1971 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final
The game that was originally scheduled to be the first leg game, on 26 May, was abandoned after 51 minutes of play with a score of 0–0 due to heavy rain and waterlogged pitch.


1971 Intercontinental Cup
The 1971 Intercontinental Cup was an association football tie held over two legs in December 1971 between the runners-up of the 1970–71 European Cup, Panathinaikos, replacing European Cup winners Ajax which declined to participate, and Nacional, winners of the 1971 Copa Libertadores.


1971 Intercontinental Cup
The first leg was held on 15 December 1971 at the Karaiskakis Stadium, home of Olympiacos, as Panathinaikos ground was deemed unsuitable. The match finished up as a 1–1 draw. The goals came from Totis Filakouris in the 48th minute and Luis Artime in the 50th minute. Julio Morales broke the leg of Yiannis Tomaras and was sent off. Estadio Centenario hosted the return leg 13 days later on 28 December 1971. In the second leg, Nacional beat Panathinaikos 2–1, therefore the Uruguayan club won the series 3–2 on aggregate to achieve their first Intercontinental Cup trophy. Argentine striker Luis Artime was the keyplayer of the series after scoring three goals on both matches.


1971 International Cross Country Championships
The 1971 International Cross Country Championships was held in San Sebastián, Spain, at the Lasarte Hippodrome on March 20, 1971. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1971 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results for men, junior men,  women, medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1971 International Cross Country Championships, Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 228 athletes from 18 countries.


1971 International Gold Cup
The XVIII International Gold Cup was a non-championship Formula One race, and also a round of the European Formula 5000 Championship, held on 22 August 1971 at Oulton Park.


1971 International Gold Cup
Eight Formula 1 cars turned up, with a full complement of F5000 cars making up the rest of the grid. Peter Gethin set pole position for the first heat, which was won by Henri Pescarolo. The grid for the second heat was arranged according to the finishing order of the first heat. John Surtees took the lead from Pescarolo and held it to the end, setting fastest lap, and a new circuit record, in the process. His win and his third place in the first heat made him the aggregate winner, just ahead of Howden Ganley.


1971 International Gold Cup
Frank Gardner was the highest F5000 finisher in both heats, his performance being good enough for third overall.


1971 Intertoto Cup
In the 1971 Intertoto Cup no knock-out rounds were contested, and therefore no winner was declared.


1971 Intertoto Cup, Group stage
Teams from seven countries (West Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Denmark) participated: four teams from each country. Denmark was the only country that failed to win a group, while West German clubs won two.


1971 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1971 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1971 Big Ten Conference football season. This was Frank Lauterbur's first year as head coach of the Hawkeyes, and the last season for Iowa's home football venue to be called "Iowa Stadium". It would be renamed "Nile Kinnick Stadium" as of the 9/23/72 home opener, named for Iowa's only Heisman Trophy winner, Nile Kinnick.


1971 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1971 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the Big Eight Conference during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. In their fourth year under head coach Johnny Majors, the Cyclones compiled an 8–4 record (4–3 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 337 to 250. They played their home games at Clyde Williams Field in Ames, Iowa.


1971 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Dean Carlson, Ray Harm, and Keith Schroeder were the team captains.


1971 Iranian general election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iran on 9 July 1971. The result was a victory for the New Iran Party, which won 230 of the 268 seats in the Majlis and 28 of the 30 elected seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was around 35%. The elections were boycotted by the Pan-Iranist Party, which complained that the government held a monopoly over campaign broadcasts on state radio and television, and also claimed that its newspaper had been censored. Its offshoot, Iranians' Party, won a seat by its secretary-general.


1971 Iranian general election
Following the elections, Prime Minister Amir-Abbas Hoveyda formed a new government on 13 September.


1971 Iranian general election
The elections were "rigged and far from a legitimate process".


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
The 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster was a mass methylmercury poisoning incident that began in late 1971. Grain treated with a methylmercury fungicide and never intended for human consumption was imported into Iraq as seed grain from Mexico and the United States. Due to a number of factors, including foreign-language labelling and late distribution within the growing cycle, this toxic grain was consumed as food by Iraqi residents in rural areas. People suffered from paresthesia (numbness of skin), ataxia (lack of coordination of muscle movements) and vision loss, symptoms similar to those seen when Minamata disease affected Japan. The recorded death toll was 459 people, but figures at least ten times greater have been suggested. The 1971 poisoning was the largest mercury poisoning disaster when it occurred, with cases peaking in January and February 1972 and stopping by the end of March.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
Reports after the disaster recommended tighter regulation, better labelling and handling of mercury-treated grain, and wider involvement of the World Health Organization in monitoring and preventing poisoning incidents. Investigation confirmed the particular danger posed to fetuses and young children.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Context
The properties of mercury make it an effective fungicide. Methylmercury had been banned in Sweden in 1966, the first country to do so, and the United Kingdom followed in 1971. Previous mercury-poisoning incidents had occurred in Iraq in 1956 and 1960. In 1956, there had been around 200 cases, and 70 deaths; in 1960 there had been 1000 cases and 200 deaths, in both cases due to ethylmercury compounds. Among the recommendations made after the 1960 incident had been to colour any toxic grain for easy identification.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Context
Before the 1971 incident, around 200–300 cases of methylmercury poisoning had been reported worldwide. Drought had reduced harvests in 1969, affecting 500,000 people, and in 1970. Saddam Hussein, as the government's no. 2 behind Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, decided to import mercury-coated seed grain for the late 1971 planting season. Hussein himself may have worked in the Department of Agriculture in the aftermath of the 1960 incident.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Causes
Some 95,000 tonnes (93,000 long tons; 105,000 short tons) of grain (73,201 tonnes of wheat grain and 22,262 tonnes of barley), coloured a pink-orange hue, were shipped to Iraq from the United States and Mexico. The wheat arrived in Basra on SS Trade Carrier between 16 September and 15 October, barley between 22 October and 24 November 1971. Iraq's government chose Mexipak, a high-yield wheat seed developed in Mexico by Norman Borlaug. The seeds contained an average of 7.9 μg/g of mercury, with some samples containing up to nearly twice that.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Causes
The decision to use mercury-coated grain has been reported as made by the Iraqi government, rather than the supplier, Cargill. The three Northern governorates of Nineveh, Kirkuk and Erbil together received more than half the shipments. Contributing factors to the epidemic included the fact that distribution started late, and much grain arrived after the October–November planting season.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Causes
Farmers holding the poisoned grain instead offered it to their families as food, since their own planting had been completed. Distribution was hurried and open, with grain being distributed free of charge or with payment in kind. Some farmers even sold off their own grain, lest this new grain's harvest devalue their old varieties. This left them dependent on tainted grain for the winter. Many Iraqis were either unaware of the significant health risk posed, or chose to ignore the warnings.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Causes
Initially, farmers were to certify with a thumbprint or signature that they understood the grain was poison, but according to some sources, distributors did not ask for such an indication. Warnings on the sacks were in Spanish and English, not at all understood, or included the black-and-white skull and crossbones design, which meant nothing to Iraqis. The long, asymptomatic latent period of mercury poisoning may have granted farmers a false sense of security when animals fed the grain initially appeared to be fine. The red dye washed off the grain; the mercury did not. Hence, washing may have given only the appearance of removing the poison.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Causes
Mercury was ingested through the consumption of homemade bread, meat and other animal products obtained from livestock given treated barley, vegetables grown from soil contaminated with mercury, game birds that had fed on the grain and fish caught in rivers, canals, and lakes into which treated grain had been dumped by the farmers. Ground seed dust inhalation was a contributing factor in farmers during sowing and grinding. Consumption of ground grain in homemade bread is thought to have been the major source of toxicity, since no cases were reported in urban areas, where government flour supplies were commercially regulated.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Symptoms, outbreak and treatment
The effect of mercury took some time – the latent period between ingestion and the first symptoms (typically paresthesia – numbness in the extremities) was between 16 and 38 days. Paresthesia was the predominant symptom in less serious cases. Worse cases included ataxia (typically loss of balance), blindness or reduced vision, and death resulting from central nervous system failure. Anywhere between 20 and 40 mg of mercury has been suggested as sufficient for paresthesia (between 0.5 and 0.8 mg/kg of body weight). On average, individuals affected consumed 20 kg or so of bread; the 73,000 tonnes provided would have been sufficient for over 3 million cases.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Symptoms, outbreak and treatment
The hospital in Kirkuk received large numbers of patients with symptoms that doctors recognised from the 1960 outbreak. The first case of alkylmercury poisoning was admitted to hospital on 21 December. By 26 December, the hospital had issued a specific warning to the government. By January 1972, the government had started to strongly warn the populace about eating the grain, although dispatches did not mention the large numbers already ill. The Iraqi Army soon ordered disposal of the grain and eventually declared the death penalty for anyone found selling it. Farmers dumped their supplies wherever possible, and it soon got into the water supply (particularly the River Tigris), causing further problems. The government issued a news blackout and released little information about the outbreak.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Symptoms, outbreak and treatment
The World Health Organization assisted the Iraqi government through the supply of drugs, analytical equipment and expertise. Many new treatments were tried, since existing methods for heavy metal poisoning were not particularly effective. Dimercaprol was administered to several patients, but caused rapid deterioration of their condition. It was ruled out as a treatment for this sort of poisoning following the outbreak. Polythiol resins, penicillamine and dimercaprol sulfonate all helped, but are believed to have been largely insignificant in overall recovery and outcomes. Dialysis was tested on a few patients late in the treatment period, but they showed no clinical improvement. The result of all treatments was varied, with some patients' blood mercury level being dramatically reduced, but a negligible effect in others. All patients received periods of treatment interspersed with lay periods; continuous treatment was suggested in future cases. Later treatment was less effective in reducing blood toxicity.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
6,530 patients were admitted to hospitals with poisoning, and 459 deaths reported. Cases reached a peak of hundreds per day in January, and had largely subsided by the beginning of March. The last admittance was on 27 March; admissions represented every age and gender stratum, although those under the age of ten represented a third of admitted cases. This number is "certainly an underestimate", because of the availability of hospital treatment, hospital overcrowding and lack of faith in treatment. In the most severely affected areas, prevalence was 28% and mortality was 21% of the cases.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
Some Iraqi doctors believe both the number of cases and fatalities are at least ten times too low, with perhaps 100,000 cases of brain damage. One suggested reason for the vast discrepancy between reported and estimated numbers of deaths is the Iraqi custom, common to large parts of the Middle East, for a person to die at home when possible. Home deaths would not have been recorded.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
A large number of patients with minor symptoms recovered completely; those with more serious symptoms improved. This was in contrast to expected outcomes, largely based on analysis of Minamata disease in Japan. In boys with mercury levels below clinical poisoning, a reduction in school performance was noted, although this correlation could not be confirmed. In infants, the mercury poisoning caused central nervous system damage. Relatively low doses caused slower development in children, and abnormal reflexes.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
Different treatments for mercury poisoning have since been developed, and "quiet baby syndrome", characterised by a baby who never cries, is now a recognised symptom of methylmercury-induced brain damage. Ongoing recommendations of the food regulation authorities have focused on consumption by pregnant women and infant children, noting the particular susceptibility of fetuses and infants to methylmercury poisoning. Data from Iraq have confirmed that methylmercury can pass to a child in utero, and mercury levels were equal to or higher in the newborn child than in the mother.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
In 1974, a joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) meeting made several recommendations to prevent a similar outbreak. These included stressing the importance of labelling bags in the local language and with locally understood warning symbols. The possibility of an additive creating a strong bitter taste was studied. The meeting urged governments to strictly regulate methyl- and ethylmercury use in their respective countries, including limiting use to where no other reasonable alternative was available.


