1975 British Formula Three season
The BP championship dominated by three works operations: March, with drivers Gunnar Nilsson and Alex Ribeiro, Modus, with Danny Sullivan, and Safir, with Patrick Nève. The works GRD operation also mounted a comeback but it was a failure, despite a surprise GRD win at Monaco, and the company collapsed the following year. Nilsson was a worthy champion, winning five British championship events plus three others, including the opening round of the Swedish series in April.


1975 British Grand Prix
The 1975 British Grand Prix (formally the John Player Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 19 July 1975. It was race 10 of 14 in both the 1975 World Championship of Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. It was the 30th British Grand Prix to be held since the race was first held in 1926 and the 17th time the race had been held at Silverstone. The race was held over 56 of the scheduled 67 laps of the four kilometre venue for a race distance of 264 kilometres.


1975 British Grand Prix
The results were overshadowed by a heavy hail storm from Lap 53, which caused three out of the top four cars (Jody Scheckter, James Hunt, and Mark Donohue), to aquaplane and crash in the same corner, bringing an early finish to the race, and a significant absence on the podium. A number of other cars crashed at the same corner as well, including Wilson Fittipaldi, Jochen Mass, and John Watson.


1975 British Grand Prix
The race results were finalised the lap after the lap most cars crashed, giving Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi, who had been the race leader prior to the storm, a one lap win in his McLaren M23. Carlos Pace, who was one of the crashers in his Brabham BT44B was classified in second position with another of the crashers, Tyrrell 007 driver Jody Scheckter classified third.


1975 British Grand Prix
The win was the 14th and final win of Fittipaldi's career which had included two world championships. He would continue racing in Formula One until 1980. The win also vaulted Fittipaldi past Carlos Reutemann into second place in the championship, 14 points behind Lauda.


1975 British Grand Prix, Race summary
A new chicane had been installed at Woodcote Corner, bringing complaints from the purists but also arguments that it was necessary in the interests of safety. Tom Pryce gained his only career pole position in his home race, whilst the Ferraris were on the second row, with James Hunt languishing on the fifth row.


1975 British Grand Prix, Race summary
Graham Hill announced his retirement as a driver after 17 seasons and 176 races to concentrate on his Embassy Hill team.


1975 British Grand Prix, Race summary
From the start – in which a lights system was being used for the first time in any Grand Prix, replacing the traditional national flag – Carlos Pace led from Pryce.


1975 British Grand Prix, Race summary
Following the hail storm, only six cars were running at the end. The RAC declared the race finished officially on the lap after the lap when most cars were running – lap 56. Ferrari, with both of their cars stuck on lap 54 in the classification protested, but the RAC threw these protests out and three days later, the provisional results were confirmed.


1975 British Hard Court Championships
The 1975 British Hard Court Championships, also known by its sponsored name Coca-Cola British Hard Court Championships, was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at The West Hants Club in Bournemouth, England. The event was part of the Grand Prix circuit and categorized as B class. It was the 46th edition of the tournament and was held from 12 May through 18 May 1975. Manuel Orantes and Janet Newberry won the singles titles.


1975 British Hard Court Championships, Finals, Men's doubles
Juan Gisbert /  Manuel Orantes defeated  Syd Ball /  Dick Crealy  8–6, 6–3


1975 British Hard Court Championships, Finals, Women's doubles
Lesley Charles /  Sue Mappin defeated  Linky Boshoff /  Greer Stevens 6–3, 6–3


1975 British League season
The 1975 Gulf Oil British League season was the 41st season of the top tier of speedway in the United Kingdom and the 11th season known as the British League.


1975 British League season, Summary
The league was sponsored for the first time by Gulf Oil. Reading Racers returned after a one-season absence to increase the size of the league back to eighteen teams and the ban on Overseas riders that rode in other leagues abroad was lifted.


1975 British League season, Summary
The Ipswich Witches won their first title, defeating Belle Vue Aces by a solitary point. John Louis and Billy Sanders scored heavily throughout the season for Ipswich. Belle Vue found consolation by winning the Knockout Cup.


1975 British League season, Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points


1975 British League season, British League Knockout Cup
The 1975 Speedway Star British League Knockout Cup was the 37th edition of the Knockout Cup for tier one teams. Belle Vue Aces were the winners.


1975 British League season, British League Knockout Cup, Final, Second leg
Belle Vue Aces were declared Knockout Cup Champions, winning on aggregate 86-70.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition
The 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition was the first to successfully climb Mount Everest by ascending one of its faces. In the post-monsoon season Chris Bonington led the expedition which used rock climbing techniques to put fixed ropes up the face from the Western Cwm to just below the South Summit. A key aspect of the success of the climb was the scaling of the cliffs of the Rock Band at about 8,200 metres (27,000 ft) by Nick Estcourt and Tut Braithwaite.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition
Two teams then climbed to the South Summit and followed the Southeast Ridge to the main summit – Dougal Haston with Doug Scott on 24 September 1975, who at the South Summit made the highest ever bivouac for that time, and Peter Boardman with Pertemba two days later. It is thought that Mick Burke fell to his death shortly after he had also reached the top. British climbers reached the summit of Everest for the first time in an event that has been described as "the apotheosis of the big, military-style expeditions".


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Rock climbing in Britain after World War II
After years of stagnation between the wars, British rock climbing underwent a renaissance, particularly with working-class climbing clubs starting up in the north of England and Scotland. The Rock and Ice Club in Manchester, the Creagh Dhu Mountaineering Club in Glasgow and several university climbing clubs were amongst those that engendered a highly competitive climbing environment. At Clogwyn Du'r Arddu in Wales numerous routes of a very high standard were achieved using strictly free climbing techniques. Hamish MacInnes and Dougal Haston, although not members, climbed with Creagh Dhu. MacInnes had mentored Bonington's youthful climbing as early as 1953.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Rock climbing in Britain after World War II
These associations led on to spectacular exploits such as the American-led direttissima route up the North Face of the Eiger in the winter of 1966 (including Haston) and the televised climbing of the Old Man of Hoy in Orkney in the following year (including Bonington and Haston). The public took notice and commercial sponsorship started to become a possibility for even more elaborate expeditions but with an ultimate aim of rock climbing. With all the 8000-metre peaks climbed by 1964, climbing in the Himalayas using rock climbing routes became an aspiration.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Bonington's path to Everest
Bonington's climbing career began when he was still in his teens and he was soon achieving technically difficult ascents in the Alps with several first ascents and, in 1962, the first ascent by a Briton of the Eiger's Nordwand. He made first ascents of Annapurna II (1960) and Nuptse (1962). His role as climbing photo-journalist on the "Eiger direttissima" in 1966 brought him widespread attention and he was encouraged to mount his own expedition.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Bonington's path to Everest
Bonington conceived of the idea of climbing Annapurna by its South Face which he realised was going to require siege tactics as well as rock climbing. What was to become the 1970 British Annapurna South Face expedition involved Haston as well as such climbers as Don Whillans, Mick Burke, Nick Estcourt, Martin Boysen and Ian Clough who was killed during the descent. The expedition was a huge success because not only was the summit reached but it was, for its time, the most difficult technical climb to the summit of a major world peak. Bonington had very much been the leader and had not personally attempted to reach the summit. He was a good communicator and he had been able to attract sponsorship and maintain a group of highly proficient yet individualistic climbers as a coherent team.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Bonington's path to Everest
Seizing an opportunity for an Everest expedition post-monsoon in 1972, Bonington originally planned a lightweight expedition by the normal route but the failure of the European pre-monsoon Southwest Face expedition earlier in that year encouraged him to attempt the Southwest Face instead. In very poor weather Bonington's expedition failed to reach the summit but the team gained a great deal of experience, in particular discovering that the line above Camp 6 was not as favourable as they had anticipated.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Bonington's path to Everest
Bonington decided not to make any further post-monsoon attempts and, before the expedition left Kathmandu, he booked the next available time slot which was for 1979. A while later, after learning that a British Army team was planning a pre-monsoon 1976 expedition, Bonington tried to persuade them to allow his team to be included. However, his suggestion was rejected.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Routes climbed
After the 1921 British reconnaissance, attempts to climb Everest had been from Tibet because Nepal was closed to foreign climbers. Then, in 1950, Tibet's borders were closed when it was occupied by the People's Republic of China and by that time no expedition had been able to reach the summit. Partly on account of the political situation in Tibet, Nepal started allowing climbers entry in 1950 although it closed its frontiers again in 1966.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Routes climbed
During the period 1950–1966 three ridge routes were pioneered to reach the summit – the South Col—Southeast Ridge (1953), West Ridge—Hornbein Couloir (1963) and by a Chinese team via the North Col—North Ridge (1960). However, no summit attempt had been made on routes up any of Everest's faces.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Routes climbed
Nepal again allowed entry to climbers in 1969 and the Southwest Face, the only face accessible from Nepal, was such an attractive objective that Japan immediately mounted a spring reconnaissance in that year and returned in the autumn with a larger party with several climbers reaching 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) on a line striking left from the central gully (black—cyan route on the diagram below).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Previous summit attempts using the Southwest Face
Spring 1970 Japanese expedition – the expedition climbed no higher than in the previous year (black—cyan route on the diagram). However, led by Saburo Matsukata, a party reached the summit via the South Col.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Previous summit attempts using the Southwest Face
Spring 1971 International expedition – led by Norman Dyhrenfurth, the expedition reached 8,350 metres (27,400 ft) (attained by Haston and Whillans) on a new line leading to the right above Camp 5 (black—blue—brown route).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Previous summit attempts using the Southwest Face
Spring 1972 European expedition – Felix Kuen and Adolf Huber reached about 8,300 metres (27,200 ft) in an expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer (black—blue—green route).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Previous summit attempts using the Southwest Face
Autumn 1972 British expedition – on the Bonington-led expedition 8,300 metres (27,200 ft) was reached by Bonington, Ang Phu, MacInnes, Scott, Burke and Haston (black—blue route).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Background, Climbing on Everest prior to 1975, Previous summit attempts using the Southwest Face
Autumn 1973 Japanese expedition – 8,300 metres (27,200 ft) was reached on the Southwest Face (black—blue route) but the expedition did reach the summit by the South Col. The expedition was led by Michio Yuasa and it was the first time Everest had been climbed after the monsoon.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Genesis of the 1975 expedition
The post-monsoon Japanese expedition in autumn 1973 had attempted both the Southwest Face and the normal route. The face party had failed in much the same way as the British had the year before but the South Col team had managed what turned out to be a very significant achievement. In the post-monsoon season they had reached the summit by climbing directly from the South Col without stopping overnight. By the time they had reached the summit they were out of oxygen but despite that, and having to bivouac overnight without food, drink or a tent, they had returned safely to the South Col.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Genesis of the 1975 expedition
In December 1973 Bonington heard that a team had withdrawn from its 1975 time slot. It was for post-monsoon so when he applied for the slot he was again intending to attempt his lightweight South Col—Southeast Ridge scheme. Permission was given in April 1974 when he, Haston and Scott were starting on a Changabang expedition (which was to be another first ascent) and Haston and Scott were able to persuade Bonington to try the Southwest Face again, despite it having to be in the autumn. The scheme eventually turned into what has been described as "the apotheosis of the big, military-style expeditions".


