1968 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Vote
Although Nixon ignored the other Deep South states because he knew that he had no chance of competing with George Wallace, in South Carolina Senator Thurmond, believing Wallace could not win the election and that northeastern urban liberalism would continue to dominate if he endorsed Wallace, took the stump for Nixon in the Palmetto State. The result was that Wallace support in South Carolina plummeted rapidly, although in early September the Alabama governor predicted he would carry the state, an opinion backed up by early polling in mid-September. Other polls, however, had the race very close between the three candidates.


1968 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Vote
Nixon himself campaigned in the state, aided by Thurmond, at the end of September. Polls remained close between the three candidates throughout October, but Nixon ultimately carried the state over Wallace by 5.79 percent, with Humphrey forced into third place. Extremely clear demographic and racial divides existed between the three candidates: Nixon carried wealthier whites, Wallace the poor whites, and Humphrey the newly enfranchised blacks, with Thurmond’s support helping Nixon to gain critical white landowner backing in the lowcountry.


1968 United States presidential election in South Dakota
The 1968 United States presidential election in South Dakota took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in South Dakota
South Dakota was won by former Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), with 53.27 percent of the popular vote, against Vice President Hubert Humphrey (D–Minnesota), with 41.96 percent of the popular vote. Independent candidate George Wallace would carry five Southern states, but finished with a mere 4.76 percent of South Dakota's popular vote.


1968 United States presidential election in South Dakota
Although the West River region of South Dakota possessed powerful racial conflicts akin to Wallace's native South – although between Whites and Native Americans rather than between Whites and Blacks – significant anti-Southern feeling amongst its Yankee descendants limited Wallace's appeal even there, and in the East River with fewer Native Americans and a strong Scandinavian-American influence, Wallace possessed generally insignificant appeal. Although he performed reasonably in some West River counties, within the more populous East River Wallace cracked half his national percentage (6.75%) only in Hyde and Sully Counties. Consequently, South Dakota proved Wallace's eighth-weakest state nationally.


1968 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1968 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee voted more or less equally for the candidates, resulting in Republican candidate Richard Nixon of New York and his running mate Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland receiving a plurality of the votes as opposed to a majority.


1968 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Nixon carried Tennessee with 37.85% of the vote to American Party candidate George Wallace’s 34.02% and Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey's 28.13%, a victory margin of 3.87%. Nixon's victory was due to his large margins in traditionally Republican East Tennessee, while Wallace and Humphrey split Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Hamilton County did not support the Republican presidential candidate.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1968 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. The state chose 25 electors to represent them in the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas
The Democratic Party candidate, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, very narrowly carried Texas with 41.14% of the vote, giving him the state's 25 electoral votes. However he narrowly lost the general election to Republican candidate, former Vice President Richard Nixon. This was the first occasion when Texas had not backed the winning presidential candidate since voting for John W. Davis in 1924. This is also the most recent presidential election in which Texas would back a losing Democratic candidate.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
When Texas "favorite son" Lyndon B. Johnson withdrew from the 1968 election in March, it was generally thought that the Republican Party would have a good chance of winning the Lone Star State despite losing by 27 points in 1964 and the presence of former Alabama Governor George Wallace running as a candidate for the American Independent Party, a far-right political party. Wallace was known for his pro-segregationist politics, which would win him five southern states in the general election.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
However, in Humphrey's favor was the abolition of the poll tax via the Twenty-Fourth Amendment that permitted previously disfranchised Mexican-Americans to register and vote for the first time. The Mexican-American South Texas counties of Duval, Webb and Jim Hogg had been among the four most Democratic in the nation in 1964, and despite polling fewer than eighteen thousand out of a state total exceeding three million votes, those three counties would provide over thirty percent of Humphrey's margin and Duval was again the most Democratic county in the nation.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
On September 21, a poll by Joe Belden gave Nixon and Humphrey each thirty percent of the vote and Wallace twenty-five percent. In the period between Belden's poll and the election, Wallace lost considerable support largely to Humphrey, owing chiefly to Democrat Preston Smith's "resolutely law-and-order" campaign for the governorship. This, along with strong loyalty of Texas Democrats much more conservative than the liberal Humphrey, was sufficient to allow the Democrats to carry the state. Exit polls suggest Humphrey gained a third of the non-Hispanic white vote in Texas, vis-à-vis around 25 percent in Virginia and less than 20% in all other southern states.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
Wallace, who had been rivaling the two major party nominees in early polls, came in a distant third, with 18.97 percent of the vote, his lowest in any former Confederate state. Wallace did win 21 of Texas' 254 counties, which was enough for him to also carry one congressional district. Wallace's base of support was primarily in rural East Texas, which is more culturally tied to the Deep South than the rest of the state, although he did carry four counties in the West Texas region, with Loving County being the westernmost county in the country to vote for Wallace.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
With his win in the Lone Star State, Texas was the only former Confederate State in 1968 to vote Democratic.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion the following counties have supported the Democratic candidate: Blanco, Nacogdoches, Rockwall and Scurry. The 1968 election is also the last when the following Wallace counties have not voted Republican: Crane, Glasscock, Montgomery and Rusk. It was the only election between 1924 and 2012 when Val Verde County backed a losing presidential candidate.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
This was the last time a Republican won the presidency while losing Texas.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
This is also the most recent election in which a former Confederate State voted for a losing Democratic ticket that had no relations to the state. Georgia and Virginia supported a losing Democrat in 1980 and 2016, respectively, but 1980 Democratic presidential nominee Jimmy Carter was from Georgia, while 2016 Democratic vice presidential nominee Tim Kaine was from Virginia.


