1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
After five wins in his first four seasons, Jackie Stewart won five of the first six races in 1969, and his first Driver's Championship was already in his pocket when the teams came to North America for the final three races.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Jochen Rindt, on the other hand, had flirted with his first victory throughout the season, his first with Lotus, but without success. He had started on the pole four times, led in five of the nine races, and taken back-to-back podiums in the two preceding races in Italy and Canada.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Also driving for Lotus were the previous year's Champion, Graham Hill, and American Mario Andretti, making just his third F1 appearance of the season. Andretti was doing his best with the controversial and soon-to-be-abandoned four-wheel-drive Type 63, while Hill and Rindt were in standard 49Bs.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Friday practice was wet and virtually meaningless, except that it showed the four-wheel-drive Matra and Lotus cars had little or no advantage even in the rain, and the concept quickly disappeared from modern GP racing. Saturday was dry, however, and Rindt won the battle for pole, his fifth of the season, beating Denny Hulme's McLaren by three-hundredths in the last fifteen minutes of the session. The rest of the top six were Stewart, Hill, Jo Siffert (in a Rob Walker-entered Lotus) and Bruce McLaren.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
On Sunday, before a crowd of over 100,000, Rindt jumped into the lead at the start, while Hulme struggled with a bent gear linkage and lost places to Stewart and Hill. Andretti charged ahead from his thirteenth-place grid position, and, when Brabham slowed to avoid Hulme, Andretti bumped rear wheels with the Brabham, knocking the Lotus sideways. Andretti continued for three laps, but his suspension was bent, and he retired. At the end of the first lap, the order was Rindt, Stewart, Hill, Siffert, Jean-Pierre Beltoise, Courage and Ickx.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
As they had many times during the season, Rindt and Stewart quickly separated themselves from the rest of the field. On lap 12, Rindt slid wide and allowed Stewart through. The Matra's engine was not running at full strength, however, and it was all Stewart could do to hold off the Austrian, who was bobbing and weaving on both sides, trying to get by. Rindt finally got past on the straight on lap 21, and eventually, the Scot began to fall back.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
On lap 33, Stewart's car emitted a puff of smoke, and the next time around, he coasted down the pit lane with no oil pressure. Rindt now led a group of three Brabhams, with Courage ahead of the two works entries of Ickx and Brabham, by 37 seconds. On lap 62, Brabham got by Ickx and began hounding Courage. Several times, the Australian managed to pull alongside, but could not complete the pass. Ickx dropped out of the three-way fight on lap 78 when he suddenly lost oil pressure and pulled to the side of the track.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Rindt was content to maintain his cushion over Courage and Brabham, and tried not to think about all the times he had led before and not won. On lap 88, Hill spun off the track on a patch of oil and stalled. He unfastened his straps, got out of the car and push-started it, but could not refasten his belts alone. His off-track excursion had apparently punctured a rear tire, and he signaled the pit to get ready to change it.


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Before he made it back around, however, the tire exploded at the end of the straight and sent the Lotus cartwheeling into an embankment. Hill was thrown from the car and suffered broken bones in both legs. Later, at the hospital, he was asked by team members if he had a message to pass along to his wife. Hill replied, "Just tell her that I won't be dancing for two weeks." Hill's accident was witnessed by two fifteen-year-old boys from nearby Montrose, Pennsylvania, John Moore and Kevin Hibbard. Their eyewitness account stated that "It looked like the crash was unsurvivable. We thought he had definitely been killed."


1969 United States Grand Prix, Race, Summary
Brabham had to break off his pursuit of Courage when his engine began sputtering for lack of fuel, and he was forced to pit on lap 93, allowing Surtees to get through into third place. Rindt crossed the line 46 seconds ahead of Courage with his long-awaited and well-deserved first win. He said, "It is just that the car held together for once, but this one makes up for all the others I have lost." Once again, the American race offered a record purse, and the total of $206,000 included $50,000 for the winner.


1969 United States House of Representatives elections
There were seven special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1969 to the 91st United States Congress.


1969 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 4, 1969, in two states and one territory, with a January 7 special election held in Maryland. Republicans achieved a net gain of one in these elections.


1969 United States gubernatorial elections, Election results
A bolded state name features an article about the specific election.


1969 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Nacional won the championship.


1969 Utah Redskins football team
The 1969 Utah Redskins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. Head coach Bill Meek led the team to a 5–1 mark in the WAC and 8–2 overall.


1969 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1969 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State University as an independent during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. In their third season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Aggies compiled a 3–7 record and were outscored by a total of 250 to 134.


1969 Utah State Aggies football team
The team's statistical leaders included Dave Holman with 1,511 passing yards, George Tribble with 469 rushing yards, and Wes Garnett with 439 receiving yards.


1969 V FIBA International Christmas Tournament
The 1969 V FIBA International Christmas Tournament "Trofeo Raimundo Saporta" was the 5th edition of the FIBA International Christmas Tournament. It took place at Sports City of Real Madrid Pavilion, Madrid, Spain, on 24, 25 and 26 December 1969 with the participations of Real Madrid (champions of the 1968–69 Liga Española de Baloncesto) and also runners-up of the 1968–69 FIBA European Champions Cup), Panama, Buenos Aires Selection and Juventud Nerva (champions of the 1968–69 Copa del Rey de Baloncesto and also runners-up of the 1968–69 Liga Española de Baloncesto).


1969 VFA season
The 1969 Victorian Football Association season was the 88th season of the top division of the Australian rules football competition, and the ninth season of second division competition. The Division 1 premiership was won for the second consecutive year by the Preston Football Club, after it defeated Dandenong in the Grand Final on 21 September by 12 points; it was Preston's second Division 1 premiership. The Division 2 premiership was won by Williamstown, in its second season since being relegated from Division 1.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
There had been open conflict on clearances between the Association and the Victorian Football League since the Association introduced transfer fees on its players in April 1967. League clubs were forbidden from paying transfer fees by the League's player payment rules (the "Coulter Laws"), and so the League terminated the 1949 clearance reciprocity agreement with the Association, allowing Association players to transfer directly to the League without a clearance, and vice versa, and it also had a ban on approving clearances to the Association in place during much of the dispute.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
Despite the opportunity to transfer without a clearance, only three players had made this move to the League between 1967 and 1969: Terry Alexander, and future Hall of Fame players Kevin Sheedy and Peter Bedford – in no case was the transfer fee paid. All were suspended from the Association for five years, and the severity of this suspension is thought to have deterred others – particularly those who were not guaranteed to win a regular senior place in the League – from risking the move.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
The only player whose transfer fee was officially paid was 1967 Liston Trophy winner Jim Sullivan, who in 1968 attracted a $1,000 transfer fee to move to Claremont in the West Australian National Football League, a league which did not have the same payment restrictions as the VFL. On the other hand, more than sixty players from the VFL, mostly reserves and fringe senior players, made the cross to the Association without a clearance in the same time.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
In November 1968, the Australian National Football Council intervened in an attempt to end the clearance dispute, by mandating that the two competitions were required to recognise the other's clearances; the ANFC had long-standing rules requiring reciprocal recognition of clearances between interstate competitions, but a loophole meant that these rules had not applied to two competitions within the same state.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
In April 1969, the disagreement played out in the controversial case of Geoff Bryant. The Association approved the clearance of Bryant from Box Hill to the VFL's North Melbourne, and had set a transfer fee of $2,000 for Bryant's clearance. It was initially reported that the clearance had been approved without the transfer fee being paid, which could have occurred only if the Association had broken its own rules requiring the transfer fee.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
Association secretary Fred Hill responded to the press that this was not the case: that North Melbourne had indeed paid the transfer fee, and had done so secretly in defiance of the VFL's rules. Box Hill president Reg Shineberg described to the press the clandestine circumstances under which he had allegedly received the fee – in $10 and $20 notes, under cover of darkness outside VFA House, from a man he did not know. The VFL arbitrators investigated North Melbourne over the alleged breach of its payment rules, but the charges were dropped after the Association did not provide any written corroborating evidence to the investigation. Whether or not the illegal transfer fee was actually paid was never proven.


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
On 11 April 1969, while the Bryant case was ongoing, the Association Board of Management agreed by a 41–2 majority to drop its transfer fee rule; but, it did not reinstate a clearance reciprocity agreement, and in Round 1, two League players were permitted to play in the Association without a clearance: John Ibrahim (from North Melbourne, fielded by Sunshine) and Alan White (from St Kilda, fielded by Caulfield).


1969 VFA season, Clearance disputes
The ANFC issued an ultimatum to the Association reinstate a clearance agreement with the League, but the Association refused, and yet more players crossed without a clearance (including Fred Cook, who went on to become the Association's all-time leading goalkicker); as a result, the Association was excluded from sending a team to the 1969 Interstate Carnival, which was held in Adelaide in June, and was then finally expelled altogether from the ANFC in March 1970 – ending its twenty-year affiliation with the national body which had started in August 1949.


1969 VFA season, Division 1
The Division 1 home-and-home season was played over 18 rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The finals were held at the Punt Road Oval, in Richmond.