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations
A lesson learned from the 1973 Japanese expedition (and the 1952 Swiss expedition) was that any attempt should be as early as possible after the monsoon was over and this meant the trek from Kathmandu to Base Camp had to be during the monsoon. Another attempt using the "Whillans Chimney" above Camp 6 would have meant establishing a seventh camp and so a route to the left of the Great Central Gully would be taken on the same line that the earliest Japanese climbers had tried.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations
Camp 6 would be established on the upper snowfield and a long traverse would be taken to the Southeast Ridge. To complete the traverse, climb the ridge, and return would be a very long day – a bivouac on the return might well be necessary. To get into a position to do this a large support team would need to make a rapid ascent up the central gully so very careful logistical planning would be necessary.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations
Supplementary oxygen would be used above Camp 4 for climbers and Camp 5 for sherpas and 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) of fixed rope would be used up the face (fixed rope in the Icefall and climbing rope would be additional).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations
A management committee, chaired by Lord Hunt (John Hunt of the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition), was set up for what would be an expensive, siege-style operation. Peter Boardman was later to remark "for a mountaineer, surely a Bonington Everest expedition is one of the last great Imperial experiences life can offer." Bonington and his agent knew a director of Barclays Bank International and they approached him to see if the bank would provide sponsorship. Barclays not only agreed to provide the £100,000 requested but agreed to cover any overspend. This caused complaints from customers of the bank and a question was asked in Parliament.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations
Logistical planning was done by computer and, in an era before personal computers, a mainframe owned by Ian McNaught Davis' computer firm was used.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations, Expedition team
The team was based on the climbers in the 1970 Annapurna and 1972 Southwest Face expeditions. Hamish MacInnes was to be deputy leader and Dougal Haston, Doug Scott, Mick Burke, Nick Estcourt, Mike Thompson and Martin Boysen agreed to take part. All except the last two had Southwest Face experience. A notable absentee was Don Whillans who was not invited because of personality clashes on the Annapurna expedition. People joining the team for the first time were Peter Boardman, Paul ("Tut") Braithwaite, Ronnie Richards, Dave Clarke, Allen Fyffe and Mike Rhodes. Rhodes was a Barclays employee, nominated by the bank.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations, Expedition team
The doctors, both experienced mountaineers, were Charles Clarke and Jim Duff. Camp managers were Adrian Gordon and Mike Cheney who both spoke Nepali. There was to be a team of thirty-three climbing sherpas with Pertemba as sirdar and Ang Phu as deputy. Twenty-six porters for the Khumbu Icefall were led by their sirdar Phurkipa. There were further sherpas for general duties.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations, Expedition team
In addition there was a liaison officer, Mohan Pratap Gurung, a four people from the BBC to make a television documentary – Christopher Ralling, Ned Kelly, Ian Stuart and Arthur Chesterman – and a Sunday Times reporter, Keith Richardson, all with their accompanying sherpas. A team of drivers was needed for transport to Kathmandu. In all there were nearly 100 people.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations, Equipment
Twenty-four tonnes of equipment left Britain in over 1000 crates and needed to pass through 22 customs posts. Relatively little climbing gear was needed because the climb would be largely non-technical and rope, ladders and oxygen were the major requirements. Deadmen (anchors for embedding in snow) would be very useful because the conditions turned out to be those of soft snow. Eleven tonnes of food was taken and a greater quantity was procured in Nepal.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Preparations, Equipment
Meals of different menus were wrapped identically to avoid the risk of favourite meals being selected out before they could be carried high on the Face. Face boxes (box-like tents) were needed because there are no sizeable ledges on the steep face. The face boxes used in 1973 had been found not strong enough to resist falling rocks and ice so for this expedition MacInnes designed small-size assault boxes for Camp 6, and strengthened boxes with roofs of bulletproof mesh for the lower camps on the face. The two-man assault boxes were 1.07 by 1.12 by 1.91 metres.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition
Two 16-tonne trucks, driven by Bob Stoodley (Transport Manager for the team) and three other drivers, left London on 9 April 1975 and the gear was driven to Kathmandu from where it was flown to Lukla Airstrip and then carried by porters to Khunde, near Namche Bazaar, where it arrived for storage on 10 June. The climbers departed Britain on 29 July.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Walk-in and Base Camp
The main team flew from London to Kathmandu from where they used Land Rovers as far as the end of the road at Lamosanghu (near Pagretar). The walk-in from Kathmandu was a relaxed affair because no porter train was needed for the gear. Two parties travelled separately a day or so apart so as not to place too much strain on the villages en route. By stopping for chang at each village, each day's walk was not too strenuous and so there was time to acclimatise.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Walk-in and Base Camp
The weather was hot and humid (the monsoon was still on) and the first party took from 2 August until 18 August to reach Khunde and everyone had reached Base Camp by 23 August. The trek route runs west to east whereas all the rivers flow south so the journey involves crossing several ridges and descending into valleys. The route is still used for trekking forty years later – although there is now a road that penetrates as far to the east as Jiri it does not reach all the way to Khumbu.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Walk-in and Base Camp
At Kharikola (near Jubing) the direction of travel changes to head north up the valley of the Dudh Kosi river and it is here that the scenery changes as the valley becomes very deep with high mountains on both sides and the path starts to become steeper. At Thyangboche they met the lama to receive his blessing and then the whole ceremony was repeated outside for the benefit of the television cameras.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Walk-in and Base Camp
Porters, most of them women, carried the baggage from Khunde past Lobuche and Gorak Shep to Base Camp and it was at this stage that one of the porters died. He was a young boy who had been on the 1972 expedition and whom Doug Scott in particular had taken under his wing. He went missing  and, because he was deaf and could not speak, the search parties had no calls for help to guide them. He was found dead in a stream just below Base Camp.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
Base Camp was established on 22 August and over the next few days more equipment and food were brought up there while a route was being reconnoitred through the Khumbu Icefall where the conditions in the ice seemed unusually benign. The weather also was generally favourable with the cold mornings reducing the risk of ice seracs collapsing and dangerous avalanches. Generally snow would be falling in the afternoons and it could be heavy (18 inches (0.5 m) in an afternoon).


