1980 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
In contrast to previous years, where tropical cyclones forming in the central Pacific received names from the western Pacific naming lists, a separate set of five central Pacific hurricane naming lists were created for the 1980 season. The list used for the 1980 season was intended to be reused for the 1985 season. However, as no storms formed in the central Pacific in 1980, these five naming lists were scrapped and replaced with the modern set of central Pacific naming lists for the following season. The first name to be used on the modern lists was Akoni in the 1982 season.


1980 Pacific typhoon season
The 1980 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1980, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Tropical storms which formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1980 Pacific typhoon season
A total of 28 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 24 became tropical storms. Beginning in March, tropical cyclones formed in each subsequent month through December. Of the 28, 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 2 reached super typhoon strength. Seven tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Seasonal summary
A total of 28 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 24 became tropical storms. Of the 28, 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 2 reached super typhoon strength. Seven tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Carmen
On April 4, a tropical depression formed just east of the International Date Line. At the time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated it tropical depression 02W. As it moved generally northwestwards, it strengthened into a tropical storm just before crossing the dateline, but only received a name in the northwest Pacific, being designated Carmen. After peaking with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) on April 6,Carmen recurved northeast and crossed the International Date Line, entering the central Pacific on April 7. The JTWC subsequently relinquished responsibility to the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Carmen lost its initial motion and stalled in the area, ultimately weakening in to a tropical depression on April 8. The depression dissipated the following day and the remnant low returned to western Pacific.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Herbert (Huaning)
Herbert also threatened Hong Kong, and made landfall in Hainan and later in mainland China.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Lusing)
Ida passed south of Taiwan and moved ashore in China just north of Hong Kong.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Joe (Nitang)
Typhoon Joe, which developed on July 16 from the near equatorial trough, hit eastern Luzon on the 20th. It weakened over island, but restrengthened in the South China Sea to a 100 mph typhoon before making landfall on Hainan Island on the 22nd. Joe made its final landfall that night on northern Vietnam before dissipating on the 23rd. Joe caused heavy damage and an estimated 19 deaths in the Philippines with many more in Vietnam. The exact numbers are unknown due to Typhoon Kim hitting just four days later.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kim (Osang)
Like Typhoon Joe, Kim formed from the near equatorial monsoon trough on July 19. It tracked quickly westward-northwest underneath a subtropical ridge, reaching tropical storm strength on the July 21 and typhoon strength on July 23. After developing an eye, Kim began to rapidly intensify, and during the afternoon of July 24, peaked in intensity as a super typhoon. Several hours later, Kim made landfall over the Philippines, but the storm had weakened considerably by this time. Throughout the Philippines, 40 people were killed, two via drownings, and 19,000 others were directly affected.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kim (Osang)
A total of 12,000 homes were destroyed and 5,000 villages received flooded. Less than a week earlier, the same areas were affected by Joe; however, Kim was considered the more damaging of the two typhoons. Land interaction took toll on Kim, and upon entering the South China Sea, was down below typhoon intensity. Kim continued northwestward, but with its disrupted circulation, it remained a tropical storm until hitting southern China July 27 to the northeast of Hong Kong, where damage was minor. Later that day, Kim dissipated.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Orchid (Toyang)
The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression on September 1. It tracked northwestward, remaining disorganized and dissipating on the 5th. Another tropical depression developed to the east of the old circulation, quickly becoming the primary circulation and intensifying to a tropical storm on the 6th. With generally weak steering currents, Orchid looped three times on its track, strengthening to a typhoon on the 9th and reaching a peak of 95 mph winds on the 10th. Early on the 11th the storm hit southwestern Japan, and became extratropical that day over the Japan Sea.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Orchid (Toyang)
Orchid caused considerable damage from high winds and rain, resulting in at least nine casualties with 112 missing. It was also responsible for the September 10th loss of the MV Derbyshire, a large 91,655 ton bulk carrier which sank on 9 September with all 44 hands on board due to very rough seas. It remains the largest British flagged ship to be lost at sea.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Percy (Undang)
Typhoon Percy struck southern Taiwan on September 18. A day later, with its circulation and low-level inflow greatly disrupted, 50 mph Tropical Storm Percy hit southeastern China, and dissipated later that night. 7 people died in the storm, with moderate damage on its path.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Ruth
A monsoon depression transitioned into a tropical depression on September 13 in the South China Sea. It initially moved southward, then turned to the west-northwest, reaching tropical storm strength late on the 13th. Ruth crossed Hainan Island on the 14th and 15th, becoming a typhoon late on the 15th before hitting northern Vietnam on the 16th. The typhoon left nearly half a million homeless, with 106 known dead or missing in Vietnam.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wynne (Welpring)
Wynne was the strongest storm of the season, reaching a peak of 175 mph (282 km/h) winds and a pressure of 890 mbar. As a strengthening category 1 storm, it rapidly intensified to become the strongest storm of the season, deepening 85 mb from 975 mb to 890 mb in 23 hours 56 minutes between 0240 UTC October 8 and 0236 UTC October 9, 1980. It caused 6 power outages in Japan, and 10 deaths.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Dinah
Dinah did not affect land. It hit the Northern Mariana Islands directly. Saipan sustained significant damage.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ed (Dorang)
A tropical disturbance was first observed near Yap on the 14th of December. The disturbance moved westward at between 12 and 15 kt (22 to 28 km/hr) as its convective activity and overall organization continued to improve. A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued when a reconnaissance aircraft observed a well-defined low-level circulation with a minimum sea-level pressure of 1004 mb. The disturbance was upgraded to Tropical Storm Ed on December 15. It then became evident from synoptic analyses that Ed was moving into an area which was unfavorable for continued development. Eventually, after most of the storm's convection had been sheared off, Ed's surface center began to track to the southwest under the influence of the strong surface ridge to the north. Dissipation as a tropical cyclone was completed on the 24th as the remnants of Ed moved into northern Mindanao.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names
During the season 24 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list which started on 1979.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1984 season.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
This is the same list used for the 1976 season, with the exception of Ditang, which replaced Didang. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.


1980 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects
This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1980. It will include their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, deaths, and damage totals. Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA, the JTWC, and/or PAGASA. Peak wind speeds are in ten-minute sustained standards unless otherwise noted. All damage figures will be in 1981 USD. Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low.


1980 Padmore Super Crystalate International
The 1980 Padmore Super Crystalate International was a non-ranking invitational snooker tournament which took place in January 1980 in the Gala Baths, West Bromwich, England.


1980 Padmore Super Crystalate International
This one-off event was nearly called off when the tournament sponsors withdrew four days before it was due to start. Promoter Mike Watterson stepped in and found two companies prepared to back the event although not to the same extent as the original promised sum of £15,000. Eight players contested the event on a straight knockout in early 1980.


1980 Padmore Super Crystalate International
Alex Higgins won the title beating Perrie Mans 4–2 in the final, despite suffering from an ear infection and influenza.


1980 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1980 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).


1980 Palauan constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Palau on 14 July 1980. The Constitution of Palau, written after the Trust Territory's decision not to become one of the states of the Federated States of Micronesia in 1978, was approved by 81% of voters.


1980 Palauan general election
General elections were held in Palau on 4 November 1980 to elect a President, Vice-President, Senate and House of Delegates. All candidates ran as independents. Haruo Remeliik won the election for President with 31.2% of the vote, whilst Alfonso Oiterong was elected Vice-President. Voter turnout was 80%.


1980 Palauan general election, Aftermath
Following the elections, Haruo Remeliik and Alfonso Oiterong were sworn in as President and Vice President on 1 January 1981. Kaleb Udui was elected President of the Senate, with Carlos Salii elected Speaker of the House of Delegates.


1980 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships
The 1st Pan American Junior Athletics Championships were held in Sudbury, Ontario, on August 29–31, 1980.


1980 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History"website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 217athletes from about 17 countries:  Argentina (3), Bahamas (7), Barbados (2),Bermuda (4), Brazil (15), Canada (58), Chile (4), Dominican Republic (12),Guatemala (6), Guyana (2), Jamaica (7), Mexico (8), Panama (1), Suriname (2),Trinidad and Tobago (6), United States (67), Venezuela (13).


1980 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, Medal summary
Medal winners are published. Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History"website.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
Panama held a parliamentary election on 28 September 1980, electing a new National Legislative Council.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
The new push for democracy began with the agreement to open a legislative assembly in 1980. Two-thirds of the assembly would be chosen by the National Assembly of Municipal Representatives from among its members; the other third would be chosen by direct popular vote.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
Parties were reactivated, in no small part because Omar Torrijos planned to create a new party to represent the military, its interests and constituencies. This party, the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), was the first one to garner the 30,000 signatures required to be legally registered. "Wide speculation held that the PRD would nominate Omar Torrijos as its candidate for the presidential race planned for 1984. Moreover, many assumed that with government backing, the PRD would have a substantial advantage in the electoral process".


