1978 Delaware 500, Background
Dover Downs International Speedway, now called Dover International Speedway, is one of  five short tracks to hold NASCAR races; the others are Bristol Motor Speedway, Richmond International Raceway, Martinsville Speedway, and Phoenix International Raceway. The NASCAR race makes use of the track's standard configuration, a four-turn short track oval that is 1 mile (1.6 km) long. The track's turns are banked at twenty-four degrees, and both the front stretch (the location of the finish line) and the backstretch are banked at nine degrees.


1978 Delaware 500, Race report
Five hundred laps were completed on a paved oval track spanning 1.000 mile (1.609 km). The race took four hours, eleven minutes, and twenty seconds to complete. Three cautions slowed the race for eighteen laps. Thirty thousand stock car racing fans attended this live event. Notable speeds were: 119.323 miles per hour (192.032 km/h) for the average speed and 135.480 miles per hour (218.034 km/h) for the pole position speed (accomplished by J.D. McDuffie).


1978 Delaware 500, Race report
Bobby Allison defeated Cale Yarborough by 11½ seconds. Other notable names in the event included: Darrell Waltrip (now a NASCAR on Fox broadcaster), Richard Childress (now the owner of Richard Childress Racing), Richard Petty, and J.D. McDuffie. J.D. McDuffie established the pole position while using tires manufactured by the McCreary Tire Company. This pole position start also got him a guaranteed ride in the first running of the Busch Clash (now the Sprint Unlimited); Buddy Baker would ultimately win that race on February 1979. The Busch Clash consisted of a racing event with a single twenty-lap (50-mile) green flag sprint with no pit stops required.


1978 Delaware 500, Race report
Jabe Thomas would retire from NASCAR after this race. Bobby Allison would gain his 50th career Winston Cup Series victory from this race. Although McDuffie would never win a race with a Winston Cup Series vehicle, his best overall finish would come at the 1979 Sun-Drop Music City USA 420 in Nashville, Tennessee.


1978 Delaware 500, Race report
Notable crew chiefs who actively participated in the race included Darrell Bryant, Junie Donlavey, Buddy Parrott, Jake Elder, Joey Arrington, Herb Nab, Dale Inman, Walter Ballard, Kirk Shelmerdine, and Bud Moore.


1978 Delaware 500, Finishing order
* Driver failed to finish race † signifies that the driver is known to be deceased


1978 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1978 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware in the 1978 NCAA Division II football season. They were led by 13th-year head coach Tubby Raymond and played their home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware.


1978 Denver Broncos season
The 1978 Denver Broncos season was the team's 19th year in professional football and its ninth with the National Football League (NFL). Led by second-year head coach Red Miller, the Broncos were 10–6, repeated as champions of the AFC West, and made the playoffs for the second straight season.


1978 Denver Broncos season
In the AFC divisional round, Denver lost on the road to the top-seeded Pittsburgh Steelers, whom they had lost to two weeks earlier in the regular season finale at Mile High Stadium; the Broncos had clinched their division title six days earlier with a win over struggling Kansas City, while runners-up Oakland and Seattle both lost and fell to 8–7 with San Diego, two games back with one to play. Pittsburgh went on to win Super Bowl XIII.


1978 Denver Broncos season
Denver was fifteenth in the league in scoring offense, while the Broncos' defense finished second in points allowed and sixth in yards allowed.


1978 Detroit Lions season
The 1978 Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 49th season in the National Football League. Under new head coach and former NFL player Monte Clark, the Lions continue to struggle with mediocrity finishing in third place again with a less than stellar record of 7–9.


1978 Detroit Lions season
This season would also be the swan song for starting quarterback Greg Landry's stellar ten-year career in Detroit, as in the offseason was shipped to the Baltimore Colts for a 1979 fourth round pick (#88-Ulysses Norris), a 1979 fifth round pick (#131-Walt Brown), and a 1980 third round pick (#62-Mike Friede), in a rebuilding process begun by head coach Monte Clark.


1978 Detroit Tigers season
The 1978 Detroit Tigers finished in fifth place in the American League East with a record of 86-76, 13½ games behind the Yankees. They outscored their opponents 714 to 653.


1978 Detroit Tigers season
It was the franchise's first winning season since 1973 and would start a string of winning seasons that would not come to an end until 1989.


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season
The Tigers drew 1,714,893 fans to Tiger Stadium in 1978, ranking 5th of the 14 teams in the American League.


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 all time at position
The following members of the 1979 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 of all time at their position, as ranked by The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:


1978 Dominican Republic general election
General elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 16 May 1978. Following diplomatic pressure from American President Jimmy Carter, the elections were free and competitive and contested by all political parties, unlike the previous elections in the 1970s. Antonio Guzmán Fernández won the presidential election, whilst his Dominican Revolutionary Party (which had not contested the 1970 and 1974 elections) won the Congressional elections. Voter turnout was 75.8%.


1978 Dominican Republic general election
When counting showed an unmistakable trend toward Guzmán, the Army attempted a coup and interrupted the vote count, only to back down amid protests at home and strong pressure from abroad. The final count showed Balaguer had suffered the first defeat of his career. Although Guzmán was allowed to assume the presidency, the Central Elections Authority redistributed the uncast votes equally between the PRD and the Reformist Party, diminishing the PRD's majority in Congress.


1978 Dominican Republic general election
Guzmán's swearing-in on 16 August marked the first time in the country's history that a sitting government had peacefully surrendered power to an elected member of the opposition.


1978 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1978 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1978 Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council election
The second Dumfries and Galloway regional council election was held on 2 May 1978, a year after the second district council elections.


1978 Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council election
This was the first time the Conservatives and the Scottish National Party (SNP) had contested a regional council election in Dumfries and Galloway. Thatcher's Conservatives overtook Callaghan's Labour to become the opposition to the still dominant independents.


1978 Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council election
Turnout was down, and so were the number of wards contested. Only 15 of the 35 wards in the region were contested, over half. 57.4% of the electorate of Dumfries and Galloway couldn't vote for this reason.


1978 Dutch Grand Prix
The 1978 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zandvoort on 27 August 1978. It was the 13th race of the 1978 Formula One season.


1978 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
For the fourth consecutive race, the Lotuses came 1–2 in qualifying with Mario Andretti ahead of Ronnie Peterson. Niki Lauda was third in the Brabham, ahead of the Ferraris of Carlos Reutemann and Gilles Villeneuve. The top ten was completed by Jacques Laffite in the Ligier, James Hunt in the McLaren, John Watson in the second Brabham, Jean-Pierre Jabouille in the Renault, and Emerson Fittipaldi in the Fittipaldi.


1978 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
At the start of the race, Andretti led from Peterson with Laffite charging up to third, while at the second corner Didier Pironi's Tyrrell collided with Riccardo Patrese's Arrows. Thereafter, the race was relatively uneventful, Peterson dutifully following Andretti while Laffite fell back down the order, enabling Lauda to reclaim third. At the end, Andretti was just over three-tenths of a second ahead of Peterson, with Lauda a further 12 seconds back; the minor points went to Watson, Fittipaldi and Villeneuve.


1978 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
This fourth 1–2 finish of the season for Lotus meant that, with three races left to run, only Andretti or Peterson could take the Drivers' Championship. It would go to Andretti in the next race at Monza, when Peterson crashed fatally.


1978 Dutch Open (tennis)
The 1978 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix men's tennis tournament staged in Hilversum, Netherlands. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 24 July until 30 July 1978. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament. Third-seeded Balázs Taróczy won the singles title, his second at the event after 1976.


1978 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Tom Okker /  Balázs Taróczy defeated  Bob Carmichael /  Mark Edmondson 7–6, 4–6, 7–5


1978 Dutch TT
The 1978 Dutch TT was the sixth round of the 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 22–24 June 1978 at the Circuit van Drenthe Assen.


1978 Dutch province hall hostage crisis
On the morning of Monday March 13, 1978, at 10:15, three South-Moluccans seized the Province Hall in Assen, Netherlands. Some of the people inside escaped by jumping out of the window, including the Queen's Commissioner of the Drenthe province. 16 women and 55 men were taken hostage. Two people were killed.