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
With the monsoon not yet over there was a severe avalanche risk from Everest's West Ridge and Nuptse so a careful route had to be chosen between Base Camp and the Icefall. The original route taken by the lead climbers was changed when the highly experienced icefall sirdar, Phurkipa, considered it passed too close to the foot of the Lho La and the Western Shoulder.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
Work in the icefall would start in the very early hours of the morning as a route was roped along as safe a line as possible. Later in the day conditions would become so hot that that work had to stop not just for safety reasons but also because conditions became stifling. Ladders were placed over crevasses and additional ones had to be procured from Khunde as so many were being used. Boysen had been delayed in his previous expedition and he joined the party during this time.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
On 28 August Camp 1 was set up at the top of the icefall and on that day sixty-eight people were moving through to consolidate the route and supply the camp. The camp was on a reasonably flat area of ice and surrounded by crevasses that would swallow the biggest avalanches in the vicinity. The ice block was inevitably slowly moving down the glacier and this would give problems later.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
Immediately above Camp 1 and before the Western Cwm proper, an immense crevasse stretched right across the valley. Under MacInnes' direction a 42-foot (13 m) ladder of 6-foot (1.8 m) sections was constructed, braced, and installed to bridge the gap. It was nicknamed Ballachulish Bridge after the bridge recently completed near MacInnes' home in Scotland.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
The Sunday Times correspondent was unwilling to show anyone his reports before dispatching them and the team became antagonistic towards him. Although Bonington publicly supported Richardson, Bonington's own opinion was that the material could have been made available for comment while still letting the journalist have the final word. Just as this became a crisis Richardson developed pulmonary oedema on 29 August and he required emergency evacuation from Base Camp to Pheriche leading to the BBC's Ralling taking over the role of news reporter.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Khumbu Icefall
In the case of the television journalism, a few aspects were agreed to be subject to veto by the climbers, in particular the use of Bonington's tape-recorded diary as a voice-over for the film, but rarely were the documentary makers not allowed to report what they wanted to. Initially Scott and, especially, Haston had been disdainful that any film could give a true impression of climbing but as time went by a rapport with the television crew developed. Ralling and his colleagues were full members of the expedition and this gave potential problems over maintaining editorial independence although Ralling considered that in the event this worked out well.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Western Cwm
It took three days for Haston and Scott to prospect a route to the head of the Western Cwm. The lower region was criss-crossed with crevasses, and was much more difficult than in 1972. It proved impossible to keep to the middle of the valley and they had to pass close to the foot of Nuptse. Despite the further supplies of ladders, there was still a shortage and so extra ones were salvaged from those abandoned by previous expeditions.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Western Cwm
On 31 August a site for Camp 2 was identified which was further up the cwm than in 1972 and, being on a slight hill, seemed safer from avalanches. It was at a shorter distance from the foot of the face and, indeed, a possible new route up the face presented itself starting beside the camp site itself and by-passing the previous expeditions' camps 3 and 4.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Western Cwm
With 150 loads dumped at Camp 1, Bonington moved his base there on 1 September with a view to going forward to inspect the location of Camp 2 and this was established as Advanced Base Camp (ABC) on 2 September at a height of 6,600 metres (21,700 ft). Attracted by the newly proposed route up the face but uncertain of the right decision (the routes are shown in red on the diagram below), Bonington spent the night at ABC with Burke and Scott.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Western Cwm
Estcourt had not been at all in favour of the new line because it seemed likely to be in a path of avalanches. The following day brought poor visibility so the face could not be inspected and avalanches rumbled continuously. By 5 September a decision was taken against the new route after it had indeed been swept by quite major avalanches.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
From the bergschrund at the foot of the Southwest Face, the mountain slopes up at a steady angle of about 45°. Fixed ropes were to be set up from here for about a 1,700-metre (5,500 ft) vertical height, to not far below the South Summit. Camp 3 was at 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) as before. The positioning of Camp 4 was reconsidered because it had in earlier years been in a very exposed location in the middle of the Great Central Gully. Bonington had the idea of trying to find a safer location at a much lower height.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
Climbers from Advanced Base Camp had required two days to reach Camp 4 so they had always needed to sleep at Camp 3. On the other hand, the sherpas could get straight from ABC to Camp 4 but they then needed the next day for rest. By lowering Camp 4 to about 7,300 metres (24,000 ft), Camp 3 could be mostly by-passed and the sherpas could manage with one rest day in three. Everyone, most importantly Pertemba, supported the idea.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
Estcourt and Braithwaite had been making the route higher up the face and Braithwaite had commented on one particular place as being suitable for a camp although at the time they had considered it to be at too low an elevation. This eventually became the location selected and Camp 5 would be lowered to about 7,800 metres (25,500 ft). Bonington was left the considerable task of recalculating the logistics.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
When he was at last able to start true climbing, Boysen was moved to lyric poetry. He wrote "The morning was so magically beautiful, the Cwm swathed in boiling mists. Everest in dark blue shadow, Nuptse emerging diamond white, a hundred ice crests gleaming".


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
MacInnes, Boardman and Boysen established Camp 4 on 11 September. Even on the face the heat in the afternoon could become oppressive, seriously reducing their rate of climb. From this point on they starting using oxygen when climbing the face. Avalanches swept Camp 4 and the Great Central Gully above – MacInnes was struck and, although he was not swept away or buried, snow powder entered his lungs which was to have a lasting effect.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
On 14 September MacInnes had to descend to ABC when a start was made towards Camp 5. Haston tried to find a site suitable for a camp on the left side of the central gully but the area seemed it might be in an avalanche zone. Instead he found a location on the right-hand side protected by some ledges. When Haston was alone at Camp 4 a night-time avalanche struck and the vacant box tent was seriously damaged. However, its structure had been so strong that Bonington thought that anyone inside would have survived.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
Bonington had to decide who should make the route to Camp 5, just below the Rock Band. He wanted to save the strongest climbers for scaling the Rock Band and for the summit attempt. MacInnes was incapacitated and Fyffe had not acclimatised well. Bonington had intended to always stay one camp down from the lead to be able to keep an overview without getting tangled in tactical decisions but in spite of this he decided he himself would go in front to Camp 5 with Richards in support.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
Sherpas would stay at Camp 4 for four days at a time while making three carries and would then return to ABC for two days' rest. On 17 September Bonington, Richards and a team of sherpas occupied Camp 5 which eventually had four box tents. After the sherpas had set off down Bonington discovered he had left behind the cooking pan and his radio had stopped transmitting. They could only use a corned-beef tin to melt snow for cooking and drinking and this only produced tiny quantities of water. They were completely unable to summon help or provide leadership.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Ascent of Southwest Face
After a few hours Richards found a workaround for the transmitter problem and the next day they climbed up towards the Rock Band, still without adequate water. At this height sherpas still did not need oxygen but two climbers together were needing three bottles a day, two for climbing and one for sleeping. Bonington led towards the left-hand gully but he had to backtrack after initially choosing a poor line. Next day Scott and Burke joined them at Camp 5 and the four started fixing ropes so that on 19 September the route was consolidated to the foot of the Rock Band. Things were well ahead of schedule.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Climbing the Rock Band
Braithwaite and Estcourt had ascended to Camp 5 where the supply situation was now adequate. With Bonington contemplating a summit attempt by Haston and Scott, he asked Haston to climb from ABC to Camp 5 over the next two days – Scott was already at 5. He asked Estcourt and Braithwaite to attempt the Rock Band, supported by Burke and himself. This would rule them out of the first summit attempt so he told them they would be in any second attempt. It was the Rock Band that had defeated all previous expeditions. It consists of almost vertical cliffs with little snow or ice whereas the lower part of the face is angled at 45 to 60 degrees and is generally snow-covered.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Climbing the Rock Band
The route across the Rock Band lay in a narrow gully and Estcourt and Braithwaite alternated in the lead with Burke and Bonington in support by carrying up rope for the line being fixed in place. The snow was good for crampons and Estcourt described the climb as "Scottish Grade III" although that disregarded the difficulty of any climb at 8,200 metres (27,000 ft). Both climbers' oxygen ran out as they were reaching a ramp that led off to the right from the gully.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Climbing the Rock Band
With Braithwaite exhausted, Estcourt led up the ramp which narrowed so that he was forced against the wall with thin snow hardly covering loose rock and nowhere suitable for a piton. Eventually he reached a place where he could jam in a precarious piton and he then scrambled another 6 metres (20 ft) to where he found a safe place to belay. Estcourt described it as "the hardest pitch I have ever led" but from there it was only a very short climb to the snowfield above the Rock Band. Lord Hunt wrote –


