1968 Northern 300, Race report
Three hundred laps were done on a paved oval track spanning 1.000 mile (1.609 km). The total time of the race was three hours and twenty-two minutes; LeeRoy Yarbrough defeated David Pearson by more than one lap in front of 16800 people. Speeds for the race were: 89.079 miles per hour (143.359 km/h) as the average and 103.717 miles per hour (166.916 km/h) as the pole position speed. Five cautions were waved for twenty-eight laps. Retired Canadian driver Frog Fagan participated in this race. Total winnings for this race were $17,725 USD ($130,317 when considering inflation).


1968 Northern 300, Race report
Bobby Allison was driving a 1966 Chevrolet Chevelle to this event. While he flourished early on as an independent race car driver, he quickly floundered after being able to compete against NASCAR racing legends like LeeRoy Yarbrough and David Pearson on a consistent basis.


1968 Northern 300, Race report
Gene Black, Blaine Kauffman, and David Mote would end their top-level professional stock car careers at this event. Notable crew chiefs on attendance for this race include Junior Johnson, Harry Hyde, Dale Inman and Jake Elder.


1968 Northern 300, Race report
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Northern 300, Finishing order
† signifies that the driver is known to be deceased * Driver failed to finish race


1968 Northern Illinois Huskies football team
The 1968 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 1968 NCAA College Division football season.


1968 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1968 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1968 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fifth year under head coach Alex Agase, the Wildcats compiled a 1–9 record (1–6 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a tie for eighth place in the Big Ten Conference.


1968 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Dave Shelbourne with 1,358 passing yards, Bob Olson with 342 rushing yards, and Bruce Hubbard with 551 receiving yards.


1968 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1968 Norwegian Football Cup was the 63rd season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The Final was held on 27 October 1968, between Lyn and Mjøndalen. Lyn won. Having won the league, Lyn qualified for the 1969-70 European Cup, with Mjøndalen qualifying for the 1969-70 European Cup Winners' Cup as runners-up.


1968 Norwegian Football Cup, The Final
The Final was held at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo and was attended by 21,101 spectators.


1968 Norwegian Football Cup, The Final
Lyn won the Norwegian Cup after beating Mjøndalen IF 3–0. The goal scorers for Lyn were Ola Dybwad-Olsen, who scored in the 39th minute, Jan Berg, who scored in the 81st minute, and Harald Berg, who scored in the 89th minute.


1968 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1968 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. They were led by fifth-year head coach Ara Parseghian and competed as an independent. The Irish finished with a final record of 7–2–1. In their final game of the season, they played No. 2 USC to a 21–21 tie.


1968 Oakland Athletics season
The 1968 Oakland A’s season was the franchise's 68th season and its first in Oakland, California. The team finished sixth in the American League with a record of 82 wins and 80 losses, placing them 21 games behind the eventual World Series champion Detroit Tigers. The Athletics' paid attendance for the season was 837,466.


1968 Oakland Athletics season
The 1968 season represented a tremendous breakthrough for the Athletics organization. The campaign resulted in their first winning record since 1952, when they were still located in Philadelphia. Moreover, the Athletics' 82 wins marked a 20-win increase over the prior year's 62–99 mark. The team's young core of Jim "Catfish" Hunter, Joe Rudi, Bert Campaneris, Reggie Jackson, Sal Bando, Gene Tenace, and Rick Monday began to gel; all of these young players (with the exception of Monday, who would be traded in 1971 for pitcher Ken Holtzman) would power the Athletics' forthcoming 1970's dynasty.


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Offseason, Front office
Finley had persuaded Joe DiMaggio to take a position as Executive Vice President and consultant. DiMaggio needed two more years of baseball service to qualify for the league's maximum pension allowance. In addition, Finley signed Phil Seghi to run the A's farm system (of note, Seghi signed Pete Rose to his first major league contract).


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Regular season, Opening day
The first game in Oakland A's history took place on the road, on April 10, 1968, against the Baltimore Orioles at Memorial Stadium. The Orioles defeated the Athletics, 3–1, behind starting pitcher Tom Phoebus and the efforts of three relievers. Jim "Catfish" Hunter started for Oakland and took the loss, with Reggie Jackson hitting the first home run in Oakland's MLB history to account for the A's only run, the blow coming in the eighth inning. Seven days later, the Athletics made their home debut, also against the Orioles, and were again defeated, this time by a 4–1 score with Dave McNally besting Lew Krausse before 50,164 at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Regular season, Hunter's perfect game
On May 8 against the Minnesota Twins, Hunter pitched the first regular season perfect game in the American League since 1922, but the paid attendance in Oakland was only 6,298 on a Wednesday night. The game was scoreless until the bottom of the seventh when Hunter squeezed the first run in. In the eighth, he drove in two more with a bases-loaded single, and ended with three hits and three RBI. Hunter was inducted in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987 and was the first to have his number retired by the franchise, in 1991.


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Oakland Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Oakland Raiders season
The 1968 Oakland Raiders season was the team's ninth season in both Oakland and the American Football League. It saw the team try to improve upon its 13–1 record from 1967. They ultimately finished one game short of matching that year's result; their 12–2 finish still ensured that they would lead the league in wins for a second consecutive year. They were led by third-year head coach John Rauch. They tied with Kansas City for the division title, which was settled by an unscheduled tiebreaker playoff, won 41–6 by the Raiders in Oakland.


1968 Oakland Raiders season
The season featured a growing rivalry between the Raiders and the New York Jets, led by fourth-year superstar quarterback Joe Namath. The teams met twice in 1968: the first was on November 17 in Oakland, which saw the Raiders complete a stunning fourth-quarter comeback over the Jets, scoring two touchdowns in nine seconds. Known today as the Heidi Game, it remains one of the most famous in AFL/NFL history. They paired up six weeks later in the AFL Championship Game in New York, where Namath's Jets emerged victorious in a 27–23 upset on December 29. Two weeks later, the Jets upset the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III.


1968 Oakland Raiders season
The 1968 season is also notable for a few changes to the team including the additions of George Atkinson, Art Shell, and Ken Stabler. All three won a championship with the Raiders eight years later in Super Bowl XI. Additionally, Shell in 1989, and Stabler in 2016, were both inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


1968 Oakland Raiders season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Oakland Raiders season, Staff
Ast : John Polonchek (RB), Ollie Spencer (OL), Tom Dahms (DL), John Madden (LB), Charlie Sumner (DB), Marv Marinovich (Str)


1968 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1968 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their eleventh season under head coach Bill Hess, the Bobcats won the Mid-American Conference (MAC) championship, compiled a 10–1 record (6–0 against MAC opponents), and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 418 to 228. The team was undefeated in the regular season but lost to Richmond in the 1968 Tangerine Bowl.


1968 Ohio Bobcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Cleve Bryant with 1,524 passing yards and 734 rushing yards, Dave LeVeck with 850 rushing yards, and Todd Snyder with 777 receiving yards.


1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team is an American football team that represented the Ohio State University in the 1968 Big Ten Conference football season. It is considered one of the strongest in OSU history, fielding 11 All-Americans and six first-round NFL draft picks. With quarterback Rex Kern and running back Jim Otis leading a powerful OSU offense and Jack Tatum on defense, Woody Hayes' Buckeyes capped an undefeated season with a dominating 50–14 victory over archrival Michigan and a come-from-behind 27–16 victory over Southern California in the 1969 Rose Bowl to secure the national title.


1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
This was also the first year the Buckeye players were awarded Buckeye pride stickers for their helmets, each one a reward for a good play. This would be Ohio State's last outright national championship until 2002. Perhaps the biggest highlight of the year for the Buckeyes was their upset of #1 Purdue in their third game.


1968 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1968 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium and competed as members of the Big Eight Conference. They were coached by head coach Chuck Fairbanks.


1968 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL/AFL draft
Eddie Hinton was drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team
The 1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team represented the Oklahoma State University in the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball season. The team was coached by Chet Bryan in his 4th year at Oklahoma State.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys baseball team
The Cowboys won the District V playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Southern Illinois Salukis.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The 1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma State University–Stillwater in the Big Eight Conference during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth and final season under head coach Phil Cutchin, the Cowboys compiled a 3–7 record (2–5 against conference opponents), tied for sixth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 288 to 161.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
On offense, the 1968 team averaged 16.1 points scored, 136.3 rushing yards, and 172.8 passing yards per game. On defense, the team allowed an average of 28.8 points scored, 256.0 rushing yards, and 162.5 passing yards per game. The team's statistical leaders included Duane Porter with 307 rushing yards, Ronnie Johnson with 1,438 passing yards, Terry Brown with 688 receiving yards, and Wayne Hallmark with 18 points scored.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
Offensive lineman Jon Kolb was selected by the Associated Press, United Press International, and Central Press Association as a first-team All-American. Kolb and middle guard John Little were selected as first-team All-Big Eight Conference players.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The team played its home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma.


1968 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, After the season
The 1969 NFL/AFL Draft was held on January 28–29, 1969. The following Cowboys were selected.


