1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership, Policy details, Pretext to the 1978 policy statement
This scrutiny by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) comes after a trail of failed policy rulings by the Commission and the Supreme Court. The rulings, spanning the 1960s and 1970s would write and rewrite the thought behind how to interpret these guidelines for serving the public interest and maximizing diversity in media ownership, in accordance with the FCC's mission and purpose. It was around this time that the FCC started to pay closer attention to issues about race and gender as they relate to awarding broadcast licenses. Until 1949 in the U.S., a minority-owned radio station did not exist, and there were no minority-owned television stations until 1973.


1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership, Policy details, Pretext to the 1978 policy statement
In addition to the Tax Certificate Policy and the Distress Sale Policy incentives for encouraging diversity, the 1978 Broadcast Policy Statement authorized the use of comparative credit or favorable consideration for minority applicants. These comparative hearings would award merit to applicants poised to contribute to the Commission's goal of broadening ownership inclusion, and their aim for a "diversity of viewpoints". Earning this favorable consideration meant that the applicant would be an active participant in the facilities daily operations, and serve a practicable purpose to the community in terms of content and viewpoints.


1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership, Policy details, Pretext to the 1978 policy statement
Eventually the Distress Sale Policy was overturned in 1987 by a 2-1 vote within the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, and later, the Tax Certificate Policy was repealed by congress in 1995 with perceived abuses being the reason. In the 1990s the court would eliminate policies that awarded extra credit using race and gender as a basis for consideration. This period saw a movement away from policies concerning the use of gender or racial factors in comparative hearings and employment practices, and the 1996 Telecommunications Act eliminated the comparative hearing process for renewal of broadcast licensing entirely.


1978 Bromley London Borough Council election
The 1978 Bromley Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Bromley London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1978 Brown Bears football team
The 1978 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Brown tied for second place in the Ivy League.


1978 Brown Bears football team
In their fourth season under head coach John Anderson, the Bears compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents 189 to 165. N. Jacob and M. Whipple were the team captains.


1978 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 6–3 conference record tied for second-best in the Ivy League standings. They outscored Ivy opponents 155 to 123.


1978 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1978 Brownlow Medal
The 1978 Brownlow Medal was the 51st year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Malcolm Blight of the North Melbourne Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-two votes during the 1978 VFL season.


1978 Brownlow Medal, Leading votegetters
* The player was ineligible to win the medal due to suspension by the VFL Tribunal during the year.


1978 Broxbourne Borough Council election
The Broxbourne Council election, 1978 was held to elect council members of the Broxbourne Borough Council, the local government authority of the borough of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, England.


1978 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary
An election was held in 14 wards on 4 May 1978.


1978 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary
The Conservative Party made 2 gains winning Rosedale Ward from Labour and retaking Goffs Oak Ward from Councillor D T Hickman who had left the Conservative Group shortly after the 1976 election to sit as an Independent.


1978 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary
This was the first Broxbourne Election to see National Front candidates, who stood in 4 wards.


1978 Broxbourne Borough Council election, Results summary
The new political balance of the council following this election was:


1978 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1978 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1978 NCAA Division I-AA football season.


1978 Bucknell Bison football team
In their fourth year under head coach Bob Curtis, the Bison compiled a 5–5 record. John Cieslewicz, Mike Cosimano and Brian Shaffer were the team captains.


1978 Bucknell Bison football team
This was the first year of competition for Division I-AA, later to be renamed the Football Championship Subdivision. Bucknell, along with its in-state rivals Lafayette and Lehigh, moved up to I-AA after having previously competed as independents in NCAA Division II. The Bison's 1978 schedule included opponents from Division I-A, Division I-AA, Division II and Division III.


1978 Bucknell Bison football team
Bucknell played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1978 Buenos Aires Grand Prix
Results from the 1978 Buenos Aires Grand Prix held at Buenos Aires on November 11, 1978, in the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez.


1978 Buffalo Bills season
The 1978 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 9th season in the National Football League, and the 19th overall. The Bills were coming off a season in which they only won three games, making 1978 a slight improvement.


1978 Buffalo Bills season
Head coach Chuck Knox began his first season with the team, having coached the Los Angeles Rams for the previous five seasons. It was also Buffalo's first season after the departure of star running back O. J. Simpson, who was traded to the San Francisco for five draft picks in the offseason.


1978 Buffalo Bills season
The Bills offense acquired a pair of weapons for quarterback Joe Ferguson: wide receiver Frank Lewis, who had spent the previous 7 seasons in Pittsburgh, and rookie running back Terry Miller, who ended the season with over 1,000 yards.


1978 Buffalo Bills season
The 1978 Bills' run defense allowed an NFL record 3,228 rushing yards; the 677 rushing attempts the Bills faced in 1978 is also an NFL record. Oddly, the Bills were first in the league in yards allowed on pass defense, giving up only 1,960 yards through the air.


1978 Buffalo Bills season, Player stats, Passing
Note: Comp = Completions; ATT = Attempts; TD = Touchdowns; INT = Interceptions


1978 Buffalo Bills season, Player stats, Special teams
Note: FGA = Field Goals Attempted; FGM = Field Goals Made; FG% = Field Goal Percentage; XPA = Extra Points Attempted; XPM = Extra Points Made; XP% = Extra Points Percentage


1978 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1978 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 38th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between CSKA Sofia and Marek Dupnitsa on 24 May 1978 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Marek won the final 1–0.


1978 Burmese general election
General elections were held in Burma between 1 and 15 January 1978. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Burma Socialist Programme Party as the sole legal party. It therefore won all 464 seats in People's Assembly. Voter turnout was reported to be 93.3%.


1978 CARIFTA Games
The 7th CARIFTA Games was held in Nassau, Bahamas on March 27–28, 1978.


1978 CARIFTA Games, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 88 athletes (66 junior (under-20) and 22 youth (under-17)) from about 13 countries:  Anguilla (2), Antigua and Barbuda (2), Bahamas (19), Barbados (13), Bermuda (6), British Virgin Islands (1), Guadeloupe (2), Guyana (1), Jamaica (31), Martinique (1), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1), Trinidad and Tobago (8), Turks and Caicos Islands (1).


1978 CARIFTA Games, Austin Sealy Award
The Austin Sealy Trophy was awardeded to Mary Ann Higgs from the Bahamas. She won 2 gold (100m and 200m), and 1 silver (400m) medal in the youth (U-17) category.


1978 CARIFTA Games, Medal summary
Medal winners are published by category: Boys under 20 (Junior), Girls under 20 (Junior), Boys under 17 (Youth), and Girls under 17 (Youth). Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website.


1978 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1978 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the seventh CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 3 and March 11, 1978. All games were played at BGSU Ice Arena in Bowling Green, Ohio, the home venue of the Bowling Green Falcons. By winning the tournament, Bowling Green received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's invitation to play in a first round game created to allow entrance into the tournament for the CCHA.


1978 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured two rounds of play. Only the top four teams in the conference standings were eligible for postseason play. Each of the two rounds were structured so that the two teams facing one another would play two games and the winner would be decided by the goal differential totals of the combined scores. In the semifinal the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds were matched as opponents. The victorious teams would then compete in the finals for the conference championship. The tournament champion was invited to play in a first round game in the 1978 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1978 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1978 CECAFA Cup
The 1978 CECAFA Cup was the 6th edition of the tournament. It was held in Malawi, and was won by the hosts. The matches were played between November 1 and 19.


1978 CFL Draft
The 1978 CFL Draft composed of eight rounds where 90 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA. A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions, with the Toronto Argonauts being the only team to make no picks during this stage of the draft.


1978 CFL Draft, 8th Round
70. Ottawa Rough Riders                                Mike Lyriotokis  DT  Prince Edward Island


1978 CFL season
The 1978 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 25th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 21st Canadian Football League season.


1978 CFL season
The league drew 2,229,834 fans to its 72 regular season games, a record that would stand until the 2005 season by which time the league had extended its schedule from 16 to 18 games. The league's average attendance of 31,831 spectators per game remains a league record as of 2015.


1978 CFL season, Regular season standings, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1978 CFL season, Grey Cup playoffs
The Edmonton Eskimos are the 1978 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Montreal Alouettes, 20–13, at Toronto's Exhibition Stadium. This was the fourth championship meeting between Edmonton and Montreal within the last six years. The Eskimos' Tom Wilkinson (QB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Offence and Dave "Dr. Death" Fennell (DT) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Defence. While Angelo Santucci (RB) was named Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.


1978 CFU Championship, Qualifying round, First round
The following are known results only; there may be more matches.


1978 CFU Championship, Qualifying round, First round
Martinique vs  Dominican Republic, Martinique advanced to the second round after Dominican Republic withdrew due to revolution.


1978 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The 1978 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 14th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region and was played from 1 May until 17 September 1978 and all the matches in the tournament were played under the home/away match system.


