1974 Summit Series
In 1974, the two-season-old WHA was largely composed of players scavenged from the minor leagues, mixed with a few NHL stars and aging veterans. Playing on both the 1972 and 1974 teams for Canada were Paul Henderson, Frank Mahovlich and Pat Stapleton. The last active player from the series was Mark Howe, who retired in 1995. Team Canada players were paid C$6,000 each for participating in the event.


1974 Summit Series, Broadcasting
Like it was with the original Summit Series in 1972, CBC and CTV split the coverage, with CTV carrying Games 1, 3, 6 and 7, while CBC aired Games 2, 4, 5 (?) and 8. CTV produced the telecasts. Johnny Esaw called the games for CTV, while Don Chevrier called the action for CBC. Howie Meeker was the colour commentator for all of the games. Both Esaw and Chevrier conducted intermission and post-game interviews during the games either one did not do play-by-play for. In the Soviet Union, coverage was orchestrated by the Ministry of Telecommunications. The first 4 games of the broadcast also featured the Gamerecorder which was the first statistics computer used in professional sports and a print of the Gamerecorder has now been accepted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.


1974 Summit Series, DVD release
In December 2006, Hockey Canada and the Hockey Hall of Fame approved the release of a 1974 Summit Series boxset.


1974 Sun Bowl
The 1974 Sun Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the North Carolina Tar Heels.


1974 Sun Bowl, Background
Mississippi State tied for fourth in the Southeastern Conference while the Tar Heels tied for second in the Atlantic Coast Conference. This was the first Sun Bowl for the Bulldogs and the first bowl game since 1963. The Tar Heels had appeared in the Sun Bowl just two years earlier. A freak winter storm the night before the game left frost on the field. The morning warmth of the sun created a rising steam from the field during the first half, thus inspiring the game to be one of three football games to be nicknamed the "Fog Bowl".


1974 Sun Bowl, Game summary
On the first play, Terry Vitrano ran for 55 yards, which set the tone for the rest of the game.


1974 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Terry Vitrano rushed for 164 yards on 20 carries with one touchdown en route to being named MVP of the game. His teammate Walter Packer ran for 183 yards on 24 attempts, for two touchdowns. The 455 yards of rushing by the Bulldogs established a new Sun Bowl record.


1974 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
The Bulldogs returned to the Sun Bowl in 1980 while the Tar Heels reappeared in 1994.


1974 Super Outbreak
The 1974 Super Outbreak was the second-largest tornado outbreak on record for a single 24-hour period, just behind the 2011 Super Outbreak. It was also the most violent tornado outbreak ever recorded, with 30 F4/F5 tornadoes confirmed. From April 3 to 4, 1974, there were 148 tornadoes confirmed in 13 U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the United States, tornadoes struck Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and New York.


1974 Super Outbreak
The outbreak caused roughly $843 million USD (~equivalent to $4.58 billion in 2019) with more than $600 million (~equivalent to $3.3 billion in 2019) in damage occurring in the United States. The outbreak extensively damaged approximately 900 sq mi (2,331 km2) along a total combined path length of 2,600 mi (4,184 km). At one point, as many as 15 separate tornadoes were on the ground simultaneously.


1974 Super Outbreak
The 1974 Super Outbreak was the first tornado outbreak in recorded history to produce more than 100 tornadoes in under a 24-hour period, a feat that was not repeated globally until the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak and in the United States until the 2011 Super Outbreak.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
A powerful springtime low pressure system developed across the North American Interior Plains on April 1. While moving into the Mississippi and Ohio Valley areas, a surge of very moist air intensified the storm further while there were sharp temperature contrasts between both sides of the system. Officials at NOAA and in the National Weather Service forecast offices were expecting a severe weather outbreak on April 3, but not to the extent that ultimately occurred.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Several F2 and F3 tornadoes had struck portions of the Ohio Valley and the South in a separate, earlier outbreak on April 1 and 2, which included three killer tornadoes in Kentucky, Alabama, and Tennessee. The town of Campbellsburg, northeast of Louisville, was hard-hit in this earlier outbreak, with a large portion of the town destroyed by an F3. Between the two outbreaks, an additional tornado was reported in Indiana in the early morning hours of April 3, several hours before the official start of the outbreak. On Wednesday, April 3, severe weather watches already were issued from the morning from south of the Great Lakes, while in portions of the Upper Midwest, snow was reported, with heavy rain falling across central Michigan and much of Ontario.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
By 12:00 UTC on April 3, a large-scale trough extended over most of the contiguous United States, with several modest shortwaves rotating around the broad base of the trough. The mid-latitude low-pressure center over Kansas continued to deepen to 980 mb (28.94 inHg), and wind speeds at the 850-mb level increased to 50 kn (58 mph) (25.7 m/s (93 km/h)) over portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Due to significant moisture advection, destabilization rapidly proceeded apace; the warm front near the Gulf Coast dissipated and then redeveloped northward over the Ohio River valley.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Consequently, CAPE levels in the region rose to 1,000 J/kg. However, a warm temperature plume in the elevated mixed layer kept thunderstorms from initiating at the surface. Meanwhile, a large mesoscale convective system (MCS) that had developed overnight in Arkansas continued to strengthen due to strong environmental lapse rates. Later in the day, strong daytime heating caused instability to further rise. By 18:00 UTC, CAPE values in excess of 2,500 J/kg were present over the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Valley. As wind speeds in the troposphere increased, Large-scale lifting overspread the warm sector.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
At the same time, the forward-propagating MCS spread into the Tennessee and Ohio valleys, where it evolved into the first of three main convection bands that produced tornadoes. This first convective band moved rapidly northeast, at times reaching speeds of about 60 kn (69 mph) (30.9 m/s (111 km/h)). However, thunderstorm activity, for the moment, remained mostly elevated in nature.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
By 16:30 UTC, the large MCS began to splinter into two sections: the southern part slowed, lagging into southeast Tennessee, while the northern part accelerated, reaching Pennsylvania by 19:30 UTC. The split was related to several factors, including a band of subsidence over eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia; local downslope winds over the Appalachians; and an inversion over the same area. These factors allowed the northern part of the MCS to accelerate due to efficient ducting, while the southern part slowed as the boundary layer warmed and moistened.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Numerous surface-based supercells began to develop in the southern area, beginning with one that produced an F3 tornado at about 16:30 UTC near Cleveland, Tennessee. Meanwhile, a new band of scattered thunderstorms developed at 15:00 UTC over eastern Arkansas and Missouri; over the next four hours, this band became the focus for several intense supercells, starting in eastern Illinois and southern Indiana.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
In the wake of the MCS, backing low-level winds, rapid diurnal destabilization, and perhaps cool, mid-level advection had occurred over the warm sector, weakening the convective inhibition (CINH) layer, and favorable wind profiles bolstered helicity to over 230 m2/s²—a combination of factors conducive to tornadogenesis. Consequently, the storms increased in intensity and coverage as they moved into Illinois, Indiana, and northern Kentucky, producing several tornadoes, including the first F5 tornado of the day, at 19:20 UTC, near Depauw, Indiana. Several of the storms to form between 19:20 and 20:20 UTC became significant, long-lived supercells, producing many strong or violent tornadoes, including three F5s at Depauw; Xenia, Ohio; and Brandenburg, Kentucky. These storms formed the second of three convective bands to generate tornadoes.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
While violent tornado activity increased over the warm sector, a third band of convection developed at about 16:00 UTC and extended from near St. Louis into west-central Illinois. Based upon real-time satellite imagery and model data, differential positive vorticity advection coincided with the left exit region of an upper-level jet streak that reached wind speeds of up to 130 kn (150 mph) (66.9 m/s (241 km/h)), thereby enhancing thunderstorm growth.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Storms grew rapidly in height and extent, producing baseball-sized hail by 17:20 UTC in Illinois and, shortly thereafter, in St. Louis, Missouri, which reported a very severe thunderstorm early in the afternoon that, while not producing a tornado, was the costliest storm to hit the city up to that time. By 19:50 UTC, supercells producing F3 tornadoes hit the Decatur and Normal areas in Illinois. As thunderstorms moved into the warmer, moister air mass over eastern Illinois and Indiana, they produced longer-lived tornadoes—one of which began near Otterbein and ended near Valentine in Indiana, a distance of 121 miles (194 km).


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Meanwhile, by 00:00 UTC the southern half of the first convective band became indistinguishable from new convection that had formed farther south over Alabama and Tennessee in connection with convective band two. In this area, increasing west-southwesterly wind shear at all levels of the troposphere, juxtaposed over near-parallel outflow boundaries, allowed successive supercells, all producing strong, long-tracked tornadoes, to develop unconstrained by their outflow in a broad region from eastern Mississippi, to the southern Tennessee.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
These storms, forming after 23:00 UTC, produced some of the most powerful tornadoes of the outbreak, including a large and long-tracked F4 that struck the western and central portions of Alabama, tracking for just over 110 miles (178 km), two F5s that both slammed into Tanner, causing extensive fatalities, an extremely potent F5 that devastated Guin in Alabama, and multiple violent, deadly tornadoes that affected and caused fatalities in Tennessee.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
Michigan was not hit as hard as neighboring states or Windsor, with only one deadly tornado that hit near Coldwater and Hillsdale, killing people in mobile homes; however, thunderstorm downpours caused flash floods, and north of the warm front in the Upper Peninsula, heavy snowfall was reported. Activity in the south moved towards the Appalachians during the overnight hours and produced the final tornadoes across the southeast during the morning of April 4.


