1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
On September 7, the 32nd Primetime Emmy Awards were boycotted, with the only nominated actor to come to the event being Powers Boothe, where he won an Emmy for his role in Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones. During his acceptance speech, he referenced the union boycott of the event, saying, "This is either the most courageous moment of my career or the stupidest". The Los Angeles Herald Examiner called the event, "The Night the Stars Didn't Shine".


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
During this time, AFM had several hundred members picket various film studios throughout Hollywood, with an AFM representative stating that the producers were looking to resolve the dispute with SAG and AFTRA before negotiating with them. By late September, AFM reported that some people were producing music for American film and television overseas in violation of orders from the union, with the people found responsible facing reprimanding from AFM.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
The president of AFM's Los Angeles local union later wrote to several government officials (including U.S. President Jimmy Carter, California Governor Jerry Brown, Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, and several members of both U.S. Congress and the Los Angeles City Council) urging them to intervene and stop what he called "anti-American action" using "foreign strikebreakers".


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
On September 16, SAG and AFTRA held a benefit rally at the Hollywood Bowl. The event, called "An Evening of Stars", raised $300,000 for SAG's strike fund. The next day, following negotiations, the SAG and AFTRA had reached a deal with the studios and producers regarding the home media issue. As part of the agreement, actors would receive 4.5 percent of a film's gross after it has played for ten days over a one-year period. For home release, this same percentage gross would be received after 100,000 units had been achieved.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
In addition to the percentage of the gross, actors were entitled to pension, welfare, and health benefits. However, despite the progress, the strike still continued due to disagreements concerning the 35 percent salary increase that the unions had been pushing for. By September 25, following an 18.5-hour-long bargaining session, the unions and companies came to a tentative agreement that addressed the remaining issues. As part of the terms, members would receive a 32.5 percent wage increase across the board.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
Additionally, actors received an increase of over 30 percent in residuals, improvements to pension, welfare, and health benefits (including dental coverage), improved overtime benefits, and guarantees for improved working conditions and nondiscriminatory practices in hiring and casting. Following the agreement, both unions submitted the terms of the agreement for a vote by its members. However, in addition, the tentative three-year agreement also included a no-strike clause. Mail-in ballots were distributed to SAG members, while AFTRA members began to vote in chapter meetings, with a SAG representative stating that they hoped to have the results tallied by October 21.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
By October 8, the Los Angeles AFTRA chapter had failed to pass the agreement with a 228–220 vote, while the San Francisco chapter voted 51–7 in favor. Throughout October, a substantial minority of union members opposed the agreement, arguing that a longer strike could lead to a better deal. However, despite the opposition, the agreement was ratified with 83.4 percent of the vote.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
On October 1, the AFM and AMPTP met for their first round of negotiations since the beginning of their strike action on July 31. However, the negotiations ended later that day with no deal being reached. By the first week of October, many actors were returning to rehearsal halls in preparation for an end to the strike. However, despite this, a representative for AFM stated that the actors, as well as members of other unions (such as the Teamsters), had not crossed their picket lines out of solidarity with the strikers.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
By October 24, the actors had ratified their new contracts. On October 27, AFM and the AMPTP resumed negotiations without a federal mediator, unlike during the October 1 meeting. These negotiations ended on October 29, after AMPTP representatives introduced the topic of pay changes for pay television and home videos. AFM representatives contended that the cause of the strike was over payment for reuse in commercial television and that the AMPTP representatives were acting unethically in introducing what they called a "brand new issue" during negotiations. Negotiations resumed in early December.


1980 actors strike, Course of the strike
On January 14, 1981, following a renewed round of negotiations, the AFM and AMPTP came to a tentative agreement that saw an immediate end to the strike, with the agreement submitted to AFM members for ratification. The mail-in voting process was expected to take approximately four weeks. The agreement was seen as a failure for AFM, as it failed to include agreements concerning the issue of residuals that had precipitated the strike.


1980 actors strike, Aftermath
Due to the length of the strike, most shows entering into first-run syndication were postponed from premiering until mid-October 1980. Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, an educational program created by scientist Carl Sagan, premiered during the strike, and the lack of new programs and competition may have helped it to be a success in the ratings. During the strike, actor Ed Asner (a SAG member who was at the time famous for his role as the titular character on the TV series Lou Grant) served as a spokesperson for the strikers by participating in news conferences and other events. Following the strike settlement, Asner became something of a leader for SAG members who were unhappy with the terms of the agreement, and on November 3, 1981, he was elected as president of SAG.


1980 actors strike, Aftermath, Merger of SAG and AFTRA
According to historian Kate Fortmueller, the strike "underscored the many shared interests between SAG and AFTRA and demonstrated the effectiveness of joint bargaining". Following the strike, the two unions entered into a "Phase 1" regarding a merger, whereby the two would jointly negotiate contracts. This phase lasted until 2008, when a disagreement during negotiations caused a rift between the two groups. However, by 2012, these issues would be more-or-less resolved and the two unions merged that year, creating SAG-AFTRA. During the 1980s, there were also discussions on SAG absorbing the Screen Extras Guild, another labor union representing actors.


1980 actors strike, Aftermath, Merger of SAG and AFTRA
However, this proposed merger never came to fruition. As of 2017, the strike was the last that pitted SAG and AFTRA against the film and television industry as a whole, though the unions were involved in later strike action, including the 2000 commercial actors strike and the 2016–2017 video game voice actor strike.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
On March 27, 1980, a series of volcanic explosions and pyroclastic flows began at Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington, United States. A series of phreatic blasts occurred from the summit and escalated until a major explosive eruption took place on May 18, 1980. The eruption, which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5, was the most significant to occur in the contiguous United States since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. It has often been declared the most disastrous volcanic eruption in U.S. history.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a large bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope. An earthquake at 8:32:11 am PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980 caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, creating the largest landslide in recorded history. This allowed the partly molten rock, rich in high-pressure gas and steam, to suddenly explode northward toward Spirit Lake in a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock, overtaking the landslide.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
An eruption column rose 80,000 feet (24 km; 15 mi) into the atmosphere and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. At the same time, snow, ice, and several entire glaciers on the volcano melted, forming a series of large lahars (volcanic mudslides) that reached as far as the Columbia River, nearly 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. Less severe outbursts continued into the next day, only to be followed by other large, but not as destructive, eruptions later that year. Thermal energy released during the eruption was equal to 26 megatons of TNT.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
About 57 people were killed, including innkeeper and World War I veteran Harry R. Truman, photographers Reid Blackburn and Robert Landsburg, and geologist David A. Johnston. Hundreds of square miles were reduced to wasteland, causing over $1 billion in damage (equivalent to $3.5 billion in 2020), thousands of animals were killed, and Mount St. Helens was left with a crater on its north side. At the time of the eruption, the summit of the volcano was owned by the Burlington Northern Railroad, but afterward, the railroad donated the land to the United States Forest Service. The area was later preserved in the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
Mount St. Helens remained dormant from its last period of activity in the 1840s and 1850s until March 1980. Several small earthquakes, beginning on March 15, indicated that magma might have begun moving below the volcano. On March 20, at 3:45 pm Pacific Standard Time (all times are in PST or PDT), a shallow, magnitude-4.2 earthquake centered below the volcano's north flank, signaled the volcano's return from 123 years of hibernation.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
A gradually building earthquake swarm saturated area seismographs and started to climax at about noon on March 25, reaching peak levels in the next two days, including an earthquake registering 5.1 on the Richter scale. A total of 174 shocks of magnitude 2.6 or greater was recorded during those two days.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
Shocks of magnitude 3.2 or greater occurred at a slightly increasing rate during April and May, with five earthquakes of magnitude 4 or above per day in early April, and eight per day the week before May 18. Initially,  no direct sign of eruption was seen, but small earthquake-induced avalanches of snow and ice were reported from aerial observations.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
At 12:36 pm on March 27, phreatic eruptions (explosions of steam caused by magma suddenly heating groundwater) ejected and smashed rock from within the old summit crater, excavating a new crater 250 feet (75 m) wide, and sending an ash column about 7,000 feet (2.1 km) into the air. By this date, a 16,000-foot-long (3.0 mi; 4.9 km) eastward-trending fracture system had also developed across the summit area. This was followed by more earthquake swarms and a series of steam explosions that sent ash 10,000 to 11,000 feet (3,000 to 3,400 m) above their vent. Most of this ash fell between 3 and 12 mi (5 and 19 km) from its vent, but some was carried 150 mi (240 km) south to Bend, Oregon, or 285 mi (460 km) east to Spokane, Washington.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
A second, new crater and a blue flame were observed on March 29. The flame was visibly emitted from both craters and was probably created by burning gases. Static electricity generated from ash clouds rolling down the volcano sent out lightning bolts that were up to 2 mi (3 km) long.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
Ninety-three separate outbursts were reported on March 30, and increasingly strong harmonic tremors were first detected on April 1, alarming geologists and prompting Governor Dixy Lee Ray to declare a state of emergency on April 3. Governor Ray issued an executive order on April 30 creating a "red zone" around the volcano; anyone caught in this zone without a pass faced a $500 fine (equivalent to $1,600 today) or six months in jail. This precluded many cabin owners from visiting their property.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
By April 7, the combined crater was 1,700 by 1,200 ft (520 by 370 m) and 500 ft (150 m) deep. A USGS team determined in the last week of April that a 1.5 mi-diameter (2.4 km) section of St. Helens' north face was displaced outward by at least 270 ft (82 m). For the rest of April and early May, this bulge grew by 5 to 6 ft (1.5 to 1.8 m) per day, and by mid-May, it extended more than 400 ft (120 m) north.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
As the bulge moved northward, the summit area behind it progressively sank, forming a complex, down-dropped block called a graben. Geologists announced on April 30 that sliding of the bulge area was the greatest immediate danger and that such a landslide might spark an eruption. These changes in the volcano's shape were related to the overall deformation that increased the volume of the volcano by 0.03 cu mi (0.13 km3) by mid-May. This volume increase presumably corresponded to the volume of magma that pushed into the volcano and deformed its surface. Because the intruding magma remained below ground and was not directly visible, it was called a cryptodome, in contrast to a true lava dome exposed at the surface.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
On May 7, eruptions similar to those in March and April resumed, and over the next days, the bulge approached its maximum size. All activity had been confined to the 350-year-old summit dome and did not involve any new magma. About 10,000 earthquakes were recorded before the May 18 event, with most concentrated in a small zone less than 1.6 mi (2.6 km) directly below the bulge. Visible eruptions ceased on May 16, reducing public interest and consequently the number of spectators in the area.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Build-up to the eruption
Mounting public pressure then forced officials to allow 50 carloads of property owners to enter the danger zone on Saturday, May 17, to gather whatever property they could carry. Another trip was scheduled for 10 am the next day, and because that was Sunday, more than 300 loggers who would normally be working in the area were not there. By the time of the climactic eruption, dacite magma intruding into the volcano had forced the north flank outward nearly 500 ft (150 m) and heated the volcano's groundwater system, causing many steam-driven explosions (phreatic eruptions).