1978 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The teams were split into 3 zones (North American, Central American and Caribbean), each one qualifying the winner to the final tournament, where the winners of the North American and Central American zones played a semi-final to decide who was going to play against the Caribbean champion in the final.


1978 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
As the final part of the tournament was cancelled due to administrative problems, three teams, Comunicaciones (Guateamala) Defence Force (Trinidad and Tobago) and Leones Negros de Guadalajara (Mexico) were crowned champions by Concacaf.


1978 CONCACAF Champions' Cup, CONCACAF final series
The final round was not played due to administrative problems and disagreements of dates for the matches; So the three teams in this final phase were declared CONCACAF champions.


1978 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament
The CONCACAF Under-20 Championship 1978 was held in Honduras. It also served as qualification for the 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1978 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament, Qualification to World Youth Championship
The two best performing teams qualified for the 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship.


1978 Cairo Open
The 1978 Cairo Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts that was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix . It was played at Cairo in Egypt and began on March 12, 1978.


1978 Cairo Open, Finals, Doubles
Ismail El Shafei /  Brian Fairlie defeated  Lito Alvarez /  Geordie Hardie 6–3, 7–5, 6–2


1978 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1978 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1978 NCAA Division II football season.


1978 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The Mustangs were led by 11th-year head coach Joe Harper and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the regular season as champion of the CCAA, their third in what would be five consecutive conference championships. The team finished with a regular season record of seven wins and two losses (7–2, 2–0 CCAA). At the end of the season, Cal Poly qualified for the Division II championship tournament. They played the Winston-Salem State Rams in Winston-Salem, North Carolina on November 25, 1978. The Mustangs were shut out 0–17 in the game, bringing their record for the season to 7–3.


1978 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Mustang players were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
The 1978 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented California State Polytechnic University, Pomona during the 1978 NCAA Division II football season.


1978 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
Cal Poly Pomona competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Cal Poly Pomona was led by second-year head coach Jim Jones. They played home games at Kellogg Field in Pomona, California. The Broncos finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses (3–7, 1–1 CCAA). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 155–202 for the season.


1978 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Pomona players were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team
The 1978 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team represented California State University, Fullerton in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA) during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season.


1978 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team
Led by fourth-year head coach Jim Colletto, Cal State Fullerton played only two home games, both at Falcon Stadium on the campus of Cerritos College in Norwalk, California. The Titans finished  with a 5–7 record (2–2 PCAA, fourth), and did not play new PCAA member Utah State.


1978 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Fullerton Titans were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1978, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1978 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The 1978 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team represented California State University, Hayward in the 1978 NCAA Division II football season. Cal State Hayward competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1978 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The Pioneers were led by fourth-year head coach Tim Tierney. They played home games at Pioneer Stadium in Hayward, California. The Pioneers finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses (8–2, 4–1 FWC). They outscored their opponents 212–136 for the 1978 season.


1978 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Hayward Pioneers players were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
The 1978 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 1978 NCAA Division II football season.


1978 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
Cal State Northridge competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The 1978 Matadors were led by second-year head coach Jack Elway. They played home games at North Campus Stadium in Northridge, California. Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of five wins and five losses (5–5, 0–2 CCAA). The Matadors outscored their opponents 252–214 for the season.


1978 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Northridge players were selected in the 1979 NFL Draft.


1978 Calder Cup playoffs
The 1978 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 11, 1978. The top three teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. The two division winners earned byes for the Division Semifinals while the other two teams in each division played best-of-five series. The winners played best-of-seven series with the team that received the first round bye in their division. The winners of each Division Final played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on May 15, 1978, with the Maine Mariners defeating the New Haven Nighthawks four games to one to win the Calder Cup for the first time in team history.


1978 Calder Cup playoffs, Playoff seeds
After the 1977–78 AHL regular season, the top three teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. The Maine Mariners finished the regular season with the best overall record. The two division champions earned byes to the Division Finals.


1978 Calder Cup playoffs, Bracket
In each round, the team that earned more points during the regular season receives home ice advantage, meaning they receive the "extra" game on home-ice if the series reaches the maximum number of games. There is no set series format due to arena scheduling conflicts and travel considerations.


1978 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1978 Calgary Stampeders finished in 2nd place in the Western Conference with a 9–4–3 record. They appeared in the Western Final where they lost to the Edmonton Eskimos.


1978 California Angels season
The 1978 California Angels season involved the Angels finishing second in the American League West with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses.


1978 California Angels season
Late in the season, the Angels suffered the loss of outfielder Lyman Bostock when Bostock was murdered on September 24 in Gary, Indiana.


1978 California Angels season, Regular season
On May 12, Angels pitcher Nolan Ryan struck out Buddy Bell for the 2500th strikeout of his career.


1978 California Angels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 California Angels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1978 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1978 California Attorney General election
The 1978 California Attorney General election was held on November 7, 1978. Republican nominee George Deukmejian defeated Democratic nominee Yvonne Brathwaite Burke with 52.88% of the vote.


1978 California Golden Bears football team
The 1978 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Under head coach Roger Theder, the team compiled an overall record of 6–5 and 3–4 in conference.


1978 California Proposition 13
Proposition 13 (officially named the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation) is an amendment of the Constitution of California enacted during 1978, by means of the initiative process. The initiative was approved by California voters on June 6, 1978. It was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in the case of Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S.  (1992). Proposition 13 is embodied in Article XIII A of the Constitution of the State of California.


1978 California Proposition 13
The most significant portion of the act is the first paragraph, which limits the tax rate for real estate:


1978 California Proposition 13
Section 1. (a) The maximum amount of any ad valorem tax on real property shall not exceed one percent (1%) of the full cash value of such property. The one percent (1%) tax to be collected by the counties and apportioned according to law to the districts within the counties.


1978 California Proposition 13
The proposition decreased property taxes by assessing values at their 1976 value and restricted annual increases of assessed value to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. It prohibits reassessment of a new base year value except in cases of (a) change in ownership, or (b) completion of new construction. These rules apply equally to all real estate, residential and commercial—whether owned by individuals or corporations.


1978 California Proposition 13
The other significant portion of the initiative is that it requires a two-thirds majority in both legislative houses for future increases of any state tax rates or amounts of revenue collected, including income tax rates. It also requires a two-thirds vote majority in local elections for local governments wishing to increase special taxes. (A "special tax" is a tax devoted specifically to a purpose: e.g. homelessness or road repair; money that does not go into a general fund.)


1978 California Proposition 13
Proposition 13 has been described as California's most famous and influential ballot measure; it received enormous publicity throughout the United States. Passage of the initiative presaged a "taxpayer revolt" throughout the country that is sometimes thought to have contributed to the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency during 1980. Of 30 anti-tax ballot measures that year, 13 passed.


1978 California Proposition 13
A large contributor to Proposition 13 was the sentiment that older Californians should not be priced out of their homes through high taxes. The proposition has been called the "third rail" (meaning "untouchable subject") of California politics, and it is not popular politically for lawmakers to attempt to change it.


1978 California Proposition 13, Purpose, Limit the tax rate for properties
Section 1. (a) The maximum amount of any ad valorem tax on real property shall not exceed one percent (1%) of the full cash value of such property. The one percent (1%) tax to be collected by the counties and apportioned according to law to the districts within the counties.


1978 California Proposition 13, Purpose, Limit the tax rate for properties
Proposition 13 declared property taxes were to be assessed their 1976 value and restricted annual increases of the tax to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. A reassessment of the property tax can only be made a) when the property ownership changes or b) there is construction done.


1978 California Proposition 13, Purpose, State responsibility
The state has been given the responsibility of distributing the property tax revenues to local agencies.


1978 California Proposition 13, Purpose, Voting requirements state taxes
In addition to decreasing property taxes and changing the role of the state, Proposition 13 also contained language requiring a two-thirds (2/3) majority in both legislative houses for future increases of any state tax rates or amounts of revenue collected, including income tax rates and sales tax rates.