1974 Super Outbreak, Meteorological synopsis
A series of studies by Dr. Tetsuya T. Fujita in 1974–75—which were later cited in a 2004 survey by Risk Management Solutions—found that three-quarters of all tornadoes in the 1974 Super Outbreak were produced by 30 'families' of tornadoes—multiple tornadoes spawned in succession by a single thunderstorm cell. The majority of these were long-lived and long-tracked individual supercells.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes
Never before had so many violent (F4 and F5) tornadoes been observed in a single tornado outbreak. There were seven F5 tornadoes and 23 F4 tornadoes. The outbreak began in Morris, Illinois, at around 1:00 pm on April 3. As the storm system moved east where daytime heating had made the air more unstable, the tornadoes grew more intense. A tornado that struck near Monticello, Indiana was an F4 and had a path length of 121 miles (195 km), the longest path length of any tornado for this outbreak. A total of 19 people were killed in this tornado. The first F5 tornado of the day struck the city of Depauw, Indiana, at 3:20 pm EDT. It killed 6 and injured 86 others along its 65-mile path, leveling and sweeping away homes in Depauw and Daisy Hill.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes
Seven F5s were observed—one each in Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky, three in Alabama and the final one which crossed through parts of Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky. 31 were killed in Brandenburg, Kentucky, and 28 died in Guin, Alabama. An F3 tornado also occurred in Windsor, Ontario, Canada, killing nine and injuring 30 others there, all of them at the former Windsor Curling Club. During the peak of the outbreak, a staggering 16 tornadoes were on the ground simultaneously. At one point forecasters in Indiana, frustrated because they could not keep up with all of the simultaneous tornado activity, put the entire state of Indiana under a blanket tornado warning. This was the first and only time in U.S. history that an entire state was under a tornado warning.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes
There were 18 hours of nearly continuous tornado activity that ended in Caldwell County, North Carolina, at about 7:00 am on April 4. A total of 319 were killed in 148 tornadoes from April 3 through April 4 and 5,484 were injured.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes
The 1974 Super Outbreak occurred at the end of a very strong, nearly record-setting La Niña event. The 1973–74 La Niña was just as strong as the 1998–99 La Niña. Despite the apparent connection between La Niña and two of the largest tornado outbreaks in United States history, no definitive linkage exists between La Niña and this outbreak or tornado activity in general. Some tornado myths were soundly debunked (not necessarily for the first time) by tornado activity during the outbreak.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, DePauw/Daisy Hill, Indiana
Of the F5 tornadoes produced by the outbreak, the DePauw tornado was the first to form, touching down at 3:20 pm local time. It is probably the least-known of the F5 tornadoes in the outbreak as it traveled through rural areas in southern Indiana northwest of Louisville, traversing about 65 miles (105 km) through parts of Perry and Harrison Counties. F5 damage was observed near the community of Depauw, where numerous farms were leveled. Areas near Palmyra and Borden were also heavily affected by the tornado. Morgan Elementary School in northern Harrison County Indiana was directly hit by the tornado.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, DePauw/Daisy Hill, Indiana
Four classrooms were destroyed and the roof was removed from the school and placed on the cars of the faculty. Fortunately, the children and faculty, who were huddled in the hallways, were not injured. All but 10 homes in  Martinsburg were destroyed; and in the Daisy Hill community homes were completely swept away at F5 intensity. Published photographs of this storm reveal a very wide debris cloud and wall cloud structure, with no visible condensation funnel at times. Overall, six were killed by the storm and 86 were injured. One of the fatalities occurred when a woman was crushed by a school bus that flew into a ditch she was sheltering in. The tornado had a peak width of 700–1,760 yards (640–1,610 m).


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
The tornado that struck the city of Xenia, Ohio stands as the deadliest individual tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak, killing 32 people and destroying a significant portion of the town. The tornado formed near Bellbrook, Ohio, southwest of Xenia, at about 4:30 pm EDT. It began as a moderate-sized tornado, then intensified while moving northeast at about 50 mph (80 km/h). The tornado exhibited a multiple-vortex structure and became very large as it approached town.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
Gil Whitney, the weather specialist for WHIO-TV in Dayton, alerted viewers in Montgomery and Greene Counties (where Xenia is located) about the possible tornado, broadcasting the radar image of the supercell with a pronounced hook echo on the rear flank of the storm several minutes before it actually struck. The storm was visible on radar because of raindrops wrapping around the circulation. The massive tornado slammed into the western part of Xenia, completely flattening the Windsor Park and Arrowhead subdivisions at F5 intensity, and sweeping away entire rows of brick homes with little debris left behind in some areas. Extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
When the storm reached central Xenia at 4:40 pm, apartment buildings, homes, businesses, churches, and schools including Xenia High School were destroyed. Students in the school, practicing for a play, took cover in the main hallway seconds before the tornado dropped a school bus onto the stage where they had been practicing and extensively damaged the school building. Several railroad cars were lifted and blown over as the tornado passed over a moving Penn Central freight train in the center of town.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
It toppled headstones in Cherry Grove Cemetery, then moved through the length of the downtown business district, passing west of the courthouse (which sustained some exterior damage). Numerous businesses in downtown Xenia were heavily damaged or destroyed, and several people were killed at the A&W Root Beer stand as the building was flattened. At the time, this was the state's highest tornadic death toll for a single building since 1953. Past downtown, the tornado continued into the Pinecrest Garden district, which was extensively affected.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
The Xenia tornado was recorded on film by one resident, and its sound was recorded on tape by a Mr. Brokeshoulder from inside an apartment complex. Before the tornado hit the building, the resident left the tape recorder on,  and it was found after the storm. At the same time a few blocks away, 16-year-old Xenia resident Bruce Boyd captured 3 minutes and 21 seconds of footage with a "Super-8" 8mm movie camera, a pre-1973 model without sound recording capability. The footage was later paired with the nearby tape recording.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
Boyd's film shows multiple vortices within the larger circulation as the storm swept through Xenia. Upon exiting Xenia, the tornado passed through Wilberforce, heavily damaging several campus and residential buildings of Wilberforce University. Central State University also sustained considerable damage, and a water tower there was toppled. Afterwards, the tornado weakened before dissipating in Clark County near South Vienna, traveling a little over 30 miles (48 km). Its maximum width was a half-mile (0.8 km) in Xenia. The same parent storm later spawned a weaker tornado northeast of Columbus in Franklin County.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
A total of 32 people lost their lives in the twister, and about 1,150 were injured in Xenia, several of whom took proper shelter. In addition to the direct fatalities, two Ohio Air National Guardsmen deployed for disaster assistance were killed on April 17 when a fire swept through their temporary barracks in a furniture store. The memorial in downtown Xenia lists 34 deaths, in honor of the two Guardsmen. About 1,400 buildings (roughly half of the town) were heavily damaged or destroyed. Damage was estimated at US$100 million ($471.7 million in 2013 dollars).


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
President Richard Nixon made an unannounced visit to Xenia a few days later. It would be the first (and only) city affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak that he would visit. Upon inspecting the damage, he said: "As I look back over the disasters, I saw the earthquake in Anchorage in 1964; I saw the hurricanes... Hurricane Camille in 1969 down in Mississippi, and I saw Hurricane Agnes in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. And it is hard to tell the difference among them all, but I would say in terms of destruction, just total devastation, this is the worst I have seen."


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
President Nixon immediately declared Xenia a disaster area. Although the Federal Disaster Relief Act was already introduced in 1973, it still had not passed Congress. The 1974 Super Outbreak disaster was a catalyst for accelerated passage of the act through Congress in 1974, according to Nixon. It took several months for the city to recover from the tornado, with the help of the Red Cross and the Ohio National Guard assisting the recovery efforts. Most of the town was quickly re-built afterward.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
In recognition of their coverage of the tornado under difficult circumstances, the staff of the Xenia Daily Gazette won the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Reporting in 1975. The Xenia tornado was one of two rated F5 that affected Ohio during the outbreak, the other striking the Cincinnati area (see Cincinnati/Sayler Park area tornado, below). Xenia was later struck by two other tornadoes—both a smaller one in April 1989 and a larger one in September 2000, which was an F4 twister that killed one and injured about 100 in an area parallel to and just north of the 1974 path. Before the 1974 storm, the city had no tornado sirens. After the F5 tornado hit on April 3, 1974, ten sirens were installed across the area.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Xenia, Ohio
Dr. Ted Fujita and a team of colleagues undertook a 10-month study of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Along with discovering much about tornadoes which was not known before, such as the downburst and the microburst, and assessing damage to surrounding structures, the Xenia tornado was determined to be the worst of the 148 storms. Fujita initially assigned a preliminary rating of F6 intensity ± 1 scale, before deeming F6 ratings "inconceivable".


