1970 Yukon general election
The members elected to the council were Hilda Watson, Ken McKinnon, Norman Chamberlist, Don Taylor, Clive Tanner, Mike Stutter and Ronald Rivett. Watson and Chamberlist were the two members appointed to the council's new executive committee.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident
The 1970 ascariasis poisoning incident was a  poisoning incident that took place in Quebec in February, 1970. At least seven people claimed to have been infected with parasitic worm eggs by Eric Kranz, a former postgraduate student from Hempstead, New York. The victims were Canadians Richard Davis, William Butler, David Fisk, and Keith Fern, with three other friends and acquaintances reported to be mildly infested. Doctors said that one of the men may have been affected by as many as 400,000 larvae.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident
Eric Kranz was a 23-year-old postdoctoral student in parasitology at Macdonald College in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. He shared a house with four roommates: Davis, Butler, Fisk, and Fern. The roommates were at odds with Kranz, who had not paid rent totalling $16.66, and asked him to move out. Kranz became agitated and allegedly told the roommates, "I'll put parasites in your food and you'll wake up dead". Kranz did pay the full rent balance on January 31, but the roommates evicted him anyway.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident
Some time around February 1, Kranz prepared a festive Winter Carnival dinner for his roommates, and allegedly tainted the food with eggs stolen from the university laboratory where he studied. The roommates were hospitalized around February 12, and Kranz left Quebec a couple of days later. As the medical investigation continued, doctors suspected poisoning and authorities were notified. On February 25 Kranz was charged with attempted murder and a warrant was sought for his arrest. He returned voluntarily to Quebec, surrendered to authorities on the 9th of March, pleaded not guilty, and was remanded on bail.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident, Trial and acquittal
Kranz went on trial in June, 1971, charged with intentionally endangering the lives of his four roommates. There was expert evidence before the court consistent with the presence of ascaris larvae in the bodies of two of the complainants: however, opinions from three other laboratory sources were not available. The defence further claimed that the infection could have occurred by way of a recurring sewage backup into the kitchen sink of the house: a version of events which was denied by at least one of the complainants.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident, Trial and acquittal
Kranz also pointed out in the course of his testimony that his roommates could have come into contact with ascariasis eggs simply by handling his clothing. Following consideration of the evidence, Judge Gerard Laganiere held that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and Kranz was acquitted.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident, Medical aspects
About a week after the dinner, the roommates began to develop cough, dyspnea, anorexia, and fever. The symptoms did not improve, and on February 12 they sought treatment at Queen Elizabeth Hospital's emergency room with symptoms of acute respiratory distress. In addition to these symptoms physicians noted wheezing and the appearance of hives. The roommates were treated for pneumonia, but the infection did not respond to antibiotics. Davis and Butler were in critical condition.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident, Medical aspects
After about four days, the staff was able to confirm the ascariasis diagnosis upon isolating live larvae, about 4 mm long, in the sputum and gastric washings. This confirmed exposure to ascariasis ova which were in the microscopic larval stage, migrating via the blood from intestine to lung. As these larvae ascended the trachea and were swallowed again they began developing into mature worms. Four weeks after infection, the victims passed numerous immature worms in bowel movements. Physicians cleared the developing adults with a course of piperazine, effectively ending the infestation. The victims were released from the hospital March 5, but the attending physician said that one of the men would probably have permanent lung damage.


1970 ascariasis poisoning incident, Medical aspects
This infection established a baseline case or index case for Ascaris suum infection in humans. Doctors had originally consulted Walter Reed Army Medical Center but found no precedent for human infection.


1970 elections in India, Legislative Assembly elections, Kerala
Elections were held in 1970 in Kerala State for the Kerala Legislative Assembly


1970 floods in Romania
The 1970 floods in Romania, brought on by river swelling caused by torrential rains, high winds and a heat wave that melted snow in the Carpathian Mountains, were the worst in modern Romanian history in loss of life, and caused the most damage up to the 2006 floods: at least $500 million; perhaps over $1 billion.


1970 floods in Romania, Flooding
The floods began around May 12 and lasted into mid-June. 209 people were killed, 41,000 houses were damaged or totally destroyed (leaving at least 265,000 homeless), over a million arable acres were inundated, over 100,000 sheep, pigs, cows and chickens (including over 35,000 head of cattle) drowned, 146 factories were idled at least temporarily, and over 250 miles (400 km) of highway required repair. At least 240,000 people were evacuated, some repeatedly.


1970 floods in Romania, Flooding
37 of Romania's then 39 counties were severely damaged, with 230 towns and villages hit in just the first twelve days, including Sighișoara and Mediaș, the women and children of which were evacuated to centres in hill villages while the men salvaged possessions. Airports, including those at Sibiu and Satu Mare, were flooded and closed. Railway systems were damaged, and landslides blocked roads and carried away telegraph lines.


1970 floods in Romania, Flooding
Broadly speaking, floodwaters moved from the northern and central regions toward the Danube lowlands in the south and east. The Prahova, Târnava, Olt (threatening Râmnicu Vâlcea and Slatina) and Tisza rivers were among those affected, as well as the Danube (which rose up to 6½ ft above normal spring high-water levels, flooding docks and port installations in Turnu Severin), Prut and Siret.


1970 floods in Romania, Flooding
As crests rolled onward, downstream localities knew to fear the worst: for instance, Galați and Brăila knew by June 3 that floods from three weeks earlier would reach them on June 11, the question being if their dikes would hold. The neighbouring Soviet Union and Bulgaria were not nearly as threatened, as the Prut and Danube banks are steep and high on their shores. The floods also came in phases: for instance, the waters were just beginning to recede when on May 23–24 renewed heavy rain and snowfalls raised their level again.


1970 floods in Romania, Flooding
Significant resources were mobilised to fight the waters and their effects. Medical teams toured most areas of the country warning people not to drink polluted water (many drinking water installations were destroyed) and inoculating all citizens aged 2 to 55 against typhoid fever. Thousands of soldiers and civilians worked around the clock to build miles of new dikes and reinforce old ones.


1970 floods in Romania, Political ramifications and international response
The floods had political ramifications as well. General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu took personal direction of some emergency measures in the Brăila and Galați areas, particularly sensitive because their heavy industry and grain-shipping centres are near the Danube, Prut and Siret, all three of which were swollen and which merge four miles (6 km) upstream from Galați. On May 22, wearing a black turtleneck sweater, workman's cloth cap and farmer's jacket, Ceaușescu and high Romanian Communist Party leaders spent hours superintending the completion of a five-mile (8 km)-long earth and timber dike at Brăila.


1970 floods in Romania, Political ramifications and international response
In foreign policy, the floods offered him an opportunity to continue Romania's independent foreign policy, which sought to keep its distance from the Soviet Union.


1970 floods in Romania, Political ramifications and international response
While at the height of the floods, he made a sudden trip to Moscow, followed a week later by Prime Minister Ion Gheorghe Maurer, this worried Romanians and Ceaușescu then toured the country, saying over and over in speeches to flood victims that his policy remained unchanged—national independence and sovereignty, noninterference in the internal affairs of other states, equality between governments and between Communist parties, and the right of each party to shape its own policies.


1970 floods in Romania, Political ramifications and international response
The provision of foreign aid also reflected this independent course. The single largest relief payment, the equivalent of $400,000, came from the People's Republic of China, then embroiled in the Sino-Soviet split. The first relief plane came from Israel; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to have relations with Israel at the time. Aid from the United States and the Netherlands soon followed, but a week passed before the USSR sent a message and an offer of aid.


1970 floods in Romania, Political ramifications and international response
Moreover, Western companies offered to repair or replace damaged industrial equipment they had furnished: the Galați iron and steel plant (Romania's largest) was built with Western expertise and equipment against Soviet opposition. Over a dozen countries, including France and Yugoslavia, gave aid. British aid organisations promised 50 tons of food, children's clothing and medicine, while West Germany sent a number of mobile water-purification units. A special fund was set up in Bucharest to assist flood victims; money poured in from factory groups throughout Romania. In one Bucharest institute, 100 donors a day gave blood, while scores of foreign diplomats gave clothing and household items.


1970 floods in Romania, Aftermath
Reflecting a drive for development and modernisation, the regime embarked upon a national land-improvement programme following the floods, covering drainage, irrigation, soil erosion, navigation, power, research and training in a comprehensive approach that departed from mere reliance upon control structures. Not only did Romania cope with the floods; it brought in specifically designed alleviative and preventive measures. The floods were mentioned in at least one literary work: Marin Sorescu's 1976 play Matca ("The Matrix"). During the rains, a woman gives birth to her child while her father is dying in an adjacent room. As the waters close in on her, her sole thought is to raise the baby above her head in an effort to save it.