1978 Dutch province hall hostage crisis, Hostage-taking
The attackers demanded the release of 21 prisoners who were involved in earlier hijackings, and free transport to Schiphol airport and out of the country. An ultimatum was set for March 14 at 2pm.


1978 Dutch province hall hostage crisis, Hostage-taking
After a few hours, hostage Ko de Groot was executed in front of a window and thrown out. A photographer was wounded and an ambulance trying to get to the body of Ko de Groot was shot at.


1978 Dutch province hall hostage crisis, Hostage-taking
During the night, the marines of the Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid (BBE) forced their way into the basement. The next day, March 14 at 2:34pm, they raided the building from outside and from the basement, shortly after the attackers had threatened to shoot two of the politicians, and then one further hostage every 30 minutes. One hostage was fatally wounded during the raid.


1978 Dwars door België
The 1978 Dwars door België was the 33rd edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 2 April 1978. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Jos Schipper.


1978 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
The 1978 E3 Harelbeke was the 21st edition of the E3 Harelbeke cycle race and was held on 1 April 1978. The race started and finished in Harelbeke. The race was won by Freddy Maertens.


1978 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1978 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 17th tournament in league history. It was played between March 7 and March 11, 1978. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the 'final four' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. By reaching the championship game both, Boston College and Providence received invitations to participate in the 1978 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1978 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play, all of which were single-elimination. The top eight teams, based on winning percentage, qualified to participate in the tournament. In the quarterfinals the first seed and eighth seed, the second seed and seventh seed, the third seed and sixth seed and the fourth seed and fifth seed played against one another. In the semifinals, the highest seed plays the lowest remaining seed while the two remaining teams play with the winners advancing to the championship game and the losers advancing to the third place game.


1978 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; Pct. = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1978 Ealing London Borough Council election
The 1978 Ealing Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Ealing London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1978 Earlwood state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Earlwood on 15 July 1978 because of the resignation of Eric Willis (Liberal) the former Premier of New South Wales.


1978 East Carolina Pirates football team
The 1978 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented East Carolina University as an independent during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their fifth season under head coach Pat Dye, the team compiled a 9–3 record.


1978 Eastern 8 Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1978 Eastern 8 Men's Basketball Tournament was the second season of the American men's basketball postseason competition now known as the Atlantic 10 Men's Basketball Tournament. It was organized by the Eastern Athletic Association, popularly known as the "Eastern 8", an NCAA Division I basketball-only conference that began competition in the 1976–77 season. The conference adopted its current name of Atlantic 10 Conference in 1982.


1978 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
The 1978 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University during the 1978 NCAA Division II football season, and completed the 78th season of Panther football. The Panthers played their home games at O'Brien Stadium in Charleston, Illinois. The 1978 team came off a 1–10 record from the previous season. The 1978 team was led by coach Darrell Mudra. The team finished the regular season with a 9–2 record and made the NCAA Division II playoffs. The Panthers defeated Delaware, 10–9, in the National Championship Game en route to the program's first NCAA Division II Football Championship.


1978 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team
The 1978 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University in the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their first season under head coach Mike Stock, the Hurons compiled a 3–7 record (1–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place in the Mid-American Conference, and were outscored by their opponents, 238 to 122. The team's statistical leaders included Burt Beaney with 833 passing yards, Doug Crisan with 485 rushing yards, and Tom Parm with 363 receiving yards.


1978 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season
The 1978 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season was the 71st in the club's history. They competed in the NSWRFL's 1978 Premiership. They also won the 1978 Amco Cup. Their home ground was the Sydney Sports Ground.


1978 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season, Team line-up
Royce Ayliffe, Artie Beetson (Capt-Coach), Ron Coote, Russell Fairfax, Bob Fulton, Mark Harris, Kevin Hastings, Bill Healey, Grant Hedger, Paul Jelfs, John Mackay, Billy Markou, Gary Metcalfe, Gavin Miller, Michael Mossman, Arthur Mountier, Bill Mullins, Joe Reaiche, Terry Murphy, Bob O'Reilly, Ian Schubert, Kevin Stevens


1978 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season, Season summary
"Bob Fulton took the ball near his own quarterline. He put Bob O'Reilly through a gap with a deft pass and O'Reilly found Ron Coote backing up on the outside. Coote scooted down the touch line and when caught by the cover defence passed inside to Ian Schubert. Schubert gained valuable ground before also being picked up. He tried to get a pass away inside but the ball went loose and Stevens raced through to kick it ahead. Wests' winger Trevor Scarr easily won the race for the ball but failed to ground it cleanly. Stevens dived on it for a try and converted as full time sounded" ....


1978 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Ecuador on 15 January 1978. Voters were asked whether they wanted a new constitution or a revised version of the existing constitution. The former option was approved by 57% of voters, although around invalid votes accounted for a quarter of those cast, with many cast in protest at not having the option of returning to the 1945 constitution.


1978 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum, Background
Following a military coup in 1972, in 1976 the military government formed three commissions to assist with the transition back to civil rule. One group was to draft a new constitution, one was to revise the 1945 constitution, and one to create laws on political parties, local elections and the referendum.


1978 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 1978 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 1st place in the Western Conference with a 10–4–2 record and won the 66th Grey Cup. It was Warren Moon's rookie season, and he replaced the injured Bruce Lemmerman as the backup quarterback and completed 89 of 173 passes for 1,112 yards and five touchdowns. He was Edmonton's nominee for the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award.


1978 Egyptian protection of national unity and social peace referendum
A referendum on "the protection of national unity and social peace" was held in Egypt on 21 May 1978. It was approved by 98.3% of voters.


1978 Eisenhower Trophy
The 1978 Eisenhower Trophy took place 18 to 21 October at the Pacific Harbour Golf & Country Club in Navua, Viti Levu, Fiji. It was the 11th World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 24 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total.


1978 Eisenhower Trophy
United States won the Eisenhower Trophy for the seventh time, finishing 13 strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Canada. Australia took the bronze medal, five strokes further behind, while New Zealand finished fourth. Bobby Clampett, United States, had the lowest individual score, one-under-par 287.


1978 Eisenhower Trophy
After the 1974 Eisenhower Trophy was moved from Malaysia to the Dominican Republic, the 1978 event had been allocated to the Asia/Australasia zone with the 1980 event allocated to the American zone and the 1982 event to the Europe/Africa zone.


1978 Eisenhower Trophy, Teams
24 teams contested the event. Each team except one had four players. The team representing South Korea had only three.


1978 Eisenhower Trophy, Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.


1978 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 28 teams, and Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.


1978 Emperor's Cup Final
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1978 Emperor's Cup Final
1978 Emperor's Cup Final was the 58th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 1979. Mitsubishi Motors won the championship.


1978 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Mitsubishi Motors won their 3rd title, by defeating Toyo Industries 1–0. Mitsubishi Motors was featured a squad consisting of Mitsuhisa Taguchi, Kazuo Saito, Hiroshi Ochiai, Mitsunori Fujiguchi, Mitsuo Kato, Kazuo Ozaki and Ikuo Takahara.


1978 Enfield London Borough Council election
The 1978 Enfield Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Enfield London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 English Greyhound Derby
The 1978 Spillers Greyhound Derby took place during May, June and July  with the final being held on 1 July 1978 at White City Stadium. The winner was Lacca Champion and the winning owners Paul Howell, Sandra Howell and David Hill received a record £20,000. The competition was sponsored by the Spillers.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances
1¾, 2½, head, 1½, ¾ (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. One length is equal to 0.08 of one second.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The Derby attracted a significant number of runners from Ireland with 21 of the 163 hopefuls making the journey. The first round was held at different tracks which proved unpopular. Scurry Gold Cup champion Jet Control ran in a heat the night after winning the Laurels.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Ante-post favourite Witchs Champion went out in round two and Heres Tat ran well below expectation but the Ger McKenna trained greyhound retained the overall favouritism. The Pat and Linda Mullins pair of Lacca Champion and Paradise Spectre both progressed as did Balliniska Band. The erratic Glen Rock who had recorded the fastest trial of the year at the track (29.47) also progressed but failed at the quarter final stage.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The third round ended the challenge of defending champion Balliniska Band following two dislocated toes. The fastest heat winner was Geoff De Mulder's Dale Lad in a time of 29.30. The quarter-finals resulted in another win for Lacca Champion who remained unbeaten and Irish sprinter Glenroe Hiker led all the way in his heat but Paradise Spectre went out.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The long format of the competition now meant that the semifinals would be the fifth run for the greyhounds. The first semi resulted in a fifth win for Lacca Champion after he matched the early pace of Glenroe Hiker out of the traps; All Wit took third place. In the second semi Mulcair Rocket the 6-4f trained by Emil Kovac missed the break leaving Superior Model winning from Backdeed Man and Great Ali.


