1968 Cannes Film Festival, Aftermath
The protests that led to the cancelling of this edition of the festival also brought some changes. On June 14, 1968, French filmmakers like François Truffaut and Louis Malle, among others, took the opportunity to found the Société des Réalisateurs de Films (SRF) with the mission of "defending artistic, moral and professional and economic freedoms of cinematographic creation and participating in the development of new structures of the cinema". In the next year's edition of the festival, it started to organize a parallel selection to the official one called Directors' Fortnight.


1968 Cannes Film Festival, Aftermath
In the 2008 edition, forty years later, some of the works that could not be screened at the time were restored: Peppermint Frappé by Carlos Saura, 24 Hours in the Life of a Woman by Dominique Delouche, Anna Karenina by Alexandre Zarkhi and The Long Day's Dying by Peter Collinson. 13 jours en France by Claude Lelouch and François Reichenbach was also shown even though it was not part of the official selection.


1968 Casiguran earthquake
The 1968 Casiguran earthquake occurred on 04:19:22 local time on August 2 with a moment magnitude of 7.6 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The thrust earthquake's epicenter was in Casiguran, Quezon (now part of Aurora province). A small non-destructive tsunami was generated and at least 207 people were killed. The majority of the deaths occurred in the collapse of a six-story building in Manila.


1968 Casiguran earthquake, Damage
In Manila, many structures that suffered severe damage had been built near the mouth of the Pasig River on huge alluvial deposits. A number of buildings were damaged beyond repair while others only suffered cosmetic damage. 268 people were reported to have died during the collapse of the six-story Ruby Tower, located at the corner of Doroteo Jose and Teodora Alonzo Streets in the district of Santa Cruz. The entire building, save for a portion of the first and second floors at its northern end, was destroyed. Allegations of poor design and construction, as well as use of low-quality building materials, arose. In the district of Santa Ana, one person was injured by debris from a damaged apartment building.


1968 Casiguran earthquake, Damage
Two more people from Aurora sub province and Pampanga died as a direct result of the quake. Around the town of Casiguran, there were several reports of landslides, the most destructive one at Casiguran Bay.


1968 Casiguran earthquake, Aftershocks
The aftershock sequence throughout the month of August included many moderate shocks, including fifteen over 5.0 mb. The strongest of these occurred on August 3 with a 5.9 Ms event that produced intensities of III–IV in Manila.


1968 Casiguran earthquake, Aftermath and legacy
The former location of Ruby Tower in Santa Cruz district is now a memorial hall which stands today.


1968 Central American Championships in Athletics
The fourth Central American Championships in Athletics were held at the Estadio Somoza in Managua, Nicaragua, between March 15-18, 1968.


1968 Central American Championships in Athletics, Medal summary
A couple of results could be retrieved from a variety of articles from the archive ofCosta Rican newspaper La Nación.


1968 Central American Championships in Athletics, Team rankings
Costa Rica came in third in the team ranking of the men's category. Guatemalawon the team ranking of the women's category with 85 points, Costa Rica camein second gaining 84.5 points.


1968 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1968 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In their second season under head coach Roy Kramer, the Chippewas compiled a 7–2 record (2–1 against IIAC opponents), tied for the IIAC championship and outscored their opponents, 256 to 132. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Bob Miles with 918 passing yards, tailback Craig Tefft with 1,126 rushing yards, and Dave Lemere with 325 receiving yards. Tefft received the team's most valuable player award. Seven Central Michigan players (Tefft, defensive end Bucky Colton, guard Fred Ferguson, linebacker Steve Lockman, defensive back Bob Markey, tackle Mike Post, and offensive tackle Ralph Sarnowski) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team.


1968 Challenge Cup Final
The 1968 Challenge Cup Final also remembered as the Watersplash Final was a rugby league match contested between Leeds and Wakefield Trinity on 11 May 1968 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was the 67th final of English rugby league's primary cup competition, the Challenge Cup. The match was played in virtually unplayable conditions due to the state of the waterlogged pitch caused by heavy downpours both before and during the game.


1968 Challenge Cup Final
The final is best remembered for Wakefield's Don Fox missing a conversion from in front of the posts in the last minute of the game, handing Leeds an 11–10 victory. It was the club's eighth Challenge Cup win, and the first since 1957. Fox was the winner of the Lance Todd Trophy, as he had already been voted as man of the match before his miss.


1968 Championship of Australia
The 1968 Championship of Australia was the 12th edition of the Championship of Australia, an ANFC-organised national club Australian rules football match between the champion clubs from the VFL and the SANFL.


1968 Championship of Australia
This was the first Championship of Australia match to be held since 1914.


1968 Chatham Cup
The 1968 Chatham Cup was the 41st annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1968 Chatham Cup
Early stages of the competition were run on a regional basis. In all, 93 teams took part in the competition. Note: Different sources give different numberings for the rounds of the competition: some start round one with the beginning of the regional qualifications; others start numbering from the first national knock-out stage. The former numbering scheme is used in this article.


1968 Chatham Cup, The 1968 final
The final was a one-sided affair, with Suburbs proving too strong for the southerners. John Wrathall scored both goals in the final, putting the ball past Tech keeper (and future national team coach) Ian Marshall.


1968 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1968 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In their first year under head coach Harold Wilkes, the team compiled a 9–1 record.


1968 Chicago Bears season
The 1968 season was the Chicago Bears' 49th in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their 7–6–1 record from 1967 and finished with a  7–7 record nder first-year head coach Jim Dooley and earning them a second-place finish in the Central Division within the NFL's Western Conference, a game behind the Minnesota Vikings.


1968 Chicago Bears season
Star running back Gale Sayers tore the ligaments in his right knee against San Francisco on November 10 and was lost for the season.


1968 Chicago Bears season
The Bears had the tiebreaker advantage over Minnesota, after defeating them twice. They needed a win over the Green Bay Packers in the season finale to clinch the division title, but lost by a point at home.


1968 Chicago Bears season
The following season, Chicago posted its worst record in franchise history at 1–13. The Bears' next postseason appearance was in 1977, as a wild card team, and the next division title came in 1984.


1968 Chicago Bears season, Offseason
George Halas, age 73, retired as head coach of the Bears for the fourth and final time on May 27. Dooley, 38, was promoted and introduced as head coach the following day.


1968 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Chicago Cubs season
The 1968 Chicago Cubs season was the 97th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 93rd in the National League and the 53rd at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished third in the National League with a record of 84–78.


1968 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Chicago White Sox season
The 1968 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 68th season in the major leagues, and its 69th season overall. They finished with a record 67–95, good enough for eighth place in the American League, 36 games behind the first-place Detroit Tigers.


1968 Chicago White Sox season, Regular season
The White Sox played in 74 games that were decided by a one run margin, which is an all-time American League record. In those games, the team had a record of 30–44. The 44 one run losses are an all-time MLB record.


1968 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1968 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1968 Chicago riots
The 1968 Chicago riots, in the United States, were sparked in part by the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Rioting and looting followed, with people flooding out onto the streets of major cities. Soon riots began, primarily in black urban areas. Over 100 major U.S. cities experienced disturbances, resulting in roughly $50 million in damage.


1968 Chicago riots
Rioters and police in Chicago - ironically a place of which King himself said “I’ve been in many demonstrations all across the South, but I can say that I have never seen, even in Mississippi and Alabama, mobs as hostile and as hate-filled as I’m seeing in Chicago” - were particularly aggressive, and the damage was severe. Of the 39 people who died in the nationwide disturbances, 34 were black. Chicago, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. experienced some of the worst riots following King's assassination. In Chicago itself, more than 48 hours of rioting left 11 Chicago citizens dead, 48 wounded by police gunfire, 90 policemen injured, and 2,150 people arrested. Three miles of East Garfield Park and West Garfield Park on West Madison Street were left in a state of rubble.


1968 Chicago riots
Later the same year, around the Democratic National Convention, Chicago would once again be a place for political protest and clashes with the authorities.


1968 Chicago riots, Events, April 5
On April 5, 1968, violence sparked on the West side of Chicago, gradually expanding to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street and leading to additional damage on Roosevelt Road. The Austin and Lawndale neighborhoods on the West Side, and the Woodlawn neighborhood on the South Side experienced the majority of the destruction and chaos. The rioters broke windows, looted stores, and set buildings (both abandoned and occupied) on fire. Firefighters quickly flooded the neighborhood, and Chicago's off-duty firefighters were told to report to work. There were 36 major fires reported between 4:00 pm and 10:00 pm alone. The next day, Mayor Richard J. Daley imposed a curfew on anyone under the age of 21, closed the streets to automobile traffic, and halted the sale of guns or ammunition.


1968 Chicago riots, Events, April 6
Approximately 10,500 police were sent in, and by April 6, more than 6,700 Illinois National Guard troops had arrived in Chicago with 5,000 soldiers from the 1st Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions being ordered into the city by President Johnson. The general in charge declared that no one was allowed to have gatherings in the riot areas and authorized the use of tear gas. Mayor Richard J. Daley gave police the authority "to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with a Molotov cocktail in his hand ... and ... to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city."


