1978 Origins Award winners
The following are the winners of the 5th annual (1978), Origins Award, presented at Origins 1979.


1978 Orly Airport attack
The 1978 Orly Airport attack was a shoot-out that took place on 20 May 1978 in the Paris Orly Airport, France as three terrorists armed with submachine guns opened fire at the El Al boarding gate. The terrorists were also reportedly carrying grenades and plastic explosives in the shoot-out that lasted for 25 minutes. Two people including one police officer were killed before the three terrorists were shot and killed by French police and Israeli security guards. Five people waiting to board a nearby Iberia flight to Malaga were wounded. The airport was evacuated for about three hours after the attack. According to Israeli sources the group behind the attack was a unit headed by Abu Nidal which cooperated with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).


1978 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1978 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 72nd water polo championship in Hungary. There were twelve teams who played two-round match for the title.


1978 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1978 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1978 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Eastern Conference with a 12–4 record.


1978 Ottawa Rough Riders season
In 1978, Tony Gabriel was named the Outstanding Player in the CFL. He was the first Canadian to win that honour since Russ Jackson in 1969. No other Canadian has won the award since Gabriel. By 1978, Condredge Holloway's interception totals had dropped from 9, 6 and 5 in his first three years to just 2 on 214 attempts in 1978. Holloway's share of Ottawa's passing yards was between 25.7 – 32.8 percent over the first three years. In 1978, it soared to 49.7 percent. Holloway's higher profile and obvious improvement would be factors in Clements' May, 1979 trade to Saskatchewan.


1978 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on November 13, 1978.


1978 Ottawa municipal election
Controller Marion Dewar becomes the second woman and first New Democratic Party (and to date, only) affiliated person to become mayor of Ottawa. She defeated former alderman Pat Nicol. This would mark the last elections for Ottawa's Board of Control.


1978 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections
Municipal elections were held on November 13, 1978 in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton (RMOC), Ontario, Canada. This page lists the election results for local mayors, reeves, councils and hydro commissions of the RMOC in 1978.


1978 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections, Kanata, Referendum
This was the first municipal election in Kanata's history, which amalgamated March Township with parts of Nepean and Goulbourn. As the city had yet to be named, voters voted in a referendum to choose the new city's name. Kanata was the choice of a plurality of voters, thanks to winning the support of voters in March Township.


1978 Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality elections, Rockcliffe Park, Referendum
Voters were asked if they were in favour of licensed liquor premises in the village, which would make the village "wet".


1978 PBA Invitational Championship
The 1978 PBA Invitational Championship was the third conference of the 1978 PBA season. It started on November 25 and ended on December 14, 1978.


1978 PBA Invitational Championship
The Toyota Tamaraws retains the Invitational crown with a 3-1 series victory over first-time finalist Tanduay Esquires.


1978 PBA Invitational Championship, Format
The following format will be observed for the duration of the tournament:


1978 PBA season
The 1978 PBA season was the fourth season of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1978 PGA Championship
The 1978 PGA Championship was the 60th PGA Championship, played August 3–6 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh. John Mahaffey won his only major championship in a sudden-death playoff over Jerry Pate and Tom Watson.


1978 PGA Championship
Watson led the tournament each day and held a five-shot lead after 54 holes, but he faltered on Sunday with a 73 (+2) in his best opportunity for a PGA Championship, the only major he has never won. Pate had a four-foot (1.3 m) putt for a par and the victory on the 72nd hole, but it lipped out. After opening with a four-over 75 on Thursday, Mahaffey rebounded to go 12-under for the next three rounds, including a five-under 66 in the final round to gain the seven strokes on Watson.


1978 PGA Championship
He had a history of hard luck in majors: at the U.S. Open, he lost the 18-hole playoff in 1975 and was the 54-hole leader in 1976, won by tour rookie Pate. Mahaffey broke that streak when he birdied the second extra hole to win the playoff at Oakmont. It was the second of three consecutive playoffs at the PGA Championship.


1978 PGA Championship
Like Arnold Palmer, Watson won numerous majors but never the PGA Championship, the only leg missing for a career grand slam. At this time he had won three of his eight majors; his next best finish at the PGA Championship came fifteen years later in 1993, placing fifth at Inverness. Pate finished in the top five for the third straight year (and would again the next year) but never won another major.


1978 PGA Championship
Jack Nicklaus, age 38, shot a 79 in the first round and missed the cut by five strokes in one of his worst performances in a major. Four-time champion Nicklaus was a pre-tournament favorite: in his previous majors at Oakmont (two U.S. Opens), he won in 1962, his first major and first win as a professional, and tied for fourth in the 1973. At the previous year's PGA Championship at Pebble Beach, he finished third, one stroke out of the playoff.


1978 PGA Championship
This was the eighth major held at Oakmont and its third PGA Championship; the previous two in 1922 and 1951 were match play events.


1978 PGA Championship, Course layout
Before 1962, the 1st hole was played as a par 5.


1978 PGA Championship, Round summaries, Playoff
The sudden death playoff began on the front nine at hole #1, a par-4 which all three parred. After Watson and Pate could not birdie hole #2, Mahaffey sunk a 12-foot (3.7 m) birdie putt to win the title.


1978 PGA Tour
The 1978 PGA Tour season was played from January 5 to November 5. The season consisted of 44 official money events. Tom Watson won the most tournaments, five, and there were seven first-time winners. The tournament results and award winners are listed below.


1978 PGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1978 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament (now known as the Big West Conference Men's Basketball Tournament) was held March 2–4 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California.


1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament
Cal State Fullerton topped defending champions Long Beach State in the championship game, 64–53, to win its first PCAA/Big West men's basketball tournament.


1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament
The Titans, in turn, received a bid to the 1978 NCAA Tournament, where they advanced to the Elite Eight. It was CSUF's first Division I tournament appearance.


1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The tournament field expanded again, this time increasing from six to seven teams (Fresno State participated in its first PCAA tournament).


1978 Pacific Coast Athletic Association Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
Seven of the eight total PCAA members (newcomer UC Irvine was not invited) qualified for the event and were seeded based on regular season conference records. The top team earned a bye into the semifinal round while the remaining six teams entered into the preliminary first round.


1978 Pacific Southwest Open
The 1978 Pacific Southwest Open, also known under its sponsorship name 1978 ARCO Open, was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California in the United States. The event was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was the 52nd edition of the tournament and was held from September 18 through September 25, 1978. Seventh-seeded Arthur Ashe won the singles title as well as 200 ranking points.


1978 Pacific Southwest Open, Finals, Doubles
John Alexander /  Phil Dent defeated  Fred McNair /  Raúl Ramírez 7–6, 6–3


1978 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1978 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific (UOP) in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association.


1978 Pacific Tigers football team
The team was led by head coach Chester Caddas, in his seventh year, and played their home games at Pacific Memorial Stadium in Stockton, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins and eight losses (4–8, 3–2 PCAA). The Tigers were outscored by their opponents 222–306 over the season.


1978 Pacific Tigers football team, Team players in the NFL
No UOP players were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Pacific hurricane season
The 1978 Pacific hurricane season was the first Pacific hurricane season to use both masculine and feminine names for tropical cyclones and the first season to use the modern 6-year naming lists, although this was the fourth list of six; the first list was used the following year. It officially began May 15, 1978, in the eastern Pacific, June 1, 1978, in the central Pacific, and officially ended on November 30, 1978. These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the eastern north Pacific Ocean.