1978 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Six contenders lined up for the final and Lacca Champion was sent off 6-4 favourite. Out of the traps he was led by Glenroe Hiker, but Lacca Champion maintained his challenge and went on to win from Backdeed Man in 29.42sec, with the early leader fading into fifth. Lacca Champion had gone through the Derby unbeaten with the added anomaly of winning his first round heat at Harringay Stadium.


1978 English Leather Grand Prix
The 1978 English Leather Grand Prix, also known as the Stowe Tennis Grand Prix, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Topnotch Inn in Stowe, Vermont in the United States that was part of the 1978 Grand Prix circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from August 14 through August 20, 1978. First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title.


1978 English Leather Grand Prix, Finals, Doubles
Tom Gullikson /  Tim Gullikson defeated  Mark Edmondson/  Kim Warwick 3–6, 7–6, 6–3


1978 English National Badminton Championships
The 1978 English National Badminton Championships were held in Coventry, from 9–10 December 1977.


1978 English cricket season
The 1978 English cricket season was the 79th in which the County Championship had been an official competition. There were growing concerns about the impact of World Series Cricket (WSC). On the domestic front, Kent won the County Championship despite Alan Knott and Derek Underwood having joined WSC. England defeated New Zealand 3–0 and Pakistan 2–0.


1978 Epsom and Ewell by-election
The Epsom and Ewell by-election of 27 April 1978 was held after Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Peter Rawlinson was made a Life peer. The Conservatives held on to the seat in the by-election. Amongst the candidates for the by-election was pop music impresario Jonathan King, who stood as a Royalist candidate.


1978 Espirito Santo Trophy
The 1978 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 10–13 October at Pacific Harbour Golf & Country Club in Navua, Viti Levu, Fiji. It was the eighth women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 14 team entries, each with three players. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.


1978 Espirito Santo Trophy
The Australia team won the Trophy, winning their first title, beating team Canada by one stroke. Canada earned the silver medal and France took the bronze, five strokes further back.


1978 Espirito Santo Trophy, Teams
14 teams contested the event. Each team had three players.


1978 Espirito Santo Trophy, Results
* Notes: After scoring 74 in the first round, Sweden's Kärstin Ehrnlund withdrew due to food poisoning and Sweden had to count both scores from the other two players during the remaining three rounds. New Zealand's Heater Ryan withdrew from the last round.Sources:


1978 Espirito Santo Trophy, Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.


1978 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1978 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Tallinna Dünamo.


1978 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
The 1978 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup, taking place in Barcelona, was the fifth edition of Europe's premier field hockey club competition. It was won once again by Southgate Hockey Club from London - the last of their three titles to date.


1978 European Acrobatics Championships
The 1st European Acrobatics Championships was held in Riga, Latvia SSR, Soviet Union  19–21 May 1978.


1978 European Acrobatics Championships
Only five countries competed: Soviet Union, Poland, Bulgaria, Great Britain and Hungary.


1978 European Athletics Championships
The 12th European Athletics Championships were held from 29 August to 3 September 1978 in the Stadion Evžena Rošického in Prague, the capital city of Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic). Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald.


1978 European Athletics Championships
There were a number of disqualifications because of infringements of IAAF doping rules resulting in ineligibility of 18 month concerning shot putter Yevgeniy Mironov, javelin thrower Vasiliy Yershov, pentathletes Nadiya Tkachenko and Yekaterina Gordiyenko, all competing for the Soviet Union, as well as shot putter Elena Stoyanova from Bulgaria.


1978 European Athletics Championships, Men's results, Field
†: In shot put, Yevgeniy Mironov initially finished second (20.87m), but was disqualified for an infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships, Women's results, Field
‡: In pentathlon, Nadiya Tkachenko (URS) initially finished 1st (4744pts), but was disqualified for an infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 847 athletes from 30 countries participated in the event, 157 athletes less than the official number of 1004, and one country more than the official number of 29 as published. The significantly higher official number might include coaches and/or officials.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres
The men's 10,000 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 24 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1, 2, and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 19 athletes from 11 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres
These are the official results of the Men's 1,500 metres event at the 1978 European Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The final was held on 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 1500 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 34 athletes from 19 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 20 kilometres walk
The men's 20 kilometres race walk at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, on 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 20 kilometres walk, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 29 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August, and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 200 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase
The men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 32 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
The men's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 2 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 40 athletes from 10 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay
The men's 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 2 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 48 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 and 31 August, and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles
The men's 400 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29, 30, and 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 27 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 50 kilometres walk
The men's 50 kilometres race walk at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, on 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 50 kilometres walk, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 36 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres
The men's 5000 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres, Results, Final
2 September  Most of this final was run at a slow and tactical pace. 1,000 metres was passed approximately in 2:44, while 2,000 metres took around 5:28. Finland's Martti Vainio, who had stunned many long-distance running fans on the opening day by winning the 10,000-metre race, shared the lead with West Germany's Frank Zimmermann. Only Portugal's Fernando Mamede, a talented but notably nervous runner, started to lose contact at this stage. Before 3,000 metres, Britain's Nick Rose surged into the lead, dropping West Germany's Christoph Herle, and reaching 3,000 metres in 8:09.5.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres, Results, Final
During the next kilometre, despite the rather slow pace, also West Germany's Karl Fleschen and Frank Zimmermann, East Germany's Jörg Peter, Belgium's Léon Schots, the Soviet Union's Boris Kuznetsov, and his team mate Enn Sellik dropped from the lead group. Vainio was leading at 4,000 metres in 10:53.3. He was followed by Rose, Romania's Ilie Floroiu, Italy's Venanzio Ortis, the Soviet Union's Aleksandr Fyodotkin, Switzerland's Markus Ryffel, and Ireland's John Treacy. Sellik tried to catch the leading group, but could not. At 4,600 metres, reached in about 12:30–12:31, the seven-runner leading group was still tightly together.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres, Results, Final
Around 4,700 metres, Floroiu suddenly rushed past Vainio who could, however, still increase his pace. Rose started to drop from the lead group, and for a few crucial seconds, Treacy lingered behind him. Vainio managed to keep his lead until the second half of the final bend, when Ryffel, Ortis, and Fyodotkin sprinted past him. During the first half of the home straight, also Floroiu and Treacy managed to pass Vainio. While Ortis narrowly but decisively passed Ryffel and Fyodotkin, Treacy kicked past Floroiu, and kept closing in on the three leading runners.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres, Results, Final
Despite his narrow victory, Ortis raised his arms in triumph, while Fyodotkin and Ryffel crossed the finish line so tied that even the finish-line camera could not separate them. This was a very tight finish for a major championship final; the first four runners crossed the line 0.31 seconds apart, the first five runners in 0.8 seconds, and the first six runners in 1.2 seconds.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 32 athletes from 21 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres
These are the official results of the Men's 800 metres event at the 1978 European Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The final was held on 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres
The two favourites for the race were Steve Ovett and Sebastian Coe  Ovett had won silver at 800 m at the previous European Championships in 1974 in Rome, and had won the 1500m, in spectacular fashion, at the IAAF World Cup the previous year (he was to remain unbeaten at that distance until the 1980 Olympics). Coe was the new British record holder at 800 m and the fastest man that year leading into the race at 800 m.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres
The race was billed in the press, the British press in particular, as a 'Coe versus Ovett' contest -  a race that was the start of a rivalry that was to dominate not only British and European but World middle-distance running over the next few years. However, by concentrating on Coe and Ovett the press were ignoring the other talents in the race, including East Germany's Olaf Beyer.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres
In the race itself, Coe led from the front setting a blistering first lap pace, going through the bell in a suicidal 49.32 s. At 700 m, he was spent and Ovett kicked past him for home. However, the fast-finishing Beyer first caught Coe and then Ovett to strike gold, in doing so recording the fastest time that year.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's 800 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 24 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon
The men's decathlon at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 and 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 24 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw
The men's discus throw at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 2 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 20 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's hammer throw
The men's hammer throw at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's hammer throw, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 20 athletes from 11 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's high jump
The men's high jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's high jump, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw
The men's javelin throw at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw, Results, Final
†: Vasiliy Yershov ranked initially 5th (85.06m), but was disqualified for infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw, Results, Qualification
†: Vasiliy Yershov initially reached the final, but was disqualified later for infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's long jump
The men's long jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's long jump, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 21 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon
The men's marathon at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, on 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's marathon, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 49 athletes from 21 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 August and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's pole vault, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's shot put
The men's shot put at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's shot put, Results, Final
† Yevgeniy Mironov  initially won the silver medal with 20.87m, but he was disqualified for drug use. ‡: Geoff Capes was not permitted to start in the final after he was disqualified for "disorderly conduct" for pushing an official during an argument.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's shot put, Results, Qualification
†: Yevgeniy Mironov initially reached the final, but he was disqualified for drug use. ‡: Geoff Capes initially reached the final, but he was disqualified for "disorderly conduct" after pushing an official during an argument.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's shot put, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 19 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump
The men's triple jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Men's triple jump, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 15 athletes from 9 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres
The women's 100 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles
The women's 100 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles, Results, Final
Note: The final originally took place on 1 September but during its course Grażyna Rabsztyn veered off onto the neighbouring lane and caused Nina Margulina to fall down. Because of this the race was re-run a day later without Grażyna Rabsztyn, with the same athletes taking the medals in exactly the same order.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 100 metres hurdles, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 20 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres
The women's 200 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 3000 metres
The women's 3000 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 3000 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay
The women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 2 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 40 athletes from 10 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay
The women's 4 x 400 metres relay at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 2 and 3 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 48 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29, 30, and 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles
The women's 400 metres hurdles at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 17 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29, 30, and 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's 800 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 22 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's discus throw
The women's discus throw at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's discus throw, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 14 athletes from 9 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's high jump
The women's high jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 and 31 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's high jump, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's javelin throw
The women's javelin throw at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 31 August and 1 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's javelin throw, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 16 athletes from 11 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's long jump
The women's long jump at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 29 and 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's long jump, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 22 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's pentathlon
The women's pentathlon at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic), at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 1 and 2 September 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's pentathlon, Results, Final
†: Nadiya Tkachenko ranked initially 1st (4744pts), but was disqualified for infringement of IAAF doping rules. ‡: Yekaterina Gordiyenko ranked initially 5th (4572pts), but was disqualified for infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's pentathlon, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 21 athletes from 13 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's shot put
The women's shot put at the 1978 European Athletics Championships was held in Prague, then Czechoslovakia, at Stadion Evžena Rošického on 30 August 1978.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's shot put, Results, Final
†Elena Stoyanova ranked initially 5th (19.43m), but was disqualified for infringement of IAAF doping rules.