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Hanover/Madison, Indiana
Soon after the Depauw tornado lifted, the Hanover/Madison F4 twister formed near Henryville and traveled through Jefferson County and leveled many structures in the small towns of Hanover and Madison. A total of 11 people were killed in this storm while an additional 300 were injured. According to a WHAS-TV Louisville reporter in a special report about the outbreak, 90% of Hanover was destroyed or severely damaged, including the Hanover College campus.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Hanover/Madison, Indiana
Despite the fact that no one was killed or seriously injured at the college, 32 of the college's 33 buildings were damaged, including two that were completely destroyed and six that sustained major structural damage. Hundreds of trees were down, completely blocking every campus road. All utilities were knocked out and communication with those off campus was nearly impossible. Damage to the campus alone was estimated at about US$10 million. In Madison alone, where seven of the fatalities took place, about 300 homes were destroyed. The tornado also brushed the community of China causing additional fatalities.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Hanover/Madison, Indiana
The same storm would later strike the Cincinnati area, producing multiple tornadoes, including another F5.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Brandenburg, Kentucky
The Brandenburg tornado, which produced F5 damage and took 31 lives, touched down in Breckinridge County around 3:25 pm CDT and followed a 32-mile (51 km) path. The tornado first moved across the north edge of Hardinsburg, inflicting F3 damage to homes at that location. The tornado quickly became violent as it moved into Meade County, producing F4 damage as it passed north of Irvington, sweeping away numerous homes in this rural area. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards from residences and mangled, and a few were completely wrapped around trees.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Brandenburg, Kentucky
One home that was swept away sustained total collapse of a poured concrete walk-out basement wall. A news photographer reported that the tornado "left no grass" as it crossed Kentucky Route 79 in this area, and canceled checks from near Irvington were later found in Ohio. Past Irvington, the tornado tore directly through Brandenburg at F5 intensity, completely leveling and sweeping away numerous homes, some of which were well-built and anchor-bolted. The town's downtown area was also devastated with 18 of the fatalities occurring along Green Street alone.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Brandenburg, Kentucky
Trees and shrubbery in town were debarked and stripped, extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred, and numerous vehicles were destroyed as well, some of which had nothing left but the frame and tires. A curtain rod was found speared deeply into the trunk of one tree in town. Several tombstones in the Cap Anderson cemetery were toppled and broken, and some were displaced a small distance. Exiting Brandenburg, the tornado crossed into Indiana producing F4 damage there before dissipating. The same storm would later produce tornadoes in the Louisville metro area.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Brandenburg, Kentucky
When the twister struck on April 3, 1974, many of the Brandenburg residents at that time had also experienced a major flood of the Ohio River that affected the area in 1937 as well as numerous other communities along the river, including Louisville and Paducah. The Brandenburg tornado is the only tornado to produce F5/EF5 damage in the state in Kentucky history.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Cincinnati/Sayler Park, Ohio
The Sayler Park tornado was among a series of tornadoes that earlier struck portions of southern Indiana from north of Brandenburg, Kentucky, into southwest Ohio. This tornado was witnessed on television by thousands of people, as WCPO aired the tornado live during special news coverage of the tornadoes. It was also noted for the rarity in that its path was in parts of three states. It began shortly before 4:30 pm CDT or 5:30 pm EDT in southeastern Indiana in Ohio County north of Rising Sun near the Ohio River.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Cincinnati/Sayler Park, Ohio
It then traveled through Boone County, Kentucky, producing F4 damage in the Taylorsport area before crossing the Ohio River a second time into Ohio. Here, the tornado reached F5 intensity as it slammed into Sayler Park. The first area of town hit was the Morehead Marina, where numerous boats were thrown and destroyed. A large floating restaurant barge at this location was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped by the tornado. It was later recovered several miles downstream. A nearby house was lifted from its foundation and thrown into the river.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Cincinnati/Sayler Park, Ohio
At a further inland area of Sayler Park, the tornado maintained F5 intensity as numerous homes were swept away at a hilly area near a lake, with only bare slabs remaining. NWS surveyors noted that a pickup truck in this area was carried a half block over the roofs of five homes before being smashed to the ground. The tornado weakened somewhat as it continued northeastward, passing through multiple Cincinnati neighborhoods and destroying numerous homes. Some of the worst affected areas were Bridgetown, Mack, Dent and Delhi. Damage in Delhi was rated as high as F4. The tornado took three lives and injured 210 with 190 of the injuries were in Hamilton County, Ohio alone. It was considered the most-photographed tornado of the outbreak.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Cincinnati/Sayler Park, Ohio
This tornado dissipated west of White Oak, but the same thunderstorm activity was responsible for two other tornado touchdowns in the Lebanon and Mason areas. The Mason tornado, which started in the northern Cincinnati subdivisions of Arlington Heights and Elmwood Place, was rated F4 and took two lives, while the Warren County tornado was rated an F2 and injured 10.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Louisville, Kentucky
About an hour after the Brandenburg tornado, the same supercell spawned an F4 tornado that formed in the southwest part of Jefferson County near Kosmosdale. Another funnel cloud formed over Standiford Field Airport, touched down at The Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center, and destroyed the majority of the horse barns at the center and part of Freedom Hall (a multipurpose arena) before it crossed Interstate 65, scattering several vehicles on that busy expressway.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Louisville, Kentucky
The tornado continued its 22-mile (35 km) journey northeast where it demolished most of Audubon Elementary School and affected the neighborhoods of Audubon, Cherokee Triangle, Cherokee-Seneca, Crescent Hill, Indian Hills, Northfield, Rolling Fields, and Tyler Park. Numerous homes were destroyed in residential areas, including a few that were leveled. The tornado ended near the junction of Interstates 264 and 71 after killing three people, injuring 207 people, destroying over 900 homes, and damaging thousands of others. Cherokee Park, a historic 409-acre (1.66 km2) municipal park located at Eastern Parkway and Cherokee Road, had thousands of mature trees destroyed. A massive re-planting effort was undertaken by the community in the aftermath of the tornado.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Louisville, Kentucky
Dick Gilbert, a helicopter traffic reporter for radio station WHAS-AM, followed the tornado through portions of its track including when it heavily damaged the Louisville Water Company's Crescent Hill pumping station, and gave vivid descriptions of the damage as seen from the air. A WHAS-TV cameraman also filmed the tornado when it passed just east of the Central Business District of Louisville.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Louisville, Kentucky
WHAS-AM broke away from its regular programming shortly before the tornado struck Louisville and was on-air live with John Burke, the chief meteorologist at the National Weather Service's Louisville office at Standiford Field when the tornado first descended. The station remained on the air delivering weather bulletins and storm-related information until well into the early morning hours of April 4.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Louisville, Kentucky
As electrical power had been knocked out to a substantial portion of the city, the radio station became a clearinghouse for vital information and contact with emergency workers, not only in Louisville but across the state of Kentucky due to its 50,000-watt clear-channel signal and the fact that storms had knocked numerous broadcasting stations in smaller communities, such as Frankfort, off the air. Then-Governor Wendell Ford commended the station's personnel for their service to the community in the time of crisis, and Dick Gilbert later received a special commendation from then-President Richard Nixon for his tracking of the tornado from his helicopter.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
This half-mile (0.8 km) wide F4 tornado developed (as part of a tornado family that moved from Illinois to Michigan for 260 miles) during the late afternoon hours. This tornado produced the longest damage path recorded during the 1974 Super Outbreak, on a southwest to northeast path that nearly crossed the entire state of Indiana. According to most records (including the presented map of north Indiana), this tornado formed just southwest of Otterbein in northeast Warren County in west central Indiana, and ended in LaGrange County just northwest of Valentine – a total distance of about 121 miles (195 km).