1978 Pacific hurricane season
Activity this year was slightly above-average, with eighteen named storms forming. Five of those were tropical storms, thirteen were hurricanes, and six were major hurricanes that reached Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale. In the Central Pacific, a tropical depression and a major hurricane formed. Also, this season is the fourth-most active season within the basin when calculating by ACE Index, as the season had an index of 207. Atlantic Hurricane Greta crossed into the basin and was renamed Olivia. The 1978 Pacific Hurricane Season was the first season on record to have an ACE total at least 200; it rests at 207 units.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Aletta
A small tropical disturbance formed in the Gulf of Tehuantepec on May 27. It quickly accelerated southwest, before turning north late the following day. At this time, thunderstorm activity increased in coverage, aided by an outflow channel to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) the disturbance. Early on May 30, the disturbance's center become better defined, resulting in an upgraded into a tropical storm by 1200 UTC. After curving northwest, Aletta rapidly intensified, and at 0000 UTC on May 31, Aletta was declared a minimal hurricane. However, hours later, Aletta degenerated into a tropical storm. On the afternoon of May 31, Aletta turned north-northwest due to a trough over northwestern Mexico and a ridge over southern Mexico. At 1730 UTC, Aletta moved ashore just west-northwest of Zihuatanejo. After moving inland, Aletta rapidly dissipated.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bud
A tropical disturbance developed on June 15 around 800 mi (1,285 km) west-southwest of Acapulco. After moving west-southwest, the disturbance became more defined until June 17, when it was upgraded into a tropical depression. At noon, te depression was elevated to Tropical Storm Bud. Late on June 18, Bud reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h), only to start weakening the following day as it moved west-northwest over cooler water. Early on June 20, Bud weakened to a tropical depression. Shortly thereafter, Bud ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta
Around the time Bud was developing, another tropical disturbance was developed 800 mi (1,285 km) to the east of Bud, but around 250 mi (400 km) west of Acapulco. Veering west-northwest, the small disturbance slowly organized and was designated as a tropical depression at 0600 UTC June 17. Eighteen hours later, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Carlotta. Thereafter, the system turned west-southwest south of a subtropical ridge in Bud's footsteps. Several hours after the formation of an eye early on June 19, Carlotta intensified into a hurricane. After becoming a hurricane, Carlotta tracked west-northwest, and rapidly intensified.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Carlotta
At 0000 UTC June 20, Hurricane Carlotta abruptly intensified into a major hurricane (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale). Around 36 hours later, Carlotta peaked as a low-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale. On June 22, Carlotta started a gradual weakening trend as it turned northwest over cooler waters on June 22. Two days later, Carlotta weakened to a tropical storm. on 0600 UTC June 25, Carlotta degenerated into a tropical depression. Twelve hours later, Carlotta dissipated.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Daniel
The fourth tropical disturbance of the season developed on June 24 roughly 200 mi (320 km) southwest of Nicaragua. Tracking west-northwest, the disturbance was upgraded into a tropical depression on June 26. The next day, the depression became a tropical storm, before weakening back to a tropical depression late on June 27. At 1500 UTC June 28, Daniel regained tropical storm intensity. While accelerating westward, Daniel intensified into a hurricane late on June 29. Midday on June 30, Daniel suddenly intensified into a major hurricane, peaking with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). After maintaining its intensity for 24 hours, Daniel slowly began to weaken. Late on July 2, Daniel was downgraded into a tropical storm. By midday on July 3, Daniel fell to a tropical depression. Several hours later, the EPHC stopped tracking the cyclone.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Five
This storm began as a weak tropical disturbance on June 28, which began to intensify on June 29 as it moved west-northwest and then west. By 0600 UTC on June 30, the disturbance had developed a cyclonic circulation and was classified as a tropical depression. On July 1, Tropical Depression Five turned west-southwest and moved over cooler water, where it began rapidly weakening. The last advisory was issued at 06:00 UTC on July 2.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Emilia
A tropical disturbance developed just to the east of Acapulco on July 3. The disturbance then turned west, moving at 16kt began to intensify over 85.F water. With satellite imagery showing a cyclonic circulation about in the center, the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression on July 6 about 750 n mi west of Acapulco. The depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Emilia. Emilia then turned to the north-west and continued to intensify.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Emilia
Winds near the center of the storm increased to 60 mph (95 km/h) by July 8 and reached their peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) by July 9. As Emilia continued to move north-west, the cargo ship Marcona Exporter was helpful in locating the center of the storm. By July 10, Emilia was downgraded to a tropical depression with 35 mph (55 km/h) winds. Emilia was then over cooler water and rapidly dissipated.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fico
Hurricane Fico was the longest-lived hurricane of the season and at the time was the longest-lasting Pacific hurricane on record. It developed from a tropical disturbance off the coast of Mexico on July 9. It moved northwestward and then westward, quickly reaching peak winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) on July 12. Moving nearly due westward, the intensity of Fico fluctuated from Category 1 to Category 4 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale for the following days, and it passed about 170 miles (275 km) south of Hawaii on July 20 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Fico slowly weakened as it turned to the northwest over cooler waters, and became an extratropical cyclone on July 28 to the northeast of Midway Island.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fico
Swells from Fico, combined with swells from a storm in the Southern Hemisphere, produced rough surf throughout the Hawaiian islands. The surf destroyed one house and resulted in considerable damage along the southern coast of the island of Hawaii. No deaths were reported, and damage totaled $200,000 (1978 USD, $619,000 2006 USD).


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Gilma
Gilma was a short-lived storm which did not affect land.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Hector
Hector was the strongest storm of this year, but did not affect land.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Iva
Iva's scattered remnants caused rain on the islands of Hawaii and Maui. The storm developed from the remnants of Tropical Storm Bess after they crossed Mexico.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane John
John was a category 2 storm that did not affect land.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Kristy
Kristy was a category 2 storm that did not affect land. The storm developed from the remnants of Hurricane Cora after they crossed Central America.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Miriam
Miriam threatened the Hawaiian Islands as a tropical storm, but veered south. Miriam had no effect on the islands. The storm dissipated September 2.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Norman
Norman was powerful Category 4 hurricane. It had no effect on land as a hurricane, but after weakening to a tropical storm, Norman recurved and headed straight for southern California. Norman made landfall as a depression and had dissipated by September 7. Heavy rains fell across the Sierra Nevada range in California, with a maximum amount of 7.01 inches reported at Lodgepole.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Seventeen
Existed between September 8 and September 9. It did not make landfall.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Olivia
Hurricane Olivia was a continuation of Atlantic Hurricane Greta. The depression emerged from Central America and quickly restrengthened into Tropical Storm Olivia. The storm erratically changed course and headed straight north as a hurricane. Olivia made landfall near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and dissipated on September 23.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Paul
Paul brushed the southern tip of Baja California and made landfall in western Mexico.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rosa
As a tropical storm, Rosa came close to Baja California Sur but never made landfall.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Susan
The only cyclone to develop in the Central Pacific did so on October 18. Susan rapidly intensified into a Category 4 hurricane and one of the three strongest storms then known in the Central Pacific. Initially heading on a course that aimed directly at the Big Island, Susan instead turned to the southwest and decayed rapidly due to wind shear.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Sergio
Sergio dissipated before making landfall on the Pacific coast of Baja California.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
These names were used for storms forming in the eastern Pacific Ocean this year. This is the first time most of these names were used, except for Aletta, Carlotta, Iva and Olivia, which were previously used in the old four-year lists. The name Fico was used for the first and only time this year. Names not retired from this list were used in the 1982 season. At this time, lists were intended to be repeated every four years instead of six.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
This is the first season to use lists with male and female names on it. It is also the first year of modern naming.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The central Pacific used names and numbers from the western Pacific's typhoon list. One name – Susan – was used.


1978 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names, Retirement
The World Meteorological Organization retired the name Fico in the spring of 1979. It was replaced with Fabio for the 1982 season.


1978 Pacific typhoon season
The 1978 Pacific typhoon season was a very active season that produced 31 tropical storms, 16 typhoon and one intense typhoon. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1978, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