1970 floods in Romania, Aftermath
The main goal of building the Stânca-Costești Dam, completed in 1978, was to protect villages down the Prut river from floods.


1970 floods in Romania, Aftermath
A memorial cross to the victims, raised in Militari, Bucharest, soon after the floods.


1970 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Afghanistan.


1970 in Afghanistan
Progress in establishing a modern type of administration throughout the country to replace traditional tribal institutions is steady rather than spectacular. The personal popularity of the king and his firm support of the prime minister ensures growing respect for the central government, but this does not prevent occasional outbreaks of severe intertribal hostilities. An important factor in the modernizing process to which the king has committed himself is the steady improvement of communications with the outside world.


1970 in Afghanistan
Several international airlines call regularly at Kabul, and the road from the capital to the Khyber Pass carries increasingly heavy traffic in both directions. The tourist industry receives a great impetus both from the erection on the road between Kabul and Paghman of a luxury hotel with spectacular views, and from the readiness with which the Afghan diplomatic posts in many countries grant tourist visas. External communications are stimulated by a marked improvement in relations with Pakistan.


1970 in Afghanistan
The Afghan government shows increasing interest in the economic success of the Regional Cooperation for Development program (RCD), which is being vigorously pursued by Pakistan, Iran, and Turkey; a visit to Kabul by the Pakistan finance minister, Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash, leads to a scheme for technical aid in the fields of irrigation, seeds, and fertilizers to help Afghanistan achieve agricultural self-sufficiency as part of its policy of decreasing its reliance on external aid.


1970 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Australia.


1970 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1970.


1970 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1970 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1970 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1970 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1970 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1970.


1970 in Brazilian football
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:53, 19 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1970 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1970 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 69th season of competitive football in the country.


1970 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1970.


1970 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1970.


1970 in British music
This is a summary of 1970 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1970 in British music, Year-end charts, Best-selling albums
The list of the top fifty best-selling albums of 1970 were published in Record Mirror at the end of the year, and later reproduced in the first edition of the BPI Year Book in 1976. However, in 2007 the Official Charts Company published album chart histories for each year from 1956 to 1977, researched by historian Sharon Mawer, and included an updated list of the top ten best-selling albums for each year based on the new research. The updated top ten for 1970 is shown in the table below.


1970 in British radio
This is a list of events in British radio during 1970.


1970 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1970.


1970 in Cambodia
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Cambodia.


1970 in Canadian television
The following is a list of events affecting Canadian television in 1970. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches.


1970 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Cape Verde.


1970 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Chile.


1970 in China
Events in the year 1970 in the People's Republic of China.


1970 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1970.


1970 in Croatian television, Deaths
This Croatian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1970 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1970.


1970 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1970.


1970 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1970 in Estonia.


1970 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1970.


1970 in French television
This is a list of French television related events from 1970.


1970 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1970.


1970 in Greece
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Greece.


1970 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1970 in Iceland.


1970 in India
Events in the year 1970 in the Republic of India.


1970 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1970.


1970 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1970 include:


1970 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian Arab terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1970 include:


1970 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1970 include:


1970 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1970.


1970 in Italian television, Shows of the year, Miniseries, Mystery
Coralba and I giovedì della signora Giulia are the first Italian mysteries shot in colors (also if, at the time, they are aired in black and white).


1970 in Japan
Events from the year 1970 in Japan. It corresponds to Shōwa 45 (昭和45年) in the Japanese calendar.


1970 in LGBT rights
This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 1970.


1970 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Laos.


1970 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1970 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1970, together with births and deaths of notable Malaysians.


1970 in Michigan
The Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI) each selected the state's top news stories as follows:


1970 in Michigan
The AP and UPI also selected the state's top sports stories as follows:


1970 in Michigan, Population
In the 1970 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 8,875,083 persons, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1980, the state's population had grown 4.4% to 9,262,078 persons.


1970 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 70,000 based on 1970 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1960 and 1980 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1970 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 120,000 based on 1970 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1960 and 1980 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1970 in Michigan, Music
Several songs performed by Michigan acts and/or recorded in Michigan ranked on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970, including the following:


1970 in Michigan, Music
Albums released by Michigan acts and/or recorded in Michigan in 1970 included the following:


1970 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in New Zealand.


1970 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 36th Parliament of New Zealand commenced, with the second National government in power.


1970 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and Television
See : 1970 in New Zealand television, 1970 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1970 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1970 film awards, 1970 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1970 films


1970 in Norwegian football
The 1970 season was the 65th season of competitive football in Norway.


1970 in Norwegian music
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by BHGbot (talk | contribs) at 12:56, 19 June 2020 (WP:BHGbot 6 (List 5): eponymous category first, per MOS:CATORDER; fixed sort key; WP:GENFIXES). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1970 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1970 in Norwegian music.


1970 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 1970. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


1970 in Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in the self-declared Republic of Rhodesia.


1970 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1970.


1970 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Singapore.


1970 in Somalia
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in Somalia.


1970 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in South Africa.


1970 in Swedish football
The 1970 season in Swedish football, starting April 1970 and ending November 1970:


1970 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1970 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 59 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1970 in Thailand
The year 1970 was the 189th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 25th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2513 in the Buddhist Era.


1970 in Thailand, Events, December
This Thailand-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1970 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1970 to Wales and its people.


1970 in architecture
The year 1970 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1970 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1970 throughout the world.


1970 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1970  throughout the world.


1970 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1970  throughout the world.


1970 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1970 throughout the world. Tournaments include international (FIBA), professional (club) and amateur and collegiate levels.


1970 in comics
Notable events of 1970 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1970 in comics, Awards, Goethe Awards
Published in a 1971 issue of Maggie Thompson's fanzine Newfangles for comics published in 1970.


1970 in comics, Awards, Shazam Awards
Presented in 1971 for comics published in 1970: (Award presentation: May 12, 1971, at the Statler Hilton Hotel's Terrace Ballroom.)


1970 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1970.


1970 in country music, Events, No Dates
Early in the year, Marty Robbins suffers a major heart attack which almost takes the life of the country star.


1970 in film, Highest-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1970 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1970 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1970 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian fine arts.


1970 in games
This page lists board and card games, wargames, and miniatures games published in 1970.


1970 in heavy metal music
This is a timeline documenting the events of heavy metal in the year 1970.


1970 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1970.


1970 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1970.


1970 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1970 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1970 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1970 in music
List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1970.


1970 in music, Albums released
In 1970, 4,000 albums and 5,700 singles were released in the US.


1970 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest in the charts of 1970.


1970 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1970.


1970 in paleontology, Arthropods, Newly named insects
A scorpionfly family, type sp. H. maculosa No formal description provided


1970 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Spheniscidae, this is the type species of the new genus, Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007 transferred the species to the genus Palaeospheniscus Moreno et Mercerat, 1891.


1970 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
An Anatidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1970 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
Described as a Bucconidae, Feduccia et Martin, 1976 erected the family Primobucconidae for it, this is the type species of the new genus.


1970 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Meleagridae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1970 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Newly named birds
A Spheniscidae, this is the type species of the new genus.


1970 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1970 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1970 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1970 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1970 in professional wrestling
1970 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1970 in radio
The year 1970 in radio saw the debut of a nationally syndicated music countdown show and the incorporation of NPR.


1970 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1970.


1970 in science
The year 1970 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1970 in spaceflight
Japan and China each launched their first satellites in 1970, bringing the total number of nations with independent launch capability to five.


1970 in spaceflight
Apollo 13 was launched; after suffering an explosion in deep space it had to circumnavigate the moon and use the LM as a life boat. Apollo 13 was a successful disaster in which the crew survived. The Soviet space program continued its Luna program with Luna 17, which delivered the robotic Lunokhod 1 rover to the lunar surface, and Luna 16, which achieved the first uncrewed lunar sample return. The Soviets also continued the success of the Venera Venus probes with Venera 7, the first man-made spacecraft to successfully land on another planet and to transmit data back to Earth, though it only survived 23 minutes on the surface.


1970 in sports
1970 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1970 in television
The year 1970 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of notable television-related events in that year.


1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


1970 in the Philippines
1970 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1970.


