1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
Richard Petty, Darrell Waltrip, Benny Parsons, and Cale Yarborough would constantly compete for the lead in this 400-lap event. After two hours and fifty-nine minutes of racing, Darrell Waltrip would defeat Cale Yarborough by slightly more than seven seconds in front of a live audience of eleven thousand people. There were 26 drivers on the starting grid. Junior Miller withdrew from the race on lap 5 and would become the last-place finisher in the race.


1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
Petty looked like he was going to run away with the race until he took a clobbering down the backstretch and was knocked out of the race on lap 240; he was the pole position starter by virtue of driving up to 108.35 miles per hour (174.37 km/h) during his solo qualifying run.


1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
The winner of the race would drive at speeds averaging up to 86.713 miles per hour (139.551 km/h) in the actual event.


1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
This would become Waltrip's fifth win of the 1977 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. However, he would not become a credible challenger for the Winston Cup Championship until the 1980s.


1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
Notable crew chiefs who actively participated in the race included Buddy Parrott, Jake Elder, Joey Arrington, Kirk Shelmerdine, Dale Inman, Harry Hyde, and Tim Brewer.


1977 Wilkes 400, Race report
Monetary awards for this event ranged from $12,500 ($53,384 when adjusted for inflation) to a meager $390 ($1,666 when adjusted for inflation). The total prize purse for this racing event was $64,055 ($273,562 when adjusted for inflation).


1977 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1977 William & Mary Indians football team represented the College of William & Mary as an independent during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Led by Jim Root in his sixth year as head coach, William & Mary finished the season with a record of 6–5.


1977 William & Mary Indians football team, Game summaries, East Carolina / "12th Man Tackle"
On November 12, William & Mary met heavily-favored East Carolina in the Oyster Bowl. In the third quarter East Carolina led by three points. With 3:15 left in the third quarter, William & Mary quarterback Tom Rozantz broke loose and ran for the end zone. Jim Johnson, a former head coach for the East Carolina football team, who was described by The Virginian Pilot as "a portly 65-year-old gentleman in a raincoat", ran from the sidelines and threw a block tackle on Rozantz before he could score the winning touchdown. The unusual turn of events silenced the screaming William & Mary fans, and the officials gathered to discuss their course of action. After deliberation, the play was ruled a touchdown and William & Mary went on to win, 21–17.


1977 William Jones Memorial Cup
The 1977 William Jones Memorial Cup was the first edition of the William Jones Cup held in July 1977 in the span of two weeks.


1977 William Jones Memorial Cup
The games were held in a 10,000 capacity pavilion with poor lighting conditions. In the group stage, the 9 teams were divided into two groups with the top two teams from each group advancing to the next round.


1977 William Jones Memorial Cup
The Eastern Unit of the United States-based Athletes in Action won the 1977 William Jones Cup. Eastern Washington Eagles and the Flying Camels ended up second and third respectively.


1977 Wiltshire County Council election
Elections to Wiltshire County Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1977. The whole council of 79 members was up for election and the result was that the Conservatives took overall control, winning 57 seats, a gain of 17. They had previously had to rely on Independents. Labour ended with 14 county councillors, the Liberals and Independents four each.


1977 Wiltshire County Council election
The Chairman of the Council since 1973, Frank Willan, was re-elected and continued in office until 1979, when he was succeeded by Nigel Anderson.


1977 Wimbledon Championships
The 1977 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from 20 June until 2 July. It was the 91st staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1977.


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Centenary celebrations
On the opening day of the tournament, Monday 20 June, to celebrate the centenary of the first Gentlemen's Singles event, former singles champions were presented with a medal by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Katharine, Duchess of Kent on Centre Court.


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Centenary celebrations
Those attending were: Kitty Godfree, Jean Borotra, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Jack Crawford, Sidney Wood, Fred Perry, Dorothy Round, Don Budge, Alice Marble, Yvon Petra, Jack Kramer, Bob Falkenburg, Ted Schroeder, Budge Patty, Dick Savitt, Margaret duPont, Frank Sedgman, Louise Brough, Vic Seixas, Doris Hart, Jaroslav Drobný, Tony Trabert, Shirley Irvin, Lew Hoad, Chuck McKinley, Ashley Cooper, Maria Bueno, Alex Olmedo, Neale Fraser, Angela Barrett, Rod Laver, Karen Susman, Roy Emerson, Billie Jean King, Manuel Santana, John Newcombe, Ann Jones, Evonne Goolagong Cawley, Stan Smith, Jan Kodeš, Arthur Ashe, Chris Evert and Björn Borg.


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Centenary celebrations
Jacques Brugnon and Elizabeth Ryan were invited to represent all of the doubles champions. Ryan won a total of 19 doubles titles, a record that remains to date. Jimmy Connors (who was the number one seed for the tournament) did not attend the event, choosing instead to practise with Ilie Năstase at the time of the ceremony. This apparent snub by the American earned him harsh booing from the Centre Court crowd when he appeared to play his first round match the following day. The All England Club responded to media enquiries when Major David Mills, the secretary, issued this terse statement: "Medals will be sent only to former champions who indicated they could not be here, and not to those who were here and had the extreme discourtesy not to collect it. ".


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Centenary celebrations
To commemorate the centenary of the event, all former singles champions were offered a place in the main draw by the All England Club. Several former singles champions (some of whom had been retired) competed in the championships as a result. Björn Borg, Jimmy Connors, Stan Smith, Rod Laver and Jan Kodeš competed in the gentlemen's singles, with John Newcombe and Neale Fraser playing in the doubles. Chris Evert, Maria Bueno, Karen Susman and Billie Jean King played in the ladies singles, with Ann Jones competing in the ladies doubles.


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Prize money
The total prize money for 1977 championships was £222,540. The winner of the men's title earned £15,000 while the women's singles champion earned £13,500.


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Men's Singles
Björn Borg defeated  Jimmy Connors, 3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Ross Case /  Geoff Masters defeated  John Alexander /  Phil Dent, 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 8–9(4–7), 6–4


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Helen Cawley /  JoAnne Russell defeated  Martina Navratilova /  Betty Stöve, 6–3, 6–3


1977 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Bob Hewitt /  Greer Stevens defeated  Frew McMillan /  Betty Stöve, 3–6, 7–5, 6–4


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles
Van Winitsky defeated Eliot Teltscher in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Boys' Singles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' Singles
Lea Antonoplis defeated Peanut Louie in the final, 7–5, 6–1 to win the Girls' Singles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Jim Delaney and Sashi Menon.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Ross Case and Geoff Masters defeated John Alexander and Phil Dent in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 8–9, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Doubles title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships. This was Ross and Masters' second Men's Doubles Grand Slam title (after the 1974 Australian Open), and also their last.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Defending champion Björn Borg successfully defended his title, defeating Jimmy Connors in the final, 3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
It was the first Wimbledon appearance for future three-time champion John McEnroe, who entered as a qualifier and reached the semifinals before losing to Connors. It was also the final major appearance for two-time Wimbledon champion Rod Laver.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event. Several players withdrew from the main draw after qualifying had commenced, leading to the highest ranked players who lost in the final qualifying round to be entered into the main draw as lucky losers.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Tony Roche and Françoise Dürr were the defending champions, but Roche did not compete. Dürr partnered with Marty Riessen but lost in the third round to Bob Hewitt and Greer Stevens.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Hewitt and Stevens defeated Frew McMillan and Betty Stöve in the final, 3–6, 7–5, 6–4 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova were the defending champions, but decided not to play together. Evert partnered with Rosie Casals, but they lost in the second round to Helen Cawley and JoAnne Russell.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Cawley and Russell defeated Navratilova and Betty Stöve in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Virginia Wade defeated Betty Stöve in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 6–1 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1977 Wimbledon Championships. Wade is the most recent British woman to win the Wimbledon singles title.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Chris Evert was the defending champion, but she lost in the semifinals to Wade. This was the first time Wimbledon seeded more than 8 players for the ladies' championship, increasing the number (for this year only) to twelve players. The number increased to 16 in 1978.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Dianne Fromholtz withdrew due to illness. She was replaced in the draw by Lucky Loser Chris O'Neil.


1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event.


1977 Winston 500
The 1977 Winston 500 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on May 1, 1977, at Alabama International Motor Speedway (now Talladega Superspeedway) in Talladega, Alabama. The tenth of 30 races of the 1977 Winston Cup Grand National season, the Winston 500 started 41 cars.


1977 Winston 500
The race's pole was won by A. J. Foyt, driving a Chevrolet Laguna racecar. His pole speed was 192 miles per hour or 309 kilometres per hour. Benny Parsons qualified second while the race's defending champion Buddy Baker timed in 20th. Darrell Waltrip qualified 11th a month following a breakthrough win in the Rebel 500 at Darlington; it was the only time all season a Cup driver started outside the top-8 and ended up in victory lane.


1977 Winston 500, Background
Talladega Superspeedway, originally known as Alabama International Motor Superspeedway (AIMS), is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama. It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln. The track is a Tri-oval and was constructed by International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France Family, in the 1960s. Talladega is most known for its steep banking and the unique location of the start/finish line - located just past the exit to pit road. The track currently hosts the NASCAR series such as the Sprint Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and the Camping World Truck Series. Talladega Superspeedway is the longest NASCAR oval with a length of 2.66 miles (4.28 km), and the track at its peak had a seating capacity of 175,000 spectators.


