then suffered a mechanical failure in the 500 cc race. American Pat Hennen won the second round at the Spanish Grand Prix with Roberts finishing in second place and Sheene relegated to fifth place.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Roberts then won his first-ever 500 cc Grand Prix with a win at the Austrian Grand Prix, quickly followed by two more victories in France and Italy to take the championship points lead. Hennen's promising career was cut short when he suffered head injuries while competing in the Isle of Man TT during a break in the Grand Prix season schedule.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Cecotto won the Dutch TT with Roberts finishing ahead of a resurgent Sheene in third place. Hartog would claim the Belgian Grand Prix for Suzuki with Roberts and Sheene once again finishing in second and third places respectively. At the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, Roberts crashed during practice for the 250 cc race, sustaining a concussion and a thumb injury. Shaken up by the accident, he could do no better than seventh place in the 500 cc race, while Sheene won the race to close the points gap on championship points leader Roberts. Hartog won his second Grand Prix of the season with a victory at the Finnish Grand Prix, while the two championship leaders, Roberts and Sheene failed to finish the race.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
The two championship contenders arrived in England for the British Grand Prix with only three points separating them. The race ended in controversy when torrential rains during the race, along with pit stops for tire changes by both Roberts and Sheene, created confusion among official scorers. Eventually, Roberts was declared the winner with Sheene being awarded third place behind privateer Steve Manship, who did not stop for a tire change.


1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
The title fight between Roberts and Sheene went down to the final race of the season, the German Grand Prix held at the daunting, 14.2-mile-long (22.8 km) Nürburgring racetrack. Suzuki privateer, Virginio Ferrari, won the first Grand Prix of his career, while Roberts finished in third place, ahead of Sheene in fourth place to claim the first world championship for an American rider in Grand Prix road racing history. Cecotto claimed third place in the final championship standings.


1978 Green Bay Packers season
The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football League. The team posted an 8–7–1 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division. This marked the first season the Packers were above .500 since 1972. The Packers got off to a 6–1 start. However, most of the wins came against weaker teams, and once the schedule toughened up the Packers struggled winning only one and tying one of their next six games.


1978 Green Bay Packers season
After a big win in Tampa Bay over the Buccaneers, the 8–5–1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title. However, the team would lose both of their final games, closing out with a 31–14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8–7–1 finished in a first-place tie with Minnesota. Since the Packers' record against the Vikings was 0–1–1 due to a 10–10 tie and a 7–21 loss, Green Bay missed the playoffs.


1978 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship
The 1978 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the eighth edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Nuuk. It was won by Nagdlunguaq-48 for the second time in its history.


1978 Greenlandic alcohol referendum
A two-part referendum on alcohol was held in Greenland on 20 June 1978. Voters were asked whether they approved of the banning or rationing of alcohol. The ban on alcohol was rejected by 55% of voters, whilst the rationing proposal was approved by 58% of voters.


1978 Greenlandic alcohol referendum, Results
If there is not a total ban, would you consider rationing?


1978 Greenlandic alcohol referendum, Aftermath
Following the referendum, rationing was introduced in August 1979. Adults over the age of 18 were limited to 72 "points" per month. A 33cl bottle of beer was equivalent to one point. In addition, a ban on home brewing and importing malt and hops was implemented.


1978 Greenlandic alcohol referendum, Aftermath
The points system led to points trading, with points being sold for up to 25 Danish krone whilst the price of a bottle of beer was just 5 krone. However, consumption dropped from 18.7 litres per person to 13.8 litres by 1980. Following the scrapping of the rationing system in 1982, consumption rose to 22 litres per person.


1978 Greenwich London Borough Council election
The 1978 Greenwich Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Greenwich London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
The 1978 Grote Prijs Jef Scherens was the 14th edition of the Grote Prijs Jef Scherens cycle race and was held on 17 September 1978. The race started and finished in Leuven. The race was won by Frans Van Looy.