1970 in the Vietnam War, January
Under the cover of monsoon rains the Vietcong (VC) 409th Battalion attacked the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines at Firebase Ross with mortars and sappers penetrating the wire. The attack was repulsed by 04:00 with 13 Marines and 38 VC killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, January
The 1st Brigade, 5th Infantry Division launched Operation Green River in Quảng Trị Province. The operation results in 106 People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) soldiers killed and 37 U.S. killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, January
A PAVN/VC artillery attack on Bien Hoa Air Base damaged a C–123, a C–7 and a UH–1.


1970 in the Vietnam War, February
Military Policemen are called to a murder scene in an apartment at Fort Bragg. Special Forces Captain Jeffrey R. MacDonald claims that four intruders attacked his family killing his pregnant wife and two young daughters. The case remains one of the most litigated murder cases in American criminal history.


1970 in the Vietnam War, February
Sergeant Michael Mullen was killed by shrapnel from friendly artillery fire while serving with the 6th Infantry Regiment in Quảng Tín Province. His death prompted his mother Peg Mullen to become an antiwar activist who was profiled by journalist C. D. B. Bryan in The New Yorker in 1976 and the story was subsequently made into the 1979 telemovie Friendly Fire.


1970 in the Vietnam War, February
In the Son Thang massacre five U.S. Marines killed five Vietnamese women and 11 children in Sơn Thắng, Quế Sơn District. Four of the Marines were charged with murder, two were acquitted and two convicted but only served sentences of one year.


1970 in the Vietnam War, February
A PAVN/VC rocket attack on Bien Hoa Air Base damaged three A-37s, two F-100s and a C-7. Two USAF personnel were killed in these attacks and 74 wounded.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
Operational control of U.S. forces in I Corps passed from III Marine Amphibious Corps to XXIV Corps.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
On 12 March, Cambodian prime minister Lon Nol closed the port of Sihanoukville to the North Vietnamese and demanded that all PAVN and VC forces withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours (on 15 March) or face military action.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
The first FTA Show is performed in Fayetteville, North Carolina, near Fort Bragg.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
In the SS Columbia Eagle incident two crewmembers seized the SS Columbia Eagle with the threat of a bomb and handgun and forced the captain to sail towards Cambodia. Twenty-four of the crew were forced to abandon the ship in lifeboats, while the remaining 13 sailed the ship into Cambodian waters and the two mutineers Clyde McKay, Jr. and Alvin Glatkowski surrendered to the Cambodia government which gave them asylum. The mutineers were later arrested and imprisoned in Cambodia, but released later in the year. Glatowski eventually turned himself in to the U.S. Embassy, was extradited to the U.S. and served seven years in prison, while McKay sought refuge with the Khmer Rouge who apparently killed him.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
A U.S. Navy EC-121 Warning Star crashed on landing at Da Nang Air Base. The aircraft struck a hangar and caught fire killing 22 of the 31-man crew.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
The Cambodian National Assembly voted to remove head of state Prince Norodom Sihanouk from power with Lon Nol taking the powers of the Head of State on an emergency basis.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
The PAVN attacked Firebase Granite, the attack was repulsed with 10 U.S. and 10 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
Norodom Sihanouk on Beijing radio called for a general uprising against Lon Nol.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
North Vietnam refused an offer by South Vietnam for the release and repatriation of 343 wounded or ill prisoners of war, declaring that there were no members of the PAVN in the south. The North Vietnamese representatives at the Paris Peace Talks asserted that the captives were, instead, "illegally arrested patriots" from among South Vietnamese citizens rebelling against the Saigon government.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
The South Vietnamese Government began the Land to the Tiller program of land reform designed to redistribute land to tenant farmers and undermine support for the VC.


1970 in the Vietnam War, March
The PAVN 272nd Regiment hit Firebase Jay with mortar, rocket and recoilless rifle fire hitting the command post and knocking out communications. The base was occupied by Companies A and E, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, B Battery, 2nd Battalion, 12th Artillery and B Battery, 2nd Battalion, 19th Artillery. The PAVN then launched infantry attacks on the base perimeter but were beaten back by dawn. U.S. losses were 13 killed, while 74 PAVN dead were found in and around the base.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
199th Infantry Brigade commander Brigadier General William R. Bond was killed by sniper fire in Bình Thủy District.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
The PAVN hit Firebase Illingworth with over 300 rounds of mortar and recoilless rifle fire and then assaulted the base with a force of over 400 troops. The base was defended by Companies C and E, 2nd Battalion, 8th Cavalry, B Battery, 5th Battalion, 2nd Artillery, A Battery, 1st Battalion, 30th Artillery, A Battery, 2nd Battalion, 32nd Artillery and B Battery, 1st Battalion, 77th Artillery. During the attack an ammunition dump containing over 190 rounds exploded. By 05:00 the attack had been repulsed at a cost of 24 U.S. killed and 54 wounded and 88 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Three PAVN battalions attacked Song Mao Base Camp which was defended by the U.S. 2nd Squadron, 1st Cavalry and the ARVN 44th Regiment, 23rd Division. The attack was repulsed resulting in two U.S., two ARVN and 151 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
The PAVN besiege Dak Seang Camp. On 15 April 1970 the 170th Assault Helicopter Company dropped the 3rd Battalion, 42nd ARVN Regiment into a landing zone near Dak Seang, resulting in the loss of two helicopters.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Operation Texas Star was a military operation of the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 1st Division against PAVN logistics routes and bases in the A Shau Valley and the mountains east of the valley. The operation culminated in the Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord. The operation resulted in 1,782 PAVN killed and five captured, U.S. losses were 386 killed and ARVN losses were 370 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
A group of 50,000 demonstrators picketed in Washington D.C. in the "March for Victory", organized by fundamentalist radio evangelist Carl McIntire. The marchers, mostly middle-aged white Americans, protested President Nixon's decision to reduce the American commitment rather than to take the war into North Vietnam.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Photojournalist Gilles Caron disappeared on Highway 1 in Cambodia. He was the first of 25 journalists to disappear or be killed by the Khmer Rouge/PAVN between 5 April and 28 October 1970.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Photojournalists Sean Flynn and Dana Stone disappeared on Highway 1 in Cambodia. Later investigations revealed that they were captured by the PAVN and then handed over to the Khmer Rouge who executed them.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Following a mortar and Rocket-propelled grenade barrage, PAVN sappers attacked Mai Loc Camp which was defended by CIDG forces and a U.S. artillery unit. The PAVN withdrew leaving 19 dead, while U.S. losses were six killed and 14 CIDG were killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
Two PAVN battalions attacked Dak Pek Camp and the defenders were forced back to a small fighting position before air support forced the PAVN back. The PAVN then besieged the camp until early May when they withdrew. Total losses were 34 CIDG and 420 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
In the village of Xom Bien, a massacre of about 600 Vietnamese Cambodians was carried out by the Khmer National Army (ANK) as part of a campaign by the Lon Nol government against the nation's Vietnamese-speaking minority. Shortly after midnight, troops entered the village, founded as a Roman Catholic mission on the waters of the Mekong River in the Chrouy Changvar area near Phnom Penh and removed the men and boys and shot them. Days later, hundreds of the corpses of the victims (which included more from outside of Xom Bien) were seen floating down the Mekong into South Vietnam.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
A PAVN sapper company attacked Firebase Nancy defended by a unit of the ARVN 1st Regiment, 1st Division and a U.S. artillery unit, returned fire and the PAVN withdrew. At dusk ARVN soldiers sweeping the perimeter made sporadic contact with PAVN. PAVN losses were 71 killed and nine captured and 11 individual and six crew-served weapons captured; U.S. losses were four killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
The PAVN 95C Regiment attacked Firebase Atkinson which was defended by Companies B and E, 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry and B Battery, 2nd Battalion, 19th Artillery. The PAVN attacks were beaten back with seven U.S. and 66 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
President Nixon announced that he would order the withdrawal of a further 150,000 American troops from South Vietnam over the next 12 months as part of the process of turning conduct of the war over to the South Vietnamese.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
In a meeting at the White House of his National Security Council, President Nixon discussed the options for the U.S. response to the continuing use of Cambodia by the PAVN/VC as a base.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
National security adviser, Henry Kissinger, would recount later that the three choices were to continue the current response, favored by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird and Secretary of State William P. Rogers; providing financial and adviser aid to an invasion by the ARVN without committing ground troops (favored by Kissinger); or sending U.S. troops and planes into Cambodia to attack the sanctuaries (favored by General Earle Wheeler, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff). While Nixon supported Kissinger's option, U.S. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew made the argument for committing U.S. troops to Cambodia, the decision that Nixon ultimately adopted


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
President Nixon issued an Executive Order ending any future deferment from the military draft based on occupation, agriculture or fatherhood.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
The PAVN again attack Firebase Granite, the attack is repulsed with seven U.S. killed and one missing and 18 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
The Cambodian Campaign (also known as the Cambodian Incursion) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia by the U.S. and the South Vietnam. A total of 13 major operations were conducted by the ARVN and U.S. forces between 1 May and 30 June. In addition to the capture of large amounts of supplies and equipment 11,369 PAVN/VC were killed and 2,328 captured, ARVN losses were 638 killed and 35 missing and U.S. losses were 338 killed and 13 missing.