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
The National Opposition Front (FRENO), a coalition of eight parties formed in March 1979, was the major source of opposition to the PRD in early 1980. The parties within FRENO are both to the left and the right of center in the political spectrum. FRENO often suffered from internal divisions, caused especially by varying attitudes toward participation in the electoral process. FRENO leaders termed the government a "dictatorship lacking respect for human rights." They also were opposed to the new Panama Canal treaties and called for their revision on terms more favorable to Panama.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
The most powerful party within FRENO was the Panamanista Party (PP), led by the aged Arnulfo Arias – a leading member of the oligarchy – who had been president on three occasions and was overthrown by members of the armed forces each time. The National Liberal Party (PLN) vied with the PP as the largest party within FRENO. Until mid-1979 the PLN was led by David Samudio, a centrist politician who was Arias' main opponent in the 1968 elections).


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
In the late 1970s, however, Samudio became ostracized both within FRENO and his own party because of his tactical support of the electoral process as dictated by the government. Under Samudio, the PLN had been the only party to support strongly the New Panama Canal treaties. After Samudio was ousted by his own party members, Arnulfo Escalona became the party president. The Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was one of the few parties within FRENO. Its leader, Ricardo Arias Calderon, was the main promoter of the formation of a united opposition against the PRD.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
The Panamanian Social Democratic Party (PDS), led by Winston Robles, was another left-of-center, reform-oriented component of FRENO. Smaller parties within FRENO included the Republican Party, the Third Nationalist Party, the Independent Democratic Movement, and the Labor and Agrarian Party. FRENO is open to the inclusion of more parties in the coalition, but when the God and Panama Movement of Juan Carlos Voloj Pereira applied for membership in October 1979, it was rejected by the leftist groups within FRENO as being "fascist and antidemocratic" and not appropriate to a moderate opposition movement.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
The Broad Popular Front (FRAMPO) is one of only two significant political parties outside the FRENO coalition. FRAMPO generally supports the government from a position slightly to the left of the PRD. The other significant party outside FRENO is the People’s Party of Panama (PPP), the communist party. Although small in membership, for several years during the 1970s the Moscow-line party acted as the principal source of organized political support for the Omar Torrijos government. Finally, a handful of minuscule parties were organized but had little chance of being able to compete in elections. These tended to be either on the extreme left, such as the Trotskyite Fraction movement (a splinter from the PPP), or on the extreme right.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
All qualified parties competed in the 1980 legislative elections, but these elections posed no threat to Torrijos’s power base because political parties vied for only 18 of the 57 seats in the legislature. The other two-thirds of the representatives were appointed, in essence by Torrijos’s supporters.


1980 Panamanian parliamentary election
In the September elections, the PRD won 40.4% of the vote and 11 of the 19 seats; the PLN – divided on whether it should run or not – won 5 seats; the PDC won 20.7% and 2 seats. The remaining seat was won by an independent candidate running with the support of the PPP. The FRAMPO failed to win a single seat. On the other hand, some 40% of the potential 800,000 voters abstained, many of whom were affiliated with parties in FRENO.


1980 Panorama Fire
The Panorama Fire was a wildfire which began on November 24, 1980, and was 100% contained December 1, 1980. The fire was set by an unknown arsonist about 10:50 a.m. near Panorama Point, a county equipment depot along SR-18 in the San Bernardino Mountains in California. The fire's growth was exacerbated by 90 mph Santa Ana Winds which pushed the flames into populated areas in Waterman Canyon and the City of San Bernardino. 325 structures were destroyed, including 310 homes.


1980 Panorama Fire
Four people died as a result of the fire: Earl Welty, 83, and his wife, Edith, 82, who were caught in the fire; Joseph Benjamin, 54, who collapsed while watering his roof; and Rosa Myers, 64, who suffered a heart attack while being evacuated.


1980 Paris Open
The 1980 Paris Open, also known that year as the Crocodile Open,  was a Grand Prix tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 11th edition of the Paris Open (later known as the Paris Masters). It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France from 27 October through 2 November 1980. Brian Gottfried won the singles title.


1980 Paris Open, Finals, Doubles
Paolo Bertolucci /  Adriano Panatta defeated  Brian Gottfried /  Raymond Moore 6–4, 6–4


1980 Paris Open – Doubles
Jean-Louis Haillet and Gilles Moretton were the defending champions but only Moretton competed that year with Dominique Bedel.


1980 Paris Open – Doubles
Bedel and Moretton lost in the quarterfinals to Paolo Bertolucci and Adriano Panatta.


1980 Paris Open – Doubles
Bertolucci and Panatta won in the final 6–4, 6–4 against Brian Gottfried and Raymond Moore.


1980 Paris Open – Doubles, Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.


1980 Paris Open – Singles
Harold Solomon was the defending champion but did not compete that year.


1980 Paris Open – Singles
Brian Gottfried won in the final 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 7–6 against Adriano Panatta.


1980 Paris Open – Singles, Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing
On 3 October 1980, the rue Copernic synagogue in Paris, France was bombed in a terrorist attack. The attack killed four and wounded 46 people. The bombing took place in the evening near the beginning of Shabbat, during the Jewish holiday of Sim'hat Torah. It was the first deadly attack against Jewish people in France since the end of the Second World War. The Federation of National and European Action (FANE) claimed responsibility, but the police investigation later concluded that Palestinian nationalists were likely responsible.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Proceedings
The bombing, on 3 October 1980 at 18:38, directed against a synagogue of the Union Libérale Israélite de France, Copernic street in Paris, that was filled for Sabbath services. Saddlebags packed with 10 kilograms of explosives were left on a motorcycle parked in front of the synagogue. The glass roof of the synagogue fell down on the worshipers, and one of the doors was blown through. Some cars on the street were projected into the road, the fronts windows of shops were blown through up to 150 metres.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Proceedings
Philippe Bouissou (22 years old) who passed by on his motorbike was killed immediately. Aliza Shagrir (42 years old), an Israeli TV presentator on holiday, was also killed while she was walking on the pavement, as was Jean Michel Barbé who used to frequently visit the synagogue. Hilario Lopes-Fernandez, the Portuguese housekeeper of the Victor Hugo hotel, located almost in front of the temple, was seriously wounded and died two days later.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Proceedings
The commemorative plaque fixed onto the synagogue notes: "In memory of Jean Michel Barbé, Philippe Bouissou, Hilario Lopez Fernandez, Aliza Shagrir killed during the odious attack committed against this synagogue on 3 October 1980."


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Proceedings
The explosive, consisting of about 10 kg of pentrite, in the bags of a blue Suzuki TS 125 motorbike parked about 10 metres from the synagogue, could have caused more victims if it had happened a few minutes later, when the worshippers left: as it was the day before shabbat, the synagogue was full with 300 people coming to celebrate the Bar Mitzvah of three boys and Bat Mitzvah of two girls.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Reactions
The day after, a march of several thousands of people started in front of the synagogue, and went to the Champs Elysées, while other protests took place in other cities in provinces On 7 October 1980 a demonstration of 200,000 people marched from Nation to République. Several Members of Parliament joined the movement.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Reactions, Statement by Raymond Barre
The Prime Minister, Raymond Barre, on 3 October said on TF1: "This odious bombing wanted to strike Jews who were going to the synagogue and it hit innocent French people who crossed the Copernic street", a Freudian slip that his words of the 8 October in the National Assembly, assuring his "Jewish compatriots" of the "sympathy of the all nation", failed to assuage. Just before his death in August 2007, Raymond Barre attributed this campaign of protestations to "Jewish lobby".


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Suspects
Police were originally looking for two Cypriot suspects, Alexander Panadryu and Joseph Mathias, but the investigation did not progress at the time. Thirty-four years later, Hassan Diab, a Canadian of Lebanese origin, was extradited to France in November 2014. Since then three French anti-terrorism judges have uncovered testimony from several individuals stating that Diab was in Lebanon at the time of the bombing as well as University records which show he wrote and passed exams in Beirut then and couldn't have been in Paris.


1980 Paris synagogue bombing, Suspects
They ordered his conditional release under electronic surveillance eight times, only to have their orders challenged by the prosecutor and overturned by an appeal court. He was released without charge on January 12, 2018 and returned to Canada on January 15, 2018. However, on May 19, 2021, a French court upheld the earlier decision, directing him to stand trial.


1980 Paris–Dakar Rally
1980 Dakar Rally also known as the 1980 Paris–Dakar Rally was the 2nd running of the Dakar Rally event, starting from Paris on 1 January and finishing in Dakar on the 23 January. The 1980 event saw vehicle manufacturers such as Yamaha, Volkswagen, Lada, and BMW taking part and the introduction of a truck category.


1980 Paris–Dakar Rally, Summary
216 competitors started the rally of which 81 made the finish. Cyril Neveu won for the second time in succession on a Yamaha, Freddy Kottulinsky won the car class driving a Volkswagen and Zohra Ataouat became the first winner of the truck class driving for Sonacome.


