1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Reactions
The Kerrs spent the next several years living in Europe, and when he died in Australia in 1991, his death was not announced until after he was buried. In 1991, Whitlam stated that no future Governor-General was likely to act as Kerr did lest he also became the subject of "contempt and isolation". In 1997 he said that the letter of dismissal "had the shortcomings of being ex tempore, ex parte, ad hoc and sub rosa". In 2005, Whitlam called Kerr "a contemptible person". On the other hand, Country Party leader and deputy prime minister Doug Anthony said: "I can't forgive Gough for crucifying him". Sir Garfield Barwick was not spared Whitlam's invective; the former Prime Minister described him as "evil".


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Reactions
Whitlam resigned as ALP leader after the party suffered its second successive electoral defeat in 1977. Fraser served over seven years as Prime Minister, and left the Liberal leadership after the Coalition was defeated in the March 1983 election. Years later, Whitlam and Fraser put aside their differences; Whitlam wrote in 1997 that Fraser "did not set out to deceive me". The two campaigned together in support of the 1999 referendum that would have made Australia a republic. According to Whitlam speechwriter Graham Freudenberg, "the residual rage over the conduct of the Queen's representative found a constructive outlet in the movement for the Australian Republic".


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Reactions
The beneficiaries of the Dismissal scarcely bothered to defend Kerr and in the end abandoned him. In the personal sense, Sir John Kerr himself became the real victim of the Dismissal, and history has accorded a brutal if poignant truth to Whitlam's declaration on the steps of Parliament House on 11 November 1975: "Well may we say 'God Save the Queen' – because nothing will save the Governor-General".


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Assessment
In his 1995 survey of the events of the crisis, November 1975, Kelly places blame on Fraser for initiating the crisis and on Whitlam for using the crisis to try to break Fraser and the Senate. However, he places the most blame on Kerr, for failing to be candid with Whitlam about his intentions, and for refusing to offer a clear, final warning before dismissing him. According to Kelly,


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Assessment
[ Kerr] should have unflinchingly and courageously met his responsibility to the Crown and to the Constitution. He should have spoken frankly with his Prime Minister from the start. He should have warned wherever and whenever appropriate. He should have realised that, whatever his fears, there was no justification for any other behaviour.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Assessment
Kerr's predecessor as Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, believed that the fundamental reason for the crisis was the lack of trust and confidence between Whitlam and Kerr, and that the proper role of the Governor-General had been to provide counsel, advice and warning.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Aftermath, Assessment
Future Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating, who was Minister for Northern Australia in Whitlam's ministry, called the dismissal a "coup" and raised the idea to "arrest [Kerr]" and "lock him up", adding that he would not have "[taken] it lying down" if he was prime minister, during a 2013 interview with Kerry O'Brien.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, CIA involvement
During the crisis, Whitlam alleged that Country Party leader Doug Anthony had close links to the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Later it was alleged that Kerr had acted for the United States government in dismissing Whitlam. The most common allegation is that the CIA influenced Kerr's decision. In 1966 Kerr had joined the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a conservative group that had secretly received CIA funding.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, CIA involvement
Christopher Boyce, who was convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, said that the CIA wanted Whitlam removed because he threatened to close US military bases in Australia, including the CIA's own Pine Gap spy station near Alice Springs. Boyce was a 22-year-old employee of a US defence industry contractor at the time of the dismissal. He said that Kerr was described by the CIA as "our man Kerr". According to Jonathan Kwitny of The Wall Street Journal, the CIA "paid for Kerr's travel, built his prestige ... Kerr continued to go to the CIA for money".


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, CIA involvement
In 1974, the White House sent as ambassador to Australia Marshall Green, who was known as "the coupmaster" for his central role in the 1965 coup against Indonesian President Sukarno. Whitlam later wrote that Kerr did not need any encouragement from the CIA. However, he also said that in 1977 United States Deputy Secretary of State Warren Christopher made a special trip to Sydney to meet with him and told him, on behalf of US President Jimmy Carter, of his willingness to work with whatever government Australians elected, and that the US would never again interfere with Australia's democratic processes.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, CIA involvement
Kerr denied being involved in the CIA and there is no evidence for it in his private writings. Former ASIO chief Sir Edward Woodward also dismissed the notion of CIA involvement. Justice Robert Hope, who had twice been royal commissioner investigating the Australian intelligence agencies, said in 1998 that he had attempted to locate and interview a witness who had allegedly given in-camera evidence to the Church Committee about CIA involvement in the dismissal, but had been unable to find either the witness or testimony. In 2015, Australian historian Peter Edwards dismissed the claim, which he called an "enduring conspiracy theory".


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, CIA involvement
Confidential correspondence between Kerr and the Queen's Private Secretary, Sir Martin Charteris, released in July 2020 reveals that Kerr regarded allegations regarding his alleged involvement with the CIA as "nonsense" and that he consistently reaffirmed his "continued loyalty" to the Crown.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
Neither Whitlam nor Kerr ever suggested there had been any covert royal involvement. According to Whitlam's biographer Jenny Hocking, Kerr's papers in the National Archives of Australia reveal that he discussed his reserve powers and the possibility that he would dismiss the Whitlam government with Charles, Prince of Wales, in September 1975. Kerr asked what would happen if he dismissed Whitlam and the prime minister retaliated by dismissing him.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
According to Kerr, Charles had responded: "But surely, Sir John, the Queen should not have to accept advice that you should be recalled at the very time when you were considering having to dismiss the government". Kerr writes in his journal that Prince Charles informed the Queen's Private Secretary, Sir Martin Charteris, of this. Charteris then wrote to Kerr to say that, should this "contingency" arise, "although the Queen would try to delay things, in the end she would have to take the Prime Minister's advice". Heseltine confirmed this account.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
Among the documents Hocking cites from Kerr's papers is a list prepared by Kerr of key points on the dismissal which includes his discussion with Prince Charles and "Charteris' advice to me on dismissal". Paul Kelly has rejected Hocking's allegations. He wrote that the September 1975 conversation is not mentioned in Kerr's other memoirs, that it would have taken place before the crisis began, and that it would have only revealed Kerr's paranoia about being dismissed by Whitlam. Kelly noted accounts of surprise at the palace when they heard of Kerr's decision.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
Beginning in 2012, Hocking attempted to gain the release of correspondence between the Queen's advisors and Kerr regarding the dismissal, held by the National Archives. In 2016, Hocking launched a Federal Court action against the National Archives seeking the release of the 'Palace letters', correspondence between Kerr, the Queen and Charteris held by the Archives but not available for view.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
The action was lost in the Full Court, but on 29 May 2020 Hocking's appeal to the High Court succeeded: and in a majority 6:1 decision the High Court held that the Palace letters are "Commonwealth records" (not personal property) and therefore available for public release under the provisions of the .


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Royal involvement
On 14 July 2020, the letters were released online without redaction. They revealed that, although Kerr had corresponded with Charteris about whether he had the constitutional authority to dismiss Whitlam, he had not informed the Queen in advance of his decision to do so. However, the letters also revealed that Kerr had discussed the possibility of dismissing Whitlam as early as July 1975. Also, on 2 October 1975, Sir Martin Charteris confirmed in a letter that Kerr had discussed with Prince Charles the possibility that Whitlam could ask the Queen to dismiss Kerr.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Popular culture
The 1983 miniseries The Dismissal dramatised the events of 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. It featured Max Phipps as Whitlam, John Meillon as Kerr and John Stanton as Fraser.


1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Popular culture
A musical comedy The Dismissal, with music and lyrics by Laura Murphy and a book by Blake Erickson and Jay James-Moody is scheduled to perform at the Canberra Theatre Centre and the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre in 2021.


1975 Australian federal election
The 1975 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 13 December 1975. All 127 seats in the House of Representatives and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for election, due to a double dissolution.


1975 Australian federal election
Malcolm Fraser had been commissioned as caretaker prime minister following the dismissal of Gough Whitlam's three-year-old Labor government by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, on 11 November 1975. The same day, Fraser advised an immediate double dissolution, in accordance with Kerr's stipulated conditions (see 1975 Australian constitutional crisis).


1975 Australian federal election
The Coalition of Fraser's Liberal Party of Australia and Doug Anthony's National Country Party secured government in its own right, winning the largest majority government to date in Australian history. The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right, with 68 seats–the first time that the main non-Labor party had done so since adopting the Liberal banner in 1944. Although Fraser had no need for the support of the National Country Party, the Coalition was retained.


1975 Australian federal election
Labor suffered a 30-seat swing and saw its lower house caucus cut almost in half, to 36 seats—fewer than it had when Whitlam became leader in the aftermath of the Coalition landslide nearly 10 years earlier, in the 1966 election.


1975 Australian federal election, Issues and significance
The election followed the controversial dismissal of the Whitlam government by Governor-General Sir John Kerr in the 1975 constitutional crisis. Labor campaigners hoped that the electorate would "maintain [its] rage" and punish the Coalition for its part in bringing down the government, proclaiming "Shame Fraser, Shame". However, the Coalition focused on economic issues following the 1973 oil crisis and 1973–75 recession, the so-called Loans Affair, alleged Labor mismanagement of inflation, and campaigned under the slogan "Turn on the lights, Australia" (drawing on a contemporary cynicism: "Would the last businessman leaving Australia please turn out the lights? ").