1978 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1978 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Seasonal summary
33 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 29 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached super typhoon strength. Many of the storms either remained at sea or failed to do any damage.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Nadine
Nadine stayed at sea and was the first severe tropical storm of the season. It lived at least 1 week.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Olive (Atang)
In the Philippines, Typhoon Olive (Atang) killed 3 people and left 3,500 homeless. A lengthened ex-”FS” ship of Compania Maritima was caught in it, the MV Leyte. She was wrecked in the southwestern portion of Sibuyan Island trying to reach shelter. She was then on a Manila-Cebu voyage.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Agnes
Agnes formed on July 24, made a complete loop, and struck China on July 29 with winds of 55 mph after peaking at 60 mph. It dissipated the 30th. In Hong Kong Tropical Storm Agnes killed 3 people.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Irma (Ruping)
Irma, the eighth typhoon of the 1978 season, developed in the monsoon trough southeast of Taiwan. It made landfall in Honshu, Japan. With winds of up to 120 km/h, Typhoon Irma killed at least 6 people and made about 3,000 homeless. Four people were missing and about 100 were injured by floods and landslides in southwestern Japan. It destroyed or damaged 1,597 homes and left 6,266 homes flooded. Irma smashed windows, overturned cars, and capsized several fishing boats.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Irma (Ruping)
Several athletes at the Japan-China Friendship Track and Field Meet in Kitakyushu were injured when a freak gust blew them ten feet in the air. A Liberian-registered tanker was swept from its moorings off the port of Kure and drifted for nearly 5 kilometers before running aground off a small island in the Inland Sea. Irma remained a typhoon for only 12 hours becoming the shortest-lived typhoon of the season.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Nina (Yaning)
According to the official reports, 59 people died and more than 500,000 were in evacuation centers in the Philippines.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Rita (Kading)
Tropical Depression 28 developed October 15. Three and a half days later, it strengthened into a tropical storm. Rita became a typhoon late on October 19. Rita reached Category 5 status on October 23, reaching a minimum central pressure of 878 millibars, only 8 mb higher than Typhoon Tip's record set in 1979. After spending over three consecutive days at that intensity, Rita weakened to a Category 4 and smashed ashore on Luzon. Rita stayed a typhoon during its entire passage over the Philippines and emerged into the South China Sea as a minimal typhoon. Rita then decayed slowly and dissipated as a depression near the coast of Vietnam. The typhoon caused considerable damage and loss of life in the Philippines, though exact numbers are unknown.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Tess
A tropical depression developed on October 31. The depression was upgraded to a tropical storm on November 2. Tess continued to intensify and reached its peak intensity as a 70 mph (110 km/h) storm; just short of typhoon status. The storm became extratropical on November 7.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Viola (Esang)
Increased convective activity in the monsoon trough was first noticed on satellite data on November 14 about 690 mi (1110 km) southeast of Truk. On November 16, the disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Depression 33. Based on an improved satellite signature, TD 33 was upgraded to Tropical Storm Viola at 1200 UTC November 17. Viola continued to intensify as the storm moved on a northwestward track. Late on November 19 reconnaissance aircraft confirmed that Viola's surface pressure had fallen to 977 mb; and, that an eye was beginning to form. Early on November 20, Viola was upgraded to a typhoon.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Viola (Esang)
Viola then started to rapidly intensify and reached peak intensity on November 21 with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h). Viola recurved away from Luzon on November 22. By the next day, the storm had already weakened to a category 1 and further weakened to a tropical storm. Viola dissipated on November 24.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Winnie
A tropical depression developed on November 25. It started to intensify while moving on a north-northwestward track. By November 28, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and was named Winnie. On the 29th, Winnie reached its peak intensity as severe tropical storm with (10-min) winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Winnie became extratropical early on November 30.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Depression Garding
The last system of the season, Tropical Depression 63W(Garding) was named by PAGASA.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names
During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list from late 1950. However the JTWC changed their naming scheme by the next year, now including both female and male names.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names
One name, Susan, developed over the Central Pacific and was named from this list. The storm never became a part of the West Pacific basin.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1982 season. This is the same list used for the 1974 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Retirement
Due to extreme damages and death toll caused by Typhoon Rita (Kading), PAGASA retired the name Kading in its auxiliary list. The name replaced was Katring.


1978 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects
This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1978. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, missing persons (in parentheses), and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA. All damage figures will be in 1978 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.


1978 Palace of Versailles bombing
Around 2:30 am on Monday 26 June 1978, the historic Palace of Versailles near Paris, France, was bombed by terrorists belonging to the Breton Liberation Front (FLB). The powerful explosion occurred on the ground floor of the left wing of the palace and caused damage within an 80 meter radius. Many statues and priceless paintings were damaged, including an entire gallery and several pieces of Napoleonic art, and a wide hole was opened in the ceiling. The bomb caused millions of francs in damage. The Hall of Mirrors, opera house and chapel were undamaged. One night guard was wounded.


1978 Palace of Versailles bombing, Aftermath and convictions
French Minister of Culture Jean-Philippe Lecat said the bombing evokes an "absolutely heinous criminal side" of the Breton nationalists. Hubert Landais, the director of French museums at the time, called the attack a "real catastrophe." The Breton Democratic Union also condemned the attack. After the bombing, restoration works commenced costing 3 million francs. The Battaile room was finally re-opened to the public in April 1982.


1978 Palace of Versailles bombing, Aftermath and convictions
Both the FLB and the Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy claimed responsibility, but police later found that it was the Breton group that caused it. The two perpetrators were FLB members Lionel Chenevière and Padrig Montauzier, who placed the bomb the day before. The two were already under surveillance by authorities in Rennes, and were arrested the next day. They were sentenced to death in November 1978. Following the election of François Mitterrand as President in 1981, they were freed after an Amnesty law had been voted in parliament as part of Mitterrand's plans to give in to some of the demands of the Breton regional government.


1978 Palace of Versailles bombing, Aftermath and convictions
The attack came in the context of renewed terrorist activity by the FLB from 1976 targeting cultural property in protest against the signing of the Breton Cultural Charter. The group were trying to 'punish' the French state for its annexation of the former-independent Brittany region. The FLB's activities were usually confined to Brittany itself. German tabloid Die Welt later said no reasonable French wants the state to grant independence to peripheral provinces, "nor Brittany, nor Alsace, nor Occitania."


1978 Palace of Versailles bombing, Aftermath and convictions
The Palace of Versailles became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.


1978 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1978 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
The Panama held a  parliamentary election on 6 August 1978, electing both a new National Assembly of Community Representatives.


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
On 6 August 1978, the first of several steps was taken under the Constitution of 1972 which was to lead ultimately to the restoration of power to elected officials.


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
The unicameral Parliament of Panama, the National Assembly of Community Representatives (‘corregidores’), comprises 505 members elected for 6 years


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
The first three political parties to emerge in the period March-June 1978 were the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) led by Omar Torrijos, the National Liberal Party led by David Samudio and the pro-Torrijos Broad Popular Front (FRAMPO).


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
Omar Torrijos "formed the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) to incorporate the various groups that supported his military regime as the country moved toward a democratic opening. Formation of the PRD suggested that the military wished to give permanent institutional form to its reformist ideals through the establishment of a new political party that would regularly win elections with military backing".


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
“In the 1978 Assembly elections, some 1,927 independent candidates vied for the 505 seats, political parties having been abolished in February 1969. Polling day was marked by a high turnout, estimated at 80%. Pro -Government candidates were reported to have won a clear majority”.


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
In the event it proved a demonstration of the weakness of the government’s popular support. The PRD secured only 40% of the vote, achieving a majority only in coalition with the People’s Party of Panama (PPP) and the FRAMPO. While the government faced no national electoral test for six more years, it is likely that its popularity was in decline in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Under pressure of economic difficulties, the government began a retreat from its populism even before Omar Torrijos died in an air crash in 1981.


1978 Panamanian parliamentary election
Arnulfo Arias’s Panamanista Party (PP) boycotted the campaign after an abortive attempt to form a united opposition front.


1978 Panamanian presidential election
The Panama held a presidential election on 11 October 1978, electing both a new President of the Republic.


1978 Panamanian presidential election
In September 1978 Omar Torrijos announced that he would step down as Chief of Government when his six-year term expired in October but would remain Commander of the National Guard. On his recommendation, the National Assembly of Community Representatives elected Aristides Royo (a former minister of education and one of the Torrijos–Carter Treaties negotiators) president and Ricardo de la Espriella as Vice-President for a six-year term (1978-1984).


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
Commander of the National Guard Omar Torrijos was killed in an airplane crash on 31 July 1981. His death created a power vacuum and ended a 12-year "dictatorship with a heart," as Torrijos liked to call his rule. He was succeeded immediately as Guard commander by the chief of staff, Colonel Florencio Flores, a Torrijos loyalist.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
Although Flores adopted a low profile and allowed President Aristides Royo to exercise more of his constitutional authority, Royo soon alienated the Torrijos clique, the private sector, and the Guard's general staff, all of whom rejected his leadership style and his strongly nationalistic, anti-United States rhetoric. Royo had become the leader of leftist elements within the government, and he used his position to accuse the United States of hundreds of technical violations in the implementation of the canal treaties.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
The general staff considered the Guard to be the country's principal guarantor of national stability and began to challenge the president's political authority. Royo attempted to use the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) as his power base, but the fighting between leftists and conservatives within the party became too intense to control. Meanwhile, the country's many and diverse political parties, although discontented with the regime, were unable to form a viable and solid opposition.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
After Torrijos' death, National Guard leaders forged a pact outlining an "agreement wherein they would take turns as presidents and commanders of the National Guard".


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
Flores completed 26 years of military service in March 1982 and was forced to retire. He was replaced by his own chief of staff, General Rubén Darío Paredes, who considered himself to be Torrijos's rightful successor and the embodiment of change and unity. Without delay the new Guard commander asserted himself in Panamanian politics and formulated plans to run for the presidency in 1984.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
Many suspected that Paredes had struck a deal with Colonel Manuel Noriega, who had been the assistant chief of staff for intelligence since 1970, whereby Noriega would assume command of the Guard and Paredes would become president in 1984. Paredes publicly blamed Royo for the rapidly deteriorating economy and the pocketing of millions of dollars from the nation's social security system by government officials. In July 1982, growing labor unrest led to an outbreak of strikes and public demonstrations against the Royo administration. Paredes, claiming that "the people wanted change," intervened to remove Royo from the presidency.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
With National Guard backing, Paredes forced Royo and most of his cabinet to resign on 30 July 1982. Royo was succeeded by Vice-President Ricardo de la Espriella, a United States-educated former banking official. De la Espriella wasted no time in referring to the National Guard as a "partner in power".