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
As May 18 dawned, Mount St. Helens' activity did not show any change from the pattern of the preceding month. The rates of bulge movement and sulfur dioxide emission, and ground temperature readings did not reveal any changes indicating a catastrophic eruption. USGS volcanologist David A. Johnston was on duty at an observation post around 6 mi (10 km) north of the volcano: as of 6:00 am, Johnston's measurements did not indicate any unusual activity.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
At 8:32 am, a magnitude-5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope triggered that part of the volcano to slide, approximately 7–20 seconds after the shock. The landslide, the largest in recorded history, traveled at 110 to 155 mph (177 to 249 km/h) and moved across Spirit Lake's west arm. Part of it hit a 1,150 ft-high (350 m) ridge about 6 mi (10 km) north.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
Some of the slide spilled over the ridge, but most of it moved 13 mi (21 km) down the North Fork Toutle River, filling its valley up to 600 feet (180 m) deep with avalanche debris. An area of about 24 sq mi (62 km2) was covered, and the total volume of the deposit was about 0.7 cu mi (2.9 km3).


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
Scientists were able to reconstruct the motion of the landslide from a series of rapid photographs by Gary Rosenquist, who was camping 11 mi (18 km) away from the blast. Rosenquist, his party, and his photographs survived because the blast was deflected by local topography 1 mi (1.6 km) short of his location.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
Most of St. Helens' former north side became a rubble deposit 17 mi (27 km) long, averaging 150 ft (46 m) thick; the slide was thickest at 1 mi (1.6 km) below Spirit Lake and thinnest at its western margin. The landslide temporarily displaced the waters of Spirit Lake to the ridge north of the lake, in a giant wave about 600 ft (180 m) high. This, in turn, created a 295 ft (90 m) avalanche of debris consisting of the returning waters and thousands of uprooted trees and stumps.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
Some of these remained intact with roots, but most had been sheared off at the stump seconds earlier by the blast of superheated volcanic gas and ash that had immediately followed and overtaken the initial landslide. The debris was transported along with the water as it returned to its basin, raising the surface level of Spirit Lake by about 200 ft (61 m).


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Landslide and climactic phase
Four decades after the eruption, floating log mats persist on Spirit Lake and nearby St. Helens Lake, changing position with the wind. The rest of the trees, especially those that were not completely detached from their roots, were turned upright by their own weight and became waterlogged, sinking into the muddy sediments at the bottom where they have become petrified in the anaerobic and mineral-rich waters. This provides insight into other sites with a similar fossil record.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Initial lateral blast
The landslide exposed the dacite magma in St. Helens' neck to much lower pressure, causing the gas-charged, partially molten rock and high-pressure steam above it to explode a few seconds after the landslide started. Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. The resulting blast directed the pyroclastic flow laterally. It consisted of very hot volcanic gases, ash, and pumice formed from new lava, as well as pulverized old rock, which hugged the ground. Initially moving about 220 mph (350 km/h), the blast quickly accelerated to around 670 mph (1,080 km/h), and it may have briefly passed the speed of sound.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Initial lateral blast
Pyroclastic flow material passed over the moving avalanche and spread outward, devastating a fan-shaped area 23 miles across by 19 miles long (37 km × 31 km). In total, about 230 sq mi (600 km2) of forest were knocked down, and extreme heat killed trees miles beyond the blow-down zone. At its vent, the lateral blast probably did not last longer than about 30 seconds, but the northward-radiating and expanding blast cloud continued for about another minute.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Initial lateral blast
Superheated flow material flashed water in Spirit Lake and North Fork Toutle River to steam, creating a larger, secondary explosion that was heard as far away as British Columbia, Montana, Idaho, and Northern California, yet many areas closer to the eruption (Portland, Oregon, for example) did not hear the blast. This so-called "quiet zone" extended radially a few tens of miles from the volcano and was created by the complex response of the eruption's sound waves to differences in temperature and air motion of the atmospheric layers, and to a lesser extent, local topography.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Initial lateral blast
Later studies indicated that one-third of the 0.045 cu mi (0.19 km3) of material in the flow was new lava, and the rest was fragmented, older rock.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Lateral blast result
The huge ensuing ash cloud sent skyward from St. Helens' northern foot was visible throughout the quiet zone. The near-supersonic lateral blast, loaded with volcanic debris, caused devastation as far as 19 mi (31 km) from the volcano. The area affected by the blast can be subdivided into roughly concentric zones:


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Lateral blast result
By the time this pyroclastic flow hit its first human victims, it was still as hot as 680 °F (360 °C) and filled with suffocating gas and flying debris. Most of the 57 people known to have died in that day's eruption succumbed to asphyxiation, while several died from burns. Lodge owner Harry R. Truman was buried under hundreds of feet of avalanche material. Volcanologist David A. Johnston was one of those killed, as was Reid Blackburn, a National Geographic photographer. Robert Landsburg, another photographer, was killed by the ash cloud. He was able to protect his film with his body, and the surviving photos provided geologists with valuable documentation of the historic eruption.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Later flows
Subsequent outpourings of pyroclastic material from the breach left by the landslide consisted mainly of new magmatic debris rather than fragments of pre-existing volcanic rocks. The resulting deposits formed a fan-like pattern of overlapping sheets, tongues, and lobes. At least 17 separate pyroclastic flows occurred during the May 18 eruption, and their aggregate volume was about 0.05 cu mi (0.21 km3).