1977 Winston 500, Race report
The race lead changed 63 times among 11 drivers. Donnie Allison, driving a Chevrolet for Hoss Ellington, raced to the lead on the opening lap and would lead 71 laps total. Foyt fell out on Lap 18 when his engine blew and he spun through Turns Three and Four. Richard Petty, who passed seven cars on Lap Six to take the lead, fell out in the final 35 laps with engine failure, while Baker, who passed both Petty and Foyt for the lead on Lap Seven, fell out 90 laps in with engine failure.


1977 Winston 500, Race report
Coming across the stripe at the white, Waltrip led with Allison in second, Yarborough third, Parsons fourth. In turn one, Waltrip broke the draft and drove to the bottom of the track, gaining a five or six car length advantage. The advantage disintegrated on the backstretch, as Allison showed his hand first, trying vainly to get by Waltrip but was trained by Yarborough who drove up the center and Parsons who rocketed on the inside.


1977 Winston 500, Race report
Yarborough swept up Allison's draft high and banged into Waltrip as he tried to beat him out of four but nearly lost it as he kept his foot in the throttle of his ill-handling car. When Yarborough slipped, Parsons took it and as they came through the trioval, Waltrip drove away from the battle for second as Parsons and Yarborough slammed into each other for second and Allison tried to steal it up high. It was Yarborough beating out Parsons by inches with Allison fourth and Waltrip taking the victory. The win was Waltrip's second of the 1977 season and second on a superspeedway; Darrell Waltrip's win here was the first of four points-paying victories for him at Talladega, all coming between 1977 and 1982.


1977 Winston 500, Race report
Individual earnings for each driver varied from the winner's portion of $26,875 ($114,776 when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's portion of $1,705 ($7,282 when adjusted for inflation). A grand total of $211,405 for all the qualifying drivers ($902,854 when adjusted for inflation).


1977 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1977 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1977 Big Ten Conference football season.


1977 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1977 Women's British Open Squash Championships was held at Wembley in London from 25 February - 3 March 1977. Heather McKay (née Blundell) won her sixteenth consecutive title defeating Barbara Wall in the final. The 1977 final saw the first ever all professional final and the first unseeded player (Wall) in a final. Sue Cogswell became the first woman to take a game from Heather McKay since Marion Jackman in 1972 and the first in the British Open since 1964..


1977 Women's College World Series
The 1977 Women's College World Series (WCWS) was held in Omaha, Nebraska on May 25–29. Sixteen college softball teams met in the AIAW fastpitch softball tournament. This was the first WCWS in which regional tournaments were conducted for teams to qualify for the final tournament.


1977 Women's College World Series, Teams
After appearing in three previous WCWS in 1973, 1975, and 1976, Northern Iowa won its first national championship by defeating Arizona, 7-0, in the "if necessary" game behind pitcher Pat Stockman.


1977 Women's European Volleyball Championship
The 1977 Women's European Volleyball Championship was the tenth edition of the event, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in several cities in Finland from 25 September to 2 October 1977, with the final round held in Tampere.


1977 Women's European Volleyball Championship, Format
The tournament was played in two different stages. In the first stage, the twelve participants were divided in two groups of six teams each. A single round-robin format was played within each group to determine the teams group position. The second stage of the tournament consisted of three sets of semifinals to determine the tournament final ranking. The group stage firsts and seconds played the semifinals for 1st to 4th place, group stage thirds and fourths played the 5th to 8th place semifinals and group stage fifths and sixths played the 9th to 12th semifinals. The pairing of the semifinals was made so teams played against the opposite group teams which finished in a different position (1st played against 2nd, 3rd played against 4th and 5th played against 6th).


1977 Women's Junior World Handball Championship
The 1977 Women's Junior World Handball Championship was the first edition of the Women's Junior World Handball Championship with the tournament taking place in Romania from 30 September to 7 October 1977.


1977 Women's Junior World Handball Championship
Fourteen teams competed in the competition with almost all of the teams bar Congo coming from the European continent. After finishing top of the second round groups, Yugoslavia became the first nation to win the title as they defeated the Soviet Union 16-13 in the final. Romania came in third place after they defeated East Germany by a single goal in the third-place playoff.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women
The 1977 National Women's Conference was held November 18-21, in Houston, Texas. The purpose of this conference was to celebrate International Women's Year and also to create resolutions for women to discuss and address.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women
This was an important event for minority and Latina women in particular, as it gave them, a platform with which to voice their concerns. It brought attention to the issues of minority women, which were often overshadowed by those of the white majority, as one attendee, Jane Hickie, explained: “I don't believe that Anglo women had heard directly expressed those sorts of frustrations from other women who were Mexican American or Puerto Rican American, Latinas, ever before.”


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Hispanic Women
According to the United States Census Bureau, as of March 1977, there were 5.7 million women of Spanish-origin in the United States. These woman are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban descent, as well as from Central or South America and other Spanish-speaking countries. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Mexican-American women
In the United States, Mexican Americans constitute as the second largest minority group. They are also often stereotyped as migrant workers - even forming the largest amount of migrants in general.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Mexican-American women
Chicanas complete an average of ten years of school, about two years less than do women in the population at large. In addition, 71 percent of Chicana women had earned less than $5,000 a year. Chicanas are considered the largest single ethnic group among household workers.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Mexican-American women
In March 1976, 17.2 percent of females in Mexican American families, who worked anytime during 1975, 60.3 percent had earnings below the poverty level. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Puerto Rican women
In the census of 1977, it showed that there was 1.7 million Puerto Ricans living in the United States. The female population makes up a total of 934,000 female Puerto Ricans.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Puerto Rican women
On Average, of the 934,000 female Puerto Ricans, have completed 10.1 years of school; 24 percent completed high school; and only 2 percent are college graduates.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Puerto Rican women
Puerto Rican women are often disadvantaged by lack of bilingual services and programs. This affects their educational attainment and employment opportunities. An estimate of half of the Puerto Rican women are working as service workers in the labor force. A couple of Puerto Rican women with incomes, 66 percent earn less than $5,000. Data collected, indicates that in 1976, 38 percent of Puerto Rican families in the United States were headed by women. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Cuban American Women
The Cuban population is estimated to be around one million. Cuban women stand higher with their education than other groups of Hispanic women. Bilingual and bicultural education and services are a priority for them.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Latina Women in America, Cuban American Women
Whilst many Cuban Americans wait for full immigration status, these procedures are slow and continue to be looked down as an obstacle to their full integration into the employment and political life in the United States. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Organizations, Mexican American Women's National Association
MANA was organized in the year 1974. A group of Chicanas who lived in Washington D.C. began gathering weekend brunches to discuss their exclusion from the feminist movements agenda and their relative invisibility in policy making meetings. Many of the founders who held jobs in the federal government, in congress, or with private policy making groups, inferred that Chicanas needed an organization just like other groups formed by White and African American women.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Organizations, Mexican American Women's National Association
By 1975, MANA had successfully elected their first officers and defined their goals. Such goals included: advocating for issues relevant to Chicanas, developing leadership opportunities, creating a national awareness of Chicana concerns, and national communications network developing for Chicanas. Later that year, MANA hosted its first national conference for and by Chicanas.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Organizations, Mexican American Women's National Association
MANA convinced policymakers to change federal regulations after observing an increasing number of sterilization amongst Chicanas. This was done to ensure that Mexican American women understood the surgical process and its consequences. As well as women receiving information in their primary language. MANA has called for pharmaceutical labeling in Spanish and in English. They worked for employment opportunities, and sought appointments to government boards and commissions for Hispanics.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Organizations, Mexican American Women's National Association
MANA representatives have also testified before congress on domestic violence and child support enforcement. MANA supports affirmative action, reproductive rights, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), pay equity, and welfare reform to change policies that held back women attempting to become economically independent. In 2005, MANA focused on health care, lack of health insurance among Hispanics, and creating ways to access both.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed
"For these approximately 15 million minority women and girls, all the resolutions in this National Plan of Action have special significance. They reflect needs that are even greater than those of white women. Some selected information in the areas of health, reproductive freedom, education and employment is cited here:" [5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Health
The life expectancy for minority women was 72.3 years in 1975. In comparison, for white women, life expectancy was 77.2 years. Maternal mortality was 29.0 per 100,000 minority women, as opposed to 9.1 per 100,000 white women. Among minority women, infant mortality rate was 24.2 per 1,000 non-white births as compared with 16.1 per 1,000 in the overall population.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Health
Poor nutrition is more likely visible for minority women as well as the children born. She is less prone to see a doctor or dentist or to be covered by health insurance and is less likely to have access to a hospital or clinic. As a result, this lack of access to adequate health care is an example of economic status; the interaction of income with race and sex. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Reproductive freedom
Minority women are likely of not knowing how to access information, health care, and family planning techniques that educate them with reproductive freedom. Due to the disproportionate presence of minority women, among poorer groups, depend on Federally funded health care. The restrictions on Medicaid funding abortion, has led to an increase of deaths and injuries from illegal or self-induced abortions. These restrictions has incremented sterilization through 'bargaining'; that is, allowing a woman to have an abortion solely if she agrees to be sterilized.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Reproductive freedom
Minority women are more likely to become the subject of experimental medical techniques and drugs and undergo more sterilization without informed consent. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Education
Collectively, minority women received less formal education than white women. As of March 1977, white women aged 25 and older had completed 12.4 years of school, whereas, compared to 11.7 years of minority women who were in the same range of age. In continuation of March 1977, 64 percent of minority women workers had graduated from high school. This included 12 percent of women who had completed four or more years of college. However, minority women with high school or higher education levels still received lower salaries than educated white women and lower salaries than minority and white men with much less education. [ 5]


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Employment
Minority women rank below minority men and white men. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data shows that in 1975, the average minority female worker earned 26 percent less than the average minority male, and 43 percent less than the average white male. These statistics are prevalent to minority women since 28 percent of the 7.5 million families are headed by women. One-third of all families headed by women are below the poverty level. This is seen more through Black and Hispanic families.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Employment
Unemployment rates for minority women are considerably higher than those for white women and minority and white men. For example, minority women unemployment rate was 13.3 percent in 1977 compared with the 7.8 percent rate of their white counterparts. The unemployment rate for female minority teenagers was 39.0 percent in 1976.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Employment
As of March 1977, 45 percent of employed minority women were in white collar jobs, compared to the 66 percent of employed white women. About 23 percent of white women were working in higher paying, professional-technical, and managerial positions, compared with the 18 percent of minority women. Sixteen percent of minority women occupied lower paying careers (e.g., assemblers, inspectors, semiskilled factory workers) compared to the 10 percent of white women.