1978 European Athletics Championships – Women's shot put, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 12 athletes from 6 countries participated in the event.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships
The 9th European Athletics Indoor Championships were held at Palasport di San Siro in Milan, a city in Italy, between 11–12 March 1978. It was the first time the championships were held in Italy.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres
The men's 1500 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 and 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 1500 metres, Results, Heats
Note: The judges had the competitors in heat 3 run one extra lap by mistake, so no times were recorded. After much deliberation and protests, it was decided to let four runners from that heat to the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres
The men's 3000 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 and 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the semifinals.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 2 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres
The men's 60 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles
The men's 60 metres hurdles event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 3 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 and 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 800 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's high jump
The men's high jump event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's long jump
The men's long jump event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault
The men's pole vault event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's shot put
The men's shot put event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's triple jump
The men's triple jump event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 1500 metres
The women's 1500 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres
The women's 400 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 and 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 400 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres
The women's 60 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 4 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres, Results, Semifinals
First 3 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles
The women's 60 metres hurdles event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 60 metres hurdles, Results, Semifinals
First 3 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres
The women's 800 metres event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 and 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's 800 metres, Results, Heats
First 2 from each heat (Q) qualified directly for the final.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's high jump
The women's high jump event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's long jump
The women's long jump event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 11 March in Milan.


1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Women's shot put
The women's shot put event  at the 1978 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 March in Milan.


1978 European Badminton Championships
The 6th European Badminton Championships were held in Preston (England), between 13 April and 15 April 1978, and hosted by the European Badminton Union and the Badminton England.


1978 European Cup Final
The 1978 European Cup Final was an association football match between Liverpool of England and Club Brugge of Belgium on 10 May 1978 at Wembley Stadium, London, England (the venue was decided in Bern by the UEFA Executive Committee on 20 September 1977). It was the final match of the 1977–78 season of Europe's premier cup competition, the European Cup. Liverpool were the reigning champions and were appearing in their second European Cup final. Club Brugge were appearing in their first European Cup final. The two sides had met once before in European competition, when they contested the 1976 UEFA Cup Final, which Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate.


1978 European Cup Final
As reigning champions, Liverpool received a bye in the first round, which meant that Club Brugge played two matches more to reach the final. All but one of Liverpool's matches were comfortable victories and they won each round with an aggregate score at least two goals to the good. In the first round Club Brugge beat Finnish champions Kuopion Palloseura by 9–2 on aggregate, but they won each of their subsequent rounds by just one goal.


1978 European Cup Final
Watched by a crowd of 92,500, the first half was goalless. Liverpool took the lead in the second half when Kenny Dalglish scored from a Graeme Souness pass. They held this lead to win the match 1–0, securing Liverpool's second European Cup and third European trophy in succession, and they became the first English team to retain the European Cup.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Liverpool
Liverpool were the reigning European Cup champions after defeating Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–1 to win the 1977 European Cup Final. Liverpool were also the reigning English champions, having won the English league during the 1976–77 season. As reigning European Cup champions, they received a bye in the first round. They were drawn against East German champions Dynamo Dresden in the second round. Liverpool were expected to win the first leg, played at Anfield, their home ground, and they did so with a score of 5–1. Dresden won the second leg 2–1 at their home ground, Glücksgas Stadium, giving Liverpool a 6–3 win on aggregate.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Liverpool
In the quarter-finals, Liverpool were drawn against Portuguese champions Benfica. The first leg was played at the Estádio da Luz, Benfica's home ground. Nené scored for Benfica in the 18th minute, Jimmy Case equalised for Liverpool in the 37th minute, and Emlyn Hughes scored midway through the second half to give Liverpool a 2–1 victory. The second leg at Anfield was won 4–1 by Liverpool, giving them a 6–2 win on aggregate.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Liverpool
Liverpool's opponents in the semi-finals were Borussia Mönchengladbach, the team they had beaten to win the European Cup the previous year. The first leg was played in Germany at the Bökelbergstadion, which was Borussia's home ground at that time. Borussia took an early lead when Wilfried Hannes scored. Liverpool equalised in the 88th minute, when David Johnson scored, but in the following minute Rainer Bonhof scored from a 22-yard free-kick, so Borussia won 2–1.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Liverpool
In the second leg, at Anfield, Ray Kennedy scored for Liverpool in the sixth minute, Kenny Dalglish scored in the 35th minute, and Jimmy Case scored in the 56th minute, giving Liverpool a 3–0 win in the match and a 4–2 win on aggregate, and securing a place in their second consecutive European Cup final.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Club Brugge
Club Brugge gained entry to the competition by winning the 1976–77 Belgian First Division and thus becoming Belgian champions. Their opponents in the first round were the Finnish champions, Kuopion Palloseura (KuPS). Brugge won the first leg 4–0 at KuPS's home ground, the Kuopion keskuskenttä, and the second leg 5–2 at Brugge's ground, the Jan Breydel Stadium, thus winning the round 9–2 on aggregate.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Club Brugge
Their opponents in the second round were Greek champions Panathinaikos. The first leg was in Belgium. Brugge won 2–0 after Roger Davies scored from a penalty in the 24th minute and Julien Cools scored midway through the second half. The second leg was played at Panathinaikos' home ground, the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. Panathinaikos won the match 1–0, so Brugge won the round with an aggregate score of 2–1.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Club Brugge
Brugge's opponents in the quarter-finals were Spanish champions Atlético Madrid. The first leg in Belgium was won 2–0 by Brugge. The second leg, played at the Vicente Calderón Stadium, Atlético's home ground, was a close match: Atlético scored twice in the first half; Cools scored for Brugge in the 60th minute; Marcial Pina scored for Atlético two minutes later; finally Raoul Lambert scored once more for Brugge. Thus Brugge lost the match 3–2 but won the round with a 4–3 aggregate score.