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
Further analysis by Ted Fujita indicated that at the start of the tornado path near Otterbein, downburst winds (also called "twisting downburst") disrupted the tornado's inflow which caused it to briefly dissipate before redeveloping near Brookston in White County at around 4:50 pm EDT and then traveled for 109 miles (175 km). It also struck portions of six other counties, with the hardest hit being White County and its town of Monticello. Much of the town was destroyed including the courthouse, some churches and cemeteries, 40 businesses and numerous homes as well as three schools. It also heavily damaged the Penn Central bridge over the Tippecanoe River. Overall damage according to the NOAA was estimated at about US$250 million with US$100 million damage in Monticello alone.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
After the tornado struck Monticello, the tornado reached peak strength and completely leveled several farms northwest of town. The tornado then went on to tear through the west side of Rochester, where businesses were destroyed and homes were completely leveled and swept away. Riddle Elementary School was badly damaged as well. The tornado then struck Talma, destroying most of the town, including a fastening plant and the schoolhouse. The tornado continued northeast and struck the south sides of Atwood and Leesburg, with additional severe damage occurring at both locations.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
The tornado then crossed Dewart Lake and Lake Wawasee, destroying multiple lakeside homes and trailers. The Wawasee Airport was hard hit, where hangars were destroyed and planes were thrown and demolished. The tornado destroyed several buildings as it passed between Ligonier and Topeka, including Perry School and a Monsanto plant. Train cars near the plant blown off the tracks and thrown into the building. The tornado then finally dissipated near Oliver Lake airfield.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
A total of 18 people were killed during the storm including five people from Fort Wayne when their mini-bus fell 50 feet (15 m) into the Tippecanoe River near Monticello. One passenger did survive the fall. Five others were killed in White County, six in Fulton County and one in Kosciusko County. The National Guard had assisted the residents in the relief and cleanup efforts and then-Governor Otis Bowen visited the area days after the storm.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Monticello, Indiana
One of the few consolations from the tornado was that a century-old bronze bell that belonged to the White County Courthouse and served as timekeeper was found intact despite being thrown a great distance. The tornado itself had contradicted a long-time myth that a tornado would "not follow terrain into steep valleys"  as while hitting Monticello, it descended a 60-foot (18 m) hill near the Tippecanoe River and heavily damaged several homes immediately afterwards.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (1st tornado)
As the cluster of thunderstorms was crossing much of the Ohio Valley and northern Indiana, additional strong storms developed much further south just east of the Mississippi River into the Tennessee Valley and Mississippi. It produced the first deadly tornadoes in Alabama during the early evening hours. Most of the small town of Tanner, west of Huntsville in Limestone County, was destroyed when two F5 tornadoes struck the community 30 minutes apart.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (1st tornado)
The first tornado formed at 6:30 pm CDT in Lawrence County, Alabama and ended just over 90 minutes later in Madison County, Alabama, killing 28 people. The tornado first touched down near the small community of Mt. Hope, and then tracked into Mt. Moriah, where the tornado rapidly intensified and swept away homes and hurled fleeing vehicles, and where a family of six were killed. Further along the track, many homes were swept away near Moulton. A water pump was completely lifted out of a wellhouse along Alabama State Route 157 in this area.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (1st tornado)
In one case, the destruction was so complete that a witness reported that the largest recognizable objects among scattered debris from an obliterated house were some bed-springs. The tornado crossed into Morgan County, causing additional destruction in rural areas near Hillsboro and Trinity. Crossing the Tennessee River into Limestone County as a large waterspout, the tornado flattened a ¾-mile–wide swath of trees on the opposite bank. Ground scouring occurred in this area, as reddish soil was dug up and plastered against trees.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (1st tornado)
The storm then slammed into Tanner, where many homes were swept away, vehicles were tossed, shrubbery was debarked, and Lawson's Trailer Park sustained major damage. The tornado then continued into Madison County and struck the Capshaw and Harvest areas. Numerous homes in Harvest and surrounding rural areas of the county were swept completely away and scattered, and extensive wind-rowing of debris was noted. A bathtub from one residence was found deeply embedded into the ground. Past Harvest, the tornado abruptly dissipated NE of town, having a peak width of 500 yards.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Jasper/Cullman, Alabama
While tornadoes were causing devastation in the northwesternmost corner of the state, another supercell crossing the Mississippi-Alabama state line produced another violent tornado that touched down in Pickens County before heading northeast for nearly 2 hours towards the Jasper area causing major damage to its downtown as the F4 storm struck. Damage was reported in Cullman from the storm before it lifted.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Jasper/Cullman, Alabama
The Jasper tornado first touched near Aliceville, producing scattered damage as it tracked northeastward. The damage became more intense continuous as the tornado entered Tuscaloosa County. The tornado continued to strengthen south of Berry, and two people were killed near the Walker County line when a church was destroyed. The tornado tore directly through downtown Jasper at 6:57 PM, resulting in severe damage and at least 100 injuries. Numerous buildings and storefronts were heavily damaged in downtown Jasper, and many streets were blocked with trees and power lines.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Jasper/Cullman, Alabama
The Walker County courthouse sustained major damage, and a new fire station was completely leveled. The fireman on duty at the time took shelter underneath a nearby bridge, and survived without injury. The Walker County Library and the Jasper First Methodist Church were also damaged. The tornado crossed Lewis Smith Lake and moved across the south side of Cullman at 7:40 pm. Multiple homes and shopping centers were damaged or destroyed in the area, resulting in one death and 36 injuries. The tornado finally dissipated northeast of Cullman a short time later.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Jasper/Cullman, Alabama
In total, the storm took three lives, but injured one hundred and fifty residents of Jasper or Cullman. Five hundred buildings were destroyed, with nearly four hundred other buildings severely damaged. At the same time, a third supercell was crossing the state line near the track of the previous two.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
While rescue efforts were underway to look for people under the destroyed structures, few were aware that another violent tornado would strike the area. The path of the second tornado, which formed at 7:35 pm CDT was 83 miles in length, also had a peak width of 500 yards, and the storm formed along the north bank Tennessee River less than a mile from the path of the earlier storm; with much of its path very closely paralleling its predecessor as it tore through Limestone and Madison Counties. 16 people were killed by this second tornado.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
Tanner was the first community to be hit, and many structures that were left standing after the first tornado were destroyed in the second one. A man injured at Lawson's Trailer Park in the first tornado was taken to a church in the area, which collapsed in the second tornado, killing him.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
After devastating what was left of Tanner, the tornado continued across rural Limestone County and into Madison County, where the communities of Capshaw and Harvest were devastated once again. Numerous homes throughout Madison County were swept completely away, with extensive wind-rowing of debris noted once again. Past Harvest, the tornado swept away multiple additional homes in the Hazel Green area. The tornado continued northeastward through rural portions of Madison County before crossing into Tennessee, where major damage and 6 deaths occurred in Franklin and Lincoln Counties before the tornado dissipated in Coffee County.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
Two of the fatalities in Tennessee occurred when a church was destroyed during service. The death toll from the two tornadoes was over 45 and over 400 were injured. Most of the fatalities occurred in and around the Tanner area. Over 1,000 houses, 200 mobile homes and numerous other outbuildings, automobiles, power lines and trees were completely demolished or heavily damaged. The most recent official National Weather Service records show that both of the Tanner tornadoes were rated F5.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tanner, Alabama (2nd tornado)
However, the rating of the second Tanner tornado is still disputed by some scientists; analysis in one publication estimates F3-F4 damage along the entirety of the second storm's path. This was the second state to have been hit by more than two F5s during the 1974 Super Outbreak. The next occurrence of two F5s hitting the same state on the same day happened in March 1990 in Kansas, and then in both Mississippi and Alabama on April 27, 2011. Meanwhile, the next F5 to hit the state was on April 4, 1977 near Birmingham. Tanner was hit by yet another EF5 tornado during the 2011 Super Outbreak.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
The fast-moving nighttime tornado that devastated the town of Guin, was the longest-duration F5 tornado recorded in the outbreak, and considered to be one of the most violent ever recorded. The Guin Tornado traveled over 79.5 miles (127.9 km), from the town of Vernon, Alabama, to just south of the small town of Basham, before lifting just after 10:30 pm CDT. It formed at around 8:50 pm CDT near the Mississippi-Alabama border, north of the town of Vernon, striking the Monterey Trailer Park, resulting in major damage at that location.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
The tornado  then became extremely violent as it approached and entered Guin, with multiple areas of F5 damage noted in and around town. The tornado first struck the Guin Mobile Home Plant as it entered the town, completely obliterating the structure. Nothing was left of the plant but a pile of mangled steel beams, and its foundation was partially pushed clean of debris. The town's downtown area was also heavily damaged, with many brick businesses and two churches completely destroyed. Residential areas in Guin suffered total devastation, with many homes swept completely away and scattered across fields.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
According to NWS damage surveyor Bill Herman, the damage in one 6-block area was particularly extreme, and remarked that "It was just like the ground had been swept clean. It was just as much of a total wipeout as you can have." Surveyor J.B. Elliot noted that the destruction was so complete, that even some of the foundations were "dislodged, and in some cases swept away." A total of 23 people were killed in Guin.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
The tornado continued past Guin and struck the small community of Twin, destroying numerous homes, mobile homes, and businesses at that location, though the damage was less intense than that observed in Guin. Crossing into Winston County, the tornado struck the small community of Delmar, destroying additional homes and killing 5 people. Mobile homes in Delmar were obliterated, with their frames wrapped around trees. Past Delmar, the tornado grew up to a mile wide as it tore through the William B. Bankhead National Forest, flattening a huge swath of trees.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
Surveyors noted that timber damage was equally severe at all elevations in this area, with numerous trees snapped both along exposed ridges and in deep gorges. So many trees were snapped in this area that the tornado path was visible from satellite. The tornado finally dissipated south of Basham, destroying 546 structures, killing 28 people, and injuring 332 others. The same supercell then re-strengthened and produced a new tornado just south of the town of Decatur.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Guin, Alabama
The Guin tornado was originally believed by Fujita to have had a 132 miles (212 km) long path, that went all the way from Vernon, to the small town of Hytop, just a few miles south of the Tennessee state line. However, the 46.5 miles (74.8 km) section of the original path, from Decatur, to Hytop, was determined later to be from a different tornado, which was rated F3. That F3 tornado event is listed below.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville was affected shortly before 11:00 pm EDT by a strong F3 tornado produced by the same thunderstorm that produced the Guin tornado. This tornado produced heavy damage in the south end of the city, eventually damaging or destroying nearly 1,000 structures.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Huntsville, Alabama
The tornado touched down north of Hartselle and moved northeast toward Huntsville. It first hit the Redstone Arsenal, damaging or destroying numerous buildings at that location. But thanks to early warning from an MP picket line on Rideout Road (now Research Park Boulevard (AL-255) ), there were only three, relatively minor, injuries. One of the buildings destroyed was a publications center for the Nuclear Weapons Training School on the Arsenal. For months afterwards, portions of classified documents were being returned by farmers in Tennessee and Alabama.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Huntsville, Alabama
Many homes were badly damaged or destroyed as the tornado passed through residential areas of the city, and a school was destroyed as well. Many businesses were also heavily damaged, and numerous trees and power lines were downed throughout the city. The Glenn'll trailer park was completely destroyed by the tornado, and some sources list a fatality occurring at that location. The tornado then reached Monte Sano Mountain, which has an elevation of 1,640 feet (492 m), where additional homes were torn apart.