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Pyroclastic flows, Later flows
The flow deposits were still at about 570 to 790 °F (300 to 420 °C) two weeks after they erupted. Secondary steam-blast eruptions fed by this heat created pits on the northern margin of the pyroclastic-flow deposits, at the south shore of Spirit Lake, and along the upper part of the North Fork Toutle River. These steam-blast explosions continued sporadically for weeks or months after the emplacement of pyroclastic flows, and at least one occurred a year later, on May 16, 1981.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash column
As the avalanche and initial pyroclastic flow were still advancing, a huge ash column grew to a height of 12 mi (19 km) above the expanding crater in less than 10 minutes and spread tephra into the stratosphere for 10 straight hours. Near the volcano, the swirling ash particles in the atmosphere generated lightning, which in turn started many forest fires. During this time, parts of the mushroom-shaped ash-cloud column collapsed, and fell back upon the earth. This fallout, mixed with magma, mud, and steam, sent additional pyroclastic flows speeding down St. Helens' flanks.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash column
Later, slower flows came directly from the new north-facing crater and consisted of glowing pumice bombs and very hot pumiceous ash. Some of these hot flows covered ice or water, which flashed to steam, creating craters up to 65 ft (20 m) in diameter and sending ash as much as 6,500 ft (2,000 m) into the air.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash column
Strong, high-altitude wind carried much of this material east-northeasterly from the volcano at an average speed around 60 miles per hour (100 km/h). By 9:45 am, it had reached Yakima, Washington, 90 mi (140 km) away, and by 11:45 am, it was over Spokane, Washington. A total of 4 to 5 in (100 to 130 mm) of ash fell on Yakima, and areas as far east as Spokane were plunged into darkness by noon, where visibility was reduced to 10 ft (3 m) and 0.5 in (13 mm) of ash fell.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash column
Continuing eastward, St. Helens' ash fell in the western part of Yellowstone National Park by 10:15 pm, and was seen on the ground in Denver the next day. In time, ash fall from this eruption was reported as far away as Minnesota and Oklahoma, and some of the ash drifted around the globe within about 2 weeks.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash column
During the nine hours of vigorous eruptive activity, about 540,000,000 tons (540×10^6 short tons or 490×10^6 t) of ash fell over an area of more than 22,000 sq mi (57,000 km2). The total volume of the ash before its compaction by rainfall was about 0.3 cu mi (1.3 km3). The volume of the uncompacted ash is equivalent to about 0.05 cu mi (0.21 km3) of solid rock, or about 7% of the amount of material that slid off in the debris avalanche. By around 5:30 pm on May 18, the vertical ash column declined in stature, but less severe outbursts continued through the next several days.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties
Generally, given that the way airborne ash is deposited after an eruption is strongly influenced by the meteorological conditions, a certain variation of the ash type will occur, as a function of distance to the volcano or time elapsed from eruption. The ash from Mount St. Helens is no exception, hence the ash properties have large variations.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties, Chemical composition
The bulk chemical composition of the ash has been found to be about 65% silicon dioxide, 18% aluminum oxide, 5% ferric oxide, 4% each calcium oxide and sodium oxide, and 2% magnesium oxide. Trace chemicals were also detected, their concentrations varying as 0.05–0.09% chlorine, 0.02–0.03% fluorine, and 0.09–0.3% sulfur.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties, Index of refraction
The index of refraction, a measure used in physics to describe how light propagates through a particular substance, is an important property of volcanic ash. This number is complex, having both real and imaginary parts, the real part indicating how light disperses and the imaginary part indicating how light is absorbed by the substance.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties, Index of refraction
The silicate particles are known to have a real index of refraction ranging between 1.5 and 1.6 for visible light. However, a spectrum of colors is associated with samples of volcanic ash, from very light to dark gray. This makes for variations in the measured imaginary refractive index under visible light.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties, Index of refraction
In the case of Mount St. Helens, the ash settled in three main layers on the ground:


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Ash properties, Index of refraction
For example, when comparing the imaginary part of the refractive index k of stratospheric ash from 9.3 and 11.2 mi (15 and 18 km) from the volcano, they have similar values around 700 nm (around 0.009), while they differ significantly around 300 nm. Here, the 11.2 mi (18 km) sample (k was found to be around 0.009) was much more absorbent than the 9.3 mi (15 km) sample (k was found to be around 0.002).


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mudslides flow downstream
The hot, exploding material also broke apart and melted nearly all of the mountain's glaciers, along with most of the overlying snow. As in many previous St. Helens' eruptions, this created huge lahars (volcanic mudflows) and muddy floods that affected three of the four stream drainage systems on the mountain, and which started to move as early as 8:50 am. Lahars travelled as fast as 90 mph (140 km/h) while still high on the volcano, but progressively slowed to about 3 mph (4.8 km/h) on the flatter and wider parts of rivers.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mudslides flow downstream
Mudflows from the southern and eastern flanks had the consistency of wet concrete as they raced down Muddy River, Pine Creek, and Smith Creek to their confluence at the Lewis River. Bridges were taken out at the mouth of Pine Creek and the head of Swift Reservoir, which rose 2.6 ft (0.79 m) by noon to accommodate the nearly 18,000,000 cu yd (14,000,000 m3) of additional water, mud, and debris.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mudslides flow downstream
Glacier and snowmelt mixed with tephra on the volcano's northeast slope to create much larger lahars. These mudflows traveled down the north and south forks of the Toutle River and joined at the confluence of the Toutle forks and the Cowlitz River near Castle Rock, Washington, at 1:00 pm. Ninety minutes after the eruption, the first mudflow had moved 27 mi (43 km) upstream, where observers at Weyerhaeuser's Camp Baker saw a 12 ft-high (4 m) wall of muddy water and debris pass. Near the confluence of the Toutle's north and south forks at Silver Lake, a record flood stage of 23.5 ft (7.2 m) was recorded.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mudslides flow downstream
A large but slower-moving mudflow with a mortar-like consistency was mobilized in early afternoon at the head of the Toutle River north fork. By 2:30 pm, the massive mudflow had destroyed Camp Baker, and in the following hours, seven bridges were carried away. Part of the flow backed up for 2.5 mi (4.0 km) soon after entering the Cowlitz River, but most continued downstream.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Mudslides flow downstream
After traveling 17 mi (27 km) further, an estimated 3,900,000 cu yd (3,000,000 m3) of material were injected into the Columbia River, reducing the river's depth by 25 ft (8 m) for a 4 mi (6 km) stretch. The resulting 13 ft (4.0 m) river depth temporarily closed the busy channel to ocean-going freighters, costing Portland, Oregon, an estimated $5 million (equivalent to $15.7 million today). Ultimately, more than 65×10^6 cu yd (50×10^6 m3; 1.8×10^9 cu ft) of sediment were dumped along the lower Cowlitz and Columbia Rivers.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results
The May 18, 1980, event was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the contiguous United States. About 57 people were killed directly from the blast, and 200 houses, 47 bridges, 15 mi (24 km) of railways, and 185 mi (298 km) of highway were destroyed; two people were killed indirectly in accidents that resulted from poor visibility, and two more suffered fatal heart attacks from shoveling ash. U.S. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage, and said it looked more desolate than a moonscape.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results
A film crew was dropped by helicopter on Mount St. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction, but their compasses spun in circles and they quickly became lost. A second eruption occurred the next day (see below), but the crew survived and was rescued two days after that. The eruption ejected more than 1 cu mi (4.2 km3) of material. A quarter of that volume was fresh lava in the form of ash, pumice, and volcanic bombs, while the rest was fragmented, older rock.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results
The removal of the north side of the mountain (13% of the cone's volume) reduced Mount St. Helens' height by about 1,300 ft (400 m) and left a crater 1 to 2 mi (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and 2,100 ft (640 m) deep with its north end open in a huge breach.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results
More than 4,000,000,000 board feet (9,400,000 m3) of timber were damaged or destroyed, mainly by the lateral blast. At least 25% of the destroyed timber was salvaged after September 1980. Downwind of the volcano, in areas of thick ash accumulation, many agricultural crops, such as wheat, apples, potatoes, and alfalfa, were destroyed. As many as 1,500 elk and 5,000 deer were killed, and an estimated 12 million Chinook and Coho salmon fingerlings died when their hatcheries were destroyed. Another estimated 40,000 young salmon were lost when they swam through turbine blades of hydroelectric generators after reservoir levels were lowered along the Lewis River to accommodate possible mudflows and flood waters.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results
In total, Mount St. Helens released 24 megatons of thermal energy, seven of which were a direct result of the blast. This is equivalent to 1,600 times the size of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results, Disputed death toll
The death toll most commonly cited is 57, but two points of dispute remain.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results, Disputed death toll
The first point regards two officially listed victims, Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer. They were reported missing after the explosion. In the aftermath, investigators were able to locate individuals named Paul Hiatt and Dale Thayer who were alive and well. However, they were unable to determine who reported Hiatt missing, and the person who was listed as reporting Thayer missing claimed she was not the one who had done so. Since the investigators could not thus verify that they were the same Hiatt and Thayer who were reported missing, the names remain listed among the presumed dead.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results, Disputed death toll
The second point regards three missing people who are not officially listed as victims: Robert Ruffle, Steven Whitsett, and Mark Melanson. Cowlitz County Emergency Services Management lists them as "Possibly Missing — Not on [the official] List". According to Melanson's brother, in October 1983, Cowlitz County officials told his family that Melanson "is believed [...] a victim of the May 18, 1980, eruption" and that after years of searching, the family eventually decided "he's buried in the ash".