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
In August 1982, de la Espriella formed a new cabinet that included independents and members of the National Liberal Party and the PRD; Jorge Illueca, Royo's foreign minister, became the new Vice-President. Meanwhile, Colonel Armando Contreras became chief of staff of the National Guard. Colonel Noriega continued to hold the powerful position of assistant chief of staff for intelligence--the Panamanian government's only intelligence arm.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
In December 1982, Noriega became chief of staff of the National Guard.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
General Paredes, in keeping with the new constitutional provision that no active Guard member could participate in an election, reluctantly retired from the Guard in August 1983. He was succeeded immediately by Noriega, who was promoted to brigadier general.


1978 Panamanian presidential election, Aftermath
The resignation of President de la Espriella and his cabinet on 13 February 1984 was barely noticed during the intense election campaign. De la Espriella was forced out by Noriega. De la Espriella had opposed the military's manipulation of the election and strongly advocated free elections for 1984. During his brief tenure, de la Espriella had failed to institute any significant policy changes, and his presidency was lackluster. De la Espriella was succeeded immediately by Vice-President Jorge Illueca, who formed a new cabinet.


1978 Paraguayan general election
General elections were held in Paraguay on 12 February 1978. Alfredo Stroessner of the Colorado Party won the presidential elections, whilst the Colorado Party won 20 of the 30 seats in the Senate and 40 of the 60 seats in the Chamber of Deputues. Voter turnout was 86%.


1978 Paris Open
The 1978 Paris Open, also known as the French Indoor Championships,  was a Grand Prix men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 9th edition of the Paris Open (later known as the Paris Masters). It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France from 30 October through 5 November 1978. Bob Lutz won the singles title.


1978 Paris Open, Finals, Doubles
Bruce Manson /  Andrew Pattison defeated  Ion Ţiriac /  Guillermo Vilas 7–6, 6–2


1978 Paris Open – Doubles
Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez were the defending champions but did not compete that year.


1978 Paris Open – Doubles
Bruce Manson and Andrew Pattison won the doubles title at the 1978 Paris Open tennis tournament defeating Ion Ţiriac and Guillermo Vilas in the final 7–6, 6–2.


1978 Paris Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1978 Paris Open – Singles
Corrado Barazzutti was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1978 Paris Open – Singles
Robert Lutz won in the final 6–2, 6–2, 7–6 against Tom Gullikson.


1978 Paris Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1978 Paris–Nice
The 1978 Paris–Nice was the 36th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 5 March to 11 March 1978. The race started in Paris and finished in Nice. The race was won by Gerrie Knetemann of the TI–Raleigh team.


1978 Paris–Roubaix
The 1978 Paris–Roubaix was the 76th edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycle race and was held on 16 April 1978. The race started in Compiègne and finished in Roubaix. The race was won by Francesco Moser of the Sanson team.


1978 Pau Grand Prix
The 1978 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 15 May 1978 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Bruno Giacomelli, driving the March 782. Eje Elgh finished second and Marc Surer third.


1978 Peach Bowl
The 1978 Peach Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Purdue Boilermakers.


1978 Peach Bowl, Background
Purdue finished 2nd in the Big Ten Conference, in their first bowl game since 1967. Georgia Tech was in their first bowl game since 1972. Due to the game being played on Christmas Day, a ticket drive had to be set up by Rodgers' wife.


1978 Peach Bowl, Game summary
Purdue took the lead with 10:40 in the first quarter and scored twice more in the next four minutes. Georgia Tech did not score until 9:35 remained in the half, after they trailed 28-0. Georgia Tech scored twice with less than three minutes remaining to narrow the lead from 41-7 to 41-21, but the game had already been decided. Quarterback Mark Herrmann threw 12-of-24 for two touchdowns (and two interceptions) and rushed for one more in a convincing 41-21 victory over Georgia Tech. Purdue's defense forced two first-half turnovers. This was the second 9-win season in Purdue history.


1978 Peach Bowl, Aftermath
Purdue won two more bowl games before Young's departure in 1981. Georgia Tech waited until 1985 to make their next bowl appearance.


1978 Penistone by-election
A by-election was held for the British House of Commons constituency of Penistone on 13 July 1978. The seat had become vacant on the death of the Labour Member of Parliament John Mendelson, who had held the seat since a by-election in 1959.


1978 Penn Quakers football team
The 1978 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Penn finished last in the Ivy League.


1978 Penn Quakers football team
In their eighth year under head coach Harry Gamble, the Quakers compiled a 2–6–1 record and were outscored 187 to 139. Tom Roland and Boris Radisic were the team captains.


1978 Penn Quakers football team
Penn's 1–5–1 conference was the worst in the Ivy League standings. The Quakers were outscored 154 to 99 by Ivy opponents.


1978 Penn Quakers football team
Penn played its home games at Franklin Field adjacent to the university's campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


1978 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1978 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1978 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
Chuck Fusina threw four touchdown passes, including two to Scott Fitzkee as second-ranked Penn State extended its win streak to 15 games. Fusina finished 15 of 27 for 293 yards.


1978 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, Post season, NFL Draft
Nine Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1978 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1978 between Republican Dick Thornburgh and Democrat Pete Flaherty.


1978 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Primary Elections, Campaign
The race began with a primary that slated an impressive field of candidates. Flaherty, the former Mayor of Pittsburgh who was known for providing a progressive challenge to urban machine politics, bested State Auditor General Bob Casey, who had lost the Democratic nomination for this office twice before. Casey's campaign was greatly hurt by the presence of another Bob Casey who was running on the ballot for Lieutenant Governor; voters apparently believed they were selecting a ticket of Flaherty and the Auditor General when they chose the Pittsburgh teacher as the Democratic running mate. Lieutenant Governor Ernie Kline, who was frequently known as "assistant governor" during his time in office due to his policy skills, was endorsed by outgoing governor Milton Shapp, but finished a distant third.


1978 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Primary Elections, Campaign
Thornburgh's win came over the Republican leaders of both houses of the state legislature (House Minority Leader Bob Butera and Senate Minority Leader Henry Hager), as well as a former US Attorney, Dave Marston. Former Philadelphia District Attorney and future senator Arlen Specter was considered the front-runner in the months preceding the primary, but the moderate urban Republican's campaign faded as Thornburgh presented himself as a leader than could bridge both wings of the party.


1978 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election, Major party candidates, Campaign
Flaherty out-polled Thornburgh by double-digit margins for much of the campaign, but the Republican candidate used highly effective strategies to close the gap in the weeks leading up to election night. Thornburgh was successful in recruiting suburban moderates, as fellow moderate Republican Specter encouraged his metro Philadelphia supporters to rally behind Thornburgh. In contrast, the liberal Flaherty had trouble reaching out to conservative Democrats outside of his Western Pennsylvania base, a problem hindered by Casey's tepid support for the candidate over the lieutenant gubernatorial issue. Thornburgh also aggressively courted traditionally Democratic-leaning groups and gained the endorsements of the NAACP and several labor unions. Democratic support slowly waned under this strategy, which allowed Thornburgh to take a close victory.


1978 Pepsi Grand Slam
The 1978 Pepsi Grand Slam, officially the  Pepsi-Cola Grand Slam of Tennis, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Mission Hills Country Club in Boca Raton, Florida, United States It was an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) sanctioned special event that was not part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix circuit. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from January 20 through January 22, 1978. Björn Borg won his second consecutive singles title at the event and earned $125,000 first prize money..


1978 Peruvian Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Peru on 18 June 1978. The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance emerged as the largest party, winning 37 of the 100 seats.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1978 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 46th season in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles reached the postseason for the first time in eighteen years, which ended the longest postseason drought in the franchise's history and one of the longest in the history of the NFL.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, The Miracle at the Meadowlands
The Miracle at the Meadowlands is the term used by sportscasters and Philadelphia Eagles fans for a fumble recovery by cornerback Herman Edwards that he returned for a touchdown at the end of a November 19, 1978 NFL game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, The Miracle at the Meadowlands
It was seen as miraculous because it occurred at a point in the game when the Giants were easily capable of running out the game's final seconds. The Giants had the ball, and the Eagles had no timeouts left. Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball, thus running out the clock and preserving a 17–12 Giant upset. Instead, he attempted to hand it off to fullback Larry Csonka and botched it, allowing Edwards to pick up the ball and run 26 yards for the winning score.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, The Miracle at the Meadowlands
The Eagles were 6–5 going into this game, and the win was crucial in that it ultimately allowed the Eagles to get the fifth-and-final playoff spot in the 1978 NFC playoffs.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season
The Eagles held their last training camp at Widener University in the city of Chester, in Delaware County, Pennsylvania)