1968 Chicago riots, Events, April 6
The South Side had escaped the major chaos mainly because the two large street gangs, the Blackstone Rangers and the East Side Disciples, cooperated to control their neighborhoods. Many gang members did not participate in the rioting, due in part to King's direct involvement with these groups in 1966.


1968 Chicago riots, Aftermath, Rumors and investigation
Rumors circulated that the riots had been organized by Black Panther activists and on April 10, a Chicago Tribune editorial claimed that "Black Power groups" had been the driving force behind the violence through a "conspiracy to riot." No evidence was produced to support the argument that it was a planned riot. During the summer of 1968, Mayor Richard J. Daley appointed the Chicago Riot Study Committee. The committee was led by judges, business leaders, lawyers, and politicians, and staffed by volunteers from law offices.


1968 Chicago riots, Aftermath, Rumors and investigation
The Committee interviewed hundreds of black residents and white business owners in the area, as well as police officers, fire fighters, and local activists, but no evidence of a conspiracy was produced. The final Riot Study concluded, "Some of the rioters may have discussed specific acts of violence, but for the majority of blacks, the riot was a spontaneous overflow of pent-up aggressions." The Committee also concluded that the majority of first rioters were high school students who began taking their frustration out on white business owners. Once the riots started, however, witnesses said that the riots expanded and multiple adults joined the teenage rioters. No evidence was found that concluded anyone intentionally set fire to a black-owned business or residence.


1968 Chicago riots, Aftermath, Damages and shortages
The riots resulted in over 125 fires and 210 buildings being damaged, totaling $10 million worth of damages. Power lines and telephone lines all around the city were knocked out. In the first two days of rioting, police reported multiple civilian deaths but were unable to determine whether they were caused by the riots or other crimes. No official death toll was given for the riots, although published accounts say 9 to 11 people died as a result. Over 2,000 people were arrested, and a thousand people were left homeless. The destruction was mostly on the west side. However, there was some damage on the south side, the near north side and as far north as Old Town.


1968 Chicago riots, Aftermath, Damages and shortages
Following the riots, Chicago experienced a food shortage, and the city's needs were barely met by volunteers bringing food to the area. Results of the riots include the increase in pace of the area's ongoing deindustrialization and public and private disinvestment. Bulldozers moved in to clean up after the rioters, leaving behind vacant lots, many of which remain today.


1968 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1968 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1968. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1968 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1968 Wildcats were led by first-year head coach Pete Riehlman. Chico State finished the season with a record of five wins and five losses (5–5, 2–4 FWC). The Wildcats were outscored by their opponents 149–206 for the season.


1968 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft.


1968 Christchurch mayoral election
The 1968 Christchurch mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1968, election were held for the Mayor of Christchurch plus other local government positions. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1968 Christchurch mayoral election, Background
Sitting mayor George Manning retired leaving an open field to succeed him. The election saw councillor Ron Guthrey of the Citizens' Association defeat former Labour councillor and MP for Avon John Mathison. Labour lost ground on the city council as well, losing four seats leaving the composition of the council at three seats to sixteen in favour of the Citizens' Association.


1968 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1968 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented University of Cincinnati during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Bearcats, led by head coach Homer Rice, participated in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) and played their home games at Nippert Stadium.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season
The 1968 Cincinnati Bengals season was the franchise's 1st  season overall and their 1st under head coach Paul Brown, who left the Cleveland Browns following the 1962 season with National Football League (NFL) record of 115–49–6, seven conference titles, and three NFL championships. His son Mike Brown did a study on pro football expansion and recommended Cincinnati as a potential site. In 1965, Brown met with Ohio Governor James Rhodes and the two agreed the state could accommodate a second pro football team.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season
1966 – Fearful the Cincinnati Reds baseball team would leave town and feeling pressure from local businessmen pushing for a pro football franchise, Cincinnati's city council approved the construction of Riverfront Stadium.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season
1967 – Brown's group was awarded an American Football League (AFL) expansion franchise. Brown named the team the Bengals, the name of Cincinnati's pro teams in the old AFL of the late 1930s. The Bengals acquired their first player late in the year when they traded two draft picks to Miami for quarterback John Stofa.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season
1968 – The Bengals were awarded 40 veteran players in the allocation draft. In the college draft, they selected University of Tennessee center Bob Johnson as their first pick. The Bengals lost their first preseason game 38–14 to the Kansas City Chiefs before 21,682 fans at the University of Cincinnati's Nippert Stadium. The Bengals upset the Denver Broncos 24–10 and the Buffalo Bills 34–23 in their first two regular-season home games. Halfback Paul Robinson led the AFL in rushing with 1,023 yards and was named Rookie of the Year.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season, Awards and records, Highlights
Paul Brown, founder of the Cincinnati Bengals, was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967.


1968 Cincinnati Bengals season, Awards and records, Highlights
Paul Robinson led the AFL in rushing with 1023 yards and was named Rookie of the Year.


1968 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1968 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. It consisted of the Reds finishing in fourth in the National League, with a record of 83–79, 14 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals. The Reds were managed by Dave Bristol and played their home games at Crosley Field. The team had 5,767 at bats, a single season National League record.


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Regular season
Catcher Johnny Bench won the NL's Rookie of the Year Award.


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1968 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In its 29th season under head coach Frank Howard, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (4–1–1 against conference opponents), finished second in the ACC, and outscored opponents by a total of 184 to 179. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.


1968 Clemson Tigers football team
Quarterback Billy Ammons and defensive end Ronnie Duckworth were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included Ammons with 1,006 passing yards, Buddy Gore with 776 rushing yards, Charlie Waters with 411 receiving yards, and Ray Yauger with 42 points scored (7 touchdowns).


1968 Clemson Tigers football team
Five Clemson players were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on the 1968 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team: back Buddy Gore; offensive tackle Joe Lhotsky; defensive end Ronnie Duckworth; defensive tackle John Cagle; and linebacker Jimmy Catoe.


1968 Cleveland Browns season
The 1968 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 19th season with the National Football League. The Browns made it to the playoffs for the 2nd straight year thanks to an 8-game winning streak and the brilliant play of quarterback Bill Nelsen who replaced Frank Ryan as the starting quarterback prior to week 4 of their season.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
In a relative sense Browns had not done much since 1965, when they lost to the Green Bay Packers 23–12 in the NFL Championship Game. They finished 9–5 in 1966 and '67, but made the playoffs only in the second year. However, it was a short stay, as the Dallas Cowboys blew them out 52–14 in the Eastern Conference Championship Game. So with a retooled roster the Browns headed into the 1968 season, hoping to get back into serious title contention. It worked.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
After a slow start in which they lost two of their first three games and three of their first five, the re-tooled Browns won eight in a row before falling 27–16 to the St. Louis Cardinals in a meaningless game in the regular-season finale. The result was a 10–4 mark, the Century Division crown (by the slimmest of margins over the 9–4–1 Cardinals) and a spot in the conference title game again opposite those same Cowboys.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
Only this time, the Browns advanced, beating Dallas 31–20 to get to the league title game against the Baltimore Colts. The Colts, returning to Cleveland Stadium, where they were stunned by the Browns 27–0 in the championship contest four years before, got revenge with a shutout victory of their own, 34–0.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
So it was the Colts and not the Browns who headed to Super Bowl III, where they were stunned once more, this time by the New York Jets, 16–7.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
The key to the Browns' turnaround in 1968 was the insertion of Bill Nelsen at quarterback early in the season. Nelsen replaced Frank Ryan, the architect of that victory over the Colts in 1964. By '68, though, he was really banged up, battling shoulder problems. Nelsen had been acquired in an offseason trade with the Pittsburgh Steelers and was inspired by going to a team that had a chance to win. At the time, the Steelers were in the midst of a 6-year run without a playoff appearance.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
Nelsen made an impact right away, helping to beat the Colts 30–20 to hand Baltimore its only loss in a 13–1 season.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Exhibition schedule
There was a doubleheader on September 7, 1968 Lions vs Jets (AFL) and Packers vs Browns.


1968 Cleveland Browns season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1968 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Neil Wheelwright, the team compiled a 5–5 record. Gene Ditwiler was the team captain.


1968 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The team played its home games at Andy Kerr Stadium in Hamilton, New York.


1968 Colgate Red Raiders football team, Leading players
Two trophies were awarded to the Red Raiders' most valuable players in 1968:


1968 College Baseball All-America Team
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.


1968 College Baseball All-America Team
From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.


1968 College Football All-America Team
The 1968 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1968.


1968 College Football All-America Team
The NCAA recognizes six selectors as "official" for the 1968 season. They are (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (2) the Associated Press (AP), (3) the Central Press Association (CP), (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (5) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and (6) the United Press International (UPI). Four of the six teams (AP, UPI, NEA, and FWAA) were selected by polling of sports writers and/or broadcasters. The Central Press team was selected with input from the captains of the major college teams. The AFCA team was based on a poll of coaches. Other notable selectors, though not recognized by the NCAA as official, included Football News, a national weekly football publication, Time magazine, The Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).