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Direct results, Disputed death toll
Taking these two points of dispute into consideration, the direct death toll could be as low as 55 or as high as 60. When combined with the four indirect victims (two dying from road accidents due to poor visibility, and two dying from heart attacks triggered by shovelling ash) those numbers range from 59 to 64.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Ash damage and removal
The ash fall created some temporary major problems with transportation, sewage disposal, and water treatment systems. Visibility was greatly decreased during the ash fall, closing many highways and roads. Interstate 90 from Seattle to Spokane was closed for a week and a half. Air travel was disrupted for between a few days and two weeks, as several airports in eastern Washington shut down because of ash accumulation and poor visibility. Over a thousand commercial flights were cancelled following airport closures. Fine-grained, gritty ash caused substantial problems for internal combustion engines and other mechanical and electrical equipment. The ash contaminated oil systems and clogged air filters and scratched moving surfaces. Fine ash caused short circuits in electrical transformers, which in turn caused power blackouts.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Ash damage and removal
Removing and disposing of the ash was a monumental task for some Eastern Washington communities. State and federal agencies estimated that over 2,400,000 cu yd (1,800,000 m3) of ash, equivalent to about 900,000 tons in weight, were removed from highways and airports in Washington. The ash removal cost $2.2 million and took 10 weeks in Yakima. The need to remove ash quickly from transport routes and civil works dictated the selection of some disposal sites. Some cities used old quarries and existing sanitary landfills; others created dump sites wherever expedient. To minimize wind reworking of ash dumps, the surfaces of some disposal sites were covered with topsoil and seeded with grass. In Portland, the mayor eventually threatened businesses with fines if they failed to remove the ash from their parking lots.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Cost
A refined estimate of $1.1 billion ($3.4 billion as of 2018) was determined in a study by the International Trade Commission at the request of the United States Congress. A supplemental appropriation of $951 million for disaster relief was voted by Congress, of which the largest share went to the Small Business Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Cost
Also, indirect and intangible costs of the eruption were incurred. Unemployment in the immediate region of Mount St. Helens rose 10-fold in the weeks immediately following the eruption, and then returned to near-normal levels once timber-salvaging and ash-cleanup operations were underway. Only a small percentage of residents left the region because of lost jobs owing to the eruption. Several months after May 18, a few residents reported suffering stress and emotional problems, though they had coped successfully during the crisis. Counties in the region requested funding for mental-health programs to assist such people.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Aftermath, Cost
Initial public reaction to the May 18 eruption dealt a nearly crippling blow to tourism, an important industry in Washington. Not only was tourism down in the Mount St. Helens–Gifford Pinchot National Forest area, but conventions, meetings and social gatherings also were cancelled or postponed at cities and resorts elsewhere in Washington and neighboring Oregon not affected by the eruption. The adverse effect on tourism and conventioneering, however, proved only temporary. Mount St. Helens, perhaps because of its reawakening, has regained its appeal for tourists. The U.S. Forest Service and the State of Washington opened visitor centers and provided access for people to view the volcano's devastation.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions
St. Helens produced an additional five explosive eruptions between May and October 1980. Through early 1990, at least 21 periods of eruptive activity had occurred. The volcano remains active, with smaller, dome-building eruptions continuing into 2008.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
An eruption occurred on May 25, 1980, at 2:30 am that sent an ash column 9 mi (48,000 ft; 14 km) into the atmosphere. The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase in earthquake activity, and occurred during a rainstorm. Erratic wind from the storm carried ash from the eruption to the south and west, lightly dusting large parts of western Washington and Oregon. Pyroclastic flows exited the northern breach and covered avalanche debris, lahars, and other pyroclastic flows deposited by the May 18 eruption.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
At 7:05 pm on June 12, a plume of ash billowed 2.5 mi (4.0 km) above the volcano. At 9:09 pm, a much stronger explosion sent an ash column about 10 mi (16 km) skyward. This event caused the Portland area, previously spared by wind direction, to be thinly coated with ash in the middle of the annual Rose Festival. A dacite dome then oozed into existence on the crater floor, growing to a height of 200 ft (61 m) and a width of 1,200 ft (370 m) within a week.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
A series of large explosions on July 22 broke more than a month of relative quiet. The July eruptive episode was preceded by several days of measurable expansion of the summit area, heightened earthquake activity, and changed emission rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. The first hit at 5:14 pm as an ash column shot 10 mi (16 km) and was followed by a faster blast at 6:25 pm that pushed the ash column above its previous maximum height in just 7.5 minutes. The final explosion started at 7:01 pm, and continued over two hours. When the relatively small amount of ash settled over eastern Washington, the dome built in June was gone.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Seismic activity and gas emission steadily increased in early August, and on August 7 at 4:26 pm, an ash cloud slowly expanded 8 mi (13 km) into the sky. Small pyroclastic flows came through the northern breach and a weaker outpouring of ash rose from the crater. This continued until 10:32 pm, when a second large blast sent ash high into the air, proceeding due north. A second dacite dome filled this vent a few days later.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Two months of repose were ended by an eruption lasting from October 16 to 18. This event obliterated the second dome, sent ash 10 mi in the air and created small, red-hot pyroclastic flows. A third dome began to form within 30 minutes after the final explosion on October 18, and within a few days, it was about 900 ft (270 m) wide and 130 ft (40 m) high. In spite of the dome growth next to it, a new glacier formed rapidly inside the crater.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
All of the post-1980 eruptions were quiet dome-building events, beginning with the December 27, 1980, to January 3, 1981, episode. By 1987, the third dome had grown to be more than 3,000 ft (910 m) wide and 800 ft (240 m) high.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Further eruptions occurred over a few months between 1989 and 1991.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Satellite image of Mount St. Helens crater (22 July 1982)


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Satellite image of Mount St. Helens crater 30 June 1980 (color infrared)


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 1980–1991
Satellite image of Mount St. Helens before eruption (23 July 1975)


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 2004–2008
The 2004–2008 volcanic activity of Mount St. Helens has been documented as a continuous eruption with a gradual extrusion of magma at the Mount St. Helens volcano. Starting in October 2004, a gradual building of a new lava dome happened. The new dome did not rise above the crater created by the 1980 eruption. This activity lasted until January 2008.


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 2004–2008
Lava domes growth and landscape change of Mount St. Helens 2002-2017


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 2004–2008
Lava domes growth and landscape change of Mount St. Helens 1982-2003


1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Later eruptions, 2004–2008
Lava domes growth and landscape change of Mount St. Helens 1982-2017


1980 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Afghanistan.


1980 in Afghanistan
Karmal faces increasing friction within the Revolutionary Council and other wings of the government. One of the most striking evidences of Khalq-Parcham feuding comes when Karmal removes his deputy prime minister, Assadullah Sarwari, a prominent Khalqi, and three other Khalq followers from the scene by appointing them as ambassadors. Sarwari, who was once considered a potential Soviet choice to replace Karmal, is named envoy to Mongolia after a sojourn in the Soviet Union.


1980 in Afghanistan
There are reports of assassinations of Khalqis by Parchamites and vice versa, and bitter interparty fighting is said to have spread to army units and government agencies in various parts of the country. Karmal reshuffles his cabinet, promoting Sultan Ali Keshtmand, a trusted Parchamite colleague, to replace Sarwari as first deputy prime minister.


1980 in Afghanistan, January 14, 1980
A special session of the UN General Assembly passes a resolution (104-18) calling for the immediate withdrawal of "foreign troops" in Afghanistan. Similar resolutions are passed in subsequent years until November 10, 1987, when the vote in favour reaches a record 123.


1980 in Afghanistan, January 29, 1980
An emergency session of the Conference of Islamic States, convening in Islamabad, Pakistan, condemns the "Soviet military aggression against the Afghan people" and demands that all Soviet troops be withdrawn immediately. The foreign ministers also suspend Afghanistan from their organization and ask that their respective governments sever diplomatic relations with it.


1980 in Afghanistan, February 1980
Anti - Soviet feeling among the Afghans rises to a high pitch, when a general strike and violent demonstrations are staged against the Soviet presence in Kabul and other major cities. The mass uprising is quelled as Afghan armed forces and Communist militia inflict heavy casualties on the demonstrators. As cases of Soviet soldiers disappearing begin to increase, the Soviet troops assume more and more direct control of the security situation from the Afghan Army. The Soviets unleash a series of offensives against insurgents in the provinces of Paktia, Konarha, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, and Badakhshan.


1980 in Afghanistan, April 1980
The demonstrations are repeated at the end of April, this time staged by students from Kabul University and other educational institutions. The April demonstrations, which occur during the anniversary celebrations of the Saur (April) Revolution launched by former leader Taraki on April 27, 1978, result in the brutal killings of more than 50 students.


1980 in Afghanistan, May 1980
Attempts to bring about a peaceful solution of the Afghan crisis and Soviet withdrawal from the country are made by the Islamic Conference in Islamabad, Pakistan. No headway can be made, however. Pakistan refuses to have any direct talks with the Karmal regime, since this would involve recognition of the Soviet-backed government. Karmal insists that all subversive activities against his country must stop before any international discussion on the crisis could be held.