1969 VFA season, Division 2
The Division 2 home-and-home season was played over eighteen rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system.


1969 VFL Grand Final
The 1969 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Carlton Football Club and Richmond Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 27 September 1969. It was the 75th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1969 VFL season. The match, attended by 119,165 spectators, was won by Richmond by a margin of 25 points, marking that club's seventh VFL/AFL premiership victory.


1969 VFL Grand Final
Richmond had only qualified for the finals on percentage and were underdogs coming into the game, with Carlton being the reigning premiers.


1969 VFL Grand Final
The game's attendance of 119,165 represented the most spectators to have witnessed a premiership decider in VFL Grand Final history, breaking the record of 116,828 spectators who witnessed the 1968 VFL Grand Final. The record was subsequently broken again in the 1970 VFL Grand Final.


1969 VFL season
The 1969 Victorian Football League season was the 73rd season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1969 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1969, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus two substitute players, known as the 19th man and the 20th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1969 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 20 rounds; rounds 12 to 20 were the "home-and-away reverse" of rounds 1 to 9.


1969 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 20 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1969 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.


1969 VFL season, Consolation Night Series Competition
The consolation night series were held under the floodlights at Lake Oval, South Melbourne, for the teams (5th to 12th on ladder) out of the finals at the end of the home and away rounds.


1969 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1969 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1969 NCAA University Division football season.


1969 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1969 football team according to the roster published in the 1970 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1969 Valley State Matadors football team
The 1969 Valley State Matadors football team represented Valley State during the 1969 NCAA College Division football season.


1969 Valley State Matadors football team
Valley State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). For the 1969 season the CCAA changed significantly. Three schools left the conference and moved up to the University Division in the new Pacific Coast Athletic Association. Those schools were Fresno State, Cal State Long Beach, and Cal State Los Angeles. They were replaced in 1969 by Cal Poly Pomona and UC Riverside and in 1970 by Cal State Fullerton.


1969 Valley State Matadors football team
The 1969 Matadors were led by first-year head coach Leon McLaughlin. They played home games at Birmingham High School in Van Nuys, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins and five losses (4–5, 1–1 CCAA).


1969 Valley State Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
No Valley State players were selected in the 1970 NFL Draft.


1969 Valley State Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their college career in 1969, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1969 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1969 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. The Commodores were led by head coach Bill Pace in his third season and finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses (4–6 overall, 2–3 in the SEC).


1969 Venezuelan Primera División season
The 1969 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 9 teams. The national champions were Galicia.


1969 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1969 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont in the Yankee Conference during the 1969 NCAA College Division football season. In their eighth year under head coach Bob Clifford, the team compiled a 3–6 record.


1969 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1969 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. The head coach was Jack Gregory, coaching his third season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1969 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1969 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. The Cavaliers were led by fifth-year head coach George Blackburn and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in last.


1969 Virginia gubernatorial election
In the 1969 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor Mills E. Godwin, Jr., a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. A. Linwood Holton, Jr., an attorney from Roanoke, was nominated again by the Republican Party to run against former United States Ambassador to Australia, Democratic candidate William C. Battle. The Democrats had held the governor's mansion for 84 years since 1885, and Holton's victory was considered a historic upset at the time.


1969 Volta a Catalunya
The 1969 Volta a Catalunya was the 49th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 9 September to 16 September 1969. The race started in Figueres and finished in Manresa. The race was won by Mariano Díaz.


1969 Volunteer 500
The 1969 Volunteer 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on July 20, 1969, at Bristol International Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee; which was rebuilt with more banking for this race.


1969 Volunteer 500
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report
It took three hours, eight minutes, and seven seconds for the event to reach its conclusion. David Pearson defeated Bobby Isaac by more than three laps in front of an audience of thirty-two thousand people. Roy Tyner finished 97 laps down and still recorded his only top-10 finish of the season; making this event one of attrition. After this race, Pearson took second on the all-time wins list, where he still sits today some 95 wins behind Petty.


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report
Pearson drove his Ford Torino Talladega to one of his eleven victories of the 1969 NASCAR Cup Series season. Speeds were: 79.737 miles per hour (128.324 km/h) as the average speed and 103.424 miles per hour (166.445 km/h) as the pole position speed. Eight cautions were waved for 56 laps in this race for a total of 266.5 miles (428.9 km). This race would bring Cecil Gordon's first finish in the top five. Even during the late-1960s, starting way back in 24th place and taking fifth at the checkered flag was really considered to be a long distance between the two positions.


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report
Total winnings for this race were $27,685 ($193,016 when adjusted for inflation).


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report
This race's importance in the history book would be that the famous Apollo 11 moon landing would take place on the same day, with Neil Armstrong making his famous walk on the Moon. Henley Gray deliberately quit the race to get home in time to watch the moon landing on television; according to urban legend. As a result, he won $550 ($3,835 when adjusted for inflation) in prize money and finished only 206 out of the 500 laps of the race.


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report
Notable crew chiefs for this race were Herb Nab, Harry Hyde, Dale Inman, Banjo Matthews, Glen Wood, Dick Hutcherson, and Cotton Owens.


1969 Volunteer 500, Race report, Finishing order
† signifies that the driver is known to be deceased * Driver failed to finish race


1969 Vuelta a España
The 24th Edition Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 23 April to 11 May 1969. It consisted of 18 stages covering a total of 2,921.4 km (1,815.3 mi), and was won by Roger Pingeon of the Peugeot cycling team. Raymond Steegmans won the points competition and Luis Ocaña, who demonstrated his time trialling skills by winning the prologue and two time trials in the race, won the mountains classification.


1969 WANFL season
The 1969 WANFL season was the 85th season of the Western Australian National Football League.


1969 WANFL season
It saw continued dominance by the three Perth clubs and Subiaco, who occupied the top half of the ladder constantly from the fourth round onwards, and finished four games clear of the other four clubs, who were all in a “rebuilding” mode with varying success – late in the season both Swan Districts and Claremont fielded some of the youngest teams in the competition's history, whilst the Tigers, who fielded thirteen first-year players including Graham Moss, Russell Reynolds and Bruce Duperouzel, began disastrously but four wins in five games paved the way to impressive record from 1970 to 1972.


1969 WANFL season
Among the top four, Perth failed to achieve a fourth consecutive premiership that at one point looked very much in their grasp due to the overwork of Barry Cable which robbed him of some brilliance, early-season injuries to key players Iseger and Page and a couple of surprising losses to lower clubs, whilst East Perth, who won consistently without being impressive for most of the season, failed for the fourth time in as many seasons in the Grand Final, this time to West Perth and in a much more decisive manner than any of their Perth defeats.


1969 WANFL season
The league's popularity, aided by the driest football season in Perth since 1940, and a new $500,000 grandstand at Subiaco Oval, reached a high not to be surpassed. East Perth attracted an average of over twelve thousand spectators to each home match, including an all-time record WANFL home-and-away attendance against West Perth on the Saturday before Foundation Day.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 2
East Perth’s ability to dominate Farmer ensures they defeat the depleted Cardinals more easily than the scoreboard implies – West Perth were flattered by eight final-quarter goals.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 7
Subiaco’s desire to play dry-weather football on the first wet day of the season costs them dearly against the Swans, as they break down at half-forward until the second half and do not hang on after taking the lead.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 13
Bill Walker, despite suffering a bad back injury early in the match, constantly brings the ball into the open to have Swans running over Claremont after the Tigers obtained a four-goal quarter-time lead.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 15
Swan Districts move to fifth by kicking 7.9 (51) to 2.4 (16) into a fading wind in the final quarter, as Old Easts’ backline degenerates into a “shamble”.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 17
Perth again shows themselves the best-equipped WANFL team for wars of attrition as they overcome East Perth in a hard, tough games after the Royals came within ten points midway through the last quarter.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 18
Minus Atwell, Graham Jenzen and Greg Brehaut, Perth’s fanaticism has them snatch the match from West Perth after being thirty-one points down at half-time – giving the Demons the box seat for four consecutive premierships.


1969 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 20
Perth’s hardness at the ball allows them to score 9.6 (60) to 1.2 (8) in a brilliant last quarter after an even struggle – in the process keepign ahead of West Perth’s despite the latter’s huge win over an inept South Fremantle.


1969 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final
After Subiaco led 5.2 (32) to 1.3 (9) into the wind with Robert Kitchin compensating for Ramshaw‘s eclipse of Robertson, Cable and Graham Jenzen lead Perth to a fine win as the Maroons’ excessive handball in defence costs them dearly.


1969 WANFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
West Perth’s unexpected physical strength jolts and undisciplined East Perth team, who made the error of kicking into the wind after winning the toss.


1969 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Under the captain-coaching of former Royal “Polly” Farmer, West Perth win their first premiership since 1960 in brilliant fashion, setting records for highest Grand Final score and biggest win, which they broke in 1975.