1968 College Football All-America Team
No single team dominated the All-America selections in 1968 with Ohio State and Notre Dame both having three first-team players.


1968 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia on 17 March 1968 to elect the Chamber of Representatives, the last occasion on which mid-term elections were held for the Chamber. Under the National Front agreement, only the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party were able to contest the elections, with 50% of the seats in both houses allocated to each party. As a result, the main contest at the elections was between factions within each party.


1968 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1968 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado at Boulder during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. This Colorado squad featured 18 sophomores on the two-deep depth chart and endured an up-and-down season, including the second straight win over Oklahoma in Boulder but also the first loss to Air Force in five years.


1968 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1968 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventh season under head coach Mike Lude, the Rams compiled an overall record of 2–8 and a conference mark of 1–4, placing sixth in the WAC. The games against Texas Tech and Air Force counted in the conference standings even though neither of those teams was a member of the WAC.


1968 Columbia 200
The 1968 Columbia 200 was a NASCAR Grand National Series stock car race that was held on April 18, 1968, at Columbia Speedway in Columbia, South Carolina.


1968 Columbia 200, Background
Columbia Speedway was an oval racetrack located in Cayce, a suburb of Columbia, South Carolina. It was the site of auto races for NASCAR's top series from 1951 through 1971. For most of its history, the racing surface was dirt. The races in April and August 1970 were two of the final three Grand National races ever held on a dirt track.


1968 Columbia 200, Background
The track was paved before hosting its last two Grand National races in 1971.


1968 Columbia 200, Background
While Columbia Speedway was shut down to cars in 1979, noise complaints, it reopened as a velodrome in 2001.


1968 Columbia 200, Race report
Two hundred laps took place on a dirt track spanning 0.500 miles (0.805 km) per lap; for a grand total of 100.0 miles (160.9 km). The race lasted one hour and twenty-four minutes with five cautions being handed out by NASCAR officials.


1968 Columbia 200, Race report
Bobby Isaac would defeat Charlie Glotzbach by less than one lap in front of 6500 live spectators (thus recording Nord Krauskopf's first win as a NASCAR team owner. After this race, no vehicle with the number 37 would even win a NASCAR Grand National Series race ever again.


1968 Columbia 200, Race report
While the average speed of the race was 71.358 miles per hour (114.840 km/h), Richard Petty would qualify for the race with a pole position speed of 75.282 miles per hour (121.155 km/h). Out of the 23-car field, 22 cars would be driven by American-born drivers while the other vehicle would be driven by Canadian driver Frog Fagan. Bob Cooper would acquire the race's last-place finish due to an alternator issue on lap 42. Until 1972, Daytona 500 qualifiers were valid for the championship, Isaac would get his second win of the season at this race.


1968 Columbia 200, Race report
Until 1972, Daytona 500 qualifiers were valid for the championship, so Bobby Isaac got his second win of his NASCAR Grand National Cup Series career. Meanwhile, Mopar (Dodge and Plymouth) would have its vehicles finish in the top five. Total prize winnings handed out at the race was $4,490 ($33,011 when adjusted for inflation); with $1,000 being handed out to the winner ($7,352 when adjusted for inflation) while the last-place finisher not winning any money.


1968 Columbia 200, Race report
Notable crew chiefs at the race were Dale Inman, Harry Hyde, Frankie Scott, and Jake Elder.


1968 Columbia 200, Finishing order
* Driver failed to finish race † signifies that the driver is known to be deceased


1968 Columbia Lions football team
The 1968 Columbia Lions football team represented Columbia University in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. They were led by first-year head coach Frank Navarro and played their home games at Baker Field. They were a member of the Ivy League. They finished the season 2–7 overall and 2–5 in Ivy League play to place fifth.


1968 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1968 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. The Huskies were led by third-year head coach John Toner, and completed the season with a record of 4–6.


1968 Cook Islands general election
General elections were held in the Cook Islands on 1 May 1968. The result was a victory for the Cook Islands Party (CIP), which won 16 seats, a gain of two from the 1965 elections. The newly formed United Cook Islanders won the other six seats to become the parliamentary opposition. CIP leader Albert Henry continued as Prime Minister.


1968 Cook Islands general election, Campaign
In February a new party, the United Cook Islanders (UCI), was formed. Its members included former cabinet members Mana Strickland and Manea Tamarua. The new party launched its manifesto on 8 April.


1968 Cook Islands general election, Campaign
A total of 55 candidates contested the elections; 23 from the CIP (two candidates from the party ran against each other in Pukapuka, and four candidates from the party contested the three seats in Takitumu), 18 from the UCI and six independents. Former Leader of Government Business Dick Charles Brown had intended to run as an independent, but withdrew. The CIP candidates were returned unopposed in Mauke and Mitiaro.


1968 Cook Islands general election, Campaign
The campaign period during April saw meetings held almost every night, with CIP meetings initially drawing crowds of several hundred, rising to over 1,300 by the end of the campaign. In contrast, UCI meetings were usually attended by fewer than 100 people.


1968 Cook Islands general election, Results
The CIP won all nine seats in Rarotonga, and gained the three Aitutaki seats, which had been won by the Independent Group in 1965. The UCI's former ministers, Strickland and Tamarua, both lost their seats.


1968 Copa Interamericana
The 1968 Copa Interamericana was the 1st. edition of the Copa Interamericana. The final was contested by Argentine club Estudiantes de la Plata (champion of 1968 Copa Libertadores) and Mexican side Deportivo Toluca (winner of 1968 CONCACAF Champions' Cup). The final was played under a two-leg format in February 1969.


1968 Copa Interamericana
In the first leg, hosted at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Estudiantes beat Toluca 2–1. In the second leg at Estudiantes Stadium in La Plata, Toluca was the winner by the same score. As both teams tied on points and goal difference, a playoff was held in Estadio Centenario, Montevideo, where Estudiantes defeat Toluca 3–0 and therefore the team won their first Interamericana trophy,


1968 Copa Libertadores
The 1968 Copa Libertadores was the ninth edition of the Copa Libertadores, South America's premier association football competition. It was played between January 27 and May 16. A record 21 teams participated in this edition.


1968 Copa Libertadores
This edition brought the explosive debut of a humble team from the city of La Plata, capital of the Buenos Aires province, that did not find itself in the plateau of Argentine football. Estudiantes de La Plata, an authentic stranger in the highest levels of South American football, surpassed all expectations as they eliminated defending champions Racing and Independiente (two denominated "great" ones in Argentina as well as each having already won the tournament before).


1968 Copa Libertadores
With a talented prospect by the name of Juan Ramón Verón, the pincharatas beat Palmeiras 2–0 in a playoff after the final series finished 2–2 on points. Estudiantes conquered the title with an original style which emphasized athleticism and strategic preparation.


1968 Copa Libertadores, Tie-breaking criteria
At each stage of the tournament teams receive 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and no points for a loss. If two or more teams are equal on points, the following criteria will be applied to determine the ranking in the group stage:


1968 Copa Libertadores, First round
Twenty teams were drawn into five groups of four. In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away. The top two teams in each group advanced to the Second round. Racing, the title holders, had a bye to the Semifinals.


1968 Copa Libertadores, Second round
Ten teams were drawn into three groups, two groups of three and one group of four. In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away. The top team in each group advanced to the Semifinals, along with Racing Club.


1968 Copa Libertadores, Semifinals
Four teams were drawn into two groups. In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away. The top team in each group advanced to the Finals.