1970 in the Vietnam War, April
In a nationally televised address, President Nixon announced that he had sent 2,000 American combat troops into Cambodia and ordered U.S. B-52 bombers to begin airstrikes. Nixon reversed his April 20 announcement that he would withdraw 150,000 troops from Vietnam over the next year, in effect providing that there would again be a need to draft young American men to maintain the current force level. Nixon told viewers "This is not an invasion of Cambodia." rather the attacks were upon territory in Cambodia that were "completely occupied and controlled by North Vietnamese forces."


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Toan Thang IV a multi-division U.S./ARVN operation in III Corps concludes. U.S. losses are 685 killed while PAVN/VC losses are 14,479 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Protests against the expansion of the war into Cambodia began on U.S. college campuses.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
For the first time in more than 50 years, the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to ask for a meeting with a U.S. president, after having been given no notice of the invasion, and the request was unanimous from both political parties.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Four college students were shot and killed at Ohio's Kent State University, and nine others wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen, during a protest against the incursion into Cambodia.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Prince Sihanouk announced from Beijing that he had formed a government-in-exile that would ally with the Communist government of China and the Khmer Rouge to overthrow head of state Lon Nol. Sihanouk's group was called "GRUNK" and was a coalition of government officials exiled in China (former premier Penn Nouth as the Prime Minister) and Khmer Rouge leaders within Cambodia, chief of whom was Khmer Rouge leader Khieu Samphan.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
At 05:00 the PAVN 33rd Sapper Battalion attacked Firebase Henderson south of Ca Lu, Quảng Trị Province, which was occupied by elements of the 2nd Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 11th Artillery, 326th Engineer Battalion and ARVN units. The attack resulted in 27 U.S., 3 ARVN and 29 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
The PAVN/VC attacked Quế Sơn District Headquarters with mortar fire followed by a battalion-sized ground attack. Marines of Company H, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines, supported by artillery aided the besieged RF/PF units. The RF/PF lost 10 killed, the Marines one killed and the PAVN/VC 27 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
The PAVN attacked Firebase Maureen which was defended by a platoon of the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
A group of 500 construction workers attacked a group of 1,000 student antiwar protesters outside of New York City Hall, near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street. More than 60 people were injured.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Hours before a large anti-war protest began at Washington, D.C., President Nixon surprised most of his Secret Service bodyguards and about eight demonstrators by walking in to the Lincoln Memorial at 4:55 in the morning. The Associated Press described it as a "strange encounter, unique in recent political annals." As word got around that the President was chatting with students, the group had increased to 50 by the time he left, and his parting words were "Go shout your slogans on the Ellipse. Just keep it peaceful." Later in the day, a crowd of about 100,000 demonstrated peacefully in the event organized by the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam in one of many anti-war protests that took place across the nation that day.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Major General John A. B. Dillard and eight others were killed when their helicopter was shot down southwest of Pleiku.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
A PAVN rocket attack on Pleiku Air Base destroyed an EC-47 and damaged two more.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
A pro-war rally attracted 150,000 people to New York's City Hall Park, with a crowd that included blue collar workers and union members who supported the Nixon administration's policies in the war.


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong, the de facto leader of the People's Republic of China, issued a statement to his people for the first time in five years, with Radio Peking delivering the word to listeners nationwide. Urging Chinese citizens to work together "to defeat U.S. imperialism" in Vietnam and Cambodia, Mao's statement declared, "People of the world, unite and defeat the U.S. aggressors and all their running dogs!" Mao went on to say that "Nixon's fascist atrocities have kindled the raging flames of the revolutionary mass movement" and added that "The Chinese people firmly support the revolutionary struggle of the American people", predicting that "the fascist rule in the United States will inevitably be defeated."


1970 in the Vietnam War, May
The National League of POW/MIA Families was incorporated by a group of wives of American servicemen who were listed as prisoners of war or missing in action in the war.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
President Nixon announced in a nationwide television and radio address that American troops would be pulled back out of Cambodia after the achievement of "all our major military objectives", and that half of the 31,000 U.S. troops in Cambodia had been returned to fight in South Vietnam.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
The VC kill 78 South Vietnamese civilians in Thanh My hamlet, Phu Thanh village, Quảng Nam Province in the Thanh My massacre.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
In the Battle of Kompong Speu a combined forces of the ARVN and ANK fought to recapture the provincial capital of Kompong Speu. The town was captured by PAVN/VC forces on June 13 but was retaken by allied forces on June 16.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
The Battle of Prey Veng was part of the ARVN's campaign in Cambodia. It took place in Prey Veng on June 15, 1970, where ARVN and Cambodian troops battled the PAVN/VC. It ended with an allied victory.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
Đặng Thùy Trâm a 27 year old PAVN doctor and a colleague were killed near Đức Phổ, Quảng Ngãi Province by a patrol from the U.S. 4th Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment in a Free-fire zone. Two of her diaries recovered by U.S. forces were later published under the title Nhật ký Đặng Thùy Trâm (Đặng Thùy Trâm's Diary (Last Night I Dreamed Of Peace)).


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
The United States Senate voted to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution that had supported U.S. intervention in the Vietnam War since 1964.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
The 198th Light Infantry Brigade launched Operation Pennsylvania Square in Quảng Tín Province. The operation resulted in 264 PAVN/VC killed and 13 captured, U.S. losses were 20 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, June
Naval Support Activity Danang was deactivated and its role taken over by U.S. Army units.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
In response to North Vietnam's support of Soviet Union in the Sino-Soviet split China removes its final anti-aircraft troops from North Vietnam.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
President Richard Nixon named diplomat David K.E. Bruce to head the U.S. delegation to the peace talks in Paris with North Vietnam and the VC.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The Battle of Fire Support Base Ripcord was a 23-day battle between the 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division and the PAVN 324B Division from 1 to 23 July. The battle resulted in 422 PAVN and 75 U.S. killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
To unify command and strengthen the administration of the South Vietnamese military President Thiệu incorporated the Regional and Popular Forces into the ARVN and redesignated Corps Tactical Zones as Military Regions (MRs). Under the reorganization the Corps deputy commander conducted major offensive operations in the MR while the MR deputy commander, in charge of territorial defense and pacification, commanded the RFs and PFs. Concurrently, MACV and the Joint General Staff completed plans to incorporate the CIDGs into ARVN Border Defense Ranger Battalions.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
While on a congressional tour of the South Vietnamese prison on Côn Sơn Island, aide Tom Harkin photographed the "tiger cages" which were used to hold communist cadres, the photos were published in Life Magazine on 17 July 1970 causing international outrage.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
Operation Maeng Da was a Royal Lao Army (RLA) operation against the PAVN logistics hub at Tchepone. The PAVN 9th Regiment offered stiff resistance and the RLA were forced to withdraw having only temporarily interrupted PAVN supply routes.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The Hải Lăng PF Platoon; RF group 1/11 and Companies 121 and 122; and CAPs 4-3-2 and 4-1-2, located nine kilometers southeast of Quảng Trị, were attacked by a PAVN/VC force. Supported by gunships and artillery, the Marines/ARVN killed 135 PAVN/VC and captured 74 weapons while losing 16 killed and six missing.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
1st Cavalry Division commander Major General George W. Casey and six others were killed when their helicopter crashed into a mountain in poor weather.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and the ARVN 3rd Regiment, 1st Division launched Operation Clinch Valley to engage the PAVN 9th Regiment on the Khe Sanh plateau. The operation resulted in 266 PAVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
A CH-53D was hit by a surface to air missile and crashed near Quảng Trị, killing 3 crewmen and 45 South Vietnamese Marines.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The 196th Infantry Brigade launched Operation Elk Canyon near Khâm Đức, Quảng Tín Province. The operation resulted in 107 PAVN killed and one captured, U.S. losses were 37 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The 1st Marine Division launched Operation Pickens Forest to attack PAVN base areas in the mountains of Quảng Nam Province. The operation resulted in 99 PAVN killed, Marine losses were four killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment and elements of the ARVN 1st Division launched Operation Wolfe Mountain to conduct reconnaissance in force, rocket suppression and night ambush operations in Quảng Trị Province. The operation resulted in 242 PAVN killed, U.S. losses were 27 killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, July
The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and the ARVN 1st Division launched Operation Chicago Peak in the A Shau Valley. The operation resulted in 99 PAVN killed and 3 ARVN killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
Operation Chenla I was an operation involving the ANK launched the operation during late August 1970 with limited air support from the ARVN and Republic of Vietnam Air Force. The operation was terminated in February 1971, after the Cambodian High Command made a decision to withdraw some units from Tang Kauk to protect Phnom Penh after Pochentong Airbase was attacked. The objective of the operation was to reconnect Skoun and Kompong Cham along Route 7, which was repeatedly attacked by PAVN/VC forces.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
In the siege of Firebase O'Reilly 570 PAVN were killed for the loss of 61 ARVN and two U.S.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
A bomb exploded next to Sterling Hall, University of Wisconsin aimed at destroying the Army Mathematics Research Center killing researcher Robert Fassnacht.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
The Chicano Moratorium against the war began in East Los Angeles. A parade through the streets quickly became violent and three days of rioting followed, spreading into South Los Angeles and into Wilmington, California.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
The South Vietnamese Senate election was held and two-thirds of the eligible voters participated despite random attacks on polling places by the PAVN/VC. The polling was for 30 of the 60 seats in the Senate. At least 11 voters were killed, most of them in the Bình Định Province.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
A PAVN/VC rocket attack on Cam Ranh Base destroyed two 420,000 gallon jet fuel storage tanks.


