1977 Christchurch mayoral election
The 1977 Christchurch mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1977, election were held for the Mayor of Christchurch plus other local government positions. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1977 Christchurch mayoral election, Background
Sitting mayor Hamish Hay was re-elected for a second term, defeating Labour Party challenger Alex Clark. Despite retaining the mayoralty the Citizens' Association lost ground on the city council however, resulting in the composition of the council at ten seats to nine in favour of the Labour Party.


1977 Christchurch mayoral election, Ward results
Candidates were also elected from wards to the Christchurch City Council.


1977 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1977 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented University of Cincinnati during 1977 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Bearcats, led by first-year head coach Ralph Staub, participated as independent and played their home games at Nippert Stadium.


1977 Cincinnati Bengals season
The 1977 Cincinnati Bengals season was the franchise's 8th season in the National Football League, and the 10th overall. Second-year Running Back Archie Griffin struggled to learn the NFL game rushing for only 549 yards while failing to cross the end zone. A loss to Houston in the final game cost the Bengals a spot in the playoffs. The team finished with an 8–6 record.


1977 Cincinnati Bengals season, Regular season, Season summary, Week 5 at Steelers
Bob Trumpy was knocked out of the game by Mel Blount


1977 Cincinnati Open
The 1977 Cincinnati Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Coney Island in Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States that was part of the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. The tournament was held from August 11 through August 18, 1977. Harold Solomon won the singles title.


1977 Cincinnati Open, Finals, Doubles
John Alexander /  Phil Dent defeated  Bob Hewitt /  Roscoe Tanner 6–3, 7–6


1977 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1977 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in second place in the National League West, with a record of 88–74, 10 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds were managed by Sparky Anderson and played their home games at Riverfront Stadium.


1977 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 City of Aberdeen District Council election
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1977 City of Aberdeen District Council election
The 1977 City of Aberdeen Council election took place on 3 May 1977 to elect members of City of Aberdeen Council, as part of that years Scottish local elections.


1977 City of Edinburgh District Council election
Elections for the City of Edinburgh District Council took place on 3 May 1977, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. These was the second election to the City of Edinburgh District Council. Conservatives won a majority with 34 of the Council's 64 seats.


1977 City of Glasgow District Council election
Elections for the City of Glasgow District Council took place on 3 May 1977, alongside elections to the councils of Scotland's various other districts. These were the second election to the City of Glasgow District Council, and saw Labour losing their control of the council, losing nearly half of their councillors. Among the losing councillors was Dick Dynes, the Labour group leader. Dynes was replaced as leader by Jean McFadden.


1977 City of London and Westminster South by-election
The City of London and Westminster South by-election on 24 February 1977 was held after Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Christopher Tugendhat resigned the seat upon his appointment to the European Commission. A safe Conservative seat, it was won by their candidate, Peter Brooke.


1977 City of London and Westminster South by-election, Candidates
The election was contested by a record ten candidates, beating the nine who had contested the 1976 Walsall North by-election. This total was topped at the 1978 Lambeth Central by-election. The candidates were:


1977 City of London and Westminster South by-election, Aftermath
Brooke would retain the seat at the 1979 general election, and hold it until his retirement at the 2001 general election (it reverted to its former name of Cities of London and Westminster in 1997). He held a number of front-bench Government posts during his tenure, including Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.


1977 Claxton Shield
The 1977 Claxton Shield was the 38th annual Claxton Shield, an Australian national baseball tournament. It was held in Perth from 14 to 23 January, the eighth time Perth had hosted the Shield. Hosts Western Australia won the Shield for the third time. The other participating teams were New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Victoria.


1977 Claxton Shield, Format
The five teams played a double round-robin schedule, meeting each other team twice, with two competition points on offer in each game. The points were awarded as follows:


1977 Claxton Shield, Format
After each team has played their eight games, the team with the most points was declared the champions. In the event of a tie between teams in terms of points, the tiebreaker used would have been the net runs for and against, with the team achieving the greater value placing in the higher position.


1977 Clemson Tigers baseball team
The 1977 Clemson Tigers baseball team represented Clemson University in the 1977 NCAA Division I baseball season. The team played their home games at Beautiful Tiger Field in Clemson, South Carolina.


1977 Clemson Tigers baseball team
The team was coached by Bill Wilhelm, who completed his twentieth season at Clemson. The Tigers reached the 1977 College World Series, their fourth appearance in Omaha.


1977 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1977 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In its first season under head coach Charley Pell, the team compiled an 8–3–1 record (4–1–1 against conference opponents), finished second in the ACC, lost to Pittsburgh in the 1977 Gator Bowl, was ranked No. 19 in the final AP Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 228 to 163. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.


1977 Clemson Tigers football team
Steve Fuller, Steve Godfrey, and Randy Scott were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included Steve Fuller with 1,497 passing yards, Warren Ratchford with 616 rushing yards, Jerry Butler with 760 receiving yards, and Lester Brown with 54 points (9 touchdowns).


1977 Cleveland Browns season
The 1977 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 28th season with the National Football League. After a 6-4 start, the Browns lost their final four games of the season, to finish with a disappointing 6-8 record. With one game left in the season, head coach Forrest Gregg was fired and replaced by Dick Modzelewski.


1977 Cleveland Browns season, Schedule, Game summaries, Week 1
The 1977 season started with a league rival and an impressive win.


1977 Cleveland Browns season, Schedule, Game summaries, Week 2
The Cleveland Browns had not hosted nor been in a Monday Night Football game since the 1973 season, when they lost at home against the Miami Dolphins. The Cleveland Stadium was sold out that beautiful night along the lakefront and the crowd looked forward to a great game. Indeed, the game went into overtime, and with a little more than 10 minutes left in over time, Don Cockroft kicked a 35-yard field goal to end the game with a win for the Browns. Howard Cosell said that it was one of the most exciting finishes to a Monday Night Football game that he ever witnessed.


1977 Cleveland Browns season, Schedule, Game summaries, Week 5
The Browns beat the Oilers 24-23 on another Cockroft last-second field goal. Toni Fritsch kicks a 37-yarder with 4:28 left to give Houston a 23-21 lead, but running back Greg Pruitt leads the Browns on their final scoring drive with three runs and a 13-yard third-down completion to Cleo Miller. Cockroft's six points lift him past Jim Brown to the no. 2 spot (behind Lou Groza) on the Browns' all-time scoring list.


1977 Cleveland Browns season, Schedule, Week 7
Scoring their most points in 9 years, the Browns broke a team record with 34 first downs while rolling up 526 yards (322 rushing) in a rout over the Kansas City Chiefs 44-7. Greg Pruitt rushed for 153 yards. Brian Sipe threw for 200 yards and tight end Gary Parris caught two touchdown passes.


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Regular season
On May 30, Indians pitcher Dennis Eckersley threw a no-hitter against the California Angels.


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Cleveland mayoral election
The 1977 Cleveland mayoral election took place on November 8, 1977, to elect the Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. The election was won by Dennis Kucinich. The election was officially nonpartisan, with the top two candidates from the October 4 primary advancing to the general election.


1977 Cleveland mayoral election
In an upset defeat, incumbent mayor Ralph Perk failed to advance past the primary.


1977 Cleveland mayoral election
Kucinich, at 31 years of age, became the youngest mayor of a major United States city.


1977 Coleraine Borough Council election
Elections to Coleraine Borough Council were held on 18 May 1977 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 20 councillors.


1977 Coleraine Borough Council election, Districts results, Area A
1973: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Unionist1977: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Unionist1973-1977 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1977 Coleraine Borough Council election, Districts results, Area B
1973: 5 x UUP, 2 x Alliance1977: 4 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Unionist1973-1977 Change: SDLP gain from Alliance, Independent Unionist leaves UUP


1977 Coleraine Borough Council election, Districts results, Area C
1973: 4 x UUP, 2 x Independent, 1 x Alliance1977: 3 x UUP, 2 x Independent, 1 x DUP, 1 x Alliance1973-1977 Change: DUP gain from UUP


1977 Colgate International of Australia
The 1977 Colgate International of Australia, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts at White City Stadium in Sydney in Australia. The event was part of the AAA category of the 1978 Colgate Series. It was the second edition of the tournament and was held from 14 November through 20 November 1977. Eighth-seeded Evonne Goolagong Cawley, participating in her first tournament after a year absence due to the birth of her first child, won the singles title and earned $22,000 first-prize money and 160 ranking points.


1977 Colgate International of Australia, Winners, Doubles
Evonne Goolagong Cawley /  Betty Stöve vs.  Kerry Reid /  Greer Stevens divided


1977 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1977 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In its second season under head coach Frederick Dunlap, the team compiled a 10–1 record. Mike Foley and Gary Hartwig were the team captains.


1977 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The team played its home games at Andy Kerr Stadium in Hamilton, New York.


