1966 Wyoming state elections, Superintendent of Public Instruction
Incumbent Republican Superintendent of Public Instruction Cecil Shaw ran for re-election to a second term, despite some speculation that he might run for Governor. Shaw was challenged in the Republican primary by Harry Roberts, a member of the state board of education, and teacher Nancy J. Rymill. During the campaign, Shaw was attacked for allegedly using state funds in assistance of his campaign, a scandal that was compounded by his poor relationship with the Republican political establishment in the state. Ultimately, Roberts defeated Shaw in the Republican primary by a decisive margin, advancing to the general election, where he faced Katherine H. Vehar, the Democratic nominee and a former Deputy State Superintendent under Superintendent Velma Linford. Roberts narrowly defeated Vehar, winning election as Superintendent.


1966 Xingtai earthquakes
The Xingtai earthquake (Chinese: 邢台大地震; pinyin: Xíngtái Dà Dìzhèn)  was a sequence of major earthquakes that took place between March 8 and March 29, 1966, in the area administered by the prefecture-level city of Xingtai in southern Hebei province, People's Republic of China.


1966 Xingtai earthquakes
The first earthquake with magnitude 6.0 on the Moment magnitude scale and epicenter in Longyao County occurred in the early morning of March 8, 1966. It was followed by a sequence of five earthquakes above magnitude 6 that lasted until March 29, 1966. The strongest of these quakes had a magnitude of 6.8 and took place in the southeastern part of Ningjin County on March 22. The earthquake damage included 8,064 dead, 38,000 injured and more than 5 million destroyed houses.


1966 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1966 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1966 NCAA University Division football season. The Bulldogs were led by second-year head coach Carmen Cozza, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished fifth in the Ivy League season with a 3–4 record, 4–5 overall.


1966 Yugoslav First Basketball League
The 1966 Yugoslav First Basketball League season was the 22nd season of the Yugoslav First Basketball League.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt
The 1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt (also known as the   Bathroom coup   or the  Lavatory coup ) was an alleged military coup planned in Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The commander of the army and several military personnel were arrested. They were later acquitted of a plot to overthrow the legally elected government.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Background
Following the attempted military coup in 1962 the military of Ceylon underwent many changes. In 1965 a new government was elected with following the Sirimavo Bandaranaike government's electoral defeat in 1965, Dudley Senanayake became Prime Minister. During his tenure his government began to undo several pro-Sinhalese policies undertaken by the Bandaranaike government, to the resentment of some factions.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Investigations
While Dudley Senanayke was in Washington, following investigations led by SP Ana Seneviratne, the Director of CID, the police arrested several non-commissioned officers (NCO) of the army, a retired civil servant and a monk with political ties on the basis of an alleged plot for a coup d'état. During this time the Army Commander, Major General Richard Udugama was in the UK and was called back immediately. On his arrival he was arrested on July 1966 at the Bandaranaike International Airport by the IGP John Attygalle.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Investigations
31 suspects were arrested, this included Major General Richard Udugama, N.Q. Dias (former Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence who had retired after the new government came to power), Ven. Henpitagedera Gnanashia, Captain Sirisena and 20 NCOs and Privates as well as several civilians. Later two suspects Corporal Tilekawardene and Dodampe Mudalali 'committed suicide' jumping from the CID office on the fourth floor of the secretariat building. At the inquest, following receipt of new evidence, the Magistrate altered the verdict of suicide to one of culpable homicide. Several army officers including Major(later Lieutenant General) Denzil Kobbekaduwa were sent on compulsory leave. Investigations also revealed a link to a "Dr Tissa" who was identified as Rohana Wijeweera.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The Attorney General, A.C.M. Ameer, QC filed a plaint before Ben David, the Chief Magistrate of Colombo who then committed the accused to trial before the Supreme Court of Ceylon. This was under two counts;


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
H N G Fernando, the Chief Justice, arranged a Division bench of three Supreme Court judges and a jury panel. The accused were defended by some of the best lawyers in the country, Dr Colvin R. de Silva, Felix Dias Bandaranaike, Anil Moonesinghe, Mangala Moonesinghe, Neville Samarakoon, Tissa Wijeyeratne, Batty Weerakoon. The case was subsequently dismissed when the jury unanimously acquitted all of the accused in a plot to overthrow the legally elected government due to lack of evidence.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
Major General Richard Udugama contest and won the following parliamentary elections from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. N.Q. Dias was appointed Sri Lankan High Commissioner to India by the Bandaranaike government that was reelected to power in 1970. The accused NCOs were made commissioned officers by the Bandaranaike government and officers sent on compulsory leave were reinstated in 1970.


1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
The Special Branch of the Ceylon Police Force which was charged with national security created by the Senanayake Government to prevent a future coups was disbanded when Sirimavo Bandaranaike was again elected in 1970 which resulted in her government being caught off guard, with no early warning when the 1971 JVP Insurrection started.


1966 and All That (radio)
1966 and All That is a radio adaptation of the book of the same name in four episodes, broadcast between 8 September and 29 September 2006. Written by Craig Brown, the series was narrated by Eleanor Bron, Joss Ackland, Ewan Bailey and Margaret Cabourn-Smith. In 2007, it won a Gold Sony Radio Academy Award.


1966 and All That (radio)
The book and series are a comic reworking of the history of Britain in the 20th century, and therefore an homage and sequel to 1066 and All That, published in the 1930s and originally serialised in Punch.


1966 and All That (radio), Episodes
Episode 1: 1920s ("An Irresponsible Decade") And 1930s ("An Anxious Decade")


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
The 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom was a series of massacres committed against Igbo people and other people of southern Nigerian origin living in northern Nigeria starting in May 1966 and reaching a peak after 29 September 1966. Between 8,000 and 30,000 Igbos and easterners have been estimated to have been killed. A further 1 million Igbos fled the Northern Region into the East. In response to the killings some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities. These events led to the secession of the eastern Nigerian region and the declaration of the Republic of Biafra, which ultimately led to the Nigeria-Biafra war.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
The events took place in the context of military coups d'etat and in the prelude to the Nigerian Civil War. The immediate precursor to the massacres was the January 1966 Nigerian coup d'etat led mostly by young Igbo officers. Most of the politicians and senior army officers killed by them were northerners because Northerners were the majority in Nigeria's government , including the Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Ahmadu Bello the Sardauna of Sokoto. The coup was opposed by other senior army officers.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
An Igbo officer, Aguiyi-Ironsi stopped the coup in Lagos while another Igbo officer, Emeka Ojukwu stopped the coup in the north. Aguiyi-Ironsi then assumed power, forcing the civilian government to cede authority. He established a military government led by himself as supreme commander . In the months following the coup it was widely noted that four of the five army Majors who executed the coup were Igbo and that the General who took over power was also Igbo. Northerners feared that the Igbo had set out to take control of the country.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
In a response action Northern officers carried out the July 1966 Nigerian counter-coup in which 240 Southern members of the army were systematically killed, three-quarters of them Igbo, as well as thousands of civilians of southern origin living in the north. In the aftermath Yakubu Gowon, a northerner, assumed command of the military government. In this background increased ethnic rivalries led to further massacres.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
The massacres were widely spread in the north and peaked on the 29 May, 29 July and 29 September 1966. By the time the pogrom ended, virtually all Igbos of the North were dead, hiding among sympathetic Northerners or on their way to the Eastern region. The massacres were led by the Nigerian Army and replicated in various Northern Nigerian cities.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
Although Colonel Gowon was issuing guarantees of safety to Southern Nigerians living in the North, the intention of a large portion of the Nigerian army at the time was genocidal as was the common racist rhetoric among Tiv, Idoma, Hausa and other Northern Nigerian tribes. With the exception of few Northern Nigerians (mainly army officers who were not convinced that Igbo were innately evil), the Southern and Eastern Nigerians were generally regarded at the time in the North of Nigeria as described by Charles Keil:


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
The Igbo and their ilk...vermin and snakes to trod underfoot...dogs to be killed.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
Northern Nigerians were however also targeted in the Igbo dominated Eastern Nigeria. Thousands of Hausas, Tiv and other Northern Tribes were massacred by Igbo mobs, forcing a mass exodus of Northerners from the Eastern Region.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
Non -Igbo Eastern minorities and Midwesterners in the North were also attacked as there were no ways to differentiate them from Igbos by appearance, who were all collectively known by the name "Yameri" in the North.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
One factor that led to the hostility toward Southern Nigerians in general and Igbo in particular was the attempt by the Aguiyi Ironsi regime to abolish regionalisation in favor of a unitary system of government which was regarded as a plot to establish Igbo domination in the Federation. On 24 May 1966 Ironsi issued a unitary decree, which led to an explosion of attacks against the Igbo in Northern Nigeria on 29 May 1966. The British press was unanimous in its conviction at the time that these 29 May killings were organized and not spontaneous. The Ironsi regime was also perceived to have been favoring Southern Nigerians in the appointment to key positions in government, thus heightening the inter ethnic rivalries.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
The failure of the Ironsi regime to punish the army mutineers responsible for the January 1966 coup further exacerbated the situation. The May 1966 pogrom was carried out by rampaging mobs with the connivance of local government. The unprofessional attitude of some elements of the international press are also known to have added to the existing tension.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
J.D.F. Jones, the diplomatic correspondent of the Financial Times had on 17 January 1966 already predicted that the Northerners might "already have begun to take revenge for the death of their leader the Sardauna of Sokoto on the large number of Igbo who live in the North", which at the time they were not doing.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
This has been criticized as an irresponsible and for a journalist unprofessional, self-fulfilling prophecy which would lead the Northern elite to assume that the Financial Times was in possession of information that they were not aware of, and that the world expected the North to react in this way. Later tactics were engineered by Northern elites to provoke violence such as fabricated news stories submitted to radio Cotonou and relayed by the Hausa service of the BBC detailing exaggerated attacks against Northerners in the East, which led to the furious killings of Eastern Nigerians on 29 September 1966.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Background
According to British newspaper reports at the time, about 30,000 Igbo were killed in September 1966, while more conservative estimates put the casualties at between ten and thirty thousand for that month. This spree of killings carried on into early October and was carried out by civilians sometimes aided by army troops and swept the entire north. It has been described as the most painful and provocative incident leading to the Nigeria-Biafra War.


1966 anti-Igbo pogrom, Aftermath
The pogroms led to the mass movement of Igbo and other Eastern Nigerians back to Eastern Nigeria (it is estimated that more than one million Igbos returned to the eastern region). It also was the precursor to Ojukwu's declaration of Eastern Nigeria's secession from the federation as the Republic of Biafra, and the resulting Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), which Biafra lost.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
On 7 November 1966, a group of Hindu protestors, led by ascetics, naga sadhus and backed by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Bharatiya Jana Sangh (aka Jan Sangh), approached the Indian Parliament to threaten legislators to criminalize cow slaughter.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
The episode was the culmination of a long-term movement by the Hindu Right to protect the cow, a traditional symbol of reverence in Hindu society. A meeting in late 1965 involving lobbying groups, naga sadhus and many religious dharma acharyas and influential Hindu religious orders initiated a year-long program of demonstrations and picketing, culminating in the planned march to the Parliament. Jan Sangh was a participant in the march. The march attracted hundreds of thousands of people for that peaceful march outside the parliament.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
The protest was targeting the key leaders of then government. The police responded with tear gas and cane clubs, but their resistance proved futile. As waves of demonstrators armed with tridents attacked the police and pelted them with stones, a policeman was stoned to death. Police were slow to respond, but at around 1:30 pm, they engaged in rifle fire and mounted a charge with lead-tipped clubs.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
While the charge was successful in dispersing the immediate mob, it caused fatal injuries, and having failed to succeed in breaching the Parliament gates, the mob merely scattered to attack other less-protected areas of Delhi. Houses of prominent legislators from the ruling party (Indian National Congress), including that of K. Kamaraj, were broken into. Passengers were forced out of vehicles before being set on fire, high-profile government buildings were ransacked, and random arson was indulged in.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation
Two weeks later, influential saints began their hunger strikes in protest; however, fissures in the front began to appear, and Gandhi chose to incorporate a Parliamentary Committee to analyze the feasibility of imposing a ban on cow slaughter. The front was consistently outvoted, the nominees eventually resigned, the committee never produced a report, and the politicians successfully shifted the focus of national politics away from the issue. The episode had significant effects on the national polity for many years. This was one of the few breachings of parliament, along with the 2001 Indian Parliament Attack.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow slaughter and religion
The scope, extent, and status of cow slaughter in ancient India has been a subject of intense scholarly dispute.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow slaughter and religion
Marvin Harris notes the Vedic literature to be contradictory, with some stanzas suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating; however, Hindu literature relating to cow veneration became extremely common in the first millennium A.D., and by about 1000 A.D., vegetarianism had become a well accepted Hindu tenet. D. N. Jha, Romila Thapar, Juli Gittinger et al. assert that cows were neither inviolable nor revered in the ancient times; the contemporary sacredness was a result of multiple factors including the development of Ahimsa philosophy during the Upanishad spans and increasing influence of Brahminism. There have been rebuts.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow slaughter and religion
The "protection of the cow" policy has commanded huge political significance in the subcontinent in precolonial spans; the Mughal emperor Akbar had banned the killing of cows, and cow slaughter was treated as a capital offense in many Hindu and Sikh-ruled states.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow protection and national politics
The first organised cow protection movement was started by Kukas of Sikhism, a reformist group, during the British Raj in the late 1800s, which framed cows as a "sign of the moral quality of the state". Their ideas soon spread to Hindu reform movements, with Arya Samaj playing a tremendous role in converting this sentiment into a national movement and extensively lobbying for criminalizing cow slaughter. The first Gaurakshini sabha (cow protection council) was established in the Punjab Province in 1882. The movement often manifested as brazen Anti- Muslim riots claiming thousands of lives across the country, especially on the occasions of Islamic festivals of sacrifices. The Cow riots of 1893 were the most intense civil disturbance on the Indian subcontinent since the Indian Rebellion of 1857.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow protection and national politics
Post-independence, the insertion of a clause about protection of cows into the Directive Principles and large-scale migration of Muslim populations into Pakistan led to a large reduction in riots. However, with the accumulation of political power in the hands of conservative Savarna elites, the Hindu Mahasabha and other allied organisations saw even more opportunity to actively solicit a total ban on cow slaughter. The overtly secular stances of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (who threatened to resign if such a bill were passed) foiled the efforts.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, Cow protection and national politics
Tensions began to re-emerge in the 1960s, when a new generation of Muslims born after independence and who were less aware of the trauma of religious violence in India of the 1940s, reached adolescence and began to assert their rights, whilst Nehru began to lose his firm grip over the Indian sociopolitical scenario.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, All Party Campaign
After Nehru's death in 1964, a lobbying group set up by business magnate Seth Dalmia, Murli Chandra Sharma of the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, M. S. Golwalkar of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh for the purpose of cow protection, began to actively engage in open political campaigns. The topic soon penetrated into popular sociopolitical discourse, and the group gradually added Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu Mahasabha, Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad, Vishva Hindu Parishad, and other Hindu parties.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, All Party Campaign
All stakeholders were subsequently invited to a meeting at Delhi in late 1965, which saw three of the four principal Shaivite shankaracharyas, dozens of mahants, and other ascetics from different religious orders promise to play integral roles in a nationwide campaign to mobilize the masses. Swami Karpatri was chosen as the leader, and he advocated for a program of demonstrations and picketing, leading up to a march on Parliament in November 1966, which was approved. The Shankaracharya of Puri also decided to undertake a fast until death unless cow slaughter was banned across the country; other ascetics supported his proposed agenda and some offered to court arrest, shall the need arise.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, All Party Campaign
Picketing started outside the residence of Home Minister Gulzarilal Nanda in August 1966; as a patron of the Bharat Sadhu Samaj, he was widely seen as a figure sympathetic to their cause. In October 1966, a procession in Washim, Maharashtra, demanding a nationwide ban on cow slaughter led to a riotous situation; police fired on the rioters, killing 11 people. There was a discussion about the issue in the Union Cabinet, which refused to concede to popular sentiments; however Home Minister Gulzarilal Nanda recommended that states might choose to introduce a ban at their discretion. This episode served as an immediate trigger for more demonstrations.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Background, All Party Campaign
On 6 November, preparations were highly visible, with posters plastered across the city and high-profile business houses sponsoring the meals of the marchers. A total bandh of all shops in Delhi was planned; Bhartiya Jan Sangh had joined in the rally at the last moment, and the front was now named Sarvadaliya Gorasksha Maha-Abiyan Samiti (SGMS; 'Committee for the Great All-Party Campaign for the Protection of the Cow').