1980 in Afghanistan, June 1980
The Soviet Union announces a token withdrawal of one of its divisions, but this fails to placate the Afghans. Despite intense propaganda by General Secretary Karmal, Afghan state organs, and the Soviet government to the effect that the Soviet presence had a "limited" purpose and the troops would pull out as soon as peace was restored, the Karmal regime is finding itself more and more isolated from the people.


1980 in Afghanistan, June 1980
Except for a small percentage consisting of ruling PDPA cadres, bureaucrats, and intellectuals, no section of the population accepts the government's thesis: that all the country's ills either are caused by saboteurs and agents from Pakistan and the U.S. or result from the tyrannical measures adopted by the short-lived regime of Karmal's predecessor, Hafizullah Amin. Increasingly, Karmal is finding himself in a dilemma, because the very Soviet troops who are arousing such resistance from his countrymen are the only force preventing the collapse of his government. Meanwhile, several regional groups, collectively known as Mujahideen (from the Persian word meaning "warriors"), have united inside Afghanistan, or across the border in Peshawar, to resist the Soviet invaders and the Soviet-backed Afghan Army.


1980 in Afghanistan, June 1980
The Afghan Army's strength is down to 32,000 from an estimated 80,000 at the time of the Soviet intervention, due to large-scale desertions.


1980 in Afghanistan, September 1980
Outside estimates place the number of Afghans seeking shelter in Pakistan at over 900,000.


1980 in Afghanistan, October 16, 1980
Karmal begins an extended visit to Moscow, where he is welcomed by Soviet Pres. Leonid Brezhnev. Their subsequent discussion and joint signature of a document in the Kremlin is seen as a formal acknowledgment of the Afghan government's puppet status.


1980 in Afghanistan, November 1980
It is disclosed that Egypt is sending arms to the Mujahideen.


1980 in American television
The year 1980 involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events in the United States.


1980 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Australia.


1980 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1980.


1980 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1980 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1980 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1980 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1980 in Australian soccer
The 1980 season was the eleventh season of competitive association football in Australia.


1980 in Australian television
This article is a summary of 1980 in Australian television.


1980 in Bangladesh
1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1980th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 980th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th  year of the 20th century, and the  1st   year of the 1980s decade.


1980 in Bangladesh
The year 1980 was the 9th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was also the fourth year of the Government of Ziaur Rahman.


1980 in Bangladesh, Economy
Note: For the year 1980 average official exchange rate for BDT was 15.45 per US$.


1980 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1980.


1980 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1980 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 79th season of competitive football in the country.


1980 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
Flamengo declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro champions by aggregate score of 3-3.


1980 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
Londrina declared as the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B champions by aggregate score of 5-1.


1980 in Brazilian football, Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Promotion
The champion and the runner-up, which are Londrina and CSA, were promoted to the following year's first level.


1980 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1980.


1980 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1980.


1980 in British music
This is a summary of 1980 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1980 in British music, Pop music
The 1980s got off to an odd start with a very varied list of artists reaching No. 1 in the singles chart. Kenny Rogers, The Jam and Odyssey were among those vying for the top position. The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums stated that the year had a very dated appearance, because of a number of songs reaching No. 1 which had been recorded years previously, such as the "Theme from M*A*S*H*" and Don McLean's cover of Roy Orbison's "Crying".


1980 in British music, Pop music
The Ska and Mod revivals reached their peak this year, with strong chart showings by The Jam, The Specials and Madness. 1970s favourites ABBA and Blondie both had their last years as chart heavyweights, clocking up 5 No.1 singles between them. David Bowie scored his second No.1 this year, while the death of John Lennon at the end of the year gave him his first chart topper (and would dominate the early months of 1981). Kate Bush became the first British female artist to have a No.1 album, and The Police finished the year as the top selling act. "Brass in Pocket" by The Pretenders became the first number 1 single of the 80s (not counting "Another Brick in the Wall" by Pink Floyd" which was a holdover from 1979).


1980 in British music, Year-end charts
The tables below include sales between 31 December 1979 and 31 December 1980: the year-end charts reproduced in the issue of Music Week dated 27 December 1980 and played on Radio 1 on 4 January 1981 only include sales figures up until 6 December 1980.


1980 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1980.


1980 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1980.


1980 in Cambodia
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Cambodia.


1980 in Canadian television
The following is a list of events affecting Canadian television in 1980. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches.


1980 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Cape Verde.


1980 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Chile.


1980 in China
The following lists events in the year 1980 in China.


1980 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1980.


1980 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1980.


1980 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1980.


1980 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1980 in Estonia.


1980 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1980.


1980 in French television
This is a list of French television related events from 1980.


1980 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1980.


1980 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1980 in Iceland.


1980 in India
Events in the year 1980 in the Republic of India.


1980 in India, Sport
The Indian Hockey team won the Gold in the Olympics.


1980 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1980.


1980 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1980 include:


1980 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian Arab terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1980 include:


1980 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1980 include:


1980 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1980.


1980 in Japan
Events in the year 1980 in Japan. It corresponds to Shōwa 55 (昭和55年) in the Japanese calendar.


1980 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In film, Zigeunerweisen by Seijun Suzuki won the Best film award at the Japan Academy Prize and the Yokohama Film Festival, Kagemusha by Akira Kurosawa won Best film at the Hochi Film Awards, the Blue Ribbon Awards and the Mainichi Film Award. For a list of Japanese films released in 1980 see Japanese films of 1980.


1980 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In manga,  the winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award were Hakatakko Junjō and Gangaragan by Hōsei Hasegawa and Chie the Brat by Etsumi Haruki (general) and Urusei Yatsura by  Rumiko Takahashi (shōnen or shōjo). Susano Oh by Go Nagai (shōnen) and Lemon Report by Mayumi Yoshida (shōjo) won the Kodansha Manga Award. For a list of manga released in 1980 see Category:1980 manga.


1980 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
In music, the 31st Kōhaku Uta Gassen was won by the Red Team (women). Hiroshi Itsuki won the FNS Music Festival.


1980 in Japan, Popular culture, Arts and entertainment
Japan hosted the Miss International 1980 beauty pageant, won by Costa Rican Lorna Chávez.


1980 in Japan, Popular culture, Sports
In football (soccer) Yanmar Diesel won the Japan Soccer League. For the champions of the regional leagues see: 1980 Japanese Regional Leagues. For more see: 1980 in Japanese football.


1980 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1980.


1980 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Laos.


1980 in Libya
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Libya.


1980 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1980 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1980, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1980 in Michigan
The Associated Press (AP) selected the top Michigan news stories in Michigan as follows:


1980 in Michigan
Also receiving extensive press coverage in Detroit was a controversy over General Motors' plan, supported by local government, to use eminent domain to remove 1,500 homes and 150 businesses to build a new assembly plant in Hamtramck and Poletown.


1980 in Michigan
The AP also selected the state's top sports stories as follows:


1980 in Michigan
The year's highlights in Michigan music included Bob Seger's Against the Wind reaching #1 on the album charts, the debut of The Romantics with the song "What I Like About You", and hit singles by Stevie Wonder ("Master Blaster (Jammin')"), Diana Ross ("Upside Down"), and The Spinners ("Working My Way Back to You").


1980 in Michigan, Population
In the 1980 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 9,259,000 persons, ranking as the eighth most populous state in the country. By 1990, the state's population had grown only marginally by 0.4% to 9,259,000 persons.


1980 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 50,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1980 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1980 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1970 and 1990 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1980 in Michigan, Companies
The following is a list of major companies based in, or having a substantial manufacturing presence in, Michigan in 1980.


1980 in Namibia
1980 in Namibia refers to events that occurred in Namibia (also known as South West Africa) during 1980.


1980 in Namibia, Military
Operation Sceptic is launched during the South African Border War against SWAPO.


1980 in Namibia, Military
The South West African Territorial Force, an auxiliary of the South African Defence Force (SADF), is formed on August 1. Conscription for all 18+ year old Namibians is put in place.


1980 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in New Zealand.


1980 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 39th New Zealand Parliament continued. The third National Party government was in power.


1980 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
An attempt by high-ranking ministers Derek Quigley, Jim McLay, and Jim Bolger to replace Muldoon as prime minister (known as the "colonels' coup") with the deputy prime minister Talboys collapsed as a result of Talboys' unwillingness to actively campaign against Muldoon.


1980 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1980 in New Zealand television, 1980 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1980 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1980 film awards, 1980 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1980 films


1980 in Norwegian football
The 1980 season was the 75th season of competitive football in Norway.


1980 in Norwegian music
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 14:55, 19 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1980 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1980 in Norwegian music.