1970 in the Vietnam War, August
Operation Honorable Dragon was an offensive by six RLA battalions to capture Pakse Site 26 and disrupt the Ho Chi Minh Trail.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
The U.S. Senate voted against a resolution by Senators George S. McGovern (D-South Dakota) and Mark O. Hatfield (R-Oregon) to force President Nixon to withdraw all American troops from Indochina by mid-1971. The vote had 39 supporters (including seven Republicans) and 55 voting against it.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
Operation Imperial Lake, a United States Marine Corps, Republic of Korea Marine Corps and U.S. Army operation in the Quế Sơn District, Quảng Nam Province begins. It was the last operation of the U.S. 1st Marine Division during the war. The operation resulted in 296 PAVN killed and 24 U.S. killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
Operation Jefferson Glenn, an operation by the 101st Airborne Division and the ARVN 1st Division to shield critical installations in Huế and Da Nang begins. It was the last operation of the 101st Airborne during the war.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
An ANK amphibious force of 1,500 men broke the siege of Kompong Thom after three months, driving away the PAVN and Khmer Rouge forces.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
Operation Tailwind was a covert incursion into southeastern Laos by a company-sized element of U.S. Army Special Forces and Montagnard commando (Hatchet Force) of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG or SOG). The purpose of the operation was to create a diversion for an RLA offensive and to exert pressure on PAVN forces. The operation resulted in 54 PAVN and three U.S. killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, September
Operation Counterpunch was an RLA offensive to recapture Moung Soui and pre-empt the PAVN wet season offensive. The operation succeeded in capturing Moung Soui and delayed the PAVN offensive by one month.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
In a nationwide address, President Nixon announced a five-point proposal for a truce to halt the war, with all sides to begin a ceasefire and the release of all prisoners of war, in exchange for broader negotiations in the Paris Peace Talks   The North Vietnamese and VC delegations to the Paris Peace Talks both denounced Nixon's proposal the next day as "a maneuver to deceive world opinion," but stopped short of rejecting it entirely.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
The Khmer Republic was proclaimed in Cambodia, four days after the parliament voted unanimously to abolish the 1,168 year old monarchy. Lon Nol was inaugurated as the republic's first president.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
The 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines handed over An Hoa Combat Base to the ARVN 1st Battalion, 51st Regiment.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
The Tchepone Operation was mounted by the RLA to attack PAVN positions at Tchepone and Muang Phine. The operation failed to secure either objective.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
UPI journalists Frank Frosch and Kyōichi Sawada were killed by Khmer Rouge on their way to the Kirirom Pass in Cambodia.


1970 in the Vietnam War, October
The PAVN attacked Landing Zone Oasis occupied by the 6th Battalion, 14th Artillery and elements of B Battery, 4th Battalion, 60th Artillery resulting in three U.S. killed.


1970 in the Vietnam War, November
U.S. Army Landing Craft Utility LCU-63 capsized in bad weather east of Huế killing all 11 onboard, only two bodies were recovered.


1970 in the Vietnam War, November
CBS broadcast a report showing troops of the 1st Cavalry Division at Firebase Aries smoking marijuana through a shotgun barrel.


1970 in the Vietnam War, November
Operation Ivory Coast was a failed mission to rescue U.S. prisoners of war from the Son Tay prison camp conducted by United States Special Operations Forces and other elements of the U.S. military.


1970 in the Vietnam War, November
A USAF C-123K on approach to Nha Trang Air Base in poor visibility crashed into terrain killing six U.S. crew and 73 South Vietnamese.


1970 in the Vietnam War, November
A USAF C-123K on approach to Cam Ranh Air Base crashed into terrain killing 42 onboard.


1970 in the Vietnam War, December
President Nixon warned that if the North Vietnamese increased the level of fighting in South Vietnam as U.S. forces withdrew he would restart bombing North Vietnam.


1970 in the Vietnam War, December
The ARVN 1st Task Force conducted Operation Hoang Dieu 101, a province-wide campaign of saturation patrolling in the lowlands. In the month-long effort, the South Vietnamese and cooperating U.S. and Korean Marine units claimed to have killed 538 PAVN/VC and to have captured 87 prisoners and 171 weapons. Another 45 PAVN/VC surrendered as Chieu Hoi.


1970 in the Vietnam War, December
North Vietnam released their first accounting of American prisoners of war held there, with a partial list of 368 names in "the closest thing yet to an official accounting by Hanoi".


1970 in the Vietnam War, December
South Vietnamese forces captured Nguyễn Tài the chief of security for the Saigon-Gia Dinh Party Committee and the highest ranking North Vietnamese cadre captured during the war.


1970 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1970. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1970 radio ban
The Australian 1970 Radio Ban or 1970 Record Ban was a "pay for play" dispute in the local music industry that lasted from May until October. During this period, a simmering disagreement between commercial radio stations – represented by the Federation of Australian Radio Broadcasters (FARB) – and the six largest record labels – represented by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) – resulted in major United Kingdom and Australian pop songs being refused airplay.


1970 radio ban
The government-owned Australian Broadcasting Corporation – which had its own copyright and royalty arrangement with recording and music publishing companies – did not take part in the dispute. The ban did not extend to releases by American artists. Some radio disc jockeys, such as Stan Rofe, defied the ban by playing songs according to their personal tastes.


1970 radio ban
Teen-oriented pop music newspaper Go-Set reported on the dispute: it interviewed affected musicians and its journalists argued for the removal of the ban. Once the ban was lifted, status quo ante resulted: APRA's record companies returned to supplying free promotional material and FARB's radio stations resumed playing their records.


1970 radio ban
During the ban some Australian musicians recorded covers of UK artists' hits on previously minor labels. The Mixtures, for example, recorded Mungo Jerry's "In the Summertime" on the Fable Label which was released in August. It peaked at No. 1 for nine weeks to be displaced by "Yellow River" – originally by Christie – which was covered by two Australian groups, Jigsaw (from Melbourne) and Autumn (from Sydney). Music charts from the period indicate that in the years immediately following the ban, there was a significant reduction in the number of Australian acts who scored major chart peaks.


1970 radio ban, Background
The 1970 Radio Ban had its origins early in 1969. Following the enactment of the new Copyright Act 1968, a group of recording companies – including most of the members of the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) –  decided to scrap a long-standing royalty agreement with commercial radio stations that dated back to the 1950s. The recording companies included five major overseas labels Polygram, EMI, RCA, CBS and Warner and Australia's leading local company, Festival.