1975 Australian federal election, Issues and significance
The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory received an entitlement to elect two senators each as a consequence of the Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973, passed during the 1974 Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix
The 1975 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1975. It was race 12 of 14 in both the 1975 World Championship of Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. It was the eighth Austrian Grand Prix and the sixth to be held at the Österreichring. It was held over 29 of the scheduled 54 laps of the six kilometre circuit for a race distance of 171 kilometres. The race was shortened by heavy rain, meaning that only half points were awarded and was marred by the deaths of Mark Donohue and a track marshal in a practice crash.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix
Mastering the wet weather, the race was won by Italian driver Vittorio Brambilla driving a March 751. It was Brambilla's only Formula One win in his seven-year Grand Prix career. He took a 27-second win over British driver James Hunt in his Hesketh 308. Eight seconds further back was the Shadow DN5 of British driver Tom Pryce in the first of just two podiums in his abbreviated career.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix
With neither Carlos Reutemann nor Emerson Fittipaldi featuring in the points, Niki Lauda's sixth position actually allowed him to expand his points lead to 17.5 points. If Lauda scored any points at all at the Italian Grand Prix the Austrian driver could claim the championship.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice
Niki Lauda delighted his home crowd by claiming his seventh pole position of the year. Rolf Stommelen returned after his crash in Spain, Chris Amon had returned for Ensign and Brett Lunger qualified well in his début for Hesketh.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Practice
Practice was marred by a series of accidents, Brian Henton crashing his Lotus when he hit an oil patch and Wilson Fittipaldi breaking two bones in his hand. During the warm-up on Sunday morning, Mark Donohue had a tyre failure and crashed at Vost-Hugel, the flat-out right hander after the pits. The car went through catch fencing and advertising billboards lining the track. One track marshal was killed and another marshall was injured. Donohue was injured but suffered a brain hemorrhage after the accident and died two days later.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
As the grid formed up, there were reports of rain at the far side of the track. Thunderclouds were forming ominously and the cars were returned to the pits to change to wet tyres.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
After 45 minutes, the grid reformed. Lauda led off the start from James Hunt and Patrick Depailler who had shot up from the fourth row. Mario Andretti spun off, whilst Bob Evans retired the BRM.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
Vittorio Brambilla had shot through the spray to gain a third place, with Ronnie Peterson leaping from tenth to fourth.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
By lap 12, it was obvious that Lauda's car was not set up fully to cope with wet conditions and by lap 15 Hunt stormed by to lead for the fifth time this season. However, this was to be short-lived. The Hesketh's engine was running on only seven cylinders and Brambilla was clambering all over the back of the car. Ahead of them Lunger was driving carefully in his first wet race and could not see the leaders approaching him. Brambilla seized the lead and it took a further two laps for Hunt to finally pass his teammate.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
Peterson had to pit to replace a faulty visor, whilst the Brabham drivers found they had been racing with one of their own rear tyres and one of their teammates'. Jochen Mass spun out of third place, and soon there was frantic activity between the Grand Prix Drivers' Association and the race officials as to whether the race should continue – it was brought to a halt on lap 29.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
As Brambilla took the flag, he crashed into the barriers and the March team celebrated a historic victory. However, behind the scenes, there was confusion. Some teams were preparing for a restart, but as the race had been stopped with a chequered flag only, this could not happen. The race results would stand, but with only half points awarded. Brambilla, the oldest man in the field at 37, had won his first Grand Prix.


1975 Austrian Grand Prix, Race
This was the first of only two races where Shadow used a Matra engine instead of the Cosworth DFV in Jean-Pierre Jarier's Shadow DN7.


1975 Austrian Open (tennis)
The 1975 Austrian Open  was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was categorized as Grade B tournament and was part of the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix circuit. It took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbühel Austria and was held from 7 July through 13 July 1975. Adriano Panatta and Sue Barker won the singles titles.


1975 Austrian Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Paolo Bertolucci /  Adriano Panatta defeated  Patrice Dominguez /  François Jauffret 6–2, 6–2, 7–6


1975 Austrian Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
Sue Barker /  Pam Teeguarden defeated  Fiorella Bonicelli /  Raquel Giscafré 6–4, 6–3


1975 Austrian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Austria on 5 October 1975. The result was a victory for the Socialist Party, which won 93 of the 183 seats. Voter turnout was 92.9%.


1975 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1975 Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 2–4 May 1975 at the Salzburgring.


1975 Azad Kashmiri general election
General elections were held in Azad Kashmir in 1975 to elect the members of second assembly of Azad Kashmir.


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy
1975 was the eleventh occasion on which the  BBC2 Floodlit Trophy competition had been held.


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy
St. Helens won the trophy by beating Dewsbury by the score of 22-2The match was played at Knowsley Road, Eccleston, St Helens, Merseyside. The attendance was 3,858, and the  receipts were £1,747


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Background
This season saw no changes in the  entrants, no new members and no withdrawals, the number remaining at twenty-two. The format was again changed slightly, in that the preliminary round as well as the remainder of the tournament was played on a knock-out basis. The preliminary round now involved twelve clubs, to reduce the numbers taking part in the  competition proper to just sixteen.


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Competition and results, Preliminary round – replays
Involved  4 matches and the same 8 Clubs in reverse fixtures (the  other two matches were on a single leg basis)


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Competition and results, Final, Teams and scorers
Scoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = two (2) points


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Notes and comments
1 * Dewsbury, who joined the competition in season 1973–74, win their first game in the  competition2 * This match was televised3 * The Rothmans Rugby League Yearbook 1990-1991 and 1991-92  and the RUGBYLEAGUEprojects gives the  attendance as 3,858 but theofficial St. Helens archives give it as 3,8504  * Knowsley Road was the home of St Helens R.F.C. from 1890 until its closure in 2010. The final capacity was 17,500 although the record attendance was 35,695 set on 26 December 1949 for a league game between St Helens and Wigan.


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Notes and comments, General information for those unfamiliar
The Rugby League BBC2 Floodlit Trophy was a knock-out competition sponsored by the BBC and between rugby league clubs, entrance to which was conditional upon the club having floodlights. Most matches were played on an evening, and those of which the second half was televised, were played on a Tuesday evening. Despite the competition being named as 'Floodlit', many matches took place during the afternoons and not under floodlights, and several of the entrants, including  Barrow and Bramley did not have adequate lighting.


1975 BBC2 Floodlit Trophy, Notes and comments, General information for those unfamiliar
And, when in 1973, due to the world oil crisis, the government restricted the use of floodlights in sport, all the matches, including the Trophy final, had to be played in the afternoon rather than at night. The Rugby League season always (until the onset of "Summer Rugby" in 1996) ran from around August-time through to around May-time and this competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final taking place in December (The only exception to this was when disruption of the fixture list was caused by inclement weather)


1975 BC Lions season
The 1975 BC Lions finished in fifth place in the Western Conference with a 6–10 record and failed to make the playoffs.


1975 BC Lions season
With Don Moorhead injured, Peter Liske took most of the snaps during the season for the Lions. The club had a terrible start to the season going 1–5 in their first six games and on August 29 the Board of Directors finally fired both General Manager Jackie Parker and Head Coach Eagle Keys.


1975 BC Lions season
Bob Ackles was promoted to General Manager and Ackles elevated Cal Murphy to Head Coach. The club went 5-5 in the remaining part of the season, however, they did not get out of last place in the Western Conference.


1975 BC Lions season
Despite the poor season by the club, three Lions made the CFL all-star team:  Centre Al Wilson, Defensive End Bill Baker and linebacker Larry Cameron.


1975 BC Lions season
Byron Bailey was elected to the Football Hall of Fame.


1975 BRDC International Trophy
The 1975 BRDC International Trophy, formally known as the 27th Daily Express International Trophy, was a non-championship Formula One race held at Silverstone Circuit on 13 April 1975. It was organised by the circuit owners, the British Racing Drivers' Club, as a "curtain raiser" for the European portion of the 1975 Formula One season. James Hunt, driving for the small Hesketh Racing team, set the fastest lap time in practice and took pole position for the start.


1975 BRDC International Trophy
In the race he continued to run at the front, heading the leading pack for many laps and setting fastest lap of the race on lap 14. Third-place runner, McLaren driver Emerson Fittipaldi, equalled his time on lap 23. However, Hunt's engine failed at the start of lap 26 and the lead was inherited by second-place runner Niki Lauda in his Ferrari. Lauda held the lead for the remainder of the race, despite Fittipaldi "pull[ing] out the stops" to try and pass him. At the finishing flag, Fittipaldi was only one-tenth of a second behind Lauda, with Mario Andretti in a Parnelli taking the last podium position in third.


1975 BYU Cougars football team
The 1975 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. The Cougars were led by fourth-year head coach LaVell Edwards and played their home games at Cougar Stadium in Provo, Utah. The team competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference, finishing tied for fourth with a conference record of 4–3.


1975 BYU Cougars football team, Game summaries, Utah
Gifford Nielsen passed and ran for two touchdowns and Brigham Young's defense turned Utah fumbles into three more scores in the 51-20 rout. Mark Uselman also kicked field goals of 47, 47 and 44 yards as the Cougars won their fourth in a row in the series.