1980 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1980. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1980 in Poland, Incumbents
On March 27, 1976, the government of Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz was created. It lasted until April 2, 1980. Jaroszewicz himself was removed from his post on February 18, 1980, and was replaced by Edward Babiuch. Babiuch was dismissed on April 2, 1980. His resignation was accepted by the Sejm on the same day, and next day, April 3, a new government was created, with Babiuch again as Prime Minister. On September 5, 1980, Józef Pińkowski was named new Prime Minister, and held the post until February 11, 1981.


1980 in Poland, Incumbents
Edward Gierek, who had been First Secretary of Polish Communist Party since December 20, 1970, was dismissed on September 6, and was replaced by Stanislaw Kania.


1980 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1980.


1980 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Singapore.


1980 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in South Africa.


1980 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Three new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways:


1980 in Sri Lanka
The following lists notable events that occurred during 1980 in Sri Lanka.


1980 in Swedish football
The 1980 season in Swedish football, starting January 1980 and ending December 1980:


1980 in Syria
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Syria.


1980 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1980 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 69 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1980 in Thailand
The year 1980 was the 199th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 35th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2523 in the Buddhist Era.


1980 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1980 to Wales and the Welsh people.


1980 in Zaire
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Zaire.


1980 in Zaire, Sources
This year in Africa article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1980 in Zimbabwe
The following lists events that happened during 1980 in Zimbabwe.


1980 in architecture
The year 1980 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1980 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1980 throughout the world.


1980 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1980  throughout the world.


1980 in baseball, Champions, Major League Baseball
World Series: Philadelphia Phillies over Kansas City Royals (4–2); Mike Schmidt, MVP


1980 in baseball, Events, May
May 1 - New York Mets starting pitcher Pete Falcone strikes out the first six batters he faces in a game versus the Philadelphia Phillies. Falcone strikes out Lonnie Smith, Pete Rose. Garry Maddox, Mike Schmidt, Greg Luzinski, and Bob Boone. The seventh batter, shortstop Larry Bowa grounded out. Despite the success early, the Mets fall to Philadelphia 2–1.


1980 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1980  throughout the world.


1980 in comics
Notable events of 1980 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1980 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1980.


1980 in film
The following is an overview of events in 1980 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


1980 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1980 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1980 in film, Worldwide gross revenue
The following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1980. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1980.


1980 in film, Context
Industry professionals predicted comedy films and upbeat entertainment to dominate theaters in 1980. This was a response to poor morale in a nation suffering through economic recession, which generally increased theatrical visits as audiences sought escapism and ignored romantic films and depictions of blue-collar life. The financial success and low cost of production cost of comedies such as Blazing Saddles (1974) and Animal House (1978), had further driven demand for comedies; Airplane!, The Blues Brothers, Caddyshack, and The Jerk, were all scheduled for release that year. The average cost of making films had risen to $6 million which had reduced the number of films being made for niche audiences. Some studios continued to release a wide variety of films, hoping that few significant successes would compensate for other failures.


1980 in film, Context
A surge of interest in science-fiction following Star Wars' release had led to many low-budget entries in the genre attempting to profit by association, and big budget entries such as Star Trek: The Motion Picture and The Black Hole, both of which were released in late 1979, just months before The Empire Strikes Back.


1980 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1980 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1980 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 1980. For video games, see 1980 in video gaming.


1980 in hammer throw
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1980 in the Men's Hammer Throw. One of the main events during this season were the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union, where the final of the men's competition was held on July 31, 1980. The women did not compete in the hammer throw until the early 1990s. The world record was broken five times during the 1980 season.


1980 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1980.


1980 in hip hop music
This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 1980.


1980 in home video, Film releases
The following films were released on video on the following dates:


1980 in ice hockey
The following is a chronicle of events during the year 1980 in ice hockey.


1980 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1980.


1980 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1980.


1980 in marathon running
This page lists the World Best Year Performances in the year 1980 in the Marathon for both men and women. One of the main events during this season were the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union, where the final of the men's competition was held on Friday August 1, 1980. The competition had an entry list of 76 competitors, with 53 runners actually finishing the race.


1980 in marathon running
Norway's Grete Waitz clocked 2:25:41 winning the New York City Marathon on October 26, 1980, but her time was disputed and therefore not recognized as a world record because remeasurements of a nearly identical course in 1981 was 150 m short.


1980 in motoring
1980 in motoring deals with developments in the automotive industry that occurred in 1980, listed by country. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles.


1980 in motoring, United Kingdom
British Leyland introduced the Austin Metro in October, a compact three-door hatchback which was sold alongside the Mini and was powered by the 1.0 and 1.3 petrol engines that were familiar in other BL products. The Metro took five years and cost hundreds of millions of pounds to develop and left BL without enough money for any more immediate all-new cars. So the nine-year-old Morris Marina was restyled to become the Morris Ital in July.


1980 in motoring, United Kingdom
The launch of the Metro saw cutbacks of BL's Mini and Allegro ranges, while more significantly the MG factory at Abingdon closed and production of the MG B and Midget finished after 19 years, as did the Canley plant in Coventry, a move which signalled the end for the Triumph Dolomite.


1980 in motoring, United Kingdom
Ford's Escort was moved onto front-wheel drive hatchback format with 3 or 5 doors after 13 years as a rear-wheel drive saloon in September as the MK3. As before, there was also an estate version available, initially as a 3-door model but a 5-door version would appear in 1983. The engine line-up featured Fords new CVH Engine in 1.3 and 1.6 form. The 1.1 Valencia OHV Engine from the Fiesta was also available. A performance version of the car called XR3 with a twin choke version of the 1.6 CVH Engine was Fords challenger to the VW Golf GTi. The new Escort won the European Car of the Year award for 1981.


1980 in motoring, United Kingdom
At the beginning of 1980, Vauxhall began sales of its all-new Astra front-wheel drive hatchback, saloon and estate which was launched in the UK before the end of 1979 as the German-built Opel Kadett. It replaced the Viva. UK production began in late 1981.


1980 in motoring, France
Peugeot unveiled the new 505, a rear-wheel drive range of saloons and estates which were designed as an eventual replacement for the long-running 504 and a competitor for the likes of the Ford Granada, Rover SD1 and Vauxhall Carlton.


1980 in motoring, France
The Peugeot-owned Talbot marque (created on the company's acquisition of Chrysler Europe in 1979) has seen the launch of the Tagora, a large four-door saloon which is to be built in France in limited numbers and would go on sale in Spring 1981. The Alpine hatchback now also forms the basis of the Solara saloon.


1980 in motoring, France
Production of the Renault 12 finished two years after the launch of its successor - the R18. The R12 had been on sale for 11 years, though Romanian production of the car continue under licence by Dacia until 2004.


1980 in motoring, Italy
Fiat introduced a new entry-level three-door hatchback - the Panda - as a more modern and practical alternative to the rear-engined 126 in February. It shared a 652cc two-cylinder engine with the 126, but this version of the Panda was only sold on the domestic market. Spanish customers were offered the SEAT Panda. UK sales began in May 1981.


1980 in motoring, Italy
Lancia began exporting its new Delta range of five-door medium-sized hatchbacks, designed as direct competitors for the Volkswagen Golf and Ford Escort. Sales began in Italy at the end of 1979 and the ultra-modern Delta was voted European Car of the Year. For the Swedish market, there was a Saab model known as the 600.


1980 in motoring, Italy
1980 saw a relaunch of Lancia's Monte Carlo sports car, a year after it was withdrawn from production. The relaunched Monte Carlo sports a much improved braking system - with refinements being made in response to heavy criticism over safety issues - but few other significant changes.


1980 in motoring, Spain
Fiat withdrew its subsidisation of the SEAT marque, a venture between themselves and the Spanish government. Though production of SEAT's Fiat-based models continued, licensing reasons prevented them from using the same nameplates as the Italian models from which they were derived.


1980 in motoring, Sweden
The newly launched Saab 900 range of upmarket hatchbacks was joined by a smaller, entry-level model - the Saab 600 - which was a clone of the Lancia Delta and was only sold in Sweden and Norway.


1980 in motoring, Germany
Volkswagen updated the 30-year-old Transporter range to give it an entirely new bodyshell, but the air-cooled engines and rear-wheel drive chassis continued largely unchanged. The new range of vans and people carriers had an improved braking system and improved specification levels, with some models having power steering and air-conditioning.


1980 in motoring, Germany
Volkswagen expanded its commercial vehicle range by launching the Caddy, a Golf-based range of compact vans and pickup trucks.


1980 in motoring, Eastern Europe
Lada facelifted its decade-old Fiat-based range of saloons and estates and renamed them "Riva". The car's technology remained unchanged, with power still coming from 1.2, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 petrol engines. However, the Riva did not arrive on markets including the United Kingdom until 1983, with the original Lada continuing on those markets until then.