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The 1978 NFL Draft The draft was held May 2–3, 1978. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The draft was 12 rounds long with a total of 334 players selected.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The Eagles, because of previous trades made, had to wait until the 3rd round for their first pick. They would only have 7 picks and of these 7 players selected, 5 made the team and played during the season. With the 66th pick the Eagles as their first pick in the draft the Philadelphia Eagles selected Reggie Wilkes, a linebacker out of Georgia Tech.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The number 1 overall pick in the draft was taken by the Houston Oilers who selected the 1977 Heisman Trophy winner, Earl Campbell a running back out of the University of Texas


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
Future Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee, in 2006, Warren Moon, a quarterback from the University of Washington, went undrafted. Moon is also in the Canadian Football League’s Hall of Fame.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, Player selections
The table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recap, Week 9 vs St. Louis Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals come into the game with a win-loss record of 0–8 against the 4th place, 4 wins and 4 losses Philadelphia Eagles.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recap, Week 12
The Miracle at the Meadowlands is the term used by sportscasters and Philadelphia Eagles fans for a fumble recovery by cornerback Herman Edwards that he returned for a touchdown at the end of a November 19, 1978 NFL game against the New York Giants in Giants Stadium. It was seen as miraculous because it occurred at a point in the game when the Giants were easily capable of running out the game's final seconds. The Giants had the ball, and the Eagles had no timeouts left.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recap, Week 12
Everyone watching expected quarterback Joe Pisarcik to take one more snap and kneel with the ball, thus running out the clock and preserving a 17–12 Giant upset. Instead, he attempted to hand it off to fullback Larry Csonka and botched it, allowing Edwards to pick up the ball and run 26 yards for the winning score.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recap, Week 13 at St. Louis Cardinals
After the games of week 11 the Philadelphia Eagles' outlook of being an NFC playoff team was slim. They were in 3rd place in the NFC East and behind 4 teams for a Wild Card team spot. That was some of the reasoning why the placekicking duties were given to the punter Mike Michel when regular kicker Nick Mick-Meyer got hurt. At the end of week 13 the Eagles found themselves trailing division leading Dallas by one game, and tied with the Atlanta Falcons and Washington Redskins for 1 of 2 Wild Card team playoff spots.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recap, Standings
The Eagles were hampered by the loss of their placekicker (Nick Mike-Mayer) in the closing weeks of the season and his replacement (punter Mike Michel) missed an extra point kick in each of the last three games of the season.


1978 Philadelphia Eagles season, Postseason, NFL Wild Card Game
The Falcons won their first playoff game in team history after they overcame a 13–0 deficit by scoring 2 touchdowns in the final 5 minutes of the game. Punter Mike Michel, who took over placekicker duties when regular placekicker Nick Mike-Mayer got injured in week 12, missed a possible game-winning 34-yard field goal in the closing seconds.


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1978 Philadelphia Phillies season was the 96th season in the history of the franchise. The Phillies won their third straight National League East title with a record of 90–72, a game and a half over the Pittsburgh Pirates, as the Phillies defeated the Pirates in Pittsburgh on the next to last day of the season. For the third consecutive season the Phillies came up short in the NLCS, as the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated them three games to one, as they had the previous season. The Phillies were managed by Danny Ozark and  played their home games at Veterans Stadium.


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season, Phillie Phanatic
The Phillie Phanatic debuted on April 25, 1978, at The Vet when the Phils played the Chicago Cubs. Tim McCarver introduced the Phanatic on the "Captain Noah and His Magical Ark" show on WPVI-TV in his role promoting the team. The Phanatic was originally portrayed by Dave Raymond.


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Philadelphia Phillies season, 1978 National League Championship Series
The Los Angeles Dodgers win the Series, 3 games to 1, over the Phillies.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election
A parliamentary election was held in the Philippines on April 7, 1978, for the election of the 165 regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Pambansa (the nation's first parliament). The elections were participated in by the leading opposition party, the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN), which had twenty-one candidates for the Metro Manila area while the leading candidate was the jailed opposition leader Ninoy Aquino, and the Marcos regime's party known as the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), which was led by the then-First Lady Imelda Marcos.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election
Ninoy was allowed to run by his fellow partymates under the Liberal Party, who boycotted the election and was not allowed to campaign, and so his family campaigned for him. The night before the election on April 6, 1978, a noise barrage was organized by the supporters of (LABAN) which occurred up to dawn.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election
These elections were followed by the sectoral election on April 27, which elected additional 14 representatives. Another 10 representatives were appointed, bringing up the total number of representatives to 189.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election, Background
The Philippines had been under martial law since 1972, with incumbent president Ferdinand Marcos ruling by decree. Prior to this, the Constitution of the Philippines was being drafted by the Constitutional Convention, whose delegates were elected in 1970.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election, Background
The Constitutional Convention approved the final draft of the constitution, which consisted of the abolition of the Philippine Congress and its replacement with an interim National Assembly consisting of the President, the Vice-President, the President of the Constitutional Convention, and members of the Senate and the House of Representatives in November 1972 and was later ratified on January 17, 1973, through so-called "citizens' assemblies". The Constitution was amended twice, on July 27–28, 1973 and February 27–28, 1975. The Constitution was amended once again on October 16–17, 1976 with the passage of "Amendment No. 6", which changed the name of the Interim National Assembly into the "Interim Batasang Pambansa", more commonly as the "Batasan".


1978 Philippine parliamentary election, Campaign, Lakas ng Bayan
In 1978, from his prison cell, Aquino was allowed to take part in the elections. Although his friends, former Senators Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, preferred to boycott the elections, Aquino urged his supporters to field 21 candidates in Metro Manila. Thus, his political party, dubbed Lakas ng Bayan ("People's Power"), was born. The party's acronym was "LABAN" ("fight" in Tagalog). He was entitled to one television interview on GTV's Face the Nation (hosted by Ronnie Nathanielsz), and proved to a startled and impressed populace that imprisonment had neither dulled his rapier-like tongue nor dampened his fighting spirit.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election, Campaign, Lakas ng Bayan
Foreign correspondents and diplomats asked what would happen to the LABAN ticket. People agreed with him that his party would win overwhelmingly in an honest election. On April 6, 1978, supporters of the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN), the opposition party headed by former Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. who was still in jail and twenty other candidates contesting the Region IV-A (Metro Manila) seats, came out in protest by asking bystanders and cars to make noise in support the opposition.


1978 Philippine parliamentary election, Campaign, Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
President Marcos created the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement) as his political vehicle for the elections.


1978 Philippine parliamentary sectoral election
Philippine parliamentary election held on April 27, 1978 for the election of the Interim Batasang Pambansa sectoral representatives.


1978 Philta International
The 1978 Philta International was a men's tennis tournament played an outdoor clay courts in Manila, Philippines. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 20 November through 26 November 1978. The tournament was part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. Eighth-seeded Yannick Noah won the singles title and earned $12,750 first-prize money.


1978 Philta International, Finals, Doubles
Sherwood Stewart /  Brian Teacher defeated  Ross Case /  Chris Kachel 6–3, 7–6


1978 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1978 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Panthers competed in the 1978 Tangerine Bowl.


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 97th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 92nd in the National League. The Pirates finished second in the National League East with a record of 88–73.


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 46th season in the National Football League (NFL). The season concluded with the team winning Super Bowl XIII to become the first franchise in the NFL to win three Super Bowl titles. The championship run was led by quarterback Terry Bradshaw and the team's vaunted Steel Curtain defense. This team is regarded as one of the greatest defensive teams of all time and one of the greatest teams in NFL history.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
Bradshaw put together the best year of his career to that point, becoming only the second Steeler to win the NFL MVP award. Ten Steelers players were named to the Pro Bowl team, and four were judged as first-team All-Pros by the AP. Head coach Chuck Noll returned for his tenth season—moving him ahead of Walt Kiesling as the longest tenured head coach in the team's history to that point.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The Steelers entered the season as defending champions of the AFC Central Division, coming off a 9–5 record in 1977. Their two losses were by a combined 10 points. Despite winning their division, the previous season was a difficult one for the team  (both on and off the field) which culminated in a division round playoff loss to the Denver Broncos on Christmas Eve.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The team began the 1978 season with seven straight victories, a franchise-best start to a season that stood for 42 years, before losing to the Houston Oilers in prime time on Monday Night Football. They finished the season with a league-best 14–2 record, including a 5-game winning streak to close the season. This record assured them they would play at home throughout the 1978 playoffs. It was also the best record compiled in the team's history (since surpassed only by a 15–1 mark in 2004).