1978 Guamanian general election
General elections were held in Guam on 7 November 1978 in order to elect the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, members of the Legislature, the island's United States House of Representatives delegate and members of the Territorial Board of Education, as well as determining whether Judge Richard H. Benson from the Superior Court should remain in place. Primary elections were held on 2 September.


1978 Guamanian general election, Electoral system
The electoral system for the Legislature was changed prior to the elections. Previously voters had elected all 21 members of the Legislature from a single national district. The 1978 elections saw the island split into several districts, with five elected in the First District, seven in the Second District, four in the Third District and five in the Fourth District.


1978 Guamanian general election, Results, Judicial question
Shall Judge Richard H. Benson of the Superior Court be retained in office?


1978 Guatemalan general election
General elections were held in Guatemala on 5 March 1978. No candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the presidential election, resulting in Fernando Romeo Lucas García being elected president by Congress with 35 votes, amidst an opposition boycott. The Congressional elections were won by the National Liberation Movement.


1978 Guyanese constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Guyana on 10 July 1978. The proposed change to Article 73 of the constitution would abolish the need for referendums to change the entrenched provisions of the constitution (including presidential powers, the dissolution of Parliament and the electoral system) and instead allow them to be changed by a two-thirds majority in parliament (which the ruling People's National Congress had at the time). It would also result in the postponement of the elections scheduled for later in the year, and instead the parliament elected in 1973 would be declared a Constituent Assembly.


1978 Guyanese constitutional referendum
The bill was passed by parliament on 10 April, with the referendum to be held three months later. The changes were reportedly approved by 97% of voters with a turnout of 70%, although the figures were subject to fraud by the government. The opposition claimed that turnout was only between 10% and 14%.


1978 Guyanese constitutional referendum
Following the referendum, the parliamentary term was prolonged and a new socialist constitution was written and promulgated in 1980.


1978 Hackney London Borough Council election
The 1978 Hackney Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Hackney London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 Hall of Fame Classic
The 1978 Hall of Fame Classic was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Texas A&M Aggies and the Iowa State Cyclones.


1978 Hall of Fame Classic, Background
The Cyclones had finished 8-3 for the third straight year, going from being tied for 4th to 2nd to 3rd, respectively. This was their fourth bowl game of the decade. Emory Bellard had resigned as Aggie head coach after a 4-0 start led to two straight losses in Southwest Conference play. Tom Wilson led the Aggies to a 3-2 record down the stretch to get A&M to their fourth straight bowl season.


1978 Hall of Fame Classic, Game summary
Curtis Dickey ran for 278 yards on 34 carries while scoring a touchdown.


1978 Hall of Fame Classic, Aftermath
Bruce left for his alma mater Ohio State after the game, and the Cyclones would wait 22 years until their next bowl appearance. Texas A&M did not wait as long for their next bowl appearance, going to the Independence Bowl in 1981.


1978 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season
The 1978 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 21st season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 29th overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 3rd place in the Eastern Conference with a 5–10–1 record, but lost the Eastern Semi-Final to the Montreal Alouettes.


1978 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season
In February 1978, the club was purchased by President and majority shareholder of Maple Leaf Gardens Limited, Harold Ballard. Mr. Ballard became the team president that year and would keep the strong tradition of pro football in that City. Rocky DiPietro was in his rookie season with the Ti-Cats. Ed George spent four seasons in the NFL before returning to the CFL in 1978 with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Through two seasons with the Tiger-Cats he played 34 games. Quarterback Jimmy Jones was in his final season with the Tiger-Cats and he finished his Tiger-Cats career with 861 career pass attempts, which was good enough to rank in the top ten.


1978 Hamilton by-election
There was a by-election for the United Kingdom House of Commons in Hamilton on Wednesday 31 May 1978. It was caused by the death of the incumbent Labour Party Member of Parliament Alex Wilson on 23 March of that year.