1968 Copa Libertadores, Semifinals, Semifinal 1
Estudiantes progressed to the finals due to better goal difference.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals
The 1968 Copa Libertadores Finals was the final two-legged tie to determine the 1968 Copa Libertadores champion. It was contested by Argentine club Estudiantes de La Plata and Brazilian club Palmeiras. The first leg of the tie was played on 2 May at Estudiantes' home field, with the second leg played on 7 May at Palmeiras'. Estudiantes and Palmeiras played in their 1st and 2nd Copa Libertadores finals, respectively. Palmeiras last appearance was in 1961, in which they were beaten by defending champions Peñarol. Estudiantes was appearing in their first ever final ever.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals
Estudiantes won the series after winning a tie-breaking playoff 2-0 at Montevideo's Estadio Centenario.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Rules
The finals will be played over two legs; home and away. The team that accumulates the most points —two for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss— after the two legs will be crowned the champion. Should the two teams be tied on points after the second leg a playoff was at a neutral venue will become the next tie-breaker. Goal difference is going to be used as a last resort.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals
Palmeiras qualified to the 1968 Copa Libertadores as the 1967 Taça Brasil champions, defeating Náutico 2-0 in a playoff played at the Estádio do Maracanã. This was Palmeiras' second title in the competition. Estudiantes qualified as runners-up of the 1967 Torneo Nacional. The team did win the 1967 Metropolitano after defeating Copa Libertadores holders Racing Club.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals, First round
Estudiantes was drawn into Group 1 alongside Independiente, winners of the 1964 and 1965 editions of this tournament, and Colombian sides Deportivo Cali and Millonarios. The Pincharatas surprisingly cruised to the second round, assuring qualification, with a match to spare, after a run of 4 consecutive victories and a tie. Estudiantes defeated Independiente 2-4 in Avellaneda and won 0-1 and 1-2 in Colombia against Millonarios and Deportivo Cali, respectively. A 3-0 victory at home against Deportivo Cali was followed by a 0-0 draw vs Millonarios, which assured Estudiantes place into the second round. Estudiantes will beat Independiente 2-0 in their last match of this phase.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals, First round
Palmeiras was drawn into Group 5. They were joined by fellow Brazilian club Náutico and Venezuelan outfits Deportivo Portugués and Deportivo Galicia. Like Estudiatnes, Palmeiras started their campaign well with a 5-victory streak that assured them of a place in the second round, with Tupãzinho, Ademir and Servílio being key players for the Verdão (tying 0-0 in their last, meaningless match against Náutico). The first match saw Palmeiras win in Recife 1-3 against Náutico. Two 1-2 away victories against the Venezuelan teams was followed by 1-0 win over Deportivo Galicia and a 2-0 triumph over Deportivo Portugués.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals, Second round and Semifinals
The second round was another group phase. Estudiantes were drawn in Group A alongside Independiente and Universitario. Universitario gave Estudiantes their first defeat in the tournament, 1-0, in Lima. However, Estudiantes came back strongly to win the rest of their matches. The Pincharatas defeated, once again, Independiente home and away (1-0 and 1-2, respectively) and secured their place in the Semifinals with a 1-0 triumph over Universitario. In Group C, Tupãzinho, Ademir and Servílio continued to shine as Palmeiras made their way into the last four of the competition. A 4-1 rout of Universidad Católica was followed by a disappointing 2-0 defeat to Guaraní. Two hard-earned wins, one 0-1 scoreline in Santiago against Universidad Católica and a 2-1 win at home vs Guaraní, was enough to get Palmeiras through.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals, Second round and Semifinals
In the Semifinals, Estudiantes played against defending champions Racing. The first leg was played in La Plata. Estudiantes won the match 3−0 with goals from Roberto Perfumo and a brace from the emerging figure Juan Ramón Verón. The second leg, played at Avellaneda, was won by Racing 2-0 with goals by Humberto Maschio and Rubén Fucceneco. Since the series was tied on points (2-2 each), a playoff in Buenos Aires was contested; it ended in a 1-1 draw with Juan Carlos Cárdenas and Verón scoring for each of their clubs. Since the match finished in a tie, goal difference was taken into account and Estudiantes advanced to the finals.


1968 Copa Libertadores Finals, Route to the Finals, Second round and Semifinals
Palmeiras' semifinal match-up was against Peñarol, three-time winners of the Copa Libertadores, in a rematch of the 1961 final which Peñarol won. This time, Palmeiras started out well winning the first leg, played at home in São Paulo, with a 1−0 with the goal coming from Tupãzinho. The second leg, played in Montevideo, ended with a 1-2 scoreline in favor of Palmeiras with a brace by Tupãzinho. Héctor Silva scored the manyas lone goal. With a point aggregate of 4-0, Palmeiras advanced to the finals.


1968 Copa Perú
The 1968 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1968), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football.


1968 Copa Perú
In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualified a team. Those teams plus the team relegated from First Division on the last year, enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify for the Final round, staged in Lima (the capital).


1968 Copa Perú
The winning team, Carlos A. Mannucci, was promoted to play in 1968 Torneo Descentralizado.


1968 Copa Perú, Finalists teams
The following list shows the teams that qualified for the Regional Stage.


1968 Copa del Generalísimo Final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1968 Final was the 66th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, on 5 July 1968, being won by FC Barcelona, who beat Real Madrid CF 1–0.


1968 Coppa Italia Final
The 1968 Coppa Italia Final was a final group of the 1967–68 Coppa Italia. From 1968 to 1971, FIGC introduced a final group instead of semi-finals and finals. In the final group, four teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The matches were played from 13 June – 30 June 1968. The group winner was Torino.


1968 Coppa Italia Final, Background
Coppa Italia began in 1922, although the first edition didn't include the best teams and the tournament would, after one edition, pause until 1926 when it was reintroduced only to be abandon before finished. In 1935, however,  the tournament was more successfully arranged, but after seven editions it would halt due to the Second World War. It was not resumed until 1958, but has  thereafter  remained as a prestigious competition in Italian football for many decades.


1968 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1968 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 59th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909.


1968 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
St. Vincent's won the championship following a 2–11 to 1–12 defeat of Youghal in the final. This was their first ever championship title in this grade.


1968 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1968 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 80th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 28 January 1968. The championship began on 7 April 1968 and ended on 6 October 1968.


1968 Cork Senior Football Championship
Beara entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by University College Cork at the quarter-final stage.


1968 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 6 October 1968, Carbery won the championship following a 1-09 to 1-06 defeat of Clonakilty in a final replay. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1937.


1968 Cork Senior Football Championship
Clonakilty's Tim F. Hayes was the championship's top scorer with 0-26.


1968 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1968 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 80th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The championship began on 28 April 1968 and ended on 13 September 1968.


1968 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Glen Rovers were the defending champions, however, they withdrew from the championship at the semi-final stage.


1968 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 13 September 1968, St. Finbarr's won the championship following a 5-9 to 1-19 defeat of Imokilly in the final. This was their 17th championship title overall and their first in three championship seasons.


1968 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Charlie McCarthy from the St. Finbarr's club was the championship's top scorer with 5-21.


1968 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1968 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. Cornell finished second-from-last in the Ivy League.


1968 Cornell Big Red football team
In its third season under head coach Jack Musick, the team compiled a 3–6 record and was outscored 163 to 130. Doug Kleiber was the team captain.


1968 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell's 1–6 conference record placed seventh in the Ivy League standings. The Big Red was outscored 147 to 96 by Ivy opponetns.


1968 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1967 bowl game season, was the 32nd edition of the college football bowl game, held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Monday, January 1. It matched the eighth-ranked Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the unranked Texas A&M Aggies, champions of the Southwest Conference (SWC). Underdog Texas A&M won the game 20–16.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Alabama
Alabama finished the regular season with an 8–1–1 record. The Crimson Tide were ranked second to start the season, but tied visiting Florida State in their opener and lost to eventual conference champion Tennessee a month later, also in Birmingham. Following their victory over South Carolina, Alabama accepted an invitation to the Cotton Bowl on November 20. The appearance marked the third for Alabama in the Cotton Bowl, and their 21st overall bowl game.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Texas A&M
Texas A&M finished the regular season with a 6–4 record, winning six straight after opening the season with consecutive losses to SMU, Purdue, LSU, and Florida State. With a 10–7 victory over rival Texas in the regular season finale, the Aggies secured their position in the Cotton Bowl as SWC champions. Third-year head coach Gene Stallings, age 32, was a former Aggie player (under head coach Bear Bryant). The appearance marked the third for the Aggies in the Cotton Bowl, and their eighth overall bowl game.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Alabama opened the game with a ten-play, 80-yard drive with quarterback Ken Stabler scoring on an three-yard run. The Aggies responded with a 13-yard Edd Hargett touchdown pass to Larry Stegent to tie the game at 7–7 at the end of the first quarter. After Steve Davis hit a 36-yard field goal on the first play of the second quarter for Alabama, A&M responded late in the quarter with a 7-yard Tommy Maxwell touchdown reception from Hargett. After the ensuing extra point failed, the Aggies took a 13–10 lead at the half.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
A&M extended their lead to 20–10 early in the third after Wendell Housley scored on a 20-yard touchdown run. The final points of the game came later in the third when Stabler scored his second touchdown of the game, and with a failed two-point conversion attempt and a scoreless fourth, the Aggies won 20–16. For his performance, Texas A&M quarterback Edd Hargett was named the Most Valuable Player of the game. As A&M head coach Stallings was both a former player and assistant coach under him, Bryant carried him off the field to celebrate the victory.


1968 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Curley Hallman, a native of the Tuscaloosa suburb of Northport, Alabama, intercepted Stabler twice. Hallman later served as an assistant coach under Bryant from 1973-76, an assistant at his alma mater from 1982-87, and then head coach at Southern Mississippi (1988-90) and LSU (1991-94).


1968 County Championship
The 1968 County Championship was the 69th officially organised running of the County Championship. Yorkshire won their third consecutive Championship title.