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1978 Steelers team was rated the thirty-fifth best team in the history of the NFL (to September 2015) by FiveThirtyEight, a polling aggregation and statistical service. The rating is based upon FiveThirtyEight's proprietary Elo rating system algorithm. Only two Steelers teams were rated higher: the 1975 team at twelfth and the 2005 team one slot ahead of the 1978 team at thirty-fourth.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season
In 2007, the 1978 Steelers were ranked as the 3rd greatest Super Bowl champions on the NFL Network's documentary series America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, with team commentary from Rocky Bleier, Mel Blount, Randy Grossman and Joe Greene, and narrated by Bruce Willis. Up until the 2004 season, this was the only season the Steelers notched at least 14 wins.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, League rule changes
The NFL instituted several major changes for the 1978 season. Chief among these were the extension of the regular season and playoff expansion. The regular season was extended from 14 to 16 games, with an offsetting decrease in the number of preseason games from six to four. Two playoff slots were added expanding the field from eight teams to ten, with each conference adding a second wild card entrant.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, League rule changes
Additionally, several rules were changed to help open up the offense, particularly the passing game. One rule which prohibited defenders from contacting receivers more than five yards from the line of scrimmage, came to be known as the "Mel Blount rule" after the Steelers notably physical cornerback. Another rule allowed offensive linemen to use their hands in blocking.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, League rule changes
The rule changes upset coach Noll, who years later said of the teams who supported the changes,


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, League rule changes
They ganged up on us the way they legislated the rules. People were trying to win a championship through legislation. I don't think you do that. ... But whatever the rules are, you have to adjust to them and play with them. ... When they changed the rules Terry (Bradshaw) took advantage and his passing game blossomed. And all that happened to Mel (Blount) is that he got more interceptions.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, League rule changes
In the end, though, the Steelers were one of the quickest teams to adjust to the new rules; the team's offense benefited more from the changes than the defense was hampered by them. The rule changes catalyzed the team's transition from a power running game to more of an air attack.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Coaching staff changes
The Steelers coaching staff went through a number of changes after the 1977 season. Principle among these was the loss of Chuck Noll's top assistant, Bud Carson, who had served as the team's defensive coordinator since 1973. Carson interviewed for the head coaching vacancy at his alma mater, the University of North Carolina., and was also a candidate for the St. Louis Cardinals top coaching job. When he didn't land either of those positions he decided to take a job as the defensive backs coach of the Los Angeles Rams. Defensive line coach George Perles added the defensive coordinator role to his responsibility with the line.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Coaching staff changes
Offensive line coach Dan Radakovich, who had served in that capacity with the Steelers since 1974, resigned to take a position as the defensive coordinator of the San Francisco 49ers. Radakovich was credited with turning the Pittsburgh Steelers line into one of the league's best. Rollie Dotsch was hired to replace Radakovich. Dotsch had recently been let go along with the rest of the Detroit Lions coaching staff. He had coached the Lions linebackers the previous season.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Coaching staff changes
In the team's final coaching change of the offseason, Dick Walker was hired to coach the defensive backs. Walker had previously served in a similar role with the New England Patriots.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
Several players who played significant roles in the Steelers recent success would not return for 1978. Among the departed were:


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
Several of these moves were made in the name of eliminating "distractions". Ernie Holmes, Jimmy Allen and Glen Edwards had all had contract disputes which saw them leave the team for brief periods during the previous season. Holmes, Edwards and Frank Lewis had all lost their starting jobs. None of the moves brought the Steelers a player who had a significant impact on the team in 1978.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
The Frank Lewis trade was a complete flop for the Steelers. Paul Seymour failed his physical when the Steelers learned he'd had surgery on both arches within the past five months. His rehabilitation from the surgery was not complete and he was unable to run. Seymour was returned to the Bills who released him, and the two teams failed to work out any other compensation for Lewis.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
Lewis was the Steelers first round draft choice in 1971, but was unlikely to have made the Steelers roster anyway due to the ascendancy of John Stallworth opposite Lynn Swann and the training camp performance of the younger Jim Smith and Randy Reutershan. Lewis did have some football left in him; he made the 1982 Pro Bowl for the Bills.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
The Jim Clack trade also netted the Steelers nothing when John Hicks was injured in the pre-season and placed on the injured reserve list. Meanwhile, both Clack and Ernie Pough made the Giant's 45-man roster, Clack as a starter on the offensive line, where he would be directly involved with that season's Miracle at the Meadowlands between the Giants and Philadelphia Eagles. Longtime Steelers beat writer Ed Bouchette called the Lewis and Clack trades Chuck Noll's "two worst trades in his 23 seasons with the Steelers."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Roster moves
In addition to the players traded away and cut, J. T. Thomas was lost for the season to a blood disorder known as Boeck's Sarcoidosis. Thomas had been the team's starting left cornerback (opposite Mel Blount) and his loss coupled with the Jimmy Allen trade left the team thin at the cornerback position.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Draft
The 1978 NFL Draft was held on May 2–3, in the ballroom of the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City. The Steelers selected fourteen players. They also traded their selection in the fifth round (pick 128 overall) to the Green Bay Packers for defensive tackle Dave Pureifory (Pureifory  was later traded during training camp to the New England Patriots for their sixth-round selection in the 1979 draft). Coming out of the draft it appeared that the team had addressed perceived needs at punter, defensive back, defensive line and running back.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
The 1978 season began with some controversy, when players were caught wearing shoulder pads in off-season drills in violation of league rules. The infraction occurred during a late May rookie camp and was uncovered and reported by Pittsburgh Press reporter John Clayton.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
"That story had no news value whatsoever. The thing that made it very bad was that the story was of no news to the people of Pittsburgh. So I have to assume that he [referring to John Clayton] is working for the competition. He certainly wasn't working in the interest of the paper or the fans. As far as I'm concerned he was working for the other people. The only way I can read it is espionage. I know for a fact that other people use other media for their interests, to spy."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
– Head coach Chuck Noll's reaction to the "Shouldergate" story.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
Clayton was not the paper's regular Steelers beat writer at the time, but was just filling in that day. While the practice in which the violation occurred was closed to the media by head coach Chuck Noll, Clayton uncovered the story in interviews with players whom he found wearing pads in the locker room. Clayton contacted the league office for clarification on the rule, which stated that teams must have "no contact work or use of pads (except helmets) in an off-season training camp."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
The story caused an uproar among the team's local fanbase, with most of the vitriol directed at Clayton for reporting the story, rather than at Noll and the team for breaking the rule. This sentiment was stoked by Noll's angry reaction to the story, in which he referred to the reporting as "espionage." Even some members of the local media spoke of Clayton as a traitor to the Steeler cause.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
The precedent for punishment of such a rule violation was set by an earlier incident for which the Green Bay Packers were stripped of a fourth-round draft pick. The Packers were able to argue at that time that they were unaware of the rule they broke. The Steelers had no such defense, since the team's president, Dan Rooney, was instrumental in negotiations to get the "no pads" rule included in the collective bargaining agreement with the league's players.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, "Shouldergate"
NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle eventually stripped the Steelers of their third-round selection in the 1979 draft for the transgression.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Training camp
After putting the distractions of the 1977 season and Shouldergate behind them, the Steelers had a very productive training camp in 1978. All-Pro defensive end Joe Greene noted the renewed focus, saying