1977 Colgate Red Raiders football team, Leading players
Three trophies were awarded to the Red Raiders' most valuable players in 1977:


1977 Colgate Series Championships
The 1977 Colgate Series Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Mission Hills Country Club in Palm Springs, California in the United States that was the season-ending tournament of the 1977 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from November 1 through November 6, 1977. The top eight singles players and top four doubles teams, in terms of Colgate Series ranking points, qualified for the event. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title and earned $75,000 first-prize money. With a total prize money of $250,000 it was the richest women's tournament to date.


1977 Colgate Series Championships, Finals, Doubles
Françoise Dürr /  Virginia Wade defeated  Helen Gourlay Cawley /  Joanne Russell 6–1, 4–6, 6–4


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters
The 1977 Masters (also known as the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters for sponsorship reasons) was held in Madison Square Garden, New York City, United States between 4 January and 8 January 1978. It was the year-end championship of the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix tour.


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters, Finals, Doubles
Bob Hewitt /  Frew McMillan defeated  Robert Lutz /  Stan Smith 7–5, 7–6, 6–3


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters – Doubles
Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan won in the final  7–5, 7–6, 6–3 against Robert Lutz and Stan Smith.


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters – Singles
Jimmy Connors won in the final 6–4, 1–6, 6–4 against Björn Borg.


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters – Singles, Draw, Group A
Standings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.


1977 Colgate-Palmolive Masters – Singles, Draw, Group B
Standings are determined by: 1) Number of wins; 2) Number of matches; 3) In two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4) In three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5) Steering Committee decision.


1977 College Baseball All-America Team
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.


1977 College Baseball All-America Team
From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.


1977 College Football All-America Team
The 1977 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1977. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes four selectors as "official" for the 1977 season.


1977 College Football All-America Team
They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) selected by the nation's football writers; and (4) the United Press International (UPI) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers. Other selectors included Football News (FN), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).


1977 College Football All-America Team
Eight players were unanimously selected by all four official selectors and all four unofficial selectors. They were Ken MacAfee of Notre Dame, offensive tackle Chris Ward of Ohio State, offensive guard Mark Donahue of Michigan, running backs Earl Campbell of Texas and Terry Miller of Oklahoma State, defensive ends Art Still of Kentucky and Ross Browner of Notre Dame, defensive tackle Brad Shearer of Texas.


1977 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1977 and displays which first-team designations they received.


1977 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1977 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado Boulder in the Big Eight Conference during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Bill Mallory, the Buffaloes were 7–3–1 overall and 3–3–1 in the Big 8.


1977 Colorado Buffaloes football team
Colorado was a defending conference co-champion and won its first five games to reach third in the polls in October, its highest rank in five years. A disappointing 2–3–1 finish knocked them out of a bowl berth.


1977 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1977 Colorado State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Colorado State University in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In its fifth season under head coach Sark Arslanian, the team compiled a 9–2—1 record (5–2 against WAC opponents).


1977 Columbia Lions football team
The 1977 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Columbia tied for last place in the Ivy League.


1977 Columbia Lions football team
In their fourth season under head coach William Campbell, the Lions compiled a 2–7 record and were outscored 222 to 149. Paul McCormick, Jack Gastler, Marty Fischer and Steve Elliot were the team captains.


1977 Columbia Lions football team
The Lions' 1–6 conference record tied for seventh in the Ivy League standings. Columbia was outscored 164 to 92 by Ivy opponents.


1977 Columbia Lions football team
Columbia played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.


1977 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
The 1977 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the fourth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in London, the United Kingdom, between 8 June 1977 and 15 June 1977, and was hosted by that country's Prime Minister, James Callaghan. President Idi Amin of Uganda did not attend, and on the eve of the meeting President James Mancham of the Seychelles was overthrown in a coup d'état and the country was not represented.


1977 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in Southern Africa, relations between rich and poorer nations, Cyprus, Belize, Uganda, and the issue of sporting contacts with South Africa. The Gleneagles Agreement on sporting contacts was reached at the meeting's retreat, in Gleneagles, Scotland.


1977 Comorian presidential referendum
A referendum on the presidency of Ali Soilih was held in the Comoros on 28 October 1977. The result was 56.63% in favour and 43.37% against, with a 92.2% voter turnout. Despite the backing, Soilih was overthrown on 13 May 1978 by forces hired by exiled former leader Ahmed Abdallah, who was restored to power.


1977 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1977 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1977 NCAA Division II football season. The Huskies were led by first year head coach Walt Nadzak, and completed the season with a record of 1–10.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, officially the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 7 October 1977.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution, also known as the Brezhnev Constitution or the constitution of the developed Socialism, was the third and final constitution of the Soviet Union, adopted unanimously at the 7th (Special) Session of the Ninth Convocation of the Supreme Soviet and signed by Chairman of the Presidium Leonid Brezhnev. The 1977 Constitution replaced the 1936 Constitution and the Soviet public holiday of USSR Constitution Day was shifted from 5 December to 7 October.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution's preamble stated that "the aims of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet state has become the state of the whole people" and no longer represented the workers and peasants alone. The 1977 Constitution extended the scope of the constitutional regulation of society compared to the 1924 and 1936 constitutions. The first chapter defined the leading role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and established the organizational principles for the state and the government. Article 1 defines the USSR as a socialist state, as did all previous constitutions:


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution was long and detailed, including twenty-eight more articles than the 1936 Soviet Constitution and explicitly defined the division of responsibilities between the Central Government in Moscow and the governments of the republics. Later chapters established principles for economic management and cultural relations. The 1977 Constitution included Article 72, which granting the official right of constituent republics to secede from the Soviet Union promised in previous constitutions. However, Articles 74 and 75 stated that when a Soviet constituency introduced laws in contradiction to Supreme Soviet, the laws of the Supreme Soviet would supersede any legal difference, but the Union law which regulated the secession was not provided until the last days of the Soviet Union.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
Article 74. The laws of the USSR shall have the same force in all Union Republics. In the event of a discrepancy between a Union Republic law and an All-Union law, the law of the USSR shall prevail.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
Article 75. The territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a single entity and comprises the territories of the Union Republics. The sovereignty of the USSR extends throughout its territory.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
The 1977 Constitution was repealed upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 21 December 1991 and the post-Soviet states adopted new constitutions. Article 72 would play an important role in the dissolution despite the lacuna in the Soviet law, which was eventually filled under the pressure from the Republics in 1990.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Amendment process
Adoption of the Constitution was a legislative act of the Supreme Soviet. Amendments to the Constitution were likewise adopted by legislative act of that body. Amendments required the approval of a two-thirds majority of the deputies of the Congress of People's Deputies and could be initiated by the congress itself; the Supreme Soviet, acting through its commissions and committees; the Presidium or chairman of the Supreme Soviet; the Constitutional Oversight Committee; the Council of Ministers; republic soviets; the Committee of People's Control; the Supreme Court; the Procuracy; and the chief state arbiter. In addition, the governing bodies of official organizations and even the Academy of Sciences could initiate amendments and other legislation.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Amendment process
Soviet constitutions were frequently amended and had been changed more often than the constitutions of most Western countries. Nevertheless, the 1977 Constitution attempted to avoid frequent amendment by establishing regulations for government bodies (especially the lists of ministries, state commissions, and other bodies in the 1936 constitution) in separate, but equally authoritative, enabling legislation, such as the Law on the Council of Ministers of 5 July 1978.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Amendment process
Other enabling legislation has included a law on citizenship, a law on elections to the Supreme Soviet, a law on the status of Supreme Soviet deputies, regulations for the Supreme Soviet, a resolution on commissions, regulations on local government, and laws on the Supreme Court and the Procuracy. The enabling legislation provided the specific and changing operating rules for these government bodies.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Amendments to the 1977 Constitution
In October 1988, draft amendments and additions to the 1977 Constitution were published in the Soviet media for public discussion. Following the public review process, the Supreme Soviet adopted the amendments and additions in December 1988. The amendments and additions substantially and fundamentally changed the electoral and political systems. Although Soviet officials touted the changes as a return to "Leninist" forms and functions, citing that the Congress of People's Deputies had antecedents in the Congress of Soviets, they were unprecedented in many respects.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Amendments to the 1977 Constitution
The position of chairman of the Supreme Soviet was formally designated and given specific powers, particularly leadership over the legislative agenda, the ability to issue orders (rasporiazheniia), and formal power to conduct negotiations and sign treaties with foreign governments and international organizations. The Constitutional Oversight Committee, composed of people who were not in the Congress of People's Deputies, was established and given formal power to review the constitutionality of laws and normative acts of the central and republican governments and to suggest their suspension and repeal. The electoral process was constitutionally opened up to multiple candidacies, although not multi-party candidacies. A legislative body—the Supreme Soviet—was to convene for regular spring and fall sessions, each lasting three to four months. Unlike the old Supreme Soviet, however, the new Supreme Soviet was indirectly elected by the population, being elected from among the members of the Congress of People's Deputies.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
The Soviet Constitution included a series of civil and political rights. Among these were the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly and the right to religious belief and worship. In addition, the Constitution provided for freedom of artistic work, protection of the family, inviolability of the person and home, and the right to privacy. In line with the Marxist-Leninist ideology of the government, the Constitution also granted social and economic rights not provided by constitutions in some capitalist countries. Among these were the rights to work, rest and leisure, health protection, care in old age and sickness, housing, education, and cultural benefits.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
Unlike Western constitutions, the Soviet Constitution outlined limitations on political rights, whereas in democratic countries these limitations are usually left up to the legislative and/or judicial institutions. Article 6 effectively eliminated partisan opposition and division within government by granting to the CPSU the power to lead and guide society. Article 39 enabled the government to prohibit any activities it considered detrimental by stating that "Enjoyment of the rights and freedoms of citizens must not be to the detriment of the interests of society or the state."