1969 WANFL season, Notes
Four consecutive premiership in the WA(N)FL was last achieved by East Fremantle between 1928 and 1931, and the sole previous occurrences were by Old Easts between 1908 and 1911 and East Perth (five consecutive) between 1919 and 1923. No WANFL/WAFL/Westar Rules club since 1970 has achieved four consecutive premierships. Austin Robertson junior was held goalless on only five occasions in his 269 games in the WANFL and VFL (in 1966 with South Melbourne), which occurred in 1962, 1963, 1965 and twice during his final 1974 season. He had not been held to one goal since his goalless Round 15, 1965 game with South Fremantle. Subiaco did play in the 1943 second-semi when league football was restricted to players under nineteen years of age as of 1 October.


1969 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1969 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 10th conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 6 and March 8, 1969. All East Regional games were played at the Weinberg Coliseum in Ann Arbor, Michigan while West Regional games were held at the DU Arena in Denver, Colorado. By winning the regional tournaments, both the East Regional Champion†, Michigan Tech, and West Regional Champion‡, Denver, were invited to participate in the 1969 NCAA University Division Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1969 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
All member teams in the WCHA were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8 according to the final conference standings. The eight teams were then divided into two separate groups by placing all three teams from Michigan in the east region, held at the Weinberg Coliseum, and all teams west of Minnesota were placed in the west region, held at the DU Arena. The remaining two Minnesota-based universities were divided so that Minnesota went into the east region and Minnesota-Duluth went into the west region.


1969 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
Once each regional group was set the teams were reseeded No. 1 to No. 4 according to their final conference standings. In the Second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds in each region were matched in a single game with the winners advancing to their regional final games. The winners of the two championship games were declared as co-conference tournament champions.


1969 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PCT = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1969 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1969 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. In their first season under head coach Cal Stoll, the Demon Deacons compiled a 3-7 record and finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.


1969 Wales rugby union tour of Oceania
The 1969 Wales rugby union tour was a series of rugby union games undertaken by the Wales national rugby union team to Australia, Fiji and New Zealand. The tour took in four matches against regional and invitational teams and three tests; two to New Zealand and one to Australia. This was the second official Wales tour to the southern hemisphere and the first to Australasia and Melanesia.


1969 Wales rugby union tour of Oceania
The tour results were mixed for Wales; the team was unbeaten in the non-test matches and were victorious over Australia, but were completely out-classed by New Zealand. The captaincy of the tour was given to Newport's Brian Price.


1969 Walker Cup
The 1969 Walker Cup, the 22nd Walker Cup Match, was played on August 22 and 23, 1969, at Milwaukee Country Club, River Hills near Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The event was won by the United States 10 to 8 with 6 matches halved. The United States led by 4 points after the first day and, although Great Britain and Ireland won both the foursomes and singles sessions on the second day, the United States won by two points.


1969 Walker Cup, Format
The format for play on Friday and Saturday was the same. There were four matches of foursomes in the morning and eight singles matches in the afternoon. In all, 24 matches were played.


1969 Walker Cup, Format
Each of the 24 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 18th hole extra holes were not played. The team with most points won the competition. If the two teams were tied, the previous winner would retain the trophy. This was the last Walker Cup in which half points were not awarded for halved matches.


1969 Walker Cup, Teams
Ten players for the United States and Great Britain & Ireland participated in the event. Great Britain & Ireland had a playing captain, while the United States had a non-playing captain.


1969 Walthamstow East by-election
The Walthamstow East by-election of 27 March 1969 was held following the death of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) William Robinson. The seat was won by the opposition Conservative Party.


1969 Walthamstow East by-election, Background
The Conservatives had gained the seat from Labour in 1955 and held it at the next two elections. In 1964 the Conservative majority had fallen to just 395 votes over Labour, whose candidate was William Robinson, a solicitor who had been a member of Leyton Borough Council between 1945 and 1952 and then had been elected to Wanstead and Woodford Borough Council, serving as Mayor of the latter in 1962–63. In 1966 Robinson had stood again and had taken the seat for Labour with a majority of 1,807 votes.


1969 Walthamstow East by-election, Aftermath
This defeat marked the twelfth time that Labour had failed to successfully defend a seat it held at a by-election since the last general election. The gain at Walthamstow was one of three Conservative wins in by-elections held that day, with the Party also retaining Brighton Pavilion and holding Weston-super-Mare from Labour. Across the three contests there was an average swing of 16% from Labour to Conservative, which Conservative Shadow Home Secretary Quintin Hogg noted would give his party a comfortable majority in the House of Commons if repeated at the next general election.


1969 Walthamstow East by-election, Aftermath
Anthony Barber, the Chairman of the Conservative Party, noted that his party had now won 10 seats from Labour since the last general election and called on the Labour Government to "throw in the towel." The next day's Glasgow Herald reported that  the "dispiriting performance" by Labour in the three by-elections, the first contests of 1969, raised questions as to when the tide would turn for the party and noted that "some Labour MPS feel in their bones" that the party could not recover to win the general election which would come within the next two years. However the same article noted that the much reduced turnout in Walthamstow East (and in the Brighton contest) had distorted the results and could be argued by Labour as evidence that its supporters had stayed at home and were reserving their judgement on the Government.


1969 Walthamstow East by-election, Aftermath
At the 1970 election McNair-Wilson would narrowly hold the seat.


1969 Washington Darts season
The 1969 Washington Darts season was the second season of the team in the American Soccer League, and the club's third season in professional soccer. This year, the team earned first place in the Southern Division and made it into the championship game known as the ASL Final. They were this year's champions. It would be the last year of the club in the ASL as it joined the North American Soccer league in the following year with a new team under the same name in 1970.


1969 Washington Huskies football team
The 1969 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. In its thirteenth season under head coach Jim Owens, the team compiled a 1–9 record (1–6 in the Pacific-8 Conference, seventh), and was outscored 304 to 116.


1969 Washington Huskies football team
Winless entering the Apple Cup, the Huskies defeated Washington State in Seattle to avoid the conference cellar.


1969 Washington Huskies football team
Senior guard Ken Ballenger and defensive tackle Lee Brock were the team captains.


1969 Washington Huskies football team, Game summaries, Washington State
Both teams entered the Apple Cup winless in the Pac-8.


1969 Washington Huskies football team, NFL Draft selections
Two University of Washington Huskies were selected in the 1970 NFL Draft, which lasted seventeen rounds with 442 selections.


1969 Washington Redskins season
The 1969 Washington Redskins season was the franchise's 38th season in the National Football League. The team improved on their 5–9 record from 1968, by hiring legendary Green Bay Packers head coach Vince Lombardi. Sam Huff (a future member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame) came out of retirement specifically to play for Lombardi and finished with a record of 7–5–2. The team played its home games at RFK Stadium (formerly D.C. Stadium).


1969 Washington Redskins season, Offseason
During Super Bowl III, rumors had circulated that Vince Lombardi had job offers from the Philadelphia Eagles, the Boston Patriots, and the Washington Redskins. The night before the Super Bowl, Lombardi met with Redskins president Edward Bennett Williams for dinner at Tony Sweet's restaurant. Lombardi agreed to coach the Redskins after Williams offered him complete authority over all personnel and football operations, the position of "Executive Vice President", and a 5% ownership stake in the team.


1969 Washington Redskins season, Offseason, Vince Lombardi
After stepping down as head coach of the Packers following the 1967 NFL season, a restless Lombardi returned to coaching in 1969 with the Washington Redskins, where he broke a string of 14 losing seasons. The 'Skins would finish with a record of 7–5–2, significant for a number of reasons. Lombardi discovered that rookie running back Larry Brown was deaf in one ear, something that had escaped his parents, schoolteachers, and previous coaches. Lombardi had observed Brown's habit of tilting his head in one direction when listening to signals being called, and walked behind him during drills and said "Larry." When Brown did not answer, the coach asked him to take a hearing exam. Brown was fitted with a hearing aid, and with this correction he would enjoy a successful NFL career.


1969 Washington Redskins season, Offseason, Vince Lombardi
Lombardi was the first coach to get soft-bellied quarterback Sonny Jurgensen, one of the league's premier forward passers, to get into the best condition he could. He coaxed former All-Pro linebacker Sam Huff out of retirement. He even changed the team's uniform design to reflect that of the Packers, with gold and white trim along the jersey biceps, and later a gold helmet. The foundation Lombardi laid was the groundwork for Washington's early 1970s success under former L.A. Rams Coach George Allen. Lombardi had brought a winning attitude to the Nation's Capital, in the same year that the nearby University of Maryland had hired "Lefty" Driesell to coach basketball and the hapless Washington Senators named Ted Williams as manager. It marked a renaissance in sports interest in the Nation's capitol.


1969 Washington Redskins season, Offseason, Vince Lombardi
Lombardi lasted only one season with the Redskins; he was diagnosed with terminal cancer after the 1969 season and died shortly before the 1970 regular season was to start.


1969 Washington Redskins season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1969 Washington Senators season
The 1969 Washington Senators season involved the Senators finishing 4th in the newly established American League East with a record of 86 wins and 76 losses.