1977 Women's National Conference: Minority-Latino-Women, Issues discussed, Employment
In 1976, the median income for all white families in the U.S. was about $15,620. For families headed by women, the median income was $8,226 for whites and $5,140 for minorities. Minority women tend to be the support system in large households, and/ or to be married to men who earn less than the averaged income. As a result, producing more pressure on their earnings. [ 5]


1977 Women's Nordic Football Championship
1977 Women's Nordic Football Championship was the fourth edition of the Women's Nordic Football Championship tournament. It was held from 8 July to 10 July in Mariehamn in the Åland Islands in Finland.


1977 World 600
The 1977 World 600, the 18th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on May 29, 1977, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina.


1977 World 600
Jim Stacy would become the owner of Krauskopf's NASCAR team after this event; with the famed red #71 Dodge getting repainted into the white #5. Neil Bonnett  would stay on the team as driver.


1977 World 600
The mega-hit movie Star Wars was released four days before this race.


1977 World 600, Summary
Forty drivers competed including Benny Parsons, Lennie Pond, Buddy Baker, Darrell Waltrip, and Neil Bonnett. After four hours and twenty-one minutes of racing, Richard Petty defeated polesitter David Pearson by 30.8 seconds in front of 115,000 people. There were 25 lead changes  in this race and six cautions for 31 laps. The qualifying top speed was 161.435 miles per hour (259.804 km/h), the race average speed was 136.676 miles per hour (219.959 km/h). Last-place finisher Ramo Stott had engine trouble on lap 3 of the 400-lap race.


1977 World 600, Summary
Drivers who failed to qualify for this race were Rick Newsom and Bruce Jacobi.


1977 World 600, Summary
Dean Dalton was driving Henley Gray's car when it crashed on lap 64. It looked a lot like Dean Dalton's car with a #19 painted on.


1977 World 600, Summary
Bobby Allison relieved Benny Parsons for the latter part of the race.


1977 World 600, Summary
Ricky Rudd would lead the first laps of his NASCAR Cup Series career during this race. Nord Krauskopf would retire as a NASCAR owner after this race; he would sell his team to Jim Stacy and focus running on his insurance business (K&K Insurance) with his wife Theodora.


1977 World 600, Summary
Pearson's next pole position start would be at the 1977 running of the National 500 (now Bank of America 500); which took place that October.


1977 World 600, Summary
Notable crew chiefs in the race were Tex Powell, Buddy Parrott, Jake Elder, Harry Hyde, Joey Arrington, Kirk Shelmerdine, Dale Inman, Tim Brewer, and Travis Carter.


1977 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men took place on 12 and 13 February 1977 in Heerenveen at the Thialf ice rink.


1977 World Allround Speed Skating Championships for women
The 38th edition of the  World Allround Speed Skating Championships 1977 took place on 12 and 13 February in Keystone, Colorado.


1977 World Archery Championships
The 1977 World Archery Championships was the 29th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Canberra, Australia in February 1977 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).


1977 World Championship Tennis Finals
The 1977 World Championship Tennis Finals was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 7th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1977 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was played at the Moody Coliseum in Dallas, Texas in the United States and was held from May 10 through May 15, 1977.


1977 World Championship Tennis Finals – Singles
Björn Borg was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1977 World Championship Tennis Finals – Singles
Jimmy Connors won in the final 6–7, 6–1, 6–4, 6–3 against Dick Stockton.


1977 World Championship Tennis Finals – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1977 World Championship Tennis circuit
The 1977 season of the World Championship Tennis (WCT) circuit was one of the two rival professional male tennis circuits of 1977. It was organized by World Championship Tennis (WCT) and consisted of a preliminary series of twelve tournaments leading up to a singles play-off in Dallas and doubles play-off in Kansas City in May. 23 players participated and the season final was played by the eight best performers. It was won by American Jimmy Connors who defeated compatriot Dick Stockton in four sets. The total prize money for the 1977 WCT circuit was $2,400,000.


1977 World Championship Tennis circuit
Additionally there were three special events that did not count towards the standings; the Aetna World Cup held in Hartford between America and Australia (10–13 March), the $320,000 Challenge Cup in Las Vegas (14–20 November) and the Tournament of Champions held in Lakeway, Texas (10–13 March, 10–13 July) and Madison Square Garden, New York (17 September).


1977 World Championship Tennis circuit, Borg lawsuit
In February the WCT sued Björn Borg, as well as his management company IMG claiming that Borg had committed a breach of contract by electing to participate in the competing 1977 Grand Prix circuit instead of the WCT circuit. Borg eventually played a single WCT event, the Monte Carlo WCT, and won the tournament. As part of the settlement Borg committed to playing six or eight WCT events in 1978 which were then part of the Grand Prix circuit.


1977 World Championship Tennis circuit, Schedule
The schedule of events on the 1977 WCT circuit, with player progression documented until the quarterfinals stage.


1977 World Championship for Makes
The 1977 World Championship for Makes season featured the sixth FIA World Championship for Makes. This was a motor racing series for Group 5 Special Production Cars, Group 3 & 4 Grand Touring Cars and Group 1 & 2 Touring Cars which ran from 5 February to 23 October 1977 and comprised nine races.


1977 World Championship for Makes, Points system
Points towards the World Championship for Makes were awarded for the first ten eligible finishers in each race in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1. A make was only awarded points for its highest finishing eligible car and no points were awarded for placings gained by any other car of that make.


1977 World Championship for Makes, Points system
Only the best seven results counted towards the championship, with any other points earned not included in the total. Discarded points are shown within brackets.


1977 World Championship for Makes, Points system
Half points were awarded for Round 7 due to the race being stopped prior to half distance.


1977 World Championship for Makes, Points system
The same points system was applied to each of the three Divisional awards, with cars classified as follows:


1977 World Championship for Makes, The cars
The following models contributed to the nett point scores of their respective makes.


1977 World Championship for Makes, World Championship for Sports Cars
For 1977, the FIA again organised two separate World Championships for “sports cars”, with Group 6 cars contesting the World Championship for Sports Cars and production-based cars competing in the World Championship for Makes. Events in which both types of car ran, such as the 12 Hours of Sebring or 24 Hours of Le Mans, were not counted towards either championship.


1977 World Championship for Makes, World Championship for Sports Cars
Following the 1977 season, the World Championship of Makes would become the sole international championship, while the World Championship for Sports Cars would be downgraded by the FIA to become the European Sportscar Championship. That series would only last the 1978 season before being dissolved.


1977 World Cup (men's golf)
The 1977 World Cup took place December 8–11 at the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club in Manila, Philippines. It was the 25th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 50 teams. The Mexico team of Ernesto Perez Acosta and Victor Regalado did not arrive on time to start and were replaced by a Filipino amateur team of Tommy Manotoc and Emilio Tuazon. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results.


1977 World Cup (men's golf)
The Spanish team of Seve Ballesteros and Antonio Garrido successfully defended the title Spain won in 1976 and won by two strokes over the Philippines team of Ben Arda and Rudy Lavares. The individual competition for The International Trophy, was won by Gary Player of South Africa, three strokes ahead of Lavares and Hubert Green, United States.


1977 World Fencing Championships
The 1977 World Fencing Championships were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The event took place from July 14 to July 24, 1977.


1977 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1977 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Tokyo, Japan from March 1 to 6. At the event, sanctioned by the International Skating Union, medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1977 World Figure Skating Championships
The ISU Representative was Jacques Favart of France. The ISU Technical Delegates were Hermann Schiechtl of West Germany.


1977 World Junior Curling Championships
The 1977 World Junior Curling Championships were held from February 27 to March 3 at Laval University in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada. The tournament only consisted of a men's event.


1977 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The 1977 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on February 8–12, 1977 in Megève, France. Sanctioned by the International Skating Union, it was the second edition of an annual competition in which figure skaters compete for the title of world junior champion. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1977 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
The 1977 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships (1977 WJHC) were held between December 22, 1976, and January 2, 1977, in Banská Bystrica and Zvolen, Czechoslovakia. The Soviet team won the tournament with a perfect 7–0 record. This was the fourth edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship, but the first to be included in official IIHF records. Canada was represented by the 1976 Memorial Cup champions St. Catharines Fincups with eight additions from other OHA teams, but the other seven nations were represented by teams of their top under-20 players. The tournament was expanded to eight teams, with West Germany and Poland making their debut.


1977 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Final standings
The tournament was a round-robin format, with each team playing each of the other seven teams once each.