1968 County Championship
The method of obtaining points changed again for a third successive year:


1968 Coupe de France Final
The 1968 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on May 12, 1968, that saw AS Saint-Étienne defeat FC Girondins de Bordeaux 2–1 thanks to goals by Rachid Mekloufi.


1968 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season
The 1968 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks season was the 2nd in the club's history. They competed in the NSWRFL's 1968 season.


1968 Croydon London Borough Council election
The 1968 Croydon Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Croydon London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council. Turnout in this election was 36.2%.


1968 Cup of the Alps
1968 Coppa delle Alpi shows the results of the 1968 tournament that was held mainly in Switzerland in the preseason 1968/69. The Coppa delle Alpi (translated as Cup of the Alps) was a football tournament, jointly organized by the Italian national league and the Swiss League as a pre-season event.


1968 Cup of the Alps
Most of the games in the 1968 competition were played in Switzerland. There were four teams taking part from ItalyA.S. Roma, ACF Fiorentina, Cagliari and Juventus, four from Germany 1. FC Kaiserslautern, 1. FC Köln, Eintracht Frankfurt and FC Schalke 04 as well as four from Switzerland Luzern, Servette FC Genève, Young Boys and FC Basel. The teams were drawn into two groups, two teams from each country in either group. The winners of the two groups were matched in the final.


1968 Cupa României Final
The 1968 Cupa României Final was the 30th final of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition. It was disputed between Dinamo București and Rapid București, and was won by Dinamo București after a game with 4 goals after extra time. Alexandru Neagu failed a penalty in 90 minutes for Rapid București. It was the 3rd cup for Dinamo București.


1968 Currie Cup
The 1968 Currie Cup was the 30th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa. It was also the first season that the Currie Cup became an annual competition, having previously been held intermittently.


1968 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Northern Transvaal for the third time; they beat  Transvaal 16–3 in the final in Pretoria.


1968 Cypriot presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Cyprus on 25 February 1968. The result was a victory for the incumbent President Makarios III, who won 96.3% of the vote. Voter turnout was 93.5%.


1968 Cypriot presidential election
A separate election for Vice President of Cyprus took place. Fazıl Küçük was elected.


1968 Cypriot presidential election, Electoral system
The elections were held using a two-round system; if no candidate received over 50% of the vote in the first round, a second round was to be held between the top two candidates. The constitution required the President of Cyprus to be a Greek Cypriot and the Vice-President to be a Turkish Cypriot. Greek Cypriots elected the President and Turkish Cypriots elected the Vice-President.


1968 Czech legislative election
Indirect National Council elections were held in the Czech part of Czechoslovakia on 10 June 1968, the first time Czechs had elected their own legislature. Of the 200 members of the National Council, 150 were elected indirectly by the National Assembly, whilst the other 50 members were elected by the National Council itself on 21 November 1968.


1968 Czechoslovak presidential election
The 1968 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 30 March 1968. Ludvík Svoboda replaced Antonín Novotný as the President of Czechoslovakia. It was the only time during Communist regime that the elected president didn't receive 100% of votes.


1968 Czechoslovak presidential election, Background
The election was held as a result of Novotný's resignation during Prague Spring. Discussions about his successor started. The reformist wing of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia wanted an independent candidate and nominated Josef Charvát while others supported Ludvík Svoboda. Another suggested candidate was Čestmír Císař who was supported by students. It was eventually decided that Svoboda will be the only candidate in the election.


1968 Czechoslovak presidential election, Voting
The election was held on 30 March 1968. 288 MPs participated. Svoboda received 282 votes and became the new president.


1968 DFB-Pokal Final
The 1968 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1967–68 DFB-Pokal, the 25th season of Germany's premier football cup. It was played on 9 June 1968 at the Südweststadion in Ludwigshafen.


1968 Dahomeyan constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in the Republic of Dahomey on 31 March 1968. As with the 1964 referendum, the main issues were changing the system of government to a presidential system, scrapping term limits for the president, and having a unicameral parliament. The referendum passed with 92.2% of voters approving the changes. Turnout was 81.8% of the 1,126,155 registered voters.


1968 Dallas Cowboys season
The 1968 Dallas Cowboys season was their ninth in the league and won the Capitol division by five games with a 12–2 record. In the first round of the playoffs, Dallas met the Cleveland Browns (10–4) in the Eastern Conference title game, held at Municipal Stadium in Cleveland. In this era, the host sites were rotated, home field advantage was not adopted for the playoffs until 1975. Dallas had won the regular season game 28–7 in September, and had routed the Browns 52–14 in the previous year's playoffs, but both were played at the Cotton Bowl.


1968 Dallas Cowboys season
Cleveland upset the favored Cowboys 31–20, sending Dallas to the third place Playoff Bowl at the Orange Bowl in Miami, where they rallied to defeat the Minnesota Vikings, 17–13.


1968 Dallas Cowboys season
The team averaged 30.8 points per game during the regular season, and holds the record for most points scored through the first three games of a season.


1968 Danish 1st Division, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Kjøbenhavns Boldklub won the championship.


1968 Danish general election
General elections were held in Denmark on 23 January 1968. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest in the Folketing, with 62 of the 179 seats. Voter turnout was 89.3% in Denmark proper, 56.6% in the Faroe Islands and 56.3% in Greenland. They were the last elections in which the old counties were used as constituencies.


1968 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1968 Dartmouth Indians football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Indians finished fifth in the Ivy League.


1968 Dartmouth Indians football team
In their 14th season under head coach Bob Blackman, the Indians compiled a 4–5 record but outscored opponents 206 to 183. Randolph Wallick was the team captain.


1968 Dartmouth Indians football team
The Indians' 3–4 conference record placed fifth in the Ivy League standings. The Indians outscored Ivy opponents 168 to 154.


1968 Dartmouth Indians football team
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes
The Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes occurred in Dashte Bayaz, Kakhk and Ferdows, Iran in late August and early September 1968. The mainshock measured 7.4 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. Damage was heavy in the affected areas with thousands of lives lost in the first event and many hundreds more in the second strong event.


1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes, Tectonic setting
The Iranian plateau is confined by the Turan platform in the north and the Zagros fold and thrust belt and Makran Trench in the south. The Arabian Plate is converging to the north with the Eurasian Plate at a rate of 35 millimeters (1.4 in) per year, and is diffused across a 1,000 km (620 mi) zone resulting in continental shortening and thickening throughout the plateau, with strike-slip and reverse faulting present, as well as subduction at the Makran coast.


1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes, Tectonic setting
In eastern Iran, the shortening is accommodate by a combination of relatively short northwest–southeast trending reverse faults, long north–south trending right lateral strike-slip faults and shorter west–east trending left-lateral strike-slip faults.


1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes, Earthquakes
The first earthquake occurred on August 31, 1968, measuring 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale. The focal mechanism indicated strike-slip faulting and the observed 80 km surface rupture showed that this earthquake resulted from movement on the western part of the west–east trending left-lateral Dasht-e-Bayaz Fault. The greatest observed left-lateral coseismic offset was about 4.5 m, with 2 m being the average observed offset.


1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes, Damage
The mainshock destroyed five villages in the Dasht-e Bayaz area, and at least half of the buildings in another six villages from Kakhk to Sarayan. A strong aftershock on September 1, measuring 6.4 on the moment magnitude scale, destroyed Ferdows. More than 175 villages were destroyed or damaged in this earthquake.


1968 Davis Cup
The 1968 Davis Cup was the 57th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 32 teams entered the Europe Zone, 9 teams entered the Americas Zone, and 8 teams entered the Eastern Zone. Peru made its first appearance in the tournament, having previously entered on 3 separate occasions before subsequently withdrawing before competing in a tie.


1968 Davis Cup
The United States defeated Ecuador in the Americas Inter-Zonal final, India defeated Japan in the Eastern Inter-Zonal final, and Spain and West Germany were the winners of the two Europe Zones, defeating Italy and South Africa respectively.


1968 Davis Cup
In the Inter-Zonal Zone, the United States defeated Spain and India defeated West Germany in the semifinals, and then the United States defeated India in the final. The United States then defeated the defending champions Australia in the Challenge Round, ending Australia's four-year title run. The final was played at Memorial Drive Park in Adelaide, Australia on 26–28 December.


1968 Davis Cup, Incidents
In what became known as the Båstad riots, the Europe Zone first-round tie between Sweden and Rhodesia, planned to be held in Båstad, Sweden, caused widespread disruption as demonstrators protested the participation of both Rhodesia and South Africa in the tournament. Both countries had been banned from competing in other sports competitions due to their apartheid and white minority rule policies.


1968 Davis Cup, Incidents
Following discussions between the Swedish government and demonstrators, the International Tennis Federation and Swedish Tennis Federation decided to move the tie to a neutral location in Bandol, France.