1968 United States presidential election in Texas, Analysis
Nixon had previously narrowly lost Texas to John F. Kennedy in 1960. In 1972, he sought re-election and won Texas with an overwhelming sixty-six percent of the popular vote.


1968 United States presidential election in Utah
The 1968 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Utah
Utah was won by former Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), with 56.49 percent of the popular vote, against Vice President Hubert Humphrey (D–Minnesota), with 37.07 percent of the popular vote. American Independent Party candidate George Wallace performed decently, finishing with 6.37 percent of the popular vote. By outpolling Humphrey in arch-Republican Kane County, Wallace became the first third-party candidate to finish even second in any non-Southern county since 1936 when William Lemke finished ahead of Alf Landon in the North Dakota counties of  Bottineau, Burke, Divide, Mountrail, Towner and Williams.


1968 United States presidential election in Utah
With 56.49 percent of the popular vote, Utah would prove to be Nixon's third strongest state in the 1968 election after Nebraska and Idaho.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1968 United States presidential election in Vermont  took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election which was held throughout all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont was won by the Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon of California, and his running mate Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland, defeating incumbent Democratic Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota and his running mate Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
Nixon took 52.75% of the vote to Humphrey’s 43.53%, a margin of 9.22%.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
The American Independent candidate, Southern populist Governor George Wallace of Alabama, did not have a serious impact on the race. While taking 13.53% nationally and winning electoral votes from 5 Southern states, Wallace would take only 3.16% of the vote in Vermont. Wallace's base of support was in the South, and he had practically no appeal in Northeastern states like Vermont, which would be Wallace’s third weakest state in the nation after Hawaii and Maine.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont historically was a bastion of liberal Northeastern Republicanism, and by 1968 the Green Mountain State had gone Republican in every presidential election since the founding of the Republican Party, except in the Democratic landslide of 1964, when the GOP had nominated staunch conservative Barry Goldwater. Goldwater had lost the 1964 election in a nationwide landslide, but the loss in Vermont was especially severe from a historical perspective. From 1856 to 1960, Vermont had the longest streak of voting Republican of any state, having never voted Democratic before, but in 1964 it rejected Goldwater's conservatism and went Democratic for the first time – and by a landslide 66-33 margin.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
In 1968, the GOP sought to recover from their crippling defeat with Goldwater, and the party looked to former Vice President and the party’s narrowly defeated 1960 presidential nominee, Richard Nixon. Nixon was seen as a mainstream moderate Republican who could unite the competing factions of the Republican Party, and win back the moderate voters that Goldwater had alienated. The party recovered successfully and won back the White House, Vermont was returned to the Republican column, and Nixon’s 1968 victory in Vermont established another twenty year winning streak for the GOP in the state. The state would finally flip to the Democrats for good in 1992 after the GOP again embraced a more conservative  stance in the 1980s.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
As Nixon won a razor-thin victory over Humphrey nationally, Vermont weighed in as about 8% more Republican than the nation. However, with the four other New England states voting for Humphrey, Vermont became one of the two states in the region (the other being neighboring New Hampshire) to vote for Nixon.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
Nixon won 12 of the 14  counties in Vermont, losing only 2 counties in the northwestern part of the state. Humphrey won Chittenden County, the most populous county, home to the state's largest city, Burlington, as well as Franklin County. The northwestern 3 counties of Vermont had long been Democratic enclaves in an otherwise Republican state, although in 1968 Nixon was able to win a plurality in tiny Grand Isle County.