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
On the morning of 7 November, a few hundred thousand people, predominantly from the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Hindu Mahasabha, and Arya Samaj, had assembled from far-off places at an open space near the Parliamentary Complex. A vast majority of them were ash-smeared, trident-wielding, mostly-naked Sadhus. Christophe Jaffrelot noted it as the most popular mass movement since independence.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
Proceedings started around noon, and the environment was reportedly 'relaxed, almost festive' per a report by The New York Times, with the virtues of cows being extolled; the first speaker was Swami Karpatri. Soon afterwards, Swami Rameshwaranand, a Lok Sabha legislator of Jan Sangh, from Karnal, Punjab who had earlier been expelled from the house for 10 days for a continual failure to abide by parliamentary decorum whilst urging for a ban on cow slaughter, rose to the podium.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
He leveraged his expulsion, asking the mob "to teach a lesson" by forcing the Parliament to close down, while other hard-line leaders served as accompanying provocateurs. Jana Sangh leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee appealed to the Swami to withdraw his call and urged the demonstrators to maintain peace, but was not heeded.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
Thus invited, the mob went on a rampage, crying "Swami Rameshwaranand ki jai", and breached the barricades; the police responded with tear gas and cane clubs, but their resistance proved futile. As waves of demonstrators armed with tridents attacked the police and pelted them with stones, a policeman was stoned to death. Police were slow to respond, but at around 1:30 pm, they engaged in rifle fire and mounted a charge with lead-tipped clubs.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
While the charge was successful in dispersing the immediate mob, it caused fatal injuries, and having failed to succeed in breaching the Parliament gates, the mob merely scattered to attack other less-protected areas of Delhi. Houses of prominent legislators from the ruling party (Indian National Congress), including that of K. Kamaraj, were broken into. Passengers were forced out of vehicles before being set on fire, high-profile government buildings were ransacked, and random arson was indulged in.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
The riot ended at around 4:30 pm with a death toll of eight and hundreds injured. The total damage was estimated at about 1 billion rupees by city officials; numerous vehicles were destroyed, along with numerous shops. A curfew was imposed for 48 hours but withdrawn the next morning; the army was deployed for the first time, and a law concerning unlawful assembly was imposed for an indefinite time span. About 1,500 demonstrators, including over 500 ascetics and prominent leaders of Hindu Nationalist parties and SGMS, were arrested.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
The Lieutenant Governor described the rioting as highly organised; intelligence agencies had failed to predict the situation. The extent of the violence was the most significant since the partition riots, and M. N. Srinivas commented that the episode solidly convinced him that the Hindus of North India had not evolved into modern people. A few days later, Balraj Madhok, Rameshwaranand, and other prominent functionaries of RSS and Jan Sangh were arrested on charges of stoking the riots.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Mob Attack and Police firing
Vajpayee condemned the riots and blamed undesirable elements for the violence, saying that it had harmed a pious cause. There was widespread discontent against Nanda, who was believed to be sympathetic to the rioters, forcing him to resign; Prime Minister Indira Gandhi acquitted him of all blame before the Parliament and temporarily held the portfolio herself before choosing Yashwantrao Chavan as a replacement.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
Beginning on 17 November, Sadhus started courting arrest, as planned. On the 20th, Prabhudutt Brahmachari and the Shankaracharya of Puri began hunger strikes; others soon followed. Gandhi took a hardliner stance, refusing to 'cow down to the cow savers' and detained the fasting sadhus to shift them out of public view; however, the fasting continued along with popular mobilization by cow-slaughter activists. Whilst her stance was commended across liberal media and supported by the Communist Party and others, failing health of the Shankaracharya and the death of two less-prominent fasters followed.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
Soon, fissures started appearing within SGMS. A religious faction led by Swami Karpatri split away around December 1966 to fight elections around the locus of cow protection, to the discontent of Gowalkar. Within a couple of weeks, the fourth Shankaracharya and other Vaishnava religious orders subsequently criticized the front for placing Shankaracharya's health in jeopardy. On 24 January, a seriously ailing Shankaracharya criticized the BJS for pandering to electoral politics and failing to protect either Hinduism or the cow.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
Gandhi used this time to set up a joint parliamentary committee composed of animal husbandry experts and politicians across the divides (including from the SGMS); their agenda was to examine the 'feasibility' of a 'total ban on the slaughter of the cow and its progeny' and deliver a recommendation within a time frame of six months. The committee was to be chaired by Retd.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
Justice Amal Kumar Sarkar (along with two Congress chief ministers, two Congress Ministers of State, four central bureaucrats, and three nominees of SGMS—the Shankaracharya of Puri, Golwalkar, and R. P. Mookerji, elder brother of Syama Prasad Mukherjee), and the offer was accepted by all parties, with minimal negotiations. In the meantime, Gandhi once again recommended on 5 January 1967 that states enact their own bans on cow slaughter. Shankaracharya broke his fast; it had lasted 73 days and was longer than any other hunger strike in recorded Indian history.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
Jan Sangh failed to leverage the cow-protection episode in any major manner from an electoral sense; their seats increased from 14 to just 35 in the 1967 Lok Sabha elections and Congress lost many seats, with the popular vote share dropping by about 4%; Jan Sangh had managed, however, to successfully challenge the Congress hegemony in urban Hindu areas, especially the cow belt.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Aftermath
The committee started its work after the elections. Shrewd planning by Gandhi had filled the committee with trusted secularists, federalists and people with an economic interest in the beef trade. The two factions often collided with a near-complete lack of any common ground. Outfoxed and outmaneuvered, the three members of the SGMS eventually resigned in July 1968. Whilst the committee continued, the issue rapidly lost momentum in national politics. The committee was finally dissolved in 1979, having never submitted a report.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Legacy
Overall, the agitation propelled the Hindu Right into the foreground of national politics for the first time; simultaneously, Gandhi's successful negotiation helped establish her image as a resolute leader who later had the tenacity to lead a weakened Congress after the 1969 split. The episode also played a significant role in Gandhi's choosing to shift away from the staunch secular ideals displayed by her father, embracing the Hindu way of life and enabling communal politics.


1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation, Legacy
Congress (R) went on to choose the cow-and-calf symbol during the 1971 Lok Sabha elections. On the other hand, after years of failure to exploit the issue of cow protection to reap electoral gains and a failure to mobilize the lower castes to their cause, the Hindu Right chose to shift their primary focus from cow protection to the demolition of the Babri Masjid. RSS and VHP commemorate the event every year.


1966 flood of the Arno
The 1966 flood of the Arno (Italian: Alluvione di Firenze del 4 novembre 1966) in Florence killed 101 people and damaged or destroyed millions of masterpieces of art and rare books. It is considered the worst flood in the city's history since 1557. With the combined effort of Italian and foreign volunteers alike, or angeli del fango ("Mud Angels"), many of these fine works have been restored. New methods in conservation were devised and restoration laboratories established. However, even decades later, much work remains to be done.


1966 flood of the Arno, Overview
Located in the Tuscany region of Central Italy, the Arno river is approximately 240 kilometres (150 mi) long. It flows from the Mount Falterona hills of the Apennine Mountains to the Ligurian Sea, just 11 kilometres (7 mi) west of Pisa. Lush vineyards and olive groves line the river's scenic course to the west, out to sea. Principally utilized for irrigation purposes, only 32 kilometres (20 mi) of the river is used for navigation.


1966 flood of the Arno, Overview
The highest flows of the river generally occur in spring and autumn of every year, when rainfall in the Apennines is at its greatest. The intensity of the 1966 flood was further increased by both the topography of the Apennines, which contributed to the high run-off rates and river discharges, and urban development. Roads, such as the Via de Calzaiuoli, served as narrow channels for floodwaters, allowing for their greater speed and destruction within the city; bridges, on the other hand, hindered river flow where it was needed, allowing water to pour over the floodplain with great force.


1966 flood of the Arno, Impact
The flood has had a lasting impact on Florence, economically and culturally. City officials and citizens were unprepared for the storm and the widespread devastation that it caused. There were virtually no emergency measures in place, at least partially because Florence is located in an area where the frequency of flooding is relatively low. In fact, approximately 90% of the city's population were completely unaware of the imminent disaster.


1966 flood of the Arno, Impact
Residents were set to celebrate their country's World War I victory over Austria on 4 November, Armed Forces Day. In commemoration, businesses were closed and many of their employees were out of town for the public holiday. While many lives were likely spared as a result, the locked buildings greatly inhibited the salvaging of valuable materials from numerous institutions and shops, with the exception of a number of jewellery stores whose owners were warned by their nightwatchmen.


1966 flood of the Arno, Impact
5,000 families were left homeless by the storm, and 6,000 stores were forced out of business. Approximately 600,000 tons of mud, rubble and sewage severely damaged or destroyed numerous collections of books, manuscripts and fine art. It is estimated that between 3 and 4 million books and manuscripts were damaged, as well as 14,000 movable works of art.