1977 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Final standings
While not relegated, Poland did have the opportunity to play a challenge against Switzerland for inclusion in the 1978 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, but declined.


1977 World Juniors Track Cycling Championships
The 1977 UCI Juniors Track World Championships were the third annual Junior World Championship for track cycling held in Vienna, Austria in August 1977.


1977 World Juniors Track Cycling Championships
The Championships had five events for men only. The Sprint, Points race, Individual pursuit and Team pursuit were carried forward from the previous edition, while the 1 kilometre time trial was held for the first time.


1977 World Karate Championships
The 1977 World Karate Championships are the 4th edition of the World Karate Championships, and were held in Nippon Budokan, Tokyo, Japan in 1977.


1977 World Masters Athletics Championships
The second World Masters Athletics Championships were held in Gothenburg, Sweden, from August 8-13, 1977. The World Masters Athletics Championships serve the division of the sport of athletics for people over 35 years of age, referred to as masters athletics.


1977 World Masters Athletics Championships
A full range of track and field events were held, along with a cross country race and a marathon. Among the notable performances, American Miki Gorman won the 40–44 masters division in each of the 1500 meters, 3000 meters, cross-country, and marathon competitions.


1977 World Men's Military Cup
The 1977 World Military Championship was a football tournament which took place in Damascus, capital of Syria.


1977 World Men's Military Cup, Qualification, Qualification stage, Group 7
Played between  Iraq,  Bahrain,  North Yemen and  United Arab Emirates


1977 World Modern Pentathlon Championships
The 1977 World Modern Pentathlon Championships were held in San Antonio, United States.


1977 World Outdoor Bowls Championship
The 1977 Women's World Outdoor Bowls Championship  was held in Worthing, England, from 21 May - 5 June 1977. Elsie Wilkie successfully defended her singles title which was held in a round robin format. The Pairs went to Hong Kong, the Triples to Wales and the Fours to Australia. The Taylor Trophy was won by the Australian team.


1977 World Rally Championship
The 1977 World Rally Championship was the fifth season of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) World Rally Championship (WRC). The schedule was expanded by one event to 11, with some changes to the locations visited. Morocco was dropped from the schedule while new rallies were introduced in Quebec and New Zealand.


1977 World Rally Championship
Due to internal politics within the company, Lancia failed to mount a significant effort to capture a fourth consecutive Championship. Instead, corporate partner Fiat led the fight against Ford, ultimately triumphing in a tightly contested battle that lasted most of the year.


1977 World Rally Championship
From 1973 to 1978, the WRC only awarded a championship for manufacturers. Scoring was modified in 1977 to a more complex system including points both for overall and group placement. A car would still have to place in the overall top 10 to score points.


1977 World Rally Championship
In addition to the Championship for Manufacturers, the FIA began awarding the FIA Cup for Rally Drivers. A total of 20 events were part of this series, including all rallies of the WRC, the five coefficient 4 rallies from the European Championship and four FIA Special Events. Only the best 8 results were counted towards the title: five WRC rallies, two ERC rallies and one Special Event.


1977 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
VIII World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Basel, Switzerland from the 13th to 16 October 1977


1977 World Rowing Championships
The 1977 World Rowing Championships was the 6th World Rowing Championships. The championships were held from 19 to 28 August 1977 on the Bosbaan rowing lake in Amsterdam, Netherlands.


1977 World Rowing Championships, Medal summary
About 556 rowers from 28 countries competed at the event. Medallists at the 1977 World Rowing Championships were:


1977 World Rowing Championships, Medal summary, Women's events
In the coxed four, the Bulgarian team was one of the favourites. After two false starts in the final they were disqualified.


1977 World Series
The 1977 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1977 season. The 74th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the American League (AL) champion New York Yankees and the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers. The Yankees defeated the Dodgers four games to two to win the franchise's 21st World Series championship, their first since 1962, and the first under the ownership of George Steinbrenner. Played from October 11 to 18, the Series was televised  on ABC.


1977 World Series
During this Series, Reggie Jackson earned his nickname "Mr. October" for his heroics. Billy Martin won what would be his only World Series title as a manager after guiding the Yankees to a second straight pennant.


1977 World Series, Route to the series, New York Yankees
The New York Yankees returned to the World Series after being swept by the Cincinnati Reds the previous year. In free agency, the Yankees signed slugging right fielder Reggie Jackson for US$2.96 million ($13,461,942 in current dollar terms) over five years and Cincinnati Reds ace pitcher Don Gullett for $2 million ($9,095,906 in current dollar terms) over six years. Two other key players were acquired by the Yankees through trades. Shortstop Bucky Dent was picked up from the Chicago White Sox for outfielder Oscar Gamble, pitcher LaMarr Hoyt, and $200,000. After only one year with the Oakland Athletics, pitcher Mike Torrez was acquired in exchange for pitcher Dock Ellis and utilitymen Marty Perez and Larry Murray.


1977 World Series, Route to the series, New York Yankees
After a lackluster first half, the Yankees finished strong, winning 38 of their last 51 games, edging both the Boston Red Sox and the Baltimore Orioles by 2+1⁄2 games. Among the star-laden lineup was an emerging superstar, Ron Guidry. Early in the season Guidry was moved from the bullpen into the starting rotation, finishing 16-7 with a 2.82 ERA. The Yankees advanced to the World Series after beating the Kansas City Royals in an exciting fifth and final 1977 American League Championship Series (ALCS) game, winning it with three runs in the top of the ninth on a string of singles and a costly error by George Brett.


1977 World Series, Route to the series, Los Angeles Dodgers
The National League champion Los Angeles Dodgers were managed by Tommy Lasorda, who was in his first full season as manager. The 1977 Dodgers became the first team to have four players hit 30 or more home runs in one season, as Steve Garvey hit 33, Reggie Smith hit 32, Ron Cey hit 30, and Dusty Baker hit 30. The pitching staff, which led the National League in ERA, 3.22, were led by 20-game winner Tommy John and closer Charlie Hough with 22 saves. The Dodgers won 22 of their first 26 games, winning the Western Division by 10 games over the Cincinnati Reds, then eliminated the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1977 National League Championship Series (NLCS) in four games.


1977 World Series, Route to the series, Series preview
The matchup of the Yankees and the Dodgers harkened back to the "Subway Series" matchups between the two teams of the 1940s and 1950s. The two teams had met in eight previous World Series, with the Yankees winning in 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, and 1956 and the Dodgers in 1955 and 1963. The 1963 series was their first meeting after the Dodgers had moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958.


1977 World Series, Route to the series, Series preview
This was the first World Series in which the ceremonial first pitches were from the mound instead of from the Commissioner's box, although this did not become permanent until 1989.


1977 World Series, Series statistics, Summary
AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Los Angeles Dodgers (2)


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Dodgers scored twice in the top of the first inning, when Davey Lopes walked and scored on a Bill Russell triple off Don Gullett. Ron Cey made it 2–0 on a sacrifice fly. In the bottom of the inning, the Yankees responded with consecutive two-out singles by Thurman Munson, Reggie Jackson, and Chris Chambliss, scoring Munson.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
In the top of the sixth inning, Steve Garvey beat out a bunt and, with two out, attempted to score from first on a hit-and-run single to center field by Glenn Burke. Mickey Rivers, who did not possess a strong throwing arm, threw home. Replays showed Garvey clearly beat the tag but he was called out at the plate. The Yankees tied it in their half of the sixth inning when Willie Randolph hit a home run off Don Sutton.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Yankees took the lead in the eighth inning when Munson doubled home Randolph. Later in the inning, the Yankees loaded the bases with one out, but Dodger reliever Elías Sosa struck out Lou Piniella and retired Bucky Dent on a forceout to end the threat.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Dodgers tied it at 3–3 in the ninth inning Dusty Baker led off with a single and was almost picked off first when pinch-hitter Manny Mota failed on a bunt attempt. Mota flied out, but Steve Yeager walked and pinch-hitter Lee Lacy drove Baker home with a single.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
In extra innings, the Yankees got their leadoff hitters on in both the tenth and eleventh innings but did not score due to failure to lay down sacrifice bunts. Finally, in the 12th, Randolph led off and doubled and Munson was walked intentionally. Yankee manager Billy Martin at first wanted Paul Blair, the next hitter, to try to sacrifice again, but after two failed attempts, Martin had Blair hit away and Blair singled home Randolph with the game-winner.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
1977 AL Cy Young award winner Sparky Lyle took the win in Game 1 and, coupled with his wins in Games 4 and 5 of the 1977 ALCS, as of 2019 is the only pitcher to win three consecutive decisions in a single postseason.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
With aces Ron Guidry and Mike Torrez having both pitched in Game 5 of the ALCS, Billy Martin was forced to use a sore-shouldered Catfish Hunter in Game 2. The Dodgers hit three homers in the first three innings off Hunter, as Ron Cey hit a two-run home run in the first, Steve Yeager a home run in the second, and Reggie Smith a two-run home run in the third. Steve Garvey hit a home run in the ninth off of Sparky Lyle. Burt Hooton pitched a five-hit complete game, allowing only run one in the fourth on Reggie Jackson's ground ball double play after Willie Randolph and Thurman Munson led off the inning with back-to-back singles. Hooton made amends for his meltdown in Game 3 of the 1977 NLCS.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
About an hour before the first pitch, a fire had started in Public School 3, an abandoned elementary school a few blocks east of Yankee Stadium. During the game, ABC cut to a helicopter camera for an overhead view of Yankee Stadium and the surrounding neighborhood, catching the fire. Howard Cosell announced, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning." This became the title for a book and television miniseries focusing on the year 1977 in New York City.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Yankees struck for three runs in the first off Tommy John. Mickey Rivers led off with a bloop double to right (his first hit of the series) and scored on a harder-hit Thurman Munson double to right. Reggie Jackson singled to left to score Munson and went to second when Dodger left fielder Dusty Baker overran the ball. Lou Piniella then scored Jackson on an RBI single up the middle to make it 3–0.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Baker atoned for his first-inning error by hitting a three-run homer in the third off Yankee starter Mike Torrez. The Yankees regained the lead with single runs in the fourth and fifth on an RBI groundout by Rivers, who finished the game with three hits (including two doubles), and an RBI single by Chris Chambliss. Torrez then shut out the Dodgers for the rest of the way. Torrez finished with nine strikeouts in the complete-game win.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Before the game, a moment of silence was held in memory of entertainer and former Pittsburgh Pirates co-owner Bing Crosby, who died earlier that day.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 3, National anthem
Before the game, Linda Ronstadt sang the national anthem, standing alone in center field wearing jeans and a Dodgers warmup jacket. The attire drew much media attention afterwards. The performance itself was later ranked by the Washington Examiner as the second-best national anthem rendition at a sporting event; according to the magazine, "it was such a hit Ronstadt wore a similar satin jacket — along with short shorts, kneepads and roller skates — on the cover of her 1978 album, Living in the USA."