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Climbing the Rock Band
But I think that all members of the party would concede (with the exception of the person I allude to) that the supreme example of climbing technique, applied with exceptional determination, was Nick Estcourt's superb lead, without the normal safeguards or oxygen at 27,000 feet, up the rickety outward-leaning ramp of snow-covered rubble which led from the gully in the Rock Band up to the Upper Snow Field. This must be one of the greatest leads in climbing history, comparable, at least in its psychological effect, with the original lead across the Hinterstösser Traverse or the exit gully above the Spider, on the North Face of the Eiger.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts
The original plan had been for one team to lay fixed rope above Camp 6 at the top of the Rock Band and for a second team to go for the summit. Bonington now decided it would be unreasonable to expect the first team to turn back so near the summit and so one team would do all the work even though this meant a very long summit climb after a heavy day laying ropes and a second night at Camp 6.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts
However, progress had been so good that two further summit teams might be possible and, with careful planning, these might comprise four climbers each rather than two. Bonington had promised a place for a sherpa in any subsequent attempt. He selected (1) Haston and Scott, (2) Boardman, Boysen, Burke and Pertemba (who, to Bonington's satisfaction, nominated himself) and (3) Ang Phurba, Bonington, Braithwaite and Estcourt. Estcourt and Braithwaite were to return temporarily to ABC, losing their second place in the "queue" for the summit, and contrary to what they had been promised earlier.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts
Burke had been climbing slowly but Bonington considered that this could have been due to the weight of camera equipment and he realised the value of having filming high up on the mountain. Regarding his own place, Bonington himself had been at 7,800 metres (25,500 ft) and above for nearly a fortnight so as team doctor Clarke privately advised him not to continue higher. Bonington accepted this opinion and gave his place to Richards though he still cherished the hope he himself might be in a fourth summit bid.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts
MacInnes had moved to Camp 1 because of reports that the platform of ice it was on was starting to slip down the Icefall. When he heard he was to be left out of the summit parties he left the expedition because there was nothing further for him to do but he assured Bonington he would tell the press he was leaving because of his injured lungs.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
Haston and Scott were supported by Thompson, Burke, Bonington,Ang Phurba and Pertemba as they set off on 22 September to set up Camp 6 at 8,320 metres (27,300 ft) just beyond the point reached previously. The support team returned to Camp 5 leaving Haston and Scott to excavate a place for their assault box. The following day, as Bonington dropped back to ABC, the pair fixed 460 metres (1,500 ft) of rope on the line of the traverse of the snowfield towards a gully leading up to the Southeast Ridge.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
This proved difficult because soft snow lay on the rock and there was little ice for crampons to grip. When all the rope had been fixed they returned to Camp 6. With a tent sack (but no tent or sleeping bags), two oxygen cylinders each, three 50-metre (160 ft) ropes between them, a stove and other gear they set off at 03:30 the next morning.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
From Advanced Base Camp the BBC cameras and many of the expedition were able to watch progress. A large powder avalanche swept past the two climbers who were just visible to the naked eye as they traversed the upper snowfield. They vanished into the South Summit gully and at 15:00 momentarily reappeared on the South Summit itself. They disappeared over the ridge into China but occasional puffs of snow above the ridge showed the watchers that they were still climbing despite it being late afternoon. Then as the light faded the climbers themselves could just be seen still moving up the ridge. Bonington radioed to the second team to prepare to set out next morning – they would not know whether they were making a summit bid or a rescue attempt.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
It had been at dawn, just after they had got beyond the fixed rope, that Haston's oxygen had failed. They were able to clear a blockage of ice but it delayed them for an hour. The climbing route to the ridge at the South Summit was up a gully at times through chest-deep snow in avalanche conditions at an angle of 60° and with no possibility of belays.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
At a rock step in the gully they left a fixed rope and at last after 11+1⁄2 hours they reached the South Summit where they started digging a snow cave and brewing tea while they thought about whether to bivouac. "Tea" is merely to describe the time of day because there was no food and nothing to put into the warmed water. Haston tested the conditions on the ridge and they decided to seize their opportunity to go on.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
The Hillary Step was climbed and the pair reached the summit of Mount Everest side by side at 18:00, 24 September 1975. The wind had dropped and the setting sun sometimes broke through between the clouds. The view was magnificent and they tried to identify some of the mountains and glaciers out across Himalaya. After an hour, and with half an hour to go before dark, they set off down hoping they could reach Camp 6 in moonlight. They left nothing on the summit.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
By the South Summit the moon had not appeared, lightning was flickering and the wind was rising. The descent of the gully seemed too dangerous so they had to prepare to bivouac at the greatest height ever attempted, 8,760 metres (28,750 ft). By 21:00 they had enlarged the snow cave and, with their oxygen cylinders exhausted and the fuel in their stove used up by midnight, they spent a cold night (Scott estimated −50 °C) moving their limbs continuously and rubbing each other to keep any warmth in their bodies.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
To save weight, Scott had left his down clothing at Camp 6. There could be no sleep because sleep would be fatal. At the time the Guardian described it as being like "spending the night in a sheet sleeping-bag in a deep freeze, with the oxygen cut by two-thirds". At 05:30 they continued their descent and by 09:00 on 25 September they were back to Camp 6 after thirty hours without food or sleep. They radioed down the news. Neither man had suffered frostbite.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Haston and Scott
As well as being the first people to summit Everest by the Southwest Face, they were also the first Britons to reach the summit by any route. For the time, it had been the fastest ever ascent of Everest, 33 days. The second summit team arrived at Camp 6 to find them safe and well and by afternoon Haston and Scott had jumared down to Advanced Base Camp.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Boardman, Boysen, Burke and Pertemba
Moving up to camp 6 Burke had been climbing slowly and was very late in arriving. Bonington had previously suggested that Burke should retreat to Advanced Base Camp when he himself had gone back down but Burke had refused, saying he was feeling well. He was working as an assistant cameraman for the BBC and his filming was very important for him as well as for the whole team. This time Bonington told Boysen he would order Burke down but when Burke eventually reached camp he was able to persuade Bonington to let him continue.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Boardman, Boysen, Burke and Pertemba
The following morning all four started the ascent but Boysen's oxygen set soon failed and he lost a crampon and so had to return to the camp. Boardman and Pertemba climbed strongly with Burke lagging far behind. The pair had reached the South Summit by 11:00 where Pertemba's oxygen blocked in the same way as had Haston's. Taking advantage of the fixed rope up the Hillary Step left two days earlier, they reached the summit of Everest at 13:10, 26 September. There was poor visibility in the wind-driven mist.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Boardman, Boysen, Burke and Pertemba
The weather deteriorated further as Boardman and Pertemba descended and the visibility was getting worse. To their astonishment they encountered Burke, sitting in the snow, only a few hundred metres from the summit and above the Hillary Step. They had been assuming he had rejoined Boysen at camp 6. He asked them to return to the summit for him to photograph them but, seeing their reluctance, said he would go by himself to take some photographs and do some filming from the top. After agreeing to wait for him at the South Summit they separated.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Summit attempts, Boardman, Boysen, Burke and Pertemba
After a wait of over 1+1⁄2 hours at the South Summit in blizzard conditions the visibility was down to about 3.0 metres (10 ft) and it was getting dark so at 16:10 the pair started to descend the gully in the storm. They still had oxygen and they were fortunate to find the end of the fixed ropes in the dark. At 19:30 they at last rejoined Boysen at Camp 6. Boardman had frostbite and Pertemba, who had taken over half an hour to crawl the last 30 metres (100 ft), was snowblind. Mick Burke did not return. Boysen got frostbite while trying to reduce the snow piling on the box tents during the 36 hours that they were stormbound before being able to descend to Camp 5.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Clearing the mountain
The storm had passed by 28 September and the third summit team were still at Camp 5. However, with powder avalanches coming down the face and with no hope of finding Burke, the expedition was called off. Those at Camp 5 waited for Boysen, Boardman and Pertemba and then accompanied them down to Advanced Base Camp on the Western Cwm where they were interviewed by the BBC.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, The expedition, Clearing the mountain
Two days earlier Camp 1 had been evacuated as it began to slide down the Icefall and on 27 September the people at Camp 4 had been ordered down because it was threatened by the huge amount of snow higher up the face. During the evacuation, Gordon, who had been on the face for the first time, had become stranded in the dark and a rescue needed to be mounted – Bonington and Rhodes located him at 22:00 and managed to return with him to ABC at midnight. Later that night an avalanche devastated the entire camp and, though no one was injured, the camp had to be abandoned. The expedition was back to Base Camp by 30 September, to Kathmandu by 11 October, and to London on 17 October.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
Mick Burke's body has not been found but it is thought likely he did reach the summit.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
The expedition considerably exceeded its planned expenditure – £130,000 rather than £100,000. Barclays, the sponsors, owned several media rights including those to the book Bonington was to publish, Everest the Hard Way, which became a best-seller and so they were able to recover their entire expenditure. With the publicity given to the expedition, Bonington, Haston and Scott became household names in Britain. Bonington was made a CBE and later went on to receive a knighthood.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
The BBC produced a 75-minute television documentary about the expedition – the producer, Christopher Ralling, has written about the experience. Thirty years later the BBC produced a retrospective radio programme which included contributions from Bonington.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
Everest was summited again by the British the following year in the joint British and Nepalese Army Expedition by a similar route. The expedition was under the command of Tony Streather, and the summiteers were Special Air Service soldiers Bronco Lane and Brummie Stokes.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
Two years later Scott was proposing a lightweight expedition to The Ogre in the Karakoram which was to include Bonington (as a team member) and Haston. While it was being planned, news came through that Haston had been killed in an avalanche while skiing in the Alps. The expedition went ahead and in fact Scott and Bonington became the first people to reach the summit. Estcourt was killed on the 1978 Bonington-led K2 West Ridge expedition. Boardman died together with Joe Tasker on Bonington's 1982 Everest Northeast Ridge expedition.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
Pertemba set up his own very successful trekking agency in 1985 and also in that year teamed up again with Bonington on a Norwegian-led expedition which led to Bonington reaching the summit of Everest for his first and only time.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
The Southwest Face was climbed by a Slovak expedition in 1988 when four climbers reached the South Summit in alpine style with no supplementary oxygen. Jozef Just went on to reach the main summit on 17 October but on the descent they all disappeared in a strong storm after their last radio contact with the base saying they were on the way to the South Col. Their bodies were never found. A South Korean expedition climbed the route in 1995.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
However, on either side of the face (and so possibly to be included in its scope) are the South Pillar and Central Pillar and these have been successfully used as climbing routes several times starting in 1980 and 1982 for the two routes respectively. In 1980 there was an ascent of Everest by a full North Face route; a Kangshung Face route was achieved in 1983.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
In 2016, two Slovak mountaineers, Vladimir Štrba and Zoltán Pal, attempted the Southwest face. However, at about 7200 meters they were swept by an avalanche and had to be evacuated by a helicopter. The next year Vladimir Štrba attempted the face solo. Last minute, however, he decided to ascend the South Col via the Southeast Face, but got stuck on the balcony and died in a tent at Camp IV.