1970 radio ban, Background
APRA and the record labels demanded payment for pop records played on commercial radio claiming they were providing free programming for radio stations. Record companies traditionally supplied stations with free promotional copies of new singles. The commercial radio lobby – represented by the Federation of Australian Radio Broadcasters (FARB) – balked at the proposed levy. They argued they provided a large amount of free promotion for the records they played. The government-owned Australian Broadcasting Corporation – which had its own copyright and royalty arrangement with recording and music publishing companies – did not take part in the dispute.


1970 radio ban, Background
In April 1970, teen-oriented pop music newspaper Go-Set reported on the dispute and interviewed musicians including former King of Pop Normie Rowe. He feared "it could be a major blow to the Australian scene." Other musicians expected the situation would be resolved. Radio disc jockey and Go-Set columnist Stan Rofe claimed discussions were progressing and the threat of a ban was over. Fellow columnist and compiler of the Go-Set National Top 40, Ed Nimmervoll, predicted that its charts would be compromised as local artists' record sales were dependent on radio play.


1970 radio ban, Background
After negotiations between the parties broke down in late May 1970, the recording companies imposed a six-month embargo on the supply of promotional records to radio stations. In retaliation, FARB members boycotted all new major label releases by UK or Australian artists, but not American artists, and refused to include records from these companies in their weekly chart surveys.


1970 radio ban, Background
This was a serious matter as there was only one Australian national pop chart, published by Go-Set, and most Top 40 charts were collated locally by individual radio stations in major cities and towns. Darryl Cotton, lead singer of pop group Zoot was concerned that the public would be unaware of new releases by local acts. Solo singer Ronnie Burns believed it would affect groups more than individuals, who had greater access to television shows.


1970 radio ban, Background
Another singer, Russell Morris, criticised the policy which led to the ban, "[the Government] didn't realise that the pop recording market is a very large and important industry". As from 30 May, Nimmervoll's charts in Go-Set were based on direct surveying of large record-selling stores instead of relying on radio stations' Top 40s.


1970 radio ban, Background
Some disc jockeys, including Rofe, defied the ban on their radio shows – he regularly played "Turn Up Your Radio" by The Masters Apprentices which had been issued by EMI in April. Rofe also championed the cause of Australian musicians in Go-Set by criticising mainstream media coverage of the dispute.


1970 radio ban, Background
During the ban, many UK hits like The Beatles' "The Long and Winding Road" and Mary Hopkin's "Knock, Knock Who's There?" gained only limited exposure in Australia. Some local artists released cover versions of UK hits; Melbourne singer Liv Maessen's "Knock, Knock, Who's There" debuted in the Top 10 in May with co-credit to Hopkin and Maessen. It eventually peaked at No. 2 in early August and earned Maessen the first gold record ever awarded to an Australian female artist.


1970 radio ban, Background
"In the Summertime" by The Mixtures was a cover of Mungo Jerry's hit which reached No. 1 in August for nine weeks. Melbourne band Jigsaw and Sydney band Autumn both had success with their respective versions of Christie's hit song, "Yellow River". "Yellow River" displaced "In the Summertime" at No. 1 in late October. For a short period, the ban had the inadvertent effect of putting more local musicians to air than ever before, and also opened the door to the 'underground' artists on previously minor labels such as Fable Label.


1970 radio ban, Background
Music charts in the years immediately following the ban show there was a significant reduction in the number of Australian acts who scored major chart peaks. The Go-Set charts for 1972, for example, indicate that only two Australian acts (Colleen Hewett and Blackfeather) had national No. 1 hits; while in 1973 no Australian act scored a No. 1 hit.


1970 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and ÍA won the championship. ÍBA's Hermann Gunnarsson was the top scorer with 14 goals.


1970 Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
The 1970 Úrvalsdeild karla was the 19th season of the top tier men's basketball league on Iceland, then known as 1. deild karla. The season started on January 4, 1970 and ended on March 21, 1970.


1970 Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
ÍR won their tenth title by beating Ármann 2-0 in the playoffs finals for championship. KR finished in third place after beating KFR, two games to none, in a best-of-three series.


1970 Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball)
Þórir Magnússon led all players in scoring during the regular season, scoring 292 points in 10 games, or 29.2 points per game.


1970 Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball), Competition format
The participating teams played each other twice for a total of 10 games. The top four teams would then enter a playoffs for the championship. ÍR won a coin toss with KR for the first seed.


1970 Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball), Playoffs, Extra game
KFR and Njarðvík ended tied in 4-5th place with 6 points and therefore played an extra game to decide which team would go to the playoffs.


1970/71 NTFL season
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Paul2520 (talk | contribs) at 17:46, 17 November 2019 (Adding short description: "50th season of the NTFL" (Shortdesc helper)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1970/71 NTFL season
The 1970/71 NTFL season was the 50th season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL).


1970/71 NTFL season
Darwin have won there 18th premiership title while defeating St Marys in the grand final by 48 points.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions
1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions is a seven-CD limited edition boxed set that commemorates and chronicles the entire session for Fun House, the second studio album by American proto-punk band The Stooges.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, The original album
Although when originally released, Fun House was not a big seller for either the band or Elektra Records, the album ended up being a favorite of critics like Lester Bangs and magazines like Creem. The album's reputation (as well as that of its eponymous predecessor and its 1973 follow up Raw Power) grew with the advent of punk, as the likes of Ramones, Sex Pistols and The Clash mentioned The Stooges in general, and Fun House in particular, as a major influence. Henry Rollins devoted most of a Spin magazine column to the album in 1985, furthering the reputation of the album, which was quietly put back in print not long afterward, with the first compact disc reissue occurring in 1988.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions was compiled from all thirteen reels of multi-track reel-to-reel tape that held every note and snippet of studio dialogue. Twelve reels of tape had been used during the sessions; the thirteenth reel was the one that held the takes that would be used for the album. In 1999, Rhino house engineers Bill Inglot and Dan Hersch mixed down every tape from end to end, placing the master takes that had been used for the master reel of the album back in their rightful position for the boxed set.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
Six of the seven CDs in the box set hold every note, word, and sound from the sessions. This includes not only multiple versions of all songs but also false starts, tune-ups and jokes or conversations between the musicians and producer. The seventh CD replicates the original "Down on the Street/1970" mono 45 rpm single, featuring edited versions of the aforementioned tracks. The single version of "Down On The Street" features overdubbed organ, most likely played by producer Don Gallucci, who had played the same instrument when he was a member of The Kingsmen on their notorious garage rock classic "Louie Louie".


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
For the obligatory liner notes, Stooges expert Ben Edmonds interviewed all of the surviving Stooges as well as several others who either were involved with or who admire the original album, including Henry Rollins. Instead of a book, this boxed set features Edmonds' extensive liner notes printed a section at a time in each of the first six discs' jewel case inserts.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
The outer lid of the boxed set incorporates the original Fun House album artwork, while the inner box replicates the look of a cardboard record shipping box with the Elektra "stencil E" logo on the side, and the inserts of the first six CDs reproduce the front covers of the original session reels. The seventh CD is packaged in a reproduction of a plain paper 7" 45 sleeve.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions was one of the early releases from Rhino Records' limited-edition imprint Rhino Handmade. It was released in a one-time pressing of 3000 copies, sold out within a year of its release, and helped fully establish Rhino Handmade's reputation for collector's-interest releases. The set was re-released in November 2010 by Rhino Handmade and is not individually numbered to maintain the collectability of the original release.


1970: The Complete Fun House Sessions, About the box set
In 2005, highlights from the many unreleased tracks on the album, plus the single versions of "Down On The Street" and "1970", were compiled by Rhino for use on the second disc of the deluxe double-CD reissue of Fun House. The box set was also reissued in digital download form on August 27, 2005 exclusively at the iTunes Music Store, to commemorate Rhino Records' 27th Anniversary. The box set is also notable for the long version of "L.A. Blues" titled "Freak", clocking in at over 17 minutes in length and featuring more sonic violence than the official release.


1970s
The 1970s (pronounced "nineteen-seventies"; shortened to "the '70s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31, 1979.


1970s
In the 21st century, historians have increasingly portrayed the 1970s as a "pivot of change" in world history, focusing especially on the economic upheavals that followed the end of the postwar economic boom. In the Western world, social progressive values that began in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women, continued to grow. In the United Kingdom, the 1979 election resulted in the victory of its Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher, the first female British Prime Minister.


1970s
Industrialized countries experienced an economic recession due to an oil crisis caused by oil embargoes by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries. The crisis saw the first instance of stagflation which began a political and economic trend of the replacement of Keynesian economic theory with neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal governments being created in Chile, where a military coup led by Augusto Pinochet took place in 1973.