1980 in motoring, Japan
A year after going on sale in its homeland, the latest generation of the Toyota Corolla went on sale in Europe. The traditional rear-wheel drive chassis and saloon bodystyle continued, as did the 1.3, 1.6 and 1.8 petrol engines.


1980 in motoring, Japan
Toyota gave its rear-wheel drive supermini the Starlet, a major facelift which included square front headlights instead of round ones. The old 1.0, 1.2 and 1.3 power units were replaced by new 12-valve ones which gave more power and better economy.


1980 in motoring, Japan
Honda introduced a new medium-sized family saloon - the Ballade - which gave traditionalists a viable alternative to the Civic hatchback. It will be imported to the US as a Civic, but the British version will go into production next year as part of a venture with British Leyland.


1980 in motoring, Japan
The Civic, Honda's best-selling model, was redesigned to exhibit a more aerodynamic shape and a more extensive range of trim levels. The 1.3 and 1.5 petrol engines are both new to the range, replacing the outdated 1.3 power unit from the original Civic range.


1980 in motoring, Japan
Nissan bolstered its Datsun brand to give European buyers an alternative to the Ford Cortina. Its latest generation Bluebird comes in a range of saloons, estates and coupes. The coupe version comes in "SSS" form with a more powerful version of the already good 2.0 power unit. The standard 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 petrol engines are carried over from the previous range, though the underpowered 1.4 unit has been discontinued.


1980 in motoring, Japan
Mazda moved to front-wheel drive for its popular 323 hatchback, which will be sold in Australia as the Ford Meteor and Ford Laser as part of Mazda's venture with Ford. The latest 323 had 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 petrol engines, and the car's contemporary body was designed with the help of Ford's design team. Production of the rear-wheel drive estate, part of the pre-1980 range continues.


1980 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1980 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1980 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1980 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1980.


1980 in music, Awards, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1980.


1980 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1980.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named dinosaurs
Note: the name Lancangosaurus is mistakenly treated as a nomen nudum synonymous with Datousaurus (because Dong et al. 1983 believed it to be conspecific with Datousaurus). However, it is actually an early spelling variant of another nomen nudum, Lancangjiangosaurus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Musophagidae, transferred to the genus Veflintornis Kashin, 1976, Apopempsis Brodkorb, 1971 preoccupied by Apopempsis Schenkling, 1903.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Teratornithidae Miller, 1909, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Rallidae, transferred to the genus Pastushkinia Zelenkov, 2013 as its type species.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phoenicopteriformes Fürbringer, 1888, Juncitarsidae Peters, 1987, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
Described as a Laridae, transferred to the Glareolidae, genus Mioglareola Ballmann, 1979 by Mlíkovský, 2000.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Phasianidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Rallidae, transferred to the genus Porzana by Kurochkin, 1985.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
Described as a Ratitae, transferred to the Craciformes, Megapodiidae and placed in its own family Sylviornithidae by Mourer-Chauviré & Balouet, 2005, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Pelecaniformes, Plotopteridae Howard, 1969, this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Gastornithidae Fürbringer, 1888, transferred to the genus Gastornis Hébert, 1855 by Buffetaut, 2013., this is the type species of the new genus.


1980 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1980 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1980 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1980 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1980 in professional wrestling
1980 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1980 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1980.


1980 in science
The year 1980 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1980 in sports
1980 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1980 in the Netherlands
This article lists some of the events from 1980 related to the Netherlands.


1980 in the Netherlands, Events, October
11: A merger meeting between the ARP, CHU and KVP results in the new political party CDA.


1980 in the Philippines
1980 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1980.


1980 in the United Arab Emirates
Events from the year 1980 in the United Arab Emirates.


1980 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1980. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1980 in the sport of athletics
This article contains an overview of the year 1980 in athletics. The major athletics event of the year was the 1980 Moscow Olympics. A boycott of this competition meant many of world's leading athletes did not face each other, with many of the boycotting athletes taking part in the rival Liberty Bell Classic competition.


1980 in the sport of athletics
A further global event, the 1980 World Championships in Athletics, was held specifically for women athletes in the 400 metres hurdles and 3000 metres disciplines, as neither event featured on the Olympic programme in spite of IAAF approval.


1980 in video games
1980 saw the release of a number of games with influential concepts, including Pac-Man, Battlezone, Crazy Climber, Mystery House, Missile Command, Phoenix, Rally-X, Space Panic, Stratovox, Zork, and Olympic Decathlon. The Atari VCS (later the Atari 2600) grew in popularity with a port of Space Invaders and support from new developer Activision.


1980 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games
The following titles were the highest-grossing arcade games worldwide in 1980.


1980 in video games, Financial performance, Highest-grossing arcade games, Japan and United States
In Japan and the United States, the following titles were the highest-grossing arcade video games of 1980.


1980 in video games, Financial performance, Best-selling home video games
Space Invaders for the Atari VCS console was the best-selling home video game of 1980. The following titles were the best-selling Atari VCS games in 1980.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador
On December 2, 1980, four Catholic missionaries from the United States working in El Salvador were raped and murdered by five members of the El Salvador National Guard (Daniel Canales Ramirez, Carlos Joaquin Contreras Palacios, Francisco Orlando Contreras Recinos and Jose Roberto Moreno Canjura, and Luis Antonio Colindres Aleman). The murdered missionaries were Maryknoll Sisters Maura Clarke and Ita Ford, Ursuline Dorothy Kazel, and lay missionary Jean Donovan.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Historical background
The Salvadoran Civil War began after a 1979 military coup brought the Revolutionary Government Junta to power. Catholic activists protested against the junta's oppression of impoverished citizens. Óscar Romero, the Archbishop of San Salvador, was assassinated on March 24, 1980, while performing Mass. The four murdered Americans were involved in an international humanitarian aid mission which was accused by the régime of fomenting political opposition.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Kazel and Donovan, who were based in La Libertad, drove to El Salvador International Airport on the afternoon of December 2 to pick up two Maryknoll Sisters returning from a Maryknoll conference in Managua, Nicaragua. Kazel and Donovan were under surveillance by a National Guardsman at the time, who phoned his commander. Acting on orders from the commander, five National Guardsmen changed out of uniform and continued to stake out the airport.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Donovan and Kazel returned to pick up Clarke and Ford, who were returning from the same conference, on a flight due at 7:00 pm, which landed at  9:11 pm. The five Guardsmen stopped the four women's vehicle after they left the airport. They were taken to a relatively isolated spot where they were beaten, raped and murdered by the soldiers.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Peasants living nearby had seen the women's white van drive to an isolated spot at about 10 p.m. on December 2 and then heard machine gun fire followed by single shots, three hours after the flight was due. They saw five men flee the scene in the white van, with the lights on and the radio blaring. The van would be found later that night on fire at the side of the airport road. Later, the women's bodies were found knifed in a ditch.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Early the next morning, December 3, they found the bodies of the four women and were told by local authorities — a judge, three members of the National Guard, and two commanders — to bury them in a common grave in a nearby field. The peasants did so, but informed their parish priest, Fr. Paul Schindler, and the news reached Óscar Romero's successor Arturo Rivera y Damas and the United States Ambassador to El Salvador, Robert White.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Their shallow grave was exhumed the next day, December 4, in front of 15 reporters, Sisters Alexander and Dorsey and several missionaries, and Ambassador White. Donovan's body was the first exhumed; then Kazel's; then Clarke's; and last, that of Ita Ford. On December 5, a Mass of the Resurrection was said by Bishop Arturo Rivera y Damas; and on December 6, the bodies of Jean Donovan and Dorothy Kazel were flown out for burial.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Murders
Donovan's body was returned to her parents in Sarasota, Florida, while Kazel's was taken back to her hometown of Cleveland, where she was buried in All Souls Cemetery in Chardon, Ohio. The bodies of the Maryknoll sisters, Clarke and Ford, were buried in Chalatenango, El Salvador, in keeping with Maryknoll practice.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
As news of the murders was made public in the United States, public outrage forced the U.S. government to pressure the Salvadoran regime to investigate. U.S. President Jimmy Carter suspended aid to El Salvador. The earliest investigations were condemned as whitewash attempts by the later ones, and in time, a Commission on the Truth for El Salvador was appointed by the United Nations to investigate who gave the orders, who knew about it, and who covered it up. Several low-level guardsman were convicted, and two generals were sued by the women's families in the U.S. federal courts for their command responsibility for the incident.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
Unlike President Carter, succeeding U.S. President Ronald Reagan favored the Salvadoran military regime; he authorized increased military aid and sent more U.S. military advisers to the country to aid the government in quelling the civil/guerrilla war. His foreign policy advisor Jean Kirkpatrick declared her 'unequivocal' belief that the Salvadorean army was not responsible, adding that "the nuns were not just nuns. They were political activists. We ought to be a little more clear about this than we actually are."