1971 Iraq poison grain disaster, Effects
It also recommended the involvement of the FAO and WHO in assisting national governments in regulation and enforcement, and the setting up of national poison control centres. Over 9–13 November, a Conference on Intoxication due to Alkylmercury-Treated Seed was held in Baghdad. It supported the recommendations of the FAO/WHO report and further suggested that local and national media should publicise outbreaks, including size and symptoms; it considered the distribution of this information crucial. It also laid out a general plan as to the collection of relevant information from the field and potential analysis for further investigation. It called on national governments to make use of WHO involvement whenever feasible, and absolved world governments in clear terms, saying that "No country should ever feel that any blame will attach to it for allowing an outbreak to occur".


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1971 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during July and August with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on 7 August 1971.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby
The winner Sole Aim won £5,000 and was trained by Dave Geggus and owned by Mrs Frances Chandler. The competition was sponsored by Carrolls.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The Irish Derby had firmly established itself as a major target for top British hopes as well as the usual Irish challengers helped by the increase in prize money from sponsors Carrolls. The British contingent included 1971 English Greyhound Derby finalist Moordyk Champion and Laurels champion Sole Aim trained by Dave Geggus and on paper would they provide a major challenge. The Irish hopes rested with Ivy Hall Flash the beaten English Derby favourite and finalist, defending champion Monalee Pride, Gay McKenna's Postal Vote, the 1970 Irish greyhound of the year Mark Anthony, and coursing champion Hack up Fenian.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
With such a star studded line up, the competition seemed destined for great things and in the very first round Ivy Hall Flash recorded 29.10. Ante-post favourite Postal Vote and Corn Cuchulainn winner Fleur des Lis also won. There was a Ger McKenna double, after both Mr Lir and Hopeful Hope won but there was a big shock as Moordyk Champion failed to qualify.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Heavy rain prevailed during the second round but Ivy Hall Flash impressed again in a time of 29.53. Clerihan Venture won again and Postal Vote qualified finishing second in his heat. Other winners included Duval Prince, Monalee Pride and Butlers Glen.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Before the semi-finals Ivy Hall Flash and Postal Vote were both quoted at short odds of 7-4 to win the competition. Clerihan Venture was withdrawn injured before the English challenger Sole Aim ran superbly beating Postal Vote in a time of 28.99. Gahans Wood claimed the next semi-final pushing Time Up Please into second place in 29.37 and the final heat saw Butlers Glen overtake and beat Ivy Hall Flash in a shock result timed at 29.45.


1971 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The final featured three big names and it was the same trio that took the first three places. Postal Vote was first out of traps and gained a decent lead. By the second bend Sole Aim had forced his way on the inside of Postal Vote taking the lead at the third bend before coming home to win the Derby. Sole Aim had won the event for England, home track Walthamstow and owner Mrs Frances Chandler. Postal Vote held off Ivy Hall Flash for second place.


1971 Isle of Man TT
The 1971 Isle of Man TT was a motorcycle event held on 12 June 1971, on the 37-mile Snaefell Mountain course on the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland. It was the third round of the F.I.M. 1971 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season (now MotoGP).


1971 Isle of Man TT
The unbelievable happened in 1971 - Agostini's MV broke down on the first lap of the Junior. The crowd cheered when it was announced that the Italian had stopped at Ramsey with engine problems. His demise produced a dramatic race in which many of the favourites either crashed or broke down.


1971 Isle of Man TT
Yamaha's Phil Read led Alan Barnett, Rod Gould and Dudley Robinson at the end of the first lap. Gould then crashed at Quarterbridge, but continued. On lap three Barnett came off at Glen Helen, and a lap later Read retired with chassis problems. With one lap to go Robinson led Yorkshireman Tony Jefferies, riding a Yamsel, but he crashed at Rhencullen, so Jefferies came home with 37 seconds to spare from newcomers Gordon Pantall, with Bill Smith third.


1971 Isle of Man TT
Agostini had no such problems in the Senior, which was postponed by a day because of bad weather. Despite spending nearly two minutes in the pits to rectify carburation problems, he won comfortably from Peter Williams (Arter Matchless) and Frank Perris on a Suzuki.


1971 Isle of Man TT
The Yamaha twins dominated the 250cc race, which was reduced to four laps. Phil Read led all the way when his main challenger Peter Williams's MZ expired at the end of the first lap. Barry Randle and Alan Barnett completed a Yamaha clean sweep.


1971 Isle of Man TT
Barry Sheene made his one and only TT appearance in the 125cc race, but slipped off his Suzuki at Quarterbridge on the second lap while lying second in appalling conditions. The race was won by Chas Mortimer, riding a Yamaha, at the slowest 125cc average on the Mountain Course since 1953.


1971 Isle of Man TT
A new three-lap Formula 750 race was introduced to provide a class to accommodate the popular British 750cc racing machines. Tony Jefferies led throughout on a works Triumph after a splendid battle with the BSA of Ray Pickrell and the Norton of Peter Williams.


1971 Isle of Man TT
Pickrell gained revenge in the 750cc class of the Production race. Riding a Triumph, he was involved in a tremendous duel with Williams until the Norton stopped on the third lap at the Bungalow. Pickrell was a comfortable winner from Jefferies and the BSA of Bob Heath. John Williams and Bill Smith brought Honda success in both the 500 and 250cc classes with dominant victories.


1971 Isle of Man TT
Siggi Schauzu won his fifth TT after a superb duel with BMW teammate George Auerbacher in the World Championship sidecar race. Earlier in the week Auerbacher had secured his first TT victory in the 750cc sidecar event after ten years of trying. Schauzu broke the lap record from a standing start but dropped out on the second lap.


1971 Islington London Borough Council election
The 1971 Islington Council election took place on 13 May 1971 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained overall control of the council.


1971 Islip 250
The 1971 Islip 250 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race that was conducted on July 15, 1971, at Islip Speedway in Islip, New York


1971 Islip 250
Two black racers were involved in this race (Wendell Scott and George Wiltshire).


1971 Islip 250, Background
Islip Speedway was a .2-mile (320-meter) oval race track in Islip, New York which was open from 1947 until 1984. It is the smallest track ever to host NASCAR's Grand National Series, from 1964 to 1971. The first demolition derby took place at Islip Speedway in 1958. The idea was patented by Larry Mendelson, who worked at Islip Speedway.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
Two hundred and fifty green flag laps were done on a paved oval track spanning .200 miles (0.322 km). However, the race was shortened by twenty laps to 230 laps due to an error with the scoring system. At the time, Islip Speedway had a scoring system that looked like a Rolodex card system that would flip down cards with minutes (with numbers from 00 to 99) and seconds (with numbers from 00 to 59) on them.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
This would give the time elapsed in the race with some manual output; similar to the scoring system used at the very first Daytona 500 because electronic scoring would be decades away from being a reality. The first column would count the number of minutes elapsed with the second column would count the number of seconds elapsed. It would be rare to see a race last for more than ninety-nine minutes and fifty-nine seconds (approximately 1.6 hours) until NASCAR started lengthening their races in the 1970s.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
The race car drivers still had to commute to the races using the same stock cars that competed in a typical weekend's race through a policy of homologation (and under their own power). This policy was in effect until roughly 1975. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
The time of the race was fifty-five minutes and seventeen seconds. Speeds were considered to be 49.925 miles per hour (80.346 km/h) for the average and 46.133 miles per hour (74.244 km/h) for the pole. Richard Petty managed to defeat Friday Hassler by out-lapping him twice. Frog Fagan was the lone Canadian in the race making his final start in a Cup Series vehicle.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
Fagan would race for a single lap before quitting in Neil Castles' #06 Dodge vehicle. In addition to leading the race, Richard Petty led all 230 laps of the race. The track was shorter than even Martinsville Speedway; seven drivers chose to quit the race because they could see the leader even before the green flag. Ken Meisenhelder's vehicle overheated on lap 27 just like Pete Hamilton's vehicle would overheat on lap 36. John Sears noticed the axle on his vehicle was acting weirdly on lap 48 while the ignition on Bill Champion's vehicle stopped working on lap 71. Bobby Mausgrover noticed that his vehicle's brakes stopped working on lap 102 while battery problems would relegate Ed Negre to the sidelines on lap 106.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
Bill Seifert noticed that his vehicle's transmission was developing problems on lap 113 while Jerry Churchill blew his engine on lap 119. J.D. McDuffie had to leave the race due to a missing vehicular rear end on lap 132 while Larry Baumel's vehicle would be cursed with transmission problems on lap 142. Henley Gray would notice that his vehicle's brakes stop working on lap 200; forcing his premature exit from the race.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
Benny Listman would do his only NASCAR Cup Series race here. Four automobile manufacturers were predominant during this race: Ford, Dodge, Plymouth and Mercury. Notable crew chiefs that participated in the event were Lee Gordon, Vic Ballard, Dale Inman and Wesley Wiltshire.