1978 European Cup Final, Route to the final, Club Brugge
Italian champions Juventus were their next opponents, in the semi-finals. The first leg, at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino, Juventus' home ground, was goalless until the 86th minute, when Roberto Bettega scored to give Juventus a 1–0 victory. The second leg in Belgium was a similarly close affair. Brugge scored in the third minute, but that left a 1–1 aggregate score after 90 minutes, requiring extra time to be played. Had the aggregate score still been tied after the extra time, there would have been a penalty shootout. However, it didn't happen, as René Vandereycken scored in the 116th minute to give Brugge a 2–0 win in the match and a 2–1 win on aggregate, granting them progress to their first European Cup final.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Background
1978 was the first year in which Club Brugge had reached the final, while Liverpool were appearing in their second successive final. The two teams had met before in the final of a European competition: the 1976 UEFA Cup Final, which Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate. Liverpool were the reigning champions and were aiming to become the first British team to win successive European Cups. Liverpool had already won the UEFA Cup twice, in the 1972–73 and 1975–76 seasons and had a chance to win two European cups as well. Brugge were the first Belgian team to reach the final of the European Cup and thus were aiming to become the first to win the trophy.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Background
As the final was held in England, at Wembley, Liverpool were clear favourites to retain the European Cup. Brugge were without a number of key players, such as Raoul Lambert, whose inclusion in the Brugge squad was rumoured before the final but never materialised. Liverpool were also without a few players. Tommy Smith, who had scored in the previous season's final, was out after dropping a pick-axe on his foot and breaking a toe. Striker David Johnson was also absent. He had strained knee ligaments during a match against Leicester City, an injury that ruled him out for the rest of the season.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Summary
The first half was dull. Brugge held back, using tight marking and the offside trap to restrict Liverpool's attacking threat. Towards the end of the first half, Liverpool started to have more scoring chances. Ray Kennedy volleyed across the face of the goal, and Jimmy Case took a free kick that needed to be punched away by Brugge goalkeeper Birger Jensen. In the closing minutes of the first half, Jensen made two crucial saves: he blocked David Fairclough, who had made a run towards goal, and he tipped a header by Alan Hansen over the crossbar. So the score at half-time was 0–0.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Summary
Early in the second half, Jensen made another save, this time from Terry McDermott. Brugge's first significant chance came a few minutes afterwards, when a cross-field pass by René Vandereycken reached Jan Sørensen on the right-hand side of the pitch. Sørensen's subsequent shot was blocked by Liverpool captain Emlyn Hughes. The blocked shot was not cleared, but Ray Clemence reached the ball before Brugge's Lajos Kű could reach it and score. After this Kű was substituted with Dirk Sanders. Liverpool made a substitution minutes later, with Steve Heighway replacing Case.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Summary
Liverpool's substitution had more effect, as Heighway gave Liverpool more width on the right-hand side of the pitch. Two minutes after Heighway's introduction, Kenny Dalglish received the ball in the Brugge penalty area from a Graeme Souness pass and placed his shot over a diving Jensen to give Liverpool a 1–0 lead.


1978 European Cup Final, Match, Summary
Brugge now needed to score, but they only created one more chance. Ten minutes before the end of the match, Sørensen intercepted a Hansen backpass and shot. His shot was blocked by Clemence, and a goal-line clearance by Phil Thompson prevented Brugge from equalising. The match remained at 1–0 and Liverpool won their second consecutive European Cup, becoming the first British team to retain the trophy.


1978 European Cup Final, Post-match
After the match, figures from each team were critical of the other team's play. Liverpool defender Tommy Smith criticised Brugge for their approach, saying "It was a pathetic attitude. You never win anything like that." Liverpool manager Bob Paisley also criticised the Belgian team's tactics: "It takes two teams to make a game into a spectacle and Bruges only seemed to be concerned with keeping the score down. Bruges didn't come at us much – apart from one mistake in our defence, they never looked like scoring.


1978 European Cup Final, Post-match
But they were well organised at the back and it was a case of breaking them down. We controlled the game from start to finish." Meanwhile, Club Brugge manager Ernst Happel was critical of the quality of the Liverpool team: "Liverpool seemed only a shadow of the side we played in the UEFA Cup final two seasons ago. I was disappointed with them, but they deserved their victory although we were handicapped by injuries to two players."


1978 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
The 1978 European Cup Winners' Cup Final was a football match contested between Anderlecht of Belgium and Austria Wien of Austria. It was the final match of the 1977–78 European Cup Winners' Cup and the 18th European Cup Winners' Cup final. The final was held at Parc des Princes in Paris, France, on 3 May 1978. The venue was selected in Bern by the UEFA Executive Committee on 20 September 1977). Anderlecht won the match 4–0 thanks to two goals each by Rob Rensenbrink and Gilbert van Binst.


1978 European Cup Winners' Cup Final
It was Anderlecht's third consecutive appearance in the final; they won the competition in 1976 and were runners-up in 1977.


1978 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1978 European Figure Skating Championships was a senior-level international competition held in Strasbourg, France from January 31 to February 5. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.


1978 European Figure Skating Championships, Competition notes
15-year-old Denise Biellmann became the first female skater to land the triple lutz in competition. She underrotated it, with two-foot landing. At the same event, she became the first woman to receive a 6.0 in technical merit, receiving the score from British judge Pauline Borrajo. She was 12th in figures, first in the free skating, and finished fourth overall. Another triple lutz was performed only by Jan Hoffmann.


1978 European Formula Two Championship
The 1978 European Formula Two season was contested over 12 rounds. Italian driver Bruno Giacomelli, driving the works March car, won the season in dominant fashion.


1978 European Formula Two Championship, Calendar
Race 2, 8 and 12 were held in two heats, with results shown in aggregate.


1978 European Formula Two Championship, Final point standings, Drivers
For every race points were awarded: 9 points to the winner, 6 for runner-up, 4 for third place, 3 for fourth place, 2 for fifth place and 1 for sixth place. No additional points were awarded.


1978 European Formula Two Championship, Final point standings, Drivers
Three scores were dropped. Dropped scores are shown in parentheses.


1978 European Formula Two Championship, Final point standings, Drivers
Only drivers who were not graded were able to score points.


1978 European Judo Championships
The 1978 European Judo Championships were the 28th edition of the European Judo Championships, and were held in Helsinki, Finland on 6 May 1978. The victors were East Germany. The 1978 European Team Championships took place in Paris on 21 and 22 October 1978. The team event also being organized separately from this year edition onwards. The European Women's Championships were held in Cologne, West Germany, in November of the same year.


1978 European Karate Championships
The 1978 European Karate Championships, the 13th edition, was held  in Geneva, Switzerland from May 19 to 21, 1978.


1978 European Super Cup
The 1978 European Super Cup was a football match played over two legs between Liverpool of England and Anderlecht of Belgium. The first leg was played at the Emile Versé Stadium, Brussels on 4 December 1978 and the second leg was played on 19 December 1978 at Anfield, Liverpool. It was the annual European Super Cup contested between the winners of the European Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup. Liverpool were the reigning champions, while Anderlecht were appearing in the competition for the second time after winning the 1976 edition.


1978 European Super Cup
The teams qualified for the competition by winning the European Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup. Anderlecht won the 1977–78 European Cup Winners' Cup beating Austrian team Austria Wien 4–0 in the final. Liverpool qualified by winning the 1977–78 European Cup. They beat Belgian team Club Brugge 1–0 in the final.