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Offseason, Training camp
The biggest difference in this camp compared to last year is that this camp is about football, not gossip. Everything that's happening in this camp is about football. That's not saying we’re going to go out there and kick butts, but that's saying we’re going to be going about our business, what we’re being paid for.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
The Steelers exhibition schedule did not start off smoothly, despite coming away with a 22–10 victory against the Baltimore Colts. Starting quarterback Terry Bradshaw suffered a broken nose on a scramble in the first quarter of the game. In addition, the kicking game was unimpressive and the team committed a considerable number of penalties including three personal fouls.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
The second pre-season game against the Atlanta Falcons was the Steelers' lone home exhibition contest. The defense led the way, as they had so many times in the team's back-to-back championship seasons in 1974 and 1975. The defensive strength was illustrated in the first quarter when a blocked punt gave the Falcons the ball on the Steelers three-yard line. After failing to gain yardage on two running plays, the Falcons' third-down pass was intercepted by Donnie Shell (one of five Steelers interceptions on the evening). The Falcons' offense was held scoreless, their only points in the 13–7 loss came off a fumble recovery.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
The next game, against the New York Giants, was a completely different story. The game seemed to be over almost before it started when the Giants scored on a 78-yard touchdown pass in just the second play of the evening. The Giants went on to control the game en route to a 13–6 victory over the listless and mistake-prone Steelers. Coach Noll said of the opening score, "We didn't recover, and that's not a good sign. They outdid us all down the line. They hit harder."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
In the fourth and final pre-season game, the Steelers' defense once again played well, but the offense was the weak link in a 16–13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys (in what would turn out to be a preview of the Super Bowl XIII matchup). The Steelers had difficulty running the ball, with six players combining for just 101 yards on 29 rushing attempts. Despite the offensive sluggishness, the Steelers led 13–3 after three quarters.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
Unfortunately, the defense was worn out (they faced a staggering 82 plays in the game) and they gave up two touchdown passes to Roger Staubach in the fourth quarter. The lack of offensive rhythm led Terry Bradshaw to comment, "I feel terrible. I'm concerned. It's easy to say that it'll come. But I don't want to go into the Buffalo game worried about the offense. ... If you looked at this, you'd have to say we have a lot of work to do."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-season
At the end of the preseason, the Steelers were listed by oddsmakers at Harrah's casino in Las Vegas as 5–1 to win the American Football Conference (AFC). The favorites were the Oakland Raiders at 7–5, followed by the New England Patriots at 3–1 and then the Steelers and Baltimore Colts at 5–1.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 1: at Buffalo Bills
The Steelers came into the season opener as heavy favorites over the Buffalo Bills. The Steel Curtain defense was dominant early, holding the Bills to just 59 total yards and only six first downs in first three quarters of play. New defensive coordinator George Perles employed the blitz to a much greater degree than the team had in the past. Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson, who was coming off a knee injury suffered in the pre-season, struggled with just three completions and 20 yards on ten passing attempts before being pulled from the game.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 1: at Buffalo Bills
Meanwhile, the Steelers scored two second-quarter touchdowns, the first coming on a throw from Terry Bradshaw to John Stallworth. Stallworth caught three passes of twenty yards or longer in the Steelers first two possessions. The Steelers second score came on a one-yard plunge by Franco Harris. When the Steelers scored again on a Sidney Thornton rush at the start of the first quarter to go up 21–0, the game appeared to be all but over.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 1: at Buffalo Bills
However, Bill Munson came into the game in relief of Ferguson and sparked the Bills to two quick scores that brought the Bills to within 11 points. The Steelers put the game away with a 73-yard drive capped by Bradshaw's second touchdown of the game.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Seattle Seahawks
This game marked the second ever meeting between the Steelers and the Seattle Seahawks, who were playing in just their third NFL season. The Seahawks entered the game hoping to stop the Steelers running game – while that effort was largely successful the Steelers and quarterback Terry Bradshaw won with the passing game. After a scoreless first quarter, the Steelers took a 14–0 lead which they wouldn't relinquish on a pair of Bradshaw touchdown passes. Linebacker Jack Lambert led the Steelers defense with an interception, a fumble recovery and five solo tackles.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Seattle Seahawks
The first quarter saw Bradshaw injure his throwing hand when he jammed his index finger on a helmet. However, he played through the soreness and threw the two second-quarter scoring passes to Lynn Swann and Sidney Thornton. The Seahawks scored on a David Sims rushing touchdown to stay within one score at halftime. The Seahawks caught the Steelers off guard with a successful onside kick following the Sims score, however the subsequent drive ended in a missed field goal. In the third quarter, the Seahawks narrowed the lead to just four points off an Effren Herrera field goal.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Seattle Seahawks
At the start of the fourth quarter Franco Harris, who was hampered in the game by a bruised thigh, was stopped less than a yard short of the goalline on a third down play. Coach Chuck Noll initially sent the field-goal team on, but after a timeout he reconsidered and sent the offense back out. Harris ran behind the right guard and pushed the ball across the plane of the goalline before being pushed back. The play was ruled a touchdown, though the Seahawks disputed the call.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 2: vs. Seattle Seahawks
The win gave the Steelers a 2–0 record – a mark they had achieved only once since 1956.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Cincinnati Bengals
The Steelers entered the third week 2–0 and favored to win, though one sportswriter called the Steelers "convincing but not overpowering", and noted that they had not beaten the point spread in either of their first two games.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Cincinnati Bengals
The Bengals came into the game without their starting quarterback, Ken Anderson who was nursing a broken finger. Steelers running back Franco Harris busted through the Bengals 3–4 defense for a 37-yard gain on the game's first offensive play. Five plays later, Rocky Bleier scored on a 5-yard run and the Steelers never looked back. The Steelers didn't punt for the first time until the end of the third quarter and they dominated statistically. Center Mike Webster noted, "From the first play on, everything worked."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Cincinnati Bengals
The Steelers players were beginning to feel that the team might be once again approaching the level of the Super Bowl teams. Bleier said after the game, "At some point, I don't know when, people are going to start saying, 'Hey, it's the Steelers again.'" When asked about his performance through the first three games, Bradshaw admitted he was playing the best football of his life, saying, "Yes and I don't know why, but I don't even want to find out. Whatever it is, maybe, it'll last all year. Maybe it will be one of those dream years people have been wantin' me to have." Linebacker Jack Lambert stated, "We're playing well and we've got a good attitude. Last year was no good. This is good."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Cincinnati Bengals
Coach Noll tried to tamp down expectations, saying "We're happy to be there. We'll take any kind of crumbs we can get." But even he had to admit that, "It was a good day for us." He added, "Our football team is functioning with a pretty good concept of what it's all about, what it takes. Things aren't out of perspective at all."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 3: at Cincinnati Bengals
The 28–3 final was the Steelers largest ever margin over the Bengals, eclipsing the 27–3 win from 1974. The 3–0 start to the season was only the third in the franchise's history and they stood tied atop the AFC Central division with the Cleveland Browns.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
The Steelers and Browns came into their week four matchup tied atop the AFC Central standings, but Cleveland was without their four-time Pro Bowl running back Greg Pruitt who had been hospitalized by a leg contusion. The Browns had never previously won in the two teams' eight previous meetings in Three Rivers Stadium. Coach Noll predicted, however, that the Browns would remain competitive without Pruitt, going so far as to say that the game "is their Super Bowl."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
The Browns contained the Steelers offense all game, and after four quarters the game was tied at 9 with neither team managing to score a touchdown in regulation. The Browns had two apparent scores nullified by penalty: a 61-yard touchdown pass in the first quarter was called back when it was ruled that Browns quarterback Brian Sipe had crossed the line of scrimmage prior to releasing the ball and later a 17-yard pass was nullified by a holding penalty. A Hail Mary attempt by the Browns on the final play of the fourth quarter was intercepted by Steelers defensive back Tony Dungy.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
The Steelers won the overtime coin toss and chose to receive the kickoff. On the kickoff, Steelers returner Larry Anderson lost the ball as he was being tackled. While the Browns felt that Anderson had fumbled (and replays later showed that it probably was a fumble), the officials ruled that Anderson was down and the play had been whistled dead before he lost the ball. Steelers retained possession at their 21-yard line. A few plays later, the Steelers were forced into a fourth down situation just over mid-field with 1 yard to go.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
Coach Noll chose to go for the conversion, which was gained by a short Franco Harris run. When asked about the decision Noll said, "It wasn't that much of a gamble, especially when the players had such a strong conviction of going for it — when you want something you try that much harder to attain your goal."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 4: vs. Cleveland Browns
A few plays after the fourth-down conversion, a Steelers trick play turned out to be the game's final decisive play. On the play, Terry Bradshaw handed off to running back Rocky Bleier who gave the ball to wide receiver Lynn Swann on an apparent reverse. Swann, however, pitched the ball back to quarterback Terry Bradshaw who completed a 37-yard pass to tight end Bennie Cunningham for the decisive touchdown. Coach Noll revealed after the game that the flea flicker was actually a part of the team's specific game-plan for the Browns saying, "It was called high school right. We resurrected it this week and worked on it Wednesday and Thursday in practice."


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Game summaries, Week 5: at New York Jets
The win brought the Steelers to 5–0 which was the best start to a season in the franchise's history.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Playoffs, Game summaries, AFC Championship: vs. Houston Oilers
On a wet, slick, and slippery field, the Steelers dominated the Oilers by forcing 9 turnovers and only allowing 5 points. Pittsburgh took the early lead by driving 57 yards to score on running back Franco Harris' 7-yard touchdown run. Then, linebacker Jack Ham recovered a fumble at the Houston 17-yard line, which led to running back Rocky Bleier's 15-yard rushing touchdown.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Playoffs, Game summaries, AFC Championship: vs. Houston Oilers
In the second quarter, a 19-yard field goal by Oilers kicker Toni Fritsch cut the score 14–3, but then the Steelers scored 17 points during the last 48 seconds of the second quarter. First, Houston running back Ronnie Coleman lost a fumble, and moments later Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann caught a 29-yard touchdown reception. Then Johnnie Dirden fumbled the ensuing kickoff, which led to Steelers wide receiver John Stallworth's 17-yard reception. After the Oilers got the ball back, Coleman fumbled again, and Roy Gerela kicked a field goal to increase Pittsburgh's lead, 31–3. Houston would never pose a threat for the rest of the game as they turned over the ball 4 times in their 6 second-half possessions.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Awards, honors, and records
Several Steelers players received individual honors in recognition of their play during the 1978 season. Terry Bradshaw swept the season's Most Valuable Player (MVP) recognition, earning both the regular season and Super Bowl honors as well as the team's internal MVP award. The team led the league with ten players selected to the 1979 Pro Bowl (a full quarter of the 40-player AFC squad). Among the Pro Bowlers were three offensive and two defensive starters. Eight Steeler performers were recognized as All-NFL by various publications and four others made All-Conference squads.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Awards, honors, and records, Pro Bowl Selections
The following players were selected to represent the AFC in the Pro Bowl. The team was selected on the basis of ballots submitted by each of the conference's 14 head coaches as well as a consensus of voting by each team's players.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Awards, honors, and records, Pro Bowl Selections
Mike Wagner was originally announced as the reserve safety, but an error in the tabulation of the ballots was uncovered and Donnie Shell was named to the team instead.