1975 Bagan earthquake
The 1975 Bagan earthquake occurred on July 8 at 6:34 pm local time (12:04 UTC)  in Bagan, Myanmar. Many important stupas and temples were destroyed. The strongest intensity was felt in the towns of Nyaung-U, Pakokku, and Yesagyo, and in the Myaing townships on the confluence of the Ayeyawady River. Damages were also reported in Chauk and Natmauk townships. It had a magnitude of Mw 7.0.


1975 Bagan earthquake
Art historians rank the archeological treasures of Bagan (formerly called Pagan) with the renowned temple complex at Angkor Wat or with the European artworks of Venice and Florence. The earthquake "irreparably damaged many of the great temples of Bagan, an artistic landmark of Asia and the center of the Burmese national culture." Burma's Director General of Archeology said the earthquake the worst in the last 900 years of recorded history.


1975 Bagan earthquake
The source of the earthquake is still controversial because of uncertainties in the depth information ranging from 84 to 157 km. Subduction and collision of the India Plate and the Burma Plate is ongoing and this earthquake was on the interface of these two plates.


1975 Balkans Cup
The 1975 Balkans Cup was an edition of the Balkans Cup, a football competition for representative clubs from the Balkan states. It was contested by 6 teams and Radnički Niš won the trophy.


1975 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1975 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. In its fifth season under head coach Dave McClain, the team compiled a 9–2 record (4–2 against MAC opponents) and finished third in the conference.


1975 Ball State Cardinals football team
The team's statistical leaders included Art Yaroch with 720 passing yards, Earl Taylor with 901 rushing yards and 48 points scored, and Mike Andress with 480 receiving yards.


1975 Ballon d'Or
The 1975 Ballon d'Or,  given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to the Soviet forward Oleg Blokhin on 30 December 1975. There were 26 voters, from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Romania, Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, West Germany and Yugoslavia.


1975 Ballon d'Or
Blokhin became the second Soviet (and the first Ukrainian) footballer who won the trophy after Lev Yashin (1963).


1975 Baltimore Colts season
The 1975 Baltimore Colts season was the 23rd season for the team in the National Football League. Under first-year head coach Ted Marchibroda, the Colts finished the 1975 season with 10 wins and 4 losses, and tied for first in the AFC East division with the Miami Dolphins; Baltimore won the division tiebreaker, the first sweep of the Dolphins in their six years under head coach Don Shula.


1975 Baltimore Colts season
The Colts won their opener, lost four straight, then swept their final nine games and narrowly edged the Dolphins for the division title. The turnaround season became forever known by Colts fans afterward as The Miracle on 33rd Street.


1975 Baltimore Colts season
This was the first of three consecutive AFC East titles for the Colts. Hired in January, Marchibroda was previously the offensive coordinator for the Washington Redskins under head coach George Allen. The 1975 Colts coaching staff included 23-year-old assistant Bill Belichick, his first association with an NFL team and first coaching position.


1975 Baltimore Colts season, Playoffs
The team made it to the playoffs as a No. 3 seed and traveled to Pittsburgh to play the Steelers in the divisional round. Tied at seven at the half, Pittsburgh outscored the Colts 21–3 in the second half. The Steelers defense forced four turnovers and held the Colts to 154 total yards of offense in their 28–10 win.


1975 Baltimore Orioles season
The 1975 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 90 wins and 69 losses.


1975 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Baltimore mayoral election
The 1975 Baltimore mayoral election saw the reelection of William Donald Schaefer.


1975 Bandy World Championship
The 1975 Bandy World Championship was the ninth Bandy World Championship and was contested between four men's bandy playing nations. The championship was played in Finland from 25 January-2 February 1975. The Soviet Union became champions.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure
The 1975 Banqiao Dam failure (simplified Chinese: 河南“75·8”水库溃坝; traditional Chinese: 河南「75·8」水庫潰壩) was the collapse of the Banqiao Dam and 61 other dams in Henan, China under the influence of Typhoon Nina in August 1975. The dam collapse created the third-deadliest flood in history which affected a total population of 10.15 million and inundated around 30 cities and counties of 12,000 square kilometers (or 3 million acres), with an estimated death toll ranging from 26,000 to 240,000. The flood also caused the collapse of 6.8 million or over 5 million houses.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure
The dam failure took place during the Cultural Revolution when most people were busy with the "revolution". The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as well as the Chinese government subsequently hid the details of the disaster until the 1990s, when The Great Floods in China's History (中国历史大洪水), a book prefaced by Qian Zhengying who served as the Minister of Water Resources of China in the 1970s and 1980s, revealed details of the disaster to the public for the first time.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure
Most of the dams that collapsed in this disaster were built with the help of experts from the Soviet Union or during the Chinese Great Leap Forward. The construction of the dams focused heavily on the goal of retaining water and overlooked their capacities to prevent floods, while the quality of the dams was also compromised due to the Great Leap Forward.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure
Some experts have also pointed out that the Great Leap Forward as well as "Learn from Dazhai in agriculture" severely damaged the ecosystem and forest cover in the region, which was a major cause of the flood, and the government's mishandling of the dam failure contributed to the casualties. The official documents of the disaster were declassified in 2005 by the Chinese government. In May 2005, the Banqiao Dam failure was rated No.1 in "The Ultimate 10 Technological Disasters" of the world by Discovery Channel, outranking the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, Construction
Starting in the early 1950s, three major reservoirs and dams, including Banqiao Dam, Shimantan Dam and the Baisha Dam, were under construction in Zhumadian of Henan Province. The long term project, under the name of "Harness the Huai River",  was launched to prevent flooding and to utilize the water for irrigation and generating electricity.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, Construction
At the time, Chinese construction workers had no experience with building major reservoirs and, as a result, the design and construction was completely under the guidance of experts from the Soviet Union. The design of the dams overly focused on the purpose of water storage while overlooking the capacities of preventing floods. By 1953, the construction work at the three reservoirs was completed, but a "reinforcement" project on Banqiao and Shimantan dams was further carried out between 1955-1956 following the instructions of the Soviet Union. After renovations, the Banqiao dam was known as the "Iron Dam (铁壳坝)" to reflect its invincibility.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, Construction, The period of Great Leap Forward
During the Great Leap Forward launched by Mao Zedong, over 100 dams were built in the Zhumadian region from 1957–1959. Tan Zhenlin, then Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, issued the guidelines on reservoir construction during his trip to Henan Province: "focusing on retaining water, building more small reservoirs". At the time, "retaining more water" meant "more revolutionary".