1978 European Super Cup
Watched by a crowd of 35,000 at the Emile Versé Stadium, Anderlecht took an early lead in the first half of the first leg when Franky Vercauteren and François Van der Elst scored. Liverpool midfielder Jimmy Case scored in between the Anderlecht goals. Anderlecht extended their lead in the second half courtesy of a Rob Rensenbrink goal to secure a 3–1 victory. A crowd of 23,598 saw Liverpool take the lead in the second leg at Anfield, when Emlyn Hughes scored. Anderlecht equalised in the second half when Van der Elst scored. A late goal by David Fairclough meant Liverpool won the second leg 2–1. Thus, Anderlecht won the tie 4–3 on aggregate to secure their second Super Cup triumph.


1978 European Super Cup, Background
The European Super Cup was founded in the early 1970s, as a means to determine the best team in Europe and serve as a challenge to Ajax, the strongest club side of its day. The proposal by Dutch journalist Anton Witkamp, a football match between the holders of the European Cup and Cup Winners' Cup, failed to receive UEFA's backing, given the recent Cup Winners' Cup winners Rangers had been banned from European competition. Witkamp nonetheless proceeded with his vision, a two-legged match played between Ajax and Rangers in January 1973. The competition was endorsed and recognised by UEFA a year later.


1978 European Super Cup, Background
Anderlecht qualified for the Super Cup by winning the 1977–78 European Cup Winners' Cup. They beat Austrian team Austria Wien 4–0 in the final. The result meant Anderlecht won the competition for the second time after the first victory in 1976. Anderlecht were appearing in the competition for the second time after they won the 1976 edition.


1978 European Super Cup, Background
Liverpool qualified for the competition as winners of the 1977–78 European Cup. They defeated Belgian team Club Brugge 1–0 in the 1978 to win the European Cup for the second consecutive season. They were the current holders of the Super Cup after beating German team Hamburger SV in the previous season's competition.


1978 European Super Cup, Background
Both teams had exited the respective European competitions they were competing in before the competition. Anderlecht were eliminated in the second round of the 1978–79 European Cup Winners' Cup by eventual winners Barcelona. Anderlecht won the first leg 3–0, but a 3–0 victory by Barcelona in the second leg meant the tie went to extra-time and a subsequent penalty shootout, which they lost 4–1. Liverpool were competing in the 1978–79 European Cup and were eliminated in the first round by the eventual winners Nottingham Forest of England in the first round. Forest won the first leg 2–0 and a 0–0 draw in the second leg saw them progress at Liverpool's expense.


1978 European Super Cup, First leg, Summary
The first leg was held at the Emile Versé Stadium, the home ground of Anderlecht. It was the home side that opened the scoring in the 17th minute. Striker Rob Rensenbrink advanced down the right-hand side of the pitch and passed the ball across the Liverpool penalty area towards midfielder Franky Vercauteren who headed the ball into the Liverpool goal. Five minutes later, Anderlecht came close to extending their lead, but Benny Nielsen's shot was saved by Liverpool goalkeeper Ray Clemence.


1978 European Super Cup, First leg, Summary
Liverpool started to exert themselves upon the match following this and equalised in the 27th minute when midfielder Jimmy Case scored from the edge of the Anderlecht penalty area. Five minutes before half-time Anderlecht extended their lead. Defender François Van der Elst found space in the Liverpool defence and his shot beat Clemence in the Liverpool goal to give Anderlecht a 2–1 lead. Anderlecht defender Jean Thissen was shown a yellow card before the end of the half for a late tackle on Liverpool striker Kenny Dalglish.


1978 European Super Cup, First leg, Summary
Anderlecht began the second half the better of the two sides as they pushed forward in an attempt to extend their lead. Rensenbrink, in particular, was in good form as he caused numerous problems for Liverpool defender Emlyn Hughes, who started because of an injury to Phil Thompson after being absent himself for a lengthy period. Liverpool replaced David Johnson with midfielder Steve Heighway in an attempt to get back into the match but it was to no avail as Anderlecht extended their lead late in the second half when Rensenbrink scored. No further goals were scored and the referee Károly Palotai blew for full-time with the final score 3–1 to Anderlecht.


1978 European Super Cup, First leg, Summary
Liverpool manager Bob Paisley was critical of his team's performance in the first leg: "We threw it away, our attitude was wrong and we were careless. Anderlecht are a great team going forward, but we never attacked them as we should. Our approach seems to have gone a bit wrong and we've lost our scoring touch where earlier in the season our finishing was great."


1978 European Super Cup, Second leg, Summary
Anderlecht's 3–1 victory in the first leg meant that Liverpool needed to score two goals to force the tie into extra-time. Despite heavy fog at Anfield, the match went ahead and Liverpool opened the scoring in the 13th minute. A shot by midfielder Jimmy Case was saved by Anderlecht goalkeeper Nico de Bree, but the ball rebounded to Emlyn Hughes who scored to give Liverpool a 1–0 lead. Following the goal, the Liverpool fans chanted "Oggy, Oggy tell us who scored" towards goalkeeper Ogrizovic, as the heavy fog made it difficult to identify players. Ogrizovic made a number of vital saves to keep Liverpool's hopes alive, saving from François Van der Elst and Rob Rensenbrink.


1978 European Super Cup, Second leg, Summary
Liverpool continued to attack to try to score the goal they needed to level the tie, but they were unable to do so with chances not being converted, including a shot by Kenny Dalglish, which was saved by de Bree. Liverpool were made to pay for their missed chances in the 71st minute when Van der Elst scored. A series of passes between him and Rensenbrink saw him in space in the Liverpool penalty area and his shot went into the Liverpool goal to level the score at 1–1 and extend Anderlecht's lead in the tie to 4–2.


1978 European Super Cup, Second leg, Summary
Liverpool scored in the 87th minute when a pass by defender Phil Thompson was headed down by Dalglish to substitute David Fairclough who scored to make the score 2–1. However, Liverpool were unable to find the third goal they needed to send the match into extra time. Thus, despite losing the match 2–1, Anderlecht won the Super Cup 4–3 on aggregate to become the first club to win the Super Cup for the second time.


1978 European Super Cup, Second leg, Summary
Following the match, referee Nicolae Rainea explained his decision to play the match despite heavy fog: "When I went out there before kick-off I decided I could see well enough and so I decided to play. I am afraid many spectators would not get a very clear view but there was no time I had any thoughts of abandoning the game." Liverpool manager Bob Paisley was critical of the decision to play the match: "You can't play football in conditions like that, it's ridiculous."


1978 European Super Cup, Second leg, Summary
Paisley suggested the competition should be played in April when the weather was better: "I think a match like this, between two leading team should be played in better weather, say in April. I know it's difficult, but it's farcical when good players like these have to slither about in fog and can't see each other."


1978 European Super Cup, Post-match
Anderlecht finished the 1978–79 Belgian First Division in second place, four points behind champions Beveren. Thus, they would compete in the 1979–80 UEFA Cup. Liverpool finished the 1978–79 First Division in first place, eight points clear of second-placed Nottingham Forest. Their domestic championship triumph meant they would compete in the European Cup the following season.


1978 European Taekwondo Championships
The European Taekwondo Championships were held in Munich  (West Germany) between October  20 and 22, 1978 under the organization of the European Taekwondo Union (ETU).


1978 European Tour
The 1978 European Tour was a series of golf tournaments that comprised the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) European Tournament Players’ Division circuit. It is officially recognised as the seventh season of the PGA European Tour.


1978 European Tour
Historically, the PGA's Order of Merit only included tournaments in Great Britain and Ireland, but in 1970 events in continental Europe were included for the first time. The circuit and organisation evolved further over the following years, with the title of the circuit being changed to PGA European Golf Tour in 1979.


1978 European Tour
The Order of Merit was won by Spain's Seve Ballesteros.


1978 European Tour, Schedule
The table below shows the 1978 European Tour schedule which was made up of 21 tournaments counting for the Order of Merit, and some non-counting tournaments that later became known as "Approved Special Events". The schedule included the major national opens around Europe, with the other tournaments mostly held in England, Wales and Scotland.


1978 European Tour, Schedule
There were several changes from the previous season, with the addition of the Belgian Open, the B.A./Avis Open in Jersey, and the European Open; the return of the Sumrie Better-Ball; and the loss of the Uniroyal International Championship, the Callers of Newcastle, and the Double Diamond team and individual events. In addition, the Kerrygold International was omitted from the schedule in 1978 due to the World Cup being held at Waterville. The Lancome Trophy, which clashed with the new European Open, was also missing.