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
Article 59 obliged citizens to obey the laws and comply with the standards of socialist society as determined by the Party. The government did not treat as inalienable those political and socioeconomic rights the Constitution granted to the people. Citizens enjoyed rights only when the exercise of those rights did not interfere with the interests of the state, and the CPSU alone had the power and authority to determine policies for the government and society.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
For example, the right to freedom of expression stipulated in Article 52 could be suspended if the exercise of that freedom failed to be in accord with Party policies. Until the era of glasnost, freedom of expression did not entail the right to criticize the government. The constitution did provide a "freedom of conscience, that is, the right to profess or not to profess any religion, and to conduct religious worship or atheistic propaganda." It prohibited incitement of hatred or hostility on religious grounds.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
The Constitution also failed to provide political and judicial mechanisms for the protection of rights. Thus, the Constitution lacked explicit guarantees protecting the rights of the people. In fact, the Supreme Soviet never introduced amendments specifically designed to protect human rights. Neither did the people have a higher authority within the government to which to appeal when their rights were violated. The Supreme Court had no power to ensure that constitutional rights were observed by legislation or were respected by the rest of the government.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Constitutional rights
The Soviet Union also signed the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Accords), which mandated that internationally recognized human rights be respected in the signatory countries. In the late 1980s, however, realigning constitutional and domestic law with international commitments on human rights was publicly debated.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Role of the citizen
Article 59 of the Constitution stated that citizens' exercise of their rights was inseparable from performance of their duties. Articles 60 through 69 defined these duties. Citizens were required to work and to observe labor discipline. The legal code declared evasion of work to be a crime of "parasitism" and provided punishment for it. The Constitution also obliged citizens to protect socialist property and oppose corruption. All citizens performed military service as a duty to safeguard and "enhance the power and prestige of the Soviet state." Violation of this duty was considered "a betrayal of the Motherland and the gravest of crimes". Finally, the Constitution required parents to train their children for socially useful work and to raise them to be worthy members of the socialist society.


1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, Role of the citizen
The Constitution and other legislation protected and enforced Soviet citizenship. Legislation on citizenship granted equal rights of citizenship to naturalized citizens as well as to the native born. Laws also specified that citizens could not freely renounce their citizenship. Citizens were required to apply for permission to do so from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which could reject the application if the applicant had not completed military service, had judicial duties, or was responsible for family dependants. In addition, the Presidium could refuse the application to protect national security, or revoke citizenship for defamation of the Soviet Union or for acts damaging to national prestige or security.


1977 Cook Islands Round Cup
The 1977 season of the Cook Islands Round Cup was the eighth recorded season of top flight association football competition in the Cook Islands, with any results between 1951 and 1969 currently unknown. Titikaveka won the championship, their eighth recorded championship in a row.


1977 Cookstown District Council election
Elections to Cookstown District Council were held on 18 May 1977 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.


1977 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1973: 2 x UUP, 1 x Republican Clubs, 1 x Loyalist Coalition, 1 x Independent Nationalist1977: 1 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x UUUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1973-1977 Change: SDLP and DUP gain from UUP and Republican Clubs, Loyalist Coalition joins UUUP


1977 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1973: 3 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1977: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Republican1973-1977 Change: UUUP (two seats) and Independent Republican gain from UUP (two seats) and Independent Nationalist


1977 Cookstown District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1973: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1977: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP1973-1977 Change: SDLP gain from UUP


1977 Copa Chile
The Copa Chile 1977 was the 8th edition of the Chilean Cup tournament. The competition started on February 6, 1977, and concluded on April 9, 1977. Palestino won the competition for their second time, beating Unión Española 4-3 on the final.


1977 Copa Fraternidad
The 1977 Copa Fraternidad was the 7th edition of the Central American club championship. Guatemalan side C.S.D. Municipal conquered its 2nd title.


1977 Copa Interamericana
The 1977 Copa Interamericana was a two-legged football match contested between 1977 Copa Libertadores champion Boca Juniors and 1977 CONCACAF Champions' Cup champion Club América. It was the 6th edition of the competition.


1977 Copa Interamericana
Organized by the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL), the 1977 edition was played between March and April 1978. In the first leg, held in La Bombonera in Buenos Aires, Boca Juniors won 3–0. In the second leg, held in Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, América beat Boca Juniors 1–0. Despite Boca Juniors had a goal difference of 3–1, it was not taken into account and a playoff match had to be played. Agreed by both clubs, it was held in Estadio Azteca again, where América beat Boca Juniors 2–1 to win the series 4–2 on points, achieving their first Copa Interamericana title.


1977 Copa Libertadores
The 1977 Copa Libertadores was the 18th edition of CONMEBOL's top club tournament. The tournament was won by Boca Juniors after defeating defending champions Cruzeiro for their first Copa Libertadores title.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage
Groups are organized by countries, with two teams from two countries composing a group. The top team from each group moves onto the next round (semi-finals). Defending champions Cruzeiro received a bye to the second round.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage, Group 1
The teams from Group 1 were composed of the qualified teams from Argentina & Uruguay.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage, Group 2
The teams from Group 2 were composed of the qualified teams from Colombia & Bolivia.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage, Group 3
The teams from Group 3 were composed of the qualified teams from Brazil & Ecuador.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage, Group 4
The teams from Group 4 were composed of the qualified teams from Chile & Paraguay.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Group stage, Group 5
The teams from Group 5 were composed of the qualified teams from Peru & Venezuela.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Semi-finals
The top finishers of each group in the first phase, plus the defending champions, are placed into two groups of three. The top finisher from each group play in the finals.


1977 Copa Libertadores, Finals
The winner is determined by points (i.e., whoever wins the most of two games); goal difference or aggregate score is not used. If the points are tied after two games, a single-game playoff at a neutral sight will be played. If the game is tied after regulation, a penalty shootout will determine the winner.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals
The 1977 Copa Libertadores Finals was the final two-legged tie to determine the 1977 Copa Libertadores champion. It was contested by Argentine club Boca Juniors and Brazilian club Cruzeiro. The first leg of the tie was played on 6 September at Boca Juniors' home field, La Bombonera, while the second leg was played on 11 September at Cruzeiro's venue, Estadio Mineirão. It was Boca Juniors and Cruzeiro 2nd Copa Libertadores finals.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals
Boca Juniors won the series after winning the penalty shootout of a tie-breaking playoff 5–4 at Montevideo's Estadio Centenario, therefore winning their first Copa Libertadores after the final lost in 1963 v. Santos.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals, Rules
The finals were played over two legs; home and away. The team that accumulated the most points —two for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss— after the two legs would be crowned the champion. If the two teams tied on points after the second leg, a playoff in a neutral venue would become the next tie-breaker.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals, Notes
Once the playoff extra time finished, Venezuelan referee Vicente Llobregat did not allow Boca Juniors coaching staff to enter the pitch to talk with the men chosen to kick the penalties. Therefore manager Juan Carlos Lorenzo took pen and paper to write the names of players designed to kick, they were Pernía, Tesare, Zanabria, Felman and Mouzo. On the bottom, he wrote the word "abajo" (down) to indicate them where to shot.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals, Notes
Because of coaching staffs were not allowed to enter the field, one of the ball boys gave the paper to captain Rubén Suñé, then the players ordering themselves to kick the penalties.


1977 Copa Libertadores Finals, Notes
Look, I'm gonna be sincere to you because I'm not in the mood for jokes. The ball impacted on me. I moved and the ball impacted on me. Vanderley shot directly to my left side and we won the cup. It was the destiny.


1977 Copa Perú
The 1977 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1977), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football.


1977 Copa Perú
In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualify a team. Those teams plus de team relegated from First Division on the last year, enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify for the Final round, staged in Lima (the capital).


1977 Copa Perú, Finalists teams
The following list shows the teams that qualified for the Final Stage.


1977 Copa del Rey Final
The 1977 Copa del Rey Final was the 75th final of the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Vicente Calderón Stadium in Madrid, on 25 June 1977, being won by Real Betis, who beat Athletic Bilbao on the penalties after 2–2.