1974 Super Outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Huntsville, Alabama
The National Weather Service office at Huntsville Jetplex was briefly "closed and abandoned" due to the severe weather conditions. The tornado eventually dissipated near Jacobs Mountain. Remarkable electrical phenomenon was reported as the tornado passed through Huntsville, with reports of luminous clouds, ball lightning, and multi-colored flashes and glowing areas in the sky as the storm moved through the city. These aforementioned flashes were more than likely Power Flashes, which are flashes of light caused by arcing electrical discharges from damaged electrical equipment, most often severed power lines.


1974 Surgut mid-air collision
On Friday, 1 November 1974, an Antonov An-2 single-engine biplane and a Mil Mi-8 helicopter collided near Surgut airport, killing all 38 people (14 on the airplane and 24 on the helicopter) on board the two aircraft.


1974 Surgut mid-air collision, Aircraft involved
The An-2 serial number 1G132-21 was registered USSR-70766 and was certified for operation on 4 November 1971. The airframe had a total operating time of 2,591 flight hours with 3,477 landings.


1974 Surgut mid-air collision, Aircraft involved
The Mi-8T serial number 3771 was registered USSR-25686 and was certified on 8 June 1973. The total operating time of the helicopter was 1,298 hours with 3,416 landings.


1974 Surgut mid-air collision, Accident
The An-2 was operating as flight 662, a passenger service from Khanty-Mansiysk to Surgut and departed at 11:36 Moscow time with 2 crew members and 12 passengers. At 12:54, the Mi-8 took off from Surgut airport, despite the fact that the weather conditions were below its meteorological minimum. The An-2 was approaching Surgut airport on a heading of 253 degrees in instrument meteorological conditions, then turned to a heading of 73 degrees to land. The helicopter was leaving the airport on a heading of 220 degrees and at 12:56:36 (14:56:36 local time), approximately 4.5 km southwest of Surgut airport at an altitude of 150 meters the aircraft collided.


1974 Surgut mid-air collision, Investigation
The main cause of the accident was the unsatisfactory management of the air traffic zone of Surgut airport. In the conditions of poor visibility, approach procedures were violated and dispatchers released and received aircraft despite the fact that meteorological minimums for these types were not met. A contributing factor was the lack of control over the movement of aircraft by radar and poor radio communication.


1974 Sutton London Borough Council election
The 1974 Sutton Council election took place on 2 May 1974 to elect members of Sutton London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1974 Svenska Cupen Final
The 1974 Svenska Cupen final took place on 23 May 1974 at Örjans Vall in Halmstad. The match was contested by Allsvenskan sides Malmö FF and Östers IF. Öster played their first cup final ever, Malmö FF played their second consecutive final and their 10th final in total. Malmö FF won their 8th title with a 2–0 victory.


1974 Swedish Grand Prix
The 1974 Swedish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Scandinavian Raceway on 9 June 1974. It was race 7 of 15 in both the 1974 World Championship of Drivers and the 1974 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.


1974 Swedish Grand Prix
The race was dominated by the two Tyrrell-Cosworth 007s of Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler. Depailler took pole position, however Scheckter beat him by 0.380 sec in the race, to score his first Grand Prix win.


1974 Swedish Grand Prix, Race summary
After Monaco, there were some new faces. Brian Redman retired from Formula One, to be replaced by Bertil Roos whilst Reine Wisell took over at March from Hans-Joachim Stuck, Richard Robarts replaced Arturo Merzario after the Italian was unwell and Leo Kinnunen made his début marking the first time a Finn started a Formula One Grand Prix. Vern Schuppan (Ensign-Ford), first reserve, started illegally from 26th place on the grid and completed the race before he was disqualified. Tom Belsø crashed his car in practice and with no spare car, Richard Robarts did not start and let the Danish driver have his car.


1974 Swedish Grand Prix, Race summary
The two Tyrrells of Depailler and Scheckter sewed up the front row and dominated the race. Ronnie Peterson retired on lap eight with driveshaft failure, shortly to be followed by Clay Regazzoni with gearbox problems. Niki Lauda and James Hunt had a duel for 20 laps before Hunt got past on lap 66 and began slicing into the Tyrrells' lead at two seconds a lap. In the end, Scheckter held on to take his first race win by 0.38s and Hunt took third place, the Hesketh team's first Formula One points. Graham Hill gained his first championship point since 1972, and the last of his career, whilst Tom Belsø drove to 8th place.


1974 Swedish Open
The 1974 Swedish Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden. It was classified as a Group B category tournament and was part of the 1974 Grand Prix circuit. It was the 27th edition of the tournament and was held from 8 July until 14 July 1974. Björn Borg won the singles title.


1974 Swedish Open, Finals, Doubles
Paolo Bertolucci /  Adriano Panatta defeated  Ove Nils Bengtson /  Björn Borg 3–6, 6–2, 6–4


1974 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1974 season.


1974 Swiss referendums
Four referendums were held in Switzerland in 1974. The first was held on 20 October on a popular initiative "against foreign infiltration and overpopulation", and was rejected by voters. The next three were held on 8 December on an amendment to the federal budget (rejected), restricting federal expenditure (approved) and a popular initiative (and counterproposal) on social health insurance (both of which were rejected).


1974 Sydenham by-election
The Sydenham by-election 1974 was a by-election held in the Sydenham electorate during the term of the 37th New Zealand Parliament on 2 November 1974. Eight candidates stood in total.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Background
The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP Norman Kirk of the Labour Party, who at the time was Prime Minister, on 31 August 1974. Sydenham was an electorate in Christchurch and was a safe Labour seat, the party having held it since its recreation in 1946. Media stating at the time "At any general election in Sydenham the only interest is in the size of the Labour Party candidate's majority." This was New Zealand's first parliamentary election with a voting age of 18 years.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
Bill Rowling, who had replaced Kirk as Prime Minister, was given the option by Labour of replacing Kirk in Sydenham but chose to remain in his home electorate of Tasman despite it being a more marginal electorate. He felt too much affinity for Tasman to leave and also did not want to cause a second by-election there should he be successful. His declination left the field open and several candidates emerged. They included:


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
Wybrow was initially the heavy favourite to win the nomination, so much so that he withdrew his place as a candidate on the Labour ticket for the Wellington City Council at the 1974 local elections. The secretary of the Sydenham branch, Mr M. J. O'Neil, was initially a candidate as well but withdrew from the process prior to the selection meeting. The selection meeting was held on 3 October and each of the 11 candidates gave a 10 minute speech before the six-person selection committee withdrew at 9:30 to consider the candidates.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
At 11:15 the party president Charles Bennett announced that Kirk had been selected as the candidate. Initially the three Labour electorate representatives wanted Kirk while the three head office nominees wanted Wybrow. Gerald O'Brien, the party vice-president who was on the panel to choose the Labour candidate, broke the deadlock and switched his vote to Kirk, who got the nod. Before his death Norman Kirk had talked to cabinet minister Warren Freer very frankly about his family, and made it quite clear that if any of his sons wished to have a political career, he hoped it would be Robert or Philip, but not John.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
The National Party decided not to stand a candidate. This followed on from a decision by National to refrain from political activities in the wake of Kirk's death. However, a previous National candidate, Saul Goldsmith from Wellington, stood as an Independent National candidate. As Goldsmith had gone directly against the decision of the party's dominion executive, party president George Chapman recommended the suspension of his membership.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
After discussions with the Canterbury-Westland division of the party it was felt that it was no longer necessary to suspend Goldsmith and that public announcements that he was neither an official candidate nor party endorsed had made the party's stance clear to the public. Prior to the decision not to contest the seat John Burn, a Citizens' Association candidate for the North Ward of the Christchurch City Council at the upcoming local-body election, was rumoured to be a potential National candidate. He had contested the seat in 1972.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
The Social Credit Party chose Joe Pounsford as its candidate. Pounsford was a sub-branch secretary and executive member of the Canterbury branch of the Meat Workers' Union and had contested Sydenham for Social Credit four times previously (in 1960, 1963, 1966 and 1969) before standing in Lyttelton in 1972. During his campaign he challenged National leader Robert Muldoon to "face up or shut up" by challenging him to a public debate on industrial relations in response to anti-union remarks Muldoon had been making since becoming National leader in July.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Candidates
The Values Party selected Andy Lea, a 26 year old wine and spirit merchant for Quill Morris, as their candidate. Lea ran two campaigns at once as he was also a Values candidate for the North Ward of the Christchurch City Council at the upcoming local-body elections.


1974 Sydenham by-election, Results
The by-election was won by John Kirk, Norman Kirk's son. This was John Kirk's entry into Parliament and he would hold the Sydenham electorate for ten years. John Kirk received 63% of the vote; Joe Poundsford of the Social Credit Party came second with 17%.


1974 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1974 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Frank Maloney and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. The team finished with a record of 2–9.