1968 Davis Cup Americas Zone
The Americas Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1968 Davis Cup.


1968 Davis Cup Americas Zone
9 teams entered the Americas Zone: 4 teams competed in the North & Central America Zone, while 5 teams competed in the South America Zone. The winner of each sub-zone would play against each other to determine who moved to the Inter-Zonal Zone to compete against the winners of the Eastern Zone and Europe Zone.


1968 Davis Cup Americas Zone
The United States defeated Mexico in the North & Central America Zone final, and Ecuador defeated Chile in the South America Zone final. In the Americas Inter-Zonal Final, the United States defeated Ecuador and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1968 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
The Eastern Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1968 Davis Cup.


1968 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
9 teams entered the Eastern Zone, competing across 2 sub-zones. The winner of each sub-zones would play against each other to determine who would compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Americas Zone and Europe Zone.


1968 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
Japan defeated the Philippines in the Zone A final, and India defeated Ceylon in the Zone B final. In the Inter-Zonal final India defeated Japan and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1968 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1968 Davis Cup.


1968 Davis Cup Europe Zone
32 teams entered the Europe Zone, competing across 2 sub-zones. The winners of each sub-zone went on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Americas Zone and Eastern Zone.


1968 Davis Cup Europe Zone
Spain defeated Italy in the Zone A final, and West Germany defeated South Africa in the Zone B final, resulting in both Spain and West Germany progressing to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1968 Dayton Flyers football team
The 1968 Dayton Flyers football team represented the University of Dayton in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season.


1968 Daytona 500
The 1968 Daytona 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series race held on February 25, 1968, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. Cale Yarborough won the race from the pole


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
The event was won by Cale Yarborough driving a 1968 Mercury. Yarborough drove his #21 to victory in just over 3 hours and 23 minutes after starting the race on the pole. There were 11 caution flags which slowed the race for 60 laps, a track record at the time that remained so until 2005. Yarborough squeaked out the victory by less than a second over LeeRoy Yarbrough. The win was Yarborough's first victory of the season and his first victory in the "Great American Race".


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
This was also the only Daytona 500 where the grid was set exclusively by qualifying times. The 125-mile qualifying races were not held due to inclement weather.


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
First Daytona 500 starts for Andy Hampton, Buddy Arrington, Bill Seifert, Dave Marcis, (Marcis would make every Daytona 500 until 2000), Earl Brooks, Dick Johnson, Dr. Don Tarr, and Dub Simpson. Only Daytona 500 starts for Al Unser, Bob Senneker, Butch Hartman, Larry Manning, Rod Eulenfeld, Charles Burnett, Don Biederman, Stan Meserve, and Bud Moore. Last Daytona 500 starts for Darel Dieringer, Clyde Lynn, Sam McQuagg, Mario Andretti, Sonny Hutchins, Bob Cooper, Jerry Grant, Paul Lewis, Roy Tyner, and H. B. Bailey.


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
This was the race in which Junior Johnson cost his own team the race. Cale ran out of gas at some point in the race and overshot his pit as the crew wasn't expecting him. Junior Johnson was standing out waiting for Leeroy to come and he managed to put just enough gas to get Cale back around to his put.


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
Al Unser led a lap in this one; it became the only time that he led a NASCAR race in his career. Dub Simpson earned a dubious distinction by becoming the only driver ever to fail to complete a lap in the race. This was also Bob "The Sneaker" Senneker's best career NASCAR finish, where he finished in 13th place. Richard Petty and his "mysterious" black vinyl roof actually ran pretty good and led the race until James Hylton blew a tire and ended up in the turn 1 wall. A piece of debris from Hylton's car hit Petty's and knocked the roof loose starting a day of troubles for Richard's team because of their experiment. Petty would finish the race two laps behind the drivers on the lead lap.


1968 Daytona 500, Summary
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1968 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware in the Middle Atlantic Conference during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In its third season under head coach Tubby Raymond, the team compiled an 8–3 record (5–0 against MAC opponents), won the MAC University Division championship, defeated IUP in the Boardwalk Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 319 to 180. Bob Novotny was the team captain. The team played its home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware.


1968 Delaware State Hornets football team
The 1968 Delaware State Hornets football team represented Delaware State College—now known as Delaware State University—as a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) in the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. Led by second-year head coach Arnold Jeter and quarterback Norris Saunders, the Hornets compiled an overall record of 4–6 and a mark of 2–4 in conference play, placing 13th in the CIAA.


1968 Delaware gubernatorial election
The 1968 Delaware gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1968. Republican nominee Russell W. Peterson defeated incumbent Democratic Governor Charles L. Terry Jr. with 50.51% of the vote.


1968 Democratic National Convention
The 1968 Democratic National Convention was held August 26–29 at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Earlier that year incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, thus making the purpose of the convention to select a new presidential nominee for the Democratic Party. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii). Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine were nominated for president and vice president, respectively.


1968 Democratic National Convention
The most contentious issues of the convention were the continuing American military involvement in the Vietnam War and voting reform, particularly expanding the right to vote for draft-age soldiers (age 18) who were unable to vote as the voting age was 21. The convention also marked a turning point where previously idle groups such as youth and minorities became more involved in politics and voting.


1968 Democratic National Convention
The convention of 1968 was held during a year of riots, political turbulence, and mass civil unrest. The assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in April of that year inflamed racial tensions to an unprecedented level. King's assassination lead to riots in more than 100 cities and marked the end of the Civil Rights Era. The convention also followed the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5. Robert Kennedy's assassination derailed the convention, paving the way for Hubert Humphrey. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running for the Democratic nomination at the time. The Humphrey-Muskie ticket would be defeated in the general election by the Republican ticket of Nixon and Agnew.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
The Democratic Party, which controlled the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the White House, was divided in 1968. Senator Eugene McCarthy entered the campaign in November 1967, challenging incumbent President Lyndon Johnson for the Democratic nomination. Senator Robert F. Kennedy entered the race in March 1968.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
Johnson, facing dissent within his party, and having only barely won the New Hampshire primary, announced that he would not seek re-election on March 31, 1968. The Wisconsin primary was scheduled for April 2, and public opinion polls showed Johnson as third in the race, behind McCarthy and Kennedy. For an incumbent president to come in third in a primary would be unprecedented humiliation, and for Johnson it was better to drop out of the race on March 31 rather than to come in third in the Wisconsin primary.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
In his television address announcing his withdrawal from the presidential race, Johnson also announced the United States would stop bombing North Vietnam north of the 19th parallel and was willing to open peace talks. On April 27 Vice President Hubert Humphrey entered into the race but did not compete in any primaries; instead he inherited the delegates previously pledged to Johnson and then collected delegates in caucus states, especially in caucuses controlled by local Democratic bosses.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
Peace talks had begun in Paris on May 13, 1968, but almost immediately became deadlocked as Xuan Thuy, the head of the North Vietnamese delegation, demanded that the U.S. give a promise to unconditionally stop bombing North Vietnam, a demand rejected by W. Averell Harriman of the American delegation. Like many other newly independent nations in Africa and Asia, the North Vietnamese were extremely sensitive about threats to their newly won sovereignty and independence.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
Under French colonial rule, the French had carried out their policy of mission civilisatrice, under which the Vietnamese were to be "civilized" by being assimilated into the French language and culture, which had caused an intense Vietnamese nationalist reaction. Ho Chi Minh and all of the other Vietnamese communist leaders had spent decades struggling against the French, and he, together with the rest of the Politburo, felt that the U.S. dropping bombs on North Vietnam was a violation of their country's sovereignty.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
In a way that many Americans had trouble understanding, Ho felt that to negotiate with the Americans reserving the right to bomb North Vietnam whenever they wanted to would diminish the country's independence. Right from the moment Operation Rolling Thunder started in 1965, the North Vietnamese had demanded the U.S. unconditionally halt the bombing as the first step towards peace. Though the North Vietnamese had agreed to talk in 1968, it soon became apparent that no progress would be possible in Paris until the U.S. promised to unconditionally cease bombing, as the talks floundered on that issue all through the spring, summer and fall of 1968.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Before the convention
After Kennedy's assassination on June 5, the Democratic Party's divisions grew. At the moment of Kennedy's death the delegate count stood at Humphrey 561.5, Kennedy 393.5, McCarthy 258. Kennedy's murder left his delegates uncommitted. Support within the Democratic Party was divided between McCarthy, who ran a decidedly anti-war campaign and was seen as the peace candidate; Humphrey, who was seen as the candidate representing the Johnson point of view; and Senator George McGovern, who appealed to some of the Kennedy supporters.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Before the start of the convention on August 26, several states had competing slates of delegates attempting to be seated at the convention. Some of these delegate credential fights went to the floor of the convention on August 26, where votes were held to determine which slates of delegates representing Texas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina would be seated at the convention. The more racially integrated challenging slate from Texas was defeated.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The convention was regarded as one of the most tense and confrontational political conventions ever in American history. The convention's host, Mayor Richard J. Daley of Chicago, had refused permission for "anti-patriotic" groups to demonstrate at the convention, and had the International Amphitheatre, where the convention was being held, ringed with barbed wire while putting the 11,000 officers of the Chicago Police Department on twelve-hour shifts. In addition, there were 6,000 armed men from the Illinois National Guard called up to guard the International Amphitheatre, giving the feeling that Chicago was a city under siege.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Todd Gitlin, one of the leaders of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) protest group, was highly worried about the potential for violence, and at a speech paraphrased a lyric from a song, "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", saying: "If you're going to Chicago, be sure to wear some armor in your hair".