1966 flood of the Arno, Impact
Artist Marco Sassone, in a 1969 interview, recalled the impact of the flood on Florence's residents: "The only thing you could do was watch and be helpless. Nature was master...the women became crazy with fear. They began throwing things from the windows and screaming 'who is going to save my children?'" It was reported that 101 people lost their lives in the flood waters.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
Realizing the immense wealth and importance of Florentine culture in a global context, many individuals and organizations contributed to the conservation mission, providing both funding and manpower. Art historian and professor Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti assembled a committee with Mayor Piero Bargellini as chairman to raise awareness of the needs of Florence's art and academic institutions. Members included prominent figures from around the world, representatives of their own respective institutions.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
A number of other international committees were formed with the intention of sponsoring various institutions in Florence:


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
The work of and contributions made by these committees were supervised by a central committee in Rome.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
Additional funding came from various governments, UNESCO, and the International Committee for the Assistance of Museums, Works of Art, Libraries and Archives, among others. The city of Edinburgh (Scotland), twinned with Florence, sent practical help for the citizens in the form of double-decker buses to temporarily replace those which had been lost in the floods. When these eventually returned home, they operated with the international 'GB' registration plate still affixed to the rear; each also carried a small plaque presented by the Florentine transport authorities indicating their gratitude for the gesture made by the people of Edinburgh.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
Charity auctions were also organised. In a show of support for the Florentine art community, Pablo Picasso had one of his paintings, Recumbent Woman Reading, auctioned off on an internationally televised programme. He donated the $105,000 it earned to restoration efforts in Italy. Similarly, Pietro Annigoni and Luciano Guarnieri donated the money they earned from selling 575 colour lithographs (depicting the events surrounding the flood and its aftermath), produced from 13 of their drawings.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
Florentine native Franco Zeffirelli produced the short documentary Florence: Days of Destruction to raise awareness of the flood. Released a month after the disaster, it reputedly raised more than $20 million for reconstruction efforts. The film was narrated in English and Italian by actor Richard Burton.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
People from Aberfan, Wales sent parcels with toys and clothes to Florence, which had belonged to the children who had died during the Aberfan disaster two weeks earlier.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance
While many institutions from around the world financially compensated employees who travelled to Italy and aided in the restoration of Florence, many others volunteered their services for absolutely no pay. Collectively, these people have been fondly referred to as "Mud Angels", due to their commitment to working in such deplorable conditions.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance, The "Mud Angels"
Mario Primicerio, the mayor of Florence from 1995 to 1999, helped celebrate the Mud Angels' (angeli del fango) efforts during an anniversary celebration in 1996. Thirty years earlier, he was a professor who lent his assistance in preserving the priceless artifacts of Florence. The Angels cleaned the city of refuse, mud and oil, and retrieved works of art, books and other materials from flooded rooms; experts from around the world volunteered their time and knowledge in the conservation of the aforementioned materials.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance, The "Mud Angels"
In a 1996 interview, Primicerio offered three principal reasons as to why the Mud Angels felt compelled to help: a concern for future generations, a feeling of international unity and a pervasive sense of solidarity.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance, The "Mud Angels"
What we were doing was dictated by the desire to give back the traces of the history of the past to future generations, so that it could be used for the spiritual growth of people who perhaps had yet to be born...it was the international community that worked to try to save Florence, this unique patrimony which belonged to the whole world.


1966 flood of the Arno, Funding and assistance, The "Flood Ladies"
The Flood Ladies were a group of international female artists who contributed artworks to the city of Florence following the catastrophic 1966 flood of the Arno as a sign of solidarity and to help repair the psychological damage done by the flood. The group was formed in Florence, Italy in 1966. Contributors to the collection lived all over the world. In 2014 the organization Advancing Women Artists Foundation headed an effort to preserve, exhibit and acknowledge the contribution of these women.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures
Many experts in the field of conservation, such as Peter Waters, utilised their knowledge in restoring the works of art and literature ravaged by the flood. Staff from the Central Institute of Restoration and Institute of Book Pathology, for example, volunteered their time, efforts, and expertise in this enormous undertaking. New concepts, such as "phased conservation", and methods in conservation, such as mass deacidification, were conceived during this period after the flood ravaged the city of Florence.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records
Priorities were established during the process of conserving damaged books and records, the most critical of which became the retrieval of materials from flooded rooms. After they were rescued, books and records were typically washed and disinfected. In certain cases, bindings were cut and sheets treated individually. Following a thorough cleansing, the materials were then dried in Florentine libraries, space permitting, or at locations outside of the city, such as tobacco kilns and granaries. In some circumstances, large numbers of books were covered with sawdust, as a means of drawing out moisture. When not washed prior to drying, dried mud was then scraped off the exterior of the books.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records
One or both of two drying techniques was applied: interleaving by hand and/or drying with the aid of domestic heaters or other mechanical equipment. Interleaving involved the placement of blotting papers within the text-block of a book and replacing them once they were fully soaked; a variety of papers were used, including mimeograph paper and green blotting paper (the latter of which ultimately caused more damage). In kilns, the humidity level was slowly lowered from ninety to forty percent. If deemed necessary, bindings were removed and dried separately. Removed pages were hung out to dry on an apparatus similar to a clothes line.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records
Fearing the spread of mold, workers completed these tasks with the greatest speed possible. After they were disinfected and dried, the items were then reassembled, restored and, if necessary, rebound. Card catalogs and in some cases, the actual books and documents were reproduced by reprinting on early presses, photocopying, or copying by hand.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records, The National Library Centers of Florence: a case study
Initially the transportation of large numbers of books to other institutes (to repair and rebind) was considered, but decided against on logistical grounds. Within six months of the flood, the National Library of Florence had 144 workers on hand: three binders, eight binder trainees, two librarians, forty-two workmen, eighty-one student volunteers and eight other library staff members.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records, The National Library Centers of Florence: a case study
Together they devised a logical and efficient method of book repair, involving nine separate and clearly defined steps:


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records, The National Library Centers of Florence: a case study
This methodical nine-part system enabled workers to process between seventy and a hundred books a day.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Books and records, The National Library Centers of Florence: a case study
After the Florence flood, the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale was not allowed to put books back into the lower levels.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Paintings
Many panel paintings were critically damaged as a result of water saturating their wood, causing the glue and gesso, which compose the priming layer, to dissolve. Consequently, the paintings' colours dissolved as well. In addition, the moisture caused paintings to buckle and crack or develop blisters, and the paint to chip and fall. Actions were taken to stabilize the problem by applying rice paper to the affected paintings and storing them in cool, stable environments where humidity was slowly decreased. In extreme cases, the paint layer was extracted from the wood and gesso and then reapplied to a new support. Nystatin, an antifungal, was sprayed on the wood to prevent mold from growing. Treatment facilities were established at locations such as the Boboli Garden Lemon-House, where over two hundred of these panel paintings were restored.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Paintings
Similar measures were necessary to conserve canvas paintings. First, an original canvas was relined and gauze applied to the painted surface, which was then ironed. This process is referred to as the rintelatura, or "new canvas" method. Relatively minor surface work was often completed with a variety of solvents and/or types of resin.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Frescoes
Frescoes demanded more complicated treatment. Normally water, once it evaporates, will leave a layer of residual salt on the surface of the wall that absorbed it. In some instances, the resultant efflorescence obscured painted images. In other cases, the impermeability of the fresco plaster caused the salt to become trapped beneath the surface, causing bubbles to form and erupt, and the paint to fall. The adhesion of the plaster to the wall was often also seriously compromised. A fresco could only be detached when fully dry. To dry a fresco, workers cut narrow tunnels beneath it, in which heaters were placed to draw out moisture from below (instead of outwards, which would have further damaged the paintings). Within a few days, the fresco was ready to be detached.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Frescoes
Fuel oil, which coated many painted works of art, was removed by using Japanese tissue paper to apply a solvent, which dissolved the tar. An absorbent, such as talcum powder, was then distributed on the tissue paper.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Sculpture and other objects
It became imperative to clean sculpture immediately, before it fully absorbed the oil. Flaking sculpture was sprayed with a silicate mixture, while wooden pieces were treated with insecticides and toxic gases to kill insects and prevent future infestation. Weaponry, like firearms and swords, were taken apart, cleaned with paraffin, and finally lubricated to prevent future rusting.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Sculpture and other objects
Bronze objects were kept in dehumidification chambers for a few weeks and cleaned with distilled water or polished. For more severely damaged pieces, experts completed "depth cleaning", which entailed the use of small drills and vacuuming. Similar measures were taken with gold. Broken objects were reassembled using photographs and other retrieved documentation.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Effect on preservation and conservation awareness
The disastrous results of the flood established an international awareness of the need for preservation and conservation education and facilities. In the United States, for example, it is no coincidence that the National Historic Preservation Act was passed in 1966. During the next twenty years:


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Effect on preservation and conservation awareness
2,000 to 3,000 preservation organizations actively engaged in public education, advocacy, preservation and restoration projects of various kinds, many of them operating revolving funds. In terms of geographic interest, distinctions among the regions are no longer drawn. Membership in the National Trust for Historic Preservation grew from 10,700 in 1966 to 185,000 in 1986. More than 35 university graduate professional and technical courses directly related to historic preservation were created in the interim. It would be reasonable to estimate that more than 54,000 jobs were created in the administrative aspect of preservation alone.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Work outstanding
A significant amount of restorative work remains to be done in Florence. Due to a lack of awareness, funding, and manpower, a great number of works of art and books lie in storage, dirty and damaged. Christopher Clarkson, noted conservator, called attention to this problem in a 2007 letter, stating that the National Library still has a "warehouse" full of books to be repaired and bound; many others need cleaning or reassembling.