1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition, Subsequent events
Forty years after the ascent ten of the expedition's members took part in a fundraising reunion meeting at the Royal Geographical Society in London.


1975 British National Track Championships
The 1975 British National Track Championships were a series of track cycling competitions held from 26 July - 2 August 1975 at the Leicester Velodrome. The Championships were sponsored by Newmark.


1975 British Rowing Championships
The 1975 National Rowing Championships was the fourth edition of the National Championships, held from 19–20 July 1975 at the National Water Sports Centre in Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham.


1975 British Saloon Car Championship
The 1975 British Saloon Car Championship was the 18th season of the championship. The title was won by Andy Rouse, driving a Triumph Dolomite Sprint.


1975 British Saloon Car Championship, Calendar & Winners
All races were held in the United Kingdom. Overall winners in bold.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election
General elections were held in the British Virgin Islands on 1 September 1975. The result was one of the most confused in the Territory's history, but is officially recorded as a victory for the United Party led by Willard Wheatley over the opposition Virgin Islands Party (VIP) led by former Chief Minister Lavity Stoutt.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election
In reality the election provided no clear consensus, and when the election was over, successful candidates dropped their prior allegiances and tried to broker deals that would enable them to secure power. At the end of this process Willard Wheatley retained his role as Chief Minister and led a coalition loosely affiliated to the United Party. But as has been recorded:{{cquote|The 1975 General Elections did not produce a clear majority for any party and the loyalties, which appeared to have existed prior to and in the course of the election campaign, fell apart in the aftermath. Mr W.W. Wheatly again emerged as Chief Minister, but with a different team.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election, Background
The 1975 general election was something of a dangerous crossroad for British Virgin Islands politics. The first party political election in 1967 had been won by the United Party. However, internal struggles relating to who should be leader led to the party fragmenting before the next election. That allowed the opposition VI Democratic Party to win the 1971 election, but exactly the same thing would happen to them: disagreements between party leader Q.W. Osborne and Chief Minister Willard Wheatley led Wheatley to remove Osborne from his Ministerial seat. The resulting discord meant that, despite technically being the party in power, the VI Democratic Party did not actually promote any candidates at all for the 1975 election - Wheatley left to form an alliance with the United Party, and Osborne left to join the Virgin Islands Party.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election, Results
Willard Wheatley won the election in a coalition with the United Party. Although the United Party only won two seats, fewer than the Virgin Islands Party (which won three), Wheatley was able to assemble a coalition and remain Chief Minister and at the head of government.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election, Results
Austin Henley was a former member of the VI Democratic Party, but ran as a United Party candidate. However, after the election he was named Leader of the Opposition. Henley would later die in office, and Oliver Cills continued as Leader of the Opposition. Both Henley and Cills were recorded as members of the VI Democratic Party whilst Leaders of the Opposition.


1975 British Virgin Islands general election, Results
Candidates elected for the first time included future Chief Minister and Premier, Ralph T. O'Neal.


1975 Brown Bears football team
The 1975 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. Brown finished second in the Ivy League.


1975 Brown Bears football team
In their third season under head coach John Anderson, the Bears compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents 258 to 168. Kevin Slattery and Paul Serrano were the team captains.


1975 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 5–1–1 conference record placed second in the Ivy League standings, the team's best result since league play began in 1956. They outscored Ivy opponents 197 to 127.


1975 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1975 Brownlow Medal
The 1975 Brownlow Medal was the 48th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Gary Dempsey of the Footscray Football Club won the medal by polling twenty votes during the 1975 VFL season.


1975 Brownlow Medal, Leading votegetters
* The player was ineligible to win the medal due to suspension by the VFL Tribunal during the year.


1975 Brussels summit
The 1975 Brussels summit was the third NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 29–30 May 1975. This event was only the third meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.


1975 Brussels summit, Background
In this period, the organization faced a generational challenge; and the unresolved questions concerned whether  a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.


1975 Brussels summit, Agenda
The general discussions focused on the need for affirming of the fundamental importance of the Alliance,  Other topics included,


1975 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1975 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season.


1975 Bucknell Bison football team
In their first year under head coach Bob Curtis, the Bison compiled a 5–4 record. Ralph Turri and Rick Wardrop were the team captains.


1975 Bucknell Bison football team
Bucknell played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1975 Buffalo Bills season
The 1975 Buffalo Bills season was the franchise's 6th season in the National Football League, and the 16th overall.


1975 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
The Bills led the league in points scored, with 420 (30.0 per game). This amount is the most points scored by any team in a 14-game season after the merger, and the most points scored by any team in the 1970s. The Bills were the only team in NFL history to average at least 30 points per game and miss the playoffs, until being joined by the Kansas City Chiefs in 2004.


1975 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Buffalo won their first four games by an average of 17 points. They were 5–2 at the halfway point of the season, and one game behind the 6–1 Miami Dolphins in the AFC East. Buffalo then lost four of their final seven games, ultimately falling two games short of the division title.


1975 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
Bills' running back O. J. Simpson rushed for 1817 yards on the season, and set a then-record with 23 touchdowns scored for the season. Fullback Jim Braxton had 823 yards rushing. Buffalo's ground game dominated the league, with a total of 2974 rushing yards, over 300 yards more than the second best rushing total.


1975 Buffalo Bills season, Season summary
The 1975 Bills have the distinction of giving up the most total passing yards (3,080) in a 14-game schedule during the merger era. However, the Bills' 45 takeaways on defense led the league in 1975. Defensive back Robert James and safety Doug Jones were lost to the season with knee injuries.


1975 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason, NFL Draft
Buffalo's defense gave up the fourth-most yards in the NFL in 1974, and so the Bills' first two picks in the 1975 draft were a pair of Nebraska linebackers – Tom Ruud and Bob Nelson—both of whom played for Buffalo for three seasons. N.C. State running back Roland Hooks played in every Bills game from 1976–1981. He is best known for his "Hail Mary" reception against New England in Week Twelve of the 1981 season, a catch which was instrumental in putting Buffalo into the postseason that year.


1975 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1975 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 35th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Slavia Sofia and Lokomotiv Sofia on 21 June 1975 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Slavia won the final 3–2.


1975 CARIFTA Games
The 4th CARIFTA Games was held in Hamilton, Bermuda on March 29–31, 1975.


1975 CARIFTA Games, Participation (unofficial)
Detailed result lists can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 76 athletes (66 junior (under-20) and 10 youth (under-17)) from about 6 countries:  Bahamas (6), Barbados (13), Bermuda (17), Guyana (4), Jamaica (20), Trinidad and Tobago (16).


1975 CARIFTA Games, Medal summary
Medal winners are published by category: Boys under 20 (Junior), Girls under 20 (Junior), Boys under 17 (Youth), and Girls under 17 (Youth). Complete results can be found on the "World Junior Athletics History" website.


1975 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1975 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the fourth CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 7 and March 8, 1975, at St. Louis Arena in St. Louis, Missouri. Saint Louis won the tournament, defeating Lake Superior State 8–3 in the championship game for the second consecutive year.


1975 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1975 CECAFA Cup
The 1975 CECAFA Cup was the third edition of the tournament. It was held in Zambia, and was won by Kenya. The matches were played between October 31 and November 9.


1975 CFL Draft
The 1975 CFL Draft composed of eight rounds where 81 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA. A total of 16 players were selected as territorial exemptions, with the Montreal Alouettes being the only team to make no picks during this stage of the draft. Through a trade with the Calgary Stampeders, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers selected first overall in the draft. They would not choose first overall again until the 2011 CFL Draft.


1975 CFL season
The 1975 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 22nd season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the 18th Canadian Football League season.


1975 CFL season, CFL News in 1975
Calgary became the first city in the Canadian Prairie Provinces to host the Grey Cup championship game. The CFL changed the rules on blocking by allowing contact to be above waist level on punt returns. The two-point convert was introduced to the league, as was the option after a field goal attempt by one team (regardless of whether it was made or not) to let the opposing team either kick off or scrimmage from their own 35-yard line (the latter option was eliminated in 2009, but was reinstated the next year).