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, Construction, The period of Great Leap Forward
On the other hand, the intense production of steel during the Great Leap Forward as well as the "Learn from Dazhai in agriculture" program launched by Mao severely damaged the ecosystem in the Zhumadian region. The percentage of forest cover dropped drastically and land degradation was prevalent, which, according to most experts, were the major causes of floods.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, Construction, Whistle-blower
Chen Xing, then chief engineer of the dam projects, opposed the ideas of constructing too many dams as well as prioritizing the goal of "retaining water". He pointed out that the local geographical conditions made it unreasonable to overly emphasize the reservoir's function of water storage, because otherwise there was risk of creating serious floods and other disasters such as alkalinization of farm land. Nevertheless, Chen's warning was ignored and he was criticized for being a "Rightist" and "Opportunist"; he was subsequently removed from his post and was sent to Xinyang.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, The Cultural Revolution
The collapse of the dams occurred during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), when most people were busy with the "revolution" and had little time with the dams while it was raining heavily. In fact, there were no resources or equipments available to prevent the flood.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Historical background, The Cultural Revolution
After the disaster, Zhang Guangyou (张广友), a journalist from the Xinhua News Agency visited the area and interviewed several experts, who were afraid to express their opinions in public lest they be condemned for "questioning Cultural Revolution" and "questioning Chairman Mao". However, the experts told Zhang privately that the land degradation and the damage to the ecosystem due to Mao's Great Leap Forward were the major causes of the collapse of the dams.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 6–7
Communication with the dam was largely lost due to failures. On August 6, a request to open the dam was rejected because of the existing flooding in downstream areas.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 6–7
On August 7 the request was accepted, but the telegrams failed to reach the dam. The sluice gates were not able to handle the overflow of water partially due to sedimentation blockage. On August 7 at 21:30, the People's Liberation Army Unit 34450 (by name the 2nd Artillery Division in residence at Queshan county), which was deployed on the Banqiao Dam, sent the first dam failure warning via telegraph.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 8
On August 8, at 01:00, water at the Banqiao crested at the 117.94 m level above sea level, or 0.3 meter higher than the wave protection wall on the dam, and it failed. The same storm caused the failure of 62 dams in total.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 8
The runoff of Banqiao Dam was 13,000 m3 per second in vs. 78,800 m3 per second out, and as a result 701 million m3 of water was released in 6 hours, while 1.67 billion m3 of water was released in 5.5 hours at an upriver Shimantan Dam, and 15.738 billion m3 of water was released in total.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 8
The resulting flood waters caused a wave 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide and 3–7 meters (9.8–23.0 ft) high in Suiping (遂平) that rushed onto the plains below at nearly 50 kilometers per hour (31 mph), almost wiping out an area 55 kilometers (34 mi) long and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) wide, and creating temporary lakes as large as 12,000 square kilometers (4,600 sq mi). Seven county seats, Suiping, Xiping (西平), Ru'nan (汝南), Pingyu (平舆), Xincai (新蔡), Luohe (漯河), and Linquan (临泉) were inundated, as were thousands of square kilometers of countryside and countless communities. Evacuation orders had not been fully delivered due to weather conditions and poor communications. Telegraphs failed, signal flares fired by Unit 34450 were misunderstood, telephones were rare, and some messengers were caught by the flood.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 8
To protect other dams from failure, several flood diversion areas were evacuated and inundated, and several dams were deliberately destroyed by air strikes to release water in desired directions. The Nihewa and Laowangpo flood diversion areas downstream of the dams soon exceeded their capacity and gave up part of their storage on August 8, forcing more flood diversion areas to begin to evacuate.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, August 9
The dikes on the Quan River collapsed in the evening of August 9, and the entire Linquan county in Fuyang, Anhui was inundated. As the Boshan Dam, with a capacity of 400 million m3, crested and the water released from the failures of Banqiao and Shimantan was rushing downstream, air strikes were made against several other dams to protect the Suya Lake dam, already holding 1.2 billion m3 of water.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, The collapse of dams, Later period
The Jingguang Railway, a major artery from Beijing to Guangzhou, was cut for 18 days, as were other crucial communications lines. Although 42,618 People's Liberation Army troops were deployed for disaster relief, all communication to and from the cities was cut. Nine days later there were still over a million people trapped by the waters, who relied on airdrops of food and were unreachable by disaster relief workers. Epidemics and famine devastated the trapped survivors. The damage of the Zhumadian area was estimated to be about CN¥3.5 billion (US$513 million). The Zhumadian government appealed to the whole nation for help, and received more than CN¥300 million (US$44,000,000) in donations.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Cover-up and declassification
After the disaster, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government remained silent to the public, while no media were allowed to make reports.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Cover-up and declassification
In 1987, Yu Weimin (于为民), a journalist from Henan Daily wrote a book on the disaster, while in 1995 the news agency took the lead and published details about the disaster to the public. At the official level, The Great Floods in China's History (中国历史大洪水) revealed part of the information to the public for the first time; the book was prefaced by Qian Zhengying who served as the Minister of Water Resources of China in 1970s and 1980s.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Cover-up and declassification
The official documents of this disaster were considered a state secret until 2005 when they were declassified. Scientists from China, Italy and the United States subsequently attended a seminar in Beijing, discussing the details.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Casualties
It has been reported that 85,600-240,000 people were killed as a result of the dam breaking, although the official figure is 26,000. For example, while only 827 out of 6,000 people died in the evacuated community of Shahedian just below Banqiao Dam, half of a total of 36,000 people died in the unevacuated Wencheng commune of Suipin County next to Shahedian, and the Daowencheng Commune was wiped from the map, killing all 9,600 citizens.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Governmental assessment
The Chinese government deems the dam failure a natural one as opposed to man-made disaster, with government sources placing an emphasis on the amount of rainfall as opposed to poor engineering and construction. The People's Daily has maintained that the dam was designed to survive a once-in-1000-years flood (300 mm of rainfall per day) but a once-in-2000-years flood occurred in August 1975, following the collision of Typhoon Nina and a cold front. The typhoon was blocked for two days before its direction ultimately changed from northeastward to westward.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Governmental assessment
As a result of this near stationary thunderstorm system, more than a year's worth of rain fell within 24 hours, which weather forecasts failed to predict. New records were set, at 189.5 millimetres (7.46 in) rainfall per hour and 1,060 millimetres (42 in) per day, exceeding the average annual precipitation of about 800 millimetres (31 in). China Central Television reported that the typhoon disappeared from radar as it degraded. According to Xinhua, the forecast was for rainfall of 100 mm by the Beijing-based Central Meteorological Observatory.


1975 Banqiao Dam failure, Aftermath, Governmental assessment
After the flood, a summit of National Flood Prevention and Reservoir Security at Zhengzhou, Henan was held by the Department of Water Conservancy and Electricity, and a nationwide reservoir security examination was performed.


1975 Barcelona WCT
The 1975 Barcelona WCT was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Barcelona, Spain. The tournament was part of Green Group of the 1975 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was the third edition of the event and was held from 17 February through 23 February 1975. Arthur Ashe won the singles title.


1975 Barcelona WCT, Finals, Doubles
Arthur Ashe /  Tom Okker defeated  Paolo Bertolucci /  Adriano Panatta 7–5, 6–1


1975 Barnett Bank Tennis Classic
The 1975 Barnett Bank Tennis Classic was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor green clay courts at the Orlando Racquet Club in Orlando, Florida in the United States. It was part of the Women's International Grand Prix of the 1975 WTA Tour. It was the second and last edition of the tournament and was held from October 13 through October 19, 1975. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earned $10,000 first-prize money after Martina Navratilova had to forfeit her singles and doubles finals due to bursitis in her left shoulder.


1975 Barnett Bank Tennis Classic, Finals, Doubles
Rosemary Casals /  Wendy Overton defeated  Chris Evert /  Martina Navratilova walkover


1975 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election
Elections to Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council were held on 1 May 1975 with one third of the seats up for election. Labour retained control of the council.


1975 Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council election, Ward results
+/- figures represent changes from the last time these wards were contested.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1975 followed the system in place since 1971. The Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from recent major league players and elected Ralph Kiner. The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected three people: Earl Averill, Bucky Harris, and Billy Herman. The Negro Leagues Committee also met in person and selected Judy Johnson. A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on August 18, 1975, with Commissioner of Baseball Bowie Kuhn presiding.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The BBWAA was authorized to elect players active in 1955 or later, but not after 1969; the ballot included candidates from the 1974 ballot who received at least 5% of the vote but were not elected, along with selected players, chosen by a screening committee, whose last appearance was in 1969. All 10-year members of the BBWAA were eligible to vote.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Voters were instructed to cast votes for up to 10 candidates; any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall. The ballot consisted of 37 players; a total of 362 ballots were cast, with 272 votes required for election. A total of 2,870 individual votes were cast, an average of 7.93 per ballot.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Candidates who were eligible for the first time are indicated here with a dagger (†). The one candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been elected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Ralph Kiner, Hal Newhouser, Phil Cavarretta, Johnny Sain and Vic Raschi were on the ballot for the last time. Kiner was elected by a one-vote margin in his final year of eligibility after playing only 10 years in the major leagues, the minimum required for a player to be eligible for the Hall of Fame. Although he had a .279 career batting average, he hit 369 home runs and was the home run leader or co-leader in the National League for seven consecutive seasons; he was also a six-time All-Star and finished 10th or better in National League MVP voting five times.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
The newly eligible players included 10 All-Stars, 6 of whom were not included on the ballot, representing a total of 53 All-Star selections. Among the new candidates were 11-time All-Star Ken Boyer, 9-time All-Star Don Drysdale, 8-time All-Star Bill White, 6-time All-Star Roy Face and 5-time All-Star Turk Farrell.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA election
Players eligible for the first time who were not included on the ballot were: Rubén Amaro Sr., Gary Bell, Roy Face, Turk Farrell, Jack Fisher, Julio Gotay, Woodie Held, Bill Henry, Al Jackson, Gene Oliver, Phil Ortega, Jim Pagliaroni, Charley Smith, Dick Stuart, Leon Wagner, Dave Wickersham and Al Worthington.


1975 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, J. G. Taylor Spink Award
John Carmichael (1902–1986) and James Isaminger (1880–1946) received the J. G. Taylor Spink Award honoring baseball writers. The awards were voted at the December 1974 meeting of the BBWAA, and included in the summer 1975 ceremonies.


1975 Basilicata regional election
The Basilicata regional election of 1975 took place on 15 June 1975.


1975 Basilicata regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, largely ahead of the Italian Communist Party, which came distantly second. After the election Vincenzo Verrastro, the incumbent Christian Democratic President, was re-elected president.


1975 Bass by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Bass on 28 June 1975. This was triggered by the resignation of Labor Party MP and former Deputy Prime Minister Lance Barnard.


1975 Bass by-election
The by-election was won by Liberal Party candidate Kevin Newman. Newman's victory came as something of a surprise. Barnard had held the seat since 1954 and had usually skated to reelection. However, in the by-election, Labor's primary vote plummeted by more than 17 percent, and Newman took the seat off Labor with a resounding 60 percent of the two-party vote. Newman actually won 57.6 percent of the primary vote, enough to win the seat outright.


1975 Bass by-election
The shock loss of Bass is widely reckoned as the beginning of the end for Gough Whitlam, whose government was dismissed from office six months later.


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships
The 1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships was an men's Grand Prix tennis circuit tournament held in Munich, West Germany. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 7 May though 11 May 1975. Guillermo Vilas won the singles title.


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships, Finals, Doubles
Wojtek Fibak /  Jan Kodeš defeated  Milan Holeček /  Karl Meiler 7–5, 6–3


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Antonio Muñoz and Manuel Orantes were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Wojtek Fibak and Jan Kodeš won the title, defeating Milan Holeček and Karl Meiler 7–5, 6–3 in the final.