1968 Oldham West by-election
The by-election for the British House of Commons seat of Oldham West took place on 13 June 1968, at a time when the Labour government of Harold Wilson was deeply unpopular. The election was caused by the resignation of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Charles Leslie Hale for reasons of ill health. Hale had been an MP in the town since the 1945 general election.


1968 Oldham West by-election
This election took place in a two-year period during which Labour lost ten seats in by-elections, never with a swing of less than ten percent against them. Oldham West was convincingly gained for the Conservatives with a 17.7% swing by Bruce Campbell with a majority of 3,311 over the Labour candidate Michael Meacher. Meacher, a future minister both under Wilson and in the Blair government, would go on to recover the seat from Campbell in the 1970 general election: 1968-1970 was the only time in the post-World War II era that this division of Oldham was not represented by Labour. The Liberal Party, contesting the seat for the first time since 1951, finished in fourth place, while a creditable third place was gained by the former Liberal and celebrated novelist John Creasey.


1968 Oldham West by-election
Creasey two years previously had formed his own party of national unity, the short-lived All Party Alliance. He was joined on the campaign trail by the well-known actor Robert Beatty, and made effective use of local newspapers to promote his campaign. This was the third in a series of by-elections which he fought, and though his best result to date, it was to be his last. He stated after the election that he intended to stand in the constituency again in the next general election; however in 1970 he announced that he would not be doing so.


1968 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1968 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Rebels were led by 22nd-year head coach Johnny Vaught and played their home games at Hemingway Stadium in Oxford, Mississippi and Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson. The team competed as members of the Southeastern Conference, finishing tied for sixth. After finishing the regular season with a record of 6–3–1, they were invited to the 1968 Liberty Bowl, where they defeated VPI (Virginia Tech).


1968 Olympics Black Power salute
During their medal ceremony in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City on October 16, 1968, two African-American athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos, each raised a black-gloved fist during the playing of the US national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". While on the podium, Smith and Carlos, who had won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200-meter running event of the 1968 Summer Olympics, turned to face the US flag and then kept their hands raised until the anthem had finished. In addition, Smith, Carlos, and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human-rights badges on their jackets.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute
In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, published nearly 30 years later, Smith revised his statement that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute per se, but rather a "human rights" salute. The demonstration is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympics.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, The protest
On the morning of October 16, 1968, US athlete Tommie Smith won the 200 meter race with a world-record time of 19.83 seconds. Australia's Peter Norman finished second with a time of 20.06 seconds, and the US's John Carlos finished in third place with a time of 20.10 seconds. After the race was completed, the three went to the podium for their medals to be presented by David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter. The two US athletes received their medals shoeless, but wearing black socks, to represent black poverty.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, The protest
Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent black pride, Carlos had his tracksuit top unzipped to show solidarity with all blue-collar workers in the US and wore a necklace of beads which he described "were for those individuals that were lynched, or killed and that no-one said a prayer for, that were hung and tarred. It was for those thrown off the side of the boats in the Middle Passage." All three athletes wore Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) badges after Norman, a critic of Australia's former White Australia Policy, expressed empathy with their ideals. Sociologist Harry Edwards, the founder of the OPHR, had urged black athletes to boycott the games; reportedly, the actions of Smith and Carlos on October 16, 1968 were inspired by Edwards' arguments.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, The protest
The famous picture of the event was taken by photographer John Dominis.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, The protest
Both US athletes intended to bring black gloves to the event, but Carlos forgot his, leaving them in the Olympic Village. It was Peter Norman who suggested Carlos wear Smith's left-handed glove. For this reason, Carlos raised his left hand as opposed to his right, differing from the traditional Black Power salute. When The Star-Spangled Banner played, Smith and Carlos delivered the salute with heads bowed, a gesture which became front-page news around the world. As they left the podium they were booed by the crowd. Smith later said, "If I win, I am American, not a black American. But if I did something bad, then they would say I am a Negro. We are black and we are proud of being black. Black America will understand what we did tonight."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, The protest
Tommie Smith stated in later years that "We were concerned about the lack of black assistant coaches. About how Muhammad Ali got stripped of his title. About the lack of access to good housing and our kids not being able to attend the top colleges."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, International Olympic Committee response
International Olympic Committee (IOC) president Avery Brundage, himself an American, deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be. In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village. When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team. This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games. However, contrary to a common misconception, the IOC did not force Smith and Carlos to return their medals.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, International Olympic Committee response
A spokesman for the IOC said Smith and Carlos's actions were "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit." Brundage, who was president of the United States Olympic Committee in 1936, had made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics. He argued that the Nazi salute, being a national salute at the time, was acceptable in a competition of nations, while the athletes' salute was not of a nation and therefore unacceptable.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, International Olympic Committee response
Brundage had been accused of being one of the United States' most prominent Nazi sympathisers even after the outbreak of the Second World War, and his removal as president of the IOC had been one of the three stated objectives of the Olympic Project for Human Rights.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, International Olympic Committee response
In 2013, the official IOC website stated that "Over and above winning medals, the black American athletes made names for themselves by an act of racial protest."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Smith and Carlos were largely ostracized by the US sporting establishment and they were subject to criticism. Time magazine on October 25, 1968, wrote: "'Faster, Higher, Stronger' is the motto of the Olympic Games. ' Angrier, nastier, uglier' better describes the scene in Mexico City last week." Back home, both Smith and Carlos were subject to abuse and they and their families received death threats. Brent Musburger, a writer for the Chicago American before rising to prominence at CBS Sports and ESPN, described Smith and Carlos as "a couple of black-skinned storm troopers" who were "ignoble," "juvenile," and "unimaginative."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Smith continued in athletics, playing in the NFL with the Cincinnati Bengals before becoming an assistant professor of physical education at Oberlin College. In 1995, he helped coach the US team at the World Indoor Championships at Barcelona. In 1999 he was awarded the California Black Sportsman of the Millennium Award. He is now a public speaker.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Carlos' career followed a similar path. He tied the 100 yard dash world record the following year. Carlos also tried professional football, was a 15th round selection in the 1970 NFL Draft, but a knee injury curtailed his tryout with the Philadelphia Eagles. He then went on to the Canadian Football League where he played one season for the Montreal Alouettes. He fell upon hard times in the late 1970s. In 1977, his ex-wife committed suicide, leading him to a period of depression. In 1982, Carlos worked with the Organizing Committee for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 1985, he became a track and field coach at Palm Springs High School. As of 2012, Carlos works as a counselor at the school.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Smith and Carlos received an Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 2008 ESPY Awards honoring their action.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Silver-medalist Norman, who was sympathetic to his competitors' protest, was reprimanded by his country's Olympic authorities, and was criticized and ostracized by conservatives in the Australian media. He was not sent to the 1972 games, despite several times making the qualifying time, though opinions differ over whether that was due to the 1968 protest. When Sydney hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics, he was not invited to take part in the celebrations in Sydney, although he played a part in announcing Australian Olympic Teams in his role as a sports administrator in Melbourne. The United States invited him to Sydney to take part in Olympic celebrations when they heard that his own country had failed to do so.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
In 2012, the Australian House of Representatives formally passed an apology to Norman, with MP Andrew Leigh telling Parliament that Norman's gesture "was a moment of heroism and humility that advanced international awareness of racial inequality." In 2018, the Australian Olympic Committee awarded Norman posthumously the AOC Order of Merit for his involvement of the protest, with AOC President John Coates stating "we've been negligent in not recognising the role he played back then."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Aftermath
Wayne Collett and Vincent Matthews were banned from the Olympics after they staged a similar protest at the 1972 games in Munich.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Documentary films
The 2008 Sydney Film Festival featured a documentary about the protest entitled Salute. The film was written, directed and produced by Matt Norman, a nephew of Peter Norman.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Documentary films
On July 9, 2008, BBC Four broadcast a documentary, Black Power Salute, by Geoff Small, about the protest. In an article, Small noted that the athletes of the British team attending the 2008 Olympics in Beijing had been asked to sign gagging clauses which would have restricted their right to make political statements but that they had refused.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes
In a 2011 speech to the University of Guelph, Akaash Maharaj, a member of the Canadian Olympic Committee and head of Canada's Olympic equestrian team, said, "In that moment, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman, and John Carlos became the living embodiments of Olympic idealism. Ever since, they have been inspirations to generations of athletes like myself, who can only aspire to their example of putting principle before personal interest. It was their misfortune to be far greater human beings than the leaders of the IOC of the day."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes
Since 2016, the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC also features a statue to honor the athletes' tribute.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, San Jose
In 2005, San Jose State University honored former students Smith and Carlos with a 22-foot high statue of their protest titled Victory Salute, created by artist Rigo 23. A student, Erik Grotz, initiated the project; "One of my professors was talking about unsung heroes and he mentioned Tommie Smith and John Carlos. He said these men had done a courageous thing to advance civil rights, and, yet, they had never been honored by their own school." The statues are located in a central part of the campus at , next to Robert D. Clark Hall and Tower Hall.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, San Jose
Those who come to view the statue are allowed to participate by standing on the monument. Peter Norman is not included in the monument so viewers can be in his place; there is a plaque in the empty spot inviting those to "Take a Stand." Norman requested that his space was left empty so visitors could stand in his place and feel what he felt. The bronze figures are shoeless but there are two shoes included at the base of the monument. The right shoe, a bronze, blue Puma, is next to Carlos; while the left shoe is placed behind Smith. The signature of the artist is on the back of Smith's shoe, and the year 2005 is on Carlos's shoe.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, San Jose
The faces of the statues are realistic and emotional. "The statue is made of fiberglass stretched over steel supports with an exoskeleton of ceramic tiles." Rigo 23 used 3D scanning technology and computer-assisted virtual imaging to take full-body scans of the men. Their track pants and jackets are a mosaic of dark blue ceramic tiles while the stripes of the track suits are detailed in red and white.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, San Jose
In January 2007, History San Jose opened a new exhibit called Speed City: From Civil Rights to Black Power, covering the San Jose State athletic program "from which many student athletes became globally recognized figures as the Civil Rights and Black Power movements reshaped American society."