1980 Paris–Nice
The 1980 Paris–Nice was the 38th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 5 March to 12 March 1980. The race started in Issy-les-Moulineaux and finished at the Col d'Èze. The race was won by Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle of the Peugeot team.


1980 Paris–Roubaix
The 1980 Paris–Roubaix was the 78th edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycle race and was held on 13 April 1980. The race started in Compiègne and finished in Roubaix. The race was won by Francesco Moser of the Sanson team.


1980 Pau Grand Prix
The 1980 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 25 May 1980 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Richard Dallest, driving the AGS. Siegfried Stohr finished second and Brian Henton third.


1980 Penn Quakers football team
The 1980 Penn Quakers football team represented the University of Pennsylvania in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1980 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1980 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.


1980 Penn State Nittany Lions football team, NFL Draft
Seven Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1981 NFL Draft.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal
The 1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, colloquially known as the Triple Six Fix, was a successful plot to rig The Daily Number, a three-digit game of the Pennsylvania Lottery. All of the balls in the three machines, except those numbered 4 and 6, were weighted, meaning that the drawing was almost sure to be a combination of those digits. The scheme was successful in that 666 (one of the eight combinations of 4s and 6s that the "fixers" were hoping for) was drawn on April 24, 1980; however, the unusual betting patterns alerted authorities to the crime. The chief conspirators were sent to prison, and most of the fraudulently acquired winnings were never paid out.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Planning
The plan was masterminded by Nick Perry (1916–2003), The Daily Number's announcer. Perry was born Nicholas Pericles Katsafanas in the Morningside neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He attended Peabody High School and Duquesne University in Pittsburgh. After serving in the U.S. Navy in World War II, Perry began a career as a radio broadcaster in Charleston, West Virginia, then entered television broadcasting on Pittsburgh's WDTV, the forerunner of KDKA-TV. Perry later moved over to rival WTAE-TV in 1958, as a staff announcer. Later, he became a news and weather reporter and was the host of local sports shows like Bowling for Dollars and Championship Bowling. In 1977, Perry became the host of the live nightly broadcast of the Pennsylvania Lottery, held in the studios of WTAE.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Planning
Perry first discussed his idea with Jack and Peter Maregos, two of his partners in a vending machine business. Once committed to the plan, Perry approached local Pittsburgh lettering expert and WTAE art director Joseph Bock about creating weighted ping-pong balls that were replicas of the official balls used in the lottery machines. The No. 4 and No. 6 balls were chosen as the lucky lighter balls.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Planning
Perry got access to the machines and ping-pong balls, which had been kept in a room at WTAE studios, through Edward Plevel, a lottery official. The room was locked with two keys; Perry had one, and Plevel had the other. Plevel left the machines and balls unguarded for several minutes on a few occasions. Perry also got WTAE stagehand Fred Luman to physically switch the original balls with the weighted ones twice: once before and once after the drawing. Bock then took the rigged balls back to his studio and burned them in a paint can a half-hour after the on-air drawing was done.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Drawing
Perry was the host of The Daily Number on April 24, 1980, when the drawing produced the number "666" for a then-record payout of $3.5 million ($11 million today) — including $1.18 million ($5.65 million today) that went to eight people in on the scam, while six million Pennsylvanians watched that night never knowing that the fix was in.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Drawing
Lottery authorities and local bookmakers became suspicious when they noticed that a large number of tickets were purchased for the eight possible combinations, and a handful of players came forward to claim approximately $1.8 million ($5.65 million today) of the then-record $3.5 million payout ($11 million today).


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Drawing
On the date of the drawing, the Maragos brothers traveled around Pennsylvania buying large quantities of tickets containing the eight possible numbers. The investigation was broken open when an anonymous tip led to a bar near Philadelphia where the brothers had bought a large number of lottery tickets. An employee remembered the brothers coming into the bar with a platinum-blonde woman and laying down a large amount of cash to buy lottery tickets, all on the eight specific numbers. The employee recalled that while he printed the tickets, one of the brothers made a pay phone call, spoke in a foreign language, and held up the phone so the listener could hear the lottery machine printing the tickets.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Drawing
Investigators pulled the phone records and traced the call to the WTAE-TV announcer's booth in the studio where the drawing was done. This strongly implicated Perry, and Maragos confirmed under questioning that the conversation had been with Perry (in Greek). Further investigation and questioning of the Maragos brothers eventually implicated the rest of the conspirators. William Moran of Fairmont, West Virginia organized the out-of-state buying of additional lottery tickets for a numbers-running scam.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Drawing
It was later revealed that the Maragos brothers also placed bets on the eight numbers with local bookmakers who had illegal numbers games that used the lottery drawing as the winning result. The brothers also told friends and family which numbers to play. All of this may have contributed to the conspiracy's downfall, with the greater influx of slanted bets.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath
A grand jury was assembled and charges were leveled against all seven men. Plevel was convicted and spent two years in prison. Bock, Luman, and Moran pleaded guilty in exchange for lighter sentences. The Maragos brothers avoided jail time by agreeing to testify against Perry. Much of the $1.8 million ($5.65 million today) was recovered from the Maragos brothers, as were numerous lottery tickets.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath
Perry was convicted of criminal conspiracy, criminal mischief, theft by deception, rigging a publicly exhibited contest and perjury on May 20, 1981. He was sentenced to seven years in prison. He served two years at State Correctional Institution – Camp Hill and spent another year at a halfway house in the East Liberty section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Perry remained on parole until March 1989. He held a number of jobs after prison including an unsuccessful attempt to return to broadcasting in the late 1980s. Perry died in Attleboro, Massachusetts on April 22, 2003, having never admitted to any role in the plot.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath
After the scandal, the Pennsylvania Lottery and other drawings began taking greater precautions to guard against rigging. The drawings for the Lottery were moved from WTAE to WHP-TV in the state capital of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on June 29, 1981, on orders of Governor Dick Thornburgh who made the announcement on June 10, 1981, along with the addition of a "security chief" and background checks on all staff related to the drawings. The Pittsburgh market broadcasting rights were given to KDKA-TV in 1981 as well.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath
In Harrisburg, despite the drawings now being held at PBS affiliate WITF-TV, they air locally on rival station WGAL, which has been a sister station to WTAE since it was acquired by Hearst from Pulitzer in 1999. It would not be until July 1, 2009, that the Lottery would resume airing on WTAE, where the drawings would remain until July 1, 2015, when WPXI took over.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath, Cultural impact
The 2000 film Lucky Numbers, starring John Travolta and Lisa Kudrow, was loosely based on Perry's story.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath, Cultural impact
In 2006, the Game Show Network aired a documentary in their Anything to Win series about the scandal, complete with anecdotes from former WTAE and KDKA news anchor Don Cannon.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath, Cultural impact
The 2013 episode "The Good, the Bad, & the Baby" from Castle's sixth season is loosely based on the scandal. A 2011 season 2 episode of Mysteries at the Museum briefly features the story.


1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, Aftermath, Cultural impact
Case photographs, artifacts, and information can be viewed at the Pennsylvania State Police Museum in Hershey, PA.


1980 Penwith District Council election
Elections to Penwith District Council were held in 1980 for 11 seats of 34 on the council.


1980 Penwith District Council election, Results
Of the eleven seats contested, independent candidates won the most seats.


1980 Pepsi Grand Slam
The 1980 Pepsi Grand Slam was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Mission Hills Country Club in Boca Raton, Florida, United States It was an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) sanctioned special event that was not part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from February 8 through February 10, 1980. Björn Borg won his fourth consecutive singles title at the event and earned $150,000 first prize money.


1980 Peruvian Segunda División
The 1980 Segunda División Peruana, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 7 teams. The tournament winner, Unión Gonzales Prada was promoted to the 1980 Copa Perú.


1980 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru on 18 May 1980 for the first time since 1963 to elect the President and both houses of the Congress. Former President Fernando Belaúnde Terry of the Popular Action won the presidential election with 44.9% of the vote, whilst his party emerged as the largest party in both houses of Congress.


1980 Peter Jackson Classic
The 1980 Peter Jackson Classic was contested from August 7–10 at St. George's Golf and Country Club. It was the 8th edition of the Peter Jackson Classic, and the second edition as a major championship on the LPGA Tour.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1980 Philadelphia Eagles season was the team's 48th season in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles won twelve of their sixteen games, winning their division for the first time in twenty years. The Eagles started the season winning eleven of their first twelve games, only to finish the season losing three of their final four. Still, the 12–4 record was good enough to win the NFC East division title for the first time in franchise history since the NFC East had been formed.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1980 season marked the Eagles' third consecutive playoff appearance under coach Dick Vermeil, and culminated in the team's first Super Bowl appearance, where they were defeated by the Oakland Raiders. The 1980 NFC Championship long stood as the proudest moment in Eagles history in the Super Bowl era until Super Bowl LII 37 years later.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL draft
After going 11–5 in the 1979 season and making the playoffs again as a wildcard team, the Eagles found themselves looking to improve through the NFL Draft again.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL draft
The 1980 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 29–30, 1979. As was started with the 1977 NFL Draft, this would be 12 rounds. ESPN would cover all 12 rounds live for the first time. This would be over 2 days.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL draft
The Philadelphia Eagles would get the 23rd to the 25th pick in the 12 rounds. The Eagles would draft 10 players in this year's draft.