1978 European Tour, Order of Merit
The PGA European Tour's money list was known as the "Order of Merit". It was based on a points system, which meant that some players could finish lower than others despite accumulating more prize money.


1978 European Weightlifting Championships
The 1978 European Weightlifting Championships were held in Havířov, Czechoslovakia from June 10 to June 18, 1978. This was the 57th edition of the event. There were 128 men in action from 25 nations.


1978 European Wrestling Championships
The 1978 European Wrestling Championshipswere held in the men's Freestyle style in Sofia Bulgaria  5 – 7 May 1979; the Greco-Romane style in Oslo Norway 8 – 11 April 1981.


1978 FA Charity Shield
The 1978 FA Charity Shield was the 56th FA Charity Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup competitions. The match took place on 12 August 1978 at Wembley Stadium and was played between 1977–78 Football League champions Nottingham Forest and FA Cup winners Ipswich Town. Watched by a crowd of 68,000, the match ended in a 5–0 victory for Nottingham Forest.


1978 FA Charity Shield
This was both Ipswich and Nottingham Forest's second appearance in the Charity Shield. Ipswich were unable to field four of the previous season's FA Cup-winning team through injury with Tommy Parkin making his debut. Nottingham Forest took the lead in the tenth minute through Martin O'Neill and doubled their advantage with a Peter Withe goal. Forest's lead was further extended through second-half goals from Larry Lloyd, O'Neill and John Robertson.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Background and pre-match
The FA Charity Shield was founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. It was a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, and then by 1913 teams of amateur and professional players. In 1921, it was played by the Football League champions and FA Cup winners for the first time. This was the fourth year that Wembley Stadium played host to the Shield.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Background and pre-match
Nottingham Forest had won the league in the previous season, seven points clear of Liverpool and having been undefeated at home at the City Ground. Despite finishing 18th in the league the previous season, Ipswich Town had beaten Arsenal at Wembley in the FA Cup final three months earlier, the only goal coming from Roger Osborne midway through the second half of the match.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Background and pre-match
Forest had lost in their only previous Charity Shield final in 1959, beaten 3–1 by Wolverhampton Wanderers;  Ipswich had played in the 1962 FA Charity Shield, a game in which they also conceded five goals, that time against 1962 FA Cup final winners Tottenham Hotspur. As of 2020, neither Ipswich Town nor Nottingham Forest have played in a Charity Shield match since 1978.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
Ipswich were playing without FA Cup winners and international central defenders Kevin Beattie and Allan Hunter, who were replaced by John Wark and Russell Osman. Roger Osborne and David Geddis were also absent from the side, and Tommy Parkin was called upon to make his full professional debut at Wembley. With eight minutes gone, a volley from Parkin was turned behind by Forest goalkeeper Peter Shilton for a corner. Two minutes later however, Martin O'Neill scored in the tenth minute after a number of Ipswich defenders failed to clear a Robertson cross.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
According to Ronald Atkin of The Observer, Shilton made another "stunning" save to deny Brian Talbot before Peter Withe doubled Forest's lead on 27 minutes. Robertson cut in from the left and turned the ball back to Colin Barrett whose cross Withe headed past Paul Cooper in the Ipswich goal, sending Forest into half-time with a 2–0 lead.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
The second half saw Forest increase their lead, with Lloyd scoring from a Robertson free kick after Wark had fouled Withe. Ipswich's Trevor Whymark was substituted off for Robin Turner on 66 minutes, but Forest scored a fourth from an O'Neill strike following a Robertson cross. O'Neill was then immediately substituted by Forest manager Brian Clough for David Needham before he could complete his hat-trick. Just three minutes before full-time, Robertson scored Forest's fifth and final goal.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
Ipswich's George Burley waited too long for a pass from Osman to reach him and let Robertson steal in to take the ball and strike it past Cooper from the edge of the area. Ipswich had no reply, and the game ended 5–0, a winning margin that, as of 2019, remains unbeaten. It was also the largest winning margin in the Charity Shield since the 1968 match where Manchester City had beaten West Bromwich Albion 6–1.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Post-match
The shield was presented to the Nottingham Forest captain by former England international and 1966 FIFA World Cup-winning captain Bobby Moore, and Clough transgressed protocol by following his team up the steps to receive the trophy.


1978 FA Charity Shield, Post-match
Nottingham Forest went on to finish as First Division runners-up in the 1978–79 season, once again undefeated at home, finishing eight points behind Liverpool. Ipswich finished sixth in the division.


1978 FA Cup Final
The 1978 FA Cup Final was an association football match between Arsenal and Ipswich Town on 6 May 1978 at the old Wembley Stadium, London. It was the final match of the 1977–78 FA Cup, the 97th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, the FA Cup. Four-time winners Arsenal were appearing in their ninth final, whereas Ipswich Town were making their debut at Wembley and in their first FA Cup final. Each team had progressed through five rounds to reach the final. Ipswich had needed a replay in the fifth round to proceed past Bristol Rovers while Arsenal won all of their ties at the first time of asking and went into the final as clear favourites.


1978 FA Cup Final
The game was watched by a stadium crowd of around 100,000 and was broadcast live on television and radio. Ipswich dominated the match, hitting the woodwork three times (including twice from John Wark) before Roger Osborne scored the only goal of the game with a left-foot shot, as Ipswich triumphed 1–0. It remains Ipswich Town's only FA Cup triumph to date and they have not appeared in the final since. Arsenal returned to Wembley the following season and won the 1979 FA Cup Final over Manchester United.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final
The FA Cup is English football's primary cup competition. Clubs in the highest tier of English football enter the FA Cup in the third round and are selected randomly out of a hat with the remaining clubs. If a match is drawn, a replay comes into force, ordinarily at the ground of the team who were away for the first game. As with league fixtures, FA Cup matches are subject to change in the event of games being selected for television coverage and this often can be influenced by clashes with other competitions.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Arsenal
Arsenal entered the 1977–78 FA Cup in the third round where they faced Second Division team Sheffield United at Bramall Lane. Four goals in a ten-minute spell in the first half, from David O'Leary, Malcolm Macdonald (2) and Frank Stapleton, effectively ended the match as a contest. United had missed a penalty after O'Leary's opener and conceded a fifth to Stapleton in the second half, as Arsenal proceeded to the fourth round with a 5–0 victory. Wolverhampton Wanderers were Arsenal's fourth round opponents at Highbury.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Arsenal
In front of a crowd of nearly 50,000, Wolves made the better start but Alan Sunderland's header from a Macdonald cross gave Arsenal a lead against the run of play. Kenny Hibbitt equalised but the game was decided in the final minutes when Wolves' defender Bob Hazell was sent off; Macdonald scored the winner seconds later. The fifth round saw Arsenal drawn at home against Walsall, against whom, in the 1932–33 FA Cup they had lost 2–0 in what is regarded as one of the greatest FA Cup upsets in the history of the competition. The upset was not repeated as Arsenal won 4–1 with goals from Stapleton (2), Macdonald and Sunderland; Alan Buckley scored the consolation for Walsall.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Arsenal
Welsh third-tier side Wrexham were Arsenal's sixth round opponents, the match taking place in front of 25,000 supporters at the Racecourse Ground. An early header from Wrexham's prolific striker Dixie McNeil went wide of Pat Jennings' post and 25 minutes in, Macdonald tapped home after Stapleton's header was parried by Wrexham goalkeeper Eddie Niedzwiecki. Wrexham increased their tempo and were denied by the referee as he disallowed a Bobby Shinton goal for offside. The Welsh side equalised midway through the second half, with a McNeil header, his eleventh goal of his FA Cup campaign.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Arsenal
Arsenal quickly retook the lead through a Sunderland header, and extended it to 3–1 in the 73rd minute after a Liam Brady slice was delicately finished by Willie Young. Graham Whittle pulled one back for Wrexham with ten minutes to go but the match ended 3–2 and Arsenal were through. The semi-final, played at Chelsea's Stamford Bridge as a neutral venue, was against lower-league Orient who had already knocked out First Division teams Norwich City, Chelsea and Middlesbrough.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Arsenal
Arsenal took the lead in the fifteenth minute through a deflected Macdonald strike, and doubled their advantage three minutes later as Macdonald scored again, this time courtesy of a deflection by Orient defender Glenn Roeder. Graham Rix extended the North London club's lead midway through the second half to see Arsenal into the final as 3–0 victors.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
Ipswich's first game in the 1977–78 FA Cup was away at Second Division Welsh club Cardiff City in the third round. As Ipswich were in a poor run of form both domestically and in European competition, manager Bobby Robson had declared the FA Cup contest against Cardiff as "the most important match the club is going to play this season". Ipswich won the match 2–0 with both goals coming from Paul Mariner, the England international centre forward. The match also saw captain Mick Mills making his 494th appearance for Ipswich, a club record.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
Ipswich were drawn against Fourth Division Hartlepool United in the fourth round. A controversial penalty awarded to Ipswich in the sixth minute was converted by Colin Viljoen after Derrick Downing was adjudged to have fouled Mariner. Ipswich extended their lead with a second from Mariner before Downing pulled one back for Hartlepool. Second half goals from Brian Talbot and Viljoen ended the tie 4–1 in favour of the East Anglian team who progressed to the fifth round where they faced Bristol Rovers.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
The game was played on a frozen Eastville Stadium pitch and the lower league team came into the match against Ipswich having lost just two of their previous fourteen matches. A Talbot throw-in was collected by Clive Woods whose cross was converted by Robin Turner. Rovers' equaliser came early in the second half as Ipswich goalkeeper Paul Cooper failed to clear a corner which was subsequently headed in by midfielder David Williams. Fifteen minutes later, the Bristol club took the lead, Williams scoring after a Russell Osman clearance.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
Bobby Gould then scored for Rovers but the goal was disallowed and with four minutes to go, Mariner secured an equaliser to send the game to a replay at Portman Road. Ipswich pressed early on but with no reward for their domination and had to wait until the 26th minute to capitalise. A corner from Woods was converted by Mick Mills at the far post. As Rovers went in search of an equaliser, Mariner scored following good passing work from Allan Hunter and Mills. Woods scored a third with ten minutes remaining to end the match 3–0 and send Ipswich into the sixth round to face Millwall.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
The match at The Den had just commenced when George Burley's speculative effort found the back of the Millwall net prompting violence in the terraces. The fighting spilled onto the pitch and forced a 17-minute delay in the match, after which Ipswich continued to dominate but could not extend their lead. Early in the second half, a goal-line clearance from Millwall's Jon Moore fell to Mariner who finished it to double Ipswich's lead. Mariner scored again with fifteen minutes to go, tapping in from a Turner cross.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
Dave Mehmet pulled one back for Millwall after a Barry Kitchener effort was saved by Cooper, but Ipswich then scored three times in as many minutes. Wark, Talbot and Mariner (completing his hat-trick) added to the scoreline which ended 6–1 and Ipswich progressed. The semi-final, against West Bromwich Albion, was played at Arsenal's Highbury as a neutral venue. The opening goal came from a diving header: Talbot displayed "outrageous bravery" to score at the near post from a Mills cross. Injured in doing so, Talbot was forced to withdraw from the match and sustained three stitches and concussion.