1969 Washington Senators season, Regular season
The year 1969 was a turning point in Washington sports history. The Senators named Ted Williams as manager. The Washington Redskins hired Vince Lombardi as Head Coach and he had brought a winning attitude to the nation's capital. In the same year, the nearby University of Maryland had hired Lefty Driesell to coach basketball. It marked a renaissance in sports interest in America's most transient of cities.


1969 Washington Senators season, Regular season
The hiring of Ted Williams sparked at least increased curiosity in the team. Williams' fanatical approach to hitting helped improve the Senators offense considerably, and inspired the team to its one and only winning season during its 11-year stay in Washington. The Senators won 86 games, 21 more than in 1968, and improved from last place in the ten-team 1968 American League to one game out of third in the new AL East division. For this remarkable turnaround, Williams was voted American League Manager of the Year. As a result, attendance at RFK Stadium improved to over 900,000, the highest attendance for the "new" Senators and, at the time, the highest in Washington's baseball history.


1969 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1969 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1969 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1969 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1969 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1969 Washington Star International
The 1969 Washington Star International was a men's tennis tournament and was played on outdoor green clay courts at the Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C.. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from July 8 through July 14, 1969. Unseeded Thomaz Koch won the singles title and earned a $5,000 first prize.


1969 Washington Star International, Finals, Singles
Thomaz Koch defeated  Arthur Ashe 7–5, 9–7, 4–6, 2–6, 6–4


1969 Washington Star International, Finals, Doubles
Patricio Cornejo/  Jaime Fillol defeated  Robert Lutz /  Stan Smith 4–6, 6–1, 6–4


1969 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1969 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. Under second-year head coach Jim Sweeney, the Cougars compiled a 1–9 record (0–7 in Pac-8, last), and were outscored 339 to 143. Two home games were played on campus in Pullman at Rogers Field, with two at Joe Albi Stadium in Spokane.


1969 Washington State Cougars football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jack Wigmore with 876 passing yards, Richard Lee Smith with 485 rushing yards, and Fred Moore with 523 receiving yards.


1969 Washington State Cougars football team
Washington State won their opener at Illinois by a point with a late field goal, then lost nine straight. They did not play Palouse neighbor Idaho in 1969; outside of war years without teams (1943, 1944), it was the first break in the series since 1900. The game was dropped this season (and in 1971) to allow the Cougars to schedule all seven conference opponents.


1969 Washington State Cougars football team
Both WSU and Washington entered the Apple Cup in Seattle winless (0–6) in conference play; the Huskies won their only game of the season to avoid the Pac-8 cellar. It was the first game of the series played on artificial turf.


1969 Washington State Cougars football team
This was the last football season for Rogers Field, as its south grandstand (and press box) suffered a suspicious fire the following April, moving all home games in 1970 and 1971 to Joe Albi in Spokane. It was also the final year for natural grass on Cougar home fields (Rogers, Joe Albi). The game against Pacific on November 1 was the last on campus in Pullman for nearly three years, until the debut of Martin Stadium in September 1972.


1969 Washington State Cougars football team, All-conference
One Washington State defensive back, junior cornerback Lionel Thomas, was named to the All-Pac-8 team. On the second team (honorable mention) was senior defensive end  Dave Crema. From Ohio, Thomas played junior college football at Wenatchee; he had six interceptions to co-lead the Pac-8, with a leading return yardage of 156 yards, highlighted by a 93-yard touchdown against UCLA.


1969 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1969 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 69th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1969 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
On 19 October 1969, Mount Sion won the championship after a 7-11 to 2-13 defeat of Abbeyside in the final. This was their 21st championship title overall and their first title since 1965.


1969 Wellingborough by-election
The Wellingborough by-election of 4 December 1969 was held following the death of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Harry Howarth earlier that year. The seat was won by the Conservative Party.


1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
The West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 1969 was held in Indian state of West Bengal in 1969 to elect 280 members to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly. United Front formed the government with Ajoy Mukherjee as the Chief Minister. United Front won a landslide 214 seats and 49.7% of the votes.


1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Background
President's Rule had been introduced in the state on 20 February 1968. Following which, the previous legislative assembly was dissolved.


1969 West German federal election
Federal elections were held in West Germany on 28 September 1969 to elect the members of the 6th Bundestag. The CDU/CSU remained the largest faction and the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag, winning 237 of the 518 seats. After the election, the SPD formed a coalition with the Free Democratic Party and SPD leader Willy Brandt became Chancellor.


1969 West German federal election, Campaign
Upon the resignation of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard on 1 December 1966, a grand coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats had governed West Germany under Federal Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) with SPD chairman Willy Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister.


1969 West German federal election, Campaign
Economics Minister Karl Schiller (SPD) had proposed revaluing (increasing the external value of) the Deutsche Mark, West Germany's currency, to reduce the country's inflation rate and the rate of growth of the country's businesses' income. He also wanted to reduce West Germany's economic dependence on the exports. However, his counterpart Finance Minister Franz-Josef Strauss (CSU) rejected the Deutsche Mark's revaluation, because his strong constituents, the Bavarian farmers, also opposed it. After all, the European Economic Community's foodstuffs prices were paid in US dollars, and the Deutsche Mark's revaluation would have made them less favourable for the West German farmers (i.e. more expensive for other Western Europeans to buy).


1969 West German federal election, Campaign
The coalition effectively ended already before the regular 1969 Bundestag elections, because of this revaluation conflict. In addition, enough West German voters were at last willing to give the Social Democratic leader, Foreign Minister Willy Brandt, a chance to govern West Germany. Brandt, who ran for the third time after 1961 and 1965, had shown sympathy towards those groups, like left-wing intellectuals and activists of German student movement, who had felt ignored by the Christian Democrat-led coalition governments. In addition, his clear intellect, remarkable self-control and straight essence (being) appealed to ordinary West Germans.


1969 West German federal election, Aftermath
Willy Brandt, against the will of several party fellows like Herbert Wehner or Helmut Schmidt, chose to leave the grand coalition with the CDU/CSU, forming a social-liberal coalition with the Free Democratic Party (FDP) instead. On 21 October 1969 he was elected Chancellor of Germany, the first SPD chancellor in the postwar period, after the last Social Democrat holding this position had been Hermann Müller from 1928 to 1930. FDP chairman Walter Scheel succeeded Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister. Brandt's government proceeded with the revaluation Schiller had proposed, raising the value of the mark by 9.3% in late October.


1969 West German federal election, Aftermath
Disappointed Kiesinger bitterly complained about the faithless liberals. Though he had again achieved the plurality of votes for the CDU, he had to lead his party into opposition. He was succeeded as chairman by Rainer Barzel in 1971.


1969 West German federal election, Aftermath
However the Cabinet Brandt I could only rely on an absolute majority (Kanzlermehrheit) of twelve votes in the Bundestag. Several party switches in protest against Brandt's Ostpolitik of FDP and SPD members resulted in the snap election of 1972.


1969 West German presidential election
An indirect presidential election (officially the 5th Federal Convention) was held in West Germany on 5 March 1969. The incumbent President, Heinrich Lübke had served two terms and was therefore ineligible for a third. The Christian Democratic Union nominated defense minister Gerhard Schröder. Schröder was a controversial choice, even within his own party, since he had been a member of the NSDAP and the SA under Hitler. Other potential candidates included Helmut Kohl and Richard von Weizsäcker, relatively unknown names at the time, who would go on to serve as Chancellor and President respectively. Justice Minister Gustav Heinemann was nominated by the Social Democratic Party and supported by the opposition Free Democratic Party. With neither candidate able to win an absolute majority, Heinemann won the election on the third ballot by only 6 votes.


1969 West German presidential election, Composition of the Federal Convention
The President is elected by the Federal Convention consisting of all the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of delegates representing the states. These are divided proportionally by population to each state, and each state's delegation is divided among the political parties represented in its parliament so as to reflect the partisan proportions in the parliament.


1969 West German presidential election, Composition of the Federal Convention
Source: Eine Dokumentation aus Anlass der Wahl des Bundespräsidenten am 18. März 2012


1969 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1969 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. West Virginia completed the regular season with a 9–1 record and traveled to the Peach Bowl, where they beat the South Carolina Gamecocks, 14–3. They finished with a ranking of 17 in the AP Poll and 18 in the Coaches Poll.


1969 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 1969 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth season under head coach Bill Doolittle, the Broncos compiled a 4–6 record (2–4 against MAC opponents), finished in a tie for fifth place in the MAC, and outscored their opponents, 216 to 203. The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


1969 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The team's statistical leaders included Ted Grignon with 1,001 passing yards, Roger Lawson with 1,205 rushing yards, and Greg Flaska with 372 receiving yards. Defensive tackle Mike Siwek and tackle Paul Minnis were the team captains. Siwek also received the team's most outstanding player award.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election
The Weston-super-Mare by-election of 27 March 1969 was held after the death of Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) David Webster. The seat was retained by the Conservatives.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, Candidates
The Conservative candidate was Alfred William (Jerry) Wiggin. Educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was a farmer with holdings in Worcestershire and Peeblesshire. He had previously stood as the party's candidate in Montgomeryshire in 1964 and 1966.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, Candidates
The Liberals selected a new candidate, 43 year-old Edward Deal. He was a local solicitor, who was a member of The Law Society and the British Legal Association. He had been educated at Uppingham School and Clare College, Cambridge. He was standing for Parliament for the first time.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party selected 27 year-old Nicholas Bosanquet, an economic adviser at the National Board of Prices and Incomes. He was educated at Winchester College and Clare College, Cambridge.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, Aftermath
The result was won of three Conservative wins in by-elections held that day, with the party also retaining Brighton Pavilion and gaining Walthamstow East from Labour. Across the three contests there was an average swing of 16% from Labour to Conservative, which Conservative Shadow Home Secretary Quintin Hogg noted would give his party a comfortable majority in the House of Commons if repeated at the next general election.