1977 Coppa Italia Final
The 1977 Coppa Italia Final was the final of the 1976–77 Coppa Italia. The match was played on 3 July 1977 between Milan and Internazionale. Milan won 2–0. It was Milan's eighth final and fourth victory.


1977 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1977 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 68th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place at the Cork Convention on 30 January 1977.


1977 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
On 2 October 1977 Ballinhassig won the championship following a 1–16 to 1–11 defeat of Ballyhea in the final at Páirc Uí Chaoimh. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1975.


1977 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1977 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 89th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 30 January 1977. The championship began on 17 April 1977 and ended on 23 October 1977.


1977 Cork Senior Football Championship
St. Finbarr's entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Nemo Rangers at the quarter-final stage.


1977 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 23 October 1977, Nemo Rangers won the championship following a 1-08 to 1-03 defeat of St Michael's in the final. This was their fourth championship title overall and their first title since 1975.


1977 Cork Senior Football Championship
University College Cork's Leo Gould was the championship's top scorer with 3-14.


1977 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1977 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 89th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening fixtures took place on 30 January 1977. The championship began on 1 May 1977 and ended on 18 September 1977.


1977 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 18 September 1977, St. Finbarr's won the championship following a 1-17 to 1-5 defeat of Glen Rovers in the final. This was their 19th championship title overall and their first in three championship seasons. The attendance of 34,151 at the county final remains a record.


1977 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1977 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Cornell tied for last in the Ivy League.


1977 Cornell Big Red football team
In its first season under head coach Bob Blackman, the team compiled a 1–8 record and was outscored 199 to 86. Tony Anzalone and Terry Lee were the team captains.


1977 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell's 1–6 conference record tied for seventh place in the Ivy League standings. The Big Red were outscored 107 to 50 by Ivy opponents.


1977 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.


1977 Cornwall County Council election
Elections to Cornwall County Council were held on 5 May 1977. The whole council of seventy-nine members was up for election and the result was that the Independents, despite losing nine seats, comfortably retained control, winning sixty-four seats. The Conservatives gained eight seats, ending as the second largest political group with thirteen, while Labour remained with only one member, the Ecology Party also won one, and (as in 1973) no one was elected as a representative of the Liberal Party.


1977 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1977 Cotton Bowl Classic matched the Maryland Terrapins and the Houston Cougars.


1977 Cotton Bowl Classic, Background
This was the Terps' fourth consecutive bowl appearance and their first Cotton Bowl Classic. They had finished with a perfect regular season in what was their most wins since the 1955 season, and won the Atlantic Coast Conference title for the third straight year. The Cougars were co-champions of the Southwest Conference in their first season with the SWC, their first conference title since the 1959 Missouri Valley Conference title. Both teams were making their first Cotton Bowl Classic appearance.


1977 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Houston jumped out to a 21–0 lead in the first quarter with rushing touchdowns from Dyral Thomas and two from Alois Blackwell, all three coming on Maryland mistakes, such as a missed 20 yard field goal, a blocked punt, and a fumble at their own 24. Maryland drove 49 yards and scored on a Mark Manges run to narrow it to 21–7 with nine minutes in the second quarter. But with the quarter about to end, Houston scored on a Don Bass catch from Danny Davis with 55 seconds remaining to have a 27–7 lead at halftime.


1977 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Manges gave the Terps life when he threw a touchdown pass to Eric Sievers to narrow the lead late in the third quarter. Tim Wilson made it 27–21 with a touchdown run with 8:46 remaining in the fourth quarter. But Houston would hold on and not allow Maryland to score again, adding in a Lennard Coplin field goal with :18 remaining to seal the Terps' fate.


1977 Cotton Bowl Classic, Aftermath
The Cougars won three more SWC titles and appear in three more Cotton Bowl Classics in an 9-year span. The Terps did not win another ACC title until after Claibourne left in 1981. This remains the Terrapins' only Cotton Bowl Classic appearance.


1977 County Championship
The 1977 County Championship was the 78th officially organised running of the County Championship. The Championship title was shared for only the third time in history after Middlesex and Kent finished on the same points.


1977 County Championship
There was one change to the points system with twelve points awarded for a winning team instead of ten and six matches were abandoned without a ball being bowled and are not included in the table.


1977 Coupe de France Final
The 1977 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Parc des Princes, Paris on June 18, 1977, that saw AS Saint-Étienne defeat Stade de Reims 2–1 thanks to goals by Dominique Bathenay and Alain Merchadier.


1977 Craigavon Borough Council election
Elections to Craigavon Borough Council were held on 18 May 1977 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 25 councillors.


1977 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area A
1973: 1 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist1977: 3 x SDLP, 1 x Republican Clubs, 1 x UUP1973-1977 Change: SDLP and Republican Clubs gain from Alliance and DUP, Independent Nationalist joins SDLP


1977 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area B
1973: 2 x UUP, 2 x Alliance, 2 x Vanguard, 1 x Independent Unionist1977: 3 x UUP, 2 x Alliance, 1 x DUP, 1 x SDLP1973-1977 Change: DUP and SDLP gain from Vanguard (two seats), Independent Unionist joins UUP


1977 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area C
1973: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Vanguard1977: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x DUP1973-1977 Change: SDLP and DUP gain from UUP and Vanguard


1977 Craigavon Borough Council election, Districts results, Area D
1973: 4 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x Vanguard1977: 4 x UUP, 2 x DUP, 1 x UUUP1973-1977 Change: Vanguard joins UUUP


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season
The 1977 Crispa Redmanizers season was the third season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Occurrences
As the 3rd PBA season opens on April 17, the main game features arch rivals Crispa and Toyota. The Redmanizers edge the Toyota Tamaraws, 122-121, on a last-second technical foul on Tamaraws coach Dante Silverio. The match was marred by post-game rumble in the Araneta Coliseum dugout involving players from both teams and the melee involving their fans.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Two-time MVP Bogs Adornado was out of action for the whole season with an injured knee and despite missing his services, the Redmanizers all but smothered the field, topping the two-round eliminations in the first conference with a 13-1 won-loss record and swept the four-team semifinals. While PBA fans were looking forward to another Crispa-Toyota title clash, the Tamaraws were eliminated from the finals race by the Billy Robinson-led Mariwasa-Honda, it was the first time in seven conferences that Toyota missed a finale.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
The Crispa Redmanizers defeated the Panthers in the best-of-five title-series, three games to one, winning their fifth straight championship on July 24 with a 139-128 victory in Game four.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Cyrus Mann return to play for Crispa in the second conference, this time teaming up with Ricky Hicks. The Redmanizers led the way in Group B standings with an 11-3 card and Hicks has since been sent home. In the semifinal round, the U-Tex Wranglers sailed into the championship round in unprecedented fashion and in the process shoved Crispa in a knockout battle against Toyota for the remaining finals berth, the Redmanizers prevail over the Tamaraws in a playoff, 90-87.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
In the championship series, U-Tex forced a deciding fifth game, winning games one and four. Crispa finally squeeze through with a 90-88 win in the final game for their sixth straight title which coach Baby Dalupan said was his toughest championship.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Summary
Chris McMurray, who previously played for Seven-Up in the second conference, joined Cyrus Mann as the Redmanizers' import for the Invitational Conference, which features the Palmeiras from Brazil, Mann's former team who became known as Emtex Sacronels, and Ramrod Blocks from Australia. Crispa's sudden lack of fire cause the Redmanizers right from the start, losing three straight games and eventually missed the finals for the first time. They placed fourth behind Tanduay.


1977 Crispa Redmanizers season, Awards
With the absence of two-time MVP William "Bogs" Adornado, coming into his own is Freddie Hubalde, who outshown his collegiate teammate Atoy Co in a performance that earned him the league's Most Valuable Player (MVP) award.


1977 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
The 1977 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré was the 29th edition of the cycle race and was held from 30 May to 6 June 1977. The race started in Avignon and finished at Thonon-les-Bains. The race was won by Bernard Hinault of the Gitane–Campagnolo team.


1977 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, Teams
Nine teams, containing a total of 89 riders, participated in the race:


1977 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season
Following are the results of the 1977 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season. The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks are Australian professional Rugby league team based in Cronulla, in the Sutherland Shire, Southern Sydney, New South Wales. They compete in the National Rugby League (NRL), Australasia's premier Rugby league competition.


1977 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season
This was the 11th season in the club's history. They competed in the NSWRFL's 1977 Premiership as well as the 1977 Amco Cup.


1977 Cumbria County Council election
Elections to Cumbria County Council were held on 5 May 1977. This was on the same day as other UK county council elections. The whole council of 82 members was up for election and the Conservative Party gained control of the council, which had previously been under no overall control.


1977 Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council election
The 1977 Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council Election was held on 3 May 1977, the same day as the other Scottish local government elections, and constituted the second election for the Council.