1970s
The 1970s was also an era of great technological and scientific advances; since the appearance of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004 in 1971, the decade was characterised by a profound transformation of computing units - by then rudimentary, spacious machines - into the realm of portability and home accessibility.


1970s
On the other hand, there were also great advances in fields such as physics, which saw the consolidation of Quantum Field Theory at the end of the decade, mainly thanks to the confirmation of the existence of quarks and the detection of the first gauge bosons in addition to the photon, the Z boson and the gluon, part of what was christened in 1975 as the Standard Model.


1970s
Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term " 'Me' decade" in his essay "The 'Me' Decade and the Third Great Awakening", published by New York Magazine in August 1976 referring to the 1970s. The term describes a general new attitude of Americans towards atomized individualism and away from communitarianism, in clear contrast with the 1960s.


1970s
In Asia, affairs regarding the People's Republic of China changed significantly following the recognition of the PRC by the United Nations, the death of Mao Zedong and the beginning of market liberalization by Mao's successors. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the OPEC embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a large boom in this period, overtaking the economy of West Germany to become the second-largest in the world. The United States withdrew its military forces from their previous involvement in the Vietnam War, which had grown enormously unpopular. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to an ongoing war for ten years.


1970s
The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, but in the late 1970s, the situation in the Middle East was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty. Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, was instrumental in the event and consequently became extremely unpopular in the Arab world and the wider Muslim world. Political tensions in Iran exploded with the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established an authoritarian Islamic republic under the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini.


1970s
Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal. The continent was, however, plagued by endemic military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars and famine.


1970s
The economies of much of the developing world continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s because of the Green Revolution. However, their economic growth was slowed by the oil crisis, although it boomed afterwards.


1970s, Politics and wars, Wars
The most notable wars and/or other conflicts of the decade include:


1970s, Worldwide trends
Superpower tensions had cooled by the 1970s, with the bellicose US–Soviet confrontations of the 1950s–60s giving way to the policy of "détente", which promoted the idea that the world's problems could be resolved at the negotiating table. Détente was partially a reaction against the policies of the previous 25 years, which had brought the world dangerously close to nuclear war on several occasions, and because the US was in a weakened position following the failure of the Vietnam War. As part of détente, the US also restored ties with the People's Republic of China, partially as a counterweight against Soviet expansionism.


1970s, Worldwide trends
The US–Soviet geopolitical rivalry nonetheless continued through the decade, although in a more indirect faction as the two superpowers jockeyed relentlessly for control of smaller countries. American and Soviet intelligence agencies gave funding, training, and material support to insurgent groups, governments, and armies across the globe, each seeking to gain a geopolitical advantage and install friendly governments. Coups, civil wars, and terrorism went on across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and also in Europe where a spate of Soviet-backed Marxist terrorist groups were active throughout the decade. Over half the world's population in the 1970s lived under a repressive dictatorship. In 1979, a new wrinkle appeared in the form of Islamic fundamentalism, as the Shia theocracy of Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran and declared itself hostile to both Western democracy and godless communism.


1970s, Worldwide trends
People were deeply influenced by the rapid pace of societal change and the aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonized and have an even longer history of hierarchical social structure.


1970s, Worldwide trends
The Green Revolution of the late 1960s brought about self-sufficiency in food in many developing economies. At the same time an increasing number of people began to seek urban prosperity over agrarian life. This consequently saw the duality of transition of diverse interaction across social communities amid increasing information blockade across social class.


1970s, Worldwide trends
Other common global ethos of the 1970s world included increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women in industrialized societies. More women could enter the work force. However, the gender role of men remained as that of a breadwinner. The period also saw the socioeconomic effect of an ever-increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce. The Iranian revolution also affected global attitudes to and among those of the Muslim faith toward the end of the 1970s.


1970s, Worldwide trends
The global experience of the cultural transition of the 1970s and an experience of a global zeitgeist revealed the interdependence of economies since World War II, in a world increasingly polarized between the United States and the Soviet Union.


1970s, Economy
The 1970s were perhaps the worst decade of most industrialized countries' economic performance since the Great Depression. Although there was no severe economic depression as witnessed in the 1930s, economic growth rates were considerably lower than previous decades. As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973. The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade.


1970s, Economy
U.S. manufacturing industries began to decline as a result, with the United States running its last trade surplus (as of 2009) in 1975. In contrast, Japan and West Germany experienced economic booms and started overtaking the U.S. as the world's leading manufacturers. In 1970, Japan overtook West Germany to become the world's second-largest economy. Japan would rank as the world's second-largest economy until 1994 when the European Economic Area (18 countries under a single market) came into effect.


1970s, Economy
In the US, the average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2.5%. From 1970 to 1979, however, the average rate was 7.06%, and topped out at 13.29% in December 1979. This period is also known for "stagflation", a phenomenon in which inflation and unemployment steadily increased. It led to double-digit interest rates that rose to unprecedented levels (above 12% per year). The prime rate hit 21.5 in December 1980, the highest in history. A rising cost of housing was reflected in the  average price of a new home in the U.S.


1970s, Economy
The average price of a new home in the U.S. was $23,450 in 1970 up to $68,700 by 1980. By the time of 1980, when U.S. President Jimmy Carter was running for re-election against Ronald Reagan, the misery index (the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate) had reached an all-time high of 21.98%. The economic problems of the 1970s would result in a sluggish cynicism replacing the optimistic attitudes of the 1950s and 1960s and a distrust of government and technology. Faith in government was at an all-time low in the aftermath of Vietnam and Watergate, as exemplified by the low voter turnout in the 1976 United States presidential election. There was also the 1973–74 stock market crash.


1970s, Economy
Great Britain also experienced considerable economic turmoil during the decade as outdated industries proved unable to compete with Japanese and German wares. Labor strikes happened with such frequency as to almost paralyze the country's infrastructure. Following the Winter of Discontent, Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister in 1979 with the purpose of implementing extreme economic reforms.


1970s, Economy
In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style command economies began showing signs of stagnation, in which successes were persistently dogged by setbacks. The oil shock increased East European, particularly Soviet, exports, but a growing inability to increase agricultural output caused growing concern to the governments of the COMECON block, and a growing dependence on food imported from democratic nations.


1970s, Economy
On the other hand, export-driven economic development in Asia, especially by the Four Asian Tigers (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan), resulted in rapid economic transformation and industrialization. Their abundance of cheap labor, combined with educational and other policy reforms, set the foundation for development in the region during the 1970s and beyond.


1970s, Economy, Oil crisis
Economically, the 1970s were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis). After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries. Europe particularly depended on the Middle East for oil; the United States was also affected even though it had its own oil reserves. Many European countries introduced car-free days and weekends. In the United States, customers with a license plate ending in an odd number were only allowed to buy gasoline on odd-numbered days, while even-numbered plate-holders could only purchase gasoline on even-numbered days. The realization that oil reserves were not endless and technological development was not sustainable without potentially harming the environment ended the belief in limitless progress that had existed since the 19th century. As a result, ecological awareness rose substantially, which had a major effect on the economy.


1970s, Science and technology, Science
The 1970s witnessed an explosion in the understanding of solid-state physics, driven by the development of the integrated circuit, and the laser. Stephen Hawking developed his theories of black holes and the boundary-condition of the universe at this period with his theory called Hawking radiation. The biological sciences greatly advanced, with molecular biology, bacteriology, virology, and genetics achieving their modern forms in this decade. Biodiversity became a cause of major concern as habitat destruction, and Stephen Jay Gould's theory of punctuated equilibrium revolutionized evolutionary thought.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful manned lunar landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had accomplished President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing sentiment that the billions of dollars spent on the space program should be put to other uses. The Moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 mission in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 1973–1974, and for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975. Many of the ambitious projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled amid heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the decade to the development of the Space Shuttle. ASTP was the last manned American space flight for the next five years. The year 1979 witnessed the spectacular reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a Shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972. By then, however, they had already begun Salyut, the world's first space station program, which began in 1971. This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the decade.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
In terms of unmanned missions, a variety of lunar and planetary probes were launched by the US and Soviet programs during the decade. The most successful of these include the Soviet Lunokhod program, a series of robotic lunar missions which included the first unmanned sample return from another world, and the American Voyagers, which took advantage of a rare alignment of the outer planets to visit all of them except Pluto by the end of the 1980s.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
China entered the space race in 1970 with the launching of its first satellite, but technological backwardness and limited funds would prevent the country from becoming a significant force in space exploration. Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972. The European Space Agency was founded during the decade as well.