1971 Islip 250, Race report
The winner would receive a prize bounty of $1,500 ($9,470 when adjusted for inflation) while the last place finisher would receive a paltry $10 ($63 when adjusted for inflation) prize bounty. Total winnings for this track would be $8,685 ($54,829 when adjusted for inflation). This would be the final race for this track; the track would later be demolished to become a cookie factory. All races shorter than 250 miles would be axed by the NASCAR organization; in the sport's modernization process.


1971 Islip 250, Finishing order
† signifies that the driver is known to be deceased * Driver failed to finish race


1971 Israel Super Cup
The 1971 Israel Super Cup was the 3rd Israel Super Cup (8th, including unofficial matches, as the competition wasn't played within the Israel Football Association in its first 5 editions, until 1969), an annual Israel football match played between the winners of the previous season's Top Division and Israel State Cup.


1971 Israel Super Cup
The match was played between Maccabi Netanya, champions of the 1970–71 Liga Leumit and Hakoah Ramat Gan, winners of the 1970–71 Israel State Cup.


1971 Israel Super Cup
At the match, played at Maccabi Netanya Stadium, Maccabi Netanya won 4–2 after extra time.


1971 Italian Athletics Championships
The 1971 Italian Athletics Championships was the 61st edition of the Italian Athletics Championships and were held in Rome (track & field events).


1971 Italian Athletics Indoor Championships
1971 Italian Athletics Indoor Championships was the 2nd edition of the Italian Athletics Indoor Championships and were held in Genoa.


1971 Italian Grand Prix
The 1971 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 5 September 1971. It was race 9 of 11 in both the 1971 World Championship of Drivers and the 1971 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.


1971 Italian Grand Prix
This race featured the closest finish in Formula One history, as Peter Gethin beat Ronnie Peterson by 0.01 seconds. The top five were covered by just 0.61 seconds, with François Cevert finishing third, Mike Hailwood fourth and Howden Ganley fifth. With an average speed of 242.615 km/h (150.754 mph), this race stood as the fastest-ever Formula One race for 32 years, until the 2003 Italian Grand Prix at Monza.


1971 Italian Grand Prix, Race report
The historical Monza National Autodrome, located just north of the northern Italian city of Milan, in 1971 became the fastest circuit used by Formula One after the Belgian Spa-Francorchamps circuit was removed from the calendar. However, this was the last year in which the circuit was used with this configuration: considering the enormous speed that the cars reached in this edition, two chicanes were introduced the following year in the two most dangerous curves of the track.


1971 Italian Grand Prix, Race report
Emerson Fittipaldi drove a four-wheel drive Lotus 56B powered by a gas turbine, the only time he would race in a Formula One World Championship race in a car not powered by a Ford Cosworth DFV engine. Due to ongoing legal issues between Team Lotus and the Italian authorities following Jochen Rindt's death the previous year, the car was entered under the name "World Wide Racing".


1971 Italian Grand Prix, Race report
With the championship settled, this was an opportunity for new drivers to prove themselves. Chris Amon in the Matra proved an embarrassment to Ferrari by seizing pole at their home track with the fastest lap of all time in a Formula One championship race, lapping at 156 mph (252 km/h), with the BRMs on the second row, whilst champion Stewart was in 6th after suffering gearbox problems. Mike Hailwood was making his debut for Surtees—an inspired choice as he held both the Formula 5000 and motorbike lap records for Monza.


1971 Italian Grand Prix, Race report
Clay Regazzoni's Ferrari thrilled the crowd by surging forward from the fourth row to lead from Jo Siffert and Stewart until lap 3, when Ronnie Peterson took the lead. On lap 7, Stewart took the lead. By lap 16, Stewart and Jacky Ickx retired with engine problems, followed two laps later by Clay Regazzoni. The race began to break into high-speed packs—the leading one containing Hailwood (leading on his debut), François Cevert, Peterson, Siffert, Howden Ganley, Chris Amon, Peter Gethin and Jackie Oliver.


1971 Italian Grand Prix, Race report
Gethin, Peterson, Cevert, Hailwood and Ganley (who fell back slightly) battled right down to the line and all finished within two-tenths of a second of each other. Siffert dropped back after problems with a gearbox that would only select fourth gear. Tyrrell-Ford won their first Constructors' Championship with two races remaining.


1971 Italian Open (tennis)
The 1971 Italian Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that was played by men on outdoor clay courts at the Foro Italico in Rome, Italy. The men's tournament was part of the World Championship Tennis circuit while the women's tournament was a non-tour event, i.e. not part of the Grand Prix or Virginia Slims circuit. The tournament was held from 3 May through 10 May 1971. The singles titles were won by Rod Laver and Virginia Wade.


1971 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
John Newcombe /  Tony Roche defeated  Andrés Gimeno /  Roger Taylor 6–4, 6–4


1971 Italian Open (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Virginia Wade /  Helga Masthoff defeated  Lesley Turner Bowrey /  Helen Gourlay 5–7, 6–2, 6–2


1971 Italian Open – Men's Singles
Ilie Năstase was the defending champion but did not compete. Rod Laver claimed the title overcoming Jan Kodeš in the final.


1971 Italian presidential election
The Italian presidential election of 1971 was held in Italy on 9–24 December 1971.


1971 Italian presidential election
Only members of Parliament and regional delegates were entitled to vote, most of these electors having been elected in the 1968 general election and in the 1970 regional elections. As head of state of the Italian Republic, the President has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution, in the framework of a parliamentary system.


1971 Italian presidential election
On 24 December 1971 former Prime Minister and president of the Chamber of Deputies Giovanni Leone was elected president with 518 votes out of 1,008, the smallest majority ever obtained by an elected president. With twenty-three rounds of voting, this presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history.


1971 Italian presidential election, Procedure
In accordance to the Italian Constitution, the election was held in the form of a secret ballot, with the senators and the deputies entitled to vote. The election was held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, home of the Chamber of Deputies, with the capacity of the building expanded for the purpose. The first three ballots required a two-thirds majority of the 1,008 voters in order to elect a president, or 673 votes. Starting from the fourth ballot, an absolute majority was required for candidates to be elected, or 505 votes. The presidential mandate lasts seven years.


1971 Italian presidential election, Procedure
The election was presided over by the President of the Chamber of Deputies Sandro Pertini, who proceeded to the public counting of the votes, and by the President of the Senate Amintore Fanfani.


1971 Italian presidential election, Chronology
The period or the late 1960 – 1970s came to be known as the Opposti Estremismi, (from left-wing and right-wing extremists riots), later renamed anni di piombo ("years of lead") because of a wave of bombings and shootings — the first victim of this period was Antonio Annarumma, a policeman, killed on 12 November 1969 in Milan during a left-wing demonstration. In December 1969, four bombings struck in Rome the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II (Altare della Patria), the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, and in Milan the Banca Commerciale and the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura. The later bombing, known as the Piazza Fontana bombing of 12 December 1969, killed 17 and injured 88. Social protests, in which the student movement was particularly active, shook Italy during the 1969 autunno caldo (Hot Autumn), leading to the occupation of the Fiat factory in Turin.


1971 Italian presidential election, Chronology
In December 1970, a neo-fascist coup, dubbed the Golpe Borghese, was planned by young far-right fanatics, elderly veterans of Italian Social Republic, and supported by members of the Corpo Forestale dello Stato, along with right-aligned entrepreneurs and industrialists. The "Black Prince", Junio Valerio Borghese, took part in it. The coup, called off at the last moment, was discovered by the newspaper Paese Sera, and publicly exposed three months later.


1971 Italian presidential election, Chronology
In this extremely difficult context for republican institutions, on 9 December 1971 Italian Parliament convened to elect a new President. As a result of the 1968 general election, left-wing parties had now more representatives in the Parliament, while Christian Democracy had shrunk its numbers, making it more difficult to elect the new President without the help of its centre-left allies.


1971 Italian presidential election, Chronology
After a long voting period which lasted almost two weeks, the Christian democrat Giovanni Leone managed to be elected President with the votes of the Christian Democracy and the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement, facing the extreme opposition of the left-wing parties.


1971 Italian presidential election, Inauguration
Giovanni Leone officially sworn in as the new President of Italy on 29 December 1971.


1971 Italian presidential election, Inauguration, Gallery
Leone arrives at the Quirinal Palace for the swearing in ceremony


1971 JVP insurrection
The 1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection (also known as the 1971 Revolt) was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) against the government of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971, and lasted until June of that year. The insurgents held towns and rural areas for several weeks, until the regions were recaptured by the armed forces. Although this first attempt to seize power was quickly crushed by force, in 1987 the JVP launched a stronger insurgency in the island's southern, central and western regions.