1974 São Paulo FC season
The 1974 football season was São Paulo's 45th season since club's existence.


1974 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series
The 1974 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series was an Australian motor racing competition open to Formula Ford racing cars. It was the fifth annual Australian national series for Formula Fords.


1974 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series
The series was won by Terry Perkins, driving an Elfin 620FF and a Titan.


1974 TAA Formula Ford Driver to Europe Series, Schedule
The series was contested over ten rounds with one race per round.


1974 TANFL season
The 1974 Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) premiership season was an Australian rules football competition staged in Hobart, Tasmania over twenty-one (21) roster rounds and four (4) finals series matches between 6 April and 5 October 1974.


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Round 10
(Saturday, 8 June. Saturday, 15 June & Monday, 17 June 1974)


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Round 14
Note: This round was postponed on 13 July due to inclement weather conditions.


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Round 15
Note: Originally this was scheduled as Round 16. Round 15 (27 July) was postponed due to poor weather and ground conditions and was eventually replayed on 14 September as Round 21.


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Round 16
Note: Matches scheduled at the TCA Ground and Bellerive Oval switched due to poor ground conditions.


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Round 21
Note: This round was originally scheduled as Round 15 to be played on 27 July but was postponed due to poor weather.


1974 TANFL season, 1974 TANFL Ladder, Grand Final
Source: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury and Saturday Evening Mercury (SEM) publications, also Tasmanian Football Record publications.


1974 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1974 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 1–10 overall and 0–7 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Jim Shofner, in his first year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1974 Tamil conference incident
The 1974 Tamils Massacre incident occurred during the fourth World Tamil Research Conference, which was held in the city of Jaffna between 3 and 9 January 1974. Sri Lankan Police disrupted the meeting with force, killing eleven people, and resulting in substantial civilian property damage and more than 50 civilians sustaining severe injuries.


1974 Tamil conference incident, Early conflict
The SLFP-dominated government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike had requested that the conference be held in the capital Colombo but the conference organizers held it in the Tamil-dominant city of Jaffna.


1974 Tamil conference incident, Early conflict
On 10 January the organisers decided to hold a public meeting to distribute awards to those who had participated in the cultural program. The audience, more than 10,000 in number, spanned the road and overflowed into open expanses.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The incident
Assistant Superintendent of Police Chandrasekera, a Sinhalese commissioned officer, led a truckload of anti-riot police of more than 40 to the scene. Their unheralded arrival ended in the chaotic disruption of the ceremony.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The incident
The police had been advancing slowly through the crowd in jeep and truck wearing steel helmets, ordering the crowd to move. At the time Professor Naina Mohamed, a distinguished Tamil scholar from India, was speaking and the crowd was heavily packed, such that the police could proceed no further. Then the policemen who were armed with rifles, tear-gas bombs, batons and wicker shields started attacking those who stood in their way. The result was a stampede to escape the police attack, as policemen fanned out in all directions assaulting all and sundry. Some even jumped into the moat beside the Fort to escape the attack.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The incident
The overhead electric wires were brought down by gunshots. A policeman was seen throwing a tear-gas bomb which did not explode, and then firing at the electric wire, resulting in a burning coil falling on him. The foreign delegates who attended the conference had also confirmed that the police had fired into the air.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The incident
Seven civilians died of electrocution. Several others sustained severe injuries due to the police charging at them.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The government response
The police officers involved were subsequently promoted instead of being reprimanded by the government.


1974 Tamil conference incident, The government response
The report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Tragedy of January Tenth 1974 published on 18 February 1974 said,


1974 Tamil conference incident, The government response
"The irresistible conclusion we come to is that the police on this night (10 January 1974) was guilty of a violent and quite an unnecessary attack on unarmed citizens. "We are gravely concerned that they lacked the judgment which we expected of policemen in a civilian police force whose duties call for tactful handling even in the most difficult situation.”


1974 Tamil conference incident, Legacy
"the refusal of the government to appoint a Presidential Commission to inquire into the seven deaths and the conduct of the Police which led to those deaths, was a prime cause of the demand for a separate state."


1974 Tamil conference incident, Legacy
This incident was the precursor to the revenge killing of the SLFP mayor of Jaffna, Alfred Duraiappah by the LTTE which began the era of Tamil militancy amongst the youth leading up to the Sri Lankan civil war.


1974 Tampa Spartans football team
The 1974 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Spartans' 38th season and they competed as an NCAA Division I independent. The team was led by head coach Dennis Fryzel, in his second year, and played their home games at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida. They finished with a record of six wins and five losses (6–5). On February 27, 1975, the University of Tampa Board of Trustees voted to disband the Spartans football program effective for the 1975 season. Financial hardship was cited as the primary reason for its being disbanded.


1974 Tangerine Bowl
The 1974 Tangerine Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 21, 1974, at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The game featured the Georgia Bulldogs and the Miami Redskins (located in Oxford, Ohio and now nicknamed the RedHawks).


1974 Tangerine Bowl, Background
Miami was champion of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) for the second straight year, while having a season with no losses for the second straight year as well, earning another Tangerine trip. Georgia finished tied for second in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), despite losing three of their last four games. This was their first Tangerine Bowl appearance.


1974 Tangerine Bowl, Background
Delays with stadium renovation work had led to the previous Tangerine Bowl game being played in Gainesville; this year the game returned to Orlando, where it has remained since.


1974 Tangerine Bowl, Game summary
On the first play of scrimmage, the Bulldogs fumbled the ball and Miami recovered it at the Georgia 25. Rob Carpenter scored on a one-yard touchdown run to give Miami a 7–0 lead. Despite driving into Miami territory, Georgia settled for an Allan Leavitt field goal that narrowed the lead to 7–3. Sherman Smith threw a 7-yard touchdown pass to Ricky Taylor to make it 14–3. A fumble at the Bulldogs 22 gave the ball back to the Redskins, who capitalized with a touchdown run by Smith to make it 21–3. All Georgia could do in the second half was make the score 21–10 on a Ray Goff touchdown plunge, but Georgia could not get any more points.


1974 Tangerine Bowl, Aftermath
Miami returned to the Tangerine Bowl the following year, after winning their third straight MAC title. Georgia returned to the Tangerine Bowl ten years later; by then the game had changed names and was the 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl.


1974 Tasman Series
The 1974 Tasman Series (formally the Tasman Championship for Drivers ) was an international motor racing competition which commenced on 5 January and ended on 23 February 1974 after eight races. The championship, which was the eleventh Tasman Championship, was open to Racing cars complying with the Tasman Formula. The winner was awarded the Tasman Cup.


1974 Tasman Series
The championship was won by Peter Gethin of the United Kingdom, driving a Chevron B24 Chevrolet.


1974 Tasman Series, Schedule
The championship was contested over eight rounds with each round comprising a single race.


1974 Tasman Series, Points system
Championship points were awarded for race positions at each race on the following basis:


1974 Tasman Series, Points system
Points from all races were counted   towards each driver's championship total.


1974 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1974 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1973–74 Taça de Portugal, the 34th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 9 June 1974 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Benfica and Sporting CP. Sporting CP defeated Benfica 2–1 to claim a ninth Taça de Portugal.


1974 Temple Owls football team
The 1974 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In its fifth season under head coach Wayne Hardin, the team compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 335 to 142. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium (four games) and Veterans Stadium (two games) in Philadelphia.


1974 Temple Owls football team
The team's statistical leaders included Steve Joachim with 1,950 passing yards, Henry Hynoski with 1,006 rushing yards, Pete Righi with 608 receiving yards, and Hynoski and Joachim with 54 points each.


1974 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1974 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Bill Battle, in his fifth year, and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of seven wins, three losses and two ties (7–3–2 overall, 2–3–1 in the SEC). At season's end, Tennessee won the Liberty Bowl over Maryland. For the season, the Volunteers offense scored 211 points while the defense allowed 181 points.


1974 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Team players drafted into the NFL
Despite being drafted by the National Football League, Condredge Holloway opted to play in the Canadian Football League. Holloway signed a contract with the Ottawa Rough Riders.


1974 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1974 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1974. Democratic nominee Ray Blanton defeated Republican nominee Lamar Alexander with 55.4% of the vote.


1974 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1974 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC). The Aggies were led by head coach Emory Bellard in his third season and finished with a record of eight wins and three losses (8–3 overall, 5–2 in the SWC).


1974 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1974 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1974 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at Clark Field. The team was coached by Cliff Gustafson in his 7th season at Texas.


1974 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The Longhorns reached the College World Series, finishing fourth with wins over Seton Hall and Oklahoma and a pair of losses to eventual champion Southern California, first in the opening round and later in the semifinals.


1974 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1974 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. The Longhorns finished the regular season with an 8–3 record and lost to Auburn in the 1974 Gator Bowl. This was the first season where Texas, alongside Ohio State, Army, and Notre Dame, played an 11-game regular season schedule. Many schools had been playing 11 games since it was first permitted by the NCAA in 1970.


1974 Texas Rangers season
The 1974 Texas Rangers season involved the Rangers finishing second in the American League West with a record of 84 wins and 76 losses (two rained-out games were never completed). It would be only the second time in franchise history (to that point) that the club finished over .500 and the first since the club relocated to Arlington, Texas. The club became the first (and, to date, only) team to finish over .500 after two consecutive 100-loss seasons.