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, Sydney mural
In Australia, an airbrush mural of the trio on the podium was painted in 2000 in the inner-city suburb of Newtown in Sydney. Silvio Offria, who allowed the mural to be painted on his house in Leamington Lane by an artist known only as "Donald," said that Norman, a short time before he died in 2006, came to see the mural. "He came and had his photo taken; he was very happy," he said. The monochrome tribute, captioned "THREE PROUD PEOPLE MEXICO 68," was under threat of demolition in 2010 to make way for a rail tunnel but is now listed as an item of heritage significance.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, West Oakland mural
In the historically African-American neighborhood of West Oakland, California there was a large mural depicting Smith and Carlos on the corner of 12th Street and Mandela Parkway.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, West Oakland mural
Above the life-sized depictions read "Born with insight, raised with a fist" (Rage Against the Machine lyrics); previously it read "It only takes a pair of gloves." In early February 2015, the mural was razed.


1968 Olympics Black Power salute, Tributes, West Oakland mural
The private lot was once a gas station, and the mural was on the outside wall of an abandoned building or shed. The owner wanted to pay respect to the men and the moment but also wanted a mural to prevent tagging. The State was monitoring water contamination levels at this site; the testing became within normal levels "so the state ordered the removal of the tanks, testing equipment, and demolition of the shed."


1968 Omloop Het Volk
The 1968 Omloop Het Volk was the 23rd edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 2 March 1968. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by Herman Van Springel.


1968 Open Championship
The 1968 Open Championship was the 97th Open Championship, played 10–13 July at Carnoustie Golf Links in Angus, Scotland. Gary Player won the second of his three Open titles, two strokes ahead of runners-up Bob Charles and Jack Nicklaus. It was the fifth of Player's nine major titles.


1968 Open Championship
This Open introduced the second cut at 54 holes, used through 1985. In addition, starting with this Championship all past Open champions were exempt from qualifying (though, eventually, an age restriction was placed on past champions).


1968 Open Championship
The inaugural Greater Milwaukee Open was held in the United States during the same week, with a first prize of $40,000, over five times the winner's share of the Open Championship, which was $7,200 (£3,000).


1968 Open Championship
The PGA Championship was played the next week in San Antonio, Texas, the fifth and final time in the 1960s that these two majors were played in consecutive weeks in July. The PGA Championship moved permanently to August in 1969 (except 1971, when it was played in late February) and remained there until 2019, when it moved to May between The Masters and U.S. Open.


1968 Open Championship, Round summaries, Second round
Amateurs: Bonallack (+3), Monguzzi (+8), O'Connor (+12), Sweeny Jr (+12), Shade (+13), Oosterhuis (+16), Saddler (+16).


1968 Orange Bowl
The 1968 Orange Bowl was the 34th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on Monday, January 1. The third-ranked Oklahoma Sooners of the Big Eight Conference defeated the Tennessee Volunteers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), 26–24.


1968 Orange Bowl, Teams, Oklahoma
Oklahoma won all seven games in Big Eight Conference play for their first title since 1962 and first Orange Bowl since 1963. The only blemish was a two-point loss to rival Texas at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas on October 14.


1968 Orange Bowl, Teams, Oklahoma
Entering his second season as head coach, 37-year-old Jim Mackenzie suffered a fatal heart attack at his Norman home in late April. Assistant coach Chuck Fairbanks, age 33, was promoted several days later.


1968 Orange Bowl, Teams, Tennessee
After a four-point loss at UCLA in the season opener, Tennessee won nine consecutive games. They were perfect in Southeastern Conference play and were champions for the first time since 1956. It was Tennessee's first Orange Bowl since 1947.


1968 Orange Bowl, Teams, Tennessee
Tennessee did not get to play top-ranked USC in the Rose Bowl; the Trojans met #4 Indiana, the Big Ten co-champion, due to the Pac-8 – Big Ten contract.


1968 Orange Bowl, Teams, Tennessee
The Volunteers' soccer-style placekicker Karl Kremser was a war refugee from Germany.


1968 Orange Bowl, Game summary
This was the fourth straight year for a night kickoff at the Orange Bowl, following the Rose Bowl. Both teams wore their home jerseys, Oklahoma in crimson and Tennessee in orange. The temperature was 70 °F (21 °C).


1968 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Quarterback Bob Warmack gave the Sooners a 7–0 lead on his ten-yard touchdown run in the first quarter. He added a twenty-yard touchdown pass to Eddie Hinton in the second quarter, and running back Steve Owens scored from a yard out to make it 19–0 at halftime.


1968 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Held scoreless until midway into the third quarter, Tennessee's  Jimmy Glover returned an interception 36 yards for a touchdown. Two minutes later, another interception by Jim Weatherford set up a five-yard touchdown run by Charley Fulton (19–14).


1968 Orange Bowl, Game summary
A Karl Kremser field goal from 26 yards closed the gap to 19–17 early in the fourth quarter. Oklahoma went up 26–17 on Bob Stephenson's 25-yard interception return for a touchdown. Tennessee then answered with quarterback Dewey Warren's touchdown plunge to pull back to two points at 26–24.


1968 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Oklahoma was at their own 43-yard line with just under two minutes remaining. First-year head coach Fairbanks opted to go for the first down, despite only leading by two points. Owens was given the ball, but was stopped by linebacker Jack Reynolds, and the ball went back to the Volunteers. With seven seconds to go, Tennessee sent Kremser in to attempt a 43-yard field goal, but his kick sailed wide right, and Oklahoma won.


1968 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
The two teams received a then-record payout of about $285,000 each.


1968 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
Oklahoma next played in the Orange Bowl in 1976; Tennessee waited  three decades, returning in 1998.


1968 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1968 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. Home games were played on campus in Corvallis at Parker Stadium, with one at Civic Stadium in Portland.


1968 Oregon State Beavers football team
Under fourth-year head coach Dee Andros, the Beavers were 7–3 overall and 5–1 in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8). They were fifteenth in the final AP Poll, and outscored their opponents 285 to 179. The 17–13 loss at USC in November decided the conference title and the Rose Bowl berth. Prior to the 1975 season, the Pac-8 and Big Ten conferences allowed only one postseason participant each, for the Rose Bowl.


1968 Oregon State Beavers football team
The Beavers were led on offense by quarterback Steve Preece and fullback Bill Enyart,  nicknamed "Earthquake;" center John Didion was a consensus All-American.


1968 Oregon State Beavers football team, NFL/AFL Draft
Five Beavers were selected in the 1969 NFL/AFL draft, the third and final common draft, which lasted seventeen rounds (442 selections).


1968 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1968 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. All five home games were played on campus in Eugene at Autzen Stadium, which opened the previous year.


1968 Oregon Webfoots football team
Under second-year head coach Jerry Frei, the Ducks were 4–6 overall and 2–4 in the Pacific-8 Conference. Oregon did not play UCLA for the tenth consecutive season, but tormented top-ranked USC deep into the fourth quarter; a late touchdown broke a tie and the Trojans escaped with a 20–13 win at Autzen in early November.


1968 Oregon Webfoots football team
It was USC's first-ever trip to Eugene; previous games had been at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, last in 1958. Senior running back O. J. Simpson rushed for 980 yards in the Trojans' first five games (196 avg. ), but the Ducks held him to just 67 yards on 25 carries. He had been similarly contained by Oregon the previous year in Los Angeles. Simpson won the Heisman Trophy later in the month and was the first overall pick in the 1969 NFL/AFL Draft in late January.


1968 Oregon Webfoots football team
Oregon opened with three losses, evened up at .500 after six, but lost three of the last four. They defeated both Washington schools, but in the season-ending Civil War at Parker Stadium in Corvallis, #16 Oregon State won their fifth straight in the rivalry. It was the last in the series played on natural grass, as both schools installed AstroTurf before the next season.


1968 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1968 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 62nd water polo championship in Hungary. There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title.


1968 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1968 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1968 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Eastern Conference with a 9–3–2 record and won the Grey Cup.