1971 JVP insurrection
The insurrection formally began in 1971, but the first attacks took place in 1970. The JVP fought the right-wing United National Party (UNP) before launching an island-wide, militant opposition to the newly-elected, pro-socialist United Front government.


1971 JVP insurrection
The government's socialist background drew the attention of many states which needed to support it. The Soviet Union sent 60 air-force troops; India guarded the forts, stopping North Korean vessels and a Chinese freighter which raided the harbors. Although China provided diplomatic aid, it was accused of supporting the JVP; Chinese diplomats allegedly contacted North Korea, which supplied weapons and ammunition to the JVP. Diplomatic ties between Ceylon and United States were severed.


1971 JVP insurrection, Origins
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) became a dominion in 1948 with a conservative government formed under the premiership of D. S. Senanayake, who had been instrumental in the negotiations with the British government which led to self-rule. He founded the United National Party (UNP), amalgamating three right-leaning pro-dominion parties which won a majority in parliament at the general election. The UNP was defeated in 1956, when S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike became prime minister on a wave of nationalist sentiment. His wife, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, entered politics after his assassination and became the world's first female prime minister in 1960. Due to successive governments, varying economic policies and frequent strikes, Ceylon's economic outlook during the 1960s had fallen below what it was when it gained independence in 1948; this led to an attempted coup in 1962.


1971 JVP insurrection, Origins, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) movement was founded during the late 1960s by Rohana Wijeweera, a former Lumumba University medical student and Ceylon Communist Party functionary. At odds with party leaders and impatient with its lack of revolutionary purpose, Wijeweera formed the movement in 1965 with other like-minded young people. He was apparently expelled from the Maoist wing of the Ceylonese Communist Party the following year, and brought his Marxist ideology to what became known as the Sinhalese Marxist Group. Along with Wijeweera, three close supporters emerged as the leaders of the new movement: Sanath, Karunnarathe and Loku Athula.


1971 JVP insurrection, Origins, Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
Initially known also as the New Left, the group attracted students and unemployed rural youth (most between ages 16 and 25) who felt that their economic interests had been neglected by the nation's leftist coalitions. The standard program of indoctrination, the "Five Lectures", included discussions of Indian imperialism (expansionism), the growing economic crisis, the failure of the island's communist and socialist parties, and the need for a sudden, violent seizure of power.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, JVP preparation
The JVP expanded rapidly between 1967 and 1970, gaining control of the student socialist movement on a number of major university campuses (including the Socialist Students Union) and receiving recruits and sympathizers from the armed forces; some provided sketches of police stations, airports, and military facilities, a factor in the revolt's initial success. To draw new members further into the organization and prepare them for a coming confrontation, Wijeweera opened "education camps" in remote areas of the south and south-western coasts which provided training in Marxism–Leninism and basic military skills. The movement's central committee was formed at Madampella in 1969. A CID unit under ASP K. C. de Silva was investigating the "Che Guevara clique" by 1970, when opposition leader Sirima Bandaranaike referred to it in her May Day speech.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, JVP preparation
Developing secret cells and regional commands, Wijeweera's group also began to take a more public role during that year's elections. His cadres campaigned openly for the socialist United Front (UF), also distributing posters and pamphlets promising violent rebellion if Bandaranaike did not address proletarian interests. In a manifesto issued during this period, the group used the name "Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna" (People's Liberation Front) for the first time. Because of the subversive tone of his publications, the United National Party government had Wijeweera arrested before the elections in May; the victorious UF ordered his release in July 1970.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, JVP preparation
In the politically-tolerant atmosphere of the next few months, as the new government attempted to win over a variety of unorthodox leftist groups, the JVP intensified its public campaign and secret preparations for a revolt. Although their group was relatively small, the members hoped to immobilize the government by selective kidnapping and sudden, simultaneous strikes against security forces throughout the island. Some of the necessary weapons had been bought with funds supplied by members, but most party funding came from a string of robberies. The JVP decided to rely on raids against police stations and army camps to secure weapons, and they manufactured their own bombs.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Development
By 1970, the movement had begun recruiting and training cadres at camps in Kurunegala, Akmeemana, Tissamaharama, Elpitiya and Anuradhapura. Classes delivering the "Five Lectures" were held throughout the island, primarily in secluded locations such as cemeteries. After raising a force of about 10,000 full-time members, the JVP stopped recruiting in 1971. The movement was based on five-member cells with a leader, and there were several such cells in a police-station area with an area leader. The area leaders selected a district leader, and the district leaders made up the Central Committee. Above the Central Committee was a 12-member politburo which included Wijeweera. Communications were in code by couriers, with the district secretaries communicating messages from the Politburo (which met every two months in Colombo).


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Development
The cells began arming themselves with shotguns; each member was expected to have a shotgun, 10 cartridges, blue uniforms, military boots, and haversacks. Home-made bombs were prepared, with some exploding in the process; on 17 December 1970, Victor Ivan (alias Podi Athula) lost his left hand and was critically injured when a grenade exploded while being tested. The JVP published a newspaper (the Janatha Vimukthi, or People's Liberation), and carried out several robberies – including the Okkampitiya and Ambalangoda bank robberies, the Badulla mailbag robbery and the York Street robbery – to raise money. Members were also asked to contribute personal funds. The JVP gave ₨30,000 stolen from York Street to Podi Athula to manufacture bombs.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Ceylon's defense establishment
Since its formation in 1949, Ceylon's armed forces were an internal security force assisting the Ceylon Police during strikes and riots. After the attempted coup in 1962, the armed forces had major cuts in funding, recruitment and joint operations, and were unprepared for a large-scale insurrection. The Ceylon Army had several infantry regiments armed with World War II-era weapons, armored cars, mortars and anti-aircraft guns; it lacked tanks, field artillery, submachine guns and other modern weapons, and peacetime ammunition stocks could sustain only one week of offensive operations.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Ceylon's defense establishment
The Royal Ceylon Navy, which had suffered the most from the fallout of the attempted coup (its recruitment had been frozen until 1969) had only one frigate in its fleet. It had to deploy its crew on shore duty, and was incapable of preventing the JVP from obtaining aid by sea. The Royal Ceylon Air Force had mothballed its jet trainers after plans for introducing jet fighters were scrapped, and was limited to a small fleet of light-transport aircraft and helicopters: two flying squadrons and a few pilots.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Initial government response
The government received multiple warnings of preparations undertaken by the JVP, but failed to comprehend the scale of the insurrection and was unprepared to counter it. Early warnings came from the Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID), which had been tasked with internal security with its late-1969 and early-1970 establishment of the "Che Guevara Desk" under ASP K. C. de Silva. John Attygalle, former Inspector General of Police who had been appointed special security advisor to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence, submitted a report on the new group's potential threat to Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake's government.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Initial government response
The government instructed the police to arrest Wijeweera, who was taken into custody in May 1970. After the 1970 general election, however, newly-elected Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike had Wijeweera released from police custody; reports from the previous administration were overlooked. Bandaranaike's new administration made changes to the police force, removing officers and disbanding units perceived as disloyal. These changes affected the CID; the new government was fearful of another coup by security forces loyal to the previous administration.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Initial government response
Bandaranaike's cousin and volunteer captain Anuruddha Ratwatte was promoted to lieutenant colonel and appointed commanding officer of the Army's Field Security Detachment, tasked with identifying potentially-disloyal officers. Captain Denzil Kobbekaduwa (who led the investigations) reported that a more substantial threat to the government was posed by the JVP, and police investigation of bomb-making factories began.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Foreign aid
In 1970, a parcel sent by the People's Socialist Republic of Albania containing Chinese-made rifles was captured by the police; other similar incidents occurred at the beginning of the insurgency. The Party of Labour of Albania had sent a delegation early in 1965, meeting Wijeweera.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Foreign aid
Wijeweera also visited North Koreans in the country, who congratulated him. He sent a JVP member to the Middle East to forge a link with the South Yemen National Liberation Front. The envoy returned with a letter from the government promising to ship weapons to the island if possible, hinting at aid from South Yemen diplomats to the JVP.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Decision to attack
The JVP held its last public rally before the insurrection on 27 February 1971 at Colombo's Hyde Park, where Wijeweera said: "Let the revolution of the workers, farmers, and soldiers be triumphant". On 5 March, after an accidental explosion in one of the JVP bomb factories which killed five members, police found 58 bombs in a hut in Nelundeniya, Kegalle District. Wijeweera traveled around the country, but was arrested on 13 March in Ampara by a special police team and later transferred to the Jaffna Prison.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Decision to attack
The government declared a state of emergency on 16 March, but no military mobilization took place. A meeting was held at the Vidyodaya University sangaramaya (temple) by the JVP politburo on 2 April in response to a request by Wijeweera that posters and leaflets calling for his release be published and, if the insurgency began, 500 cadres be sent to Jaffna to break him out of prison.