1975 CFL season, CFL News in 1975
Tragedy struck the CFL on October 11, when Hamilton Tiger-Cats star defensive lineman Tom Pate suffered an aneurysm in the fourth quarter against the Stampeders at McMahon Stadium. Pate never regains consciousness and would in two days die, at the age of 23. A year later, the CFLPA announced the Tom Pate Memorial Award in his honour to be awarded to the player who best personifies a unique combination of outstanding sportsmanship and dedication to the league and the community.


1975 CFL season, Regular season standings, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1975 CFL season, Grey Cup playoffs
The Edmonton Eskimos are the 1975 Grey Cup champions, defeating the Montreal Alouettes, 9–8, at Calgary's McMahon Stadium. This was the first Grey Cup game to be held in the prairies. Montreal's Steve Ferrughelli (RB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Offence and Lewis Cook (DB) was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player on Defence. Edmonton's Dave Cutler (K) was named Grey Cup's Most Valuable Canadian.


1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The 1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 11th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region and was played from 5 July 1975 till 9 May 1976.


1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The teams were split in 3 zones (North American, Central American and the Caribbean), each one qualifying the winner to the final tournament, where the winners of the North and Central zones played a semi-final to decide who was going to play against the Caribbean champion in the final. All the matches in the tournament were played under the home/away match system.


1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
Mexican club Atlético Español beat Surinamese side Transvaal in the finals 3–0 and 2–1, becoming CONCACAF champion for their first time.


1975 Cairo Open
The 1975 Cairo Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts that was independent, i.e. not part of the Grand Prix or WCT circuit. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and played at Cairo in Egypt. The event was held from 3 March through 9 March 1975 and Manuel Orantes won the singles title.


1975 Cairo Open, Finals, Doubles
Manuel Orantes /  Antonio Muñoz defeated  Jaime Pinto-Bravo /  Belus Prajoux 3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5


1975 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1975 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season.


1975 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by eighth-year head coach Joe Harper and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the regular season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4, 3–1 CCAA).


1975 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Cal Poly Mustang players were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
The 1975 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented California State Polytechnic University, Pomona during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season.


1975 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
Cal Poly Pomona competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). Cal Poly Pomona was led by second-year head coach Andy Vinci. They played home games at Kellogg Field in Pomona, California. The Broncos finished the season with a record of six wins, four losses and one tie (6–4–1, 2–2 CCAA). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 256–199 for the season.


1975 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Pomona players were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
The following player finished their Cal Poly Pomona career in 1975, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1975 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team
The 1975 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team represented California State University, Fullerton during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season.


1975 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team
This was Cal State Fullerton's first year competing in the Pacific Coast Athletic Association. In 1974, they had played games against conference opponents but they had not counted in the conference standings. The team was led by first-year head coach Jim Colletto, and played home games at Santa Ana Stadium in Santa Ana, California. They finished the season with a record of two wins and nine losses (2–9, 0–5 PCAA).


1975 Cal State Fullerton Titans football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Fullerton Titans were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The 1975 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team represented California State University, Hayward in the 1975 NCAA Division II football season. Cal State Hayward competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1975 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team
The Pioneers were led by first-year head coach Tim Tierney. Tierney would remain the head coach for the next 19 seasons, until the program was dropped after the 1993 season. They played home games at Pioneer Stadium in Hayward, California. The Pioneers finished the season winless, with a record of zero wins and ten losses (0–10, 0–5 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 99–240 for the 1975 season.


1975 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Hayward Pioneers players were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cal State Hayward Pioneers football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1975, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1975 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team
The 1975 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team represented California State University, Los Angeles during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season. The Diablos competed in the Division II California Collegiate Athletic Association for the 1975 season.


1975 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team
The Diablos were led by Jim Williams in the second year of his second stint as head coach. He had previously coached the team from 1966 to 1968. The team played home games at the Campus Field in Los Angeles. They finished the season with a record of one win, seven losses and one tie (1–7–1, 0–4 CCAA). The Diablos were outscored 168–290 for the season.


1975 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal State Los Angeles players were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
The 1975 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team represented Cal State Northridge during the 1975 NCAA Division II football season.


1975 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team
Cal State Northridge competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The 1975 Matadors were led by third-year head coach Gary Torgeson. They played home games at North Campus Stadiumin Northridge, California. Cal State Northridge finished the season with a record of four wins, six losses and one tie (4–6–1, 1–3 CCAA). The Matadors outscored their opponents 166–164 for the season.


1975 Cal State Northridge Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Cal State Northridge players were selected in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Calabrian regional election
The Calabrian regional election of 1975 took place on 15 June 1975.


1975 Calabrian regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party and Christian Democrat Pasquale Perugini formed a government with the support of the Italian Socialist Party and the other minor centre-left parties (organic Centre-left). Perugini was replaced by Aldo Ferrara in 1976.


1975 Calder Cup playoffs
The 1975 Calder Cup playoffs of the American Hockey League began on April 2, 1975. The eight teams that qualified played best-of-seven series for Division Semifinals and Finals. The division champions played a best-of-seven series for the Calder Cup. The Calder Cup Final ended on May 7, 1975, with the Springfield Indians defeating the New Haven Nighthawks four games to one to win the Calder Cup for the fourth time in team history.


1975 Calder Cup playoffs, Playoff seeds
After the 1974–75 AHL regular season, the top three teams from each division qualified for the playoffs. The Providence Reds finished the regular season with the best overall record.


1975 Calder Cup playoffs, Bracket
In each round, the higher seed receives home ice advantage, meaning they receive the "extra" game on home-ice if the series reaches the maximum number of games. There is no set series format due to arena scheduling conflicts and travel considerations.


1975 Calgary Stampeders season
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by GoodDay (talk | contribs) at 17:31, 25 November 2019. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1975 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1975 Calgary Stampeders finished in 4th place in the Western Conference with a 6–10 record and failed to make the playoffs.


1975 California Angels season
The 1975 California Angels season involved the Angels finishing sixth in the American League West with a record of 72 wins and 89 losses.


1975 California Angels season
California hit 55 home runs for the entire season. This caused Boston Red Sox pitcher Bill Lee to say about the team- "could take batting practice in a hotel lobby without damaging a chandelier."


1975 California Angels season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 California Angels season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1975 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 California Angels season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1975 California Golden Bears football team
The 1975 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. In their fourth year under head coach Mike White, the Golden Bears compiled an 8–3 record (6–1 against Pac-8 opponents), finished in a tie with UCLA for the Pac-8 championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 330 to 233. At the end of the season the Golden Bears gained 2,522 passing yards and 2,522 rushing yards. The average was 229 total yards per game and the team was ranked number one in total offense. The team did not participate in that season's Rose Bowl because during the season it lost to co-champion UCLA.


1975 California Golden Bears football team
The team's statistical leaders included Joe Roth with 1,880 passing yards, Chuck Muncie with 1,460 rushing yards, and Steve Rivera with 790 receiving yards.


1975 California Golden Bears football team, Game summaries, Stanford
Cal needed a win and UCLA tie or loss to earn a berth in the Rose Bowl.


1975 California Golden Bears football team, Game summaries, Stanford
Chuck Muncie finished with over 3,000 yards rushing in his career along with 37 touchdowns, 230 points and 4,188 all-purpose yards. By scoring four times, Muncie also tied a single game school record and finished the year with 15 TDs for another Cal mark.


1975 California Golden Bears football team, Game summaries, Stanford
After the game, coach Mike White said "If Chuck Muncie isn't the Heisman Trophy winner, I don't know who is."


1975 California Golden Bears football team, Draft picks
The following players were claimed in the 1976 NFL Draft.


1975 Cameroonian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Cameroon on 5 April 1975. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Cameroonian National Union as the sole legal party. Its leader, Ahmadou Ahidjo, was the only candidate in the election, and won unopposed.


1975 Campania regional election
The Campania regional election of 1975 took place on 15 June 1975.


1975 Campania regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was the largest party, while the Italian Communist Party came second. After the election, Christian Democrat Nicola Mancino was elected President of the Region, but as soon as in 1976 he was replaced by fellow Christian Democrat Gaspare Russo, to whom Ciro Cirillo succeeded in 1979.


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The 1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby  was won by the selection of Buenos Aires that beat in the final the selection of Unión de Rugby de Tucumàn


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Premilnaries
The winner of previous edition and the host of "final four" (Tucuman) directly admitted to semifinals


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Score system:  Try= 4 points, Conversion=2 points .Penalty and kick from mark=  3 points. Drop= 3 points.


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Tucumàn: J. Buscetto, J. Monterrubio, J. Rojas, M. Rodríguez, F. García, C. Rovira, C. Vidal, H. Cabrera (M. Galindo), J: Bach, J. Ghiringhelli (cap. ), J. Rocchia Ferro, J. Iramain, J. Pintado, J. Posse, O. Maxud. Cuyo:' P. Guarrochena, M. Brand¡, D. Muñiz, O. Terranova, C. Dora, C. Navessi, J. Galindo, J. Nasazzi, R. Ituarte, J. Navessi, E. Sánchez, R. Irañeta (cap. ), J. Micheli, J. Crivelli, C. Cruz.