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
With Don Sutton needing another day of rest, Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda started left-hander Doug Rau to counter the Yankees' left-handed power. Rau was rusty, having only pitched in relief in one game of the 1977 NLCS. After a relatively easy first inning, Reggie Jackson hit a leadoff double in the second. Lou Piniella singled Jackson home with the first run and was doubled to third by Chris Chambliss. Lasorda then pulled Rau in favor of Rick Rhoden, resulting in a heated argument between Lasorda and Rau on the mound. At that point, Rau had given up four hits, including three to left-handed hitters. The Yankees scored two more runs in the inning on an RBI groundout by Graig Nettles and an RBI single by Bucky Dent.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Dodgers scored twice in the third. Rhoden, a good hitting pitcher, hit a ground-rule double to left, and Davey Lopes followed with a two-run homer off Yankee starter Ron Guidry. The Dodgers scored nothing else off Guidry, as he pitched a four-hit complete game.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Dodgers almost tied the game in the fourth when Ron Cey sent a drive to deep left that Lou Piniella leaped up and caught. Jackson ended the scoring with an opposite-field home run off Rhoden in the sixth inning.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Dodgers needed a win to send the Series back to New York. Davey Lopes led off the first with a triple and came home when Bill Russell singled. In the fourth, the Dodgers had an RBI single by Dusty Baker and a three-run homer by Steve Yeager. Baker added another RBI single in the fifth, Lee Lacy singled home a run, and Yeager batted in another run with a sacrifice fly. Reggie Smith completed the scoring with a two-run homer in the sixth inning.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Yankees scored two runs each in the seventh and eighth; the two runs in the eighth coming on back-to-back homers by Thurman Munson and Reggie Jackson. Nevertheless, Dodger starting pitcher Don Sutton pitched a complete game for the win.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Jackson's shot in the eighth came on the first pitch from Sutton, setting the stage for a memorable finale.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Game 6, shifted the series back to New York, where 56,407 filled Yankee Stadium.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
After two infield ground outs by Davey Lopes and Bill Russell, Steve Garvey put the Dodgers on the board with a two-run triple down the right field line off Mike Torrez, scoring Reggie Smith and Ron Cey; both runs were unearned after shortstop Bucky Dent booted Smith's ground ball and Cey walked. New York tied it in the second as Chris Chambliss lifted a 2–1 pitch from starter Burt Hooton into the right center seats after Reggie Jackson walked on four pitches, but the next three batters went down in order.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
After Lopes and Russell grounded out again in the top of the third, Smith put Los Angeles up 3–2 with his third homer of the Series, pounding a 1–1 pitch well into the right center seats. Cey lined an infield hit to third, knocked down by Graig Nettles, but Garvey flew to center to end the threat.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In the fourth, Dusty Baker flew out and Rick Monday singled to left. Catcher Steve Yeager pulled one over third base, but it kicked out to left fielder Lou Piniella, who gunned out Yeager at second, and Torrez struck out Hooton to strand Monday at third. In the bottom half, catcher Thurman Munson led off and singled to left. On the next pitch, Jackson turned on a fastball and put into the right field seats for a one-run Yankees' lead, which chased Hooton.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
With Elias Sosa pitching, Chambliss lifted a high fly to shallow left between Russell and Baker that fell for a double, then went to third on Nettles' ground out to second. Piniella made it 5–3 with an unchallenged sacrifice fly to left field. Dent walked and Torrez grounded out to shortstop to end the inning.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In the fifth, Lopes flew out to left, Russell walked, and Smith grounded into a 6-4-3 double play. Mickey Rivers led off the bottom half with a single up the middle. Willie Randolph bunted, but Yeager pounced on it and forced out Rivers at second for a fielder's choice, and Munson hit a low fly to center for the second out. After a throw to first to keep Randolph close, Jackson connected on the first pitch off Sosa, a screaming low line drive into the right field seats to make the score 7–3. Los Angeles manager Tommy Lasorda brought in lefthander Doug Rau to face Chambliss, who grounded out to Garvey at first.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Leading off the bottom of the eighth, Jackson strode to the plate, amid the chants of "REG-GIE, REG-GIE, REG-GIE! ", and drove the first Charlie Hough knuckleball he saw 475 feet (145 m) into the center field "batter's eye" (empty blackened bleachers) for an 8–3 lead; he became the first to hit three home runs in a World Series game in 49 years, since Babe Ruth (in 1926 and 1928).


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
With his Game 5 first-pitch homer (in the eighth) and his four-pitch walk in the second inning of Game 6, Jackson homered on his last four swings of the bat in the Series, each off a different Dodger pitcher. The last eight pitches delivered to Jackson in the Series were all productive for the Yankees—the four-pitch walk in the second inning allowed him to score on the Chambliss homer.


1977 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Dodgers pushed across a run in the ninth, but Torrez pitched his second complete game win of the Series. It was the first six-game Series since 1959.


1977 World Series, Composite box score
1977 World Series (4–2): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Los Angeles Dodgers (N.L.)


1977 World Series, Composite box score
This World Series is notable for being a six-game series in which the winning team was outscored. It happened previously in 1918 and 1959 and later in 1992, 1996, and 2003. Seven-game series winners were outscored in 1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1991, 1997, and 2002; (equaled in 2016 and 2017).


1977 World Series, Composite box score
With complete games pitched consecutively in Games 2 through 6 (all for the winning pitcher), as of 2019 this was the last World Series to be completed without a pitcher recording a save.


1977 World Series, Broadcasting
The 1977 Series was the first World Series televised by the ABC network since 1949 and the first since television of the Series started in 1947 not to be televised, at least in part, by rival network NBC. NBC had been the exclusive television network of the Series from 1950 to 1976 and had covered that year's Yankees–Royals and Dodgers–Phillies playoff series that year. As was customary at the time, the competing teams' local flagship stations (WPIX in New York and KTTV in Los Angeles) were allowed to air a simulcast of ABC's national broadcast.


1977 World Series, Broadcasting
It was also the first time that the participating teams' local announcers were not featured during game play on the network telecast, though the Yankees' Bill White and the Dodgers' Ross Porter did pre-game TV features, and White handled the post-game celebration in the Yankee clubhouse after they won the title. White and Porter also split the CBS Radio play-by-play for the Series.


1977 World Series, Impact and aftermath
This World Series cemented Jackson's legacy as a postseason performer, giving him the nickname "Mr. October". Twenty-four years later a similar nickname would be given to another Yankee, shortstop Derek Jeter, after a walk-off home run in Game 4 of the 2001 World Series.


1977 World Series, Impact and aftermath
Jackson won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award and Babe Ruth Award. Lyle won the AL Cy Young Award. Nettles and Garvey both won Gold Glove Awards.


1977 World Series, Impact and aftermath
The Yankees and Dodgers met again in the 1978 and 1981 World Series.


1977 World Series, Impact and aftermath
Los Angeles became the first metropolitan area to host a World Series and a Super Bowl in the same calendar year. Super Bowl XI was played January 9, 1977 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena.


1977 World Series, Impact and aftermath
After the 1977 World Series, Melissa Ludtke, a reporter for Sports Illustrated, sued MLB Commissioner Bowie Kuhn for having been denied access to the Yankees' clubhouse during the series, asserting that her 14th Amendment right was violated. Ludtke won her case.


1977 World Series, In popular culture
The 1977 New York Yankees is one of the key plot points, along with the Son of Sam and the New York City Blackout of 1977, in the movie Summer of Sam directed by Spike Lee.


1977 World Series, In popular culture
The 1977 Yankees season, including the World Series, is one of the subjects of Jonathan Mahler's 2005 non-fiction book Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning, which was subsequently adapted into the 2007 ESPN mini-series The Bronx Is Burning.


1977 World Series of Poker
The 1977 World Series of Poker (WSOP) was a series of poker tournaments held at Binion's Horseshoe.


1977 World Series of Poker, Main Event
There were 34 entrants to the main event. Each paid $10,000 to enter the winner-take-all tournament.


1977 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships
The 1977 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships were the second championships and took place between April 15 and 17, 1977, in Grenoble, France.