1971 JVP insurrection, Prelude, Decision to attack
The group, consisting of S. V. A .Piyathilaka, Lionel Bopage, Jayadeva Uyangoda, Sunanda Deshpriya, Loku Athula, W. T. Karunarathne, Susi L. Wickrama, Wijesena Vidanage (alias Sanath), Somasiri Kumanayake and Anura Ranjith Kurukulasooriya, decided that all police stations in the country would be attacked on 5 April at 11:00 pm. The JVP believed that police stations were the government's principal local element of power, and hoped that disabling them would encourage local populations to rise up in their support. The district leader for Monaragala and Wellawaya was not at the meeting, and the decision to attack was conveyed to them in a telegram that read: "JVP Appuhamy expired. Funeral 5.". The Wellawaya leader interpreted the order as to attack on the morning of 5 April, not in the evening.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Missions
Four missions were planned and assigned to the nationwide 5 April attack. The main responsibility for the attacks was given to the student wing, which  Wijeweera had called the "Red Guard". The first of the four missions was to attack the Panagoda Cantonment, which was one of the country's largest military installations and housed a large arsenal. Piyasiri was in charge of the attack by 800 students, who were divided into groups of twenty-five; a smaller attack was to be made on RCyAF Katunayake.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Missions
The second mission, led by Nimal, Somawansa Amarasinghe, Sanath Kumar, and Lal Pieries with more than 50 students, was to abduct the prime minister. The third mission, led by Bopage, was to capture of the city of Colombo. The capital was divided into five areas: Colombo South, Colombo North, Kandy Road, Colombo Central, and Kotte. The insurgents were to attack police stations along the way, obtaining arms and ammunition from them. The targets were Welikada Prison, Srawasthi, Radio Ceylon and the homes of government officials, including Justice Minister Felix Dias Bandaranaike, the Army Commander and the IGP. The fourth mission was to rescue Wijeweera from prison in Jaffna.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Wellawaya attack
Planning for the countrywide insurrection was hasty and poorly coordinated, with some district leaders not informed until the morning of the uprising. At 5:20 am on 5 April, the Wellawaya police station was attacked and two police constables killed. The Wellawaya attack had preempted the initial wave of simultaneous attacks planned by the JVP, which lost the element of surprise. After news about the attack in Wellawaya, the government began frantic preparations for further attacks.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Wellawaya attack
A curfew was declared, all police stations were warned of an impending attack, and the armed forces were mobilized by Major General D. S. Attygalle, Commander of the Ceylon Army. After dawn on 5 April, General Attygalle ordered army units of the Gemunu Watch from Diyatalawa to Wellawaya. Major Gratian Silva, Army HQ GSO 1 (Ops), and DIG Rudra Rajasingham flew by helicopter to Wellawaya that morning to inspect the ground situation in Wellawaya and report to Attygalle and the Inspector General of Police (IGP). At 7:00 am, Radio Ceylon reported the attack and warned of further attacks.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Wellawaya attack
Several JVP cadres were arrested at Viharamahadevi Park on 5 April as they prepared to abduct (or assassinate) Prime Minister Bandaranaike at her residence in Rosemead Place. This was followed by a quick citywide curfew and more arrests in Kotahena and Borella, with large numbers of bombs, weapons, and medical equipment meant to be used in the planned attack on the city. At 8:00 pm, Attygalle, IGP Stanley Senanayake and Lieutenant Colonel Anuruddha Ratwatte arrived at the prime minister's residence and briefed her on the attack on Wellawaya and an impending attack that night.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Wellawaya attack
Soon afterwards, the prime minister left for Temple Trees (her official residence) with General Attygalle, Captain A.R.P. (Kalu) Wijeratne, and her normal escort. Temple Trees became the center of government operations during the crisis, and its security was strengthened. It was a refuge for the ministers, most of whom were from leftist parties. Helicopter patrols around the capital began as rumors spread that the JVP was marching on Colombo.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, First wave of attacks
With a curfew imposed and suspects being arrested, some JVP leaders went into hiding. The attack began as planned. Ninety-two police stations across the country were attacked simultaneously by JVP groups armed with shotguns, bombs, and Molotov cocktails; five (in Deniyaya, Uragaha, Rajangane, Kataragama and Warakapola) were overrun by the insurgents, and 43 were abandoned by the police for "strategic reasons" during the following days. Fifty-seven police stations were damaged. The insurgents cut telephone and power lines, and blocked roads with trees.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, First wave of attacks
The Hanwella police station, near Colombo, was attacked on 6 April and defended with army reinforcements from the Panagoda Cantonment. The No. 4 Squadron of the Royal Ceylon Air Force deployed its three Bell 206A JetRanger helicopters, which began flying missions to remote police stations to supply them with weapons and ammunition; over the following days, the helicopters returned wounded to hospitals. RCyAF Ekala was also attacked. The police withdrew personnel from smaller police stations.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, First wave of attacks
The rebels had taken control of Matara District and the city of Ambalangoda in Galle District by 10 April, and came close to capturing the remainder of Southern Province except for Galle and Matara (which had two Dutch colonial forts and small army garrisons). However, none of the JVP's four major missions succeeded. The abduction of the prime minister failed, with arrests of JVP members in Colombo on 5 April. The Panagoda Cantonment and Colombo were never attacked, because the members did not assemble. Jaffna Prison was attacked on the night of 5 April to rescue Wijeweera.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, First wave of attacks
The cadre booked a bus to the prison, and Pyatilake led the attack. It failed, however, when police reinforcements arrived; many of the attackers were arrested, and some killed. Attacks on the Jaffna police station and Karainagar naval detachment also failed, with four insurgents killed on 6 April at Elephant Pass.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, North Korean involvement
North Korea used revolutionary propaganda daily in newspapers; North Korean newspapers quoted Kim Il-Sung about revolution, and the government of Sri Lanka was suspicious of the country's motives. JVP bases contained Juche literature distributed by the North Korean high commission in the country, which helped to develop the party. On 15 May 1971, 18 North Koreans affiliated with the JVP were arrested. Indian patrol boats deployed around the island stopped two North Korean vessels, capturing weapons, food parcels and literature; the vessels may have been headed to JVP-controlled territory to reinforce it against the Ceylonese army. Aid may also have come through the Ceylon-North Korea Friendship Association, which had branches throughout the country.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Chinese influence and alleged support
In April, a Chinese freighter raided a harbour; it was turned back by Indian patrol boats assisting Ceylon's coast guard. Shortly after the Wellawaya attack, a Chinese vessel stocked with weapons anchored near the island. Although its crew said that the weapons were ordered from Tanzania, the Ceylonese government said that the weapons were for the JVP.


1971 JVP insurrection, Insurrection, Chinese influence and alleged support
An unfamiliar ship was seen off the JVP-controlled coast of Matara; according to an eye-witness, it was larger than any ship the Sri Lanka Navy had at the time. Another man grabbed a gun to shoot at it, but the ship was too far away.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Government reaction
Government forces responded by first securing Colombo, other cities and large towns with sizable police and military garrisons. Roadblocks were set up; bridges, ports and airports were secured, overstretching the armed forces (which began mobilizing its reservists). Army, navy, and air-force personnel were initially deployed on ground duty in a defensive posture; in most areas, the police were able to hold out themselves. The government considered the situation dire during the insurrection's early days; its small-arms ammunition was expected to run out in a week, and the shooting of naval ratings by a fellow rating in Jaffna stoked fears of JVP infiltration of the armed forces.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Government reaction
During this time, the JVP took advantage of military and law-enforcement weakness by easily capturing large portions of the country. Many army convoys were ambushed; initial government offensives were pushed back in areas such as Matara, where local member of parliament Sumanapala Dahanayake was wounded accompanying the first joint army and police expedition into rebel-held areas.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, International assistance
Short of weapons and ammunition, Bandaranaike telegraphed a request for support to friendly countries. The response from many governments was swift. The United Kingdom was the first to respond positively, allowing the Ceylonese government uses an Air Ceylon Trident to ferry small arms and ammunition from its bases in Singapore. Pakistan responded with an airlift of supplies, troops, and helicopters to Ratmalana Airport, taking over the airport's defense and freeing Ceylonese troops for other duties. India did not receive the cable, and the Indian High Commissioner in Ceylon was sent back to India with the aid request on 13 April.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, International assistance
Units of the Indian Army Southern Command were airlifted from Bangalore and Madras (Chennai) to RCyAF Katunayake, and five Chetak helicopters from the 104th Helicopter Squadron followed with arms and ammunition. The squadron logged 573 flying hours on as many as 1,122 sorties in Ceylon. One hundred fifty Indian Gorkhas took over securing RCyAF Katunayake. The Indian Navy deployed four frigates, setting up a naval cordon around Ceylon; the Royal Ceylon Navy had deployed its sailors on ground operations and harbor defense, the latter later taken over by Indian and Pakistani troops. Australia donated 5,000 rifles.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, International assistance
RAF heavy transports flew in six Bell 47-G2 helicopters and ammunition purchased from Singapore on 17 April. Ceylon received the most aid from the Soviet Union, with its Air Force flying in five Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F fighter bombers, a MiG-15 UTI trainer, and two Kamov Ka-26 helicopters. The Soviet Union also sent 12 light mortars; Yugoslavia supplied four 76mm mountain guns, and China supplied 30 85mm Type 60 anti-tank guns. The Soviet Union donated 10 BTR-152 armored personnel carriers. Although China supplied 30,000 automatic and semi-automatic rifles, it was still suspected of supporting the JVP.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, International assistance
The United States said that it was aware that the JVP was not the organization which attacked the US embassy in Ceylon, but had no specific intention to militarily aid the government. The previous government had requested helicopter parts, however, and the US military fulfilled the request.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Crackdown
Within days of the insurrection's start, the armed forces began offensive operations after the initial wave of attacks ended. Personnel from all three armed services deployed with the mobilization of reservists (most of whom were World War II veterans), and regular troops were freed from guard duty as Pakistani and Indian troops defended key installations. Former Inspector General of Police (IGP) S. A. Dissanayake was appointed Additional Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence, and coordinated the government's defense from the situation room at Temple Trees.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Crackdown
Local military coordinating officers, appointed from the three branches of the armed forces for each district, were tasked with carrying out local counter-insurgency operations. The RCyAF took five Hunting Jet Provosts which had been mothballed in 1970, serviced and armed them in three days, and flew them from RCyAF Chinabay to RCyAF Katunayake (attacking rebel locations en route). Several weeks later, the Jet Provosts were joined by the Bell 47-G2 in ground attacks. With additional supplies flowing in, government forces intensified their offensives into insurgent-held areas.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Crackdown
The insurgents who had seized large parts of the island from their initial assault failed to consolidate their holdings or expand into other areas; local JVP committees raised a red flag in a captured area, and did little else. Widespread looting and damage to state property took place, and several civilians were murdered by the insurgents. After three weeks of fighting, the government regained control of all but a few remote areas. In most cases, the government regained control of townships; insurgent groups melted away into the jungle and continued to operate, with some groups operating into early 1972.