1977 Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council election
Cumnock and Doon Valley was part of the area covered by the South Ayrshire parliamentary constituency. Since 1970 the constituency had been held by the Labour MP Jim Sillars, although Sillars had left the party in 1976 in part due a belief that the Labour party's devolution proposals had been lackluster. Having left Labour, Sillars helped found the Scottish Labour Party alongside John Robertson and Alex Neil.


1977 Cumnock and Doon Valley District Council election
The 1977 Scottish District Elections proved to be the SLP's first test. Ultimately, however, the party fared poorly, with their best result being seen in Cumnock and Doon Valley. Even here, however, the party only won 2 of the councils 10 seats, although the nationalist parties - the SLP and SNP - between them polled some 42% of the vote.


1977 Cunningham by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Cunningham on 25 October 1977. It was triggered by the death of former Whitlam Government minister and Labor MP Rex Connor.


1977 Cupa României Final
The 1977 Cupa României Final was the 39th final of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition. It was disputed between Universitatea Craiova and Steaua București, and was won by Universitatea Craiova after a game with 3 goals. It was the first cup for Universitatea Craiova.


1977 Currie Cup
The 1977 Currie Cup was the 39th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1977 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Northern Transvaal for the ninth time; they beat  Free State 27–12 in the final in Pretoria.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
The 1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney in Australia and was part of the 1977 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. The tournament was held from 17 October through 23 October 1977. First-seeded Jimmy Connors won the singles title.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships, Finals, Doubles
John Newcombe /  Tony Roche defeated  Ross Case /  Geoff Masters 6–7, 6–3, 6–1


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles
Ismail El Shafei and Brian Fairlie were the defending champions but only Fairlie competed that year with Russell Simpson.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles
Fairlie and Simpson lost in the first round to Mark Edmondson and John Marks.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Doubles
John Newcombe and Tony Roche won in the final 6–7, 6–3, 6–1 against Ross Case and Geoff Masters.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Singles
Geoff Masters was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Tony Roche.


1977 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships – Singles
Jimmy Connors won in the final 7–5, 6–4, 6–2 against Ken Rosewall.


1977 Czechoslovak motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1977 Czechoslovak motorcycle Grand Prix was the twelfth round of the 1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 7 August 1977 at the Brno circuit.


1977 DFB-Pokal Final
The 1977 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1976–77 DFB-Pokal, the 34th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. The original final was played on 28 May 1977 at the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover. The match between Hertha BSC and 1. FC Köln finished 1–1 after extra time, requiring a replay two days later. On 30 May 1977, once again at the Niedersachsenstadion in Hanover, 1. FC Köln won the replay 1–0 to claim their 2nd cup title.


1977 DFB-Pokal Final
This was the first and only DFB-Pokal final ever to require a replay, as the final rules changed the next season, requiring a penalty shoot-out if the scores remain level following extra time.


1977 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
The DFB-Pokal began with 128 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.


1977 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1977 Dallas Cowboys season
The 1977 Dallas Cowboys season was their 18th in the NFL. The club appeared twice on Monday Night Football. Tony Dorsett rushed for 1,007 yards and became the second member of the Cowboys (first since 1973) to have a 1,000-yard rushing season. During the season, the club scored 345 points, which ranked first in the NFC, while the defense only gave up 212 points. The Cowboys made it to their fourth Super Bowl and beat the Denver Broncos to capture their second Super Bowl Championship. They were the first team from the NFC East Division to win two Super Bowls. Their 15-2 record (.882, including the postseason) remains the highest single season winning percentage in team history.


1977 Dallas Cowboys season, Offseason
To improve their running game, the Cowboys orchestrated a big trade with the Seattle Seahawks, moving up in the NFL Draft to acquire running back Tony Dorsett.


1977 Dallas Cowboys season, Offseason
With the retirement of Lee Roy Jordan, Bob Breunig was given the starting middle linebacker position, Randy White was moved to defensive tackle, and Thomas Henderson became a starter at strongside linebacker, turning the defense into a dominant unit.


1977 Dallas Cowboys season, Season recap
With an improved offense and defense, the Cowboys finished with a 12-2 regular season record, breezing through the playoffs by beating the Chicago Bears 37-7 in the divisional round, defeating the Minnesota Vikings 23-6 in the NFC Championship Game and winning Super Bowl XII 27-10 against the Denver Broncos.


1977 Dallas Cowboys season, Season recap
Dorsett set a franchise rookie record with 1,007 rushing yards. Defensive end Harvey Martin had one of the greatest seasons ever by an NFL player. In a 14-game season he totaled 85 tackles and an estimated league-leading 23 sacks (more than Michael Strahan's 22.5 record in 16 games), he was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year, a consensus All-Pro selection, was a key player in the Cowboys winning Super Bowl XII, and a co-MVP of the game with Randy White.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash
The 1977 Dan-Air/IAS Cargo Boeing 707 crash was a fatal accident involving a Boeing 707-321C cargo aircraft operated by Dan Air Services Limited on behalf of International Aviation Services Limited (trading as IAS Cargo Airlines at the time of the accident), which had been sub-contracted by Zambia Airways Corporation to operate a weekly scheduled all-cargo service between London Heathrow and the Zambian capital Lusaka via Athens and Nairobi. The aircraft crashed during approach to Lusaka Airport, Zambia, on 14 May 1977. All six occupants of the aircraft were killed.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, History of aircraft
The aircraft was a Boeing 707-321C that first entered service with Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) in 1963. This aircraft was also the first convertible 707 built, featuring a large freight door on the left-hand side of the forward fuselage, that permitted the carriage of main deck cargo when configured as a freighter. Dan-Air acquired the aircraft in 1976. It was the fourth 707 the UK independent operated, as well as the type's second turbofan-powered and second convertible example in service with the airline. At the time of the accident it had flown about 47,000 hours.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, History of flight
The flight was a three-legged originating from London Heathrow Airport to Athens (Hellinikon Airport), which was uneventful; from Athens it then proceeded to Nairobi (Jomo Kenyatta International Airport). Departure from Nairobi for Lusaka on the final leg occurred as planned at 07:17, 14 May.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, History of flight
The 707 cruised at flight level 310 for about two hours, after which it was cleared for descent to flight level 110. Flight level 110 was reached at approximately 09:23, and clearance was granted to begin descent towards a target of flight level 70. Just before 09:30, clearance to descend to 6,000 ft (1,800 m) was granted, and moments later the plane was cleared to make a visual approach to runway 10. A few minutes later, witnesses saw the entire right horizontal stabiliser and elevator assembly detach from the aircraft. The aircraft subsequently lost pitch control and entered a nose-dive from about 800 ft (240 m) to ground level, destroying the aircraft on impact.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, History of flight
There were no survivors among the five crew members and one jumpseat passenger on board the aircraft. There were no other fatalities on the ground. The wreckage was located approximately 12,010 ft (3,660 m) from the runway.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Investigation
A full investigation was launched by the Zambian authorities and the investigation was then delegated to the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch. The conclusions made by that investigation are as follows:


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Investigation
It was determined that the structure of the right horizontal stabiliser failed due to metal fatigue in the rear spar structure, and due to the lack of an adequate fail-safe structure or device should such an event occur. The investigation also identified deficiencies in the assessment of aircraft designs and their certification and in the way aircraft were inspected.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
The Boeing 707 320/420 series had an enlarged horizontal stabiliser (tailplane) assembly compared to earlier 707 aircraft, and in the redesign the increased loads on the tailplane structure had been taken by replacing some of the aluminium skinning with stainless steel. In addition, the spar attachment fittings had been redesigned, making them both stronger and stiffer.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
This had the unforeseen effect of changing the way the tailplane structure handled gust loads, the stiffer fittings being no longer able to help in absorbing and transferring the stresses caused by gusts and other normal aerodynamic loads, the flexure (i.e., the bending loads) of the left and right horizontal stabilizers instead having to be carried by the stabiliser spars entirely by themselves. This led over time to fatigue cracking in the right horizontal stabiliser's rear spar, which, due to the concealed (internal) nature of the tailplane construction, was not noticed by maintenance engineers.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
The 707 had been designed to a 'fail-safe' philosophy, and failure of the tailplane rear spar had been calculated to be insufficient to cause the loss of the aircraft, the remaining front spar being sufficiently strong to enable the aircraft to land safely, the damage then being expected to be repaired before the aircraft was re-flown.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
However, the accident aircraft had developed a cracked rear right spar without the fault being detected due to its location within part of the structure not normally accessible during routine maintenance, and the aircraft had been flown for a considerable number of hours with the fault present. Over time the crack grew until, it was surmised, the damaged spar was no longer capable of carrying its designed load, whereupon the load was then taken over entirely by the front spar.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
The accident aircraft encountered several strong gusts during the approach immediately before the accident which, while not dangerous to a structurally sound Boeing 707, exceeded the load capable of being carried by the remaining intact spar on its own, leading to the spar eventually breaking and resulting in complete structural failure of the entire right horizontal stabiliser.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
Tests were conducted to determine whether or not the loss of a single stabilizer was a recoverable situation, and it was determined that recovery would have been possible with action on behalf of the pilots in the form of nose up trim. The wreckage recovered revealed that the elevator trim should have been sufficient to save the aircraft, but further analysis concluded that the failure of the stabilizer was violent enough to fracture the vertical trim jackscrew, which would have resulted in the remaining horizontal stabilizer pitching into a nose down trim position.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
The crack found in the failed stabiliser after the accident was thought by investigators unlikely to have been detectable using normal testing means, such as fluorescent dye. It was also thought that the crack had been present for at least 6,000 flight hours before the accident, and before the aircraft had been acquired by Dan-Air from Pan Am.