1968 PGA Championship
The 1968 PGA Championship was the 50th PGA Championship played July 18–21 at Pecan Valley Golf Club in San Antonio, Texas. Julius Boros, age 48, won the third of his three major titles, one stroke ahead of runners-up Bob Charles and Arnold Palmer. Boros was the oldest winner of a major championship for over a half century, until Phil Mickelson won in the PGA Championship in 2021 at age fifty. The tournament was played in very hot conditions. Palmer had an 8-foot (2.4 m) putt to tie on the 72nd green, but it missed on the high side of the hole. It was the second of his three runner-up finishes at the only major he never won; he also tied for second in 1964 and 1970.


1968 PGA Championship
This was the final major before the formation of the Tournament Players Division, later renamed the PGA Tour. The tour pros broke away from the PGA of America in August and formed an independent tour, the American Professional Golfers, Inc. (APG). A compromise was reached in December which brought the tournament players back to the PGA in a separate division with its own policy board and commissioner.


1968 PGA Championship
In his seventh PGA Championship, Jack Nicklaus missed his first cut in the event by a stroke; five of his six previous finishes were in the top three, with a victory in 1963 in Dallas. He made the next nine cuts at the PGA Championship and won four more times (1971, 1973, 1975, 1980).


1968 PGA Championship
This PGA Championship was played immediately after the Open Championship in Scotland, the fifth time during the 1960s which the final two majors were played in consecutive weeks. This PGA Championship was also the last held in July (until 2016); it moved to August in 1969 (except 1971 when it was played in February in Florida).


1968 PGA Tour
The 1968 PGA Tour season was played from January 11 to November 24. The season consisted of 46 official money events. Billy Casper won the most tournaments, six, and there were 11 first-time winners. Casper was the leading money winner with earnings of $205,169 and also won the Vardon Trophy for the lowest scoring average. The PGA Player of the Year was not awarded.


1968 PGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1968 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1968 Pacific Coast International
The 1968 Pacific Coast International Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Berkeley Tennis Club in Berkeley, California in the United States. It was the 80th edition of the tournament, the first one in the Open Era, and ran from September 30 through October 6, 1968. Stan Smith and Margaret Court won the singles titles.


1968 Pacific Coast International, Finals, Men's Doubles
Bob Lutz /  Stan Smith defeated  Jim McManus /  Jim Osborne 10–8, 11–9


1968 Pacific Coast International, Finals, Women's Doubles
Maria Bueno /  Margaret Court defeated  Maryna Godwin /  Esmé Emmanuel 6–2, 6–4


1968 Pacific Coast International, Finals, Mixed's Doubles
Margaret Court /  Stan Smith defeated  Judy Tegart /  Jim McManus 8–10, 6–2, 6–2


1968 Pacific Southwest Open
The 1968 Pacific Southwest Open was a combined men's and women's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Club in Los Angeles, California in the United States. It was the 42nd edition of the tournament, the first of the Open Era, and ran from September 14 through September 22, 1968. Rod Laver won the singles title and the $3,800 first prize.


1968 Pacific Southwest Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Ken Rosewall /  Fred Stolle defeated  Cliff Drysdale /  Roger Taylor 7–5, 6–1


1968 Pacific Southwest Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Ann Jones /  Françoise Dürr defeated  Margaret Court /  Maria Bueno 6–3, 6–2


1968 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1968 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season.


1968 Pacific Tigers football team
Pacific competed as an independent for the last time in 1968. This concluded twenty straight years as an independent (since the 1949 season). In 1969, Pacific moved to the new Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA). They played home games in Pacific Memorial Stadium in Stockton, California. In their third season under head coach Doug Scovil, the Tigers finished with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4), and outscored their opponents 179–158. This was the first winning season for Pacific since 1961.


1968 Pacific Tigers football team, NFL/AFL Draft
The following finished their college career at Pacific, were not drafted, but played in the NFL starting with the 1969 season.


1968 Pacific hurricane season
The 1968 Pacific hurricane season ties the record for having the most active August in terms of tropical storms. It officially started on May 15, 1968, in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific and lasted until November 30, 1968. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.


1968 Pacific hurricane season
Several notable systems formed during the season. Five named storms—Hyacinth, Iva, Liza, Naomi, and Pauline—had effects in the United States. Two others—Annette and Tropical Depression Two—affected Mexico, and Tropical Storm Simone made a rare landfall on Guatemala. Tropical Storm Virginia, which formed in the West Pacific, crossed into the basin at a high latitude.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Season summary
Timeline of tropical activity in the 1968 Pacific hurricane season