1966 flood of the Arno, Conservation measures, Work outstanding
According to a 1993 report, approximately 25% of the 80,000 items belonging to the Magliabecchi and Palatino collections had not been fully restored in the nearly thirty years since the flood. The number of conservators that work at the library presently is only about a tenth of the amount that worked there immediately after the flood.


1966 flood of the Arno, Environmental measures
Regional officials in Tuscany are responsible for organizing a massive project, the purpose of which is to not only protect the area from future flooding but to maintain high water quality and effectively utilize water resources.


1966 flood of the Arno, Environmental measures
Work commenced in 1984, with the construction of the Bilancino Dam, near Florence. The Sieve tributary and spillway at Pontedera are among other developments. The national government has funded a majority of these various subprojects, with the city of Florence being the primary recipient of the money.


1966 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Afghanistan.


1966 in Afghanistan
Thanks largely to the intelligent use made of the aid given by the U.S.S.R., the United States, West Germany, Britain, China, and the World Bank, the internal economy of the country made good progress.


1966 in Afghanistan
The first five-year plan, which began in 1956, aimed at encouraging agriculture, especially irrigation. Experience showed, however, that progress in these spheres could only be partially achieved as long as internal communications remained primitive and the natural resources of the country were largely unexplored. As a result, the major effort was diverted to the construction of roads and airports, and to the systematic investigation of sources of water supply and of mineral wealth.


1966 in Afghanistan
During the course of the second five-year plan, conditions became favourable on many economic front. Promising deposits of natural gas and of iron ore were discovered; the power available for industrial use increased dramatically; and the extension of irrigation led to substantially increased agricultural production.


1966 in Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, as in many other underdeveloped countries, however, this rapid success led to the emergence of new problems, unforeseen in the original planning: inflation of prices, difficulties over foreign exchange, and an unhealthy reliance on large-scale external aid for the easing of current domestic shortages. The indications are that the third five-year plan will aim mainly at consolidating what has already been achieved rather than at any new major advances.


1966 in Afghanistan, January 1966
The break with the past represented by the new democratic constitution inaugurated in 1965 is further underlined by the appointment of a woman, Kubra Noorzai, to the cabinet as Minister of Public Health. Under the new constitution, women can both vote and stand as candidates, and in September 1965, four were returned to the new National Assembly. Even so, Miss Noorzai's elevation to cabinet rank is regarded as a striking illustration of the determination of King Mohammad Zahir Shah and of the government headed by Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal to bring the country into line with modern ideas on the political and social status of women.


1966 in Afghanistan, April 4–8, 1966
Cordiality with the People's Republic of China is cemented by a visit to Kabul by President Liu Shaoqi and Marshal Chen Yi. Afghanistan maintains its traditional policy of friendliness without involvement, its relations with Communist and non-Communist countries being equally cordial. The former friction with Pakistan has also ceased.


1966 in Afghanistan, End of 1966
The first parliament created under the new democratic constitution adjourns for the winter recess. Its relations with the Maiwandwal cabinet were close and cordial, and it gave full support to the government's efforts to achieve national financial stability. Drastic cuts were made in government expenditure and, due to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund, the country is able to face with confidence the completion of the second five-year plan and the beginning in May 1967 of the third five-year plan.


1966 in Argentine football
1966 saw Racing Club win the league title, it would be their last national title for 35 years. Argentina played in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, reaching the quarter-finals.


1966 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Australia.


1966 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1966.


1966 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1966 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1966 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1966 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1966 in Australian soccer
The 1966 season was the 83rd season of competitive association football in Australia.


1966 in Australian soccer, Cup competitions, Australia Cup
The competition began on 8 October 1966. Sixteen clubs had entered the competition with the final two clubs APIA Leichhardt and Sydney Hakoah qualifying for the Final. APIA Leichhardt won the Final match 2–0 with goals by Ricardo Campana and Bill Kerklaan.


1966 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1966.


1966 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1966 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 65th season of competitive football in the country.


1966 in Brazilian football, Taça Brasil
Cruzeiro declared as the Taça Brasil champions by aggregate score of 9-4.


1966 in Brazilian football, Torneio Rio-São Paulo
The final stage of the competition, played in a round-robin format between the four best placed teams in the first stage was not played, as the teams did not want to field reserve players, and the national team was preparing for the World Cup. Thus, the four best placed teams, which are Botafogo, Santos, Vasco da Gama and Corinthians, were declared as Torneio Rio-São Paulo champions.


1966 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1966.


1966 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1966.


1966 in British music
This is a summary of 1966 in music in the United Kingdom.


1966 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1966.


1966 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1966.


1966 in Canadian television
The following is a list of events affecting Canadian television in 1966. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings.


1966 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Cape Verde.


1966 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Chile.


1966 in Croatian television
This is a list of Croatian television related events from 1966.


1966 in Croatian television, Deaths
This Croatian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1966 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1966.


1966 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1966.


1966 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1966 in Estonia.


1966 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1966.


1966 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1966.


1966 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1966 in Iceland.


1966 in India
Events in the year 1966 in the Republic of India.


1966 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1966.


1966 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1966 include:


1966 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1966 include:


1966 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1966 include:


1966 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events from 1966.


1966 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Laos.


1966 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1966 in Malaysia
This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 1966, together with births and deaths of significant Malaysians.


1966 in Michigan
The Detroit Free Press (DFP) and the Associated Press (AP) each selected lists of the top stories of 1966 in Michigan. The AP provided separate lists of the top stories selected in statewide polling of editors and broadcasters (APE) and another selected by the AP staff (APS). Those stories included:


1966 in Michigan
The AP and United Press International (UPI) also selected the state's top 1966 sports stories as follows:


1966 in Michigan, Population
In the 1960 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 7,823,194 persons, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1970, the state's population had grown 13.4% to 8,875,083 persons.


1966 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 60,000 based on 1960 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1950 and 1970 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1966 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1960 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1950 and 1970 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1966 in Michigan, Music
Michigan and/or Motown acts performed 11 of the songs ranked on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1966, as follows:


1966 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in New Zealand.


1966 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 34th Parliament of New Zealand concluded and a general election was held on 26 November. The National Party was returned with a majority of eight seats, having lost one seat to the Social Credit Party who entered parliament for the first time.


1966 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1966 in New Zealand television, 1966 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Category:Television in New Zealand, Category:New Zealand television shows, Public broadcasting in New Zealand


1966 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1966 film awards, 1966 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1966 films


1966 in Nigeria, The First Military Coup In Nigeria
In January 15 1966,Nigeria was jolted awake to the first Military Coup d'état ,all over the top politicians were assassinated by young ambitious officers including the Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa,Sir Ahmadu Bello ,Festus Okotie Eboh and Ladoke Akintola. The coup was masterminded by young majors as a result the coup often referred to as ''Coup of the five majors'' spearheaded by Major Kaduna Nzeogwu .The mutineers overthrew several cities but were overpowered and imprisoned after two days.


1966 in Nigeria, The First Military Coup In Nigeria
A new government was formed and Johnson Aguyi- Ironsi became Head of State but six months later a counter coup took place where he and  his host  Francis Adekunle Fajuyi were assassinated. Yakubu Gowon was his successor.


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
An attack against those from Eastern Region ensued particularly those of Igbo descent as violence was unleashed on them .Chinua Achebe gave an excellent personal account of this happenings in his book "There was a Country'' .


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
He say"It happened that my wife and I had moved recently from Milverton Street to Turnbull Road, after my promotion to director of external broadcasting.


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
Fortunately the soldiers went to our old house in search of me.


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
Some may wonder why the soldiers would be after me so fervently. As I mentioned, it happened that I had just written A Man Of The People, which forecasts a military coup that overthrows a corrupt civilian government.


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
But some military leaders believed that I must have had something to do with the coup and wanted to bring me in for questioning”


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
Victor Badejo, the director general of Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, saw me on the premises, he stopped me, and said, “What are you still doing here?” and then said, “life has no duplicate” and then provided further clarification of the situation. Badejo, confirmed a story I had heard of drunken soldiers who came to my office “wanting to find out which was more powerful, their guns or my pen”


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
I decided the time had come for me to leave and head back to the East.


1966 in Nigeria, Account of Occurrences that Followed
Excerpts: Amanda Kirby OkoyeThe Federal Public Service Commission relieved non Eastern Nigeria  Workers of their duties giving them  an ultimatum to return  to work or forfeit their jobs permanently they were 40 of them in number,  The men fled for because they feared for their safety in places where they working in other parts of the country during the disturbances. This was to be effective October 31 1966.