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Johnson had wanted the Democratic convention to be held in Houston, but Daley had successfully lobbied the president to have the convention held in Chicago, as he wanted the convention held in his city to showcase to the national media how successful he had been since he started serving as mayor in 1955. Daley, a man who ruled Chicago in an extremely authoritarian style, felt very strongly that the protesters were going to ruin what was supposed to be his moment of triumph and was determined to stop them.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
One of Daley's aides told the media that the anti-war demonstrators were "revolutionaries bent on the destruction of America". The mayor attempted to impose restrictions to keep protesters as far away as possible from the convention, on their numbers, and on their activities, making it very clear that he much preferred that no protesters come to his city.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Two of the SDS leaders, Tom Hayden and Rennie Davis, had planned to keep their protests peaceful, but the lack of permits for protesting together with thinly veiled threats that the Chicago police would beat demonstrators made it clear that there would probably be violence. When the media reported that Daley had given orders to the police to restrict the activities of Democratic delegates loyal to McCarthy, Daley was enraged, giving a rambling press conference saying, "This is a vicious attack on this city and its mayor".


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The leaders of the Yippies (an acronym for Youth International Party), Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, specialized in outlandish, bizarre rhetoric that attracted maximum media attention, and Daley took many of their more outrageous threats seriously. To sabotage the convention, Hoffman and Rubin announced that they were sending "super-hot" hippie girls to seduce the delegates and give them LSD; that they were going to put LSD into the water supply of the International Amphitheatre; and were sending well-endowed hippie "studs" to seduce the wives and daughters of the delegates.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
In a typical press release, Hoffman and Rubin stated about their plans in Chicago: "We are dirty, smelly, grimy and foul...we will piss and shit and fuck in public...we will be constantly stoned or tripping on every drug known to man". Daley took all of this seriously, and much of the excessive security was due to his belief that the Yippies were going to disrupt the convention in the manner that they had proclaimed they would.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Daley's heavy-handed security measures incensed the media. Walter Cronkite complained of "a totally unwarranted restriction of free and rapid access to information." Eric Sevareid stated that Chicago "runs the city of Prague a close second right now as the world's least attractive tourist destination". Intelligence agents had infiltrated the protesters, including agents from the Central Intelligence Agency, who – contrary to American law – had been sent to spy upon Americans in the United States.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Just before the convention started, Hoffman and Rubin showed up at the Civic Center Plaza to free the pig named Pigasus whom they had nominated as the Democratic candidate, leading the police to seize Pigasus while arresting Rubin and five others. The Pigasus incident was captured live on television. Over 10,000 people had arrived in Chicago to protest against the Vietnam War, and the city in late August was much on the edge.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The Chicago police raided the mostly black neighborhoods of South Chicago to stage mass arrests of the Blackstone Rangers, a black power group that was alleged to be planning to assassinate Humphrey. When Humphrey arrived in Chicago, Daley was not at the airport to greet him, instead sending a police bagpipe band to welcome him. As Humphrey was driven to his room at the Conrad Hilton hotel, he noticed that no one in the streets cheered him, in marked contrast to the arrival of McCarthy who was greeted by 5,000 cheering supporters when he landed in Chicago.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Within the convention itself, tensions were much evident between pro-war and anti-war Democrats. One of the principal issues at the peace talks in Paris was the North Vietnamese demand that the U.S. unconditionally cease bombing North Vietnam as an essential precondition before discussing other matters. The more dovish Democrats favored accepting the North Vietnamese demand while more hawkish Democrats demanded the North Vietnamese promise not to send any men down the Ho Chi Minh Trail as their precondition for a bombing pause, a demand that the North Vietnamese rejected.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Humphrey, confronted with a divided party, attempted to craft a party platform that would appeal to both factions, writing a platform calling for a bombing pause that "took into account, most importantly, the risk to American troops as well as the response from Hanoi." Humphrey's platform held out the possibility of a complete bombing pause without explicitly saying so, though Humphrey's statements suggested that if elected president he would order a complete bombing pause. Anticipating the "Vietnamization" strategy later carried out by Richard Nixon, Humphrey's platform called for the "de-Americanization" of the war as it called for the U.S. to gradually pull out American troops from South Vietnam and to shift the burden of fighting the war back to the South Vietnamese.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Humphrey previewed his platform to two of Johnson's more hawkish advisers, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor Walt Whitman Rostow. Rostow very reluctantly gave his approval while Rusk told Humphrey, "We can live with this, Hubert." Johnson, despite not attending the convention as he had chosen to decamp to his ranch in Texas instead, maintained a very tight control over the proceedings and angrily rejected Humphrey's compromise peace plank as a personal affront, telling Humphrey in a telephone call to change his plank at once.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
When Humphrey protested that, "Dean Rusk approved it," Johnson shouted over the phone: "That's not the way I hear it. Well, this just undercuts our whole policy, and by God, the Democratic Party ought not to be doing that to me, and you ought not to be doing it. You've been a part of the policy."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
To put further pressure on Humphrey, Johnson called up General Creighton Abrams, the commander of the U.S forces in Vietnam, to ask if a complete bombing pause would endanger the lives of American soldiers; Abrams, unaware that Johnson's question was really about an intra-Democratic dispute, replied that it would. Johnson, who also received Abrams's answer to his question in writing, passed on a copy to Hale Boggs, the chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), who in turn showed it to various leading delegates to show how reckless and "unpatriotic" Humphrey was in contemplating a bombing pause.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Faced with Johnson's fury, Humphrey gave in and accepted a plank that was more to Johnson's liking. Johnson always had a strong contempt for Humphrey, a man whom he liked to bully, telling Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford that he would respect Humphrey more if only he "showed he had some balls." Through some of Humphrey's advisors counseled him to defy the lame-duck president, Humphrey resignedly stated: "Well, it would not look like an act based on principle or conviction; it would seem like a gimmick. It would seem strange. And it would enrage the president."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The platform that Humphrey had written on Johnson's dictation was introduced onto the floor of the convention and prompted a passionate three-hour long debate on the floor, as anti-war Democrats were unrelenting in their objections. The platform was passed by a narrow margin, with 1,567 delegates voting for the platform while 1,041 voted against. When the platform was passed, the delegation from New York put on black armbands and began to sing "We Shall Overcome" in protest.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Humphrey later stated that his biggest mistake of the 1968 election was to have given in to Johnson, contending that if he stuck to his original platform it would have differentiated himself enough from Johnson to give him a lead in the polls. Humphrey always believed that if he gave the speech that he planned to give in Chicago and later gave in Salt Lake City on September 30, 1968, calling for an unconditional bombing pause of North Vietnam as "an acceptable risk for peace," that he would have won the election.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Humphrey also complained that the convention had been held in late August to coincide with Johnson's birthday, which cost him a month to organize, and would preferred to have the convention held in July. Complicating the election was the third party candidacy of Alabama governor George Wallace, who ran on a white supremacist platform promising to undo all of the changes wrought by the Civil Rights Movement. Traditionally, conservative whites in the South had voted as a bloc for the Democrats, but in the 1960s many were starting to move away from the Democratic Party.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Nixon had embarked upon his Southern strategy of wooing conservative Southern whites over to the Republicans, but Wallace (who had the advantage of always appearing more extreme on racial questions than was possible for Nixon) threatened to upend the Southern strategy. Johnson had wanted Humphrey to nominate as his running mate a conservative white Southern Democrat who might prevent Southern whites from voting for Wallace or Nixon, bringing back to the Democratic Party a group who had been one of the most loyal Democratic voting blocs for over a century. Humphrey managed to muster up the courage to defy Johnson and choose as his running mate Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine, a dignified, centrist Democrat.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Humphrey had been well known as a liberal supporter of the Civil Rights Movement, and he felt that with Nixon and Wallace competing for the conservative white Southern voters there was no realistic opportunity for him to appeal to that group. In 1948, Humphrey, at that time the mayor of Minneapolis, had first came to national attention when he delivered a speech at the 1948 Democratic National Convention denouncing racial injustices in the South. However, over the protests of liberals, Humphrey did not resist Johnson's decision to seat several all-white delegations from several Southern states despite the complaints that Black Americans (and in the case of the Texas delegation, Mexican-Americans) had been consciously excluded.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Johnson distrusted Humphrey and had the Federal Bureau of Investigation illegally tap his telephones to find out what the vice president was planning to do. At the same time, though Johnson had announced that he had dropped out of the election, he sent his friend John Connally, the Governor of Texas, to meet with other Democratic governors of southern states attending the convention to inquire if they would be willing to support nominating Johnson to be the Democratic candidate after all. Daley, a strong Johnson supporter, was enthusiastic about having Johnson re-enter the election.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Daley, who was apparently oblivious of the depth of the antagonism between Johnson and the Kennedy family, favored having Senator Ted Kennedy serve as Johnson's running mate, saying that a "LBJ-TEK" ticket would easily win the election. Daley was so committed to having Johnson re-enter the race that he had secretly printed up signs reading "We Love LBJ" to be waved about by the delegates when he was to announce that Johnson return to the race.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
He also called up Kennedy to discuss his plans, but Kennedy, who was seriously depressed after the assassination of his brother Robert, was not interested in attending the convention nor in being a candidate. It remains unclear if Johnson was actually serious about re-entering the presidential race, or if he was merely using the prospect of running again as a way to keep Humphrey from straying too far from his policies. Regardless of what Johnson was intending, Connally had to tell his fellow Texan that general feeling about Johnson being the Democratic candidate in 1968 was, "No way!"