1978 Hamilton by-election
Within days of Wilson's death, The Glasgow Herald described the by-election as 'the biggest battle the Government has faced in Scotland since the last General Election'. The SNP, which had previously won the seat in a by-election in 1967, were reported to see the contest as an important test of where political opinion in Scotland stood. The SNP's prospective candidate, Margo MacDonald, had a high profile as a former MP and had been working in the constituency for three years. There was also initial uncertainty as to whom Labour would select as a candidate.


1978 Hamilton by-election
Wilson's death was unexpected and it had been assumed he would fight the seat at the next general election. John Maxton, nephew of James Maxton, who lived in the constituency, was suggested as a possibility, but he had already been selected to fight Glasgow Cathcart for Labour at the next election.


1978 Hamilton by-election
As the opening game of the 1978 FIFA World Cup was on Thursday 1 June, the by-election was held one day earlier, on the Wednesday. All by-elections since then have been held on a Thursday.


1978 Hamilton by-election
The Labour candidate was George Robertson, who defeated SNP candidate Margo MacDonald, with an increased majority.


1978 Hamilton by-election
It was one of a series of significant Labour victories over the SNP in 1978 which halted their rise at that time.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election
The 1978 Hammersmith Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Hammersmith London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election, with an extra two wards and 10 fewer councillors - and the council went in no overall control.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
The number of council seats was reduced from 60 to 50 - with the new council comprising 19 two seat wards, and 4 three seat wards.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
Both Labour and the Conservatives fielded a full slate of 50 candidates.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
The Liberal Party ran 20 candidates across 15 wards - an increase from the 19 candidates they fielded in 1974.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
The National Front fielded 14 candidates across 7 wards - gaining an average of 81 votes each. Across London the National Front ran 602 candidates - pulling in an average of 151 votes each.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
The 'Save London Alliance' ran 18 candidates across 12 wards in a variety of alliances with 'West Kensington Environment' (9 candidates), 'Ratepayers Association' (2 candidates), 'Glenthorne Road Campaign' (1 candidate) and without additional alliance (6 candidates). Across London 80 other candidates stood under the 'Save London Alliance' banner.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
In the White City & Shepherd's Bush ward three candidates stood for 'Socialist Unity' - a further 9 candidates across London stood for the same party.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
In the same ward a single candidate stood for the Workers Revolutionary Party - the party fielded a further 15 candidates across London.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
In an era when candidates could choose their party designation without reference to an officially registered entity - one person in the Broadway ward ran under the 'Retired Garage Proprietor' banner. He finished just ahead of the National Front and Save London Alliance candidates.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
One candidate in the Coleshill ward stood as an 'Independent Conservative' - across London, four other candidates used the same party name.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
In the Wormholt ward a single candidate stood for the 'British United Party' - two other candidates across London used the same banner.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
Whilst Communist Party fielded 97 candidates across London at these elections - none stood in Hammersmith.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
No candidates in Hammersmith listed themselves as 'Independent' at this election.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 159 candidates put themselves forward for the 50 available seats - an increase from the 145 candidates who contested the 60 seats in 1974.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Election result
The Conservative Party won 24 seats and the Labour Party also won 24 seats. With just two seats, the Liberal Party held the balance of power with no party in overall control.


1978 Hammersmith London Borough Council election, Election result
The two Liberal councillors voted with the Conservatives and removed Labour, after 8 years in control of Hammersmith.


1978 Hang Ten 400
The 1978 Hang Ten 400 was an endurance race for Group C Touring Cars. The event was staged at the Sandown International Motor Racing Circuit in Victoria, Australia on 10 September 1978 over a total distance of 401 km. Cars competed in three engine capacity classes:


1978 Hang Ten 400
The event was Round 2 of the 1978 Australian Championship of Makes.


1978 Hang Ten 400, Results
Note: The above results listing is incomplete with regard to the non-finishers shown.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000
The 1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 was the 19th running of the Bathurst 1000 touring car race. It was held on 1 October 1978, at the Mount Panorama Circuit just outside Bathurst. The race was open to cars eligible to the locally developed CAMS Group C touring car regulations with three engine capacity based classes.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000
The race was won by Peter Brock, his third win, and Sports Sedan racer Jim Richards, his first. The pair drove a Holden Dealer Team Holden Torana to a single lap victory over  another Torana, that of Allan Grice and Formula 5000 driver John Leffler. Third was the first of the Ford Falcons, that of veteran Murray Carter and New Zealand open wheel great Graeme Lawrence. Richards became the first New Zealander to win the race and it was the Holden Dealer Teams third win.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Class structure, Class A
The 3001 - 6000cc class consisted entirely of compact muscle cars including V8 Holden Toranas and Ford Falcons.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Class structure, Class B
The 2001 – 3000cc class featured Mazda RX3, Ford Capri, and BMW 3.0Si.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Class structure, Class C
The Up to 2000cc class saw a mix of Alfa Romeo Alfetta and GTV 2000, Ford Escort RS2000, Holden Gemini, Toyota Celica, Triumph Dolomite and VW Golf.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
1978 saw the introduction of the Hardies Heroes Top 10 runoff (now referred as the Top Ten Shootout) for pole position, devised by race broadcaster Channel 7 and the Australian Racing Drivers Club (ARDC) for extra television time on the day before the race. With official qualifying now held on the Friday (previously held on the Saturday before the race from 1963-1977), the runoff was held on the Saturday morning with Seven showing half-hour highlights around Australia later in the afternoon.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
Drivers drew the order in which they would run out of a hat with the order being Allan Grice, Peter Brock, Jack Brabham, Dick Johnson, Derek Bell, Bob Morris, Garth Wigston, Colin Bond, John French and lucky last Allan Moffat. Each driver had two, one lap runs to set a quick time, though the second lap was optional.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
Morning showers meant that the track was damp during the first run and with most cars on wet weather tyres, times reflected this with Grice recording a first up 2:38.2 and Brock a 2:35.6. No other driver was then able to lap better than 2:27 until Allan Moffat went out and ignoring the puddles (plus a little help from team members on top of the mountain who radioed in that the track was now dry enough for slicks), ran a 2:21.59 lap while hitting 159 mph (256 km/h) on Conrod Straight.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
Moffat's time in his 5.8 L V8 powered Ford Falcon Cobra was some 6 seconds faster than anyone else had managed and 4.8 seconds under his own Group C Touring Car lap record set in 1977. Taking Moffat's cue that the track was now dry enough for quick times, Brock then ran a 2:20.006 in his HDT Torana which was enough to give him his second Bathurst pole in succession and his third overall (his pole time would not be beaten until 1982).


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
Moffat's team mate Colin Bond then joined Brock on the front row with a 2:20.871 lap (0.865 slower than Brock), and while Moffat then tried to respond, he had to settle for the inside of the second row with a time of 2:21.597. Bob Morris, the fastest in official qualifying with a 2:21.7 would start in fourth after equaling his time in the runoff, with his team mate Derek Bell rounding out the top 5, though he was some 2.8 seconds slower than Morris. John French in the second Bryan Byrt Ford Falcon was the slowest in the runoff, his time some 10.2 seconds slower than Brock's pole time and 4.6 seconds slower than team mate Dick Johnson.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
* Bob Morris was fastest qualifier going into Hardies Heroes in his Holden LX Torana SS A9X Hatchback with a 2:21.7 lap, and although he equalled this time in the shootout, he fell to 4th on the grid. * Dick Johnson made the first of 20 consecutive starts in the Top 10 runoff at Bathurst. He finished the shootout in 6th position in his Ford XC Falcon GS500 Hardtop.