1966 in Nigeria, Agriculture , Sport and Entertainment in 1966
The Kano pyramids thrived and business boomed. Nigeria had a mostly agrarian economy until the oil boom came. They were found mainly in Northern Nigeria and consisted of thousands of bags of groundnut. The Groundnut Pyramids brought quite a windfall of cash to the farmers and groundnut were exported.


1966 in Nigeria, Agriculture , Sport and Entertainment in 1966
Commonwealth Games November 1966 Nigerian athlete Sam Igun wins  gold in the sophisticated hop setting a new games record and putting Africa on the pedestal  of the world. The  medal had been won in  Kingston Jamaica. 'Joromi', the first Gold Record in Africa  won by  Sir Victor Uwaifo  was  presented to him by Mr. Jan Lewen the Managing director Philips Records West Africa in 1966.


1966 in Norwegian football
The 1966 season was the 61st season of competitive football in Norway.


1966 in Norwegian football, European Cup, Champions Cup, First Round
17 Nentori Tirana (Albania) withdrew and Vålerengen had a walkover.


1966 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1966 in Norwegian music.


1966 in Norwegian television
This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1966.


1966 in Norwegian television, Deaths
This Norwegian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1966 in Portugal, Arts and entertainment
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1966, with Madalena Iglésias and the song "Ele e ela".


1966 in Portugal, Sport
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1965–66 Primeira Divisão and 1966–67 Primeira Divisão; for the Taça de Portugal seasons, see 1965–66 Taça de Portugal and 1966–67 Taça de Portugal.


1966 in Portuguese television
This is a list of Portuguese television related events from 1966.


1966 in Portuguese television, Deaths
This Portuguese television–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1966 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1966.


1966 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Singapore.


1966 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in South Africa.


1966 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Three new Cape gauge locomotive classes enter service on the South African Railways:


1966 in Swedish television
This is a list of Swedish television related events from 1966.


1966 in Taiwan
Events from the year 1966 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 55 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1966 in Thailand
The year 1966 was the 185th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 21st year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2509 in the Buddhist Era.


1966 in Thailand, Events, December
This Thailand-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1966 in Vietnam
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in Vietnam.


1966 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1966 to Wales and its people.


1966 in architecture
The year 1966 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1966 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1966 throughout the world.


1966 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1966  throughout the world.


1966 in baseball, Statistical leaders
1American League Triple Crown Batting winner2Major League Triple Crown Pitching winner


1966 in comics
Notable events of 1966 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1966 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1966.


1966 in film
The year 1966 in film involved some significant events. A Man for All Seasons won six Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


1966 in film, Top-grossing films, North America
The top ten 1966 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1966 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1966 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1966 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1966.


1966 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1966.


1966 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1966 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1966 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1966 in music
List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1966.


1966 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following songs achieved the highest  in the charts of 1966.


1966 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1966.


1966 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1966 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published (and again by the poet's native land, if different); substantially revised works listed separately:


1966 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1966 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1966 in professional wrestling
1966 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1966 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1966.


1966 in science
The year 1966 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1966 in spaceflight
The year 1966 saw the peak and the end of the Gemini program. The program proved that docking in space and human EVA's could be done safely. It saw the first launch of the Saturn IB rocket, an important step in the Apollo program, and the launch of Luna 9, the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a celestial object (the Moon).


1966 in sports
1966 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1966 in television
The year 1966 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events in that year.


1966 in the Central African Republic
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in the Central African Republic.


1966 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1966 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


1966 in the United States
This is a list of notable events that took place in  1966 in the United States.


1966 in the Vietnam War
At the beginning of 1966, the number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 184,314. South Vietnamese military forces totaled 514,000 including the army (ARVN) and the Regional Force and Popular Force (the "Ruff-Puffs") militias. The North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) numbered 400,000, most still in North Vietnam. 50,000 PAVN cadre and soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam during 1965. Group 559, charged with transporting supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply PAVN troops in both South Vietnam and Laos, numbered 24,400 personnel. The U.S. estimated the number of Viet Cong (VC) and PAVN soldiers in South Vietnam at nearly 280,000 by June 1966, including part-time guerrillas. A pause in the bombing of North Vietnam by U.S. warplanes had been announced by President Johnson on 24 December and remained in effect.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Writing in Harper's Magazine retired U.S. general James M. Gavin proposed an enclave strategy where U.S. forces would defend coastal enclaves where most of the population and economic activity was concentrated and act as a strategic reserve, leaving the ARVN to fight the PAVN/VC further inland. This strategy was designed not to achieve victory, but rather to create a stalemate forcing the PAVN/VC to seek a negotiated solution. In later years the "Gavin Plan" would become known as "light at the top, heavy at the bottom" reflecting the population concentration of South Vietnam.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
"The Ballad of the Green Berets" by Staff sergeant Barry Sadler is released. It became the No. 1 hit in the U.S. for the five weeks spanning March 1966.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Marauder was conducted by the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade and the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1 RAR) in the Plain of Reeds, Mekong Delta. The operation resulted in 114 VC and three U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
The PAVN bombarded a Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group camp at Khe Sanh Combat Base near the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) with 120mm mortars, the heaviest weapon they had used in the war. Defending the combat base were American and South Vietnamese Special Forces, Nung and Bru (Montagnard) irregulars and militia forces.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
In his message to the Tricontinental Conference, Che Guevara called for creating "two, three many Vietnams." to fight imperialism in the southern hemisphere.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) became the first African-American civil rights organization to publicly oppose the war.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Commander of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam General William Westmoreland is Time magazine's Man of the year.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Crimp was a joint US-Australian military operation in the Ho Bo Woods, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Cu Chi in Binh Duong Province, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) north-east of Saigon. The operation was conducted by the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and 173rd Airborne Brigade and 1 RAR resulted in 128 VC killed and 92 captured and 14 U.S. and 8 Australians killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
In his State of the Union Address President Lyndon Johnson told Congress and television viewers that the nation could afford both the funding of the cost of social programs and an ongoing war, saying "I believe that we can continue the Great Society while we fight in Vietnam."


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Van Buren was a harvest security operation conducted by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and the South Korean  2nd Marine Brigade in the Tuy Hòa Valley, Phú Yên Province. The operation resulted in 346 PAVN killed and 33 captured, 55 U.S. and 45 Koreans killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
A USAF C-123K lost power and crashed after take-off from An Khe, en route to Bong Son killing all 46 persons on board.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
The U.S. Selective Service System announced that it would change its guidelines for conscription of college students and college-bound high school graduates, by barring "Class 2-S" draft deferments for students whose grades were in the lower half of their freshman class, the lower one-third of their sophomore class or the lower one-fourth of their junior class.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Double Eagle was conducted by U.S. 1st Marine Division and ARVN 2nd Division in Quảng Ngãi Province. The operation resulted in 312 VC killed and 19 captured and 24 Marines killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Masher was a combined U.S., ARVN and Republic of Korea Army operation in Bình Định Province conducted by the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division, ARVN 22nd Division and Korean Capital Division. The name "Operation Masher" was changed to "Operation White Wing", because Masher was deemed too crude for 'nation-building' by the White House. The operation resulted in 2,150 PAVN/VC, 288 U.S. and 10 Koreans killed. Masher failed to result in any decisive victories by the allies, but temporarily disrupted PAVN/VC control of the rural areas of the province. Masher and subsequent operations in Binh Dinh created large numbers of refugees who fled their homes to escape the fighting.