1977 Dan-Air Boeing 707 crash, Cause
Inspections of the Boeing 707-300 fleet, made as a result of the crash, found another 38 aircraft with similar cracks.


1977 Danish 1st Division, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Odense Boldklub won the championship.


1977 Danish general election
General elections were held in Denmark on 15 February 1977. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest in the Folketing, with 65 of the 179 seats. Voter turnout was 88.7% in Denmark proper, 62.9% in the Faroe Islands and 70.0% in Greenland.


1977 Dartmouth Big Green football team
The 1977 Dartmouth Big Green football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. Dartmouth tied for third place in the Ivy League.


1977 Dartmouth Big Green football team
In their seventh and final season under head coach Jake Crouthamel, the Big Green compiled a 6–3 record and outscored opponents 141 to 92. Curtis Oberg and James Vailas were the team captains.


1977 Dartmouth Big Green football team
The Big Green's 4–3 conference record earned a three-way tie for third in the Ivy League. Dartmouth outscored Ivy opponents 86 to 82.


1977 Dartmouth Big Green football team
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1977 Davis Cup
The 1977 Davis Cup was the 66th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 59 teams would enter the competition, 33 in the Europe Zone, 14 in the Americas Zone, and 12 in the Eastern Zone. Algeria made its first appearance in the tournament.


1977 Davis Cup
Argentina defeated the United States in the Americas Zone final, Australia defeated New Zealand in the Eastern Zone final, and France and Italy were the winners of the two Europe Zones, defeating Romania and Spain respectively.


1977 Davis Cup
In the Inter-Zonal Zone, Australia defeated Argentina and Italy defeated France in the semifinals. Australia then defeated the defending champions Italy in the final to win their 24th title overall and their first since 1973. The final was held at the White City Stadium in Sydney, Australia on 2–4 December.


1977 Davis Cup, Politics in the Davis Cup
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Davis Cup had been affected by a number of protests and defaults by teams showing their opposition to the apartheid policies and white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia, and the human rights violations which occurred in Chile under Augusto Pinochet's military junta.


1977 Davis Cup, Politics in the Davis Cup
Several high profile incidents included Mexico's repeated refusal to play against South Africa in the 1975 and 1976 Americas Zones; widespread protests in Sweden against the Pinochet junta during the 1975 Inter-Zonal semifinal between Sweden and Chile; and South Africa's victory by default at the 1974 tournament when India refused to travel to South Africa for the final.


1977 Davis Cup, Politics in the Davis Cup
This show of political will in a sporting context was not welcomed by some, and for a brief time the United States, the inaugural winner of the cup, announced their decision to withdraw from the competition entirely due to the apparent lenience of the tournament's organisers to prevent defaults by teams. In a show of solidarity, Great Britain and France also announced their intentions to withdraw.


1977 Davis Cup, Politics in the Davis Cup
In response, the Davis Cup committee made a greater commitment to keep politics out of the competition and disqualified the Soviet Union, which had refused to play against Chile in the 1976 Inter-Zonal semifinals and had already been barred from competing in the Federation Cup for refusing to play against South Africa and Rhodesia, from the tournament. Proposals were also brought forward to bring in an automatic one-year ban for any nation which pulled out of the tournament after the draw had been made, in an effort to prevent teams from defaulting on political grounds. The United States, Great Britain and France all eventually returned and competed in the 1977 tournament.


1977 Davis Cup Americas Zone
The Americas Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1977 Davis Cup.


1977 Davis Cup Americas Zone
14 teams entered the Americas Zone in total, with 12 teams competing in the preliminary rounds to advance to the main draw and join the previous year's finalists Chile and South Africa. The winner of the main draw went on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Eastern Zone and Europe Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Americas Zone
Argentina defeated the United States in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
The Eastern Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1977 Davis Cup.


1977 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
12 teams entered the Eastern Zone, with 8 teams competing in the preliminary round to join the previous year's semifinalists in the main draw. India and Indonesia received byes into the quarterfinals, while Australia and New Zealand received byes into the semifinals. The winner of the main draw went on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Americas Zone and Europe Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
Australia defeated New Zealand in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1977 Davis Cup.


1977 Davis Cup Europe Zone
33 teams entered the Europe Zone, competing across 2 sub-zones. 8 teams entered the competition in the pre-qualifying rounds, competing for 3 spots in the preliminary rounds. The 3 winners in the pre-qualifying rounds joined an additional 21 teams in the preliminary rounds, with 12 teams in each sub-zone competing for 4 places in the main draw, to join the 4 finalists from the 1976 Europe Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The winners of each sub-zone's main draw went on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Americas Zone and Eastern Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Europe Zone
France defeated Romania in the Zone A final, and Italy defeated Spain in the Zone B final, resulting in both France and Italy progressing to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1977 Davis Cup Europe Zone, Zone A, Main Draw, Semifinals
Due to their refusal to play against Chile in the 1976 Inter-Zonal semifinals, the Soviet Union were disqualified from the 1977 tournament. Therefore France were declared winners by default and progressed to the final.


1977 Daytona 500
The 1977 Daytona 500, the 19th running of the event, was held on February 20, 1977, as the second race of the 1977 NASCAR Winston Cup Series Season.


1977 Daytona 500
First Daytona 500 starts for Janet Guthrie, Ricky Rudd, Ron Hutcherson, Elliott Forbes-Robinson and Bobby Wawak. Only Daytona 500 start for Sam Sommers. Last Daytona 500 starts for Bob Burcham, Terry Ryan, Walter Ballard, Salt Walther, Ramo Stott, Ed Negre, and Jim Hurtubise.


1977 Daytona 500, Summary
Cale Yarborough won his second Daytona 500 and it would lead to his second straight Winston Cup title, and Donnie Allison won his second pole position for this event. Janet Guthrie made history at this race as the first female NASCAR Cup Series driver; getting a 12th place finish in the process.


1977 Daytona 500, Summary
Bobby Wawak bailed out of his car while it was still moving and on fire on lap 3. Seconds later the car slammed the inside wall by the entrance to pit road. This resulted in the first Top 10 finish for Jimmy Means, the final Top 10 finish for Bob Burcham, and the last Top 5 finish for the late Coo Coo Marlin.


1977 Daytona 500, Summary
Jim Vandiver retired from the NASCAR Winston Cup Series after this race. Richard Petty started the race 7/8 from pit lane in last place. He caught a break with the caution for Wawak's fire then to worked his way through the field back into contention only to later blow the engine and drop out. Donnie Allison blew a tire at the start/finish line on lap 88, and was forced to limp into the pits, where his team discovered too much damage had been done, so they pulled the car out of the race.


1977 Daytona 500, Summary
Defending Daytona 500 David Pearson also had mechanical issues. The Silver Fox led two laps but like Petty, his #21 Purolator Mercury was sidelined with a blown engine before the 3/4 mark. USAC Champ Car racer Salt Walther's last NASCAR Cup start ended in a backstretch crash. A gust of wind caught Walther's self-owned #4 Chevrolet and caused him to lose it triggering a three-car incident that also included Buddy Baker and Dave Marcis. Baker recovered to finish third but Salt was done for the day.


1977 Daytona 500, Summary
Once Petty and Pearson were gone the race came down to a battle between Cale Yarborough and Benny Parsons that saw Yarborough eventually prevail.


1977 Deauville American Film Festival
The 3rd Deauville American Film Festival took place at Deauville, France from September 5 to 11, 1977. The festival was non-competitive in nature and remained so until 1995. This year, festival also paid tributes to Gregory Peck, Vincente Minnelli and Sydney Pollack. Elizabeth Taylor's name was also announced for the tribute but she was unable to come to the festival that year. The festival screened 40 feature films.


1977 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1977 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team represented the University of Delaware in the 1977 NCAA Division II football season as an independent. They were led by Tubby Raymond, who was in his 12th season as head coach of the Fightin' Blue Hens. The team played its home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware. The Hens missed the playoffs, finishing the season with a record of 6–3–1.