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Season summary
Twenty-five tropical cyclones formed this season, resulting in 501 advisories being issued in the East Pacific, and 30 being issued for the Central Pacific, both records at the time. Of these, six remained depressions, thirteen peaked as tropical storms, and six reached hurricane strength. There were no major hurricanes this season. Many of the tropical cyclones this season – including all six hurricanes – formed from Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) disturbances. Eight tropical storms formed in August this year, a record for the most active August in the East Pacific, excluding Virginia.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Season summary
The eight named storms forming in August this year also made it the most tropical storms to ever form in a month in the East Pacific since 1966. However, this record was tied during the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Because of a lack of Hurricane Hunter data, a majority of the intensity readings from this season were later removed from the best track file.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Season summary
Only one pressure reading from this season – a 1,008 millibars (29.8 inHg) reading taken from Hurricane Pauline on October 29 when it was a tropical depression – was left on the best track data,although a pressure of 1,005 millibars (29.7 inHg) taken from Tropical Storm Simone was used to set its peak intensity.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Annette
Even though the James Lykes noted that an area of disturbed weather south of the Pacific coast of Mexico was poorly organized, it reported south-southwest winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) on June 20. It made landfall and dissipated near Manzanillo on June 22. The satellite that was orbiting over Annette never took a picture with the storm in view since the storm was usually at the edge of the satellite. A computerized mosaic showed a spiral vortex with the center over land, which was unhelpful in tracking the storm because ship reports noted that the circulation was over water. Damage, if any, is not known.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bonny
The first of a large group of tropical cyclones that developed from ITCZ disturbances this season, a low pressure center in the ITCZ rapidly developed late on July 3. Becoming a tropical storm on July 4, the storm received the name Bonny. The newly named storm tracked west-northwest for 24 hours before turning to the north overnight on July 5 into July 6. As a result, winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) were measured on Socorro Island, which was located 50 mi (80 km) to the east-northeast of the storm's center.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Bonny
At this time, satellites revealed that cooler sea surface temperatures and stratus inflow were starting to take their toll on Bonny. The storm began a slow dissipation and, by the time a nearby ship reported the status of the weakening storm, the system had already dropped to depression strength with 30 mph (48 km/h) winds. The storm dissipated on July 9. The remnant low of Bonny had no kinetic energy, causing the forecasters to note that it had a ragged appearance on satellite imagery.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Celeste
The disturbance that became Celeste was first noticed by the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center on July 13. The disturbance slowly intensified, becoming a tropical depression on July 14 and reaching storm strength on the next day. The intensity when the system was named was 70 mph (110 km/h), but in post-season analysis the storm's peak wind speed was downgraded into 50 mph (80 km/h). This difference in intensity was blamed on brightness issues on the photo taken by satellite, making the storm look more powerful than it really was.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Celeste
The storm never strengthened past the 50 mph (80 km/h) peak it had reached when it became a storm. The storm would continue uneventfully until July 17, when stratus inflow was starting to become entrained in the atmospheric circulation and, shortly after peaking, the storm began to weaken after strong inflow of cool air to the northwest. The weakening Celeste became less discernible in recon reports, but the cloud vortex was still well defined. On July 20, the storm was downgraded into a depression and dissipated 24 hours afterward.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Diana
While Celeste was weakening, a tropical disturbance associated with the ITCZ first appeared on July 19. After Celeste lost its tropical identity on July 21, the former had strengthened enough to be upgraded to tropical storm strength and was given the name "Diana". The banding in the center of the upgraded system was obscured by heavy cirrus outflow. The initial intensity set was 60 mph (97 km/h). The Anco Swan, a ship north of Tropical Storm Diana, indicated that the tropical storm had reached its peak intensity around this time, which was maintained for two days. Then, cool inflow had become elongated in the storm, resulting in weakening. The storm degenerated into a depression on July 24 and continued moving westward. The depression finally dissipated on July 26, well away from land.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Estelle
Estelle was a tropical storm that spent most of its life as a depression as a result of a southward shift in trade winds and the ITCZ, which provoked an early weakening and prevented re-intensification. The storm originated in a disturbance associated with the ITCZ. The disturbance had become a tropical depression on July 23 and reached storm strength the next day. The new tropical storm maintain a 50 mph (80 km/h) intensity for only 30 hours, when it weakened back to a depression. The weakened Estelle continued westward, passing into the Central Pacific around July 31.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Estelle
The group that oversaw the Central Pacific at the time – the Joint Hurricane Warning Center – issued the depression's final advisory on August 1. Tropical Storm Estelle was notable in that it had advisories issued on it in the Central Pacific despite never actually crossing into the area of responsibility. It dissipated at a longitude of 139.6°W, whereas the Central Pacific begins at 140°W. However, last operational advisory centered the storm at 141.6°W.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fernanda
The trade winds that had resulted in the weakening of Estelle in late July had decreased in early August, allowing a weak disturbance in the ITCZ to organize near Acapulco. By August 5, the disturbance had developed a vortex and advisories were started on the newly formed depression. The depression would continue to strengthen and, after acquiring significant cirrus outflow, was upgraded to tropical storm intensity on August 6. Fernanda continued to develop, despite the proximity of Tropical Storm Gwen, which was 450 mi (720 km) to the east-northeast of the center.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Fernanda
On August 8, the storm had developed an eye in a tightly wound spiral overcast and became a hurricane while moving westward. Cool inflow began to get trapped in the circulation, causing the hurricane to weaken to a storm on August 9, but due to the hurricane moving over warmer water, it was not enough to begin dissipation alone. The feeder bands, which helped the hurricane to reach its peak intensity, continued to persist over warm water until August 11, when the cirrus cap over Fernanda became uncoupled to the east, thus exposing the west side of the storm. Plane reports showed the hurricane had moved under westerly winds in the troposphere, which resulted in the storm weakening to a depression on August 13. Shower activity from the hurricane continued diminishing until August 14, and, early on August 15, Fernanda dissipated, having never affected land.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Gwen
The ITCZ-based depression which developed into Gwen was first noted on August 5 while 250 mi (400 km) south of Tehuantepec. Although a ship in the region reported 40 mph (65 km/h) winds and 14-foot (4.3 m) waves, a satellite picture revealed a cloud mass of amorphous quality. Although a little vortex in the region was visible, the system would show little development for 48 hours until, on August 7, stronger rotation and outflow were apparent in satellite imagery. The next day, a ship north of the center reported 13-foot (4.0 m) waves and 35 mph (55 km/h) winds.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Gwen
Data based on satellite images, and the ship report, were enough to upgrade the system to Tropical Storm Gwen. Around this time, the track of the newly named system was being affected by the stronger Fernanda to its west via Fujiwhara effect. Shortly thereafter, satellite photos showed an exposed atmospheric circulation in the northwest section of the storm with cloud cover lagging behind it, and the storm was downgraded to a depression on August 8. The circulation was completely exposed by the next day, and Gwen dissipated. The remnants of Gwen continued to interact with Fernanda until complete dissipation.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Hyacinth
The origins of Hyacinth were linked to a cold front that was over Texas on August 11. There was no activity associated with the disturbance until August 16, when a circular overcast broke away from the front. The overcast breaking away was related to a newly formed low, which moved north-northwest while rapidly intensifying, becoming a tropical storm on August 17. Hyacinth continued to move north-northwestward, entering the mouth of the Gulf of California later that day, and a ship reported a barometric pressure of 994 millibars (29.4 inHg).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Hyacinth
Another ship report, showing winds of 65 mph (105 km/h), was received at the same time. The storm passed 60 mi (95 km) east of La Paz, Baja California Sur, on August 18, and the next day, it made landfall near Los Mochis, Sinaloa. The clouds associated with the storm were tracked into the southwestern United States, causing showers and thunderstorms over Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado on August 20. The storm dissipated on August 21. No deaths were reported in connection to Hyacinth, and damage from Mexico is unknown.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Iva
While the moisture and clouds associated with Hyacinth moved northward, an area of rain-producing clouds along the ITCZ stretched from the Gulf of Tehuantepec to Clipperton Island. On August 20, two disturbances formed southwest of Mexico, the first was found via satellite imagery and the second was found by ship report. The disturbance further west developed into Tropical Storm Iva while the other disturbance ultimately became Hurricane Joanne. Ship reports on August 21 led to the disturbance to be upgraded into a tropical storm.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Iva
However, in best track data, Iva was at depression strength throughout this date, becoming a tropical storm on August 22. Winds of up to 35 mph (55 km/h) were recorded north of the center, which had shifted to 13.5°N, 98.5°W. Despite the winds, a satellite photo of the storm showed poor organization. The storm intensified slowly while moving west-northwest at 14 mph (23 km/h) for the next 48 hours. On August 24, the storm passed 75 mi (121 km) south of Socorro Island, which reported winds of 45 mph (70 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Iva
By this time, the storm was moving northwestward at 21 mph (34 km/h) due to the influence of strengthening Hurricane Joanne. Later on August 24, a picture of Iva and Joanne showed that the cirrus cap over Iva was becoming separated from the circulation. The storm began weakening afterward, weakening to a depression on August 25 after moving over cool sea surface temperatures. The rain clouds associated with the weakening depression moved westward, producing rains for 12 hours until the storm dissipated early on August 26.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Iva
Despite never making landfall while active, Iva was responsible for driving clouds and moisture inland, causing slight showers on August 26 in the area of Yuma, Arizona, which was 720 mi (1,160 km) away for the center of the storm. After slight rainfall in the morning, a 30% chance of precipitation and the possibility of thunderstorms linked to the remnants was predicted for the rest of the day.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joanne
The other disturbance associated with the ITCZ that also formed Iva, 777 mi (1,250 km) south of Cabo San Lucas had a central pressure of 1,007 millibars (29.7 inHg) reported by a ship passing through the center along with calm winds on August 23, with the depression becoming a tropical storm later that day. 18 hours after the report, the cyclone began rapid intensification, with hurricane-force winds being reported before the end of the day, along with another report of a central pressure of 986 millibars (29.1 inHg), but the storm did not officially reach hurricane strength until August 24.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Joanne
Around this time, the intensification of Joanne became a factor in the northwestward acceleration of Iva. On August 25, the hurricane had weakened to a storm, but on August 26, the storm was thought to have begun to re-intensify due to the presence of an eye on satellite, but a ship nearby reported winds of only 25 mph (40 km/h) and 1,008 millibars (29.8 inHg). The storm weakened to a depression later that day, and ultimately dissipated on August 28, its remains being absorbed into the trade winds.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kathleen
Kathleen developed from an ITCZ disturbance that was first noticed on August 23 while 400 mi (640 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The disturbance moved to the west-northwest at 15 mph (24 km/h). A lack of surface information prevented Hurricane Hunter investigation into the system until August 25, when the disturbance developed into Tropical Storm Kathleen. Reports of heavy rains and winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) were reported by ships 75 mi (120 km) from the center of the storm at this time.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Kathleen
Afterward, the storm moved westward, with verification of the intensity of the storm coming from the ship Denby Grange on August 28, which reported eastward winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) and a central pressure of 1,003 millibars (29.6 inHg) while north of the center. The storm continued to move westward, weakening to a tropical depression on August 29. The depression continued, moving into the Central Pacific late on September 1, ultimately dissipating on September 3. Even though it was a long-lived storm, Tropical Storm Kathleen had little organization. Satellite pictures taken of the storm never showed more than a slight vortex.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Virginia
The only tropical storm this season to form in the West Pacific and move into the basin, it was first noticed on August 24, At this time, the tropical cyclone was located 350 mi (560 km) northwest of Midway Atoll, just east of the International Date Line. It was upgraded to tropical storm status that same day, becoming the 11th storm of the typhoon season. After a brief flare in intensity, the storm crossed the Date Line while generating sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Virginia
Within 24 hours after crossing, however, cold air entered the circulation, causing Virginia to be declared extratropical cyclone on August 25 at 38°N Shortly before becoming doing so, it was estimated on best track that Virginia reached a minimum pressure of 990 millibars (29 inHg) Moving towards the northeast, a ship called the Lica Maersk reported 45 mph (72 km/h) winds. Two more ship reports after the transition gave reported winds of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) on August 26 and 42 mph (68 km/h) on August 28, while the extratropical cyclone was over the Gulf of Alaska. The extratropical remnants of Virginia finally dissipated while in the Gulf of Alaska at an unprecedented latitude of 52°N, which only one other storm has ever approached.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Virginia
Virginia formed at an unusually high latitude, first becoming tropical at 31°N and crossing into the Central Pacific at 35°N. Few tropical cyclones have ever reached such latitudes and only one named cyclone – Typhoon Sarah from the previous year – had ever done it. At that time, Tropical Storm Virginia held the record for the northernmost tropical storm formation in the Pacific basin.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Liza
Hurricane Liza was a rapidly forming hurricane with an uncertain peak intensity. Forming suddenly from an area of the ITCZ on August 28, the hurricane quickly strengthened to reach a peak of 85 mph (135 km/h) on August 30, though there is a possibility that the hurricane topped out as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). After reaching its peak, cool inflow caused the hurricane to begin to weaken. The hurricane was downgraded into a storm on September 2, despite a presentation that an observer remarked could mean that Liza was not even that strong. The hurricane continued to weaken, being downgraded into a tropical depression on September 4 and dissipating on September 6.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Liza
Liza was responsible for causing slight flooding in Long Beach, California, and clogging storm drains. Various Labor Day swimmers were also swept up by waves triggered by Liza. A total of 261 swimmers were reported swept in Newport Beach and 47 in Zuma Beach; all of which were rescued. Near Laguna Beach, three sundecks worth $5,000 (1968 US$) were ripped from their supports by the surf.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Madeline
On August 28, satellite pictures picked up a central dense overcast spanning a distance of 140 mi (230 km) while located 800 mi (1,300 km) to the east-southeast of the newly upgraded Tropical Storm Liza. The cloud mass grew in size, but was still disorganized when it was photographed on August 29, and a ship nearby reported calm winds, wind waves were so not distinct that no direction of origin could be determined, and a swell of 1 ft (0.30 m) from an undetermined direction. The best track would eventually show that the system was a depression around this time.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Madeline
The same ship would later report a wind speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) from the north-northwest and a pressure estimate of 1,009 millibars (29.8 inHg) was determined via satellite, leading to the system to be upgraded to storm strength. The next day, the cloud mass associated with Madeline was beginning to become less organized; the storm dissipated later on August 30. The only direct evidence to support the tropical storm status of the system was a 50 mph (80 km/h) ship report. It is unknown whether or not the report of tropical storm-force winds was a gust or a sustained wind.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Naomi
Forming from a disturbance in the ITCZ on September 9, the storm rapidly intensified, becoming a hurricane shortly after being upgraded into a tropical storm. The hurricane eventually made a turn to the northeast, which took it to a landfall on Sinaloa near the town of Punta Piaxtla. There were four Sinaloan casualties from the hurricane, and a worker in Texas was injured when the roof of a plant they were working at collapsed from accumulated rainfall due to the interaction between Naomi and a frontal system over the Gulf Coast.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Naomi
The hurricane also was responsible for a panic involving the Lázaro Cardenás Dam, which was unfinished when the hurricane struck. Due in large part to the help of Automatic Picture Transmission technology, two towns downriver from the dam were saved when it was kept closed. A total of $16 million (1968 USD) in damages was reported from the hurricane in Sinaloa.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Orla
On September 21, satellite photography showed a cloud mass 150 mi (240 km) in diameter and ship reports the next day showed a weak circulation that was producing showers, and there was uncertainty in the location of the atmospheric circulation. Four hours later, it was found that external banding associated with the disturbance had increased and that its size had grown to 175 mi (280 km), but any information on internal banding was unavailable, due to obscuring cirrus.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Orla
On September 23, the disturbance was 125 mi (200 km) southeast of Socorro Island, which reported a pressure drop of 5 mbar in 3 hours, which served as the basis for upgrading the disturbance to a tropical depression. Other information from Socorro included calm winds, low clouds, and a pressure of 1,008 millibars (29.8 inHg). Despite advisories on the depression starting on September 23, best track data showed that the disturbance had been a depression for the duration of the previous day. Later that day, the depression strengthened to a tropical storm with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Orla
Three hours after first being named, Orla began showing signs of an eye, and winds were operationally upgraded to 70 mph (110 km/h), though it was later found out that it never strengthened past 60 mph (95 km/h). At this time, the area around the tropical storm was mostly clear due to a dry flow off of the mainland. A ship called the Sapporo Maru passed 75 mi (121 km) north of the center reported swells of 9.5-foot (2.9 m), but winds of only 25 mph (40 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Orla
By September 25, the eye and some of the external banding had disappeared. The storm then proceeded to shrink both in size and in intensity due to stable inflow, and an eye became apparent for the second time. Satellite images of the storm were the basis for the possibility that Orla was maintaining stability due to low-pressure baroclinical processes, an unusual characteristic due to the fact that such conditions are common in extratropical cyclones as opposed to tropical cyclones, which Orla was. By September 27, weakening had begun, and the tropical storm was downgraded to a depression on September 28 and a spiral cloud mass continued to be evident on satellite pictures until September 30, when the depression dissipated.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pauline
Forming from an ITCZ, the initial disturbance was tracked for 24 hours, after which it was upgraded to a tropical depression on September 28, although post-analysis revealed the cyclone was a depression since September 26. A vortex developed in the center, helping the cyclone to intensify into a tropical storm on September 29 and the next day, it was upgraded to a hurricane. Pauline underwent an eyewall replacement cycle on October 1 to October 2 before making landfall on Ciudad Constitutión. The hurricane moved back over water, but lost tropical characteristics prior to a second landfall near Navojoa.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Pauline
Total damage is unknown from the hurricane, but a boat with five occupants was reported missing during the passage of the hurricane over Magdalena Bay. The occupants were never found, and were reported dead as a result. The remnants caused a tornado that touched down near Glendale, injuring three people due to flying glass, and causing severe damage to two apartment buildings.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rebecca
The initial circulation developed in the ITCZ 500 mi (800 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. A low organized along the area on October 4, but intensification did not begin in full effect until the night of October 5. On October 6, the cyclone had organized enough to be considered a tropical depression and was upgraded to a tropical storm later that day. The storm continued to intensify, causing ships to avoid the storm despite its location over heavy shipping lanes.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rebecca
Due lack of shipping reports on October 7 and October 8 led to the idea that the storm had made landfall. The error was revealed when a ship passing nearby reported that the storm had attained hurricane status, and a second ship gave a report that the hurricane had strengthened to a high-end Category 2 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale with a peak intensity estimate of Category 3 strength, making Rebecca the third hurricane of the season that possibly reached such an intensity. However, the official peak in the best track file is 85 mph (135 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rebecca
After reaching its peak, the hurricane moved westward until October 9, when a satellite picture gave a hint of the rapid decay the hurricane was about to face. The hurricane began to weaken, and by the time the cyclone neared Socorro Island late on October 9, it had weakened to a tropical storm. The island reported a pressure of 1,010 millibars (30 inHg) and calm winds, while the weakening storm was 80 mi (130 km) north-northwest of the island. The storm weakened to a depression on October 10 and dissipated on October 11. No damages or casualties were reported from the hurricane.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Rebecca
Rebecca was a small hurricane that approached within 75 mi (121 km) of the Mexican coastline. Due to its formation and movement along heavy shipping lines, ships were forced to take detours to avoid running into the hurricane. The hurricane never actually reached land, though at one point a forecast for the hurricane gave the possibility for it to make a landfall on Baja California Peninsula as a tropical depression. At the time, Rebecca drew comparisons to Hurricane Daisy of 1962 and Hurricane King of 1950 due to its intensity and size.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Simone
Simone was the last named cyclone this season to form from a disturbance in the ITCZ. A very short-lived storm, it rapidly formed from an area of squalls associated with the ITCZ close to the Guatemalan coast. Shortly after it formed, a ship called the Villanger reported winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) to 50 mph (80 km/h) along the northwest and southeast sections of a low center 30 mi (50 km/h) in diameter, leading to the cyclone to be called Simone.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Simone
The storm moved towards the north and shortly thereafter, the previous low moved over land, likely due to the lack of a source of energy. However, another center formed back over water to the northwest of the previous one, prolonging the life of the storm. The new center caused the storm to shift towards Tapachula, Mexico and traveled along the coastline until dissipation. With a lifetime of only 24 hours, Simone was the shortest-lived tropical storm of 1968.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Simone
Although the system was originally missing from best track data, a revision proposed to National Hurricane Center caused the storm to be reinserted with a peak intensity of 50 mph (80 km/h) winds and a central pressure of 1,005 millibars (29.7 inHg). The reason the winds were set at 50 mph (80 km/h) was due to the high pressure of the storm, making it the most likely intensity equivalent, although some readings show that higher winds were reported from the storm. Another reason it was selected was due to it being used as a generic wind speed for tropical storms in the Pacific database.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tara
The final storm of the season developed from unknown origins, although there is a possibility that anticyclogenesis over Mexico that occurred after the dissipation of Simone may have played a part in the formation. When it was first noticed in satellite pictures on October 20 while 300 mi (480 km) southwest of Acapulco, it was estimated to have already been a tropical storm with 60 mph (95 km/h), a peak intensity that was later downgraded in best track data to 50 mph (80 km/h).