1971 JVP insurrection, Counter-insurrection, Crackdown
The government announced two amnesties in May and June 1971, airdropping leaflets encouraging the insurgents to surrender. Without food, weapons, and leadership, many youths surrendered; other groups were surrounded and captured. Two JVP leaders, Sanath (Wijesena Vidanage) and Susil, were killed in confrontations with the armed forces; Loku Athula, who led the remnants of his group into the jungles of Wilpathu, was wounded and captured. Many youths were detained in rehabilitation camps for months. The official arrest total was 5,067 (of whom 1,117 were from Colombo), but arrests of up to 20,000 were claimed. The government imposed strict censorship of all domestic and foreign news during the period.


1971 JVP insurrection, Aftermath, Casualties
The official death toll was 1,200, but unofficial sources reliably estimated it at 4,000–5,000. Forty-one civilians were killed by the insurgents; thirty-seven police officers were killed and 195 wounded. Twenty-six armed-services personnel were killed (19 from the army, four from the air force, and three from the navy) and 130 were wounded (87 army, 15 air force, and 28 navy) in 1971 and 1972.


1971 JVP insurrection, Aftermath, Prosecution
Advised by Justice Minister Felix Dias Bandaranaike, the prime minister appointed an investigative unit headed by retired IGP Aleric Abeygunawardena to prosecute the captured insurgents. The unit was made up of crown counsels and police officers. The crown counsels were made assistant superintendents, enabling them to record statements from suspects which would be admissible in court. It soon became apparent that convicting the large number of suspects in custody within normal contemporary procedure and laws would take years.


1971 JVP insurrection, Aftermath, Prosecution, Criminal Justice Commission
The Criminal Justice Commission was established by the government to prosecute the detained rebels expediently. The commission was composed of Chief Justice H. N. G. Fernando (chairman), Justice A. C. Alles, Justice V. T. Thamotheram, Justice H. Dheragoda and Justice T. W. Rajaratnam. In 1975, Wijeweera was sentenced to life imprisonment (later reduced to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment). Many of the surviving JVP leaders received prison sentences; some, including Loku Athula and Somasiri Kumanayake, turned crown witness and were pardoned. Most of the youths in rehabilitation camps were released.


1971 JVP insurrection, Legacy
The insurgency caused ₨2.7 million in damage to public and private property; other institutions lost ₨3 million, and the RCyAF lost an aircraft. Over ₨450 million earmarked for capital development was not spent as intended due to the insurgency. Ceylon severed diplomatic ties with North Korea based on information that the country supported the JVP, and diplomatic relations were not reestablished in 2014. Under the six years of emergency rule following the uprising, the JVP remained dormant.


1971 JVP insurrection, Legacy
After the victory of the United National Party in the 1977 elections, however, the new government tried to broaden its mandate with a period of political tolerance. Wijeweera was freed, the ban on the party was lifted, and the JVP entered the arena of legal political competition. As a candidate in the 1982 presidential elections, Wijeweera finished fourth with over 250,000 votes (compared with winner J. R. Jayewardene's 3.2 million).


1971 JVP insurrection, Legacy
The JVP began a second insurrection, which lasted from 1987 to 1989 and was more of a low intensity conflict than an open revolution. The movement fought with a well-organized military wing, capable of attacking and capturing large components of the Sri Lankan Army.


1971 JVP insurrection, Legacy, Incentives for resurgence
Two incentives for a renewed insurgency exist: unemployment and government. With a rapid population increase and relatively-slow economic growth, many youths who were the beneficiaries of free education are unemployed or underemployed; the unemployment rate is high relative to the output of the educational system, which the labour market has failed to address. Political factors include President Jayawardena's political strategy of oppressing the opposition; the weakness of the main opposition party (SLFP); the exclusion of those without political connections from some state jobs; the Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord, and the entry of Indian troops into Sri Lanka.


1971 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament
The  1971 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament was an association football tournament held from June 5 to 16 in Jakarta. Nine teams participated.


1971 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament, First stage, Group Y
after the final whistle, Thai players started a brawl which led to a six month suspension of the team by the FAT


1971 Jakarta Anniversary Tournament, Fifth Place
not played, Thailand returned home after player brawl in last group match v Khmer.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash
The 1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash occurred on 22 January 1971, when an Aeroflot Antonov An-12B, registered CCCP-11000, flying from Omsk Tsentralny Airport, in the Soviet Union's (RSFSR), crashed 15 km (9.3 mi) short of the runway on approach to Surgut International Airport, Surgut, RSFSR. An investigation found the aircraft's ice protection system was ineffective because the engine bleed air valves were closed during the flight; ice therefore built up on the aircraft causing it to go out of control.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aircraft
The aircraft was an Antonov AN-12B with the aircraft registration 11000 (factory number - 5343610, a serial number showing some basic information about the aircraft, 5 for the last digit of the year of manufacture - 1965, 34 for the factory of origin - the Tashkent aviation factory, 36 for the production batch and 10 for the individual aircraft within that batch) this aircraft left the production line of the V. P. Chkalov Tashkent aviation production association on the 3rd of December 1965 and by the 2nd of February was handed over to the main directorate of the civil air fleet (the governmental organ tasked with overseeing aviation throughout the soviet union). The aircraft was then sent to the Syktyvkar aviation department of the Komi territorial directorate of the civil air fleet. At the time of the crash the aircraft had completed 5626 flying hours in total and 2578 landings.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
In the first half of January 1971 CCCP-11000 was one of two Antonov AN-12s which, along with 3 crews from the 75th flying squadron were temporarily based at Omsk airport, these aircraft were used in transporting freight. On January 22nd an order was received to fly CCCP-11000 to Syktyvkar, where routine maintenance work was to be carried out on the aircraft. It was decided to combine the flight with the delivery of 12 metric tons of freight to Surgut. The goods to be transported consisted mainly of rolls of netting, plastic floor tiles and other household goods, as well as a C-995 piledriver for use in construction. Aboard were two crews, the flight crew and a relief crew. The flight crew consisted of:


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
Two others were also on board: an engineer from the 75th flying squadron; Nikolai Pavlovich Kayakan and loadmaster; Yevgeniya Rudolfovna Kramar. At Surgut, according to the weather forecast provided to the crew, there were Stratocumulus clouds at a height of 500–700 m (1,640.4–2,296.6 ft), visibility was 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 mi), there was snow, with icing conditions in the clouds. After take-off at 18:09 Moscow time from Omsk airport the AN-12 climbed to a flight level of 6,600 m (21,653.5 ft).


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
At Surgut there was solid cloud at a height of 450 m (1,476.4 ft) , visibility was 5.5 km (3.4 mi), a fresh breeze was blowing from the north and the air temperature was −9 °C (15.8 °F). At 19:20 the radar controller at Surgut gave permission for the crew of the AN-12 to descend to a height of 4,500 m (14,763.8 ft), and then to a height of 1,200 m (3,937.0 ft). When the crew reported that they had reached a height of 1,200 m (3,937.0 ft), they were ordered to contact landing control.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
They approached the runway on a magnetic heading of 180° and the aircraft entered the second turn of its circuit whilst descending to a height of 400 m (1,312.3 ft), the distance to the runway at this point was 11 km (6.8 mi). At 19:34 Moscow time the crew reported that they were passing the outer marker beacon at a height of 400 m (1,312.3 ft), which was acknowledged by the controller. At 19:36 Moscow time (21:36 local time), the aircraft was 11 km (6.8 mi) laterally and 16 km (9.9 mi) radially from the runway. The crew received the order to perform the third turn of their holding pattern, this instruction was acknowledged by the crew. This was the last communication that took place with the aircraft.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
When the AN-12 was at a distance of 18 km (11.2 mi)to the North-East of Surgut airport at a speed of 330 km/h (205.1 mph) conducting a left turn, the aircraft experienced flow separation on the wing as a result of which it entered a progressive left turn and lost altitude. At this point, having deviated from its original course by 110°, and now on a bearing of 40° and with a left bank around 90° the aircraft crashed into the ground in the vicinity of the river Pochekuika and was completely destroyed with the wreckage catching fire.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Causes
According to an analysis of the weather conditions there was severe icing conditions at an altitude of 400–1,300 m (1,312.3–4,265.1 ft). Severe icing conditions at 1,200 m (3,937.0 ft) were also reported by the crew of CCCP-12996, another AN-12 involved in a very similar crash at the same airfield just 9 days later.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Causes
The conclusion of the commission: The aircraft suffered a stall at the third turn due to a sharp deterioration in its aerodynamics as a consequence of icing on the wing whilst flying through severe icing conditions, and also due to an inappropriate speed given for the third and fourth turns for an aircraft weighing 55 tons and with icing on the wings. Icing on the wings occurred due to insufficient heating of the leading edge of the wing resulting from incomplete opening of the air bleed valves from the engine.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aftermath
In the span of 9 days (22nd and 31st of January 1971) two AN-12 aircraft crashed at Surgut, CCCP-11000 and CCCP-12996. Both crashes occurred under similar circumstances, whilst carrying out the third turn of their landing circuit both aircraft suffered spontaneous rolls due to flow separation on the wing caused by a drop in aerodynamics because of icing, which in turn was caused by ineffective de-icing systems since the hot air intake valve from the engine was not fully open.