1969 Weston-super-Mare by-election, Aftermath
The next day's Glasgow Herald reported that  the "dispiriting performance" by Labour in these first by-elections of 1969 raised questions as to when the tide would turn for the party and noted that "some Labour MPS feel in their bones" that the party could not recover to win the general election which would come within the next two years.


1969 White Paper
The 1969 White Paper (officially entitled Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy) was a policy paper proposal set forth by the Government of Canada related to First Nations. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his Minister of Indian Affairs, Jean Chrétien issued the paper in 1969. The White Paper proposed to abolish all legal documents that had previously existed, including (but not limited to) the Indian Act, and all existing treaties within Canada, comprising Canadian Aboriginal law. It proposed to assimilate First Nations as an ethnic group equal to other Canadian citizens. The White Paper was met with widespread criticism and activism, causing the proposal to be officially withdrawn in 1970.


1969 White Paper
The White Paper proposed legislation to eliminate Indian status. Indigenous people would be granted full rights as citizens instead of being regarded as wards of the state. First Nations Peoples would be incorporated fully into provincial government responsibilities as equal Canadian citizens, and reserve status would be removed; laws of private property would be imposed in indigenous communities. Any special programs or considerations that had been allowed to First Nations people under previous legislation would be terminated. The Government believed that such special considerations acted to separate Indian peoples from other Canadian citizens.


1969 White Paper, Background
After fighting in the First and Second World Wars on behalf of the United Kingdom, First Nations peoples returned home motivated to improve their status and living conditions in Canada. In 1945, the government abolished the pass system, which for 60 years had restricted status Indians to reserves. They could leave only with a pass issued by an Indian Agent. With more freedom of movement, status Indians could become more involved in Canadian society.


1969 White Paper, Background
Parliament created a Special Joint Committee in 1946, which, with the help of the Senate and the House of Commons, sought to assess the effects of the Indian Act of 1876. In 1959, status Indians were granted the right to vote in Canadian elections and to hold office. (Non-status Indians had the right to vote since 1876).


1969 White Paper, Background
In the late 1950s, activism continued to rise on reserves; by the 1960s, a widespread civil rights movement had blossomed. In 1963, the journalist Peter Gzowski published an article "Our Alabama" in Maclean's, exploring the murder of Allan Thomas (Saulteaux) on 11 May 1963 by nine white men in Saskatchewan. He reported that the murder seemed casually accepted by the local white population; Gzowski was told that Thomas was "just an Indian."


1969 White Paper, Background
By the late 1960s, inspired by the Black Power movement in the United States, a Red Power movement had emerged in Canada. Several activists advocated aggressive actions, quoting Malcolm X and saying that they would achieve their own goals "by any means necessary". Malcolm X was not talking about the status of First Nations peoples in Canada, but his militant advocacy of Black Pride, racial separatism, and a willingness to use violence made him a hero to the Canada's budding "Red Power" movement.


1969 White Paper, Background
Activists noted the abuses of First Nations peoples and the deplorable conditions in which many were forced to live. In 1963 the federal government commissioned anthropologist Harry B. Hawthorn to examine the social conditions of First Nations people in Canada. In 1966, he published his report, A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada: Economic, Political, Educational Needs and Policies. He concluded that Canada's Aboriginal peoples were the most marginalized and disadvantaged group among the Canadian public. It described them as "citizens minus."


1969 White Paper, Background
Hawthorne attributed these conditions to years of bad government policy, especially the Indian residential school system, which failed to provide students with the necessary skills to succeed in the modern economy. Hawthorne said that all forced assimilation programs, such as the residential schools, should be abolished, and that Aboriginal peoples should be seen as "citizens plus", and given opportunities and resources for self-determination.


1969 White Paper, Background
In 1968, the Liberals, under their new leader, Pierre Trudeau, won the election of that year under the slogan of creating the "Just Society." In late 1968, as part of the "Just Society," Jean Chrétien, the Minister of Indian Affairs, set out to amend the Indian Act. The federal government issued the information booklet Choosing a Path and consulted Aboriginal communities across Canada in pursuit of an amendment to the Indian Act. In 1969, a CBC television documentary was aired about the life on reserves in northern Saskatchewan.


1969 White Paper, Background
It focused on several unsolved murders of Indians and Metis, and implied that they been killed by whites. The presenter of the documentary characterized the reserves of northern Saskatchewan, where the people lived at a Third World level of poverty, as the "Mississippi of Canada", referring to a poor state in the Deep South of the United States. He drew public attention to the First Nations issue.


1969 White Paper, Background
In May 1969, the government held a meeting of regional Aboriginal leaders from across the nation in Ottawa. It heard their concerns about Aboriginal and treaty rights, land title, self-determination, education, and health care. After the consultations, Chrétien presented the government's White Paper to the House of Commons on June 25, 1969.


1969 White Paper, Background
Trudeau's philosophy tended to favour individual rights over group rights. For instance, he argued that the best way of protecting French-Canadian rights, as in Quebec, was to strengthen individual rights. But group rights were favoured by many of his fellow French-Canadians. Given that background, Trudeau had questioned the Indian Act, and proposed abolishing it. Trudeau considered the Indian Act as an anomaly that treated one group of Canadians as different from the others.


1969 White Paper, Provisions
When presenting the White Paper in 1969, Trudeau and Chrétien proposed it as a definitive means of dealing with First Nations issues. They suggested that existing policies that applied only to indigenous peoples were discriminatory in nature, since they did not apply to other Canadian citizens. The paper proposed eliminating Indian status as a distinct legal status within Canada. The paper said that this would make First Nations Peoples equal to other Canadians by making them official Canadian citizens with the franchise.


1969 White Paper, Provisions
The Paper said that Indian status was derived from legislation that encouraged separation among peoples, and its benefits occurred too slowly to be efficient and effective. The White Paper also proposed all special programs available to indigenous peoples because of their Indian status should be removed. This would end special or individualized treatment by ethnicity. Trudeau's vision of a Just Society was one in which all discriminatory legislation was repealed. The Paper said that eliminating Indian status would "enable the Indian people to be free—free to develop Indian cultures in an environment of legal, social and economic equality with other Canadians."


1969 White Paper, Provisions
Specific provisions included abolishing the Department of Indian Affairs within five years, abolishing the reserve system, and converting reserve land into private property owned by the band or Aboriginal landholders, which could be sold on a fee simple basis. A $50 million fund for economic development was to be established to compensate for the termination of the treaties and the Indian Act. A commissioner would be appointed to investigate outstanding land claims by First Nations and to terminate treaties.


1969 White Paper, Provisions
Finally, the White Paper proposed transferring jurisdiction for Aboriginal affairs from the federal government to the provinces, and gradually integrating services to them with the services provided to other Canadian citizens. The White Paper said that these actions would reduce costs associated with the federal government's administration of Indian Affairs and responsibilities under existing treaties.


1969 White Paper, Response
Both indigenous and non-indigenous peoples reacted quickly with strong opposition to most of the policies and actions proposed in the paper. The National Indian Brotherhood and other  organizations issued statements against it. Many people within and outside indigenous communities believed that, rather than acknowledging historical wrongdoings and fault, the Canadian government was trying to absolve itself of its fault.


1969 White Paper, Response
Opponents thought that the White Paper proposals failed to meet any historical promises that had been made by the federal government to First Nations people in Canada. In addition, they thought the Paper failed to take into account any of the suggestions made by Indigenous peoples during the consultations while the paper was drafted. The Paper did not honour any of the promises made to indigenous peoples by the Canadian government for reparation to compensate for previous injustices suffered because of government policies and actions. The Paper had not included any proposal for meaningful Aboriginal participation in public policymaking.


1969 White Paper, Response
A major First Nations grievance about the White Paper was the sweeping claim that the Canadian state would change their entire status without being allowed any input. The way that Chrétien had invited First Nations leaders to Ottawa to consult them in May 1969 and a month later introduced the White Paper, whose conclusions were the opposite of what they had wanted, was seen by them as a betrayal. The White Paper was seen by First Nations as an arrogant document, with the state declaring that it knew better about what was good for them than they did themselves.


1969 White Paper, Response
Also, the White Paper gave only the most limited recognition to First Nations land claims and implied that would be no more land claims, as it argued the First Nations peoples would become part of Canadian society and would own land as individuals, just like anyone else. Given the number of unsettled land claims, most notably in British Columbia, where the Crown had never signed treaties covering land claims with any of the First Nations peoples, that aspect of the White Paper was considered provocative.