1966 in the Vietnam War, January
After a 37-day moratorium that had started on 24 December 1965, the U.S. resumed Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing of North Vietnam. Among the first targets destroyed were a bridge at Đồng Hới, a highway ferry complex in Thanh Hóa Province and barges near the city of Vinh.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
At Belmore Park in Sydney, three young Australian men became the first persons to burn their draft registration cards as a protest against Australia's participation in the war.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Special Forces Master Sergeant Donald W. Duncan appeared on the cover of Ramparts under the caption "I quit". He was one of the first service members to speak out against the war.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
President Johnson and Premier Nguyễn Cao Kỳ of South Vietnam convened with other officials at Camp H. M. Smith in Honolulu, Hawaii to discuss the course of the war.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Television was broadcast in South Vietnam for the first time, as the United States Navy used "Stratovision" sending a C-121 Constellation to carry transmitting equipment, videotape machines and a small television studio aloft. The C-121 took off from Tan Son Nhut Air Base, climbed to 10,500 feet (3,200 m), then flew in a slow oval pattern at 170 miles per hour (270 km/h) and, at 19:30, transmitted the first THVN programs to outdoor television sets that had been tuned to Channel 9.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
The USAF begins Operation Shed Light to develop night and adverse weather strike capabilities to interdict PAVN/VC operations.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
A USAF Firebee 147E unmanned aircraft with electronic intelligence monitors was sent on a one-way mission to be shot down by the SA-2 antiaircraft radar and missile defense system being used by North Vietnam. The drone was picked up by the radar and destroyed, but not before "finally acquiring the long-mysterious command uplink and downlink signals" that were used in the SA-2 operation and relaying the data back to a nearby DC-130 aircraft; acquisition of the signal led to developing methods to jam it as well.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
In the First Battle of Nakhang the PAVN attacked the Royal Lao Army (RLA) garrison at Lima Site 36 in Na Khang. The attack was successful but U.S. air support inflicted heavy losses on the PAVN.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
The "Three-point Proposal" for ending the war was presented at the United Nations headquarters in New York by a spokesman for Secretary-General U Thant, calling for cessation of bombing of North Vietnam by the United States, a scaling down of military activities and an agreement by all sides to enter into discussions with representatives of the VC.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
The consulate of the People's Republic of China in Phong Saly, Laos, was heavily strafed by gunfire and the Beijing government charged that four American fighter jets had attacked "with more than 600 bullets", as well as dropping eight bombs to the east of the city, 20 miles (32 km) from the border with China.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Second Lieutenant Carol Ann Drazba and Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Ann Jones were among seven killed in a helicopter crash northeast of Tan Son Nhut Air Base. They were the first of eight women in the U.S. military killed in Vietnam.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy became the first member of the Senate to break with President Johnson in proposing that the VC be allowed "a share of power and responsibility" in peace talks with the United States.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Operation Mastiff was conducted by the U.S. 1st Infantry Division in Dầu Tiếng District against the PAVN 9th Division. The operation resulted in 61 PAVN and 17 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
The Battle of Suoi Bong Trang was fought on the night of 23–24 February 1966 between the U.S. 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division and Australian 1 RAR and PAVN/VC. The battle occurred during Operation Rolling Stone, a major American security operation to protect engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Binh, in central Binh Duong Province, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Bien Hoa Air Base. The battle resulted 154 PAVN/VC killed and 15 captured and 11 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Operation New York was a sweep operation conducted by the U.S. 3rd Marine Division northwest and east of Phu Bai Combat Base. The operation resulted in 120 VC killed and seven captured and 17 Maines killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
The 1st Marine Division deploys to South Vietnam, establishing its headquarters at Chu Lai Base Area.


1966 in the Vietnam War, February
Operation Harrison was conducted by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division in Phú Yên Province. The operation resulted in 288 PAVN killed and 35 captured and 43 U.S. killed and two missing.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Cocoa Beach was conducted by the U.S. 3rd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division along Highway 13 near Lai Khê. The operation resulted in 199 VC and 15 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Utah was conducted by the 1st Marine Division and three battalions of the ARVN Airborne Division northwest of Quảng Ngai. The operation resulted in 600 PAVN killed and five captured and 98 Marines and 30 ARVN killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
HMM-164 arrived in South Vietnam making the first combat deployment of the CH-46A Sea Knight.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Silver City was conducted by the 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division and the 173rd Airborne Brigade in Biên Hòa Province. The operation resulted in 353 PAVN/VC and 11 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
The Battle of A Shau was waged between the PAVN and U.S. and ARVN. The battle began on March 9 and lasted until March 10 with the fall of the special forces camp of the same name. The battle resulted in an estimated 800 PAVN killed, five U.S. missing and 196-288 ARVN killed or missing.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
South Vietnamese Premier Kỳ relieved General Nguyen Chanh Thi as ARVN commander in I Corps in the northern city of Huế. Thi was accused of "siding with the Buddhists" in their long-standing dispute with the South Vietnamese government. Thi was relieved after several days of demonstrations by Buddhists led by Thich Tri Quang and Thich Tam Chau. The Buddhists protested against economic conditions, corruption, and American influence and demanded that President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Kỳ resign. The Buddhist Uprising was called the Struggle Movement. U.S. Ambassador in Saigon, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. did not object to Thi's dismissal.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
I Field Force, Vietnam was activated with its headquarters at Nha Trang. II Field Force, Vietnam was activated with its headquarters at Long Binh Post


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Oregon was conducted by the 1st Marine Division on the Street Without Joy approximately 36 km northwest of Huế. The operation resulted in 48 VC killed and eight captured and 11 Marines killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Texas was a 1st Marine Division and ARVN 2nd Division and Airborne Division operation northwest of Quảng Ngai. The operation resulted in 283 PAVN/VC and 99 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Kings was a 1st Marine Division operation 25km southwest of Da Nang. The operation resulted in 58 VC and six U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Lincoln was a 1st Cavalry Division west of Pleiku to locate suspected PAVN/VC bases and disrupt any planned offensives during the monsoon season. The operation resulted 477 PAVN and 43 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Protesters in dozens of American cities demonstrated against the war. In New York 20,000 marched down New York City's Fifth Avenue after a rally in Central Park, while a crowd of 2,000 paraded down State Street in Chicago. Marches also took place in Boston, Washington, San Francisco, Denver, Atlanta, Oklahoma City and Hartford.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Jackstay was a 1st Battalion, 5th Marines and Republic of Vietnam Marine Division operation in the Rung Sat Special Zone. The operation resulted in 63 VC and five U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Fillmore was conducted by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division in Phú Yên Province. The operation resulted in 134 PAVN and eight U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Indiana was a 7th Marine Regiment and ARVN operation near Vinh Loc (2) northwest of Quảng Ngai. The operation resulted in 169 VC and 11 Marines killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
Following several weeks of Buddhist anti-government and anti-American demonstrations in the northern cities of Huế and Da Nang, U.S. Ambassador Lodge and COMUSMACV General Westmoreland advised the South Vietnamese government to take strong action to end the Buddhist Uprising.


1966 in the Vietnam War, March
The U.S. Navy relieves Marcus Aurelius Arnheiter of command of USS Vance, his relief begins the so-called "Arnheiter Affair" including a book by Neil Sheehan which Arnheiter attempted to have suppressed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
General Pham Xuan Chieu, a member of South Vietnam's 10-man military junta who was appearing as an emissary of Prime Minister Kỳ to seek popular support in Da Nang, was surrounded by a mob of 1,000 students and Buddhist activists as he arrived at city government offices. The group then held him captive, transported him around the city in a cycle rickshaw, forced him to make a speech at the local radio station and then released him unharmed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The VC bombed the Victoria Bachelor Officer's Quarters in Chợ Lớn killing three U.S. serviceman.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Ten thousand protesters (including 2,000 South Vietnamese soldiers and sailors in uniform) marched through the streets of Da Nang and denounced both the United States and the South Vietnamese government of Prime Minister Kỳ. Da Nang Mayor Nguyen Van Man, who had allowed protesters free use of city offices, motor vehicles and printing facilities, was accused of treason by Kỳ, who said that he planned to have Man executed by a firing squad.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Premier Kỳ sent five battalions of ARVN Rangers and South Vietnamese marines to Da Nang to quell the Buddhist uprising. The U.S. transported the soldiers and marines. General Westmoreland ordered that all American soldiers in Da Nang be confined to their billets.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Prime Minister Kỳ personally attempted to lead the capture of the restive city of Da Nang before backing down.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
A platoon of U.S. Marines blocked the passage of a convoy of pro-Buddhist ARVN soldiers en route to take over Da Nang Air Base. The armed confrontation was resolved after negotiations between the two sides. Over the next few days the tense situation in Da Nang and Huế quieted down, although control of the two cities was still contested between the government and the Buddhists.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The conservative newsweekly U. S. News and World Report became the first American news magazine to characterize the Vietnam War as a "stalemate" with neither side likely to defeat the other.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The Battle of Xa Cam My was fought over two days. Originally planned as a U.S. search and destroy mission intended to lure out the "crack" VC D800 Battalion in the rubber plantations of Xa Cam My, approximately 42 miles (68 km) east of Saigon. During this battle, 134 men of Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division were ambushed by the VC. The battle resulted in 41 VC and 36 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
For the first time, North Vietnam was bombed by American B-52 Stratofortress bombers when 29 B-52s dropped 585 tons of bombs on the Mụ Giạ Pass through the Annamese Mountain Range, in an attempt to break the supply line that was nicknamed the "Ho Chi Minh trail". Although the objective was to create landslides that would close off the pass completely, a reconnaissance mission the next day found that the North Vietnamese had cleared the area, filled the craters in the road, and were driving their trucks through the pass once more. After a second wave of intensive bombings and an equally intensive clearing of the pass, a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) appraisal would later note that the "Communists will spare no effort to keep it open".