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tara
The same picture also showed a compact central dense overcast, a large mass of deep convection, spanning three degrees of latitude, cirrus outflow, and loose banding features. For the next two days, the center of circulation of Tropical Storm Tara became better defined while slowly growing larger. The intensifying Tara moved to the west at 12 mph (19 km/h) to 14 mph (23 km/h) before turning to the west-northwest at 12 mph (19 km/h) on October 23. At the time of the west-northwest turn, satellite pictures picked up a separation of the cirrus cap, causing the storm to weaken. The system lasted as a weak tropical storm until October 27, when it was determined to have weakened to a depression, although the possibility exists that it had been a depression for days. The depression dissipated the next day.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Tropical Depression Two was an unusual depression that developed on June 21 between Mexico and the active Annette. The depression came close to landfall shortly before dissipating on June 22, when Annette also dissipated. The cyclone formed and remained less than 70 mi (110 km) longitude from the more powerful tropical storm while in the proximity of land. The formation and impact of this depression are unknown due to a lack of data. This depression was unusual in that tropical cyclones rarely form within such close range to another cyclone in this basin.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Tropical Depression Four was a short-lived cyclone that became the first tropical cyclone to enter the Central Pacific during the season. It formed on July 12 1,493 mi (2,403 km) west of South Point, Hawaii, and moved in a general westward direction. At one point in its track, it moved west-southwestward, reaching 15°N when it made a slow turn to the west-northwest. The depression moved into the Central Pacific, where the depression dissipated on July 14, having never affected land.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
The next tropical depression, Eight, was only marginally longer-lived than the previous depression. The depression formed on July 30 1,515 mi (2,438 km) southeast of South Point, Hawaii. Initially moving west-southwestward, it eventually turned to a northwestward track, which it would move along until it dissipated on August 1 957 mi (1,540 km) east of Hawaii after being active for 60 hours.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Tropical Depression Eighteen was the only tropical cyclone formation to occur in the Central Pacific this season. It was first noticed in satellite pictures roughly 3,000 mi (4,800 km) west-southwest of Cabo San Lucas on August 29 and, after forming, moved to the northwest at a speed of 17 mph (27 km/h), crossing between Hawaii and Johnston Atoll until dissipating on August 31, having never affected land.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Tropical Depression Twenty-One was the longest lived depression. It formed on October 11 over 1,000 mi (1,600 km) south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas and moved slowly to the northwest before turning to the southwest. The depression dissipated on October 15 1,250 mi (2,010 km) south-southeast of the Baja California Peninsula. It never affected land.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Tropical Depression Twenty-Two formed on October 15 at near the border between Mexico and Guatemala. The depression paralleled the Mexican coast until it dissipated on October 17 about 350 mi (560 km) southeast of Acapulco. No reports of damages or casualties have been reported in connection to this depression. Although the best track in the document done by JTWC shows the existence of this depression, a track map with depression tracks done by the same organization did not show a listing for this depression.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1968. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1972 season. This is the same list as list 1 used during 1960–1965.