1977 World Snooker Championship
The 1977 World Snooker Championship (also known as the 1977 Embassy World Snooker Championship for the purposes of sponsorship) was a  professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 18 and 30 April 1977 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield.


1977 World Snooker Championship
John Spencer won in the final 25–21 against Cliff Thorburn. The event was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy. Spencer at the age of 41 was the first man to win the title at the Crucible.


1977 World Snooker Championship, Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money for this year is shown below:


1977 World Snooker Championship, Qualifying
The qualifying rounds took place at Hounslow Civic Centre in Hounslow, London between 28 March and 9 April 1977.


1977 World Snooker Championship, Century breaks
There were six century breaks at the championship. The highest break of the tournament was 135 made by John Spencer.


1977 World Sportscar Championship
The 1977  World Sports Car Championship season was the 25th season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing. It featured two separate World Championship series.


1977 World Sportscar Championship
In 1978 the World Championship of Makes would become the sole international series, while the World Championship for Sports Cars would be downgraded by the FIA to become the European Sportscar Championship. The European Championship was discontinued at the end of the 1978 season.


1977 World Sportscar Championship, World Championship for Sports Cars
The 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars, which was restricted to Group 6 Two-Seater Racing Cars, was contested over an eight race series which ran from 17 April to 18 September 1977. The championship was won by Alfa Romeo.


1977 World Sportscar Championship, World Championship for Sports Cars, Points system
Points towards the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were awarded to each relevant car manufacturer for the first ten places in each race in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1. Points were only awarded for the best placed car from each manufacturer at each race with no points given for places gained by other cars from the same manufacturer. Only the best six results counted towards each manufacturer’s championship total, with any other points earned not included. Discarded points are shown within brackets in the table below.


1977 World Sportscar Championship, World Championship for Sports Cars, Championship results
Results of the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars were as follows.


1977 World Sportscar Championship, World Championship for Sports Cars, The cars
The following models contributed to the nett point scores of their respective manufacturers in the 1977 World Championship for Sports Cars.


1977 World Sportscar Championship, World Championship of Makes
The 1977 World Championship for Makes was open to cars from various production-based categories including Group 5 Special Production Cars. The championship was won by Porsche.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Birmingham at the then newly opened National Exhibition Centre, from March 28 to April 7, 1977.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships, Organisation
During these Championships, players and officials stayed at the Student Accommodation at the University of Birmingham in Edgbaston, from where coaches took all participants backwards and forwards between here and the NEC daily for the two weeks of the championships. Although run by the ETTA for the ITTF, headed by Mr Maurice Goldstien, Management, Tournament & Coaching Committee members from the BDTTA (Birmingham & District Table Tennis Association) played a major part with six months of preparatory work prior to this event, the first to be held at the NEC. It was also from the BDTTA that many gave freely of their time to help run this championship, through their expertise of running many other local annual table tennis tournaments, such at the 3 star Midlands Open and Birmingham Closed.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the 34th edition of the men's doubles championship. Li Chen-shih and Liang Ke-liang won the title after defeating Huang Liang and Lu Yuan-Sheng in the final by three sets to nil.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the 34th edition of the men's singles championship.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Mitsuru Kono defeated Kuo Yao-hua in the final, winning three sets to one to secure the title.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the 34th edition of the men's team championship.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
China won the gold medal defeating Japan 5-0 in the final. Sweden won the bronze medal.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the 34th edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
Jacques Secrétin and Claude Bergeret defeated Tokio Tasaka and Sachiko Yokota in the final by three sets to nil.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the 33rd edition of the women's doubles championship. Pak Yong-ok and Yang Ying defeated Chu Hsiang-Yun and Wei Li-Chieh in the final by three sets to one.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the 34th edition of the women's singles championship. Pak Yung-sun defeated Chang Li in the final by three sets to nil, to win the title.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
The 1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (Women's Team) was the 27th edition of the women's team championship.


1977 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
China won the gold medal defeating South Korea 3-0 in the final, North Korea won the bronze medal.


1977 World Taekwondo Championships
The 1977 World Taekwondo Championships are the 3rd edition of the World Taekwondo Championships, and were held in Chicago, United States from September 15 to September 17, 1977. A total of 720 athletes and officials from 46 nations took part in the championships.


1977 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1977 Men's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Stuttgart, West Germany from September 17 to September 25, 1977. There were 186 men in action from 44 nations.


1977 World Weightlifting Championships, Medal table
Ranking by all medals: Big (Total result) and Small (Snatch and Clean & Jerk)


1977 World Wrestling Championships
The following is the final results of the 1977 World Wrestling Championships. Freestyle competition were held in Lausanne, Switzerland and Greco-Roman competition were held in Gothenburg, Sweden.


1977 World's Strongest Man
The 1977 World's Strongest Man was the 1st edition of World's Strongest Man and was held at the Universal Studios, California and took place over ten weeks. The title was won by Bruce Wilhelm from the United States. It was his first title. Bob Young from the United States finished second, and Ken Patera also from the United States third.


1977 World's Strongest Man, Background
Originally commissioned by Trans World International for CBS, the concept for the World's Strongest Man event came from Scots David P. Webster and Douglas Edmunds. Webster had earned himself a name as an event organiser through his involvement with the Highland games, while Edmunds had experience in professional shot put, discus, and caber tossing. The event was mostly developed for entertainment purposes.


1977 World's Strongest Man, Background
With no precedent for a worldwide 'Strongman' competition, the concept of a strongman competitor and event was new, and as such, the competitors came from a wide range of existing disciplines, including American football, powerlifting and track and field. This meant that none of the competitors had ever trained for the events taking place during the competition.


1977 World's Strongest Man, Background
In addition, several of the events in which the athletes competed were poorly thought out or dangerous, as evidenced when Italian Franco Columbu fell during the penultimate event, the Fridge Race, dislocating his knee, forcing him to retire and putting him out of action for three years. The fridge carry was not reintroduced to the competition until 2004, with a crossbar added to stabilise two fridges on either side of the athlete.


1977 World's Strongest Man, Qualification
Qualification to the event was by invite only 'on the recommendation of experts.'


1977 Wyler's Classic
The 1977 Wyler's Classic, also known as the Atlanta Women's Tennis Classic, was a women's singles tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Alexander Memorial Coliseum in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. The event was part of the AA category of the 1977 Colgate Series. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from October 3 through October 9, 1977. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title, her second at the event after 1975, and earned $14,000 first-prize money.


1977 Wyler's Classic, Finals, Doubles
Martina Navratilova /  Betty Stöve defeated  Brigitte Cuypers /  Marise Kruger 6–4, 6–2


1977 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1977 Wyoming Cowboys football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wyoming in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In its first season under head coach Bill Lewis, the team compiled a 4–6–1 record, was outscored by a total of 273 to 166, and played its home games at War Memorial Stadium in Laramie, Wyoming.


1977 XIII FIBA International Christmas Tournament
The 1977 XIII FIBA International Christmas Tournament "Trofeo Raimundo Saporta" was the 13th edition of the FIBA International Christmas Tournament. It took place at Sports City of Real Madrid Pavilion, Madrid, Spain, on 24, 25 and 26 December 1977 with the participations of Real Madrid (champions of the 1976–77 Liga Española de Baloncesto), Australia, Defensor Sporting and Bradley Braves.


1977 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1977 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. The Bulldogs were led by 13th-year head coach Carmen Cozza, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished in first place in the Ivy League with a 6–1 record, 7–2 overall.


1977 Yokohama F-4 crash
The 1977 Yokohama F-4 crash (横浜米軍機墜落事件, Yokohama Beigunki Tsuiraku Jiken, lit. "Yokohama American Military Aircraft Crash Incident") occurred on 27 September 1977, in Yokohama, Japan. In the crash, a United States Marine Corps RF-4B-41-MC, BuNo 157344, c/n 3717, 'RF611', of VMFP-3, a (reconnaissance variant of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II) flown by a United States Marine Corps crew based at nearby Naval Air Facility Atsugi, en route to USS Midway in Sagami Bay, suffered a mechanical malfunction, the port engine caught fire, and crashed into a residential neighborhood. The crash killed two boys, ages 1 and 3, and injured seven others, several seriously. The two-man crew of the aircraft, Capt. J. E. Miller, of Mendota, Illinois, and 1st Lt . D. R. Durbin, of Natchitoches, Louisiana, ejected and were not seriously injured.


1977 Yokohama F-4 crash
The crash, which occurred near present-day Eda Station, destroyed several houses. The two young boys initially survived the crash into their home, but died later from severe burns. The boys' mother, Kazue Doshida, was also severely burned. Due to the fear that she would be adversely affected during her recovery by the shock, she was not told until 29 January 1979, that her sons had died. Upon hearing of their deaths, Doshida responded that she wanted to hold them one more time. Doshida died in 1982, aged 31, from complications related to her injuries.


1977 Yokohama F-4 crash, Memorial
A memorial to Doshida, a statue was erected in 1985 in a Yokohama park. The statue depicts her holding her two sons.


1977 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1977 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix was the seventh round of the FIM 1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 19 June 1977 at the Opatija Circuit. The event was marred by two fatalities, and this turned out to be the last Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix at Opatija. The event moved to the further inland Rijeka Circuit.