1978 California Proposition 13, Purpose, Voting requirements local taxes
Proposition 13 also requires two-thirds (2/3) voter approval for cities, counties, and special districts to impose special taxes. In Altadena Library District v. Bloodgood, 192 Cal. App. 3d 585 (June 1987), the California Court of Appeal for the Second District determined that the two-thirds (2/3) voter approval requirement for special taxes under Proposition 13 applied to citizens initiatives.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins
There are several theories of the origins of Proposition 13. The evidence for or against these accounts varies.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Displacement of retired homeowners
One explanation is that older Californians with fixed incomes had increasing difficulty paying property taxes, which were rising as a result of California's population growth, increasing housing demand, and inflation. Due to severe inflation during the 1970s, reassessments of residential property increased property taxes so much, that some retired people could no longer afford to remain in homes they had purchased long before. An 2006 study published in Law & Society Review supported this explanation, reporting that older voters, homeowners, and voters expecting a tax increase were more likely to vote for Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, School funding equalization
Another explanation is Proposition 13 drew its impetus from the 1971 and 1976 California Supreme Court rulings in Serrano v. Priest, which somewhat equalized California school funding by redistributing local property taxes from wealthy to poor school districts. According to this explanation, property owners in affluent districts perceived that the taxes they paid were no longer benefiting their local schools, and chose to cap their taxes.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, School funding equalization
A problem with this explanation is that the Serrano decision and school finance equalization were popular among California voters. While Californians who voted for Proposition 13 were less likely than other voters to support school finance equalization, Proposition 13 supporters were not more likely to oppose the Serrano decision, and on average they were typically supportive of both the Serrano decision and of school finance equalization.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Regressive tax distributions
A 2020 study by Joshua Mound published in the Journal of Policy History challenged the idea that wealthy property owners' desire to cap their property taxes was the impetus for enacting Proposition 13, instead saying the "tax revolt" was rooted in lower and middle-income Americans' longstanding frustration with unfair and highly regressive tax distributions during the post-World War II decades.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Regressive tax distributions
The study said pro-growth Kennedy-Johnson “Growth Liberals” cut federal income taxes in the highest brackets in the 1960s while local officials raised regressive state and local taxes, creating a "pocketbook squeeze" that made voters less likely to approve local levies and bonds, which eventually led to the passage of Proposition 13. The study said the tax revolt was not limited to white voters nor associated with rising conservatism associated with the collapse of the "New Deal order" and the election of Ronald Reagan.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Expansion of state government
Another explanation that has been offered is that spending by California's government had increased dramatically during the years prior to 1978, and voters sought to limit further growth. The evidence supporting this explanation is limited, as there have been no studies relating Californians' views on the size and role of government to their views on Proposition 13. It is true that California's government had grown. Between 1973 and 1977, California state and local government expenditures per $1,000 of personal income were 8.2% higher than the national norm. From 1949 to 1979, public sector employment in California outstripped employment growth in the private sector. By 1978, 14.7% of California's civilian work force were state and local government employees, almost double the proportion of the early 1950s.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Corruption
During the early 1960s, there were several scandals in California involving county assessors. These assessors were found rewarding friends and allies with artificially low assessments, with tax bills to match. These scandals led to the passage of Assembly Bill 80 (AB 80) in 1966, which imposed standards to hold assessments to market value. The return to market value in the wake of AB 80 could easily represent a mid-double-digit percentage increase in assessment for many homeowners.


1978 California Proposition 13, Origins, Corruption
As a result, a large number of California homeowners experienced an immediate and drastic rise in valuation, simultaneous with rising tax rates on that assessed value, only to be told that the taxed monies would be redistributed to distant communities. Cynicism about the favoritism of the tax system towards the wealthy and well-connected persisted into the 1970s. The ensuing anger started to form into a backlash against property taxes which coalesced around Howard Jarvis, a former newspaperman and appliance manufacturer, turned taxpayer activist in retirement.


1978 California Proposition 13, Measure
Howard Jarvis and Paul Gann were the most vocal and visible advocates of Proposition 13. Officially named the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, and known popularly as the Jarvis-Gann Amendment, Proposition 13 was listed on the ballot through the California ballot initiative process, a provision of the California Constitution that allows a proposed law or constitutional amendment to be offered to voters if advocates collect a sufficient number of signatures on a petition. Proposition 13 passed with roughly two-thirds of those who voted in favor and with the participation of around two-thirds of registered voters. After passage, it became article XIII A of the California Constitution.


1978 California Proposition 13, Measure
Under Proposition 13, the annual real estate tax on a parcel of property is limited to 1% of its assessed value. This "assessed value" may be increased only by a maximum of 2% per year until, and unless, the property has a change of ownership. At the time of the change in ownership the low assessed value may be reassessed to complete current market value that will produce a new base year value for the property, but future assessments are likewise restricted to the 2% annual maximum increase of the new base year value.


1978 California Proposition 13, Measure
The property may be reassessed under certain conditions other than a change of ownership, such as when additions or new construction occur. The assessed value is also subject to reduction if the market value of the property declines below its assessed value, such as during a real estate slump. Reductions of property valuation were not provided for by Proposition 13 itself, but were made possible by the passage of Proposition 8 (Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 67) during 1978 that amended Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Measure
Such a real estate slump and downward reassessments occurred during 2009 when the California State Board of Equalization announced an estimated reduction of property tax base year values due to negative inflation. The property tax in California is an ad valorem tax meaning that the tax assessed generally increases and decreases with the value of the property.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Reduction in taxes
In the year after Proposition 13 was passed, property tax revenue to local governments declined by roughly 60% statewide. However, by 2003, the inflation adjusted property tax collected by local governments exceeded the pre-1978 levels, and has continued to increase.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Reduction in taxes
In 2009, the advocacy group Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association estimated that Proposition 13 had reduced taxes paid by California taxpayers by an aggregate $528 billion.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Reduction in taxes
Other estimates show that Proposition 13 may not have reduced California's overall per-capita tax burden or State spending. The think tank Tax Foundation reported that in 1978, Californians had the third highest tax burden as a proportion of state income (tax-per-capita divided by income-per-capita) of 12.4% ($3,300 tax per capita, inflation adjusted). By 2012, it had fallen slightly to the sixth highest rate, 10.9%, ($4,100 tax per capita, inflation adjusted).


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Reduction in taxes
California has the highest marginal income and capital gains tax rate and is in the top ten highest corporate tax and sales tax rates nationally. In 2016, California had the 17th-highest per-capita (per-person) property tax revenue in the country at $1,559, up from 31st in 1996. In 2019, WalletHub applied California's statewide effective property tax rate of 0.77% to the state median home market value of $443,400; the annual property taxes of $3,414 on the median home value was the 9th-highest in the United States.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Property tax equity
Proposition 13 sets the assessed value of properties at the time of purchase (known as an acquisition value system), with a possible 2% annual assessment increase. As a result, properties of equal value can have a great amount of variation in their assessed value, even if they are next to each other. The disparity grows when property prices appreciate by more than 2% a year. The Case–Shiller housing index shows prices in Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco appreciated 170% from 1987 (the start of available data) to 2012 while the 2% cap only allowed a 67% increase in taxes on homes that were not sold during this 26-year period.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Property tax equity
A 1993 report from the joint University of California and State of California research program, California Policy Seminar (now the California Policy Research Center), said that a property tax system based on acquisition value links property tax liability to ability to pay and has a progressive impact on the tax structure, based on income. It said that a revenue-neutral Los Angeles County reform which raises all assessments to true market value and lowers the property tax rate would harm elderly and low-income households.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Property tax equity
The think tank Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) considers property tax caps like Proposition 13 poorly targeted and instead advocates  "circuit breaker" caps or homestead exemptions to levy property taxes based on ability to pay; yet in 2018, ITEP ranked California's tax code as the most progressive in the United States, in part due to its high marginal income and capital gains rates.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Property tax equity
Since wealth is associated with ownership of "intangible" assets like stocks, bonds, or business equity, which are exempt from wealth taxes, ITEP says regressive state tax distributions that rely on property taxes on real property can worsen inequality, and that of all US states in 2018, California's tax code reduced inequality the most.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Tenure of households
By comparing California over the period 1970 to 2000 with other states, (using data from the US Census Bureau, not state or county-level property records)Wasi and White (2005) estimated that Proposition 13 caused homeowners to increase the duration of time spent in a given home by 9% (1.04 years), and renters to increase their tenure by 18% (0.79 years). They also estimated that this effect was more pronounced in the coastal cities, with the increase in tenancy by owner-occupiers in the Bay Area being predicted at 28% (3.0 years),  Los Angeles 21% (2.3 years), and Fresno 7% (0.77 years). They speculate that renters may have longer tenure due to less turnover of owner-occupied housing to move into.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Tenure of households
Other studies have found that increased tenure in renting can be attributed in part to rent control.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Funding volatility
A 2016 report from the California Legislative Analyst's Office found that property tax revenue to local governments was similarly volatile before and after the passage of Proposition 13. While Proposition 13 stabilized the base, governments would adjust the rate annually to counteract changes to the base prior to Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Fiscal impact from new home construction
According to the California Building Industry Association, construction of a median priced house results in a slight positive fiscal impact, as opposed to the position that housing does not "pay its own way". The trade association argues that this is because new homes are assessed at the value when they are first sold. Additionally, due to the higher cost of new homes, the trade association claims that new residents are more affluent and may provide more sales tax revenues and use less social services of the host community.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Taxes targeted to services
Others argue that the real reason for the claimed negative effects is lack of trust for elected officials to spend the public's money wisely. Business improvement districts are one means by which property owners have chosen to tax themselves for additional government services. Property owners find that these targeted levies are more palatable than general taxes.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales disincentives, higher housing costs
Proposition 13 alters the balance of the housing market because it provides disincentives for selling property, in favor of remaining at the current property and modifying or transferring to family members to avoid a new, higher property tax assessment.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales disincentives, higher housing costs
Proposition 13 reduces property tax revenue for municipalities in California. They are forced to rely more on state funding and therefore may lose autonomy and control. The amount of taxes available to the municipality in any given year largely depends on the number of property transfers taking place. Yet since existing property owners have an incentive to remain in their property and not sell, there are fewer property transfers under this type of property tax system.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales disincentives, higher housing costs
California also has high rates of migrants from other countries and states, which has contributed to more demand for housing, and it has low amounts of moderately priced housing. The different tax treatment can make real estate more valuable to the current owner than to any potential buyer, so selling it often makes no economic sense.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners
Owners of commercial real estate benefited under the original rules of Proposition 13: If a corporation owning commercial property (such as a shopping mall) was sold or merged, but the property stayed technically deeded to the corporation, ownership of the property could effectively have changed without triggering Proposition 13's reassessment provisions. These rules were subsequently changed; under current law, a change of control or ownership of a legal entity causes a reassessment of its real property as well as the real property of entities that it controls.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners
The application to commercial and rental property can lead to an advantage and profit margin for incumbent individuals or corporations who purchased property at a time when prices were low.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners, Property transfer loophole
Some businesses have exploited a property transfer loophole in Proposition 13 implementing statutes created by the California Legislature that define what constitutes a change in property ownership. To take advantage of this loophole, businesses only have to make sure that no partnership exceeds the 50% mark in control in order to avoid a reassessment. The Legislature could close this loophole with a 2/3 vote. In 2018, the California Board of Equalization estimated that closing this loophole would raise up to $269 million annually in new tax revenue. There have been several legislative attempts to close the loophole, none of which have been successful.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners, Property transfer loophole
Proponents of split roll have said the intent of Proposition 13 was to protect residential property taxes from spiking and say the broad application of Proposition 13 to commercial property is a loophole while opponents say voters deliberately sought to extend Proposition 13 protections to commercial property by rejecting a split roll promoted by Jerry Brown in 1978 (Proposition 8 on the same ballot), with a vote of 53-47%, and instead voted for Proposition 13 with nearly 65% of the vote. A Los Angeles Times article published shortly following the passage of Proposition 13 supported the latter interpretation, stating:


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners, Property transfer loophole
"There is no question that the voters knew exactly what they were doing. Indeed, The Los Angeles Times-Channel 2 News Survey, in which almost 2,500 voters filled out questionnaires as they left the polls Tuesday, revealed that Propositions 8 [the split roll alternative] and 13 were seen by most voters as mutually exclusive alternatives, even though it was entirely possible for voters to play it safe by voting for both measures.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Commercial property owners, Property transfer loophole
Among those who voted for Proposition 13, only one in five also voted for Proposition 8, while Proposition 8 was endorsed by fully 91% of those who voted "no" on Proposition 13. Proposition 13 was advertised as a stronger tax relief measure than Proposition 8. That is exactly how the voters saw it, and that is exactly what they wanted."


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales and other taxes, Other taxes created or increased
Local governments in California now use imaginative strategies to maintain or increase revenue due to Proposition 13 and the attendant loss of property tax revenue (which formerly went to cities, counties, and other local agencies). For instance, many California local governments have recently sought voter approval for special taxes such as parcel taxes for public services that used to be paid for entirely or partially from property taxes imposed before Proposition 13 became law. Provision for such taxes was made by the 1982 Community Facilities Act (more commonly known as Mello-Roos). Sales tax rates have also increased from 6% (pre-Proposition 13 level) to 7.25% and higher in some local jurisdictions.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales and other taxes, Other taxes created or increased
In 1991, the Supreme Court of California ruled in Rider v. County of San Diego that a San Diego County sales tax to fund jail and courthouse construction was unconstitutional. The court ruled that because the tax money was targeted towards specific programs rather than general spending, it counted as a "special tax" under Proposition 13 and required approval by two-thirds of the voters, whereas the tax had passed with a simple majority.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Sales and other taxes, Other taxes created or increased
The imposition of these special taxes and fees was a target of California Proposition 218 ("Right to Vote on Taxes Act") which passed in 1996. It constitutionally requires voter approval for local government taxes and some nontax levies such as benefit assessments on real property and certain property-related fees and charges.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Cities and localities, Greater effect on coastal metropolitan areas than on rest of state
Proposition 13 disproportionately affects coastal metropolitan areas, such as San Francisco and Los Angeles, where housing prices are higher, relative to inland communities with lower housing prices. According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, more research would show whether benefits of Proposition 13 outweigh the redistribution of tax base and overall cost in lost tax revenue.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Cities and localities, Loss of local government power to state government
Local governments have become more dependent on state funds, which has increased state power over local communities. The state provides "block grants" to cities to provide services, and bought out some facilities that locally administer state-mandated programs. The Economist argued in 2011 that "for all its small government pretensions, Proposition 13 ended up centralizing California's finances, shifting them from local to state government."


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Cities and localities, Resultant planning changes, cost or degradation of services, new fees
Due to the reduction in revenue generated from property tax, local governments have become more dependent on sales taxes for general revenue funds. Some maintain that this trend resulted in the "fiscalization of land use", meaning that land use decisions are influenced by the ability of a new development to generate revenue. Proposition 13 has increased the incentive for local governments to attract new commercial developments, such as big box retailers and car dealerships instead of residential housing developments, because of commercial development's ability to generate revenue through sales tax and business licenses tax.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Cities and localities, Resultant planning changes, cost or degradation of services, new fees
This may discourage growth of other sectors and job types that may provide better opportunities for residents. In terms of public services, office and retail development are further incentivized because they do not cost the local governments as much as residential developments. Additionally, cities have decreased services and increased fees to compensate for the shortfall, with particularly high impact fees levied on developers to impose the cost of the additional services and infrastructure that new developments will require. These costs are typically shifted to the building's buyer, who may be unaware of the thousands in fees included with the building's cost.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
California's K-12 public schools, which during the 1960s had been ranked nationally as among the best, have deteriorated substantially in many surveys of student achievement. Some have disputed the attribution of the decline to Proposition 13's role in the change to state financing of public schools, because schools financed mostly by property taxes were declared unconstitutional (the variances in funding between lower and higher income areas being deemed to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution) in Serrano vs. Priest, and Proposition 13 was then passed partially as a result of that case. California's spending per pupil was the same as the national average until about 1985, when it began decreasing, which resulted in another referendum, Proposition 98, that requires a certain percentage of the state's budget to be directed towards public education.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
Prior to implementation of Proposition 13, the state of California saw significant increases in property tax revenue collection "with the share of state and local revenues derived from property taxes increasing from 34% at the turn of the decade to 44% in 1978 (Schwartz 1998)." Proposition 13 caused a sharp decrease in state and local tax collection in its first year.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
One measure of K-12 public school spending is the percentage of personal income that a state spends on education. From a peak of about 4.5% for the nation overall, and 4.0% for California, both peaking in the early 1970s, the nation overall as well as California spent declining percentages on public education in the decade from 1975-1985. For the longer period of 1970-2008, California has always spent a lower percentage than the rest of the nation on education.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
UCSD Economics professor Julian Betts states: "What all this means for spending is that starting around 1978-1979 we saw a sharp reduction in spending on schools. We fell compared to other states dramatically, and we still haven't really caught up to other states." From 1977, in California there has been a steady growth of class sizes compared to the national average, "which have been decreasing since 1970." The shortage in funds translated to decreased spending per student in the years following passage of Proposition 13. During the 1970s, school spending per student was almost equal to the national average.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
Using discount rate, "measured in 1997-1998 dollars, California spent about $100 more per capita on its public schools in 1969-1970 than did the rest of the country." Since 1981-1982, California consistently has spent less per student than the rest of the U.S. as demonstrated by data collected by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and by the Public Policy Institute of California This has resulted in increased pupil-to-teacher ratios in K-12 public schools in California. Professor Betts observes that "pupil-teacher ratios start to skyrocket in the years immediately after 1978, and a huge gap opens up between pupil-teacher ratios here and in the rest of the country, and we still haven't recovered from that."


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
California's voters approved higher income and capital gains tax rates on the state's wealthiest residents to increase K-12 school funding: Proposition 30 passed in 2012 (and was extended in 2016 with Proposition 55) which raised tax rates on income and capital gains over $250,000 for single filers and $500,000 for joint filers, with most of the resultant revenue going to schools. These measures have significantly closed the K-12 spending gap between California and the national average. Pupil-teacher ratios have decreased since the passage of Proposition 30. California K-12 public school teachers earned the second-highest average salaries amongst teachers of all states in 2019.