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
General Thiệu signed a decree promising that free national elections for a civilian government would take place by 15 September.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
A VC mortar attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base destroyed 2 RVNAF aircraft and killed seven USAF and two RVNAF personnel.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Lieutenant General Tôn Thất Đính arrived in Huế and took over as commander of I Corps after General Chuan asked for the marines to be withdrawn from Da Nang, prompting the ten-man junta to unanimously removed him; Chuan also voted for his own ouster. Kỳ felt that Đính's aggressive attitude following the Xá Lợi Pagoda raids staged under the Diệm regime in 1963 indicated a willingness to suppress Buddhist dissidents.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
A U.S. military spokesman reported that there had already been 1,361 U.S. servicemen killed in the war as of 9 April, more than the 1,342 that had died during the entire year of 1965. By April, according to the press release, the combat death rate for U.S. Army, Marine, Navy and Air Force personnel was now averaging 100 people per week.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The VC R-20 Doc Lap Battalion attacked the Company H, 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines position at Phong Thu southeast of Hill 55. The Marines repelled the attack with artillery and air support. 12 VC dead were found in the morning, but a further 63 were estimated to have been killed, Marines losses were seven killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The first successful launch of an AGM-45 Shrike anti-radiation missile against an SA-2's Fan Song radar was conducted by an F-100F Wild Weasel.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Clashes erupted in Quảng Ngãi between the Buddhists and the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ, Vietnamese Nationalist Party), who supported the continuation of the anti-communist war, prompting Đính to forcibly restrain the two groups.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Operation Georgia was a 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines security operation around the An Hoa Industrial Complex in western Quảng Nam Province. The operation resulted in 103 VC and nine Marines killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) sent its first MiG-21 to intercept two B-66 Destroyers being escorted to their mission by a flight of F-4 Phantoms. Neither side scored a kill in the engagement.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
Operation Birmingham was a military operation in War Zone C, north of Saigon. The U.S. 1st Infantry Division and the ARVN 5th Division conducted operations on the eastern flank of War Zone C. The goals were opening Route 13 from Saigon to the north and engaging the VC 9th Division. The VC lost 100 killed, but managed to withdraw beyond the Cambodian border, U.S. losses were 45 killed and wounded.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
In Operation County Fair 11 two companies of the ARVN 3rd Battalion, 51st Regiment surprised a VC unit in Thanh Quit (3) south of Da Nang, killing 45 VC and capturing 17 for the loss of one dead.


1966 in the Vietnam War, April
The total number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam reached 250,000, as 4,000 members of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division came ashore at Vũng Tàu.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
For the first time in the war, the U.S. attacked Cambodia, after a U.S. patrol came under mortar fire in Tây Ninh Province along South Vietnam's border with the neutral nation. When it was determined that the shelling was coming from the other side of the Cai Bac River that separated the two nations, the 2nd Infantry Regiment invoked the right of self-defense within the rules of engagement and fired shells across the river into a VC position on the other side.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Davy Crockett was conducted by the 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division near Bong Son. The operation resulted in 345 PAVN and 28 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Austin IV was a search and destroy operation conducted by the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and the 173rd Airborne Brigade in western Quang Duc and Phước Long Provinces. The operation resulted in 101 PAVN killed and six captured. U.S. losses were nine killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
United Press International photographer Kyōichi Sawada wins the Pulitzer Prize for Photography for his photo "Flight to safety".


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
A U.S. Army CH-47A Chinook helicopter crashed near Di Linh, Lâm Đồng Province killing all 20 onboard.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Premier Kỳ told General Westmoreland that the Buddhist Struggle Movement virtually controlled the three northern provinces of South Vietnam and that the Buddhist leaders were suspected of being in contact with the VC.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Kỳ backtracked on the April promise to hold free elections for a civilian government by September, announcing instead that the late September voting would be limited to an assembly that would draft a new constitution. Upon completion of that document, an election for a national legislature would be scheduled, and that legislature would then appoint a civilian government. Until then, Kỳ told reporters in Cần Thơ, the military regime would stay in power "for at least another year".


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Paul Revere was a 3rd Brigade, 25th Infantry Division sweep operation that took place west of Pleiku. The operation resulted in 546 PAVN killed and 68 captured and 66 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Radio Peking claimed that five American fighter planes had crossed from North Vietnam and into Chinese airspace, and that the fighters used guided missiles to shoot down a People's Liberation Army Air Force plane over Maguan in Yunnan province, and a spokesman called it an "act of war provocation". Hours later, the United States denied the story, but said that one of its F-4C Phantoms had downed a MiG-17 in North Vietnam, about 25 miles (40 km) from the border.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Across the U.S., more than 400,000 college students took the draft deferment examination, given at 1,200 colleges and universities, in order to be exempted from being drafted into the United States military during the war, while anti-war demonstrations took place outside many of the testing centers.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Students were allowed three hours to answer 150 questions in order to see whether they could retain their 2-S draft classification; out of 1.8 million students who were 2-S, one million had registered for the test, which would be repeated on 21 May, 3 June and 24 June and the test score and class rank would be evaluated by local draft boards.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Former Commandant of the Marine Corps David M. Shoup gave a speech criticizing U.S. intervention overseas. He would become arguably the most vocal former military member to oppose the war.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
On Premier Kỳ's orders, without notifying President Thiệu or the U.S., a pro-government military force arrived in Da Nang to take control of the city from the Buddhist Struggle movement protesting against the government and American influence. Over 1,000 ARVN troops were airlifted from Saigon and recaptured most of the city after a day-long battle.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
In the Second Battle of Nakhang RLA forces recaptured Na Khang from the PAVN/Pathet Lao.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Wahiawa was an operation conducted by the U.S. 25th Infantry Division in Hậu Nghĩa Province. The operation resulted in 157 VC killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Crazy Horse was a search and destroy mission conducted by the 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division, ARVN and ROK forces. The operation resulted in 478 VC killed, 79 U.S. killed and one missing, 8 ARVN and 14 Koreans killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation Hardihood was a security operation conducted by the U.S. 503rd Infantry Regiment, 1 RAR and the 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (5 RAR) in Phước Tuy Province to secure the area around Nui Dat for the establishment of a base area for the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF). The operation resulted in 48 VC, 23 U.S. and five Australians killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
An American gunner on a helicopter fired on a menacing crowd at the airport in Huế and killed an ARVN officer. The Buddhist Struggle movement blamed the incident on the American.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
In an interview with Japanese television, U.S. Navy Commander Jeremiah Denton used Morse code to blink the word torture, alerting the U.S. military to the mistreatment of prisoners of war in North Vietnam. Denton was captured on 18 July 1965 when his A-6A Intruder was shot down near the Thanh Hóa Bridge and he was held as a prisoner of war until 12 February 1973.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
1st Logistical Command assumed responsibility for logistics support in II, III and IV Corps from the Navy's Headquarters Support Activity, Saigon (HSAS). HSAS was inactivated that day and replaced by Naval Support Activity Saigon.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
U.S. Marines faced off against pro-Buddhist ARVN soldiers at a bridge near Da Nang. A few shots were exchanged and the ARVN soldiers attempted to blow up the bridge. General Lewis William Walt, the commander of the U.S. Marines in South Vietnam, was present and directed the Marines to secure the bridge.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
The PAVN attacked the ARVN 1st Division Firebase Gio Linh killing 43 and wounding 54.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Operation El Paso was conducted by the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and ARVN 5th Division in Bình Long Province. The operation resulted in 825 VC killed with a further 1,249 estimated killed and 125 U.S. killed.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
The government of South Vietnam regained full control of Da Nang from the pro-Buddhist Struggle Movement. In the fighting, approximately 150 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed. 23 Americans were wounded.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
Errol Wayne Noack, a 21 year old Australian Army Private in 5 RAR, became the first Australian National Service draftee to be killed in the war, only ten days after he had arrived, and would become a symbol for the Australian anti-war movement. Private Noack was the victim of friendly fire, shot by members of another platoon of 5 RAR during Operation Hardihood after being mistaken for an enemy combatant.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
The Cultural Revolution begins in China starting a period of prolonged political instability within one of North Vietnam's major allies.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
A large pro-Buddhist crowd attended the funeral of the rebel ARVN lieutenant who was killed by a US soldier after shooting at General Cao's departing helicopter. Afterward, the protestors rioted and burned down the US Information Service Library in Huế. Over the next week, three Buddhist clergy self-immolated in protest at US policies. The Buddhist activist leader Thích Trí Quang, went on a hunger strike, denouncing American support for the Kỳ-Thiệu junta, which he viewed as inappropriate interference in domestic affairs.


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
In the annual U.S. presidential proclamation of the last Monday in May as Memorial Day, President Johnson pledged that the United States would not pull out of the war until victory had been achieved. "This nation has never left the field of battle in abject surrender of a cause for which it has fought", Johnson wrote. "We shall not do so now. We shall see this through."


1966 in the Vietnam War, May
MACV announced that the number of American casualties in Vietnam in the week of May 15–21 marked the highest up to that time in the war, with 146 Americans killed and 820 wounded. The 966 casualties was 36% higher than the previous record of 710 in the week of November 14–20, 1965, when 86 were killed and 565 wounded.