1974 Texas Rangers season, Regular season
During the season, Ferguson Jenkins won 25 games for the Rangers, which was Jenkins' personal best for a season and remains the Rangers franchise record for wins by a pitcher in one season. He would also be the third pitcher in the history of the American League to win 25 games in the 20th century and not win the Cy Young Award.


1974 Texas Rangers season, Regular season, Ten Cent Beer Night
On June 4, in one of the most remarkably ill-conceived promotions in Major League Baseball history, fans at Cleveland Municipal Stadium for a Cleveland Indians vs. Texas Rangers game were served as many beers as they wanted for just 10¢ each. After numerous instances of drunken fans throwing debris or running onto the field — "streaking" in many instances — the situation boiled over in the 9th inning when a fan ran onto the field and snatched Rangers outfielder Jeff Burroughs' cap and glove. Burroughs' teammates charged out to his aid, followed by hundreds of rioting Cleveland fans who poured out onto the field.


1974 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1974 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1974 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1974 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1974 Texas Rangers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1974 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1974 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their fifth and final season under head coach Jim Carlen, the Red Raiders compiled a 6–4–2 record (3–4 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 193 to 158. The team's statistical leaders included Tommy Duniven with 552 passing yards, Larry Isaac with 671 rushing yards, and Lawrence Williams with 477 receiving yards. The team played its home games at Clifford B. & Audrey Jones Stadium.


1974 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1974 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1974, to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Dolph Briscoe was easily re-elected to a second term, winning 61% of the vote to Republican Jim Granberry's 31%. Raza Unida candidate Ramsey Muniz won 6%, while the remaining 2% were cast for other candidates.


1974 Texas gubernatorial election
Briscoe was sworn in for his second term on January 21, 1975. As the Constitution of Texas had been amended in 1972 to extend the governor's term from 2 years to 4 years, Briscoe became the first governor to be sworn in for a four-year term since Edmund J. Davis.


1974 Texas gubernatorial election
Briscoe carried 249 out of 254 counties in his landslide reelection victory.


1974 Texas–Arlington Mavericks football team
The 1974 Texas–Arlington Mavericks football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Texas at Arlington in the Southland Conference during the 1974 NCAA Division II football season. In their first year under head coach Harold Elliott, the team compiled a 1–10 record.


1974 Thailand Regional Games
The 8th Thailand National Games (Thai: กีฬาเขตแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 8) also known as the 1974 National Games and the 1974 Interprovincial Games) were held in Chonburi, Thailand from 3 to 9 December 1974, with 15 sports and representative from 10 regions.


1974 Thailand Regional Games, Emblem
The emblem of 1974 Thailand National Games was an orange circle, with a Buddha statue on top, the emblem of Sports Authority of Thailand on the inside, and surrounded by the text


1974 Thailand Regional Games, Emblem
อสกท กีฬาเขตแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ ๘ จังหวัดชลบุรี ๒๕๑๗SAT 8th Inter-Provincial Games, Chonburi 1974


1974 Thailand Regional Games, Participating regions
The 8th Thailand National Games represented 10 regions from 71 provinces.


1974 Thailand Regional Games, Sports
The 1974 Thailand National Games featured 11 Olympic sports contested at the 1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, 1974 Asian Games and 1976 Summer Olympics. In addition, four non-Olympic sports were featured: badminton, sepak takraw, table tennis and tennis.


1974 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1974 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. Bobby Ross served as head coach for the second season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1974 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1974 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 84th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1974 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 3-06 to 1-10 defeat of Silvermines  in the final at Semple Stadium. It was their 28th championship title overall and their first title since 1965.


1974 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 1974 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 9th edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 12 March to 16 March 1974. The race started in Santa Marinella and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Roger De Vlaeminck of the Brooklyn team.


1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash
On 24 January 1974, a Togo Air Force Douglas C-47 Skytrain carrying several notable political figures crashed at an isolated location near the village of Sarakawa in northern Togo. Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the President of Togo, was on board the aircraft, which was flying from Lomé to his native village, Pya. As the C-47 descended for landing, it crashed near Sarakawa. Eyadéma survived, but claimed his French pilot and all three other passengers died.


1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash
Eyadéma claimed the aircraft had been sabotaged after he had reneged on an agreement with a French company over the use of a phosphate mine. Eyadéma attributed his survival to mystical powers and declared 24 January to be "Economic Liberation Day." Eyadéma even changed his first name from Étienne to Gnassingbé to remember the date of the day he survived the crash.


1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash
Following the incident, a monument was established by the Togolese government near the crash site. The monument features a statue of Eyadéma standing on a plinth, flanked by images of his generals who died in the crash.


1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash
Eyadéma was not the sole survivor of the crash, but he deliberately misrepresented the details of the accident to make himself look like a hero with superhuman strength who miraculously survived the disaster when everyone else was killed. Eyadéma claimed that the crash was not an accident but was a conspiracy to kill him, plotted by French imperialists who did not like his plan (announced on 10 January 1974) to nationalize the important phosphate mining company, the Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB or Cotomib).


1974 Togo presidential C-47 crash
His C-47 was replaced by a new presidential jet, a Gulfstream II (registered as 5V-TAA) which was itself damaged beyond repair in a crash on 26 December of the same year, which killed three members of the crew, but which all three of the passengers on board survived. Eyadéma was not on board the jet at the time.


1974 Tokyo WCT
The 1974 Tokyo WCT, also known by its sponsored name Kawasaki Tennis Classic, was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Tokyo, Japan. The event was part of the Green Group of the 1974 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from 8 April through 14 April 1974. Rod Laver won the singles title and the accompanying $10,000 first prize money.


1974 Tokyo WCT, Champions, Doubles
Raymond Moore /  Onny Parun defeated  Juan Gisbert /  Roger Taylor 4–6, 6–2, 6–4


1974 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1974 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented the University of Toledo in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their fourth season under head coach Jack Murphy, the Rockets compiled a 6–5 record (3–2 against MAC opponents), finished in a tie for second place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 270 to 262.


1974 Toledo Rockets football team
The team's statistical leaders included Gene Swick with 2,234 passing yards, Mike Taormina with 609 rushing yards, and John Ross with 866 receiving yards.


1974 Torneo Descentralizado
The 1974 season of the Torneo Descentralizado, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 22 teams. The top six qualified to the final group stage. The relegation system was as follows: The last-placed team was relegated, the worst Lima-based, Arequipa-based and Lima Province-based teams were relegated. The national champions were Universitario.


1974 Torneo Godó
The 1974 Torneo Godó or Trofeo Conde de Godó was a men's tennis tournament that took place on outdoor clay courts at the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona in Barcelona, Spain. It was the 22nd edition of the tournament and was part of the 1974 Grand Prix circuit. It was held from 14 October through 20 October 1974. Fourth-seeded Ilie Năstase won the singles title.


1974 Torneo Godó, Finals, Doubles
Juan Gisbert /  Ilie Năstase defeated  Manuel Orantes /  Guillermo Vilas 3–6, 6–0, 6–2


1974 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1974 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.


1974 Torneo di Viareggio, Format
The 16 teams are organized in knockout rounds. The round of 16 and the round of 8 are played in two-legs, while semifinals and finals are single tie.


1974 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1974 Toronto Argonauts finished in fourth place in the Eastern Conference with a 6–9–1 record and failed to make the playoffs.


1974 Toronto municipal election
The 1974 Toronto municipal election was held on December 2, 1974 in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mayors, controllers, city councillors and school board trustees were elected in the municipalities of Toronto, York, East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough.


1974 Toronto municipal election
David Crombie was re-elected as Mayor of Toronto, and Mel Lastman was re-elected as Mayor of North York.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, Mayoral race
Incumbent David Crombie was extremely popular after his first term and faced no serious opposition in winning reelection. White supremacist Don Andrews placed second amongst the also-rans. As a result, the municipal law was changed so that the runner-up in the mayoralty contest no longer had the right to succeed to the mayor's chair should the position become vacant between elections.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
Two aldermen were elected per ward. The alderman with the most votes was declared senior alderman and sat on both Toronto City Council and Metro Council.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
There were few major changes on city council. The reform faction remained the largest group on council, but did have a majority. The conservative "old guard" retained their seats as did the small Crombie-led group of moderates that made up the swing vote on council. Most incumbents were reelected with only a handful of exceptions. After failing to win the mayoralty in 1972 Tony O'Donohue returned to city council and successfully ousted New Democrat Archie Chisholm in Ward 2. In the downtown Ward 6 race anti-Spadina Expressway activist Allan Sparrow ousted long serving old guard member William Archer.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
The final executive, elected by city council, consisted of two right-of-centre moderates, Art Eggleton and David Smith, and two moderate reformers, Elizabeth Eayrs and Reid Scott. Crombie held the deciding vote between the right- and left-wing duos.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Toronto, City council
On January 28, 1975 a judicial recount gave Clifford a 7 vote majority over Beavis which gave him a seat on Metro Council.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Vacancy
Ward 9 Alderman Reid Scott resigned upon appointment as provincial judge August 6, 1976. Dorothy Thomas now became sole Alderman and was appointed Metro Councillor on August 18.