1978 California Proposition 13, Effects, Education and public services, Effect on public schools
In addition to the Serrano v. Priest decision, in 2013, California lawmakers created the Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), which provides greater resources to school districts with student populations having higher needs, being determined by the rate of children in poverty or foster care and the rate of English language learners in the district. LCFF has provided an additional 20% or more in "supplemental funding" to disadvantaged school districts and can make them better funded than school districts receiving the state-required minimum "basic aid" funding.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity
Proposition 13 is consistently popular among California's likely voters, 64% of whom were homeowners as of 2017. A 2018 survey from the Public Policy Institute of California found that 57% of Californians say that Proposition 13 is mostly a good thing, while 23% say it is mostly a bad thing.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity
65% of likely voters say it has been mostly a good thing, as do: 71% of Republicans, 55% of Democrats, and 61% of independents; 54% of people age 18 to 34, 52% of people age 35 to 54, and 66% of people 55 and older; 65% of homeowners and 50% of renters. The only demographic group for which less than 50% said that Proposition 13 was mostly a good thing was African Americans, at 39%.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity
The survey also found that 40% of Californians, and 50% of likely voters said that Proposition 13's supermajority requirement for new special taxes has had a good effect on local government services provided to residents, while 20% of both Californians and likely voters said it had a bad effect, and the remainder felt it had no effect.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity
At the same time, a majority of both Californians (55%) and likely voters (56%) opposed lowering the supermajority threshold for local special taxes.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity, Third rail
Proposition 13 is often considered the "third rail" of California politics, which means that politicians avoid discussions of changing it.


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity, Third rail
In the 2003 California recall election in which Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected governor, his advisor Warren Buffett suggested that Proposition 13 be repealed or changed as a method of balancing the state's budget. Schwarzenegger, believing that such an act would be inadvisable politically and could end his gubernatorial career, said, "I told Warren that if he mentions Proposition 13 again he has to do 500 sit-ups."


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity, Third rail
Gavin Newsom, when asked about the fairness of Proposition 13 in a 2010 interview with The Bay Citizen, said: "The political realities are such that Democrats, not just Republicans and Independents, are overwhelmingly opposed to making adjustments in terms of the residential side of Prop. 13. On the commercial and industrial side, there seems to be a lot more openness to debate... Of course, it's a difficult time to do that...when you're trying to encourage manufacturing back into your state, and you already have a cost differential between states that border us, you don't want to now increase their burden in terms of property tax on that commercial and industrial space."


1978 California Proposition 13, Popularity, Third rail
In 2011, California Governor Jerry Brown was quoted as saying that it wasn't Proposition 13 that was the problem, but "It was what the Legislature did after 13, it was what happened after 13 was passed" because the legislature reduced local authorities' power. In a later interview in 2014, he lamented that he hadn't built up a "war chest" with which to campaign for an alternative to Proposition 13. Governor Brown said he'd learned from his failure in the mid-1970s to build a war chest that he could have used to push an alternative to Proposition 13. Governor Brown was definitive that he would not seek to change the law, a third rail in California politics. "Prop. 13 is a sacred doctrine that should never be questioned," he said.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1978 Proposition 8
Proposition 8 allows for a reassessment of real property values in a declining market.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1986 Proposition 58
Proposition 58 allowed homeowners to transfer their principal residence to children without a property tax re-assessment, as well as the first $1 million (not indexed to inflation) in assessed value of other real property. It passed with 76% of the vote.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1986 Proposition 58
Between Proposition 58 and 1996 Proposition 193, which extends Proposition 58 to grandparents, a 2017 report from California's Legislative Analyst's Office (LAO) found that roughly one out of 20 houses statewide received the exemption in the decade ending in 2015, at an average rate of one out of every 200 houses per year. They estimated total foregone yearly property tax revenue for all exemptions ever received at $1.5 billion in 2015, or about 2.5% of total statewide property tax revenue.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1986 Proposition 58
The report said that while the exemption made it possible for some to live in their parent's house, it likely incentivized the conversion of inherited houses into rental property or other uses. The report said the exemption probably created downward pressure on rents while causing more Californians to be renters rather than homeowners.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1986 Proposition 60
Proposition 60 allows homeowners over the age of 55 to transfer the assessed value of their present home to a replacement home if the replacement home is located in the same county, is of equal or lesser value, and purchased within 2 years of sale.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1988 Proposition 90
Proposition 90 was similar to 1986 Proposition 60 in that it allowed homeowners over the age of 55 to transfer the assessed value of their present home to a replacement home if the replacement home was located in a different county, provided the incoming county allowed the transfer.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1996 Proposition 193
Proposition 193 extended 1986 Proposition 58 by allowing grandparents to transfer to their grandchildren their primary residence and up to $1 million (not indexed to inflation) in other real property without a property tax re-assessment, when both parents of the grandchild are deceased. It passed with 67% of the vote.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1996 Proposition 218
Proposition 218, called the "Right to Vote on Taxes Act," is an initiative constitutional amendment approved by California voters on November 5, 1996. Proposition 218 was sponsored by the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association as a constitutional follow-up to Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1996 Proposition 218
The proposition established constitutional limits on the ability of local governments to levy benefit assessments on real property and property-related fees and charges such as those for utility services to property. The assessment and property-related fee and charge reforms contained in Proposition 218 were in response to California local governments' use of revenue sources that circumvented the two-thirds vote requirement to raise local taxes under Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 1996 Proposition 218
It also requires voter approval before a local government, including a charter city, may impose, increase, or extend any local tax. It also constitutionally reserves to local voters the right to use the initiative power to reduce or repeal any local tax, assessment, fee or charge, including provision for a significantly reduced petition signature requirement to qualify a measure on the ballot.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 2000 Proposition 39
Proposition 39 lowered the required supermajority necessary for voters to impose local school bond acts from two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast to 55%.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 2010 Proposition 26
Proposition 26 added a constitutional definition of "tax" for purposes of the two-thirds legislative vote requirement for state taxes under Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 2020 Proposition 19
Following the defeat of Proposition 5 in 2018, the California Association of Realtors sponsored another measure similar to their prior initiative, the failed 2018 Proposition 5. It appeared on the November 2020 ballot and was approved by voters by a narrow margin.


1978 California Proposition 13, Amendments, 2020 Proposition 19
This measure provides reassessment exemptions to all homeowners over the age of 55 moving within the state, for a total of three lifetime moves, financed by narrowing Proposition 58 and Proposition 193 to solely inherited primary residences or farms, with an inflation-adjusted exemption cap of $1 million in market value at the time of death, and requires the heir to continually live in the residence or face reassessment (this requirement does not apply to farm property).


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13
Since its passage in 1978, there have been many attempts to change Proposition 13 through legislation, legal challenges, and additional ballot measures. In 1992, a legal challenge (Nordlinger v. Hahn) was considered by the United States Supreme Court, which subsequently ruled 8–1 that Proposition 13 was constitutional.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Legal challenges, Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization (1978)
Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization was a California Supreme Court case in which the aforementioned school district challenged the constitutionality of Proposition 13. In the ruling, the state's high court confirmed that an initiative cannot "revise" the constitution; Proposition 13, however, was an amendment to the California Constitution and not a revision.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Legal challenges, Nordlinger v. Hahn (1992)
Stephanie Nordlinger had purchased a property in the Los Angeles area in 1988 and, under the provisions of Proposition 13, was required to have the property reassessed at a new value. The reassessed value of Nordlinger's property raised her tax rates by 36%, while her neighbors continued to pay significantly lower rates on their property. Disheartened by the disparity in taxation, Nordlinger viewed this reassessment as favoritism in the eyes of the law and elected to bring charges up on the Los Angeles County Tax Assessment office and its primary assessor, Kenneth Hahn.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Legal challenges, Nordlinger v. Hahn (1992)
Nordlinger subsequently sued the Los Angeles County Tax Assessor Kenneth Hahn on the grounds of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Supreme Court held, in Nordlinger v. Hahn, that Proposition 13 was constitutional. Justice Harry Blackmun, writing the majority opinion, noted that California had a "legitimate interest in local neighborhood preservation, continuity, and stability" and that it was acceptable to treat owners who have invested for some time in property differently from new owners. If one objected to the rules, they could choose not to buy.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Legal challenges, Nordlinger v. Hahn (1992)
Thirty years after purchasing her house, Nordlinger, now a senior citizen on a limited income, paid $3,400 a year in property taxes on the house, which had increased in value to $900,000.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Legal challenges, Other legal challenges
In December 2011, Charles E. Young, former University of California, Los Angeles chancellor, brought a lawsuit with a team of lawyers headed by William Norris, a retired federal judge of the United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals. They unsuccessfully sued to overturn the Proposition 13 requirement that a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the Legislature is required to increase state taxes.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Recent attempts to change Proposition 13, Legislative attempts to close the property transfer loophole (2014, 2015, 2018, and 2020)
The property transfer loophole was almost closed in 2014 by a bipartisan coalition in the state legislature but the effort died after progressive politicians, organized labor, and community groups refused to support the effort. In 2015 and 2018, Republican efforts to fix this loophole were stalled by Democratic state legislators in legislative committee. Another Republican attempt to close the loophole was made in 2020. Democrat Don Perata, former California senate leader, said this loophole is left open by his party to create justification for ending Proposition 13.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Recent attempts to change Proposition 13, 2018 Proposition 5
Proposition 5 would have extended 1986 California Proposition 60 and 1988 California Proposition 90 by providing property tax savings to all homeowners who are over age 55 (or who meet other qualifications) when they move to a different home. It was sponsored by the California Association of Realtors.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Recent attempts to change Proposition 13, 2018 Proposition 5
California's Legislative Analyst's Office estimated that this would cost local governments about $100 million per year over the first few years, growing to $1 billion per year (in 2018 dollars) over time.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Recent attempts to change Proposition 13, 2018 Proposition 5
It was defeated on November 6, 2018, with approximately 58% of voters not in favor.