1968 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The Central Pacific used names and numbers from the Western Pacific's typhoon list. No systems formed in the area, and thus no names were required, although one storm, Virginia, tracked in from the West Pacific, keeping its name.


1968 Pacific typhoon season
The 1968 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1968, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


1968 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1968 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems
31 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 27 became tropical storms. 20 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 4 reached super typhoon strength. No storms this season caused significant damage or deaths.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, CMA Tropical Depression 01
A tropical depression formed to the northwest of Palau. Moving north-northwest, the depression degenerated to a remnant low as it made a counterclockwise direction before dissipating.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, CMA Tropical Depression 01
This depression was not recognized by the JMA, but the CMA.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Polly
Tropical Storm Polly dropped heavy rains on the southern islands of Japan. 112 people were killed and 21 were missing from the floods and landslides caused by Polly's heavy rains.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Polly
On August 18, two sightseeing buses were involved in the landslide in Shirakawa, Gifu, it fell to the Hida River, and 95 persons died and 9 persons became missing.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Trix (Isang)
Tropical Storm Trix struck the southern islands of Kyūshū and Shikoku. Heavy flooding killed 25 people and left 2 missing.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Severe Tropical Storm Virginia
Virginia was first noticed near the International Date Line, about 500 kilometers (310 mi) northwest of Midway Islands. The system organized and the first advisory was issued on August 25 at 0006Z, with winds of 35 knots (40 mph). 18 hours later, Virginia crossed the date line, with winds of 50 knots (60 mph). It later became extratropical on August 27 in the Gulf of Alaska.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wendy (Lusing)
Tropical Storm Wendy, which formed on August 28 in the open Western Pacific, quickly intensified to a peak of 160 mph winds on the 31st. It steadily weakened as it moved westward, and passed by southern Taiwan on September 5 as a minimal typhoon. Wendy continued to weaken, and after crossing the South China Sea, Wendy dissipated over northern Vietnam on the 9th.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Agnes
Typhoon which did not approach land closely. The typhoon was one of two Category 5 cyclones to be named Agnes, the other one being in 1952.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Della (Maring)
Typhoon Della struck Kyūshū Island in southern Japan with winds of 100 mph. Della killed 11 throughout southern Japan.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Elaine (Nitang)
Super Typhoon Elaine, after peaking at 175 mph winds, weakened to hit extreme northern Luzon on September 28 as a 130 mph typhoon. It continued to the northwest, and after hitting southeastern China as a minimal tropical storm Elaine dissipated on October 1.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ora (Toyang)
A typhoon that made landfall in the Philippines as a category 1 and impacted most of the northern Philippines as a tropical storm.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names
Western North Pacific tropical cyclones were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The first storm of 1968 was named Jean and the final one was named Ora.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1972 season.


1968 Pacific typhoon season, Storm names, Philippines
This is the same list used for the 1964 season, except for Didang, which replaced Dading. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.


1968 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in 1968 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).


1968 Panamanian coup d'état
The 1968 Panamanian coup d'état was the military coup that took place in the Republic of Panama on October 11, 1968 when the National Guard, led by Major Boris Martínez, Lieutenant Colonel Jose Humberto Ramos, Rubén Darío Paredes and other military officers overthrew President Arnulfo Arias, who was elected in the May 12 general election and assumed office on October 1.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Coup
On Friday, October 11, 1968 the National Guard deposed President Arnulfo Arias, who was in a movie theater in Panama City. Upon learning of the events, he took refuge in the Panama Canal Zone under the control of the United States Army. Major Boris Martínez (from Chiriquí Province) and Lieutenant Colonel Jose Humberto Ramos (from Santiago, Veraguas Province) commanded the coup. The "Provisional Junta of Government", led by colonels José María Pinilla Fábrega and Bolívar Urrutia Parrilla, would be imposed.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Coup
On October 12, the newspaper El Mundo (the only one which circulated that day) indicated that a military junta took power, without mentioning the names of its members, and that National Guard troops with machine guns surrounded the residence of Arnulfo Arias, who managed to take refuge in the Panama Canal Zone. The newspaper also reported that sporadic shots were heard "in the slum areas of Panama City," while the director of Hospital Santo Tomás stated that a man and a woman were shot and wounded. The newspaper warned that all civil rights had been suspended.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Coup
During 1968, guerrilla activity was registered in the urban area and in the interior of the country by the Federación de Estudiantes de Panamá and other organizations, as well as supporters of deposed President Arias. There were military acts against the National Guard, the closing of newspapers and the development of the issue of pamphlets and clandestine writings.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Rise of Torrijos and aftermath
Having received news of the coup while in the Panama Canal Zone, Lieutenant Colonel Omar Torrijos and a few officers, including businessman Demetrio B. Lakas, sought to re-establish some form of civilian rule, even attempting to install President Arias' vice-president, Raul Arango as the new president, much to Martínez's dismay. Although the "Provisional Junta of Government" was appointed, Martinez and Torrijos were the true leaders from the beginning. Soon after the coup, Torrijos was promoted to full colonel and named commandant of the National Guard. They barred all political activity and shut down the legislature. They also seized control of three newspapers owned by President Arias' brother, Harmodio and blackmailed the owners of the country's oldest newspaper, La Estrella de Panamá, into becoming a government mouthpiece.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Rise of Torrijos and aftermath
With enough opposition against Martinez including from the United States, Torrijos ousted and exiled Martínez and Jose Humberto Ramos to Miami on February 23, 1969, nearly four months after the initial coup.


1968 Panamanian coup d'état, Rise of Torrijos and aftermath
Torrijos went on to rule Panama as the de facto military dictator until his death in a plane crash on July 23, 1981.


1968 Panamanian general election
The Panama held a general election on May 12, 1968, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new National Assembly.


1968 Panamanian general election
The election took place on May 12, 1968, as scheduled, and tension mounted over the succeeding eighteen days as the Election Board and the Electoral Tribunal delayed announcing the results. Finally the Election Board declared that Arnulfo Arias had carried the election by 175,432 votes to 133,887 for David Samudio Ávila and 11,371 for Antonio González Revilla. The Electoral Tribunal, senior to the Board and still loyal to the President Marco Aurelio Robles, protested, but the commander of the National Guard, Brigadier General Bolívar Vallarino, despite past animosity toward Arias, supported the conclusion of the Board.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
Arias took office on 1 October, demanding the immediate return of the Canal Zone to Panamanian jurisdiction and announcing a change in the leadership of the National Guard. He attempted to remove the two most senior officers, Bolívar Vallarino and Colonel José María Pinilla, and appoint Colonel Bolívar Urrutia to command the force.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
On 11 October the Guard, for the third time, removed Arnulfo Arias from the presidency in a coup d'état. With seven of his 8 ministers and 24 members of the National Assembly, Arias took refuge in the Canal Zone.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
The overthrow of Arnulfo Arias provoked student demonstrations and rioting in some of the slum areas of Panama City. The peasants in Chiriquí Province battled guardsmen sporadically for several months, but the Guard retained control. Bolívar Urrutia was initially arrested but was later persuaded to join in the two-man provisional junta headed by José María Pinilla. Bolívar Vallarino remained in retirement. The original cabinet appointed by the junta was rather broad based and included several David Samudio Ávila supporters and one Arias supporter. After the first three months, however, 5 civilian cabinet members resigned, accusing the new government of dictatorial practices.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
The provisional junta moved swiftly to consolidate government control. Several hundred actual or potential political leaders were arrested on charges of corruption or subversion. Others went into voluntary or imposed exile, and property owners were threatened with expropriation. The National Assembly and all political parties were disbanded. José María Pinilla, who assumed the title of president, had declared that his government was provisional and that free elections were to be scheduled. In January 1969, however, power actually rested in the hands of Omar Torrijos and Boris Martínez, commander and chief of staff, respectively, of the Guard.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
In early March, a speech by Martinez promising agrarian reform and other measures radical enough to alarm landowners and entrepreneurs provoked a coup within the coup. Torrijos assumed full control, and Martinez and 3 of his supporters in the military government were exiled. Torrijos stated that "there would be less impulsiveness" in government without Martinez. Torrijos did not denounce the proposed reforms, but he assured Panamanian and United States investors that their interests were not threatened.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
The period (1968-1972) coincided with the years during which Torrijos governed through cabinet decrees. Although there was a civilian president, he had no real power; the National Assembly and political parties were abolished.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
Torrijos, now a brigadier general, became even more firmly entrenched in power after thwarting a coup attempted by Colonels Amado Sanjur, Luis Q. Nentzen Franco, and Ramiro Silvera in December 1969. While Torrijos was in Mexico, the 3 colonels declared him deposed. Torrijos rushed back to Panama, gathered supporters at the garrison in David, and marched triumphantly into the capital. The colonels followed earlier competitors of Torrijos into exile.