1974 Toronto municipal election, North York, Ward Alderman
Esther Shiner and Robert Yuill were re-elected aldermen for Wards 2 and 4 respectively.


1974 Toronto municipal election, North York, Ward Alderman
Electors could vote for two candidates. The percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes. There may be a transcription error in the result for Carl Anderson (the last two numbers were partly obscured).


1974 Toronto municipal election, North York, Ward Alderman
Results taken from the Toronto Star, 3 December 1974. The final official results were not significantly different.


1974 Toronto municipal election, Scarborough
In Scarborough, Paul Cosgrove was re-elected as Mayor of Scarborough.


1974 Tour de France
The 1974 Tour de France was the 61st edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 27 June and 21 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of 4,098 km (2,546 mi). Eddy Merckx was attempting to win his fifth Tour de France in as many races.


1974 Tour de France
In 1974 the tour made its first visit to the United Kingdom, with a circuit stage on the Plympton By-pass, near Plymouth, England.


1974 Tour de France
The race was won by favourite Eddy Merckx, who thus at that point had won all five Tours that he had entered, and had equalled Jacques Anquetil in Tour victories. While he won the race by a comfortable margin, he was not as overwhelmingly dominant as he had been in his previous victories with eight riders finishing within 20:00, two riders within 10:00 and his two top competitors in Luis Ocaña and Joop Zoetemelk absent from the race. Despite other riders finishing closer in the overall standings, Merckx still won an astonishing eight stages. He also won the combination classification. Fellow Belgian Patrick Sercu won the points classification, while Spanish Domingo Perurena won the mountains classification.


1974 Tour de France, Teams
The 1974 Tour de France had 13 teams, with 10 cyclists each.


1974 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Eddy Merckx, who had been absent in 1973 after winning four Tours in a row, was present again. Merckx had not been as dominant in the spring as in other years; it was his first year as a professional cyclist in which he did not win a spring classic. He did win the 1974 Giro d'Italia and the Tour de Suisse, but after winning the latter he required surgery on the perineum, five days before the 1974 Tour started.


1974 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Notable absents were Ocaña and Zoetemelk. Zoetemelk was injured during the Midi Libre and was in hospital with life-threatening meningitis. Between 1970-1986 this would be the only Tour Zoetemelk would not start and finish, and would be the only Tour until 1983 that he was not in the top ten.


1974 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Ocaña had crashed in the Tour de l'Aude, gone home and was fired by his team for not communicating.


1974 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Bernard Thevenet, who was considered a potential winner, had crashed several times in the 1974 Vuelta a España. He did start in the Tour, but was not yet back at his former level.


1974 Tour de France, Route and stages
The 1974 Tour de France started on 27 June, and had two rest days, in Aix-les-Bains and Colomiers. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,556 m (8,386 ft) at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 11.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
Merckx won the prologue, with his teammate Joseph Bruyère in third place. In the first stage, Bruyère was part of a breakaway, and became the new leader.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
The second stage was in Plymouth, the first time that the Tour de France visited England. The riders did not like the experiment, as the British immigration officials made the cyclists wait for a long time when entering the country and again when returning to France.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
Merckx collected bonus time in the sprints, and in the fourth stage took back the leading position in the general classification, with Gerben Karstens in second place. Karstens was also doing well in the points classification, and felt Merckx and Patrick Sercu, the leaders in the general and points classification, were helping each other. Karstens was angry and after the finish quickly went away, but forgot that he had to go to the doping control. For this, he was given ten minutes penalty time, and thus he lost his second place in the general classification. Karstens complained to the jury, and other cyclists threatened with a strike, so the jury removed the penalty after the fifth stage. Thanks to bonification seconds in that stage, Karstens took the leading position after that stage.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
It was still close in the top of the general classification. Patrick Sercu became the new leader after the first part of the sixth stage, but Karstens regained the lead after the second part of the sixth stage, a team time trial won by Merckx's team, Molteni. Merckx won the seventh stage, and became the next leader.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
The Alps were the first serious mountains to be seen, in stage nine. Merckx won the stage, but the surprise of the day was Raymond Poulidor, who at 38 years old was still able to escape during the toughest part of the stage. This also happened in the tenth stage: Poulidor joined the crucial escape, but could not beat Merckx in the final sprint.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
In the tenth stage, the hardest Alpine stage, Vicente Lopez Carril from the KAS team stayed away. Merckx was in the next group, together with Francisco Galdós and Gonzalo Aja, also from the KAS team. Aja was in third place in the general classification, so Merckx was unable to chase Lopez Carril without helping his rival Aja.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
The next stages did not change the general classification. In the fifteenth stage, the Pyrenées were encountered. There was a crash that took down Galdós, now in sixth place in the general classification, and he had to leave the race. The Tour was in Spain at that point, and Basque separatist placed bombs on press and team cars. Nobody was hurt, but cyclists were scared: Spanish champion Lopez Carril did not wear his national champion's jersey, afraid to become a target because of the Spanish flag on it.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
In the sixteenth stage, with an uphill finish, Poulidor won, his first Tour stage victory since 1965. Merckx finished in fourth place, losing time to Poulidor, Lopez Carril and Pollentier.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
In the seventeenth stage, Poulidor again won time, finishing second after Jean-Pierre Danguillaume, and jumped to the third place in the general classification, behind Merckx and Lopez Carril. Danguillaume also won the eighteenth stage, the last mountain stage. The favourites stayed together with Merckx, and at that point Merckx was more or less certain of the victory, with two time trials remaining, in which he normally would gain time on the others.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
Poulidor battled with Lopez-Carril for the second place. After the time trial in the second part of stage 21, Poulidor captured the second place by just one second. Surprisingly, Merckx was in second place in that time trial, beaten by Michel Pollentier. In the last stage, Poulidor increased the margin to Lopez Carril to five seconds due to bonus seconds in an intermediate sprint.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview
At the finish of that last, Sercu finished first in a sprint, but he had blocked the way of Gustaaf Van Roosbroeck, so the jury decided to set him back, and the second rider to finish (Merckx) was declared winner of the stage. Normally, a rider penalized for blocking another rider during a sprint would be set back to the last place of the group that he finished in, but that would have meant that Sercu would have not only lost the stage victory to Merckx, but also the points classification. The jury then declared that only three riders were really sprinting for the stage victory, so Sercu would be set back to the third place; this enabled him to keep his victory in the points classification by 13 points.


1974 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
Cyrille Guimard, who had won the first part of stage eight, tested positive for piperidine after stage thirteen. Three other cyclists tested positive:Claude Tollet, for amphetamine; Daniel Ducreux, for piperidine; Carlos Melero, for piperidine.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1974 Tour de France, three of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, but was not identified with a jersey in 1974.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Another classification was the combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the white jersey.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1974, this classification had no associated jersey.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps. There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.


1974 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
In addition, there was a combativity award, in which a jury composed of journalists gave points after certain stages to the cyclist they considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner. At the conclusion of the Tour, Eddy Merckx won the overall super-combativity award, also decided by journalists. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given to the first rider to pass the memorial to Tour founder Henri Desgrange near the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 11. This prize was won by Vicente López Carril.


1974 Tour de France, Aftermath
With his fifth Tour victory, Merckx equalled Jacques Anquetil. Moreover, Merckx had won the first five Tours that he entered. Merckx set a few new records after winning the 1974 Tour:


1974 Tour de France, Aftermath
Merckx had already won the 1974 Giro d'Italia earlier that year, and after winning the 1974 Tour de France also won the world championship, and became the first cyclist to win the Triple Crown of Cycling.


1974 Tour de Romandie
The 1974 Tour de Romandie was the 28th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 7 May to 12 May 1974. The race started in Geneva and finished in Grand-Lancy. The race was won by Joop Zoetemelk.


1974 Tour de Suisse
The 1974 Tour de Suisse was the 38th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 13 June to 21 June 1974. The race started in Gippingen and finished in Olten. The race was won by Eddy Merckx of the Molteni team.


1974 Tour of Flanders
The 58th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling race in Belgium was held on Sunday 31 March 1974. Dutchman Cees Bal won the classic ahead of Frans Verbeeck and Eddy Merckx. The race started in Ghent and finished in Meerbeke (Ninove).


1974 Tour of Flanders, Course
A group of 40 was formed after the Oude Kwaremont, further reduced on the Muur van Geraardsbergen. At six kilometers from the finish Cees Bal broke clear from the group, powering on to the victory in Meerbeke.


1974 Tour of Flanders, Results
Note: third-place finished Walter Godefroot tested positive for doping after the race and was disqualified, moving Merckx up to third.


1974 Tour of the Basque Country
The 1974 Tour of the Basque Country was the 14th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 1 April to 5 April 1974. The race started in Ordizia and finished in San Sebastián. The race was won by Miguel María Lasa of the Kas team.


1974 Tournament Players Championship
The 1974 Tournament Players Championship was a golf tournament in Georgia on the PGA Tour, held August 29 to September 2 at Atlanta Country Club in Marietta, a suburb northwest of Atlanta. This was the first Tournament Players Championship, and Jack Nicklaus won the first of his three TPC titles, two strokes ahead of runner-up J. C. Snead, the 54-hole leader.


1974 Tournament Players Championship
The final round on Sunday was interrupted several times by weather and twelve players completed their rounds on Monday morning, Labor Day.