1978 California Proposition 13, Attempts to change Proposition 13, Recent attempts to change Proposition 13, 2020 California Proposition 15
Proposition 15 (also known as split roll) was an initiative constitutional amendment that appeared on the November 2020 California statewide ballot that would have raised taxes by amending Proposition 13 to require the reassessment of commercial and industrial properties at market value, including commercial and industrial property owned by a natural person. The measure failed to pass, with 52% of votes cast in opposition to the measure.


1978 California Proposition 13, Notes
^ Serrano: Serrano v. Priest, 5 Cal.3d 584 (1971) (Serrano I); Serrano v. Priest, 18 Cal.3d 728 (1976) (Serrano II); Serrano v. Priest, 20 Cal.3d 25 (1977) (Serrano III)


1978 California Proposition 7
California Proposition 7, or the Death Penalty Act, is a ballot proposition approved in California by statewide ballot on November 7, 1978. Proposition 7 increased the penalties for first degree murder and second degree murder, expanded the list of special circumstances requiring a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, and revised existing law relating to mitigating or aggravating circumstances.


1978 California Proposition 7, Background
Conservative politician John V. Briggs recruited attorney Donald J. Heller to draft the proposal. The official ballot title and summary of the ballot measure prepared by the California Attorney General read:


1978 California Proposition 7, Impact
Since its creation until the end of 2011, the law had resulted in 13 executions and cost taxpayers $4 billion, according to a study co-authored by Loyola Law School professor Paula Mitchell.


1978 California Proposition 7, Impact
Mitchell and U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Arthur Alarcón estimated California was spending $184 million a year on lawyers, expert witnesses and secure prisons associated with the death row population created by Proposition 7. Ron Briggs, son of John Briggs, joined Heller and others in seeking to repeal Proposition 7, including Jeanne Woodford, a former warden at San Quentin State Prison, and former Los Angeles district attorney Gil Garcetti. Arguments for repeal have focused on the costs and the ethics of the death penalty.


1978 California Proposition 8
Proposition 8 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 67) was an amendment of the Constitution of California relating to the assessment of property values. It was proposed by the California State Legislature and approved by voters in a referendum held on 7 November 1978.


1978 California Proposition 8
The amendment was necessitated by the passage  of Proposition 13 in June of the same year. Proposition 8 allowed for a reassessment of real property values in a declining market. For this purpose it amended Article 13A of the state constitution, which had been added by Proposition 13. Today a reassessment based on a decline in market value is called a "Proposition 8" reassessment.


1978 California Secretary of State election
The 1978 California Secretary of State election was held on November 7, 1978. Democratic incumbent March Fong Eu defeated Republican nominee Jacob "Jay" Margosian with 62.49% of the vote.


1978 California gubernatorial election
The 1978 California gubernatorial election occurred on November 7, 1978. The Democratic incumbent, Jerry Brown, defeated the Republican nominee, Attorney General Evelle J. Younger, in a landslide.


1978 California gubernatorial election, Primary election summary
In the Republican gubernatorial primary, California Attorney General Evelle Younger (who was the only Republican elected to a statewide office in the post-Watergate Democratic onslaught in the 1974 California general election) defeated Ed Davis (State Senator and former Los Angeles Police Chief), Ken Maddy (State Senate Minority Leader from Fresno), and Pete Wilson (Mayor of San Diego). Incumbent Jerry Brown had only minor opposition in the Democratic Primary. The most newsworthy battle in this primary election was Proposition 13, the initiative authored by Howard Jarvis which sought to drastically reduce property taxes and change the way property taxes were calculated. Younger and most Republicans supported Proposition 13 while Brown and most Democrats opposed it. The initiative passed with 64.8% of the vote; it is still in effect, and many other states passed similar laws.


1978 California gubernatorial election, General election
What followed in the general election was one of the most remarkable turnarounds in California election history. Younger attempted to seize the momentum from his support and passage of Proposition 13, but was a drab speaker, dull campaigner, and lacked an effective organization. In addition, the tough primary battle left him short of money. On the other hand, Brown, who opposed Proposition 13, used the power of incumbency and announced "the people have spoken, and as Governor I will diligently enforce their will." Thus Brown turned a negative into a positive. In addition, since he was relatively unchallenged in the primary, he had a much bigger campaign war chest. Brown ultimately won reelection in a landslide.


1978 California gubernatorial election, General election, Results by county
Brown is the most recent Democratic California gubernatorial nominee to have won Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Kern, Lassen, Madera, Mariposa,  Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Tehama, Tuolumne, and Yuba Counties. The Democratic gubernatorial candidate would not win Amador, Alpine, Kings, Merced, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, San Luis Obispo, Stanislaus, and Trinity Counties again until 1998, Nevada County again until 2014, and Orange County again until 2018.


1978 California lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1978 California lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 7, 1978. Republican nominee Mike Curb defeated Democratic incumbent Mervyn Dymally with 51.64% of the vote. As of 2021, this is the last time a Republican was elected Lieutenant Governor of California.


1978 Camden London Borough Council election
The 1978 Camden Council election took place on 4 May 1978 to elect members of Camden London Borough Council in London, the United Kingdom. The whole council was up for election, using new ward boundaries, with one less councillor than had been elected at the 1974 election.


1978 Camden London Borough Council election
Labour were re-elected with an outright majority, but the Conservatives made gains across the borough, after losing heavily in the 1971 and 1974 elections. The Conservatives gained from Labour three seats in the southern Holborn and St Pancras South parliamentary constituency and eleven in the north (three in the Highgate ward and eight across the Hampstead parliamentary constituency).


1978 Cameroonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cameroon on 28 May 1978. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Cameroonian National Union as the sole legal party. 2,618 candidates ran for a place on the CNU list, with 120 eventually winning a place on it, equal to the number seats available in the National Assembly, winning all of them with a 98.0% turnout.


1978 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The Campeonato Argentino de Rugby 1978 was won by the selection of Buenos Aires that beat in the final the selection of Unión de Rugby de Rosario


1978 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Score system: Try= 4 points, Conversion=2 points .Penalty and kick from mark= 3 points. Drop= 3 points.


1978 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Rosario: 15.D. Baetti (M. Dip), 14.A. Nogués, 13.R. Rodríguez, 12.G. Torno, 11.C. Bisio, 10.J. Escalante, 9.R. Castagna, 8.D. Poet, 7.R. Seaton , 6. Risler (cap. ), 5. C. Svetaz, 4.G. Sinópoli, 3. F. Semino (F. Rodríguez), 2. V. Macat, 1. R. Imhoff,  Buenos Aires: 15.M. Sanzot, 14.M. Campo, 13.R. Madero, 12.J. Trueco, 11.A. Puccio, 10.H. Porta (cap. ), 9. R. Landajo, 8.T. Petersen, 7.C. Serrano, 6.H. Silva, 5.S. Iachetti, 4.G. Travaglini, 3.H. Nicola, 2.A. Cubelli, 1.A. Cerioni.


1978 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1978 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, (officially the IV Copa Brasil) was the 22nd edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


1978 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Overview
It was contested by 74 teams, and Guarani won the championship.


1978 Campeonato Carioca
The 1978 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on September 2, 1978 and ended on December 3, 1978. It was the last official tournament organized by FCF (Federação Carioca de Futebol, or Carioca Football Federation). Only clubs based in the Rio de Janeiro city were allowed to play. Twelve teams contested this edition. Flamengo won the title for the 18th time. no were relegated.


1978 Campeonato Gaúcho
The 58th season of the Campeonato Gaúcho kicked off on July 30, 1978, and ended on December 17, 1978. Twenty teams participated. Internacional won their 25th title. Associação Santa Cruz and Santo Ângelo were relegated.


1978 Campeonato Gaúcho, Taça Presidente Rubens Freire Hoffmeister
The Taça Presidente Rubens Freire Hoffmeister would be played in the first semester by the 15 teams that were slated to play in the championship aside of those that participated in the Campeonato Brasileiro at the time.