1980 Philadelphia Eagles season, Regular season
The 1980 season schedule was set by how the Eagles finished in 1979, 2nd in NFC East. The way it was laid out, 4 of the 5 teams in the same division could end up having 10 to 14 common opponents during the 1980 season. Also, when the last regular season game is over you know who you play the next year.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1980 Philadelphia Phillies season was the team's 98th season in Major League Baseball (MLB) and culminated with the Phillies winning the World Series at home by defeating the Kansas City Royals in game 6 on Oct. 21, 1980.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season
The team finished with a regular-season record of 91 wins and 71 losses, which was good enough to win the National League East title by just one game over the Montreal Expos. The Phillies went on to defeat the Houston Astros in the NLCS to gain their first NL title since 1950, and then defeated the Kansas City Royals to win their first World Series Championship.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1980 Phillies were known as "The Cardiac Kids" because of the many close games.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season, Season standings
The Phillies won the National League East on the second-to-last day of the season with a 6–4 victory over the Expos in a game played in Montreal on October 4, 1980.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season, Opening Day lineup
Pete Rose, 1BBake McBride, RFGarry Maddox, CFMike Schmidt, 3BGreg Luzinski, LFBob Boone, CLarry Bowa, SSManny Trillo, 2BSteve Carlton, P


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, World Series
When the modern-day World Series began in 1903, the National and American Leagues each had eight teams. With their victory in the 1980 World Series, the Phillies became the last of the "Original Sixteen" franchises to win a Series. The 1980 World Series was the first World Series to be played entirely on artificial turf. Prior to 1980, the Phillies hadn't won a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1915 World Series against the Boston Red Sox.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, World Series
The series offered many intriguing storylines. Phillies pitcher Bob Walk became the first rookie to start the first game of a World Series since Joe Black of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1952. The 1980 World Series was the first of numerous World Series that journeyman outfielder Lonnie Smith (then with the Phillies) participated in. He was also a part of the 1982 World Series (as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals), 1985 World Series (as a member of the Kansas City Royals), and the 1991 and 1992 World Series as a member of the Atlanta Braves.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, World Series
Game 6 would be the culmination for the Phillies' first championship. Philadelphia scored two in the third on a Mike Schmidt single. It was all that Steve Carlton and Tug McGraw would need for the 4–1 win. Kansas City threatened by loading the bases in the eighth and the ninth innings before Tug McGraw struck out Willie Wilson for the third out in the final inning.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, World Series
While Mike Schmidt was the official MVP of the 1980 World Series, the Babe Ruth Award (another World Series MVP) was given to Tug McGraw. As of 2019, this is the last World Series in which both participating franchises had yet to win a World Series in their history. This was the first time that had happened since 1920.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, World Series
The entire state of Pennsylvania, not just Philadelphia, celebrated the Phillies' win. Minutes after the final out, Governor Dick Thornburgh declared the next day "Philadelphia Phillies Day."


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Postseason, Composite box score
1980 World Series (4–2): Philadelphia Phillies (N.L.) over Kansas City Royals (A.L.)


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Awards and honors
In 1980, Mike Schmidt won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award in a unanimous vote. He led the league in home runs with 48 (by a margin of 13 over his nearest competitor). Schmidt was also selected as MVP of the World Series, after hitting two homers and driving in seven runs as his team won their first World Series Championship over the George Brett-led Kansas City Royals.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Awards and honors
Manny Trillo was honored as the MVP of the National League Championship Series.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Other Philadelphia sports teams of the same era
In the National Hockey League, the Philadelphia Flyers reached the Stanley Cup Finals in May 1980 before losing four games to two to the New York Islanders.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Other Philadelphia sports teams of the same era
In the National Basketball Association also in May 1980, the Philadelphia 76ers reached the NBA Finals before losing four games to two to the Los Angeles Lakers.


1980 Philadelphia Phillies season, Other Philadelphia sports teams of the same era
The 1980 Philadelphia Eagles would qualify for Super Bowl XV, where they were defeated 27–10 by the Oakland Raiders.


1980 Philippine Kabataang Barangay election
The Kabataang Barangay elections (KB) were held on May 26, 1980, in which about 3 million Filipino youths aged 15 to 18 years old participated. Each Barangay in the Philippines is mandated by law to have its own chapter of the Katipunan ng Kabataan in which the members elect their officers called as the Kabataang Barangay.


1980 Philippine local elections
Local elections for governors, vice governors, mayors and vice mayors in the nation's first elections for provincial and municipal officials since the declaration of martial law were held on January 30, 1980. As usual, President Ferdinand Marcos's party the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan dominated the elections. The Lakas ng Bayan and the Liberal Party-backed National Union for Liberation  did participate but most of them lost except for some like Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. who won the mayoral election in Cagayan de Oro City by a landslide.


1980 Piedmontese regional election
The Piedmontese regional election of 1980 took place on 8 June 1980.


1980 Piedmontese regional election, Events
Christian Democracy resulted narrowly ahead of the Italian Communist Party. After the election, the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party decided to continue their political cooperation and formed a coalition government with the PSDI under the leadership of Socialist Enzo Enrietti.


1980 Piedmontese regional election, Events
However in 1983 the Socialists switched sides and Aldo Viglione, a Socialist who had been President of the Region from 1975 to 1980, formed a new regional government with the Christian Democrats, the Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party (Pentapartito).


1980 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1980 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season. Despite losing one game, the Panthers were named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors DeVold System, Football Research, and The New York Times), while also named co-national champion by Rothman (FACT) and Sagarin. The university does not claim a national championship for this season, nor are the Panthers popularly recognized for winning that year's national championship. Pitt was awarded the Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy as the champion of the East.


1980 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The team is noteworthy for featuring four future members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame:  Linebacker Rickey Jackson, Center Russ Grimm, Tackle Jimbo Covert, and quarterback Dan Marino. Several other players on the team, including Mark May and Hugh Green, would go on to be Pro Bowl NFL stars.


1980 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Season summary, West Virginia
Starting free safety Rick Trocano moved over to offense in the second quarter to replace the injured Dan Marino. Previously the starter at QB in 1978, Trocano led Pitt to four second-quarter touchdowns during the Panthers’ win at Pitt Stadium.


1980 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1980 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 99th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 94th in the National League. The Pirates finished third in the National League East with a record of 83–79.


1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 48th season in the National Football League.


1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The Steelers struggled for the first time in many years. The aging defense was not as effective as it had been in the 1978 and '79 seasons, falling from 2nd to 15th in yards allowed. The Steelers also surrendered 313 points, ranked 15th in the league, compared to 262 points (5th in the league) the previous season. The Pittsburgh defense only garnered 18 quarterback sacks.


1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The offense was still plagued with 42 total turnovers, 42 total, but ranking 6th in total offense, and scoring 352 points.


1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season
Despite the team's troubles, the Steelers could have again obtained home-field advantage throughout the playoffs had they not lost several close games, including games against Cincinnati and Cleveland in which they lost despite having large leads in the fourth quarter. Pittsburgh remained in the playoff hunt until a 28–13 loss to Buffalo in week 12 and then a 6–0 loss to Houston effectively eliminated Pittsburgh from the postseason.


1980 Pittsburgh Steelers season
To many, these two losses marked the end of the Steeler Dynasty. Several key players retired after the 1980 season and the team was never the same again. The 1980 season was the first in which the Steelers did not qualify for the playoffs since 1971.


1980 Player's Canadian Open
The 1980 Player's International Canadian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the National Tennis Centre in Toronto in Canada that was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix and of the 1980 WTA Tour. The tournament was held from August 11 through August 17, 1980.


1980 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Bruce Manson /  Brian Teacher defeated  Heinz Günthardt /  Sandy Mayer 6–3, 3–6, 6–4


1980 Player's Canadian Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Andrea Jaeger /  Regina Maršíková defeated  Ann Kiyomura /  Betsy Nagelsen 6–1, 6–3


1980 Player's Canadian Open – Men's Singles
Björn Borg was the defending champion, but retired in the final against Ivan Lendl due to a knee injury.


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster
The 1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster refers to the explosion of a Vostok-2M rocket carrying a Tselina-D satellite during fueling at Site 43 of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Mirny at 19:01 local time (16:01 GMT) on 18 March 1980, two hours and fifteen minutes before the intended launch time. 44 people were killed in the initial fire and four more soon died in the hospital from burns.


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster, Sequence of events
On 17 March the rocket was installed at the launch site. Various preliminary tests conducted before the fueling went as expected and without problem. The launch of the rocket was scheduled to take place at 21:16 on 18 March. Several hours before the intended launch, the tanks were filled with kerosene at 19:00 and preceded by the addition of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen to side tanks.