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The security measures imposed by Daley had been so intense that it was not possible to walk across the convention floor without jostling other delegates, which added to the tensions as dovish and hawkish Democrats fiercely argued about whether to accept Johnson's war plank to the platform. All of it was captured live on national television. Pro -war Democrats challenged the right of the economist John Kenneth Galbraith, who was serving as the floor manager for McCarthy, to be there and sought to have him expelled from the convention.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
Inside the convention hall were televisions showing the police beating and clubbing demonstrators outside, which increased the tension. Robert Maytag, the chairman of the Colorado delegation asked: "Is there any rule under which Mayor Daley can be compelled to suspend the police state terror being perpetrated at this minute on kids in front of the Conrad Hilton [hotel]?" Daley's face flushed with anger while his supporters began to boo Maytag. On the convention floor, Senator Abraham Ribicoff rose to give a speech nominating McGovern as the Democratic candidate.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
During his speech, Ribicoff pointed to Daley and said: "With George McGovern, we wouldn't have Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago." Pandemonium broke out in the convention hall, with some delegates praising Ribicoff while others denounced him. Daley rose up to scream at the top of his voice at Ribicoff: "Fuck you, you Jew son of bitch! You lousy motherfucker! Go home!" Despite Daley's foul-mouthed antisemitic tirade, Ribicoff merely said: "How hard it is to accept the truth. How hard it is." Four Chicago city officials, known Daley loyalists, jumped on the stage to usher Ribicoff away, and Daley's bodyguards surrounded him, though from what threat they protected him remained unclear.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention
The convention was noteworthy for leading to a significant change in the rules governing delegate selection, largely overshadowed at the time by the rioting in Chicago. The McGovern–Fraser Commission, chaired by Senator McGovern, officially known as the Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection, was appointed to examine how delegates were selected. The commission documented that in many places in America the Democratic Party was "an autocratic, authoritarian organization" that engaged in the "shameful exploitation of the voter."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention, Nomination
In the end, the Democratic Party nominated Humphrey. The delegates had defeated the peace plank by 1,567¾ to 1,041¼. The loss was perceived to be the result of Johnson and Daley influencing behind the scenes. Humphrey, who had not entered any of the thirteen state primary elections, won the Democratic nomination shortly after midnight, and many delegates shouted, "No! No!" when his victory was announced. The nomination was watched by 89 million Americans. As a sign of racial reconciliation, Humphrey had intended for his nomination to be seconded by a speech by Carl Stokes, the Black mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. Stokes's speech was not shown on live national television as planned, as the networks instead broadcast live the "Battle of Michigan Avenue" that was taking place in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel. Humphrey went on to lose the 1968 presidential election to the Republican Richard Nixon.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention, Dan Rather incident
On the second night of the convention, CBS News correspondent Dan Rather was grabbed by security guards and roughed up while trying to interview a Georgia delegate being escorted out of the building. CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite turned his attention towards the area where Rather was reporting from the convention floor. Rather was grabbed by security guards after he walked towards a delegate who was being hauled out, and asked him, "What is your name, sir?" Rather was wearing a microphone headset and was then heard on national television repeatedly saying to the guards "don't push me" and "take your hands off me unless you plan to arrest me".


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention, Dan Rather incident
After the guards let go of Rather, he told Cronkite:


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention, Dan Rather incident
"Walter ... we tried to talk to the man and we got violently pushed out of the way. This is the kind of thing that has been going on outside the hall, this is the first time we've had it happen inside the hall. We ... I'm sorry to be out of breath, but somebody belted me in the stomach during that. What happened is a Georgia delegate, at least he had a Georgia delegate sign on, was being hauled out of the hall. We tried to talk to him to see why, who he was, what the situation was, and at that instant the security people, well as you can see, put me on the deck. I didn't do very well."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Convention, Dan Rather incident
An angry Cronkite tersely replied, "I think we've got a bunch of thugs here, Dan."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Richard J. Daley and the convention
Daley intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of Yippie activist organizers, "A Festival of Life." Rioting took place by the Chicago Police Department and the Illinois National Guard against the demonstrators. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Dan Rather, Mike Wallace, and Edwin Newman were assaulted by the Chicago police while inside the convention hall.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Richard J. Daley and the convention
The Democratic National Convention had been held in Chicago twelve years earlier. Daley had played an integral role in the election of John F. Kennedy in 1960. In 1968, however, it did not seem that Daley had maintained the clout which would allow him to bring out the voters again to produce a Democratic victory as he had in 1960.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Richard J. Daley and the convention
On October 7, 1967, Daley and Johnson had a private meeting at a fund raiser for Johnson's re-election campaign, with an entry fee of one thousand dollars per plate (approximately $7,200 in 2016 dollars). During the meeting, Daley explained to the president that there had been a disappointing showing of Democrats in the 1966 congressional races, and the president might lose the swing state of Illinois with its 26 electoral votes if the convention were not held there.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Richard J. Daley and the convention
Johnson's pro-war policies had already created a great division within the party; he hoped that the selection of Chicago for the convention would eliminate further conflict with opposition. The DNC head for selecting the location was David Wilentz of New Jersey, who gave the official reason for choosing Chicago as, "It is centrally located geographically which will reduce transportation costs and because it has been the site of national conventions for both Parties in the past and is therefore attuned to holding them." The conversation between Johnson and Daley was leaked to the press and published in the Chicago Tribune and several other papers.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
In 1968, the Yippies and the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (MOBE) had already begun planning a youth festival in Chicago to coincide with the convention. They were not alone, as other groups such as the SDS would also make their presence known. When asked about anti-war demonstrators, Daley repeated to reporters that "no thousands will come to our city and take over our streets, our city, our convention." 10,000 demonstrators gathered in Chicago for the convention, where they were met by 23,000 police and National Guardsmen. Daley also thought that one way to prevent demonstrators from coming to Chicago was to refuse to grant permits which would allow for people to protest legally.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
After the violence at the convention, Daley said his primary reason for calling in so many Guardsmen and police was reports he received indicating the existence of plots to assassinate many Democratic Party leaders, including himself.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
While several protests had taken place before serious violence occurred, the events headed by the Yippies were not without satire. Surrounded by reporters on August 23, 1968, Yippie leader Rubin, folk singer Phil Ochs, and other activists held their own presidential nominating convention with their candidate Pigasus, an actual pig. When the Yippies paraded Pigasus at the Civic Center, ten policemen arrested Ochs, Rubin, Pigasus, and six others. This resulted in a great deal of media attention for Pigasus.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
A peaceful demonstration was held in Lincoln Park led by Rubin and Hoffman, with the Yippie leaders calling the demonstrators to respect the 11 pm curfew. The Beatnik poet Allen Ginsberg ended the demonstration by chanting "Om". The next day was supposed to be the "Festival of Life" in Lincoln Park, but the police confiscated the truck upon which a rock band was to play. The mood soon turned ugly with the demonstrators calling the police, "Motherfuckers!" while the police shouted, "Kill the Commies!" The police fired tear gas into the crowd while beating up the photographers and journalists present. Tom Hayden, one of the leaders of the SDS and co-organizer of the protests, was arrested for the first time.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
The next day, what was billed as "Unbirthday Party" for President Johnson was planned to be held in Lincoln Park. Hayden who been freed on bail after arrested the previous day, attended the "Unbirthday Party", was recognized by a policeman, Constable Ralph Bell, who beat him and then arrested him for violating his bail conditions. Also attending the "Unbirthday Party" were Rubin and Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party, who both called for "roasting pigs" in their speeches.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response
In the evening, a demonstration was held at Grant Park opposite the Hilton Hotel, which was peaceful as bands such as Peter, Paul and Mary played folk music. When 600 Illinois National Guardsmen appeared, Hayden, who had been bailed out a second time, picked up his megaphone to shout that everybody should go home.