1978 Hardie-Ferodo 1000, Hardies Heroes
* Peter Brock's pole time of 2:20.006 would stand as the fastest pole time at Bathurst until Allan Grice recorded a 2:17.501 to claim pole in a Holden VH Commodore SS in 1982. * Triple Formula One World Champion Jack Brabham qualified for his only top 10 shootout at Bathurst in a 4-Door version of the A9X Torana, finishing in 8th position. The Brabham name would not appear in another Bathurst Top 10 runoff until his son David qualified 8th in 1993 in a Holden VP Commodore. * The top 10 consisted of 6 Holden Torana's and 4 Ford Falcons. While the Torana's were spread over 5 different teams, the Falcons only came from Moffat Ford Dealers and Bryan Byrt Ford.


1978 Hardy Cup
The 1978 Hardy Cup was the 1978 edition of the Canadian intermediate senior ice hockey championship.


1978 Hardy Cup, Final
The Prince George Mohawks beat the Campbellton Tigers 3–1 on series.


1978 Haringey London Borough Council election
The 1978 Haringey Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Haringey London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 Harlow District Council election
The 1978 Harlow District Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Harlow District Council in Essex, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. The Labour Party retained control of the council.


1978 Harrow London Borough Council election
The 1978 Harrow Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Harrow London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1978 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Harvard tied for fifth place in the Ivy League.


1978 Harvard Crimson football team
In their eighth year under head coach Joe Restic, the Crimson compiled a 4–4–1 record and outscored opponents 196 to 189. Steven C. Potysman was the team captain.


1978 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard's 2–4–1  conference record tied for fifth in the Ivy League standings. The Crimson were outscored 168 to 162 by Ivy opponents.


1978 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.


1978 Havering London Borough Council election
The 1978 Havering Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Havering London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1978 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team
The 1978 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football team represented the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa as an independent during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second season under head coach Dick Tomey, the Rainbow Warriors compiled a 6–5 record.


1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
The 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention is considered the watershed political event in the modern State of Hawaii. It was convened on July 5, 1978. The  convention established term limits for state office holders, provided a requirement for an annual balanced budget, laid the groundwork for the return of federal land such as the island of Kahoʻolawe, and most importantly created the Office of Hawaiian Affairs in an effort to right the wrongs done towards native Hawaiians since the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1893. The event also created an ambitious project of preservation of the Hawaiian culture including the adoption of Hawaiian diacritical marks for official usage, use of Hawaiian names, etc. The Hawaiian language became the official state language of Hawaii for the first time since the overthrow.


1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
Based upon language the US Supreme Court had used to legalize abortion and birth control, the convention added the text: "the right of the people to privacy is recognized and shall not be infringed without the showing of a compelling state interest." This text makes the state constitution one of only five in the US that explicitly define a right to privacy.


1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention
A major outgrowth of the constitutional convention was the launching of the political careers of men and women who would later dominate Hawaiian politics. Delegates to the convention included:


1978 Hawaii gubernatorial election
The 1978 Hawaii gubernatorial election was Hawaii's sixth gubernatorial election. The election was held on November 7, 1978, and resulted in a victory for the Democratic candidate, Governor George Ariyoshi over Republican candidate, State Senator John R. Leopold and three other candidates. Ariyoshi received more votes than any other candidate in every county in the state.


1978 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1978 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 54th season in the Victorian Football League and 77th overall. Hawthorn qualified for finals for the fifth consecutive season. Hawthorn qualified for their sixth Grand Final and first since 1976. Hawthorn won their fourth  VFL premiership defeating North Melbourne in the Grand Final 121–103. This was their first premiership since 1976.


1978 Highland Regional Council election
An election to Highland Regional Council was held on 2 May 1978 as part of the wider 1978 Scottish regional elections. The election saw Independents win control of 37 of the councils 47 seats.


1978 Hillingdon London Borough Council election
The 1978 Hillingdon Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Hillingdon London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1978 Holiday Bowl
The 1978 Holiday Bowl was the inaugural college football bowl game of the Holiday Bowl. It was played on December 22, 1978, at San Diego Stadium in San Diego, California. The game was part of the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. It featured the Navy Midshipmen against the BYU Cougars. Navy won 23–16.