1969 White Paper, Response
Although the White Paper recognized past policy failures by the federal government and the socio-economic situation of Aboriginal peoples, it was seen by many Aboriginal peoples as the latest in a series of attempts at cultural assimilation. Aboriginal leaders were outraged that their demands for amendment of the Indian Act during the consultations had been largely ignored and met with a proposal for abolishment.


1969 White Paper, Response
The band chiefs who had traditionally benefited from the Indian Act were opposed to the White Paper, especially since the end of the reserves that was proposed by the White Paper would also meant the end of their power. The scholar Gordon Gibson noted that many Indians had become accustomed to the reserve system and so attached to it despite its many "defects" and were thus stunned by the news of its proposed abolition, which would mean a complete alternation in their way of life.


1969 White Paper, Response
It was the 1969 White Paper that first brought Chrétien to widespread public attention in Canada. At a press conference announcing the White Paper, Chrétien openly clashed with Indian activists, with one First Nations woman asking Chrétien "When did we lose our identity?" to which he replied, "When you signed the treaties," which prompted boos and jeers.


1969 White Paper, Response
Another woman from the Haudenosaunnee (Iroquois) reserve at Brantford asked Chrétien, "How can you come here and ask us to become citizens, when we were here long before you?" and noted that the Crown had granted the Grand River Valley to Joseph Brant in 1784 to which Chrétien had no reply. Chrétien's response made him very unpopular among many Indian activists. However, Chrétien felt that the White Paper was in the best interests of the First Nations and was rather taken aback by the charges made against him of "cultural genocide."


1969 White Paper, Response
One prominent critic of the White Paper was Harold Cardinal, a Cree leader of the Indian Association of Alberta, who referred to it as "a thinly disguised programme of extermination through assimilation" in his bestselling 1969 book The Unjust Society, which attacked the premise that a society that treated its Aboriginal population like Canada did could be considered "just." The title of Cardinal's book, with its inversion of Trudeau's slogan of a "just society," was one of the many ways that Cardinal used rhetorical devices to make his points.


1969 White Paper, Response
Cardinal attacked in his book what he called the "buckskin curtain" to convey what he regarded as the indifference shown by Canadian society to First Nations concerns. The "buckskin curtain" was an allusion to the "Iron Curtain" that divided the communist states of Eastern Europe from the democratic states of Western Europe, and Cardinal was suggesting that Canada had acted similarly with its First Nations peoples by the Indian Act.


1969 White Paper, Response
Cardinal wrote that Cree like himself wanted to remain "a red tile in the Canadian mosaic" and that the First Nations were equally opposed to "a White Paper for white people created by the white elephant." Cardinal called the assumptions of the White Paper "cultural genocide" and argued that Trudeau and Chrétien had merely changed the traditional American slogan for dealing with the Indians "the only good Indian is a dead Indian" to "the only good Indian is a non-Indian." Cardinal ridiculed the claim that Trudeau and Chrétien would "lead the Indians to the promised land" and insisted that the First Nations people had to determine their own fates without the government telling them what to do.


1969 White Paper, Response
Cardinal considered the White Paper as "passing the buck" to the provinces and led the association's 1970 rejection of the White Paper Citizens Plus. The document, which was popularly known as the Red Paper, embodied the national Aboriginal stance on the White Paper its statement: "There is nothing more important than our treaties, our lands and the well-being of our future generations." Though just one part of the overall reason, Citizens Plus played a primary role in the Canadian Governments decision to retract the White Paper. The  controversy served to mobilize the more recent indigenous rights movements.


1969 White Paper, Response
Many of the groups that emerged from the movement were considered to be pioneers in the organization of indigenous peoples past a locally-involved level. Among the groups were 33 provincial organizations and 4 national indigenous associations. Opposition to the White Paper created the first national First Nations movement spanning the entire country. However, the opposition led to the sideling of the young Red Power militants and reinforced the traditional ascendancy of the band chiefs as the leaders of the First Nations communities. Across the country, more Indian friendship centres began to emerge more than before. One of the key points to the newfound indigenous activism was the focus on the growth of what the term indigenous rights meant, and by 1981, it had been changed to include a focus on not only land rights but also self-government.


1969 White Paper, Response
In November 1969, Rose Charlie of the Indian Homemakers' Association, Philip Paul of the Southern Vancouver Island Tribal Federation, and Don Moses of the North American Indian Brotherhood invited British Columbia's band leaders to join them in Kamloops to build a response to the White Paper. Representatives from 140 bands were present and formed the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs (UBCIC) during the conference.


1969 White Paper, Response
The White Paper was considered to be especially provocative in British Columbia, as the Crown had never signed treaties with any of the Indian peoples of British Columbia on land cessation and so the White Paper was felt to be an attempt by the Trudeau government to avoid dealing with the issue.


1969 White Paper, Response
It is the contention of the First Nations of British Columbia that because no treaties were ever signed with them, they are still the lawful owners of all land in British Columbia, and the Crown had to return the land to them or to compensate them at the full market value of the land, which could cost the Crown hundreds of billions of dollars.


1969 White Paper, Response
In 1970, UBCIC published A Declaration of Indian Rights: The B.C. Indian Position Paper, or the "Brown Paper", which rejected the White Paper and asserted the continued existence of Aboriginal title. The Brown Paper proposed that new programs and services should be put in place for Indigenous peoples to help them to continue to grow and to thrive at a pace that is consistent with indigenous beliefs and culture.


1969 White Paper, Response
While it stated that it was the responsibility of the federal Government to institute the new social and economic programs, it also emphasized that such programs should not be overseen or administered by the government but simply set them up in a way that indigenous communities could facilitate the programs themselves. It also discussed how indigenous peoples should not surrender self-governance and control of indigenous issues simply because they denied federal control.


1969 White Paper, Response
Many public protests and marches were held opposing the White Paper and demanding more appropriate action be taken to address First Nations issues. Indian Affairs offices as well as a park in Ontario were occupied, and bridges were blockaded in many areas. In 1970, Trudeau withdrew the White Paper and said at a press conference, "We'll keep them in the ghetto as long as they want." In 1974, a caravan consisting of many Native people traveled the county to gather support for its opposition. Its main goal was to spread the message that there should be constitutional recognition for the rights of indigenous peoples, including non-status Indians and Métis. That movement would go on to be known as "Red Power."


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
The government's initial response to the backlash was to defend the White Paper. On August 8, 1969, Trudeau gave a speech in Vancouver in which he defended the objective of terminating the treaties: "It's inconceivable I think that in a given society, one section of the society have a treaty with the other section of the society." In the same speech, he added "We can't recognize aboriginal rights because no society can be built on historical 'might-have-beens.'"


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
At the beginning of June 1970, leaders of the National Indian Brotherhood gathered at Carleton University in Ottawa, and on June 3, they endorsed the Red Paper as their official response to the White Paper. On June 4, the Indigenous leaders obtained a meeting with the full cabinet in the Railway Committee Room in Parliament. They presented the White Paper and the Red Paper, symbolically rejecting the former by placing it on the table in front of Chrétien and endorsing the latter by handing a copy to Trudeau. Surprising many, Trudeau responded by acknowledging the White Paper as a failure. Though he did not apologize for it, he admitted, "We had perhaps the prejudices of small 'l" liberals and white men at that who thought that equality meant the same law for everybody."


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
By July 1970, the federal government had backed away from the recommendations of the White Paper. Trudeau officially withdrew the White Paper proposal in 1970, but indigenous activism continued.


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
In 1973, the Supreme Court of Canada's Calder v. British Columbia finalized abandonment of the White Paper by recognizing Aboriginal title in Canadian law and agreeing that indigenous title to land claims has existed significantly before European colonization in Canada. The case was brought to the courts by the Nisga'a chief Frank Calder. Its purpose was to review the existence of indigenous land title, which had been claimed over lands that had been previously occupied by the Nisga'a people of British Columbia.


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
The case was lost, but the Supreme Courts final ruling noted for the first time that Indigenous land title had a place in Canadian law. The case served as the basis for the creation of the Nisga'a Treaty in 2000, which allowed the Nisga'a people to self-government, and if was the first modern land claim of its time in British Columbia. Reflecting the opposition caused by the White Paper, Indigenous and treaty rights were recognized in Section 35 the Constitution Act of 1982. However, many still feel that the intent of the White Paper and the values of its legislation continue to be held by Canadian government and that assimilation remains to be the long-goal of the federal government.


1969 White Paper, Aftermath
On February 23, 2014, the Liberal Party of Canada, at its biennial convention, renounced with regret the White Paper of 1969 as a step towards reconciliation with Canada and with the party.


1969 White Paper, After the White Paper
Since the formation and the abandonment of the White Paper, indigenous interest in politics has increased and so public awareness of indigenous issues and goals has increased as well. With that increased political activity in the indigenous community, experienced and knowledgeable aboriginal leaders have emerged to meet the government's willingness to discuss indigenous issues. Amongst those issues and included mainly as a result of political activism efforts, Section 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 protects the existing indigenous treaty rights. Indian Status includes all First Nations peoples, now including Inuit and Métis.