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Singles
Jürgen Fassbender was the defending champion, but lost in the first round this year.


1975 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Singles
Guillermo Vilas won the title, defeating Karl Meiler 2–6, 6–0, 6–2, 6–3 in the final.


1975 Baylor Bears football team
The 1975 Baylor Bears football team represented the Baylor University in the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. The Bears finished the season fifth in the Southwest Conference.


1975 Beirut bus massacre
The 1975 Beirut bus massacre (Arabic: مجزرة بوسطة عين الرمانة ,مجزرة عين الرمانة), also known as the Ain el-Rammaneh incident and the "Black Sunday", was the collective name given to a short series of armed clashes involving Phalangist and Palestinian elements in the streets of central Beirut, which is commonly presented as the spark that set off the Lebanese Civil War in the mid-1970s.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Background
Early in the morning of April 13, 1975, outside the Church of Notre Dame de la Delivrance at the predominantly Maronite inhabited district of Ain el-Rammaneh in East Beirut, an altercation occurred between half a dozen armed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrillas (Arabic: Fedaiyyin) and a squad of uniformed militiamen belonging to the Phalangist Party's Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia who were diverting the traffic at the front of the newly consecrated church where a family baptism was taking place. As the Palestinians refused to be diverted from their route, the Phalangists tried to halt their progress by force and a scuffle quickly ensued, which resulted in the death of the PLO driver of the vehicle after being accidentally shot.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Background
At 10:30 am when the congregation was concentrated outside the front door of the church upon the conclusion of the ceremony, a gang of unidentified gunmen approached in two civilian cars – oddly enough, rigged with posters and bumper stickers belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), a PLO faction – and suddenly opened fire on the VIPs present, killing four people.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Background
Among the dead caused by the drive-by shooting were Joseph Abu Assi, a Phalange militant and father of the baptised child, plus three bodyguards – Antoine Husseini, Dib Assaf and Selman Ibrahim Abou, shot while attempting to return fire on the assailants. – of the personal entourage of the Maronite za'im (boss) Pierre Gemayel, the powerful leader of the right-wing Phalangist Party, who managed nevertheless to escape unscathed. The attackers fled the scene under fire by the surviving bodyguards and KRF militiamen on duty at the time.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Bus attack
In the commotion that followed, armed Phalangist KRF and NLP Tigers militiamen took the streets, and began to set up roadblocks at Ain el-Rammaneh and other Christian-populated eastern districts of the Lebanese Capital, stopping vehicles and checked identities, while in the mainly Muslim western sectors the Palestinian factions did likewise.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Bus attack
Believing that the perpetrators were Palestinian guerrillas who carried the attack in retaliation for the earlier driver incident, and outraged by the audacity of the attempt on the life of their historical leader, the Phalangists planned an immediate response. Shortly after mid-day, a PLO bus carrying unsuspecting Palestinian Arab Liberation Front (ALF) militants and Lebanese sympathizers (including women and children) returning from a political rally at Tel el-Zaatar held by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) passed through Ain el-Rammaneh on its way to Sabra refugee camp.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Bus attack
As the bus drove through the narrow street-alleys, it fell into an ambush outside the same Church perpetrated by a squad of Phalange KRF militiamen led by Bashir Gemayel, Pierre Gemayel's younger son. The Phalangists promptly fired upon the vehicle, killing 27 and wounding 19 of its passagers, including the driver. According to sociologist Samir Khalaf all 28 passengers were killed, although other sources stated that 22 PLO members were shot dead by the Phalangists.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Consequences
This bloody incident, which became known as the "Bus massacre", incited long-standing sectarian hatred and mistrust, and sparked heavy fighting throughout the country between Kataeb Regulatory Forces militiamen and the Palestinian Fedaiyyin and their leftist-Muslim allies of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) alliance, resulting in over 300 dead in just three days.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Consequences
The recently appointed Lebanese prime-minister, the Sunni Muslim Rashid al-Sulh, tried vainly to defuse the situation as quickly as possible by sending in the evening of the day following the massacre a Gendarmerie detachment from the Lebanese Internal Security Forces (ISF) to Ain el-Rammaneh, which detained a number of suspects. In addition, Prime-Minister Sulh tried to pressure Phalangist Party' President Pierre Gemayel to hand over to the authorities the Phalangist KRF militiamen responsible for the death of the Palestinian driver. Gemayel publicly refused however, hinting that he and his Party would no longer abide by the authority of the government. He later sent a Phalangist delegation on a mission to secure the release of the previously detained suspects held in custody by the Lebanese authorities, stating that the individuals involved in the incident were just defending themselves and that no charges could be pressed against them.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Consequences
As news of the murders spread, armed clashes between PLO guerrilla factions and other Christian militias erupted throughout the Lebanese Capital. Soon Lebanese National Movement (LNM) militias entered the fray alongside the Palestinians. Numerous ceasefires and political talks held through international mediation proved fruitless. Sporadic violence escalated into a full-fledged civil war over the next two years, known as the 1975–76 phase of the Lebanese Civil War, in which 80,000 people lost their lives and split Lebanon along factional and sectarian lines for another 15 years.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Controversy
The chain of events that led to the Ain el-Rammaneh PLO driver incident and the subsequent "Bus massacre" (or "Black Sunday") of April 1975 have been the subject of intense speculation and heated debate in Lebanon since the end of the Civil War in 1990. There are two conflicting versions of what happened that day, with the Phalangists describing it as an act of self-defense by insisting that the bus carried armed ALF guerrilla reinforcements firing weapons, hurrying along to avenge their dead driver. The Phalangists anticipated such a reaction by waiting in ambush, and in the ensuing shoot-out they claimed to have killed 14 Palestinian Fedaiyyin.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Controversy
Although most PLO accounts refute this version of the events by describing the bus passengers as civilian families' victims of an unprovoked attack and not fully armed guerrillas, Abd al-Rahim Ahmad of the ALF did confirm years later that some of them were off-duty members of that faction. Another high-ranking PLO official, Abu Iyad, later suggested that the incident was not the responsibility of the Phalange, but rather a deliberate provocation engineered by the National Liberal Party (NLP), a predominantly Christian conservative Party led by former President Camille Chamoun. Other Palestinian leaders suspected instead that the provocateurs were the Phalangists.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Controversy
However, none of these versions was ever substantiated by plausible evidence, and many began to doubt that the Palestinian PFLP was really responsible for the earlier Church attack. Indeed, critics suspected that this was a false-flag terror attack and pointed to the all-too-obvious presence of civilian automobiles plastered with propaganda of that PLO faction and the tactic employed (a drive-by shooting), which did not fit well into the methods commonly used by the Palestinian guerrilla movements at the time.


1975 Beirut bus massacre, Controversy
Therefore, the true identity of the moral authors behind it – and particularly that of their faction or Party – remained shrouded in mystery until the late 1990s. New evidence that then came to light seems to confirm that they were not Palestinian feday' but actually members of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party or SSNP, a left-wing pan-Syrian nationalist organization. The SSNP carried out the action in retaliation for the brutal clamp-down on their militants following their abortive coup attempt in the turn of 1961–62, orchestrated by the then Interior Minister Pierre Gemayel. As for the SSNP gunmen involved in the April 1975 drive-by shooting, they were never apprehended and apparently disappeared without a trace. Some unconfirmed reports suggest that they were later killed in action.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1975 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zolder on 25 May 1975. It was race 6 of 14 in both the 1975 World Championship of Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. It was the 33rd Belgian Grand Prix and the second to be held at the Circuit Zolder. The race was held over 70 laps of the four kilometre venue for a race distance of 280 kilometres.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix
The race was won by Austrian driver Niki Lauda driving a Ferrari 312T, his second victory for the year after winning Monaco two weeks prior. Lauda led 65 of the 70 laps, taking a 19-second victory over South African driver Jody Scheckter in a Tyrrell 007. Argentinian driver Carlos Reutemann drove his Brabham BT44B to third place. The win put Lauda into the lead of the championship for the first time in 1975, passing previous leader Emerson Fittipaldi.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Ferrari arrived at Circuit Zolder eager for the fray and buoyed up by their Monaco victory. Niki Lauda dutifully gained pole after a technical gremlin held up early leader Carlos Pace and Saturday's qualifying was rained out. Vittorio Brambilla was third on the grid and Tony Brise stunned on his debut race for Graham Hill, gaining a fourth-row start ahead of Championship leader Emerson Fittipaldi.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Ronnie Peterson suffered the unfortunate experience of being given a parking ticket during the practice session – after having parked his car in a dangerous position at the edge of the track, rather than risk a puncture by pulling into the gravel trap. Mario Andretti was missing from the field because he was competing at the Indianapolis 500.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Pace took the lead whilst Brambilla and Regazzoni duelled. Jochen Mass and John Watson collided – the German retired whilst Watson returned to the pits with a damaged nosecone. Alan Jones also had to retire after a collision with Jacques Laffite. Arturo Merzario was out with a burnt out clutch. Pace's fiery start was now causing problems with brakes and cold tyres and he was having to drop back.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Brambilla took the lead until lap six when he was passed by Lauda. Tony Brise spun at the chicane and retired shortly after with piston failure. Jody Scheckter was storming through the field to be in second place by lap ninth. Brambilla's brakes were fading and he dropped down the order. Jean-Pierre Jarier spun into the catch-fencing, James Hunt retired with a broken gear-linkage. Clay Regazzoni had risen to third, but then dived into the pits to change a blistered tyre. Lauda led Scheckter comfortably and the race settled down into a procession.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Carlos Pace had handling problems and dropped down the order when he lost third gear. By lap 49, Ronnie Peterson crashed into the catch fencing, whilst Brambilla surrendered third place to change a blistered tyre, resuming but retiring with brake problems.