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
Apollo 17 Astronaut Gene Cernan becomes the last man on the Moon, December 13, 1972


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
An artist impression of an American Apollo spacecraft and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft docking, a propaganda portrait for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project mission


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
America's first space station Skylab in orbit February 8, 1974


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
Viking 1, the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars, takes this picture of the landing site in Chryse Planitia (1978)


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Space exploration
Voyager 1 passing by Jupiter's Great Red Spot February 25, 1979


1970s, Science and technology, Science, Social science
Social science intersected with hard science in the works in natural language processing by Terry Winograd (1973) and the establishment of the first cognitive sciences department in the world at MIT in 1979. The fields of generative linguistics and cognitive psychology went through a renewed vigor with symbolic modeling of semantic knowledge while the final devastation of the long-standing tradition of behaviorism came about through the severe criticism of B. F. Skinner's work in 1971 by the cognitive scientist Noam Chomsky.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Electronics and communications
The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s, which saw the development of:


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Rail
British Rail introduced high-speed trains on InterCity services. The trains consisted of British Rail Class 43 diesel-electric locomotives at either end with British Rail Mark 3 carriages. The trains were built in the United Kingdom by British Rail Engineering Limited. The high speed trains ran at 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) speeding up journeys between towns and cities and is still known as the InterCity 125.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Rail
Amtrak was formed in the United States in 1971, assuming responsibility for inter-city passenger operations throughout the country. In 1976, Conrail was formed to take over assets of six bankrupt freight railroads in the northeastern US.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
The 1970s was an era of fuel price increases, rising insurance rates, safety concerns, and emissions controls. The 1973 oil crisis caused a move towards smaller, fuel-efficient vehicles. Attempts were made to produce electric cars, but they were largely unsuccessful. In the United States, imported cars became a significant factor for the first time, and several domestic-built subcompact models entered the market. American-made cars such as the "quirky" AMC Gremlin, the jelly bean shaped AMC Pacer, and Pontiac Firebird's powerful Trans Am "sum up" the decade. Muscle cars and convertible models faded from favor during the early-1970s. It was believed that the 1976 Cadillac Eldorado would be the last American-built convertible; ending the open body style that once dominated the auto industry.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
Cars in the U.S. from the early 1970s are noted more for their power than their styling, but they even lost their power by Malaise era of the late-1970s. Styling on American cars became progressively more boxy and rectilinear during the 1970s, with coupes being the most popular body style. Wood paneling and shag carpets dominated the interiors. Many automobiles began to lose their character and looked the same across brands and automakers, as well as featuring "luxury" enhancements such as vinyl roofs and opera windows. Only a few had "real personalities" such as the AMC Gremlin, which was America's first modern subcompact, and the AMC Pacer. "These two cars embody a sense of artful desperation that made them stand out from the crowd and epitomize at once the best and worst of the seventies."


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
Automobiles in the U.S. reached the largest sizes they would ever attain, but by 1977, General Motors managed to downsize its full-size models to more manageable dimensions. Ford followed suit two years later, with Chrysler offering new small front-wheel-drive models, but was suffering from a worsening financial situation caused by various factors. By 1979, the company was near bankruptcy, and under its new president Lee Iacocca (who had been fired from Ford the year before), asked for a government bailout. American Motors beat out the U.S. Big Three to subcompact sized model (the Gremlin) in 1970, but its fortunes declined throughout the decade, forcing it into a partnership with the French automaker Renault in 1979.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high fuel efficiency—designs such as the Volkswagen Golf and Passat, BMW 3, 5, and 7 series, and Mercedes-Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade. Ford Europe, specifically Ford Germany, also eclipsed the profits of its American parent company. The designs of Giorgetto Giugiaro became dominant, along with those of Marcello Gandini in Italy. The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry—a combination of militant strikes and poor quality control effectively halted development at British Leyland, owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
The Japanese automobile industry flourished during the 1970s, compared to other major auto markets. Japanese vehicles became internationally renowned for their affordability, reliability, and fuel-efficiency, which was very important to many customers after the oil crisis of 1973. Japanese car manufacturing focused on computerized robotic manufacturing techniques and lean manufacturing, contributing to high-efficiency and low production costs. The Honda Civic was introduced in 1973, and sold well due to its high fuel-efficiency. By 1975 Toyota overtook Volkswagen as the top-selling imported automobile brand in the U.S., with over a million cars sold per year by this point. Other popular compact cars included the Toyota Corolla and the Datsun Sunny, in addition to other cars from those companies and others such as Subaru, Mitsubishi, and Mazda.


1970s, Science and technology, Technology, Automobiles
1970 Dodge Challenger Trans Am, example of muscle cars in the earlier part of the decade.


1970s, Society, Role of women in society
The role of women in society was profoundly altered with growing feminism across the world and with the presence and rise of a significant number of women as heads of state outside monarchies and heads of government in a number of countries across the world during the 1970s, many being the first women to hold such positions. Non


1970s, Society, Role of women in society
-monarch women heads of state and heads of government in this period included Isabel Martínez de Perón as the first woman President in Argentina and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the Western hemisphere in 1974 until being deposed in 1976, Elisabeth Domitien becomes the first woman Prime Minister of the Central African Republic, Indira Gandhi continuing as Prime Minister of India until 1977 (and taking office again in 1980), Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister of Sri Lanka (Former Ceylon) and first female head of government in the world, re-elected in 1970, Prime Minister Golda Meir of Israel and acting Chairman Soong Ching-ling of the People's Republic of China continuing their leadership from the sixties, Lidia Gueiler Tejada becoming the interim President of Bolivia beginning from 1979 to 1980, Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo becoming the first woman Prime Minister of Portugal in 1979, and Margaret Thatcher becoming the first woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Anti-war protests
The opposition to the War in Vietnam that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s. One of the best-known anti-war demonstrations was the Kent State shootings. In 1970, university students were protesting the war and the draft. Riots ensued during the weekend and the National Guard was called in to maintain the peace. However, by 4 May 1970, tensions arose again, and as the crowd grew larger, the National Guard started shooting. Four students were killed and nine injured. This event caused disbelief and shock throughout the country and became a staple of anti-Vietnam demonstrations.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Environmentalism
The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the 1960s, such as Rachel Carson and Murray Bookchin, had warned of. The Apollo 11 mission, which had occurred at the end of the previous decade, had transmitted back concrete images of the Earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day, in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Sexual Revolution
The 1960s counterculture movement had rapidly undone many existing social taboos, and divorce, extramarital sex, and homosexuality were increasingly accepted in the Western world. The event of legalized abortion and over-the-counter birth control pills also played a major factor. Western Europe was in some ways more progressive on sexual liberation than the United States, as nudity in film and on TV had been gradually accepted there from the mid-1960s, and many European countries during this time began allowing women to go topless in public places. Nudist culture was also popular during the decade, especially in Germany and Scandinavia. Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Sexual Revolution
The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie Behind the Green Door, an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year. Playboy Magazine appeared increasingly dull and old-fashioned next to new, more explicit sex-themed magazines such as Penthouse Magazine and Hustler Magazine.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Sexual Revolution
By the end of the decade, there was an increasing backlash against libertine sexual attitudes, and the event of the AIDS epidemic helped bring about an end to the Sexual Revolution. Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of urban decay in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Crime and urban decay
Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors. By the 1970s, crime and blighted urban areas were a serious cause of concern, New York City being particularly affected. In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Feminism
The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society. The fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which legalized female suffrage) in 1970 was commemorated by the Women's Strike for Equality and other protests.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Feminism
1971 saw Erin Pizzey establish the world's first domestic violence shelter in Chiswick, London and Pizzey and her colleagues opened further facilities throughout the next few years. This work inspired similar networks of safe houses for female victims of abuse in other countries, with the first shelter in continental Europe opening in Amsterdam in 1974.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Feminism
With the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful and other works, such as Sexual Politics, being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before. In addition, the Supreme Court's 1973 decision of Roe v. Wade, which constitutionalized the right to an abortion, brought the women's rights movement into the national political spotlight.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Feminism
Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, Betty Ford, Shirley Chisholm, Bella Abzug, Robin Morgan, Kate Millet and Elizabeth Holtzman, among many others, led the movement for women's equality.


1970s, Society, Social movements, Feminism
Even musically, the women's movement had its shining moment. Australian-American singer Helen Reddy, recorded the song "I Am Woman", which became an anthem for the women's liberation movement. "I Am Woman" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and even won Helen her one and only Grammy Award.