1978 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Awards, honors, and records, All-Pro Selections
The following players were named to All-NFL or All-Conference squads designated by one or more of several publications and groups who identified the players judged to be the top performers of the 1978 season.


1978 Pontefract and Castleford by-election
A by-election was held for the British House of Commons parliamentary constituency of Pontefract and Castleford on 26 October 1978 following the death of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Joseph Harper on 24 June. It was one of two UK parliamentary by-elections held on that day.


1978 Pontefract and Castleford by-election
The result was a Labour hold. The party's majority was reduced from the 54.2% at the October 1974 general election to a still comfortable 38.6%. Both Labour and Liberal Party candidates saw their votes fall, the latter's share of the vote being nearly halved.


1978 Pontefract and Castleford by-election
The winner, Geoffrey Lofthouse, served as the constituency's MP until his retirement at the 1997 general election.


1978 Pontins Professional
The 1978 Pontins Professional was the fifth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place from April to May 1978 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1978 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured twelve professional players. Two players advance to the final while the other ten were eliminated in the group stage. All frames were played during the group stage matches.


1978 Pontins Professional
Ray Reardon won the event, beating John Spencer 7–2 in the final.


1978 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 1978 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's singles tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Tennis Sporthalle Filderstadt in Filderstadt in West Germany. The event was part of the A category of the 1978 Colgate Series. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 23 October through 29 October 1978. First-seeded Tracy Austin won the singles title, her first as a professional, and earned $6,000 first-prize money as well as a Porsche 924.


1978 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Tracy Austin /  Betty Stöve defeated  Mima Jaušovec /  Virginia Ruzici 6–3, 6–2


1978 Portland Timbers season
The 1978 Portland Timbers season was the fourth season for the Portland Timbers in the now-defunct North American Soccer League.


1978 Portland Timbers season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1978 Portland Timbers season, North American Soccer League, Regular season, National Conference, Western Division standings
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = PointsSource:


1978 Portland Timbers season, North American Soccer League, Postseason, Playoff bracket
* = Shootout win; MG = Series decided by 30-minute mini-game (score of mini-game in 3rd column)Source:


1978 Pot Black
The 1978 Pot Black was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which was held in the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham, and this year, the tournament returned to 8 players competing in 2 four player groups. All matches were one-frame shoot-outs but the final this year was played in the best of 3 frames on a one-hour programme.


1978 Pot Black
Broadcasts were on BBC2 and started at 21:00 on Friday 6 January 1978  Alan Weeks presented the programme with Ted Lowe as commentator and Sydney Lee as referee.


1978 Pot Black
The previous year's finalist Doug Mountjoy beat twice Pot Black Champion Graham Miles in the first final to have a best of 3 frames format 2–1.


1978 Pot Black, Main draw
The draw for the group stages was made by comedian Eric Morecambe and shown before the first match.


1978 Prague Skate
The 1978 Prague Skate was held in November 1978. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1978 Preakness Stakes
The 1978 Preakness Stakes was the 103rd running of the $210,000 Grade 1 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 20, 1978, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Affirmed, who was jockeyed by Steve Cauthen, won the race by a head over runner-up Alydar, repeating Affirmed's close victory over Alydar in the Kentucky Derby. Believe It finished 3rd, repeating his result from the Kentucky Derby. Approximate post time was 5:41 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:54-2/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 81,261, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1978.


1978 Preakness Stakes
Longshot Track reward took the lead early, but Affirmed took the lead entering the backstretch. Alydar had remained fairly close to the leaders and almost caught up to Affirmed entering the stretch. But Affirmed never let Alydar catch up, and won by a neck. 3rd place Believe It finished 7 1/2 lengths behind.


1978 President's Cup Football Tournament
The 1978 President Park's Cup International Football Tournament (Korean: 제8회 박대통령컵 쟁탈 국제축구대회) was the eighth competition of Korea Cup. It was held from 9 to 21 September 1978, and was won by South Korea for the fifth time, who defeated Washington Diplomats in the final.


1978 Primera División de Chile
The 1978 Campeonato Nacional was Chilean first tier's 46th season. Palestino was the tournament's champion, winning its second title.


1978 Primera División de Chile, Liguilla Pre-Copa Libertadores, Liguilla Play-off match
O'Higgins qualified to 1979 Copa Libertadores due to its better League position


1978 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1978 Prince Edward Island general election was held on April 24, 1978.


1978 Prince Edward Island general election
The election was one of the closest on records, with the governing Liberals of Premier Alexander B. Campbell losing a number of seats to their Progressive Conservative rivals. The razor thin result led to an unstable legislature and another election was held just one year later in 1979.


1978 Prince Edward Island general election, Members elected
The Legislature of Prince Edward Island had two levels of membership from 1893 to 1996 - Assemblymen and Councillors. This was a holdover from when the Island had a bicameral legislature, the General Assembly and the Legislative Council.


1978 Prince Edward Island general election, Members elected
In 1893, the Legislative Council was abolished and had its membership merged with the Assembly, though the two titles remained separate and were elected by different electoral franchises. Assembleymen were elected by all eligible voters of within a district. Before 1963, Councillors were only elected by landowners within a district, but afterward they were elected in the same manner as Assemblymen.


1978 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1978 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Princeton finished seventh in the Ivy League.


1978 Princeton Tigers football team
In their first year under head coach Frank Navarro, the Tigers compiled a 2–5–2 record and were outscored 183 to 126. Gregory D. Bauman and Robert L. Ehrlich Jr. were the team captains.


1978 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton's 1–4–2 conference record placed seventh in the Ivy League standings. The Tigers were outscored 147 to 113 by Ivy opponents.


1978 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton played its home games at Palmer Stadium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey.


1978 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The 1978 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 1 October 1978. It was the 57th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.


1978 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The winner was Alleged, a four-year-old colt trained in Ireland by Vincent O'Brien and ridden by Lester Piggott. Alleged, the 14/10 favourite, defeated the mare Trillion by two lengths, with Dancing Maid a further two lengths back in third. Alleged became the sixth horse to win the race twice after Ksar, Motrico, Corrida, Tantieme and Ribot. The winning time was 2:36.1.


1978 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, Full result
* Abbreviations: ns = nose; shd = short-head; hd = head; snk = short neck; nk = neck


1978 Prize of Moscow News
The 1978 Prize of Moscow News was the 13th edition of an international figure skating competition organized in Moscow, Soviet Union. It was held December 6-10, 1978. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating and ice dancing.


1978 Pro Bowl
The 1978 Pro Bowl was the NFL's 28th annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1977 season. The game was played on Monday, January 23, 1978, at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida before a crowd of 50,716. The final score was NFC 14, AFC 13.


1978 Pro Bowl
Ted Marchibroda of the Baltimore Colts lead the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Los Angeles Rams head coach Chuck Knox. The referee was Fred Wyant.


1978 Pro Bowl
Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Players on the winning NFC team received $5,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $2,500.


1978 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1978 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University in the 1978 Big Ten Conference football season.


1978 Qom protest
1978 Qom protests refers to the demonstrations against the Pahlavy dynasty ignited by the Iran and Red and Black Colonization article published in Ettela'at newspaper on 7 January 1978. The article insulted Khomeini, describing him as Indian Sayyed, who later founded the Islamic Republic of Iran.


1978 Qom protest
9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom.


1978 Qom protest, Prelude
The 1978 Qom protest was precedented by 1978 Qom protest also staged by the seminary students. On 7 January 1978, an article insulting Khomeini was published by a pseudonymous author in Ettela'at, an afternoon newspaper in Tehran. Reacting to the article, huge protests were formed in Qom.


1978 Qom protest, The event
At the evening of the 7 January 1978, students of seminary in Qom made hand copies of the article, a cheap and safe method, adding the addendum that the next day a meeting was to be hold at the Khan seminary in protest to the contents of the article. Students protested the next day, on 8 January, and bazaar were closed on 9 January 1978. The 9 January protests turned violent when someone, protestors or provocateurs, threw stone breaking the window of a nearby bank which resulted in the security forces using live ammunition to disperse and attack people. Between 5-300 people were consequently killed in the protest.