1975 Belgian Grand Prix, Race, Race summary
Fittipaldi was also having brake problems, leaving him helpless against the assault of Regazzoni and Tom Pryce as he dropped from fifth to seventh in the last six laps.


1975 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1975 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the eighth round of the 1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 4–6 July 1975 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.


1975 Benson & Hedges Cup
The 1975 Benson & Hedges Cup was the fourth competing of cricket’s Benson & Hedges Cup. The competition was won by Leicestershire County Cricket Club.


1975 Berlin Marathon
The 1975 Berlin Marathon, known as the Berlin Volksmarathon, was the second running of the annual marathon race held in Berlin, West Germany, held on 28 September. A West German husband and wife duo won the races, with Ralf Bochröder taking the men's race in 2:47:08 hours and Kristin Bochröder the women's race in 3:59:15. A total of 236 runners finished the race, comprising 232 men and 4 women.


1975 Big League World Series
The 1975 Big League World Series took place from August 9–16 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. For the second consecutive year, Taipei, Taiwan defeated San Antonio, Texas in the championship game.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1975 Big Ten Conference football season was the 80th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1975 NCAA Division I football season.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, compiled an 11–0 record in the regular season, won the Big Ten championship, led the conference in scoring offense (32.0 points per game) and scoring defense (8.5 points allowed per game), and lost to UCLA in the 1976 Rose Bowl. Running back Archie Griffin won the 1975 Heisman Trophy, becoming the only two-time Heisman winner. Quarterback Cornelius Greene won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's most valuable player, and Pete Johnson led the conference with 156 points scored. Griffin, defensive back Tim Fox, and offensive guard Ted Smith were consensus first-team All-Americans.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team, under head coach Bo Schembechler, compiled an 8–2–2 record, finished in second place in the Big Ten, and lost to Oklahoma in the 1976 Orange Bowl. Gordon Bell gained 1,390 rushing yards and was selected as Michigan's most valuable player and a unanimous first-team All-Big Ten player. Defensive back Don Dufek was selected as a first-team All-American by the American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, Football News, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1975 Michigan State Spartans football team, under head coach Denny Stolz, compiled a 7–4 record and finished in third place in the Big Ten. Charley Baggett led the team with 1,499 total yards, and Levi Jackson gained 1,063 rushing yards and was selected as the team's most valuable player.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season
Other conference leaders included Minnesota quarterback Tony Dungy with 1,515 passing yards and 1,759 yards of total offense and Purdue wide receiver Scott Yelvington with 686 receiving yards. Wisconsin offensive tackle Dennis Lick was a consensus first-team All-American.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyAP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1975 seasonAP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1975 seasonPPG = Average of points scored per game; conference leader's average displayed in boldPAG = Average of points allowed per game; conference leader's average displayed in boldMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, September 13
On September 13, 1975, the Big Ten football teams opened the season with five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, September 20
On September 20, 1975, the Big Ten teams played 10 non-conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, September 27
On September 27, 1975, the Big Ten teams played 10 non-conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 4
On October 4, 1975, the Big Ten teams played 10 non-conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 11
On October 11, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 18
On October 18, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 25
On October 25, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 1
On November 1, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 8
On November 8, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 15
On November 15, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 22
On November 22, 1975, the Big Ten teams played five conference games.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games, 1976 Rose Bowl
On January 1, 1976, Dick Vermeil's UCLA Bruins (ranked No. 11 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State (ranked No. 1), 23–10, before a crowd of 105,464 in the 1976 Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Ohio State had defeated UCLA, 41–20, in the regular season and came into the game as a 14-point favorite. Ohio State led, 3-0, at halftime, but Heisman Trophy winner Archie Griffin fractured a bone in his left hand on the third play of the game. UCLA rallied with 23 points in the second half.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games, 1976 Rose Bowl
UCLA quarterback John Sciarra threw two touchdown passes to Wally Henry covering 16 and 67 yards. Ohio State cut the lead to 16-10 early in the fourth quarter, but Ohio State quarterback then threw two costly interceptions. Late in the game, UCLA's Wendell Tyler ran 54 yards for a touchdown; Tyler finished the game with 155 rushing yards.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games, 1976 Orange Bowl
On January 1, 1976, Oklahoma (ranked No. 3 in the AP Poll) defeated Michigan (ranked No. 5), 14–6, before a crowd of 80,307 in the 1976 Orange Bowl in Miami. Oklahoma took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter on a 39-yard end-around touchdown run by split end Billy Brooks. In the fourth quarter, Oklahoma quarterback Steve Davis ran 11 yards for a touchdown to extend the lead to 14-0. Midway through the fourth quarter, Michigan linebacker Dave Devich recovered an Oklahoma fumble at the Sooners' two-yard line.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games, 1976 Orange Bowl
Gordon Bell then ran two yards for a touchdown to narrow Oklahoma's lead to 14-6. An attempted two-point conversion failed when Rick Leach was stopped short of the goal line. With its victory over Michigan, Oklahoma rose to No. 1 in the final AP and UPI polls and was the consensus national champion.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Passing yards
1. Tony Dungy, Minnesota (1,515)2. Randy Dean, Northwestern (1,315)3. Kurt Steger, Illinois (1,136)4. Cornelius Greene, Ohio State (1,066)5. Charles Baggett, Michigan State (854)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Rushing yards
1. Archie Griffin, Ohio State (1,450)2. Gordon Bell, Michigan (1,390)3. Billy Marek, Wisconsin (1,281)4. Greg Boykin, Northwestern (1,105)5. Courtney Snyder, Indiana (1,103)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Receiving yards
1. Scott Yelvington, Northwestern (686)2. Jim Smith, Michigan (553)3. Ron Kullas • Minnesota (545)4. Mike Jones • Minnesota (473)5. Paul Beery • Purdue (454)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Total offense
1. Tony Dungy, Minnesota (1,759)2. Cornelius Greene, Ohio State (1,584)3. Charles Baggett, Michigan State (1,499)4. Archie Griffin, Ohio State (1,450)5. Gordon Bell, Michigan (1,401)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Passing efficiency rating
1. Tony Dungy, Minnesota (120.8)2. Kurt Steger, Illinois (104.7)3. Randy Dean, Northwestern (103.7)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Rushing yards per attempt
1. Jim Jensen, Iowa (5.8)2. Archie Griffin, Ohio State (5.5)3. Rob Lytle, Michigan (5.4)4. Dave Schick, Iowa (5.4)5. Lonnie Perrin, Illinois (5.3)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Yards per reception
1. Jim Smith, Michigan (23.0)2. Trent Smock, Indiana (17.1)3. Paul Beery, Purdue (16.8)4. Mike Jones, Minnesota (16.3)5. Brian Baschnagel, Ohio State (15.1)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Points scored
1. Pete Johnson, Ohio State (156)2. Gordon Bell, Michigan (84)3. Billy Marek, Wisconsin (78)4. Rob Lytle, Michigan (60)5. Greg Boykin, Northwestern (54)


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Big Ten honors
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press International (UPI) as first-team players on the 1975 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
At the end of the 1975 season, Big Ten players secured four of the consensus first-team picks for the 1975 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-Americans were:


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Ohio State running back Archie Griffin won the 1975 Heisman Trophy. Michigan running back Gordon Bell finished eighth in the Heisman voting.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Ohio State's Woody Hayes was named Big Ten Coach of the Year.


1975 Big Ten Conference football season, 1976 NFL Draft
The 1976 NFL Draft was held in New York on April 8–9, 1976. The following players were among the first 100 picks:


1975 Birthday Honours
The Queen's Birthday Honours 1975 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were published on 6 June 1975 for the United Kingdom, Australia (for Papua New Guinea), New Zealand, Mauritius, Fiji, the Bahamas, and Grenada. These were the last Birthday Honours on the advice of Australian Ministers for Papua New Guinea, as the nation gained independence from Australia on 16 September 1975.


1975 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1975 Birthday Honours
At this time honours for Australians were still being awarded in the UK honours on the advice of the premiers of Australian states. The Australian honours system began with the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia), but these first awards were only for the Order of Australia.


1975 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 14 June 1975.