1977 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix, Race summary
The event took place under heavy rumors of it being cancelled because of the existing safety conditions of the seaside Opatija street circuit. The Yugoslavian Grand Prix promoters had received an ultimatum from the FIM before the race that, if they did not improve the safety of the circuit, the event would be canceled. Despite the circuit's scenic setting, it was an unsafe race track due to high speeds on narrow roads coupled with numerous unmovable roadside obstacles, such as trees, stone walls, lampposts, electric poles, embankments, houses, and the Adriatic Sea.


1977 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix, Race summary
The safety conditions at the Opatija Circuit had previously been protested by competitors in 1973 when, in the aftermath of the deaths of Jarno Saarinen and Renzo Pasolini at the Nations Grand Prix, several racing teams including Yamaha, Harley Davidson and MV Agusta, boycotted the event due to unsafe track conditions. Other riders chose to compete, but with less than their full efforts. In the 1974 Yugoslavian Grand Prix, British rider Billie Nelson crashed into the crowd during the 250cc race, injuring several spectators. Nelson died later that night at a hospital.


1977 Yugoslavian motorcycle Grand Prix, Race summary
The 1977 Grand Prix turned into a disaster when Italian rider, Giovanni Ziggiotto, crashed during practice for the 250cc race when his motorcycle's engine seized and he was hit from behind by Per-Edward Carlson. He died four days later in a hospital. During the 50 cc race, Ulrich Graf crashed when his bike developed a rear tire puncture and he was thrown into a rock wall. He suffered serious head injuries and died later in a hospital. The tragedy forced the venue off the Grand Prix schedule and the Yugoslavian Grand Prix was moved to the Rijeka Circuit for the 1978 season.


1977 Zairean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Zaire on 15 and 16 October 1977, having originally been scheduled for 1980. The Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR) was the sole legal party at the time, with all candidates standing for election to the Legislative Council belonging to it. In total, 2,074 candidates ran for the 289 seats. Voter turnout was 92.8%.


1977 Zairean parliamentary election
The new electoral system allowed some MPR members sceptical of the government to be elected, who went on to draw attention to corruption by questioning ministers. However, after thirteen of them sent an open letter to President Mobutu Sese Seko calling for a conference on democracy, they were stripped of their parliamentary immunity and sent to prison. After being released from jail, they established the Union for Democracy and Social Progress. As a result of their actions, the powers of the Legislative Council were reduced, and ministers could no longer be questioned by it. MPR members were also more thoroughly scrutinised before the next election in 1982.


1977 Zairean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Zaire on 3 December 1977. They were the first held after a new constitution was promulgated in 1974.


1977 Zairean presidential election
At the time, the country was a one-party state with the Popular Movement of the Revolution as the only legal party. Its leader, incumbent president Mobutu Sese Seko, was the only candidate, with voters asked to vote "yes" or "no" to his candidacy. The results showed 98.2% of voters casting a "yes" vote.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom
The 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom in Sri Lanka followed the 1977 general elections in Sri Lanka where the Sri Lankan Tamil nationalistic Tamil United Liberation Front won a plurality of minority Sri Lankan Tamil votes in which it stood for secession. An official estimate put the death toll at 125. The Tamil Refugees Rehabilitation Organization estimated that around 300 Tamils were killed by Sinhalese mobs. Though the majority of victims were Tamils, Sinhalese in Tamil majority areas were also affected by violence committed by Tamil mobs.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, Background
After the independence and especially after the 1956 Sinhala Only Act, Tamil parties were asking for more power for the North and east of Sri Lanka where Tamils are the majority. In 1957, the Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact was formed, but later scrapped by then prime minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike. Tensions related to the Sinhala Only policy resulted in riots in 1956 and 1958. During the early 1960's, prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike ruthlessly enforced the Sinhala Only policy, much to the detriment of the Tamils.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, Background
In 1965, the new prime minister Dudley Senanayake created the Dudley-Chelvanayakam Pact, which sought to find a compromise on the issues of language, colonization, and devolution. Sinhala colonization of the Eastern Province abated and there were modest gains in making Tamil the language of administration in the north and east. However, the regional councils proposed by the pact were not implemented. In 1970, Sirimavo Bandaranaike returned to power and once again enforced a pro-Sinhala-Buddhist policy, marginalizing the Tamils. Despite the communal tensions between Sinhalese and Tamils, there had been no major outbreaks of ethnic violence between the two groups since 1958.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, Background
As early as 1972, S. J. V. Chelvanayakam had suggested that the Sri Lankan Tamils of the north and east may seek a separate state in response to the discrimination by the Sri Lankan government. In 1974, all major Tamil parties representing Tamils in the North east came under one forum (named as Tamil United Liberation Front - TULF) and in 1976 they adopted a resolution at their party convention in Vaddukoddai, Jaffna calling for a separate state (Tamil Eelam).


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, Background
The election of 1977 took place on July 21, 1977. The Tamil districts voted almost entirely for the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), a political party in Sri Lanka to openly advocate separatism of the Tamil regions of the country.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, Background
For some years, there had been sporadic attacks on army and policemen in the Jaffna region, by militant Tamil youth groups which consisted a handful of members advocating separation through violent means. The new prime minister, Junius Richard Jayewardene, was convinced there was a link between the TULF and the militants, and wanted to suppress both.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
There were different beliefs on how the riots started. Some believe they started when there was a dispute that began when four policemen entered a carnival without tickets. Apparently the policemen were inebriated and proceeded to attack those who asked for tickets. The conflict escalated and the policemen were beaten up by the public and in retaliation the police opened fire.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
Others have the view that the carnival incident was a pretext, inquiries revealing that it was conducted in an organized manner and was hence a pre-planned attack. The riot started on August 12, 1977, within less than a month of the new government taking office.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
Walter Schwarz wrote in Tamils of Sri Lanka, Minority Rights Group Report 1983':


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
...'The trouble (in 1977) began in Jaffna, capital of the Northern province, when Sinhala policemen, believed to have been loyal to the defeated Sri Lanka Freedom Party of Mrs. Bandaranike, acted provocatively by bursting into a Tamil carnival. In the violent altercation that followed the police opened fire and four people were killed. A wave of rioting followed, spreading quickly to the south. Among 1,500 people arrested were several well known Sinhalese extremists, accused of instigating violence against Tamils.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
The outbreak in mid-August (1977) of the anti-Tamil pogrom (the third such outbreak in two decades) has brought out the reality that the Tamil minority problem in Sri Lanka has remained unresolved now for nearly half a century, leading to the emergence of a separatist movement among the Tamils. As on previous occasions, what took place recently was not Sinhalese – Tamil riots, but an anti-Tamil pogrom. Although Sinhalese were among the casualties, the large majority of those killed, maimed and seriously wounded are Tamils. The victims of the widespread looting are largely Tamils. And among those whose shops and houses were destroyed, the Tamils are the worst sufferers. Of the nearly 75,000 refugees, the very large majority were Tamils, including Indian Tamil plantation workers...


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
According to an official estimate, 125 people were killed during the riots. By ethnicity, the breakdown was 97 Tamils, 24 Sinhalese, 1 Muslim, and 3 of unknown ethnicity.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
In a letter addressed to President J. R. Jayewardene, the leader of the main Tamil party, A. Amirthalingam accused Sinhala hoodlums of raping around 200 women during the 1977 pogrom. His wife Mangayarkarasi Amirthalingam emotionally recounted some incidents of rape that occurred during the 1977 pogrom and said "Tamil women could not walk the streets during nights in safety."


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom
The following is a breakdown of the rioting by district as given in the Report of the Presidential Commission:


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Colombo District
Several Tamils working at the Central Mail Exchange in Colombo were assaulted in the early hours of 20 August. The assaulted employees reported the assault to their superiors, and the Chief Postmaster, Postmaster General, and Maradana police arrived at the scene a few hours later. Another round of assaulting of Tamil employees took place, this time in the presence of their superiors and police officers.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Colombo District
Widespread rioting against Tamils in Colombo by Sinhalese thugs began on 18 August. The mobs burned and looted Tamil homes and businesses. Collectively, Tamil victims lost tens of thousands worth of assets during the riots. Many Tamils were assaulted. Some were very seriously hurt and suffered broken bones, fractures, stab wounds, etc. Tamil train passengers were attacked by Sinhalese co-passengers who invoked false rumors of Tamil atrocities against Sinhalese in Jaffna as their justification. Tamil patients in the Kalubowila hospital were also attacked by Sinhalese mobs. Other Tamils were killed immediately by the mobs or later died of their injuries. A number of Tamil women were raped by the mobs.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Colombo District
Police behaviour in the Colombo District was mixed. Some Tamils note that the arrival and action of police helped to arrest mob violence. Several police officers also transported Tamil victims of assault to the hospital, and police stations held Tamil refugees. However, others report police standing by in cases of mob behavior, and some Tamils complained of police apathy or downright hostility.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Ratnapura District
Beginning on 19th August, Tamils in the estates were attacked. A Sinhalese mob attacked a Tamil family in Dehiowita. A Tamil man was shot, his wife slashed with a sword, and his nephew cut on the back. On the 20th, they were taken to the Deraniyagala police station. In Eheliyagoda, all the Tamil shops in the bazaar were looted and burned. In one case, a Tamil trader was also killed in the fire. A van had also been toppled into a river. In Kiriella, a mob of 200 came to Matuwagala Estate, calling for Tamils to be killed.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Ratnapura District
The Tamil laborers hid, and the mob proceeded to loot the line houses. A laborer was severely hurt, and another sustained Rs. 1,000 in damages. In Ratnapura town, Sinhalese rioters attacked nearly all the 30 Tamil shops, but only 2 were actually burnt. A torch was thrown at a Tamil man who subsequently had to jump into a lake to douse the flames.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Kalutara District
On 21 August, the estate lines at Neboda Estate were attacked and chickens were stolen. A Tamil woman living with her uncle were attacked on 22 August at the same estate. She was dragged away and raped by two men on 22 August when she went to the aid of her uncle who was being stabbed during an attack on the estate lines. At the Neuchatel Estate, Neboda, a mob of youths looted the lines an set 3 rooms on fire. One Tamil man was cut and killed, another was stabbed. In Matugama, Tamil shops and houses were attacked. A Sinhalese crowd attacked line rooms at Matugama Division. A Tamil man was killed during the attack. When the man's son-in-law reported the incident to police, they retorted that the Tamil man's murder was fair as Sinhalese police officers were being killed in Jaffna. Another Tamil was shot and injured.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Galle District
In Galle town, violence against Tamils began on 17 August. At the Galle bus stand, Tamils were attacked. One was mutilated to death and a Tamil woman had been raped by 3 men and then had her jewellery taken. Tamil traders had their shops looted and burnt. One trader was stabbed in the abdomen. Violence spread to the estates. At Thalangaha Estate, Tamil hotel workers were slashed with razors by Sinhalese rioters. A crowd of 200 Sinhalese attacked the line rooms and assaulted a Tamil laborer.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Galle District
At the Stock Estate in Udugama, three Tamils were seriously assaulted by a crowd and their jewelry stolen on 22 August. The line rooms at the estate were attacked the next night. A mixed Tamil-Sinhalese family was fired at by a mob at Homadola Estate, Hiniduma. Several of the sons were maimed and one was killed.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Matara District
On 19 August, a Tamil shop was attacked in Matara town. The Tamil woman and husband running the shop were assaulted, leaving the latter mentally scarred. 3 of their 5 children were burnt by a substance thrown on them. On 20 August, a gang looted, damaged, and burnt the Murugan temple. On 19 August, a Tamil man was stabbed to death by a crowd in Weligama. The police inspector had arrested some of the assailants in that case, and Tamil businessmen were sufficiently assured of their safety that they kept their shops open. All the Tamil shops in Akuressa were burnt and looted. One Tamil employee was injured in the fray.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Hambantota District
A Tamil couple, long-time residents of Walasmulla, had their house and shop attacked by a gang. The shop was looted.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Moneragala District
Kataragama saw the looting and burning of two Tamil religious institutions: the Ponnampalam Madam and the spiritual center. In Wellawaya and Moneragala, sugar cane estates owned by Tamils were burned and their houses were looted. In Tanamalwila, a Tamil man's house was burned. When the man and his wife were transported to Wellawaya by police, they were assaulted by a crowd while the police looked on and laughed.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Badulla District
13 Tamil shops were burnt at Koslanda while armed police nearby did nothing. At Halmadulla, several Tamil families were attacked by a Sinhalese gang. Their assets were stolen and their houses set ablaze. In Haputale, a Tamil-owned estate was attacked by villagers. The store and sugar plantation were burned. A Tamil family was attacked in Kolatenna by a crowd of 20. One son was assaulted and cut with a knife, but he fought back against the mob, injuring a few mobsters, and the mob fled.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Badulla District
The son was assaulted by army personnel after the latter found out that the son had fought the mobsters. The father of the family went to the police station and was chased away initially. Several Tamil shops were looted and burned in Diyatalawa following news of violence in Kandy and false rumors thereafter. One shopkeeper accused plainclothes soldiers of participating in the violence. A few Sinhalese shops had been damaged too. A Tamil man was cut in the head and killed. Three Tamil houses were burnt by Sinhalese rioters. Sinhalese villagers had burnt lined rooms at Bandarawela. In Badulla town, a Tamil man was assaulted and his father was cut with an axe by masked assailants when the latter attempted to intervene. Several Tamil houses were burnt by Sinhalese at Welimada.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Batticaloa District
A Sinhalese woman married to a Tamil man was attacked by a crowd of men in Kalkudah. She had been assaulted, robbed, and stripped of her outer garments.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Jaffna District
There were several attacks on Sinhalese and their properties in Kilinochchi starting on 19 August. A Buddhist temple was burnt by a crowd of 200, and several boutiques and bakeries were burnt. Sinhalese goods whose owners had fled had also been looted. About 20 Sinhalese wadiyas were burnt in Thallady were burned. A few Sinhalese were assaulted by Tamil rioters. Many Sinhalese took refuge in the police station. A Sinhalese baker from Paranthan noted that there were no Sinhalese remaining in that town. Policemen and soldiers in Kilinochchi had attacked Tamil shops and homes.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Anuradhapura District
The Kankesanturai-Colombo train was attacked in the early hours of 17 August at Anuradhapura station. A Sinhalese mob attacked the Tamil passengers, brutally assaulting and robbing them. The Tamil station master of the station had his car burned while police did nothing. The army was also uninterested in helping Tamils. Tamil refugees sought refuge in the retiring rooms of the railway station. However, the police constable present refused to defend the refugees and the Tamils were attacked. The superintendent of police G. W. Liyanage and Major Jayawardene appeared to be gloating about the attacks on Tamils.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Anuradhapura District
Eventually, an army squad agreed to defend the Tamils in the retiring room. As more trains came to the station, the Tamil passengers in them were assaulted. Tamil at the Department of Health in Anuradhapura was also attacked by Sinhalese hospital employee despite some police and army protection being afforded to them. Tamil houses and shops were burned and looted throughout Anuradhapura city. In these attacks, many Tamils were assaulted and some were killed.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Anuradhapura District
Other areas of the Anuradhapura District were also badly affected. In Maha Iluppallama and Kahatagasdigiliya, Tamil houses and shops were damaged. 5 miles from Rambewa, a Tamil lorry driver was attacked and his fate was unknown. At Horwapathana, several Tamil houses and businesses were set ablaze. When one Tamil man was taken to the police station for protection, he reported that the SI threatened to kill Tamils if his family members in Jaffna were harmed. At Kekirawa, 5 Tamils were killed. 5 miles from the town, a bus was stopped and the Tamil passengers were assaulted and tarred.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Vavuniya District
According to Inspector Muhajireen, there were 185 complaints made during the August riots. On 18 August, a cadjan belonging to two Sinhalese men were set on fire. Though it was not known who did that, H. Q. I. de Silva allegedly called for a retaliatory attack on Tamil boutiques. On the night of 19 August, the bodies of Tamils killed in Anuradhapura were brought to Vavuniya. Following this, all the sheds at the weekly fair were burnt. It was alleged that H. Q. I. de Silva was responsible for this, but he denied the allegation. On the night of 21 August, many shops were set on fire in Vavuniya town. The army and police quelled these disturbances.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Vavuniya District
In several Sinhalese areas of the Vavuniya District, Tamils had their houses burnt and their goods looted. Several Tamils reported that the army and policemen had attacked them and their properties.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Vavuniya District
In Mullaitivu, several Sinhalese had been attacked by Tamils. Both Tamils and Sinhalese accused each other of arson. Dozens of wadiyas belonging to Sinhalese fishermen were burnt at Kokkilai. There was a complaint of a case of a Sinhalese women being raped. About 30 Tamil wadiyas were also burnt. By 25 August, the Sinhalese had fled from Mullaitivu, and the incidents subsided. In Devipuram, a crowd of 40 Tamils attacked a Sinhalese couple who were estate workers. The crowd took the two to another location and raped the woman. Their house had been looted.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Mannar District
On 17 August, Sinhalese wadiyas were set on fire in Vavunikulam. Many Sinhalese fishermen fled after this.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Mannar District
On 23 August, a Tamil bakery was set on fire about a mile away from the police station in Murunkan. A Tamil watcher of the government farm had been attacked by 2 people who had taken his torch and gun. That night, a Sinhalese family was fired at in Palampitiya. The mother and the eldest son were killed and the two younger sons were injured. P. S. Soosaithasan, M. P. for Mannar, claimed that the motive was not communal as the family had lived in the area without communal issues. On 24 August, presumably after news of the attack on the Sinhalese family reached them, the army and police had gone on the rampage in several Tamil villages, burning Tamil shops and houses. 5 Tamils had been shot dead by soldiers.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Mannar District
On 28 August, a lorry of 15 Sinhalese fishermen accompanied by Police Constable Balasunderam returned to Vavunikulam to retrieve their goods. The lorry was fired at by a gang of 20 - 25 Tamils. 5 fishermen and the police constable were killed in the firing. The lorry was then burnt, along with the corpses of the 5 deceased. After this, Sinhalese army personnel had made comments about killing Tamils. The crowd that shot the fishermen at Vavunikulam then went to Tenniyankulam Tank and burnt 4 Sinhaelse vadiyas. Several Sinhalese police officers, angered by the Vavunikulam shooting, had proceeded to assault Tamils.


1977 anti-Tamil pogrom, The ethnic pogrom, Kandy District
Violence erupted on 19 August. Several Tamil houses and shops were looted and burned in Kandy town by Sinhalese mobs. Sinhalese-owned taverns employing Tamils were also attacked. Tamils property was also burned and looted in Ampitiya, Kundasale, and Katugastota. A Tamil estate owner who was driving was pulled out of his car and assaulted. At the Kundasale School of Agriculture, several Tamil employees had their properties looted and burned. A Tamil man had been cut by a mob. A Hindu temple in Katugastota was burned and its priest had his house attacked. Another Tamil man was severely assaulted at Polgolla.