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster, Sequence of events
After the addition of hydrogen peroxide was completed, a huge explosion at the site was witnessed at 19:01 MSK; 44 people in the area were killed instantly and another 43 required hospitalization for burns, four of whom later died while in the hospital. Many of the survivors suffered severe burns and lung damage. Over 80% of surviving eyewitnesses to the disaster reported that the first explosion originated from Block E of the rocket and was followed by multiple secondary explosions. The 300 tons of fuel destroyed the launch pad and surrounding area.


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster, Aftermath, Initial investigation
The official investigation responsible for determining the cause of the disaster headed by Leonid Smirnov assigned blame to the crew that was killed at the site of the fire by specifically stating the official cause as "explosion (inflammation) of material soaked in liquid oxygen as a result of unauthorized actions of one of the members of the ground crew".


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster, Aftermath, Initial investigation
However, less than a year later, on 23 July 1981 after a second disaster of the same cause was narrowly avoided, it was discovered that a design flaw in the fuel filters of the rocket were likely the cause of the 1980 disaster, although it was impossible to confirm which type of filters were used in the rocket that exploded. The catalytically active lead solder on the filters would cause an explosion upon contact with hydrogen peroxide.


1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster, Aftermath, Cover-up
The disaster was not reported in Soviet media at the time and only reached western media outlets in 1989 upon declassification. Pravda reported that the launch of the rocket was a success and did not say anything about the explosion.


1980 Polish legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 23 March 1980. The results, like with the other elections in communist Poland, were controlled by the communist government. The results of the 1976 election would be duplicated, exactly, by the 1980 election, and were only marginally different from those of the preceding years. The election of 1985 once again produced only marginally different results, albeit on a significantly reduced turnout and a renamed government coalition.


1980 Polish legislative election, Results
As the other parties and "independents" were subordinate to PZPR, its control of the Sejm was total.


1980 Pontins Camber Sands
The 1980 Pontins Camber Sands Championship was a professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1980 in Rye, England.


1980 Pontins Camber Sands
Laid out similarly to the Pontins Professional championships, the tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 7 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 9 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1980 Pontins Camber Sands
Alex Higgins won the event, beating Dennis Taylor 9–7 in the final after Taylor had taken a 5–0 lead. Higgins received £2,000 as winner, with Taylor taking £1,500 as runner-up.


1980 Pontins Professional
The 1980 Pontins Professional was the seventh edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament which took place in May 1980 in Prestatyn, Wales.


1980 Pontins Professional
The tournament featured eight professional players. The quarter-final matches were contested over the best of 7 frames, the semi-final matches over the best of 9 frames, and the final over the best of 17 frames.


1980 Pontins Professional
John Virgo won the event, beating Ray Reardon 9–6 in the final.


1980 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix
The 1980 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix was a women's singles tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Tennis Sporthalle Filderstadt in Filderstadt in West Germany. The event was part of the AAA category of the 1980 Colgate Series. It was the third edition of the tournament and was held from 3 November through 9 November 1980. First-seeded Tracy Austin won the singles event, her third successive singles title at the event, and the accompanying $22,000 first-prize money.


1980 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Hana Mandlíková /  Betty Stöve defeated  Kathy Jordan /  Anne Smith 6–4, 7–5


1980 Portland State Vikings football team
The 1980 Portland State Vikings football team was an American football team that represented Portland State University as an independent during the 1980 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In its sixth and final season under head coach Mouse Davis, the team compiled an 8–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 550 to 209. The team utilized the run and shoot offense popularized by Davis and gained national acclaim for its high-scoring offensive output, including single-game tallies of 105 and 93 points. On the field, the team was led by senior quarterback Neil Lomax. During the 1980 season, Lomax tallied 4,094 passing yards and became the all-time leader in college football history with a career total of 13,200 passing yards.


1980 Portland Timbers season
The 1980 Portland Timbers season was the sixth season for the Portland Timbers in the now-defunct North American Soccer League.


1980 Portland Timbers season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1980 Portland Timbers season, North American Soccer League, National Conference, Western Division standings
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = PointsSource:


1980 Portuguese legislative election
The Portuguese legislative election of 1980 took place on 5 October. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic.


1980 Portuguese legislative election
In January 1980, the Democratic Alliance, which had won the previous election, on 2 December 1979, entered office with Francisco Sá Carneiro leading the government. However, this election was an extraordinary election, and so, in 1980, another election was held.


1980 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.


1980 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.


1980 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
For these elections, and compared with the 1979 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:


1980 Portuguese legislative election, Parties
The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the second half of the 1st legislature (1976-1980), as the 1979 election was a national by-election, and that also contested the elections:


1980 Portuguese legislative election, National summary of votes and seats
1 Republican and Socialist Front results are compared to the combined totals of the Socialist Party in the 1979 election.


1980 Portuguese presidential election
The Portuguese presidential election of 1980 was held on 7 December.


1980 Portuguese presidential election
Incumbent president General Ramalho Eanes gathered the support of the Socialist Party, despite the objection of their leader, Mário Soares, and also the support of the Portuguese Communist Party, whose candidate, Carlos Brito, withdrew the week before the election giving his support to Eanes. The Communist Party of the Portuguese Workers also gave support to Eanes, whose picture became a feature on numerous walls around the country, painted by Communist Party activists.


1980 Portuguese presidential election
One of the major players in the democratic revolution of 1974, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, was also a candidate, for the second time, but finished far behind his previous result of 1976. The newly-founded Workers Party of Socialist Unity presented its own candidate, Aires Rodrigues.


1980 Portuguese presidential election
His main opponent, General Soares Carneiro, was known for his right-wing views and was branded by opponents as a hardliner, with links to the dictatorial regime that had been overthrown only six years earlier. He was supported by the Democratic Alliance, a centre-right coalition of the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic Social Center, and the smaller People's Monarchist Party.


1980 Portuguese presidential election
Two days before the election, two of Soares Carneiro's leading supporters, Prime Minister Francisco Sá Carneiro (no relation) and Defence Minister Adelino Amaro da Costa, died in the 1980 Camarate air crash while they were heading for a rally in Oporto. Despite the accident, the election went ahead as planned, and predictions that a second round would be needed were shown to be wrong, with Ramalho Eanes winning with almost 57 percent, against 40 percent for Soares Carneiro.


1980 Portuguese presidential election, Procedure
Any Portuguese citizen over 35 years old has the opportunity to run for president. In order to do so it is necessary to gather between 7500 and 15000 signatures and submit them to the Portuguese Constitutional Court.


1980 Portuguese presidential election, Procedure
According to the Portuguese Constitution, to be elected, a candidate needs a majority of votes. If no candidate gets this majority there will take place a second round between the two most voted candidates.


1980 Portuguese presidential election, Results, Maps
Strongest candidate by municipality: Eanes - magenta; Soares Carneiro - darkblue.


1980 Pot Black
The 1980 Pot Black event was a professional invitational snooker tournament, which was held at the Pebble Mill Studios in Birmingham. The tournament began with eight players competing in two groups of four using a round-robin format. The matches were one-frame shoot-outs in the group stages, two-frame aggregate scores in the semi-finals, and best-of-three-frames in the final.


1980 Pot Black
Broadcast on BBC2, the programmes started at 21:00 on Friday 4 January 1980. Alan Weeks presented the programme with Ted Lowe as commentator and Sydney Lee as referee.


1980 Pot Black
The first programme of the series featured reigning Pot Black champion Ray Reardon playing against the then world champion Terry Griffiths making his Pot Black debut. Reardon reached the final where he lost 1–2 to Eddie Charlton who himself won his third title equalling the record set by John Spencer.


1980 Prague Skate
The 1980 Prague Skate was held November 1980. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1980 Preakness Stakes
The 1980 Preakness Stakes was the 105th running of the $250,000 Grade 1 Preakness Stakes thoroughbred horse race. The race took place on May 17, 1980, and was televised in the United States on the ABC television network. Codex, who was jockeyed by Ángel Cordero Jr., won the race by four and three quarter lengths over runner-up Genuine Risk. Approximate post time was 5:40 p.m. Eastern Time. The race was run on a fast track in a final time of 1:54-1/5. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 83,455, this is recorded as second highest on the list of American thoroughbred racing top attended events for North America in 1980.


1980 President's Cup Football Tournament
The 1980 President's Cup International Football Tournament (Korean: 제10회 대통령배 국제축구대회) was the tenth competition of Korea Cup. It was held from 23 August to 2 September 1980, and was won by South Korea for the sixth time, who defeated Indonesia in the final.


1980 Primera División de Chile
The 1980 Campeonato Nacional was Chilean football top tier's 48th season. Cobreloa was the tournament's champion, winning its first ever title.


1980 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1980 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 1980 NCAA Division I-A football season. Princeton tied for third in the Ivy League.