1977 Delhi Metropolitan Council election
Delhi Metropolitan Council election, 1977 was held in Indian National Capital Territory of Delhi to elect 56 councillors to the Delhi Metropolitan Council. This Council had no legislative powers, but only an advisory role in administration of the territory.


1977 Delhi Metropolitan Council election, Results
The election elected Third Delhi Metropolitan Council. Kalka Dass was Chairman of the Council, Begum Khursheed Kidwai being Deputy Chairman.


1977 Denver Broncos season
The 1977 Denver Broncos season was the team's 18th year in professional football and its eighth with the National Football League (NFL).


1977 Denver Broncos season
The team had by far its best season to date at 12–2, first in the AFC West, and made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. The Broncos earned home field advantage, and won its first two playoff games (over perennial AFC powerhouses Pittsburgh and Oakland). With the AFC Championship win over the Raiders on New Year's Day, Denver earned a berth in Super Bowl XII, but fell 27–10 to the NFC champion Dallas Cowboys.


1977 Denver Broncos season
Still, 1977 was a major leap for the Broncos, who had never won more than nine games in a season. Coach Red Miller, in his first season as the Broncos' head coach, was named NFL Coach of the Year. Quarterback Craig Morton, age 34, was named NFL Comeback Player of the Year. The Denver defense was known as the Orange Crush, which delighted the makers of the soft drink, based in Illinois.


1977 Denver Broncos season
Denver's 1977 season is chronicled in Terry Frei's 2008 book, '77: Denver, the Broncos and a Coming of Age.


1977 Detroit Lions season
The 1977 Detroit Lions season was their 48th in the National Football League (NFL). The team matched their previous season's output of 6–8. The team missed the playoffs for the seventh straight season. The Lions struggled offensively, scoring a mere 183 points while finishing in third place with a 6–8 record for the second straight season.


1977 Detroit Lions season
The 1977 coaching staff included 25-year-old assistant special teams and offensive assistant coach Bill Belichick. Belichick would later win two Super Bowls as defensive coordinator with the New York Giants following the 1986 and 1990 seasons, and six more as head coach of the New England Patriots.


1977 Detroit Tigers season
The 1977 Detroit Tigers finished in fourth place in the American League East with a record of 74–88, 26 games behind the New York Yankees. They were outscored by their opponents 751 to 714. The Tigers drew 1,359,856 fans to Tiger Stadium in 1977, ranking 7th of the 14 teams in the American League.


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season
With 212 hits, 100 runs scored, and a .325 batting average, center fielder Ron LeFlore was the team's most valuable player, and the recipient of the "Tiger of the Year" award. First baseman Jason Thompson led the team with 31 home runs and 105 RBIs, and second baseman Tito Fuentes was the team's only other .300 hitter, with a .309 batting average and 190 hits. Designated hitter Rusty Staub also had a .278 batting average, 173 hits, 22 home runs, and 101 RBIs. Rookie Steve Kemp (the first pick in the 1976 amateur draft) hit .257 with 18 home runs and 88 RBIs.


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season
The rookie sensation of 1976, Mark Fidrych pitched in 1977 (2.89 ERA), but tendinitis limited "The Bird" to 11 games. The pitching star of 1977 for Detroit was rookie Dave Rozema who went 15–7 with a 3.09 ERA and finished eight in the American League Cy Young Award voting.


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season
1977 also saw the debut of Steve Kemp (debut April 7, 1977), Dave Rozema (debut April 11, 1977), Jack Morris (debut July 26, 1977), Lance Parrish (debut September 5, 1977), Alan Trammell (debut September 9, 1977), and Lou Whitaker (debut September 9, 1977).


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1977 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 all time at position
The following members of the 1977 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 of all time at their position, as ranked by The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:


1977 Devon County Council election
Elections to Devon County Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1977. The whole council of ninety-eight members was up for election and the result was that the Conservatives comfortably retained their control, winning eighty-five seats, a gain of twenty-eight, of which seventeen were from Labour and eight from the Liberals. Labour ended with only three county councillors, the Liberals with two, and eight Independents were elected, down from eleven.


1977 Dorset County Council election
Elections to Dorset County Council were held on Thursday, 5 May 1977. The whole council of 91 members was up for election and the result was that the Conservatives comfortably retained their control, winning seventy-nine seats, a gain of 19, of which nine were from Labour and seven from the Liberals. Labour, the Liberals, and the Independents ended with only four county councillors each.


1977 Down District Council election
Elections to Down District Council were held on 18 May 1977 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 20 councillors.


1977 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1973: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Vanguard1977: 4 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x Alliance1973-1977 Change: SDLP gain from Vanguard


1977 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1973: 3 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance, 1 x Independent1977: 4 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Alliance1973-1977 Change: SDLP gain from Independent


1977 Down District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1973: 4 x SDLP, 3 x UUP1977: 4 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x Alliance1977-1981 Change: Alliance gain from UUP


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
The 1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup was a professional invitational snooker tournament on 21 December 1977. Created by promoter Mike Barrett, who later promoted boxing matches involving Frank Bruno, it was played at the Wembley Conference Centre in London and featured four professional players. This was the first snooker event to be held at the venue, which from 1979 to 2006 hosted the Masters Championship.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
The event attracted around 1,500 spectators, and was televised, with a forty-minute programme on ITV being broadcast on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1977.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
The tournament was played on a knockout basis, and all three matches were the best-of-seven frames. The participants included three players who between them had won each edition of the World Snooker Championship since 1969: John Spencer (1969, 1971, 1977), Ray Reardon (1970, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976) and Alex Higgins (1972). The fourth player was Patsy Fagan, who had won the 1977 UK Championship earlier in the month.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
Fagan won the Dry Blackthorn Cup, beating Higgins 4–2 in the final. Fagan received prize money of £2,000 as the winner, and Higgins received £1,000 as runner-up. Spencer and Reardon received £500 each as losers in the semi-finals. £50,000 would have been awarded to any player making a maximum break of 147. To cover the potential award of the maximum break prize, promoter Mike Barrett paid an insurance premium of £500.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
The highest break of the tournament was 77, compiled by Ray Reardon. The total prize fund of £4,350 was a record for a one-day snooker tournament.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup
The following year, Barrett promoted the 1978 Champion of Champions event at the same venue. Like the Dry Blackthorn Cup, this was an invitational event for four players. Fagan, Reardon and Higgins participated in the 1978 tournament, along with Doug Mountjoy.


1977 Dry Blackthorn Cup, Main draw
Results are shown below. Players in bold are match winners.


1977 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1977 Duke Blue Devils football team represented Duke University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season.


1977 Dunedin mayoral election
The 1977 Dunedin mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1977, elections were held for the Mayor of Dunedin plus other local government positions including twelve city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1977 Dunedin mayoral election, Background
Councillor Cliff Skeggs was elected Mayor of Dunedin to succeed Jim Barnes, who stood down from the mayoralty but was elected as a councillor. He defeated councillor Dorothy Fraser of the Labour Party, who was re-elected to the Hospital Board of which she was chairman. Former Citizens' councillor Iona Williams also contested to mayoralty, polling higher than any independent mayoral candidate since 1933.


1977 Dungannon District Council election
Elections to Dungannon District Council were held on 18 May 1977 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used four district electoral areas to elect a total of 20 councillors.


1977 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area A
1973: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Unity1977: 2 x UUP, 2 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1973-1977 Change: SDLP and DUP gain from UUP and Unity


1977 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area B
1973: 2 x SDLP, 2 x Independent Republican, 1 x UUP1977: 2 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist, 1 x Independent Republican1973-1977 Change: SDLP gain from Independent Republican, Independent Nationalist leaves SDLP


1977 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area C
1973: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1977: 4 x UUP, 1 x SDLP1973-1977 Change: No change


1977 Dungannon District Council election, Districts results, Area D
1973: 3 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x Unity1977: 2 x Independent, 1 x UUP, 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP1973-1977 Change: Independent (two seats) and DUP gain from UUP (two seats) and Unity


1977 Dutch Grand Prix
The 1977 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort on 28 August 1977.


1977 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
In qualifying, Mario Andretti took his fifth pole of the season with Jacques Laffite alongside on the front row, and James Hunt third. At the start, Hunt jumped both the front row starters to lead but before the end of the first lap, Andretti tried to drive alongside him but some aggressive defending from Hunt forced him to lift, and Laffite took advantage to get second. Five laps later, Andretti had got back past Laffite and was attacking Hunt, who again defended aggressively but this time Andretti did not lift and they collided. Hunt was out on the spot, whereas Andretti spun and rejoined fourth. Brian Henton was disqualified after he was push started after he spun off.


1977 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
This left Laffite leading from the Ferraris of Niki Lauda and Carlos Reutemann. The latter had a long battle with Andretti for third, repeatedly exchanging places, until the Lotus driver's engine blew up. Soon after, Lauda passed Laffite to take the lead, and he went on build a gap and win comfortably. Laffite finished second. After Andretti's demise, Reutemann ran third until the second Lotus of Gunnar Nilsson attacked him, and the two collided with Nilsson out and Reutemann rejoining at the back. This sensationally left Patrick Tambay in the Ensign third, but he ran out of fuel on the last lap, thus handing the place to Scheckter.