1978 Campeonato Gaúcho, Taça Presidente Rubens Freire Hoffmeister
In the first stage, The 15 teams would be divided into four groups. All qualified to the second phase, with the two best teams in each group qualifying to Group E and the others qualifying to Group F. In the second phase, each team played twice against the teams of their own group. The four best teams of Group E and the two best teams of Group F qualified to the Final phase, which would also be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the two bet teams qualifying to the Final phase of the Campeonato Gaúcho.


1978 Campeonato Paulista
The 1978 Campeonato Paulista da Divisão Especial de Futebol Profissional was the 77th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Santos won the championship by the 14th time. Paulista and Portuguesa Santista were relegated.


1978 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The first phase of the championship was divided into two rounds, in which the twenty teams of the championship were divided into four groups of five teams, with each team playing once against all other teams, and the two best teams of each group passing to the Quarterfinals. The finalists of each round qualified to the Third round, along with the four best teams in the aggregate table, and the two teams with the best revenue among the eliminated. the team with the fewest points out of all the twenty was relegated, while the team with the second-fewest points would dispute a playoff against the runner-up of the Second level.


1978 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
In the Third round, the ten remaining teams would be divided into two groups of five, each team playing once against the teams of its own group and the other group, and the two best teams of each group qualifying to the Semifinals.


1978 Can-Am season
The 1978 Can-Am season was the eleventh running of the Sports Car Club of America's prototype based series and the second running of the revived series. Alan Jones was declared champion, winning five of the ten rounds. Chevrolet again swept the season. Lola was not as dominant this season, as Elliot Forbes-Robinson won at Charlotte in a Spyder, SCCA legend George Follmer at Mont Tremblant in a Prophet, and Forbes-Robinson again at Trois-Rivieres.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix
The 1978 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 1978 at Montreal. This was the 16th and final race of the 1978 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Constructors.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Background
The Canadian Grand Prix had moved from the Mosport Park circuit near Toronto to the newly built Circuit Île Notre-Dame in Montreal. The event had moved because of track safety and organization problems with the hilly and scenic Mosport Park track. This circuit, made up entirely of public roads was located on a man-made island in the middle of the St. Lawrence Seaway which was the location of Expo '67.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Background
Before the race, in pre-race interviews Mario Andretti noted that he thought that the circuit has been designed in favour of Gilles Villeneuve, a comment that was picked up by local press. Andretti responded to the comments on race day morning, stating that he is "not critical of the race organizers", but instead "critical of our own FOCA officials who were sent over here to approve the track".


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Background
Both championships were already sewn up (in favour of Andretti and Lotus), so this, the final round, was a dead rubber in the 1978 title chase. Before the race, Brabham announced that rising star Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet, who had raced earlier in the season with Ensign and BS Fabrications, would be joining them in a third car, alongside regular drivers Niki Lauda and John Watson. The only other change was that Riccardo Patrese returned to the Arrows cockpit after missing the previous race.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
Poor weather and rain on Friday morning meant that the first practice session began 20 minutes later than scheduled. When the session did start, the two Ferrari drivers were fastest, Carlos Reutemann fastest with a lap of 2:02.600, ahead of teammate Villeneuve. The McLarens struggled in the weather, with Peter Windsor noting that neither car was able to find "decent traction".


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
The second practice session held on Friday was in damp weather conditions as the track dried, with Reutemann again fastest, with a lap of 1:57.900. Brabham struggled again, as they did in the first session, with Piquet crashing into the wall. Due to their poor Friday, neither car had qualified for the race by the end of Friday's running.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
Wet weather greeted the teams again on Saturday morning for a 90-minute practice session, although conditions got better towards the end of that session, allowing Lauda to go fastest with a time of 1:51.700, Keke Rosberg, Andretti and Watson completing the top four.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
The entry of 28 cars had to be trimmed to 22 before the race, and those who failed to qualify were, unusually, from six different teams. They were Clay Regazzoni of Shadow, Beppe Gabbiani of Surtees, Arturo Merzario in the car bearing his name, Héctor Rebaque in a privately run Lotus, Rolf Stommelen of Arrows and Michael Bleekemolen of ATS.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
There were uncharacteristically bad performances from Reutemann, who took third in the championship with Ferrari, but could only qualify 11th, and the Tyrrells of Patrick Depailler and Didier Pironi, both also regular points scorers but down in 13th and 18th. Piquet was 14th on his debut for Brabham.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
The top ten was just as interesting as the bottom six, as eight different cars were featured. Jacques Laffite was the lowest ranked of these, putting his Ligier 10th. World champion Andretti was also off the pace for Lotus, qualifying 9th. Hans-Joachim Stuck drove very well to put the other Shadow 8th, beating his more decorated teammate Regazzoni by over two and a half seconds. Brabham, one of only two teams to have two cars in the top 10 (the other was Lotus), had Watson and Lauda 4th and 7th. They were split by Alan Jones's Williams, a sign of continuing improvement for the team and their Australian driver, who had finished 2nd the last time out at Watkins Glen, and Emerson Fittipaldi, who dragged the uncompetitive Copersucar up to 6th.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
Home favourite Villeneuve put the Ferrari 3rd, a good performance from the Canadian who had been outperformed by teammate Reutemann all season. He was beaten to 2nd by Jody Scheckter of Wolf, who had also been improving of late. However, pole was a surprise.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Practice and qualifying
Jean-Pierre Jarier, who had fallen out of favour with ATS earlier in the season and been dropped in favour of drivers such as Alberto Colombo, Hans Binder and Harald Ertl, had last been semi-competitive with Shadow back in 1975 and had been drafted in by Lotus to replace Ronnie Peterson after his tragic death at Monza two races previous, took pole by just 0.011 seconds from Scheckter. This was no surprise after the Frenchman had set the fastest race lap in his first appearance for the team at Watkins Glen, but was classified 15th due to running out of fuel when in 3rd place.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Jarier kept the lead from the start, but Jones had a magnificent start, jumping up from 5th to 2nd. This meant that Scheckter dropped to 3rd, Villeneuve to 4th and Watson down to 5th. Andretti had jumped up past Lauda and Stuck and was holding 6th. Fittipaldi was a casualty on the first lap, sliding off the track into the mud and retiring. Stuck joined him at the same spot a lap later.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
There was more drama in the race on lap 6, particularly for the Brabham team. First, Lauda had a brake failure and was out. Shortly afterwards, Andretti attempted to pass Watson in the other Brabham, and the two made contact, dropping almost right to the back of the field. This allowed Patrick Depailler up to 5th and Reutemann in the other Ferrari into 6th. Three laps later, Watson had an accident of his own, and was out for good.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
The next retirement was on lap 17, when Bobby Rahal in the second Wolf suffered fuel injection problems and reduced the field to 17 runners.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Jarier had opened up a lead of 20 seconds at this point, as Jones in second was holding up the faster cars of Scheckter and Villeneuve behind him. However, on lap 18 Scheckter found a way past, and Villeneuve followed him through a lap later. At the same time, Depailler was dropping down the order with technical issues, allowing Reutemann into 5th and Derek Daly in the Ensign up to 6th. Daly was passed by Riccardo Patrese not long afterwards.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
A good few laps ensued for Ferrari, as on lap 25 the very fast Villeneuve fought his way to 2nd past Scheckter, who everyone knew was to be his teammate at Ferrari in 1979, as Reutemann who had signed for champions Lotus. On lap 27, current teammate Reutemann battled past the slow Jones into fourth. Jones also slipped behind Patrese two laps later.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
Daly moved back up to 6th on lap 33 when Jones dropped back even further with his own technical problems, but the Irishman was under severe pressure from Didier Pironi in the other Tyrrell. Lap 38 saw another retirement, that of René Arnoux in the Surtees with oil pressure difficulties.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
The recovering Depailler fought his way past first teammate Pironi and then Derek Daly to take back 6th place on laps 47 and 48, just when trouble was beginning for fellow Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jarier, leading the race for Lotus, which first became apparent when Jacques Laffite was able to unlap himself in the Ligier. Three laps later, Jarier was out with no oil pressure. This was tragic for the Frenchman, who was looking certain to take his first victory, but fantastic for the Canadian fans, whose hero Villeneuve now looked set to take his. This allowed Daly back into the points in 6th.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
1976 World Champion James Hunt crashed out two laps later, an unhappy end to his last race for McLaren, with whom he had had so much success, as it was known that the following year he would move to Wolf to replace Scheckter. He was followed out of the race by Laffite's Ligier a lap later, who had transmission problems.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Race
From then on, the order did not change, and Villeneuve came home to take his first Grand Prix victory in front of his own fans. He was followed home by his Ferrari teammate for the following year, Jody Scheckter (scoring the last ever podium and points for Walter Wolf Racing) and his current teammate Carlos Reutemann, 13 and 19 seconds behind respectively. Patrese took 4th in a solid and uneventful race, with Depailler's race to fifth anything but uneventful. Derek Daly came home sixth to secure his and Ensign's first ever points finish.