1980 Princeton Tigers football team
In their third year under head coach Frank Navarro, the Tigers compiled a 6–4 record but were outscored 198 to 175. Mark W. Bailey and Paul R. Van Pelt were the team captains.


1980 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton's 4–3 conference record tied for third place in the Ivy League standings. The Tigers were outscored 137 to 124 by Ivy opponents.


1980 Princeton Tigers football team
Ivy League football teams expanded their schedules to 10 games in 1980, making this the first year since 1953 that the Tigers played three games against non-Ivy opponents.


1980 Princeton Tigers football team
Princeton played its home games at Palmer Stadium on the university campus in Princeton, New Jersey.


1980 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The 1980 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 5 October 1980. It was the 59th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.


1980 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The winner was Detroit, a three-year-old filly trained in France by Oliver Douieb. The winning jockey was Pat Eddery who was winning the race for the first time. The filly won by half a length and a short head from Argument and Ela-Mana-Mou.


1980 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The winning time of 2m 28.0s was a new record for the race.


1980 Prize of Moscow News
The 1980 Prize of Moscow News was the 15th edition of an international figure skating competition organized in Moscow, Soviet Union. It was held December 10–14, 1980. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating and ice dancing.


1980 Pro Bowl
The 1980 Pro Bowl was the NFL's 30th annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1979 season. The game was played on Sunday, January 27, 1980, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before 48,060 fans. The final score was NFC 37, AFC 27.


1980 Pro Bowl
Don Coryell of the San Diego Chargers lead the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry. The referee was Dick Jorgensen.


1980 Pro Bowl
Chuck Muncie of the New Orleans Saints was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Players on the winning NFC team received $5,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $2,500.


1980 Pro Bowl
Starting in his seventh and final Pro Bowl, defensive end Jack Youngblood of the Los Angeles Rams played in the game with a fractured left fibula, just as he had played during the NFC Divisional Playoff and in Super Bowl XIV. Pro Bowl Flashback Friday: Jack Youngblood's broken leg


1980 Pro Bowl
This was the first of thirty consecutive Pro Bowls played in Honolulu. It also marked a return to the game being played on a Sunday.


1980 Professional Ticket Event
The 1980 Professional Ticket Event was a snooker main tour qualifying event held by the WPBSA, which took place from 7 to 13 December 1980. The tournament was played at the Snooker Centre in Sheffield, Yorkshire, and featured eight amateur players who hoped to qualify to compete on the main tour as professionals for the following season.


1980 Professional Ticket Event
Dave Martin won the tournament, beating Eugene Hughes 9–6 in the final.


1980 Puerto Rican general election
The 1980 Puerto Rican general elections were held in Puerto Rico on 4 November 1980. Carlos Romero Barceló of the New Progressive Party (PNP) was re-elected Governor. In the House of Representatives elections the PNP received a plurality of votes, but the  Popular Democratic Party won a majority of the seats. They also won a majority of seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 88.30%.


1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election
In the 1980 elections to the Punjab Legislative Assembly, the Congress party achieved an overall majority.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1980 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fourth season under head coach Jim Young, the Boilermakers finished in a tie for second place in the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten), compiled a 9–3 (7–1 against Big Ten opponents), defeated Missouri in the Liberty Bowl, were ranked No. 16 in the final AP Poll, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 328 to 233. The team played its home games at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team
Quarterback Mark Hermann gained national attention for breaking the NCAA's career record for passing yardage. He finished his collegiate career having completed 772 of 1,309 passes for 9,946 yards, 71 touchdowns, and 75 interceptions. Hermann and teammate Dave Young, a tight end, were the only two Big Ten players to be recognized as consensus first-team players on the 1980 College Football All-America Team. Hermann also won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player in the Big Ten Conference.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team
Several Purdue players ranked among the Big Ten leaders in various statistical categories, including the following:


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, at Notre Dame
In non-conference play, Purdue (AP No. 9) opened its season with a 31–10 loss to Notre Dame (AP No. 11) at Notre Dame Stadium. Purdue quarterback Mark Hermann was sidelined with a bruised thumb (injured in practice during the week) and did not play. Phil Carter rushed for 142 yards for Notre Dame. After the game, the Boilermakers fell from No. 9 to No. 11 in the AP Poll.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Wisconsin
Purdue (AP No. 20) defeated Wisconsin, 12–6. Mark Hermann passed for 347 yards (27-43), including 200 yards to wide receiver Bart Burrell, but the Boilermakers were unable to score a touchdown, settling for three field goals. After the game, Purdue dropped out of the top 25.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, UCLA
Purdue lost to UCLA, 23–14, in West Lafayette. Mark Hermann passed for 282 yards, and his two touchdown passes gave him the Big Ten career record with 50 touchdown passes. Hermann also threw two interceptions in the defeat. The loss broke a 12-game winning streak for Purdue at Ross–Ade Stadium.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Miami (OH)
Purdue defeated Miami (OH), 28–3, as Mark Hermann passed for 291 yards and three touchdowns.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Minnesota
Purdue defeated Minnesota, 21–7, in West Lafayette. In the first half, Purdue took a 21-0 lead, as Mark Hermann completed 14 of 19 passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns. Purdue was shut out in the second half, and Hermann had only 28 passing yards in the second half, but Purdue's 21 points in the first half were enough for the victory.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Illinois
Purdue defeated Illinois, 45–20, before a crowd of 62,121 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign. In a remarkable passing exhibition, the Big Ten single-game record for passing yardage was broken twice in the same game. Mark Hermann broke the record first with 371 yards on 24-of-35 passing, surpassing the mark set two years earlier by Eddie Smith. Bart Burrell caught 10 passes for 186 yards. Hermann went to the bench halfway through the fourth quarter, only to watch his record broken by Illinois quarterback Dave Wilson who tallied 425 passing yards as the Illini passed with abandon through the final minutes. Wilson also broke Big Ten single-game records with 58 passes and 35 completions.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Michigan State
Purdue defeated Michigan State, 36–25, in West Lafayette. Mark Hermann completed 24 of 46 passes for 340 yards to break the NCAA career record for passing yardage. Hermann passed the prior record of 7,747 yards set by Jack Thompson from 1976 to 1978. Dave Young caught 12 passes for 172 yards. Michigan State quarterback John Leister threw more passes (54) than Hermann, but completed only 18, had five interceptions, and lost a fumble. After the game, Michigan State coach Muddy Waters said, "John is pretty disgusted with himself."


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Northwestern
Purdue (AP No. 20) defeated Northwestern, 52–31, before a crowd of 17,744 persons at Dyche Stadium in Evanston. Purdue's 52 points was its highest scoring output in a game since 1947. Purdue running back rushed for 190 yards and scored four touchdown. Mark Hermann passed for 210 yards and three touchdowns. Hermann also set the all-time record for career pass completions (651) and interceptions (69).


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Iowa
Purdue (AP No. 17) defeated Iowa, 58–13, at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette. Mark Hermann set a Purdue single-game record with 439 passing yards on 26 of 34 passing. Hermann also set an NCAA career record with 1,151 pass completions.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Michigan
Michigan defeated Purdue, 26–0, for Michigan's third consecutive shut out. The victory was particularly impressive as the Wolverines held Purdue's record-setting quarterback, Mark Hermann, to 129 passing yard (24 in the second half), intercepted four of Hermann's passes, and did not allow a first down by Purdue in the second half. Coach Schembechler credited Michigan defensive coordinator Bill McCartney with the strategy of playing six defensive backs that held Purdue's offense scoreless.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Indiana
In the annual battle for the Old Oaken Bucket, Purdue defeated Indiana, 24–23, in West Lafayette. Purdue led, 24–17, with 21 seconds left when Tim Clifford threw a touchdown pass to Steve Corso (Indiana coach Lee Corso's son). Rather than kick an extra point to tie the game, Indiana coach Corso called for a pass play to win the game; the pass was knocked down by linebacker Mike Marks, and Purdue preserved a one-point lead. The Hoosiers regained possession on the onside kick but Don Geisler missed a 59-yard field goal as time expired. In his final home game, Mark Herrmann finished 19 of 23 for 323 yards and a touchdown.


1980 Purdue Boilermakers football team, Season summary, Liberty Bowl
At the Liberty Bowl in Memphis, Purdue defeated Missouri, 28-25. Mark Hermann completed his Purdue career with his third MVP award in a bowl game, and the Boilermakers' third consecutive bowl game victory.


1980 Quebec referendum
The 1980 Quebec independence referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on the place of Quebec within Canada and whether Quebec should pursue a path toward sovereignty. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government, which advocated secession from Canada.


1980 Quebec referendum
The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to pursue secession was defeated by a 59.56 percent to 40.44 percent margin.


1980 Quebec referendum
A second referendum on sovereignty, which was held in 1995, also rejected pursuing secession, albeit by a much smaller margin (50.58% to 49.42%).