1977 Dutch Grand Prix, Report
This meant that Lauda had a 21-point lead over Scheckter with four races left.


1977 Dutch Open (tennis)
The 1977 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum, Netherlands. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 12 July until 18 July 1977. It was the 21st edition of the tournament. Patrick Proisy won the singles title.


1977 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Doubles
José Higueras /  Antonio Muñoz defeated  Jean-Louis Haillet /  François Jauffret 6–1, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1


1977 Dutch TT
The 1977 Dutch TT was the eighth round of the 1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 25 June 1977 at the Circuit van Drenthe Assen. Wil Hartog became the first Dutchman to win a 500cc Grand Prix when he claimed the victory.


1977 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 25 May 1977. The Labour Party remained the largest party, winning 53 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives. Following the election, it took 208 days of negotiations to form a new government. This was a European record for longest government formation that stood until after the 2010 Belgian general election. The Christian Democratic Appeal was formed by the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP), Christian Historical Union (CHU) and the Catholic People's Party (KVP) in 1976. The first joint party leader was a member of the KVP, Dries van Agt.


1977 Dutch general election
Eventually a coalition was formed between the Christian Democratic Appeal and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy with Dries van Agt as Prime Minister.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis
On the morning of Monday 23 May 1977, four armed South-Moluccans took 105 children and their five teachers hostage at a primary school in Bovensmilde, Netherlands. At the same time nine others hijacked a train in the nearby De Punt. Both hostage crises lasted for twenty days before being ended by military interventions.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Context
The South Moluccans had arrived in the Netherlands for a temporary stay, promised by the Dutch government that they would get their own independent state, Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS). For about 25 years they lived in temporary camps, often in poor conditions. After these years the younger generation felt betrayed by the Dutch government for not giving them their independent state and they began radical actions to gain attention for their cause.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Developments
When the hostage crises begins the children are forced to cover the windows with newspapers preventing the outside world from knowing what was happening inside.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Developments
The day of the elections for the national parliament. To increase pressure on the government the children are forced to shout out of the windows: "van Agt, we want to live". The first ultimatum expires at 14:00 without any problems. Later that day, additional demands are expressed.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Developments
All the children are released because many children have become ill from some unknown disease. The cause and nature of these disease is still unknown, but it is often speculated that the provided food might have been deliberately poisoned with laxatives by authorities to force a break-through, this is substantiated by a statement from Dutch Prime Minister Dries Van Agt in a Dutch documentary where he said "Ik vind het een uitstekend idee (…) een laxeermiddel hebben we allemaal wel eens nodig. "[I think it's a great idea (…) everybody needs a laxative now and then.] . Four teachers were retained as hostages.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Developments
Marines attack the school in the early morning, an armoured car and explosives punched a hole in the wall and marines entered the building. The Moluccans surrendered without a fight after hearing about the subsequent military attack on the train at "De Punt".


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Aftermath
The four attackers were convicted with sentences varying from six to nine years.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Aftermath
The Moluccan community has never made any apologies, but two of the hostage takers, motivated by born-again Christianity, have had a meeting with former victims in 2007.


1977 Dutch school hostage crisis, Aftermath
Thirty years after the events in question, on 23 May 2007, a monument was erected and the first memorial ceremony is held where symbolic white balloons were released.


1977 Dutch train hijacking
On 23 May 1977, a train was hijacked near the village of Glimmen, Groningen, Netherlands. Nine armed Moluccans pulled the emergency brake around 09:00 and took about 50 people hostage. The hijacking lasted for 20 days and ended with a raid by the Dutch anti-terrorist special forces, during which two hostages and six hijackers were killed.


1977 Dutch train hijacking
At the same time, four other South-Moluccans took hostages at an elementary school in Bovensmilde, around 20 km (12 mi) away.


1977 Dutch train hijacking
This was the second train hijacking in the Netherlands and, like the train hijacking in 1975 in Wijster, was perpetrated by Moluccans.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Background
After fighting for the Dutch in the Dutch East Indies, the South Moluccans were forcibly exiled to the Netherlands, with the Dutch government promising that they would eventually get their own independent state, Republic of South Maluku. After about 25 years of living in temporary camps, often in poor conditions, the South Moluccans felt that the Dutch government had failed to fulfil its promise. It was then that some members of the South Moluccans' younger generation started a series of radical action to bring attention to their cause.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Background
See Republik Maluku Selatan for more information about the RMS case.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Developments
At the same time four other South-Moluccans started taking hostages at a primary school in the village of Bovensmilde; they took 105 children and five teachers hostage. With these combined actions the hijackers wanted to force the (recently resigned) Dutch government to keep their promises about their RMS, break diplomatic ties with the Indonesian government and release 21 Moluccan prisoners involved in the hostage actions in 1975. An ultimatum was set for 25 May at 14:00 with the hijackers threatening to blow up the train and the school.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Developments
The hostages were forced to help blinding all the windows so for a long period nobody knew about what happened inside the train; it was only near the end of the hostage taking that electronic eavesdropping devices were installed by marines. About 2000 marines and soldiers were stationed both at the train and the school.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Developments
For the date of 25 May, the elections for the Dutch parliament were planned. The leaders of the different parties agreed to cancel their election campaigns but the elections itself would take place on the planned date.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Developments
After the ultimatum expired, the hijackers announced new demands; They wanted an airplane from the airport of Schiphol and to fly out with the 21 to be freed prisoners, the five teachers, and all hijackers. By means of electronic eavesdropping, minister of Justice Van Agt (under resignation) knew that the hostages were not in danger, so the government let this second ultimatum pass as well.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Negotiators
J.A. Manusama, then president of the RMS, and Rev. Metiarij acted as negotiators during the crisis.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Negotiators
Because of some disease in the school (probably caused by the food distributed in the school), the hijackers decided to release the children, but keep the teachers. According to medical doctor Frans Tutuhatunewa (later successor as RMS president), there was no health issue with the hostages in the train. Nevertheless, the health conditions of these hostages were used as an argument for the later attack on the train.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, The attack
On 11 June 1977 at 05:00, almost three weeks after the start of the hijacking, six F-104 jet fighters of the Royal Netherlands Air Force overflew the train at low altitude, with the purpose of disorienting the hijackers and also make the hostages duck down to the floor of the train where they would be relatively safe. One of the pilots was  Dick Berlijn, who later became Chief of the Netherlands Defence Staff.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, The attack
Then marines of the special anti-terrorist unit Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid (BBE) started shooting at the train; an estimated 15,000 bullets were shot at the train. The marines aimed at the first class and in-between compartments with the doors because they knew these were the areas where the hijackers were hiding. One of the hostages killed was in such a compartment because she had been allowed there by the hijackers. Six hijackers were killed.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Aftermath
Three hijackers survived and were later convicted to sentences from six to nine years.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Aftermath
In 2007 there was a memorial service for the killed hijackers; Two of the hijackers, motivated by a conversion to Christianity, had a meeting with former victims in 2007.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Aftermath
According to official sources, six of the hijackers were killed by the crossfire of bullets shot at the train. However many Moluccans believe that they were killed deliberately. On 1 June 2013 it was reported that an investigation by journalist Jan Beckers and one of the former hijackers, Junus Ririmasse, had concluded that three and possibly four of the hijackers were still alive when the train was stormed and executed by marines. In November 2014, it was revealed that Dries van Agt, Justice Minister at the time, allegedly ordered that none of the hijackers were to leave the train alive.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, Aftermath
An in-depth investigation, of which the results were published in November 2014, concluded however that no execution has taken place, but there were unarmed hijackers killed by marines. In 2018, a Dutch court ruled that the Dutch government did not have to pay compensation to relatives of two of the hijackers killed by marines. The ruling was upheld on appeal on 1 June 2021.


1977 Dutch train hijacking, In popular culture
In 2009, De Punt (television film), a Dutch- and Ambonese Malay-languages television film was made about this hostage crisis, directed by Hanro Smitsman.


1977 Dwars door België
The 1977 Dwars door België was the 32nd edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 27 March 1977. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Walter Planckaert.


1977 Dyfed County Council election
The second election to Dyfed County Council was held in May 1977. It was preceded by the 1973 election and followed by the 1981 election. There were a number of unopposed returns, particularly in rural parts of the county.


1977 Dyfed County Council election, Overview, Carmarthenshire
The main feature of the results in Carmarthenshire was a Plaid Cymru challenge to Labour in the more urban part of the county although they lost the one seat they held on the previous council.


1977 Dyfed County Council election, Ward Results (Carmarthenshire), Carmarthen No. 1
Anthony Earle was elected at a by-election in 1975 following the death of T. Idwal Jones