1969 White Paper, After the White Paper
However, there is still much ambiguity to that section, and it is a matter of continued controversy for indigenous leaders. Amendments to the Indian Act occurred in 1985, and one of the key concepts of the act, the concept of enfranchisement, was removed. That part of the Indian Act has been one of the main goals of the policy, and part of official legislation for over a century. It reinstated Indian Status that had been lost and its rights of band membership for those people who had lost them by either compulsory enfranchisement, or inheritance policies. The amendments to the Indian Act also served to allow bands to facilitate the control of band membership themselves.


1969 White Paper, After the White Paper
Self-administration had been taking place since the 1960s, but there continued to be unrest regarding how the administrated powers were delegated. The response to the unrest was a report released in 1983 with recommendations for indigenous communities to be allowed the opportunity to create their own new forms of government and be given the opportunity to be self-governing. The indigenous governments would function outside federal and provincial governments. As of January 2015, three self-governance agreements have been put into effect, and 26 land claims have been settled by federal government.


1969 White Paper, After the White Paper
Under the legislation imposed by Justin Trudeau, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People has been dissolved and replaced by two new and separate ministers: Northern Affairs and Indigenous Services and the Crown-Indigenous Relations. The responsibilities of the Department of Indigenous Services include overseeing matters as they pertain to the improvement in the quality of services that indigenous peoples are receiving, with the eventual goal of the services being handled by the indigenous communities themselves, rather than the government outside of the indigenous community. Indigenous relations with the government include issues of treaty right and self-governance are overseen by the Department of Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs. The goal of the departments is described by the government as one of the next steps towards the eventual abolishment of the Indian Act.


1969 Wichita State Shockers football team
The 1969 Wichita Shockers football team was an American football team that represented Wichita State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Ben Wilson, the team compiled a 2–8 record (1–3 against conference opponents), finished fifth out of six teams in the MVC, and was outscored by a total of 273 to 121. The team played its home games at Veterans Field, now known as Cessna Stadium.


1969 Wightman Cup
The 1969 Wightman Cup was the 41st edition of the yearly women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the Cleveland Arena in Cleveland, Ohio in the United States.


1969 Wildwater Canoeing World Championships
The 1969 Wildwater Canoeing World Championships was the 6th edition of the global wildwater canoeing competition, Wildwater Canoeing World Championships, organised by the International Canoe Federation.


1969 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1969 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season.


1969 Wills Open British Covered Court Championships
The 1969 Wills Open British Covered Court Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the second edition of the British Indoor Championships in the Open era. The tournament took place at the  Queens Club and Wembley Arena in London, England and ran from 17 November through 22 November 1969.


1969 Wills Open British Covered Court Championships
The men's singles event and the £3,000 first prize was won by first seeded Rod Laver while Ann Jones, also seeded first, won the women's singles title and the accompanying £1,300 first-prize money.


1969 Wills Open British Covered Court Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Roy Emerson /  Rod Laver defeated  Pancho Gonzales /  Bob Hewitt 5–7, 6–3, 6–4, 6–3


1969 Wills Open British Covered Court Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Ann Jones /  Virginia Wade defeated  Rosie Casals /  Billie Jean King  6–2, 6–4


1969 Wimbledon Championships
The 1969 Wimbledon Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that was played on outdoor grass courts. It was the second edition of the Wimbledon Championships in the Open Era and the 83rd since its formation. It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon, London from Monday 23 June until Saturday 5 July 1969.


1969 Wimbledon Championships
Ann Jones became the first British champion of the open era, the first victor since 1961; Britain would have to wait 8 years, until the 1977 tournament to see another British winner in the singles competition – Virginia Wade. Rod Laver won the men's singles title, his fourth Wimbledon crown after 1961, 1962 and 1968, and went on to win his second Grand Slam after 1962.


1969 Wimbledon Championships
41-year-old Pancho Gonzalez beat Charlie Pasarell in a first-round men's singles match by a score of 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9. At 112 games and 5 hours 20 minutes it was by far the longest match of the time. The match led to the introduction of the tiebreak in tennis. The 112-game record lasted 41 years until the Isner–Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships, Prize money
The total prize money for 1969 championships was £33,370. The winner of the men's title earned £3,000 while the women's singles champion earned £1.500.


1969 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Men's Doubles
John Newcombe /  Tony Roche defeated  Tom Okker /  Marty Riessen, 7–5, 11–9, 6–3


1969 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Margaret Court /  Judy Tegart defeated  Patti Hogan /  Peggy Michel, 9–7, 6–2


1969 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Fred Stolle /  Ann Jones defeated  Tony Roche /  Judy Tegart, 6–2, 6–3


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles
Byron Bertram defeated the defending champion John Alexander in the final, 7–5, 5–7, 6–4 to win the Boys' Singles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' Singles
Kazuko Sawamatsu defeated Brenda Kirk in the final, 6–3, 1–6, 7–5 to win the Girls' Singles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
John Newcombe and Tony Roche successfully defended their title, defeating Tom Okker and Marty Riessen in the final, 7–5, 11–9, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Doubles title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Defending champion Rod Laver successfully defended his title, defeating John Newcombe in the final, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships. It was the third leg of an eventual second Grand Slam for Laver, which remains the only Grand Slam achieved in men's singles tennis in the Open Era.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event. Several players withdrew from the main draw after qualifying had commenced, leading to the highest ranked players who lost in the final qualifying round to be entered into the main draw as lucky losers.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Ken Fletcher and Margaret Court were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Fred Stolle and Ann Jones.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Stolle and Jones defeated Tony Roche and Judy Tegart in the final, 6–2, 6–3 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Rosemary Casals and Billie Jean King were the defending champions, but lost in the third round to Jane Bartkowicz and Julie Heldman.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Margaret Court and Judy Tegart defeated Patti Hogan and Peggy Michel in the final, 9–7, 6–2 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Ann Jones defeated three-time defending champion Billie Jean King 6–3, 3–6, 2–6, to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1969 Wimbledon Championships. This was Jones' first Wimbledon title, and her third and last Grand Slam singles title overall.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event.


1969 Winnipeg municipal election
The 1969 Winnipeg municipal election was held in October 1969 to elect mayors, councillors and school trustees in the City of Winnipeg and its suburban communities. There was no mayoral election in Winnipeg.


1969 Winnipeg municipal election, Winnipeg
Each of Winnipeg's three municipal wards elected three councillors, via STV.


1969 Winnipeg municipal election, Winnipeg
Robert Taft, Warren Steen and June Westbury were elected for Ward One.


1969 Winnipeg municipal election, Winnipeg
Lloyd Stinson, Robert Steen and Alan Wade were elected for Ward Two.


1969 Winnipeg municipal election, Winnipeg
Slaw Rebchuk, Joseph Zuken and Nick Malanchuk were elected for Ward Three.


1969 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1969 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1969 Big Ten Conference football season.


1969 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1969 Women's Open Squash Championships was held at the Lansdowne Club and Royal Aero Club in London from 11–16 January 1969.Heather McKay (née Blundell) won her eighth consecutive title defeating Fran Marshall in the final.


1969 Women's College World Series
The first Women's College World Series of softball was conducted in 1969. It was organized by the Omaha Softball Association and recognized by the Division for Girls' and Women's Sports (DGWS) as a championship tournament. Softball teams from nine colleges met on May 16–18 in Omaha and Fremont, Nebraska. A tenth team from the Philippines encountered a travel delay en route and was forced to miss the tournament. The first day of games was rained out, causing the 16 games to be played in two days. Connie Claussen, the chair of the physical education department at the University of Nebraska–Omaha, was a driving force in organizing and directing that first tournament, as well as the next ten while the series was held in Omaha.


1969 Women's College World Series, Teams
The John F. Kennedy College Patriettes won the first college softball championship by winning all five of their games, defeating Illinois State in the final, 2–0. Patriettes pitcher Judy Lloyd was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament.


1969 World 600
The 1969 World 600, the 10th running of the event, was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that took place on May 25, 1969, at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina.


1969 World 600, Background
The race was held at Charlotte Motor Speedway, a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) asphalt quad-oval in Concord, North Carolina. The track, which opened in 1960, was built by Bruton Smith and Curtis Turner.


1969 World 600, Race report
Four hundred laps were raced on the paved oval track spanning 1.5 miles (2.4 km). After nearly four hours and thirty minutes of racing, LeeRoy Yarbrough defeated Donnie Allison by two laps in front of 75000 spectators. The 16-lap difference between 2nd place finisher Donnie Allison and 3rd place finisher James Hylton was another notable feature of this event. Five cautions would be waved for 45 laps along with 13 lead changes among eight different drivers. LeeRoy Yarbrough would lead the race from lap 162 through lap 400; putting on a very strong performance to win the race.