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
Quebec, a province in the  Canadian Confederation since its foundation in 1867, has always been the sole majority French-speaking province. Long ruled by forces (such as the Union Nationale) that focused on affirmation of the province's French and Catholic identity within Canada, the province underwent a Quiet Revolution in the early 1960s. The Quiet Revolution was characterized by the effective secularization of society and the creation of a welfare state (état-providence). It also caused a realignment of provincial politics into federalist and sovereigntist factions, the latter  calling for the separation of Quebec from Canada and its establishment as a sovereign nation state.


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
A prominent sovereigntist was René Lévesque, who helped found the Parti Québécois (PQ) with like-minded separatists. The PQ proposed "sovereignty-association", a proposal for Quebec to be a sovereign nation-state while requiring (hence the hyphen) an economic partnership with what remained of Canada. The PQ had intended to declare independence upon forming government, citing the principle of parliamentary supremacy. This was changed in the party platform after internal lobbying by Claude Morin to a referendum strategy to better allow such a declaration to be internationally recognized.


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
The PQ won the 1976 election in a surprise rout of the governing Quebec Liberals of Robert Bourassa on a general platform of good government and the promise of holding a referendum on sovereignty-association during their first term. In government, the PQ implemented a number of popular reforms to longstanding issues in the province, while emphasizing its nationalist credentials with laws such as Bill 101, which reinforced French as the province's official language.


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
The PQ's efforts were in philosophical conflict with the federal Liberal government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, an opponent of sovereignty who instead urged Quebecers to seek empowerment at the federal level through reforms that provided for bilingualism and protection for individual rights. Trudeau, an effective campaigner whose party had dominated federal politics in Quebec for over 80 years, was considered such a formidable opponent that Lévesque refused to implement a referendum while Trudeau remained in office.


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
In the 1979 federal election, the Liberals were narrowly defeated by the Progressive Conservatives led by Joe Clark, whose platform had included a more accommodating approach to constitutional negotiations with the provinces. Clark's minority government made a point to not have the federal government be involved in the referendum, leaving the task of representing federalist voices to Claude Ryan, the new leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.


1980 Quebec referendum, Background
On June 21, 1979, Lévesque announced the promised referendum would occur in the spring of 1980, and that the question would be announced before Christmas.


1980 Quebec referendum, Leadup
On November 1, 1979, the Quebec government made public its constitutional proposal in a white paper entitled Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association.


1980 Quebec referendum, Leadup
A dramatic change occurred in Ottawa on December 11, 1979, when a series of confused phone calls led the nationalist Social Credit Members of Parliament (MPs) to abstain from a budget vote, which, along with a concerted Liberal and New Democratic Party (NDP) push, led the Clark government to unexpectedly lose a vote of confidence on a budget bill, precipitating a federal election. Three days afterward, Trudeau announced his return as leader of the Liberals. Polls showed Clark losing handily.


1980 Quebec referendum, Question
The referendum question was a subject of much internal debate amongst the Parti Québécois caucus. Pur et durs such as Finance Minister Jacques Parizeau preferred a simple question on the entirety of the proposal. Lévesque came to the view that, as sovereignty-association would by necessity require negotiations with the Government of Canada, the government of Quebec should be treated as a legal agent and require ratification of its final decision. He also felt the safety of a second referendum would convince swing voters to back the "Yes."


1980 Quebec referendum, Question
A significant debate arose as to whether a "question" under the Referendum Act could have more than one sentence: the final compromise was to use semicolons.


1980 Quebec referendum, Question
"The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws,levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?"


1980 Quebec referendum, Question
Lévesque, while noting its cumbersome nature, stated that it was transparent and could be easily understood.


1980 Quebec referendum, Legislative debate
The Liberals presented their constitutional proposal, known as the "Beige Paper" on January 10, 1980, which advocated a decentralized Canadian federation. While generally viewed as detailed and competent, the report did not make much impact on the federal election, and was attacked by the PQ as vague and insubstantial. Ryan, who disliked the federal Liberals, refused to endorse either Trudeau or Clark.


1980 Quebec referendum, Legislative debate
On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien, his most trusted lieutenant, as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum. Ryan was furious.


1980 Quebec referendum, Legislative debate
Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question was scheduled for prime time live viewing on March 4, 1980. The debate lasted two weeks, and the result was a smashing PQ success and a disaster for the provincial Liberals. The PQ Cabinet, coordinated by House Leader Claude Charron, provided detailed outlines of their files and the benefits they said sovereignty would provide them.


1980 Quebec referendum, Legislative debate
The Liberals provided quick and taunting retorts regarding the referendum question that would normally be heard on the legislative floor, but which appeared to be flippant and insubstantial compared to the lengthy and detailed speeches of PQ members to television viewers. The Liberals seemed to lack preparation and Ryan, unaware of the television cameras, was caught yawning on a few occasions during Liberal interventions.


1980 Quebec referendum, Legislative debate
Polls released after the debates showed the Yes and No side roughly even, with a majority amongst Francophone voters for the "Yes."


1980 Quebec referendum, Brunch des Yvettes
Less helpful to the "Yes" campaign was a speech by former television presenter Lise Payette to a committee in Montreal, which mocked what she viewed as the "No" side's complacency by using the conception of Yvette, a docile schoolgirl from pre-Quiet Revolution schoolbooks, a general theme she had also used in the legislature. Payette then stated that Ryan wanted a Quebec full of "Yvettes" and that his wife, Madeline Ryan, was an Yvette. The personal attack prompted a furious editorial by prominent journalist Lise Bissonnette, who sarcastically contrasted Payette's televised exploits with Mme Ryan's accomplishments in the private and public sector.


1980 Quebec referendum, Brunch des Yvettes
Payette apologized during the legislative debate, but the remark and editorial sparked a movement. On March 30, a group of 1,700 women, including Madeline Ryan, held the brunch des Yvettes at the Château Frontenac in Quebec City. The movement grew until a rally at the Montreal Forum on April 7 when 14,000 women denounced the minister's declarations about women and manifested their support for the "No" side.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign
On April 15, Lévesque announced before the National Assembly the referendum would occur on May 20, 1980. The same day, on the opening of the House of Commons, Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would not negotiate sovereignty-association under any circumstances, as he considered the question too vague and the Canadian government's authority too uncertain to do so. He also stated that the question was too vague to give Lévesque and the PQ any mandate to declare independence, making any result from a "Yes" vote impossible; in contrast, he offered that a "No" vote would lead to constitutional change. His position was supported by Clark and national NDP leader Ed Broadbent.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign
The "Yes" campaign was, in the initial stages, low key. It focused on gaining broad acceptance of sovereignty-association through specialized "regroupments" that would be presented with special certificates at ceremonies led by Lévesque and other cabinet ministers. The regroupments were seen as an attempt to show broad support for the movement and create conversations at the ground level, however, the attempt to create them in some heavily Federalist professions, such as lawyers, prompted a severe backlash.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign
The "No" campaign, led by Ryan, was run as a traditional election campaign, with Ryan campaigning during the day and making speeches in local hockey arenas across rural Quebec.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign
Controversially, the Canadian government became involved on its own accord in the referendum despite the provisions of the provincial Referendum Act, which tightly restricted all campaigning to the designated "Yes" and "No" committees with set budgets. Canadian government politicians made appearances coordinated by Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and Marc Lalonde, mainly speculating on the economic uncertainty a "Yes" vote could bring. Chrétien argued that prominent PQ member Claude Morin would sacrifice Canada's oil and national gas price to drive in an ambassadors' Cadillac. Lalonde argued that old age pensions were directly threatened by a "Yes" vote. Though initially reluctant, Ryan started to accept and welcome the Canadian government's help, and continued to speak across Quebec.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign
The referendum prompted an unheard-of political mobilization, and the campaign was seen as a traumatic event in Quebec, as the hard choice between "Yes" and "No" shattered the nationalist consensus that had existed since the Quiet Revolution.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign, Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
On May 14, six days before the vote, Trudeau made his final appearance at a packed Paul Sauvé Arena, where the PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign, Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line if he were to fail to keep this promise. Addressing himself to Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of his MPs, Trudeau challenged English Canada that change would have to occur and that the referendum could not be interpreted as an endorsement of the status quo.


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign, Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
After this Trudeau hit an emotional high note, invoking a remark by Lévesque days earlier that he was showing his "Elliott" side during the campaign. Trudeau detailed the story of his parents, who had both had many ancestors in Quebec, and remarked that his full name was both a Québécois and a Canadian name. Trudeau then began to list members of the Parti Québécois who had Irish or English last names. The riposte brought the crowd to an uproar, and Trudeau exited to chants of "Elliott."


1980 Quebec referendum, Campaign, Trudeau at Paul Sauvé Arena
The speech, which prompted Morin to wonder if his mind was changed, was seen as the death knell of the "Yes" camp, despite Lévesque's attempts to cast doubt over Trudeau's words.