1968 Panamanian general election, Aftermath
Because the governing junta (Colonel José María Pinilla and his deputy, Colonel Urrutia) had not opposed the abortive coup, Torrijos replaced them with two civilians, Demetrio B. Lakas, an engineer well liked among businessmen, and Arturo Sucre Pereira, a lawyer and former director of the national lottery. Lakas was designated "provisional president," and Sucre was appointed his deputy.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election
General elections were held in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea between 17 February and 16 March 1968.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Electoral system
Constitutional developments prior to the elections saw the House of Assembly expanded from 64 members to 94. The number of members elected from general constituencies was increased from 44 to 69; the ten reserved constituencies (for non-indigenous candidates) were replaced by 15 regional constituencies in which candidates had to have at least at Intermediate Certificate of education, and the number of 'official' members (civil servants) remained at ten. The elections were held using instant-runoff voting.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Electoral system
An additional residency requirement for non-indigenous candidates was introduced; candidates had to have lived in the territory for at least five years before nomination day. This requirement was waived for incumbent MHAs, allowing Tony Voutas (elected in a 1966 by-election) to defend his seat.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Campaign
A total of 484 candidates contested the 84 seats, with around 50 running in the 15 regional constituencies. Six political parties were involved; the All People's Party, the National Progress Party, the New Guinea Agriculture Reform Party, the Pangu Party, the Territory Country Party and the United Democratic Party.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Campaign
Four constituencies had only one candidate, who were returned unopposed (Tei Abal in Wabag, Wesani Iwoksim in Upper Sepik, Paul Langro in West Sepik Regional and Ron Neville in Southern Highlands Regional).


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Campaign
The main campaign issues in urban areas were wages and housing. In rural areas, the campaign focussed on improved agriculture and infrastructure.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Results
Only 22 of the 46 incumbents MHAs who stood for re-election were successful. The candidate leading in the first count was elected in 71 of the 80 contested seats. In Gumine, the candidate who finished sixth in the first count was elected after preferences were counted. Four under-secretaries lost their seat, including Zure Makili Zurecnuoc.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Results
Although party affiliations were unclear, the Pangu Party was thought to have the most seats (between 12 and 20), with the All People's Party finishing second. The National Progress Party and United Democratic Party failed to win seats.


1968 Papua New Guinean general election, Aftermath
Following the elections, John Guise was elected Speaker, defeating Mick Casey and Roy Ashton. Seven ministerial members and eight assistant ministerial members were appointed by a House committee.


1968 Paraguayan general election
General elections were held in Paraguay on 11 February 1968. Alfredo Stroessner of the Colorado Party won the presidential elections, whilst the Colorado Party won 20 of the 30 seats in the Senate and 40 of the 60 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout was 73.1%.


1968 Paraguayan general election
This would be the lowest vote share Stroessner would claim in the six elections in which he nominally faced an opponent; on the other occasions, he claimed to win by margins of well over 80 percent. It would also be the only time in Stroessner's 35-year tenure that an opposition candidate would manage even 20 percent of the vote.


1968 Paris–Nice
The 1968 Paris–Nice was the 26th edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 7 March to 15 March 1968. The race started in Paris and finished in Nice. The race was won by Rolf Wolfshohl of the Bic team.


1968 Paris–Roubaix
The 1968 Paris–Roubaix was the 66th edition of the Paris–Roubaix cycle race and was held on 7 April 1968. The race started in Compiègne and finished in Roubaix. The race was won by Eddy Merckx of the Faema team.


1968 Paris–Tours
The 1968 Paris–Tours was the 62nd edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 6 October 1968. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Guido Reybrouck.


1968 Pau Grand Prix
The 1968 Pau Grand Prix was a Formula Two motor race held on 21 April 1968 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Jackie Stewart, driving the Matra MS7. Robin Widdows finished second and Jean-Pierre Beltoise third.


1968 Peach Bowl
The 1968 Peach Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Florida State Seminoles and the LSU Tigers. It was the first Peach Bowl game ever played.


1968 Peach Bowl, Background
The game was originally created as a fund-raiser by the Lions Clubs of Georgia in 1968. The game was played in historic Grant Field for the first three games before being moved in 1971. The Tigers were ranked for nine out of the eleven games of the regular season before falling out late, reaching as high as #8 while finishing tied for 3rd in the Southeastern Conference. The Seminoles were ranked only two times the whole season, but had rose back in the polls before this game, as they tried to win a bowl game for the first time since 1965.


1968 Peach Bowl, Game summary
Four turnovers by LSU on their first four possessions had been converted by FSU into two first half touchdowns to lead 13–0 at the second quarter. But the Tigers narrowed the lead when Craig Burns returned a short punt 39 yards for a touchdown. Before the half ended, Mark Lumpkin kicked a field goal to make it 13–10 at halftime. The Tigers came alive in the second half, driving 51 yards in eight plays culminated on a Mike Hillman to Bob Hamlett for a touchdown to take the lead 17–13.


1968 Peach Bowl, Game summary
On their next drive, Hillman threw another touchdown pass, this time to Bill Stober to make their lead 24–13. As the fourth quarter began, the Seminoles drove down the field 72 yards culminated with a Bill Cappleman pass to Ron Sellers touchdown to narrow the lead. On the ensuing kickoff, the Tigers fumbled the ball back to the Seminoles in Tiger territory. A few plays later the Seminoles scored again on another touchdown catch from Sellers to take a 27–24 lead with over six minutes to go.


1968 Peach Bowl, Game summary
The Tigers went to work, going on a nine play, 61 yard drive (that once had a third and 19 converted) with a Maurice LeBlanc touchdown run. But the 'Noles drove down the field and were in range for a game winner when on 4th down, Barton Frye knocked down a pass intended for Sellers to make it incomplete and seal the game for the Tigers, their 4th straight bowl win.


1968 Peach Bowl, Aftermath
LSU has played in five Peach Bowls since this game, the most recent in 2019, when it defeated Oklahoma 63–28 in a College Football Playoff semifinal, while Florida State has returned twice, in 1983 and 2015.


1968 Peach State 200
The 1968 Peach State 200 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on November 3, 1968, at Jefco Speedway in Jefferson, Georgia.


1968 Peach State 200
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
Two hundred laps were completed on an oval track spanning 0.500 miles (0.805 km). The race took one hour, seventeen minutes, and eleven seconds to completely finish. Notable speeds were: 77.737 miles per hour (125.106 km/h) for the average speed and 90.694 miles per hour (145.958 km/h) for the pole position speed. Five thousand and two hundred fans attended this race live.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
Paul Dean Holt's streak of 18 DNF's in a row begins at this race, a streak which would last until the end of his career. In 85 starts, Holt only finished 22 races, which is an indication of the lack of reliability during the 1960s and the 1970s when the technology to provide reliable cars were at an extreme premium.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
Cale Yarborough defeated Richard Petty by half a lap in his 1968 Mercury Cyclone. Bobby Isaac had a crash that made him commit a DNF in 9th place while Stan Meserve was the lowest finishing driver to actually complete the entire race (in 22nd place out of 29 competitors). All the competitors involved in this race were American citizens with no foreign-born participants. Crashes and problems with the stock car racing engine helped to play a part in knocking unwary drivers out of the race.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
The winner of the race would enjoy his race winnings of $1,000 ($7,352 when considering inflation) USD while the bottom seven finishers were unpaid for racing up to 142 laps. Bobby Isaac would lead the most number of laps in the entire race (144 out of 200) in his 1968 Dodge Charger vehicle.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
NASCAR's family-oriented heritage would shine at this race with the vast number of vehicles that were either owned by the driver himself or by a close relative of the driver. Ford vehicles would make up the majority of the racing grid while Chevrolet and Dodge made up a sizeable amount of the field. Notable crew chiefs at the race included Harry Hyde, Dale Inman, Frankie Scott, and Jake Elder.


1968 Peach State 200, Race report
Legendary racing team Holman Moody would enjoy a level of success at this event that would eventually be equaled at the other events throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Bill Ervin would be black flagged on the fourth lap of this race due to his vehicle being unable to comply with the minimum racing speeds necessary for NASCAR racing.