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
After the release of declassified documents in the 1990s, New Jersey congressman Robert Torricelli stated that it was "now clear that while the Reagan Administration was certifying human rights progress in El Salvador they knew the terrible truth that the Salvadoran military was engaged in a widespread campaign of terror and torture".


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
In El Salvador's Decade of Terror: Human Rights Since the Assassination of Archbishop Romero, Human Rights Watch reports:


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
During the Reagan years in particular, not only did the United States fail to press for improvements … but, in an effort to maintain backing for U.S. policy, it misrepresented the record of the Salvadoran government, and smeared critics who challenged that record. In so doing, the Administration needlessly polarized the debate in the United States, and did a grave injustice to the thousands of civilian victims of government terror in El Salvador. [ 23] Despite the El Mozote Massacre that year, Reagan continued certifying (per the 1974 amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act) that the Salvadoran government was progressing in respecting and guaranteeing the human rights of its people, and in reducing National Guard abuses against them.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
In 1984, four national guardsmen—Daniel Canales Ramirez, Carlos Joaquin Contreras Palacios, Francisco Orlando Contreras Recinos and Jose Roberto Moreno Canjura—were convicted of murdering the four women and were sentenced to 30 years in prison. Their superior, sub-sergeant Luis Antonio Colindres Aleman, was also convicted for the murders.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
The [1993] U.N.-sponsored  Report of the Commission on the Truth for El Salvador concluded that the abductions were planned in advance and the men responsible had carried out the murders on orders from above. It further stated that the head of the National Guard and two officers assigned to investigate the case had concealed the facts to harm the judicial process.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
The murder of the women, along with attempts by the Salvadoran military and some American officials to cover it up, generated a grass-roots opposition in the U.S., as well as ignited intense debate over the Administration's policy in El Salvador. In 1984, the defendants were found guilty and sentenced to 30 years in prison. The Truth Commission noted that this was the first time in Salvadoran history that a judge had found a member of the military guilty of assassination. In 1998, three of the soldiers were released for good behavior. Two of the men remain in prison and have petitioned the Salvadoran government for pardons.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
The head of the National Guard, General Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova, went on to become Salvadoran Minister of Defense in the government of José Napoleón Duarte. In 1998, the four assassins confessed to abducting, raping and murdering the four churchwomen and claimed that they did so because Aleman had informed them that they had to act on orders from high-level military officers. Some were then released from prison after detailing how Vides and his cousin Col. Oscar Edgardo Casanova Vejar, the local military commander in Zacatecoluca, had planned and orchestrated the executions of the churchwomen. A 16-year legal battle to deport Vides Casanova soon commenced.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
Ita Ford's brother, attorney William P. Ford, spent more than 25 years using the U.S. court system to try to obtain justice for his sister and the other three murdered women. He worked closely with Human Rights First (formerly the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights) on federal lawsuits to try to bring Salvadoran generals to answer for the murder of the women, and, in other cases, for the torture and murder of members of the Salvadoran poor.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Subsequent history
After their emigration to the U.S. state of Florida, Vides Casanova and his fellow general, José Guillermo García, were sued by the families of the four women in federal civil court. The case is styled Ford v. Garcia. The defense won the case. On February 24, 2012, however, a Federal immigration judge cleared the way for the deportation of Vides Casanova after the General was held liable for various war crimes which occurred under his command. On March 11, 2015, the Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed General Vides Casanova's appeal. Vides Casanova was then deported back to El Salvador on April 8, 2015.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Cultural depictions
Roses in December is a 1982 documentary about the murders, focusing on Jean Donovan. This documentary won the Interfilm Award at the 1982 International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Cultural depictions
The dramatization Choices of the Heart won the 1984 Humanitas Prize in the 90-minute television movie category, although it was criticized for lacking clarity about the political context of the women's killings. Clarke, Ford, Kazel and Donovan were played by Mary McCusker, Mari Gorman, Pamela Bellwood, and Melissa Gilbert respectively. Helen Hunt, Martin Sheen, and Mike Farrell co-starred.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Cultural depictions
The murders were also depicted in Salvador, Oliver Stone's 1986 film about an American reporter trying to cover the overall conflict. In this film, actress Cynthia Gibb portrayed Cathy Moore, a character based on Jean Donovan. Moore is shown in several scenes interacting with the main character.


1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador, Cultural depictions
Points of Arrival: a Jean Donovan journey is a 1996 play written by Paul Amandes, developed by and starring Lisa Wagner and her Still Point Theater Collective, supported by Call to Action.


1980 student protests in Kabul
Large-scale organized protests by students in the city of Kabul, Afghanistan, paralyzed the education system and led to heavy clashes. The uprisings by students took place from late April to early June, 1980, demonstrating against the [Communism|communist]] government of Babrak Karmal and the invading Soviet Union forces, calling for freedom and the withdrawal of Soviet forces. The protests were quelled and led to a large number of students being arrested, estimated between 400 to as many as 2000. Between 72 and 200 students lost their lives in the demonstrations.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Background
With Operation Storm-333 in December 1979, the Soviet Union launched a full-scale invasion of its central Asian neighbor and installed Babrak Karmal as the Afghan head of state. The invasion caused widespread opposition and panic, with armed Afghan mujahideen fighters gearing up a war against the Red Army. Meanwhile, opposition and unrest also occurred in urban areas, most notably in Kabul when thousands of residents rose up in February 1980 in the uprising of 3 Hoot, challenging the authority of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April)
The academic year began in March 1980 after the winter holidays. Within a month's time, students at various institutes in the city distributed anti-government leaflets. One of these, Falah (meaning "salvation"), demanded the withdrawal of Soviet troops and called for a united front between ideologically different students. The first major student protest took place on April 21, 1980 during the new flag ceremony of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. On the fifth day of demonstrations, five students were fired upon and killed, four belonging to Omar Shahid High School and one from Habibia High School, a boys' school. It has been claimed that the shooters were not security forces but armed Parchamite youth.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April)
Students of Soriya Senior High School, a girls' school, organized a large rally on April 29, shortly after the reclusive second year anniversary of the Saur Revolution. They were joined by students of other schools marching towards and in the campus of Kabul University, shouting "liberty of death", calling for Russians to leave, and shouting death chants against president Karmal. The protesters attempted to leave campus and head to downtown Kabul only to be blocked by security.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April)
An Afghan eyewitness reported to The Washington Post that Soviet troops opened fire and killed 16 or 17 students on that day. Another account said that Parchamite youth shot at several students, killing some of them.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April), Killing of Nahid
On April 30, a female junior from Rabia-e Balkhi High School called Nahid Saed (ناهيد صاعد) was at the front row of a demonstration when she threw a headscarf of her classmate at PDPA-sympathizing soldiers. Nahid shouted at them


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April), Killing of Nahid
"You did not defend your homeland against the Russians. Rather, you support them, so let us put on our tents and leave our weapons to us to protect the freedom of our homeland. The Russians get out of our property, otherwise you will drown in a river of blood."


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April), Killing of Nahid
She and some other students were fired upon by the security forces, killing them. The news of Nahid's death quickly spread throughout the city and she became a symbol of defiance. She became popularly known as Nahid-e Shahid (Martyr Nahid).


1980 student protests in Kabul, Start of demonstrations (April), Killing of Nahid
The uprising of that day and the martyrs were depicted by the famous Afghan poet Khalilullah Khalili.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Further demonstrations (May)
Greater numbers of university students took to the streets on May 3, heading towards the city. Less vocal this time, they took into account the Fundamental Principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, which was now in effect and guaranteed the right to peaceful demonstrations. As the students reached a part of the city called Barikot, a contingent of army soldiers encircled them. Eventually protesters were beaten by clubs, tear gas used, and as many as 500 students were arrested.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Further demonstrations (May)
High schools in the city remained besieged with students continuing to boycott. Students, particularly female, were loud in denouncing both Leonid Brezhnev and Vladimir Lenin in their slogans.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Further demonstrations (May)
Angry students reportedly throughout the demonstrations had killed at least 17 classmates who were supporters of the Karmal government. A Marxist principal was also lynched.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Poisonings of schools (June)
At the start of June 1980, for three consecutive days numerous students from Sorya High School and other schools were poisoned. The state Bakhtar News Agency said that 60 schoolchildren and teachers were hospitalized on June 8 by the poisonings, blaming "bandits and mercenaries of imperialism" for the act. A few days later on June 12, an even greater number of students from ten different schools were poisoned, with reportedly over 500 people needing hospital treatment but no fatalities.


1980 student protests in Kabul, Poisonings of schools (June)
It has not been proven who was behind these attacks, with the state blaming imperialists of the mujahideen while the latter blamed the regime and the Soviet Union. In Kabul it was widely believed that the KHAD (intelligence) was behind it with the goal of intimidating students and their families.