1975 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1975 Blue Swords
Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles and pair skating.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team
The 1975 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season, the eighth season of Bronco football (at the four-year level) and the third in the newly reorganized Division II. The Broncos were in their sixth year as members of the Big Sky Conference (and NCAA) and played their home games on campus at Bronco Stadium in Boise, Idaho.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team
Prior to the season, the stadium was expanded with an upper deck added to the east grandstand, which increased the permanent seating capacity to 20,000. Part of the original design, it had been delayed for five years due to high costs.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team, Season
Led by eighth-year head coach Tony Knap, the Broncos were 9–1–1 in the regular season and undefeated in conference (5–0–1), gaining their third straight Big Sky title. For those three seasons, the Broncos were 17–0–1 (.972) in conference play; the only non-victory was a tie at rival Idaho during the Kibbie Dome dedication game in October. Prior to the regular season finale at Idaho State, it was announced that the winner would gain one of the eight playoff berths; BSU won by three to advance to the postseason.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team, Playoffs
Invited again to the eight-team Division II playoffs, sixth ranked BSU hosted #5 Northern Michigan at Bronco Stadium in the quarterfinals on November 29. Cold and windy conditions caused fourteen fumbles, nine by BSU, and the visitors won 24–21. Winless the previous season, the Wildcats went on to win the national title; they were led by sophomore quarterback Steve Mariucci, later a head coach in the NFL for nine seasons.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team, Playoffs
It was the third consecutive year that the Broncos fell in the playoffs to the eventual national champion, and it was their last appearance in the D-II playoffs. Boise State won the Big Sky title in 1977 but could not participate in the playoffs because of a late regular season game, and they moved up to the new Division I-AA in 1978. BSU returned to the postseason in 1980 and won its only national title.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team, Knap departs
Two months later in January 1976, 61-year-old Knap moved south to Nevada-Las Vegas to replace Ron Meyer, who went to SMU in Dallas. At the time, UNLV was also in Division II, but moved up to I-A in 1978; Knap led the Rebels for six seasons, through 1981. Jim Criner, the UCLA linebackers coach, was hired as BSU's next head coach in February 1976, and stayed for seven seasons.


1975 Boise State Broncos football team, NFL Draft
Three Broncos were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft, which lasted seventeen rounds (487 selections).


1975 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election
Elections to Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council were held on in May 1975. The Conservatives retained control of the Council.


1975 Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council election
23 seats were contested, with 18 being won by the Conservative Party, 4 by the Labour Party and 1 by the Liberal Party.


1975 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1975 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College as an independent during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. In its eighth season under head coach Joe Yukica, the team compiled a 7–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 227 to 146.


1975 Boston College Eagles football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mike Kruczek with 1,132 passing yards, Keith Barnette with 958 rushing yards, and Mike Godbolt with 354 receiving yards.


1975 Boston College Eagles football team
The team played its home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.


1975 Boston Red Sox season
The 1975 Boston Red Sox season was the 75th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished first in the American League East with a record of 95 wins and 65 losses. Following a sweep of the Oakland Athletics in the ALCS, the Red Sox lost the World Series to the Cincinnati Reds in seven games.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Long expectations
The 1975 baseball season should have dawned for Red Sox fans with bright hopes. The team had made a legitimate run for the pennant the previous year, and this time the team had Carlton Fisk and Rick Wise for full seasons. Rick Burleson had surprised everyone by playing outstanding shortstop and hitting higher in the majors than he ever had in the minors. In addition, the Sox had two rookies who gave every indication they would be phenoms, Fred Lynn and Jim Rice. But the memory of the collapse of 1974 still hung heavy over New England fans.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Long expectations
At first most of the preseason talk had to do with the decision by Tony Conigliaro to try one more comeback and with the salary hassle concerning Luis Tiant, who felt he deserved more than $70,000 he was earning and wouldn't show up at Winter Haven, Florida, causing team owner Tom Yawkey to meet with "El Tiante", agree on a raise (to $90,000) and get the Sox pitching ace back in camp.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Long expectations
Still, it didn't take too long before the stories and pictures coming out of Florida about the two phenoms got Sox fans thinking. The betting lines in Las Vegas had Boston as a long shot, although not the 100–1 shot they were in 1967. The odds against them went up, however, after Fisk, returning from the serious knee injury of 1974, was hit in the right arm and broke it. Even the positive talk about young Mr. Lynn couldn't drive away the gloom over Fisk's injury. Catching is absolutely vital to a successful team, and Fisk was going to be sidelined for at least a couple of months.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Youngsters and comebacks
The word out of Florida on Lynn was very positive. The young man who had gone to the USC as a football linebacker, but gave up football for baseball, seemed to be doing it all. Not only did he hit and run and field, he was a good-looking, charming young man. He was a hit with Boston and New England fans and hit with power, and with the way big Jim Rice was clobbering the baseball, Boston appeared to have a power punch that could only get better when Fisk got back into the lineup.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Youngsters and comebacks
Rick Wise, back after a year of shoulder trouble and then a broken finger, looked ready to boost a pitching staff, which already had Luis Tiant, Bill Lee, Reggie Cleveland, and the stringbean flame-thrower Roger Moret. The bullpen also looked strong, with Dick Drago as the closer and hard-thrower Dick Pole and veteran Diego Seguí.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason, Youngsters and comebacks
Additionally, the word on Tony Conigliaro was encouraging, and that boosted spirits back home. Carl Yastrzemski was at first base, and after three short trials in previous years Cecil Cooper was going to make this team and probably be the designated hitter.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
The Red Sox played only 160 games, as two games against the Yankees were rained out in the final week of the season, and not rescheduled once Boston clinched the AL East title.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, April
The season opened with El Tiante beating the Milwaukee Brewers, and after the first week the Sox shared first place with Milwaukee. Rice was playing some left field, and his defense left a lot to be desired; people were already saying that Rice might be a one-dimensional player who had to be the designated hitter only. On the other hand, Lynn was doing well, and the problems at catcher were not apparent yet.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, May
The Red Sox fell out of first place in late April and didn't get back into it until the end of May. Lynn was bombing American League pitching and playing great center field, and Rice was clobbering the ball. But the Red Sox were winning a lot of high-scoring games which didn't augur well for pitching when the pennant race reached the dog days of August and September.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Denny Doyle
In June, the Red Sox made what appeared to be a minor move to bolster the bench when they bought journeyman second baseman Denny Doyle from the California Angels. The Angels got cash and a player to be named later, the quality depending on what Doyle did for the Sox. Little did anyone know this would be even better than the pickup of Jerry Adair back in 1967.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Doug Griffin
Second base was a problem. Doug Griffin was playing there and doing an adequate job, but he was injury-prone, and the Sox had been particularly anxious about him ever since he had been hit in the face by a Nolan Ryan fastball back in April 1974. Doug had seemed tentative at the plate since the beaning, and Boston had concerns about his durability and about his ability to stand in there on inside pitches.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Tony C's last stand
Doyle arrived on June 14, and to make room for him on the roster Tony Conigliaro was sent to Pawtucket in the minor leagues. Tony's attempt to come back hadn't really worked out. On his first at bat he singled for the Red Sox, but soon thereafter it became apparent that the eye damage had been too great and that the once-promising career now was over for good.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Tony C's last stand
So, the Red Sox got Denny Doyle into the lineup, and no one could get him out of it for the rest of the season. He ended up hitting .310, had a 22-game hitting streak and was outstanding in the field. In fact, he cemented an infield which featured Carl Yastrzemski at first, Rick Burleson at short and Rico Petrocelli at third. A major step toward the pennant had been taken with the Doyle deal.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Fred Lynn's greatest day ever
On June 18, Fred Lynn had one of those games that players can only dream about. The Red Sox were in Detroit and had won the first two games of the series, with second-year regular Juan Beníquez having two big games – a triple to start a winning rally in the opener and a homer to win the second. Unable to sleep, Fred Lynn got up, got dressed and walked the streets of downtown Detroit for an hour or two after 6 a.m. Still restless, he had breakfast and then went to Tiger Stadium to get extra batting practice. Whatever it was in the recipe that worked, it worked remarkably well.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Fred Lynn's greatest day ever
In the four-run first inning he crashed a homer into the upper deck in right. In the three-run second he clubbed one off the roof of the upper deck in right center. In the third he just missed when his long drive to left center hit the top of the fence and came back for a triple. In the sixth he beat out an infield single, and then in the ninth he smashed a three-run homer to the upper deck in right again. Lynn had hit his 12th, 13th and 14th home runs, had knocked in 10 runs, tying the Red Sox record for RBIs in a game, and Luis Tiant had no trouble winning his ninth game, 15–1.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Fred Lynn's greatest day ever
The Sox went in and out of first place three different times in late June, but at the end of the month they led the New York Yankees by a game. The Baltimore Orioles were 7.5 games back, five games under .500.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Power to the Red Sox
In early July the Red Sox put Jim Rice into left field. Since Carlton Fisk had returned a week earlier, the Sox had a power-laden lineup that was the talk of baseball. But Baltimore was getting ready to make a move, looking for a third consecutive division crown. And after the Orioles clobbered Boston on July 1, 10–6, Oriole manager Earl Weaver suggested that whereas his team would emulate the 1974 Baltimore Orioles season, picking up a game a week, Boston would emulate its 1974 team and fade, which made for good reading.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Goodbye New York Yankees
Jim Rice broke in as a regular with two homers in a 6–3 win at Milwaukee, in which Wise had a no-hitter through 82⁄3 innings but lost it when George Scott homered in the ninth. The Red Sox completed a sweep of the Minnesota Twins in Minnesota and did the same to the Texas Rangers in Texas, and by the All-Star break they held a 4.5 game lead over the Yankees and Brewers.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Goodbye New York Yankees
The Sox then put together a 10-game winning streak, moved 6 ahead of the Yankees and finally put the Yankees away with a three-out-of-four series victory in New York, featuring two shutouts pitched by left-handers, on Sunday, July 27. Bill Lee beat Catfish Hunter in the first 1–0, with Lynn making a spectacular play on a Graig Nettles drive. As Lynn ran into left-center field, he dove for the ball and caught the ball in his glove. When he hit the ground, the ball popped out of the glove, but Lynn reached up and grabbed it again before it hit the ground.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, The stretch drive
Roger Moret pitched his seventh win, against one loss, in a 6–0 Boston win in the nightcap, featuring Yaz's 12th home run. By the end of July Boston enjoyed an eight-game lead over the Orioles, who had moved to 51–47, over .500 for the first time.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, The stretch drive
The lead got to 9.5 games and then began to dwindle down to six by September 1. But there was no question that the fans now believed: the crowds filled Fenway. Boston next took two from the Orioles at Baltimore. Weaver was subdued, and Boston led by seven. By September 15, the Sox had not collapsed as they had in 1974, but the lead over the Orioles was down to four.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Red Sox vs. Indians
The game that may have decided the season was played on Tuesday, September 16, at hot, humid and jammed Fenway. Luis Tiant against Jim Palmer. The crowd chanted "Loo-ee!, Loo-ee!, Loo-ee! ", and he responded, twirling, looking into center and then blowing the ball by the Orioles. Palmer was good, but Loo-eee! was better. Boston won 2–0 on homers by Fisk and Petrocelli.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, Red Sox vs. Indians
It stayed close until Friday, September 26. It had rained for five days. Contingency plans to make up rained-out games had been made, but it became academic on Friday, for the rain had stopped. But the field at Fenway was soggy, and there was a lot of fog. Nevertheless, they played a twi-night doubleheader with Cleveland. Tiant won the opener 4–0, besting Dennis Eckersley in a game in which part of left field was in fog.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Season summary, The clincher
Reggie Cleveland won the second game, also 4–0 and the Sox clinched a tie for first. The next day the Yankees finished off the Orioles, winning a twin bill at New York. Boston was thus the AL East champ, and Oakland was their next obstacle on the way to  the World Series.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, Opening Day lineup
Boston's Opening Day opponent was the Milwaukee Brewers, then a member of the AL East; the game was notable for being the first game that Hank Aaron played in the American League, having previously played from 1954 through 1974 in the National League.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Postseason
After a great season, The Red Sox continued their magical season by sweeping the Oakland Athletics in three games in the American League Championship Series to advance to their first World Series since 1967.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Postseason
In the historic World Series that followed, it came down to Carl Yastrzemski with the Red Sox trailing, 4–3, with two outs in the ninth inning of Game 7. Yaz's drive fell into the hands of Reds outfielder César Gerónimo, and Boston's magical season fell one game short. Boston would not return to the World Series until 1986.