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Buenos Aires: M. Sansot, J. O'Farrell, A. Travaglini, A. Cappelletti, R. Rinaldi (J. Gauweloose), H. Porta, E. Morgan (cap. ), J. Carracedo, H.. Miguens, C. Neira, C. Bottarini, J. Fernández, F. Insua, G. Casas, H. Nicola. Mar del Plata:' E. Sanguinetti, G. Beverino, C. Sosa, R. L'Erario, H. Carlón, L. Pierángeli, R. Capparelli (cap. ), V. Minguez, M. Alfonso, M. Riego, W. Heath (M. Miguens), R. Losada, R. Sepe, N. Bosso, R. Bonomo.


1975 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Buenos Aires: M. Sansot, H. O'Farrell, A. Travaglini, A. Capelletti, R. Rinaldi (J. Gauweloose), H.Porta, E. Morgan (cap. ), F. Insua, G. Casas, H. Nicola, C. Bottarini, J. Fernández, J. Carracedo, H. Miguens, C. Neira. Tucumàn:' J. Buscetto, J. Monterrubio, J. Rozas (D. Monterrubio), M. Rodríguez, F. García, C. Rovira, C. Vidal, R. Cruz, J. Ghiringhelli (cap. ), J. Bach, J. Iramain, J. Rocchia Ferro, O. Maxud (S. Bellomio), J. Posee, J. Pintado.


1975 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1975 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the I Copa Brasil) was the 19th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


1975 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Overview
It was performed by 42 teams, and Internacional won the championship. It was divided into four phases:


1975 Campeonato Carioca
The 1975 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on February 20, 1975 and ended on August 17, 1975. It was organized by FCF (Federação Carioca de Futebol, or Carioca Football Federation). Twelve teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 22nd time. no teams were relegated.


1975 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A
The 1975 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 17th national championship for football teams in Ecuador. LDU Quito successfully defended their title for their third overall.


1975 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A, Teams
The number of teams for this season was expanded from eight to twelve. There would be no mid-season replacements.


1975 Campeonato Gaúcho
The 55th season of the Campeonato Gaúcho kicked off on February 16, 1975, and ended on August 10, 1975. Thirty-two teams participated. Internacional won their 23rd title.


1975 Campeonato Paulista
The 1975 Campeonato Paulista da Divisão Especial de Futebol Profissional was the 74th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. São Paulo won the championship by the 11th time. no teams were relegated.


1975 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was divided into two rounds; in the first round, the eighteen teams all played against themselves once, with the team with the most points winning the round, and in the second round, the teams would be divided into two groups, with each team playing once against the teams of the other group. The three teams with the most points in each group qualify to a final hexagonal to define the champions of the round, and the winners of each round qualified to the finals. In the second round, the remaining twelve teams would all play against each other once, and the team with the most points would be champion.


1975 Canada Winter Games
The 1975 Canada Winter Games were hosted in Lethbridge, Alberta from 11–23 February 1975. Despite being hosted by Lethbridge, the games were held in 12 communities in southern Alberta spread out over 34,000 km2 (13,127 sq mi). More than 4,000 local volunteers helped with the event.


1975 Canada Winter Games
The Canada Games caused improvements to sporting events throughout the region, including the construction of the $4 million Canada Games Sportplex.


1975 Canadian Open
The 1975 Canadian Open took place in September 1975 and was the second edition of the snooker tournament, the Canadian Open. It was also referred to as the "Plus Cigarettes International".


1975 Canadian Open
Alex Higgins won the title defeating John Pulman 15–7 in the final. 81 players entered. There was a total prize fund of $10,000, with $5,000 awarded to the winner and$2,000 for the runner-up. Cliff Thorburn compiled the highest break of the tournament, 142.


1975 Canadian Open, Main draw
Results of the tournament are shown below. Numbers in parentheses indicate seedings.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season
The 1975 Canadian Soccer League season was the fifty-second season for the National Soccer League (NSL) which operated under the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) name for the season. The season began in April and concluded in late October with Toronto Italia securing a double (NSL Championship, and First Division title). Italia would also win the Canadian Open Cup by defeating the Challenge Trophy champions London Boxing and Athletic Club of Victoria from British Columbia. The Serbian White Eagles were the NSL Cup winners, and the Canadian representative for the 1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season
In the Second Division the Windsor Stars were the divisional champions by finishing first in the standings, which secured an automatic promotion to the First Division. A postseason tournament was utilized in the Second Division were St. Catherines Heidelberg won the NSL II Championship after defeating Windsor. As the membership in the league increased the NSL was divided into two separate divisions (First and Second Division) with a promotion and relegation system. Toronto Croatia would purchase 50% of the Toronto Metros to form Toronto Metros-Croatia in the North American Soccer League, while still retaining a reserve team in the NSL.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The National Soccer League (NSL) went through a series of reforms beginning with the partitioning of the league into two separate divisions (First and Second divisions) with a promotion and relegation system. The top ten teams from the previous year were placed in the First Division, while the remainder and expansion clubs were relegated to the Second Division. How the promotion and relegation system was operated in the NSL was that the last placed team in the First Division was automatically relegated, while the Second Division champion would receive an automatic promotion to the First Division.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The second last team in the First Division would play in a series of matches against the runner-ups in the Second Division in order to determine which team would be relegated or promoted. A name change was included in the reforms with the league operating under the Canadian Soccer League (CSL) name in order to distinguish themselves from other regional leagues using a similar name. The CSL also provided additional incentives for match competitiveness by issuing prize money to the divisional champions and runner-ups.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The Toronto based CSL teams began using Lamport Stadium in 1975, but were forced to split their home matches between CNE Stadium. and Varsity Stadium as Lamport required further repairs throughout the season. The repairs had an economical effect on the Toronto clubs at the live gate with only Toronto Italia generating a profit as their home matches were played at York Stadium. The Serbian White Eagles were embroiled in a dispute with the league executive committee as the White Eagles were banned from league competition after a fan invasion during their 1975 CONCACAF Champions' Cup match against C.F. Monterrey.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The decision was appealed and taken to the Canadian Soccer Association (CSA) where the ban was lifted with Serbia required to play in a closed venue without spectators. The league ownership began a policy to limit the usage of import players in an attempt to ultimately Canadianize the league, and placed a limit of six import players per team.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The boundaries of the league were once more located around the Montreal–Windsor corridor with the CSL returning to Windsor, Ontario with the Windsor Stars being granted a franchise. Oakville United was granted a franchise and a developmental team sponsored by the Ontario government called the Ontario Selects were placed in the Second Division. The league continued to have a presence in Montreal, Quebec with the Montreal Castors acquiring Montreal Cantalia's franchise rights.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Overview
The rivalry between the NSL and Toronto Metros of the North American Soccer League was further intensified with the Metros ownership attempting to lobby the Ontario Soccer Association (OSA) to place further restrictions on the allowance of imports, and with Toronto Croatia becoming part-owners with the Metros. At several occasions some NSL teams outdrew the NASL club in attendance numbers.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Second division playoffs
Windsor Stars, Montreal Castors, Oakville United, and St. Catharines Heidelberg were the top four clubs that qualified for the postseason. Though Montreal secured a playoff berth they opted out of the tournament because of a shortage of players due to injuries, and the departure of their imports. The decision resulted in St. Catharines receiving a bye to the finals.


1975 Canadian Soccer League season, Canadian Open Cup
The Canadian Open Cup was a tournament organized by the National Soccer League in 1971 where the NSL champion would face the Challenge Trophy winners to determine the best team throughout the country. The 1974 edition served as a qualifier match to determine the Canadian representative to the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. Toronto Italia were the NSL representative for the 1975 competition while their opponents were the London Boxing Club of Victoria, who were the British Columbia Provincial Soccer Championship, and Challenge Trophy titleholders.


1975 Canadian federal budget
The Canadian federal budget for fiscal year 1975-1976 was presented by Minister of Finance John Turner in the House of Commons of Canada on 23 June 1975.


1975 Cannes Film Festival
The 28th Cannes Film Festival was held from 9 to 23 May 1975. The Palme d'Or went to the Chronique des Années de Braise by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina. In 1975, a new section, "Les Yeux fertiles", which was non-competitive, was introduced. This section, along with sections "L'Air du temps" and "Le Passé composé" of the next two years, were integrated into Un Certain Regard in 1978.


1975 Cannes Film Festival
The festival opened with A Happy Divorce (Un Divorce heureux), directed by Henning Carlsen and closed with Tommy, directed by Ken Russell.