1969 World 600, Race report
There were 44 drivers in the race; racing for a total of $132,100 ($920,984 when considering inflation). Ed Negre would get the last-place finish in Don Tarr's 1967 Chevrolet due to a transmission problem on the second lap. Don Tarr scored his best career finish of 6th place. Allison would gain the pole position with a speed of 159.296 miles per hour (256.362 km/h) while the average race speed was 134.631 miles per hour (216.668 km/h). There was a 16-lap difference between 2nd-place finisher Donnie Allison and 3rd-place finisher James Hylton; showing the spectators that those two drivers did not have a similar set of racing skills.


1969 World 600, Race report
Pearson's car rode the guardrail on a lap 13 crash. His car came back on the inside of the racetrack but while riding the guardrail Pearson hit a flag pole. Dave Marcis would have a long career ahead of him after leading the laps in this race. However, this would be the final race for Gerald Chamberlain and Larry Hess.


1969 World 600, Race report
Eleven notable crew chiefs: Cotton Owens, Dick Hutcherson, Glen Wood, Banjo Matthews, Jim Vandiver, Dale Inman and Harry Hyde.


1969 World Allround Speed Skating Championships for women
The 30th edition of the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women took place on 1 and 2 February 1969 in Grenoble at the L'Anneau de Vitesse ice rink.


1969 World Archery Championships
The 169 World Archery Championships was the 25th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Valley Forge National Historical Park, United States in August 1969 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).


1969 World Archery Championships
This was the first time the event was held outside of Europe, and was held alongside the inaugural World Field Archery Championships. It was also the first event which saw representation from the Soviet Union.


1969 World Championship Tennis circuit
The 1969 World Championship Tennis circuit was the second edition  of the (WCT) one of the two rival professional male tennis tours of 1969 the other being the 1969 Men's National Tennis League. The tour began on 3 February in Philadelphia, United States and ended on 29 April in Midland, Texas, United States.


1969 World Cup (men's golf)
The 1969 World Cup took place 2–5 October at Singapore Island Country Club in Singapore. It was the 17th World Cup event. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 45 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The American team of Orville Moody and Lee Trevino won by eight strokes over the Japan team of Takaaki Kono and Haruo Yasuda. This was the tenth victory for the United States in the history of the World Cup, until 1967 named the Canada Cup. The individual competition was won by Trevino one stroke ahead of Roberto De Vicenzo, Argentina.


1969 World Fencing Championships
The 1969 World Fencing Championships were held in Havana, Cuba. The event took place from September 30 to October 12, 1969, at the Ciudad Deportiva Coliseum.


1969 World Fencing Championships, Overview
The Havana World championships were the third straight major fencing event held in the Americas after the 1967 edition in Montreal and the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico. Cuba gave the competition political overtones, including it in the celebrations for the ten years of the Cuban Revolution. Fencing was also stopped on 8 October for a commemoration of the anniversary of Che Guevara's death. The United States, who do not have formal diplomatic relations with Cuba, sent a restricted delegation of 25 fencers. The competition was also marred by numerous failures of the electrical apparatus to the heat and humidity.


1969 World Fencing Championships, Overview
On sportive terms, the championships were dominated by countries of the Eastern Bloc, especially the Soviet Union, who claimed all three men's team titles. Romania earned their first women's world title.


1969 World Field Archery Championships
The 1969 World Field Archery Championships were held in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, United States. This was the inaugural World Field Championships and differed from normal target archery played at Olympic and Commonwealth level. Field archery involved different sized targets, distances and gradients on a field course.


1969 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1969 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA from February 25 to March 2. At the event, sanctioned by the International Skating Union, medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance.


1969 World Judo Championships
The 1969 World Judo Championships were the 6th edition of the Men's World Judo Championships, and were held in Mexico City, Mexico from 23–25 October, 1969.


1969 World Modern Pentathlon Championships
The 1969 World Modern Pentathlon Championships were held in Budapest, Hungary.


1969 World Outdoor Bowls Championship
The 1969 Women's World Outdoor Bowls Championship  was held at the Elizabethan Bowls Club in Rockdale, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, from 4–12 December 1969.


1969 World Outdoor Bowls Championship
The event was organised by the newly affiliated International Women's Bowling Board in 1969 without the British Isles as members. This resulted in a first International Tournament with just six nations taking part. Gladys Doyle won the singles which was held in a round robin format. The Pairs, Triples and Fours Gold and Taylor Trophy all went to South Africa.


1969 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
IV World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships were held in Varna, Bulgaria from the 27 to 29 September 1969.


1969 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, Competitors
There were participants from 18 countries - Bulgaria, Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, East Germany, West Germany, Cuba, Poland, North Korea, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Denmark, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Japan.


1969 World Running Target Championships
The 1969 World Running Target Championships were separate ISSF World Shooting Championships for the 100 metre running deer event held in Sandviken, Sweden. The competition was also valid as a 1969 European Running Target Championships, in which the rankings of the races played with all world athletes were drawn up taking into account only European athletes.


1969 World Series
The 1969 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) 1969 season. The 66th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champion Baltimore Orioles and the National League (NL) champion New York Mets. The Mets won the series, four games to one, to accomplish one of the greatest upsets in Series history, as that particular Orioles team was considered to be one of the finest ever. The World Series win earned the team the sobriquets "The Amazin' Mets" and "The Miracle Mets". This was the first World Series of MLB's divisional era.


1969 World Series
The Mets became the first expansion team to win a division title, a pennant, and the World Series, winning in their eighth year of existence, becoming the fastest expansion team to win a World Series up to that point. Two teams eventually surpassed the latter record, as the Florida Marlins won the 1997 World Series in their fifth year (also becoming the first wild card team to win a World Series) and the Arizona Diamondbacks won the 2001 World Series in their fourth year of play.


1969 World Series
The 1969 World Series was the first World Series since 1954 to have games played in New York that did not involve the New York Yankees; it was also the first World Series in which neither the New York Giants nor Brooklyn Dodgers (as both teams had moved to California in 1958) represented New York from the NL; all subsequent World Series with a New York-area NL team participating have involved the Mets, who have been the only NL baseball team located in New York City since that era.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, New York Mets
The New York Mets, who had never finished higher than ninth place (next-to-last) nor won more than 73 games in a season since joining the National League in 1962, were not highly regarded before the 1969 season started. In fact, the best that could be said for them was that because the National League was being split into two divisions that year (as was the American League), the Mets were guaranteed to finish no lower than sixth place. The fact that the Mets began the season by losing 11–10 to the then-expansion Montreal Expos seemed to confirm this.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, New York Mets
With three weeks to go in the season, the underdog Mets stormed past the Chicago Cubs, who had led the Eastern Division for most of the season, winning 38 of their final 49 games for a total of 100 wins and becoming the first National League Eastern Division champions. Third-year pitcher Tom Seaver won a major-league-leading 25 games en route to his first Cy Young Award; the other two top Mets starting pitchers, Jerry Koosman and rookie Gary Gentry, combined to win 30 more games.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, New York Mets
Outfielder Cleon Jones hit a (then) club-record .340 and finished third in the National League batting race, while his lifelong friend and outfield mate Tommie Agee hit 26 home runs and drove in 76 runs to lead the club; they were the only players on the team who garnered more than 400 at bats.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, New York Mets
Manager Gil Hodges also employed a platoon system like the Yankees of the Casey Stengel era, in which Ron Swoboda and Art Shamsky became a switch-hitting right fielder who hit 23 home runs and drove in 100 runs, and Ed Kranepool and Donn Clendenon added up to a switch-hitting first baseman who hit 23 more homers and knocked in another 95 runs. In the first League Championship Series, the normally light-hitting Mets, once again considered underdogs despite having a better regular-season record than their opponent, put on a power display by scoring 27 runs in sweeping the favored Atlanta Braves in three games.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, Baltimore Orioles
The Baltimore Orioles, by contrast, were practically flawless and featured stars at almost every position. They breezed through the 1969 season, winning 109 games (the most games won since the 1961 Yankees) and became the first American League Eastern Division champions by 19 games, then brushing aside the Minnesota Twins three games to none in the ALCS to win their second pennant in four years.


1969 World Series, Route to the World Series, Baltimore Orioles
The Orioles were led by star sluggers Frank Robinson and Boog Powell, who each hit over 30 home runs and drove in over 100 runs; third baseman Brooks Robinson, perhaps the best-fielding hot-corner player in baseball history; and pitchers Mike Cuellar, Dave McNally, and Jim Palmer, who combined for 63 victories.


1969 World Series, Summary
NL New York Mets (4) vs. AL Baltimore Orioles (1)


1969 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
With this win, the Orioles looked to be proving all the prognosticators right, as it was a dominant performance. Don Buford hit Tom Seaver's second pitch of the game for a home run, which just evaded Ron Swoboda's leaping attempt at catching it. The O's then added three more runs in the fourth when, with two outs, Elrod Hendricks singled and Davey Johnson walked. Mark Belanger then singled in a run, followed by an RBI single by pitcher Mike Cuellar. Buford capped the inning off by doubling in Belanger.


1969 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Mets got their run in the seventh on a sacrifice fly by Al Weis. Orioles starter Mike Cuellar was the winner, allowing just that run in a complete-game effort.