1980 Quebec referendum, Immediate aftermath
After the lopsided defeat, a visibly emotional Lévesque addressed his supporters, many of whom were shown on screen in tears at the result. Lévesque began with, "My dear friends, if I understand you correctly, you're saying: 'until next time'". While calling the Canadian government's involvement in the campaign "scandalously immoral", he emphasized that the result must be accepted and that it was now the Canadian government's responsibility to provide the promised changes to the constitution. He ended asking the audience to sing "Gens du Pays" for him, as he did not have any voice left.


1980 Quebec referendum, Immediate aftermath
Claude Ryan's speech was later in the evening. After refusing to let Jean Chrétien use the microphone to address those gathered, he proceeded to demand an election be called and listed every riding that had voted for the "No" side. The speech was generally seen as callous and harsh, especially after the emotional crowd scenes broadcast during Lévesque's speech. Trudeau addressed the country afterward with a more conciliatory tone, emphasizing the need for unity after the hurt feelings and strained friendships that had been caused by the referendum. The next morning, Chrétien was tasked with creating a provincial consensus.


1980 Quebec referendum, Expenses
Maximum amount authorized by referendum law: $2,122,257 ($0.50/voter x 4,244,514 voters)


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
After the referendum, Trudeau acted upon his promise by calling together the provincial premiers in a first ministers' conference. The meeting showed signs of deadlock, and Lévesque surprised observers by uniting with the dissident premiers, who warmly received his decentralist views. Facing a lack of cooperation from the premiers, Trudeau then announced his intention to unilaterally patriate the constitution from the United Kingdom and have a charter of rights and constitutional amending formula approved by national referendum.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
In the meantime, there was a provincial election in Quebec. Despite a brief post-referendum malaise, the PQ easily defeated Ryan's Liberals in the 1981 provincial election, campaigning both on their governing record and against Trudeau's intentions. Notably, the PQ did not promise to hold a second referendum.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
With regards to Trudeau's plans to unilaterally patriate and change the constitution, the newly re-elected Lévesque, who had initially argued for the incorporation of a Quebec veto into the new constitution, agreed with eight other premiers (the Gang of Eight) to a proposal that would not allow Quebec a veto, but would permit "opting out" of certain federal endeavours with compensation.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
The federal government, still interested in proceeding unilaterally, sought an opinion on whether it was legally entitled to do so from the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court ruled that any constitutional changes, including patriation of the constitution, could be made unilaterally under the letter of the law, but, by non-binding convention, "a substantial degree of provincial consent was required".


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
The Supreme Court's decision prompted a final meeting among the first ministers. Lévesque abandoned the Gang of Eight and opted to join Trudeau in advocating immediate patriation with the promise of a future referendum on the other matters. The other premiers, loath to be seen arguing against the charter of rights that was included in Trudeau's proposed constitutional changes, formulated a compromise proposal with Jean Chrétien that was acceptable to the Canadian government. The compromise came during the Kitchen Meeting, which took place after Lévesque had left for the evening. In Quebec, that night has sometimes been called the "Night of the Long Knives".


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
As a result of the compromise between the premiers (other than Lévesque) and the federal government, the government patriated the Canadian constitution in the Constitution Act, 1982 without support from Lévesque or Quebec's National Assembly. The result was a shattering defeat for the PQ, especially after the Quebec government's loss in its Quebec Veto Reference case. The National Assembly of Quebec, compared to its position in 1976, actually lost power under Lévesque and the PQ.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
Historical debate would centre on whether Trudeau's advocacy and agreement on patriation were in accord with or in contravention of his commitments made in his speech at the Paul Sauvé Arena. Trudeau defended his actions by stating he had kept his promise to deliver a new constitution that resided entirely within Canada and an embedded Charter of Rights. Quebec nationalists argue that this is an overly literal view of his words and that, in context to a Québécois audience, Trudeau had promised that Quebec would be given a status in accordance with a decentralized view of federalism, or his MPs would resign.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to victory nationally, having committed during the campaign to try to find a way to accommodate Quebec's objections to the constitution. Lévesque pledged to take the risk of trying to work towards a deal with Mulroney. This led to a split in the PQ and subsequently Lévesque's resignation from politics in 1985. After the PQ defeat by the Liberals of Robert Bourassa, the Mulroney government began negotiations with Quebec to find a deal that would be acceptable to all provinces. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord, despite receiving unanimous consent among the provincial premiers, each failed in dramatic public fashion, reviving the sovereignty movement.


1980 Quebec referendum, Effects
The PQ returned to office, led by hard-line separatist and former Finance Minister Jacques Parizeau, in 1994. Parizeau called a second sovereignty referendum of 1995, which featured a more direct question. That referendum failed by a margin of less than 0.6%.


1980 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The 1980 Queen's Birthday Honours for Australia were appointments to recognise and reward good works by citizens of Australia and other nations that contribute to Australia. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations and were announced on 14 June 1980 in Australia.


1980 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by honour with grades and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.


1980 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 29 November 1980 to elect the 82 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1980 Queensland state election
The election resulted in a fifth consecutive victory for the National-Liberal Coalition under Joh Bjelke-Petersen. It was the ninth victory of the National Party in Queensland since it first came to office in 1957.


1980 Queensland state election, Result
The election saw little change from the 1977 election. The Coalition Government was returned to office, although Labor gained two seats and the Liberals lost two. The Liberal decline continued, and tensions between the Coalition parties increased.


1980 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 29 November 1980Legislative Assembly << 1977–1983 >>


1980 QwaQwa legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in QwaQwa between 19 and 21 April 1980. The Dikwankwetla Party won all 20 of the elected seats.


1980 QwaQwa legislative election, Electoral system
The Legislative Assembly had a total of 60 seats, 20 of which were elected and 40 of which were reserved for tribal representatives; 26 from the Koena tribe and 14 from the Tlokwa tribe.


1980 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards
The 1980 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards (Chinese: 1980年度十大中文金曲得獎) was held in 1980 for the 1979 music season.


1980 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards, Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大中文金曲) of 1980 are as follows.


1980 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1980 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 54th series of the Railway Cup, an annual hurling tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association. The tournament took place between 17 February and 17 March 1980.


1980 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The championship was won by Connacht who secured the title following a 1-5 to 0-7 defeat of Munster in the final. This was their 2nd Railway Cup title, their first since 1947.


1980 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Leinster were the defending champions, however, they were defeated at the semi-final stage.


1980 Republican National Convention
The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan, from July 14 to July 17, 1980. The Republican National Convention nominated retired Hollywood actor and former Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California for president and former Representative George H. W. Bush of Texas for vice president.


1980 Republican National Convention
Reagan, running on the theme "Let's Make America Great Again," stayed at the Detroit Plaza Hotel in the Renaissance Center, at the time the world's tallest hotel, and delivered his acceptance speech at Joe Louis Arena. It remains the only major party national political convention to have been held in Detroit.


1980 Republican National Convention
In addition to Reagan, Bush and keynote speaker Guy Vander Jagt; other notable speakers included former Treasury Secretary William E. Simon; former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and former President Gerald Ford (the convention's opening night coincided with Ford's 67th birthday, and following his speech Ford was presented with a check to help fund the Gerald Ford Presidential Library); former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger; Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater (introduced by his son, California Congressman Barry Goldwater Jr.); New York Congressman Jack Kemp; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People executive director Benjamin Hooks; Kansas Senator Nancy Kassebaum (introduced by a film by her father, 1936 Republican presidential nominee Alf Landon); former Texas Governor John Connally and former Ambassador to the United Kingdom Anne Armstrong.


1980 Republican National Convention, Presidential vote
Following victories in several delegate-rich primaries in April and early-May, the former governor had a lock on the nomination prior to the convention. His last remaining opponent in the race, George H. W. Bush, dropped out on May 26 and urged his supporters to back Reagan. Under party rules then in place, only Reagan's name was officially placed in nomination. Because of this, former contender John B. Anderson's goal having a speaker at the convention was thwarted.


1980 Republican National Convention, The vice presidential selection
Reagan waited until the Convention in July to announce his choice of a running mate, as was customary at the time. A short list of prospective running mates was put together after Reagan clinched the presidential nomination, including Howard Baker, William Simon, Jack Kemp, Richard Lugar, Paul Laxalt and George Bush.


1980 Republican National Convention, The vice presidential selection, Possible selection of Gerald Ford
Shortly before the convention, the possibility of choosing former President Gerald Ford as the vice presidential nominee was given some consideration. Ford asked for certain powers and prerogatives that have been described as making Ford a co-president (had he been chosen). Negotiations for the terms of such an arrangement were held at the Hotel Pontchartrain. These included the return of Henry Kissinger as secretary of State and the appointment of Alan Greenspan as secretary of the Treasury in a "package deal".


1980 Republican National Convention, The vice presidential selection, Possible selection of Gerald Ford
On July 16, Ford was interviewed by Walter Cronkite. According to Bob Schieffer, "The whole convention came to a stop," when, after being asked by Cronkite, Ford did not dismiss rumors that Reagan was considering him as a running mate. However, negotiations ultimately fell apart later that day when the two sides could not come to an agreement.