1978 FA Cup Final, Route to the final, Ipswich Town
Ipswich extended their lead in the 21st minute after Cyrille Regis failed to clear a Mick Lambert corner which was turned in by Mills. Hunter gave away a penalty with less than thirteen minutes to go which was duly converted by Tony Brown but Wark restored the two-goal lead with a late header from a Woods corner. The match ended 3–1 and Ipswich had qualified for their first ever FA Cup final and first visit to Wembley Stadium.


1978 FA Cup Final, Pre-match
Arsenal were appearing in the final of the FA Cup for the first time since their defeat to Leeds United in the 1972 final. They had won the cup on four other occasions (in 1930, 1936, 1950 and 1971) and were making their ninth appearance in the FA Cup final overall.


1978 FA Cup Final, Pre-match
Ipswich were considered underdogs: bookmaker William Hill offered odds of 9/4 on an Ipswich win and evens on an Arsenal win the day before the match. David Lacey, writing in The Guardian, suggested that Arsenal were favourites to win because of doubts over the fitness of Ipswich defender Allan Hunter and the mediocre league form of the East Anglian club during the 1977–78 season which saw Ipswich finish eighteenth, while Arsenal ended in fifth position.


1978 FA Cup Final, Pre-match
The Reading Evening Post also considered Ipswich to be underdogs, noting that Arsenal had won three of their last four matches, while Ipswich were "bludgeoned by injury" and had lost 6–1 in their last match against Aston Villa. Bobby Robson was content with the underdog label: "Being the underdogs helps ease the tension and that suits us fine ... Arsenal seem to be most people's choice this time, but that does not worry us in the least."


1978 FA Cup Final, Pre-match
The final was televised by the BBC as part of their Grandstand show. David Coleman was the main commentator for the BBC with punditry from Jimmy Hill, Lawrie McMenemy and Trevor Brooking. ITV also broadcast the match live in its World of Sport programme, and BBC Radio 2 provided radio commentary. Although two days of rain had preceded the final, the conditions were good for the match with sunny skies. Before the match, the players were presented to Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, and her husband Angus Ogilvy.


1978 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
The match, the fiftieth FA Cup final held at Wembley, kicked off in warm sunshine in front of a crowd of around 100,000, refereed by Derek Nippard. Arsenal kicked off and were initially dominant with as O'Leary shot past the post from an Alan Hudson cross. At the other end, a Mariner strike from a Woods header beat Jennings' dive but was off-target. After fifteen minutes, Talbot was beginning to establish himself as the main power in midfield.


1978 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
Along with Kevin Beattie making runs from defence, Ipswich began to over-run their opposing midfielders Liam Brady and Hudson, forcing them to play deeper in their own half. Twenty-year-old David Geddis caused the Arsenal left side of defence problems, passing to Woods on the right side of the pitch whose cross was missed by Osborne but struck well by Mariner only for him to see it ricochet off the bar. Geddis then saw his bouncing shot saved by Jennings and Arsenal's Macdonald cleared another attempt. The first half ended goalless.


1978 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
In the 52nd minute, Mariner set Wark up by the edge of the Arsenal penalty area: the Scotsman's firm shot struck the upright, once again leaving Jennings stranded. O'Leary initiated a rare attack for the London club and created an opportunity for Sunderland who saw the ball saved at his feet by Ipswich's goalkeeper Cooper. Brady was substituted in the 65th minute for Rix. Woods and Talbot then combined to set Wark up once again but his first-time shot rebounded off the post.


1978 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary
It was Burley's turn next to trouble the Arsenal goal: his header from Woods' cross produced an exceptional save from Jennings to keep the scores level at 0–0. With thirteen minutes left, Geddis took the ball and advanced towards the opposition penalty area, and drove in a low shot at a difficult angle. Arsenal's Young stuck out a foot to defend it and deflected the ball to Roger Osborne who shot past Jennings with a first-time left-footed shot from 10 yards (9.1 m) to put Ipswich ahead. Osborne was soon substituted for Lambert and Ipswich continued to dominate the game until the final whistle.


1978 FA Cup Final, Post-match
Ipswich's manager Bobby Robson was delighted: "What a day for us. We deserved it. We played some decent football didn't we?" While he singled out Mariner for particular praise, Robson noted "the whole team played well ... everything went right for us". Osborne later revealed that his substitution came about as a result of him being overcome with emotion and feeling faint having scored the late goal. Arsenal manager Terry Neill was less positive about his team's performance: "I am not going to say very much ... then I'm going to piss off to have a drink". He went on to compliment Ipswich, noting that "we didn't play as well as we can do, but Ipswich deserved it today, no doubt about that". Arsenal captain Pat Rice apologised to fans stating that Arsenal were "lucky to escape with just a 1–0 defeat".


1978 FA Cup Final, Post-match
As of 2020 it remains Ipswich Town's only FA Cup triumph and they have not appeared in the final since, although they did appear in the semi-finals three years later. Their only major trophy since then is the UEFA Cup in 1981. As of 2019 Arsenal hold the record for the most appearances in the FA Cup final tied with Manchester United (with 20) and the most FA Cup wins, again tied with Manchester United, with 12.