1978 Canadian Grand Prix, Report, Post-race
In a blog to mark 30 years since Villeneuve had died, Windsor noted that this race marked the beginning of a "new era", with the "era of chassis design over" and the era of "ground effect" arriving, despite the fact that the race was won by a car without ground effect (Ferrari 312T3) and that the first win by a ground effect car (Lotus 79) happened six months earlier.


1978 Canadian Open
The 1978 Canadian Open was the fifth edition of the professional invitational snooker tournament, the Canadian Open, which took place from August to September 1978.


1978 Canadian Open
Cliff Thorburn won the title defeating Tony Meo 17–15 in the final.


1978 Cannes Film Festival
The 31st Cannes Film Festival was held from 16 to 30 May 1978. The Palme d'Or went to the L'albero degli zoccoli by Ermanno Olmi. This festival saw the introduction of a new non-competitive section, 'Un Certain Regard', which replaces 'Les Yeux Fertiles' (1975-1977), 'L'Air du temps' and 'Le Passé composé'.


1978 Cannes Film Festival
The festival opened with Moy laskovyy i nezhnyy zver, directed by Emil Loteanu and closed with Fedora, directed by Billy Wilder.


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1978 feature film competition:


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Un Certain Regard
The following films were selected for the competition of Un Certain Regard:


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, International Critics' Week
The following feature films were screened for the 17th International Critics' Week (17e Semaine de la Critique):


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, Directors' Fortnight
The following films were screened for the 1978 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs):


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Awards, Official awards
The following films and people received the 1978 Official selection awards:


1978 Cannes Film Festival, Trivia
Michael Ritchie's film An Almost Perfect Affair, a romantic comedy starring Keith Carradine and Monica Vitti, featured several scenes shot on location in Cannes while the 1978 Festival was taking place. A number of prominent actors, directors and journalists who attended that year made cameo appearances in the film, including Rona Barrett, Farrah Fawcett, Brooke Shields, George Peppard, Paul Mazursky, Sergio Leone, Marco Ferreri, Rex Reed and Edy Williams.


1978 Capital City 400
The 1978 Capital City 400 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that took place on September 10, 1978, at Richmond Fairgrounds (now Richmond Raceway) in Richmond, Virginia.


1978 Capital City 400
By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore.


1978 Capital City 400, Background
In 1953, Richmond International Raceway began hosting the Grand National Series with Lee Petty winning that first race in Richmond. The original track was paved in 1968. In 1988, the track was re-designed into its present D-shaped configuration


1978 Capital City 400, Background
The name for the raceway complex was "Strawberry Hill" until the Virginia State Fairgrounds site was bought out in 1999 and renamed the "Richmond International Raceway".


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Four hundred laps were completed on an oval track spanning 0.546 miles (0.879 km) per lap for a grand total of 216.8 miles (348.9 km) of racing. The race was completed within two hours and forty-three minutes of the first official green flag of the race. Darrell Waltrip would end up defeating Bobby Allison (who drove a 1978 Ford Thunderbird) by only one second.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Neil Bonnett started chasing down Waltrip on pit road and slammed into Waltrip's vehicle; creating a rather brutal race ending battle and forcing Bill France, Jr. to put them on probation for the remainder of the year. The spectators were incredibly disgruntled after Darrell Waltrip's victory so Waltrip needed police protection in order to make it to the post-race interviews.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
The unliked bad boy driver (Waltrip) spins out the popular fan-favorite driver (Bonnett) who had dominated the race about to get a victory to end a winless streak.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
When I passed Neil, I was on the inside and he was on the outside. It think it's pretty poor strategy when he doesn't move up. He actually cut into me.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Eighteen thousand people were a live witness to five yellow flags being used for twenty-seven laps in addition to 16 lead changes by the drivers. The pole position speed was acquired by Darrell Waltrip's Chevrolet Monte Carlo with a qualifying speed of 91.964 miles per hour (148.002 km/h) during his solo run. Meanwhile, the average speed of the actual race would be 79.568 miles per hour (128.052 km/h).


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Dave Dion had his best start of fourth place and had a fast car in the race until an incident took him out of the race on lap 85. Roger Hamby matches his best Cup finish of tenth place.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Notable crew chiefs for this race included Darrell Bryant, Junie Donlavey, Buddy Parrott, Jake Elder, Kirk Shelmerdine, Dale Inman, Bud Moore, and Tim Brewer.


1978 Capital City 400, Race report
Ed Negre would receive the last-place finish for a brake problem acquired on lap 6 of the race. The top prize of the race was $13,800 ($54,756 when adjusted for inflation) while last placed awarded the driver with a meager $300 ($1,190 when adjusted for inflation). Cale Yarborough would retain his lead in the championship points after this race. 30 drivers would attend this race; all of them were born in the United States of America.


1978 Caribbean Series
The twenty-first edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1978. It was held from February 4 through February 9 with the champions teams from the Dominican Republic, Águilas Cibaeñas; Mexico, Tomateros de Culiacán; Puerto Rico, Indios de Mayagüez and Venezuela, Leones del Caracas. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice, and the games were played at Estadio Teodoro Mariscal in Mazatlán, México.


1978 Cathay Trust Championships
The 1978 Cathay Trust Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Taipei, Taiwan that was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 13 November through 19 November 1978. Second-seeded Brian Teacher won the singles title.


1978 Cathay Trust Championships, Finals, Doubles
Butch Walts /  Sherwood Stewart defeated  Mark Edmondson /  John Marks 6–2, 6–7, 7–6


1978 Centennial Cup
The 1978 Centennial Cup is the eighth Tier II Junior "A" 1978 ice hockey National Championship for the Canadian Junior A Hockey League.


1978 Centennial Cup
The Centennial Cup was competed for by the winners of the Abbott Cup/Western Canadian Champions and the Eastern Canadian Jr. A  Champions.


1978 Centennial Cup
The finals were hosted by the Guelph Platers in the city of Guelph, Ontario.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Games
The 13th Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Medellín, Colombia from July 7 to July 28, 1978, and included 2,605 athletes from nineteen nations, competing in 21 sports.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics
The 3rd Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships was held in Xalapa, Mexico, on 25–28 August 1978. This was already the second time that the city was hosting this event after the 2nd junior CAC games in 1976. Moreover, both the inaugural 1st CAC senior championships in 1967 and the VI CAC senior championships in 1977 took place in Xalapa, Veracruz. Both junior (under-20) and youth (under-17) competitions were held.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
The medal count is headed by Cuba, both in gold medals (25) and total number of medals (60).


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
In the under-20 men category, Anthony Bullard from the Bahamas gained 2 gold (400m, 4 × 100 m relay) and a silver medal (4 × 400 m relay), whereas Eric Berrie from Barbados got 2 gold medals.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
In the under-20 women category, Norma Murray from Jamaica won 3 golds (200m, 400m, 4 × 100 m relay) plus one silver medal (4 × 400 m relay). Doreen Small, Jamaican compatriot, won 2 gold medals (100m, 4 × 100 m relay).


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
In the under-17 men category, David Charlton from the Bahamas won 3 gold medals (400m, high jump, 4 × 400 m relay) and 1 silver medal (4 × 100 m relay). Moreover, both Wayne Morrison and Dennis Wallace from Jamaica won 2 golds (100m, 4 × 100 m relay) and (200m, 4 × 100 m relay), respectively, and 2 silver medals (200m, 4 × 400 m relay) and (400m, 4 × 400 m relay), respectively. The Cubans Lázaro González and Juan Pineira won 2 gold (shot put, discus throw) and 1 silver medal (hammer throw),  and 2 gold (100m hurdles, 300m hurdles) and 1 bronze (4 × 100 m relay), respectively.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
Top athletes in the under-17 women category was Mary Ann Higgs from the Bahamas winning 4 golds (100m, 200m, 4 × 100 m relay, 4 × 400 m relay) and 1 silver (400m), as well as Bahamian compatriot Monique Millar winning 2 golds (4 × 100 m relay, 4 × 400 m relay) and 3 bronze medals (100m, 200m, 400m).


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
In addition, the championships saw early appearances of multi-medalist Merlene Ottey from Jamaica gaining 1 gold (4 × 100 m relay), 1 silver (4 × 400 m relay), and 1 bronze medal (200m) at this event in the under-20 category, before winning, for example,  3 gold, 4 silver and 7 bronze medals at various IAAF World Championships in Athletics between 1983 and 1997, and 3 silver and 6 bronze medals at various Olympic Games between 1980 and 2000.


1978 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics, Event summary
Grace Jackson from Jamaica, 200m silver medalist at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea, won the under-20 high jump competition, whereas Cuban athlete Silvia Costa, high jump silver medalist at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany, won gold in high jump and silver in 100m hurdles in the under-17 category.