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1975 feature film competition:


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, International Critics' Week
The following feature films were screened for the 14th International Critics' Week (14e Semaine de la Critique):


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel sections, Directors' Fortnight
The following films were screened for the 1975 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs):


1975 Cannes Film Festival, Awards, Official awards
The following films and people received the 1975 Official selection awards:


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado
The Canton, Illinois Tornadoes of 1975 is a destructive summer tornado event which occurred as part of a significant severe thunderstorm outbreak concentrated from eastern Iowa across northern and central Illinois on the afternoon and evening of July 23, 1975.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Outbreak
Widespread significantly severe damaging wind occurred in many areas across eastern Iowa and the northwestern third of Illinois. Many corn fields were flattened and trees were downed, and light structural damage occurred. Power was cut to thousands across the western and northwestern suburbs of Chicago. Around 5:05 pm, a rope-like tornado with multiple funnels was sighted on a farm southwest of Toulon, Illinois, following a left-curving path, before lifting 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Toulon, leaving crop damage and was rated F0 with a path length of 0.5 miles (0.80 km) and width of 20 yards (18 m).


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Outbreak
A wind gust of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) was measured near Peoria and a funnel cloud was spotted at Groveland. Lightning also damaged several houses and buildings. One woman was killed when venturing outside to close her car windows and a six-story International Harvester warehouse was ignited into a large fire.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes
The supercell thunderstorm first showed evidence in the damage survey near Bushnell. On several farms broad convergent and cyclonic crop damage exhibited evidence of the parent tornadocyclone. Trees were uprooted and structural damage varied with windows broken and buildings partially unroofed. A funnel cloud was spotted at 4:01 pm about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Prairie City.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes, First tornado
The first tornado of a complex combination of tornado family and extreme downbursts touched down at 4:30 p.m. about 14 miles (23 km) west of the small city of Canton (or 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of Blyton) and immediately grew to very large size in agrarian central Fulton County. It continued meandering rural areas with an average movement of easterly roughly near Illinois Route 9 for 11.1 miles (17.9 km) before ending about 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Fiatt. A grain elevator was leveled and blown about 0.75 miles (1.21 km) away. Total damages were around $250,000. A University of Chicago team headed by Ted Fujita surveyed the damage path as 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide at times and suction spot crop damage indicated a multiple vortex tornado.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes, Canton tornado
Before that tornado lifted, a second tornado touched down to the left of the first tornado at 4:45 p.m. on the east side of Fiatt, and it too in conjunction with intense downburst winds proceeded in a meandering path roughly eastward roughly along Route 9. There was no break in the damage because of the proximity of the tornadoes and the accompanying exceptionally intense downburst activity.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes, Canton tornado
This tornado roared into Canton with a damage path 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, essentially destroying or heavily damaging the entire southern half of the town. It devastated much of the downtown area, destroying or damaging 127 businesses concentrated within a five block swath. Many of these buildings were completely destroyed and others were so severely damaged to require razing. The tornado caused heavy residential losses with about 100 frame houses destroyed and an additional 300 damaged; 50 trailers were destroyed and another 100 were damaged.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes, Canton tornado
Two people were killed at Horton's Mobile Home Manor on the eastern side of town. Sixty-nine people were injured, of which 14 required hospitalization and 45 were treated and released. Straight-line winds from downbursts inflicted less intense damage across the remainder of town. Total damages amounted to around $25 million (1975 USD). Power was not restored to some areas for a week. The National Guard was deployed, and the damage was so immense and overwhelming that the city was declared a federal disaster area. All stores except for those selling food were forced to close, most perishable food required trashing, and the town was immediately closed to non-residents not on official business.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Canton tornadoes, Canton tornado
Farms also suffered substantial damage to crops and buildings with agricultural losses over $3 million. The high-end F3 tornado continued for approximately another 6 miles (9.7 km) to about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Banner for a total path length of 14 miles (23 km). Total tornado area was 37.5 sq. miles (60 km2) with a very high destruction potential index (DPI) -- integrating intensity, path length, and width—value of 150.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Science benefits
It was first thought to be a single tornado event of over 25 miles (40 km), but a meticulous damage survey by the renowned severe weather expert Ted Fujita documented the complex interactions of downbursts, microbursts, and tornadoes, and much was learned meteorologically from this event.


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, Science benefits
Downbursts, a recent concept by Fujita at the time (the 1974 Super Outbreak the year before was also significant in their conceptual development), covered a very large area; these as well as a continuous series of smaller but very intense microbursts were responsible for the meandering course of the tornadoes (although the average of the path was linear) and for some changes in intensity. It is thought that a microburst may be responsible for breaking up the first tornado. A continuous damage swath connected the events regardless. Conversely, another microburst seems to have caused the tornado to intensify on the eastern side of Canton and coincided with the two deaths. The most intense pure tornadic damage width was 0.5 miles (0.80 km).


1975 Canton, Illinois, tornado, 1835 Canton tornado
Canton and surrounding areas were devastated by an earlier tornado on June 18, 1835. Touching down around 10 p.m., it decimated rural farms, killing four; before it traversed through Canton, killing four in town, including the town's founder and his young son. Injuries totaled forty. This tornado damaged or destroyed about fifty buildings in Canton with a total damage width of about 0.25 miles (0.40 km).


1975 Cape Verdean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cape Verde in June 1975 in preparation for independence from Portugal on 5 July. The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde was the sole legal party at the time, with voters being asked to approve or reject a PAIGC list of 56 members for the National People's Assembly. Its party leader was Aristides Pereira. The list was approved by 95.6% of voters, with a turnout of 86.7%.


1975 Caribbean Series
The eighteenth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1975. It was held from February 1 through February 6 with the champions teams from the Dominican Republic, Águilas Cibaeñas; Mexico, Naranjeros de Hermosillo; Puerto Rico, Vaqueros de Bayamón and Venezuela, Tigres de Aragua. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice, and was played at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico. For the first time in Series history, the designated hitter was adopted following the implementation of this rule by the American League during the 1973 MLB season.


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Vaqueros de Bayamón of Puerto Rico clinched the Series and were managed by José Pagán. The team won five games in a row before falling to the Dominican Republic in the closing game, 5–4. Leading the offensive charge was RF Ken Griffey, Sr., who won the batting title with a .500 average (12-for-24) and scored the most runs in the tournament (eight).


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
Meanwhile, 2B Félix Millán batted .435 (10-for-23) for the second best in the Series, and 1B Willie Montañez led all hitters in runs batted in (11) and tied for the most home runs (2), earning Most Valuable Player honors. Puerto Rico also had a well-balanced attack on offense including C Ellie Rodríguez, 3B Art Howe, SS Sergio Ferrer (SS), and OFs Orlando Álvarez, Jay Johnstone and Jerry Morales. The pitching staff was headed by John Montague, who hurled a four-hit shutout, and Tom Walker and Tom Hilgendorf, each winners in their respective starts. Other pitching contributions came from John Candelaria, Ed Figueroa, Jaime Navarro and Carlos Velázquez.


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Dominican Republic and Mexico teams shared second place with an identical record of 3–3 and took home a consolation prize.


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Águilas Cibaeñas, managed by Al Widmar, were heavily favored to win the title, mostly because of its obvious offensive power and the stellar Pittsburgh Pirates' double play combination of Frank Taveras (SS) and Rennie Stennett (2B). However, the pitching staff did not perform up to expectations, as is reflected in their run differential. While the team scored 33 runs (2nd best), the staff allowed 28 runs (the 2nd worst). Besides Taveras and Stennett, the team featured 1B Rafael Batista, RF Bobby Darwin, CF Miguel Diloné, 3B Winston Llenas and C Charlie Moore. Meantime, Joaquín Andújar (1–0) and Jim Slaton (1–0) were solid in two starts apiece, while Bill Castro (1–0) made four relief appearances.


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Naranjeros de Hermosillo, managed by Cananea Reyes, were a balanced squad that combined solid defense with good pitching and opportune hitting. The offense was clearly led by 1B Héctor Espino, OF Jerry Hairston, 2B Bump Wills and 3B Dave Hilton, while the top pitchers were Ed Acosta (1–0, 2.25 in two starts) and Dave Sells (2–0, 0.00 ERA in four relief appearances). Other players in the roster included C Sergio Robles and SS Mike Eden, as well as reliever Francisco Barrios. A noteworthy contribution came from OF/P Joe Pactwa, who made history when he became the first DH in Caribbean Series history (Game 1) and also the first DH to hit a home run (Game 4).


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
Venezuela, represented by the debuting Tigres de Aragua, was piloted by Ozzie Virgil, Sr. and finished last with a 1–5 record. Unlike Mexico, the Venezuelan club was characterized by poor batting, erratic defense and low pitching performance, being outscored by their opponents 45–14, while leading the tournament with 16 errors. The Tigres got their lone win from Jim Todd (1–1, 8.53) and Roberto Muñoz posted a solid 1.93 ERA, even though he dropped two games, while Milt Wilcox (0–1, 6.59) and Leon Hooten (0–0, 4.16) did hurt their own cause.


1975 Caribbean Series, Summary
Despite his low batting average (.250), RF Adrian Garrett, tied for the most home runs (2) and led the team in RBIs (7) and runs scored (4). Other contributions came from 1B Enos Cabell (.348), 3B Phil Garner (.318) and SS Dave Concepción (.280), on an otherwise weak offense that included CF Lyman Bostock (.174), 2B Duane Kuiper (.150) and C Tim Hosley (.125).


1975 Carrier Weathermakers season
The 1975 Carrier Weathermakers season was the maiden season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).