1971 January 22 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aftermath
In order to prevent further catastrophes of the same nature significant improvements were made to the air bleed control systems including an indicator to show the fully open position of the valves. Special tests were also carried out, the results of which helped to clarify the aerodynamic characteristics of the AN-12 during icing. It also lead to changes in many civil aviation governing documents.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash
The 1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash occurred on 31 January 1971, when an Aeroflot Antonov An-12B, aircraft registration CCCP-12996, flying from Roshchino International Airport, Tyumen, in the Soviet Union's Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR), crashed 13.6 km (8.5 mi) short of the runway on approach to Surgut International Airport, Surgut, RSFSR. An investigation found the aircraft's loss of control was caused by icing.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aircraft
The aircraft involved in the incident was an Antonov AN-12B with the aircraft registration number 12996 (Factory number - 00347403, a serial number giving some basic information about the aircraft: 00 for the last digit of the year of manufacture - 1970, 34 for the factory of origin - the Tashkent aviation factory, 74 for the production batch and 03 for the individual aircraft within that batch), this aircraft left the production line of the V. P. Chkalov Tashkent aviation production association on the 31st of August 1970 and handed over to the main directorate of the civil air fleet (the governmental organ tasked with overseeing aviation throughout the soviet union), which then sent the aircraft to the 2nd Tuman aviation department of the territorial directorate of the civil air fleet. At the time of the crash the aircraft had completed a total of 391 flying hours.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
CCCP-12996 was sent to transport goods from Tyumen to Surgut, the aircraft's load consisted of 12 metric tons of fresh seafood; Pacific herring packed in boxes. The aircraft was piloted by a crew from the 259th flying squadron, consisting of:


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
Also on board was a loadmaster. At 01:25 Moscow time the airliner took off from Tyumen airport and, after gaining height, occupied a flight level of 6,000 m (19,685.0 ft).


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
At Surgut the sky was fully covered by layered cloud down to an altitude of 240 m (787.4 ft), a fresh breeze was blowing from the South-South-West, visibility was 6 km (3.7 mi), the air temperature was −7 °C (19.4 °F). At 02:30 Moscow time and 120 km (74.6 mi) from their destination, the crew made radio contact with the radar controller at Surgut airport and received a weather report. When the AN-12 was 100 km (62.1 mi) away from Surgut the radar controller gave permission for the aircraft to descend to an altitude of 4,500 m (14,763.8 ft).


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
Having achieved this new altitude and now at a distance of 80 km (49.7 mi) from the airfield, the crew transferred communication to the approach controller who gave permission to descend to an altitude of 1,200 m (3,937.0 ft). Whilst descending to this new altitude the crew switched over to the landing controller and at 02:34:30 reported reaching an altitude of 1,200 m (3,937.0 ft). In response the landing controller informed them that the landing would be at 180° and that the airfield pressure altitude was 766 millimetres of mercury. At this point the crew began to descend to the altitude of the airfield traffic pattern.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
Passing through an altitude of 800–900 m (2,624.7–2,952.8 ft), the crew reported strong icing conditions and a minute later very strong icing conditions. The transcript of the crew's communications with the ground controllers records that the aircraft's de-icing system was switched on. At 02:37:12 the crew reported that they had descended to an altitude of 600 m (1,968.5 ft), a couple of minutes later at 02:39:35 the crew began the third turn (to the left) of the airfield traffic pattern at an altitude of 400 m (1,312.3 ft).


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
10-15 seconds before completing this turn the aircraft began to behave abnormally and at 02:40:25 someone in the cabin said "the engines are starting to shake". In this case it is highly likely that the this shaking was caused by a condition close to flow separation on the wing of the aircraft.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
When the third turn was completed at 02:40:39, the captain gave the order to set the flaps to 15°, but 5 seconds later he was forced to give the command to return them to their previous position since the crew had noticed that the speed of the aircraft had dropped from 330 km/h (205.1 mph) to 310 km/h (192.6 mph), despite an increase in engine thrust.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
When the AN-12 had exited the left turn, a few seconds later the aircraft again independently entered a slight left turn. The crew countered the left turn with a small steering input to the right, but were quickly forced to steer to the left and then back to the right again since the aircraft had begun to roll from side to side causing a decrease in lift and causing the aircraft to fall.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Accident
At this point the aircraft was experiencing a force of 1.8 - 1.9g, at 02:41:04 Moscow time (04:41:04 local time) at a speed of 395 km/h (245.4 mph) and at a severe left hand tilt, the AN-12 crashed into the ground 16.5 km (10.3 mi) North of Surgut airport, close to one of the lakes in the area, the aircraft was completely destroyed and burst into flames. Part of the wreckage including the tail section fell into the lake. All 7 people on board were killed.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Causes
The stall during the final approach immediately after completion of the third turn was the result of icing on the wing tips. The formation of ice on the wing was the result of incomplete opening of the air bleed valves from the engine and extreme icing conditions.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aftermath
In the span of 9 days (22nd and 31st of January 1971) two AN-12 aircraft crashed at Surgut, CCCP-11000 and CCCP-12996. Both crashes occurred under similar circumstances, whilst carrying out the third turn of their landing circuit both aircraft suffered spontaneous rolls due to flow separation on the wing caused by a drop in aerodynamics because of icing, which in turn was caused by ineffective de-icing systems since the hot air intake valve from the engine was not fully open.


1971 January 31 Surgut Aeroflot Antonov An-12 crash, Aftermath
In order to prevent further catastrophes of the same nature significant improvements were made to the air bleed control systems including an indicator to show the fully open position of the valves. Special tests were also carried out, the results of which helped to clarify the aerodynamic characteristics of the AN-12 during icing. It also lead to changes in many civil aviation governing documents.


1971 Japan Series
The 1971 Japan Series was the 22nd edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series. It matched the Central League champion Yomiuri Giants against the Pacific League champion Hankyu Braves. This was the fourth time in five years that the two teams had met in the Japan Series, with the Giants winning all previous matchups. The Giants defeated the Braves in five games to win their seventh consecutive title.


1971 Japan Soccer League, Promotion/Relegation Series
Nagoya Mutual Bank lost its place in the League for a second time, this time to Towa Real Estate, which would become one of the biggest names in Japanese football as Fujita Engineering and Bellmare Hiratsuka, currently known as Shonan Bellmare.


1971 Japan Soccer League, Promotion/Relegation Series
Towa RE promoted, Nagoya Mutual Bank relegated; NMB resigned from JSL instead of forming Second Division.


1971 Japan national football team
This page records the details of the Japan national football team in 1971.


1971 Japanese House of Councillors election
House of Councillors elections were held in Japan on 27 June 1971, electing half the seats in the House. The Liberal Democratic Party won the most seats.


1971 Japanese Regional Leagues, Champions list
By winning the All Japan Senior Football Championship and then defeating Nagoya Bank in a Promotion/Relegation Series, Towa ED was promoted to the Japan Soccer League; it and the remaining JSL clubs constituted the new JSL First Division, while Toyota, Kyoto and eight other clubs were chosen for the new JSL Second Division.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen
The Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen or the VI Rhein-Pokalrennen was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 13 June 1971 at the Hockenheimring, Germany. The race was run over 35 laps of the circuit, and was dominated by Belgian driver Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari 312B.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen
The race was arranged after the Belgian Grand Prix of 1971 was cancelled, in order to fill the gap between the Monaco Grand Prix and the Dutch Grand Prix. The German Grand Prix had moved to the Nürburgring, so the Hockenheim circuit was chosen for the race, which was also a memorial race for Jochen Rindt, the reigning World Champion who had been killed at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen
On the same weekend, the 1971 24 Hours of Le Mans was being held, so several of the regular Formula One drivers were absent from this race, including Chris Amon, Jean-Pierre Beltoise, Henri Pescarolo, Pedro Rodríguez and Jo Siffert. There were other absentees: Jackie Stewart and Denny Hulme were taking part in the Labatt's 200 Can-Am race, and Emerson Fittipaldi was recovering from a road accident. Of the regular Formula One teams, Matra were at Le Mans, Brabham were still repairing Graham Hill's car after an accident in Monaco, and Tyrrell elected not to take part. Scuderia Ferrari had entered a car for Mario Andretti but he missed the race after suffering burns in an accident in the US.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen
As a tribute to Rindt, pole position on the grid was left vacant, leaving polesitter Ickx alone on the front row, taking the second slot.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen, Qualifying
The practice sessions were dominated by the Ferraris, with Ickx lapping comfortably faster than he had done on his last visit to the circuit, for the 1970 German Grand Prix. The gas turbine Lotus 56B of Dave Walker suffered an engine fire during practice, and Walker took over Tony Trimmer's car for the race. Robert Lamplough and Bernd Terbeck were driving old BRMs recently bought from the factory, and although Lamplough qualified his P133 relatively well, Terbeck's even older P126 blew its engine and he was unable to start the race.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen, Race
Ickx started well and pulled away from team-mate Clay Regazzoni in second, with Ronnie Peterson following behind. Ickx stayed in front for the whole race, although Regazzoni stopped after three laps with a mechanical fault which ultimately cost him ten laps after a mechanic had to go out to fix it.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen, Race
As the race continued, Reine Wisell passed Peterson and was catching Ickx when he pitted with brake problems. Wisell lost two laps while his brakes were bled. Peterson himself encountered a clutch fault and began to fall further behind Ickx. Peter Gethin retired on lap four with a broken throttle, and John Miles had to retire three laps later with an engine fault. Ray Allen dropped out at the back of the field with a fuel leak on lap 15.