1975 Boston Red Sox season, Postseason, World Series
The Red Sox scored first in six of the seven World Series games, only to see the Reds come back and win four of those games, spoiling Boston's chances at their first championship since 1918. In Game 7, the Red Sox entered the sixth inning with a 3–0 lead, but the Reds rallied back to win the game, 4–3, and the series.


1975 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1975 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season. In their third season under head coach Paul Kemp, the Terriers compiled a 5–6 record (1–4 against conference opponents), tied for last place in the conference, and were outscored by a total of 220 to 142.


1975 Boston University Terriers football team
Boston University played its home games on Nickerson Field, which was part of the Case Sports Complex and was formerly known as Braves Field, the home of the Boston Braves.


1975 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1975 occurred on Tuesday, November 4, 1975, between Mayor Kevin White and state senator Joseph F. Timilty. White was elected to a third term.


1975 Boston mayoral election
The nonpartisan municipal preliminary election was held on September 23, 1975.


1975 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1975 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. In their eighth season under head coach Don Nehlen, the Falcons compiled an 8–3 record (4–2 against MAC opponents), finished in fourth place in the MAC, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 278 to 166.


1975 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mark Miller with 1,252 passing yards, Dan Saleet with 1,114 rushing yards, and Dave Dudley with 338 receiving yards.


1975 Brazilian Grand Prix
The 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Interlagos on 26 January 1975. It was race 2 of 14 in both the 1975 World Championship of Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. It was the fourth Brazilian Grand Prix since its introduction in 1972. The race was won by São Paulo native Carlos Pace driving a Brabham BT44B. It was the only win of Pace's career; he was killed in an aircraft accident two years later. Since 1985, the circuit holds his name. It would be eight years before another Brazilian would win the Grand Prix. Fellow Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi finished second in his McLaren M23 with his German teammate Jochen Mass finishing third.


1975 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Jean-Pierre Jarier took pole position, after beating the 1973 pole record. He lined up ahead of local driver Emerson Fittipaldi. The race was delayed whilst the track was washed down to remove debris – punctures had played a critical part in the 1974 race and race organisers wanted to avoid a repeat of these problems.


1975 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Summary
This was the 176th and last championship race start of Graham Hill's Formula One career.


1975 Brazilian Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Brazilian drivers finished 1–2 in the race, with Carlos Pace taking the only win of his career and Emerson Fittipaldi finishing second. A local 1–2 also occurred in the 1986 Brazilian Grand Prix with Nelson Piquet winning from Ayrton Senna.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement
The 1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement is a treaty between Brazil and West Germany signed on June 27, 1975.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement, Negotiations
The first round of negotiations were conducted trilaterally between Brazil, West Germany, and France.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement, Negotiations
In April 1975, the United States sent a four‐person delegation to the negotiations to lobby for safeguards to prevent Brazil using the technology or plutonium to make nuclear weapons.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement, Negotiations
The agreement was signed by foreign ministers Azeredo da Silveira and Hans-Dietrich Genscher on June 27, 1975 in Bonn, West Germany.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement, Reactions
During a visit to West Germany in 1977, Vice President of the United States Walter Mondale lobbied the West German government to withdraw from the deal.


1975 Brazil–West Germany nuclear agreement, Reactions, Brazil
The Brazilian Physical Society issued a statement that disagreed with the premise that Brazil required a nuclear program of that magnitude, given its vast hydroelectric capacity.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season
The 1975 Brisbane Rugby League premiership was the 67th season of Brisbane's semi-professional rugby league football competition. Eight teams from across Brisbane competed for the premiership, which culminated in a grand final match between the Western Suburbs and Redcliffe clubs.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Season summary
Teams played each other three times, with 21 rounds of competition played. It resulted in a top five of Western Suburbs, Northern Suburbs, Redcliffe, Eastern Suburbs and Wynnum-Manly.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Season summary
The 1975 season's Rothmans Medallist was Northern Suburbs played Steve Calder.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Season summary
With seconds remaining in the decider, Redcliffe were trailing 26–24 to minor premiers Western Suburbs. The Dolphins had the ball and launched a bomb hoping for the best. However, before the ball landed, fans had flooded Lang Park ensuring there was no chance for Redcliffe to pressure Wests' receiver into an error. The ball ended up going into touch, ensuring that the fans to not ruin the final play of the game.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Grand Final
Redcliffe's storming finish was not enough, as Western Suburbs held on to claim its first premiership in 21 years.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Grand Final
Redcliffe were coming home strong 26–24, but Panthers held on, to win their ninth premiership and first since 1954. Redcliffe won the scrum count 7–4, the Dolphins winning the penalties 11-7 as well.


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Grand Final
Western Suburbs 26 (Tries: H. Cameron, B. Bradshaw, G. McCarthy, G. Heading. Goals: W. Stewart)


1975 Brisbane Rugby League season, Grand Final
Redcliffe 24 (Tries: T. Obst, I. Pearce, G. Russell, B. Bleakley. Goals: I. Pearce 6)


1975 British Columbia general election
The 1975 British Columbia general election was the 31st general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on November 3, 1975, and held on December 11, 1975. The new legislature met for the first time on March 17, 1976.


1975 British Columbia general election
The governing New Democratic Party of Dave Barrett was defeated after three years in government. Bill Bennett, son of long-time Social Credit Party leader and BC premier, W.A.C. Bennett, led Social Credit back to power, winning close to half of the popular vote, and a solid majority in the legislature.


1975 British Columbia general election
Voters abandoned the Liberal and Progressive Conservative parties as the centre and right-wing vote coalesced around Social Credit. The defeated social democratic NDP suffered only a marginal decrease in its vote share. However, NDP support outside Vancouver tailed off, resulting in a 20-seat loss. Barrett was one of the casualties; he was narrowly defeated by a Socred challenger (though he returned to the legislature a few months later in a by-election).


1975 British Columbia general election, Results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1975 British Formula Three season
The 1975 B.A.R.C. BP Super Visco British F3 Championship was the 25th season of the British Formula 3 season. Sweden's Gunnar Nilsson took the title.


1975 British Formula Three season
After the poor 1974 season, Formula Three was completely revived in 1975, not just in Britain but in Italy, Sweden and Germany. The British series, sponsored by BP and organised by the B.A.R.C., was the most important of these as it was the only one open to drivers of all nationalities and was regarded by some as the effective European championship. There was also a European Cup, but in this first season it was barely noticed.