1971 Jochen Rindt Gedächtnisrennen, Race
By this time, John Surtees had passed Howden Ganley for third, with Nanni Galli's ailing March in fifth. Rolf Stommelen missed a chicane while racing with Walker and Skip Barber, and the German was later given a one-minute penalty for this transgression. At the chequered flag, Ickx finished almost a minute ahead of Peterson, with Surtees over 20 seconds behind the Swede.


1971 John Player League
The 1971 John Player League was the third competing of what was generally known as the Sunday League. The competition was won for the first time by Worcestershire County Cricket Club.


1971 Jordan League
The following are the statistics of the Jordan League for the 1971 season.


1971 KFK competitions (Ukraine)
The 1971 KFK competitions in Ukraine were part of the 1971 Soviet KFK competitions that were conducted in the Soviet Union. It was 8th season of the KFK in Ukraine since its introduction in 1964.


1971 KFK competitions (Ukraine), Promotion
None of KFK teams were promoted to the 1972 Soviet Second League, Zone 1.


1971 KFK competitions (Ukraine), Promotion
However, to the Class B were promoted following teams that did not participate in the KFK competitions:


1971 Kangaroo tour of New Zealand
The 1971 Kangaroo Tour of New Zealand was a mid-season tour of New Zealand by the Australia national rugby league team. The Australians played three matches on tour, including a test against the New Zealand national rugby league team. The tour began on 22 June and finished on 29 June.


1971 Kangaroo tour of New Zealand, Leadership
Harry Bath was the coach of the squad, which he had been since 1968 in this particular tenure. St. George Dragons fullback Graeme Langlands was named captain for the tour ahead of 1969 New Zealand Tour leader John Sattler.


1971 Kangaroo tour of New Zealand, Touring squad
All but two members of the squad played in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership, those players being Brian Fitzsimmons and Wayne Bennett. Several tour members represented the Australia national rugby league team but only played in minor matches in New Zealand.


1971 Kangaroo tour of New Zealand, Tour
The Australians played three matches on the tour, winning one match and losing two, including the test match.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season
The 1971 Kansas City Chiefs season was the franchise's 2nd season in the National Football League, the 9th as the Kansas City Chiefs, and the 12th overall. They improved from a 7–5–2 campaign in 1970 to record a 10–3–1 mark and win the AFC West division championship, the Chiefs' first division title since 1966. The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC and were tied for the third-best record overall in the NFL, trailing only the 11–3 marks of the Dallas Cowboys and Minnesota Vikings.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season
The Chiefs playoff loss to the Miami Dolphins remains the longest game in NFL history at 82 minutes and 40 seconds. Dolphins kicker Garo Yepremian kicked a 37-yard field goal with 7 minutes and 20 seconds left in the second overtime to win the game.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place. Left defensive end Jerry Mays retired after the 1970 season, with Marvin Upshaw taking his spot, but the other 10 defensive starters were the same as they were two years prior. Middle linebacker Willie Lanier was a unanimous All-Pro selection following the season, and would likely have been named NFL Defensive Player of the Year had not Viking defensive tackle Alan Page become the second defensive player to win the league's Most Valuable Player award. Outside linebacker Bobby Bell, defensive tackles Buck Buchanan and Curley Culp, and cornerback Emmitt Thomas joined Lanier on the AFC Pro Bowl squad following the season. Bell, Buchanan, Culp, Lanier, and Thomas are all members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
On offense, Robert Holmes was traded to the San Diego Chargers midway through the season, leaving Wendell Hayes to assume the fullback duties next to third-year pro Ed Podolak, who had become the starting halfback when Mike Garrett was traded to San Diego in 1970. Morris Stroud, the tallest player in NFL history at 6-foot-10, and Willie Frazier, acquired from San Diego, alternated at tight end for the retired Fred Arbanas, but the rest of the offensive line, save for center Jack Rudnay, remained the same from the Super Bowl winning team.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
Rudnay assumed the starting center spot in 1970 over veteran E. J. Holub. At wide receiver, rookie Elmo Wright, the Chiefs' first-round pick in the 1971 NFL Draft from the University of Houston, assumed the slot opposite all-pro Otis Taylor, as Frank Pitts had moved on to the Cleveland Browns. Taylor earned selection to the Pro Bowl, along with guard Ed Budde, quarterback Len Dawson, and tackle Jim Tyrer.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
Kansas City's special teams remained among the league's elite units, thanks to the combination of kicker Jan Stenerud and punter Jerrel Wilson, both of whom were named to the Pro Bowl. Podolak and Warren McVea handled the bulk of the return duties.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
The season was the last for the Chiefs in Municipal Stadium, as owner Lamar Hunt and general manager Jack Steadman were overseeing the construction of Arrowhead Stadium, located at the junction of Interstate 70 and Interstate 435 in Jackson County, Missouri, at the eastern edge of the Kansas City city limits. Arrowhead, along with Royals Stadium, being constructed for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball, would form the Truman Sports Complex, bucking the trend of multi-purpose stadiums in vogue at the time.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
The season ended in heartbreak, as the Miami Dolphins won the longest game in National Football League history on Christmas Day, defeating the Chiefs 27–24 in double-overtime on a 37-yard field goal by Garo Yepremian in the last football game in Municipal Stadium, as well as the last game for safety Johnny Robinson, who was an original member of the Dallas Texans in 1960. Coach Hank Stram often called the 1971 Chiefs the franchise's best-ever squad, and this loss haunted Stram for the rest of his life, even after his induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Stram died July 4, 2005 at age 82. Others who are in the Hall of Fame from this squad are owner Hunt (who died December 13, 2006, at age 74), quarterback Dawson, and kicker Stenerud.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Season Summary
The loss to Miami began a nosedive in the Chiefs' fortunes. Kansas City backslid to 8–6 and 7–5–2 in 1972 and 1973, before falling to 5–9 and a tie for last in the AFC West in 1974, leading to Stram's firing following the season. Kansas City would not reach the playoffs again until 1986, did not host (or win) another playoff game until 1991, and did not win the AFC West division title again until 1993.


1971 Kansas City Chiefs season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1971 Kansas City Royals season
The 1971 Kansas City Royals season was their third in Major League Baseball. The Royals had the first winning season (85-76) in franchise history, good enough for second place in the American League West and 16 games behind the Oakland Athletics. Kansas City earning a winning record in its third season was the fastest of any expansion club in Major League Baseball history to that point. The record would stand until the 1999 Arizona Diamondbacks won the National League West title in their second season.


1971 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1971 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1971 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1971 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1971 Kansas City Royals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1971 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1971 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Eight Conference during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. In their first season under head coach Don Fambrough, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–7 record (2–5 against conference opponents), tied for fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 286 to 187. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.


1971 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The team's statistical leaders included Dave Jaynes with 748 passing yards, Delvin Williams with 509 rushing yards and John Schroll with 491 receiving yards. Kenny Page and Bob Childs were the team captains.


1971 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1971 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. The team's head football coach was Vince Gibson. The Wildcats played their home games in KSU Stadium. 1971 saw the wildcats finish with a record of 5–6, and a 2–5 record in Big Eight Conference play.


1971 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election
The 1971 Kensington and Chelsea Council election took place on 13 May 1971 to elect members of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1971 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1971 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University  in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. In their first season under head coach Don James, the Golden Flashes compiled a 3–8 record (0–5 against MAC opponents), finished in sixth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 304 to 169.


1971 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The team's statistical leaders included Renard Harmon with 566 rushing yards, Larry Hayes with 848 passing yards, and Jeff Murrey with 259 receiving yards. On defense, Jack Lambert led the team with 155 total tackles, including 68 solo tackles. Other notable players on the team included Nick Saban and Gary Pinkel.


1971 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
Don James was announced as Kent State's football coach on December 12, 1970, following the resignation of Dave Puddington. Prior to being hired by Kent State, James was a defensive coach for the University of Colorado.


1971 Kentucky Derby
The 1971 Kentucky Derby was the 97th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 1, 1971, with 123,284 people in attendance.


1971 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1971 Kentucky Wildcats football team represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season.


1971 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1971 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1971. Incumbent Republican Louie Nunn, was ineligible for a second term due to term limits, a rule that was later repealed in 1992.


1971 Kentucky gubernatorial election
In the Democratic primary, Lieutenant Governor Wendell H. Ford ran against former Governor Bert T. Combs and 6 other opponents. Ford would win in an easy victory that wasn't expected. In the Republican primary, Thomas Emberton easily won his primary and was endorsed by Governor Nunn.


1971 Kentucky gubernatorial election
In the general election, Ford and Emberton were joined by former Governor A. B. "Happy" Chandler, running as an Independent, as well as American Party candidate William Smith. The Republicans had hoped that Chandler would help Emberton's chances, but Ford eventually won the general election.


1971 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1971 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 77th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1971 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
On 14 November 1971, Bennettsbridge won the championship after a 3-10 to 1-07 defeat of Fenians in the final. It was their 12th championship title overall and their first in three championship seasons. It remains their last championship triumph.


1971 Kingsport 300
The 1971 Kingsport 300 was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series racing event that took place on May 23, 1971, at Kingsport Speedway in Kingsport, Tennessee.


1971 Kingsport 300, Race report
There were 25 drivers on the starting grid; 13 drivers would fail to finish the race. Bill Hollar would finish in last-place on the first lap due to an issue with his clutch. Bill Champion received his second straight top-five finish. Richard Childress would be involved in a fire during the race while a crash would take D.K. Ulrich out of the race. 300 laps were performed in front of 3,800 live spectators. Bobby Isaac and Richard Petty were exchanging the lead for the entire race.