1968 United States presidential election in Vermont
Richard Nixon had previously won the Green Mountain State again against John F. Kennedy in 1960 and then would win it again against George McGovern in 1972.


1968 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1968 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.


1968 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia was won by former Vice President Richard Nixon of California with 43.41% of the vote, who was running against incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota and former Alabama Governor George Wallace. Nixon also won the national election with 43.42% of the vote. Regardless, all candidates had strong regional support in the state; Nixon's votes came mostly from Northern Virginia and the Appalachian Mountain areas, while Humphrey's votes were mainly from the Tidewater region and coal counties in Southwest Virginia. Wallace received the most votes in the Southern Virginia counties.


1968 United States presidential election in Virginia
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Powhatan County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last occasion when Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have not voted for the Republican nominee. Essex County would not vote Democratic again until 1996, and James City County would not vote Democratic again until 2020.


1968 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
The 1968 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Washington was won by the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, with 47.23 percent of the popular vote, against the Republican candidate, former Senator and Vice President Richard Nixon, with 45.12 percent of the popular vote. American candidate George Wallace also appeared on the ballot, finishing with 7.44 percent of the popular vote.


1968 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Despite Nixon losing the statewide election, he became the first Republican to carry Ferry County since Warren G. Harding did so in 1920. Along with Maine, Washington was one of only two states that Nixon lost in 1968 that he won in his unsuccessful attempt at the presidency in 1960.


1968 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
This election would prove the last time the Democrats won any mainland postbellum state until Michael Dukakis carried Washington and Oregon in 1988 – in the intervening period many pundits spoke of a "Solid Republican West". This was the fifth and final election in which Washington voted for a different candidate than neighboring Oregon.


1968 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1968 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose seven representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, with 49.60% of the popular vote, against the Republican candidate, former Senator and Vice President Richard Nixon, with 40.78% of the popular vote. American Independent Party candidate George Wallace also appeared on the ballot, finishing with 9.62% of the popular vote.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. State voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
Politics in Wisconsin since the Populist movement had been dominated by the Republican Party, as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, fled from William Jennings Bryan’s agrarian and free silver sympathies. Competition between the “League” under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative “Regular” faction would develop into the Wisconsin Progressive Party in the late 1930s, which was opposed to the conservative German Democrats and to the national Republican Party, and allied with Franklin D. Roosevelt at the federal level.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
During the two wartime elections, the formerly Democratic German counties in the east of the state – which had been powerfully opposed to the Civil War because they saw it as a “Yankee” war and opposed the military draft instituted during it – viewed Communism as a much greater threat to America than Nazism and consequently opposed President Roosevelt's war effort. Consequently, these historically Democratic counties became virtually the most Republican in the entire state, and became a major support base for populist conservative Senator Joe McCarthy, who became notorious for his investigations into Communists inside the American government.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
The 1958 midterm elections, however, saw a major change in Wisconsin politics, as Gaylord A. Nelson became only the state's second Democratic Governor since 1895, and the state also elected Democrats to the position of treasurer and Senator, besides that party gaining a majority in the State Assembly for only the second time since the middle 1890s. They maintained a close balance in the early 1960s, signalling the state's transition to a swing state. Predicted racial backlash from urban Polish-Americans, seen in the 1964 primaries when George Wallace received over 30 percent of Wisconsin's vote, did not affect Lyndon B. Johnson’s big victory in the state in 1964, but would have severe effects when racial unrest began in 1966.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
Anti -war Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy would easily win Wisconsin’s 1968 Democratic presidential primary against incumbent President Johnson, who soon announced he would not run for re-election in 1968. Former Vice-President and 1960 Republican nominee Richard Nixon won eighty percent of the vote in the state’s Republican primary.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Vote
At the beginning of the campaign, the deep divisions within the Democratic Party were worrisome for political scientists and for the party itself. The first poll said that Nixon was certain to carry Wisconsin, and this opinion was repeated early in October.


1968 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Vote
Hopes remained dim as the election neared despite the belief by local Representative Clement J. Zablocki that the independent candidacy of George Wallace was losing its impact in the racial-unrest-stricken southern urban counties around Milwaukee, Racine and Kenosha, where Wallace had campaigned extensively in September in his effort to put the election into the House of Representatives. Although the gap would narrow in the last polls, Wisconsin would be carried by Nixon with 47.89 percent of the vote, over Humphrey with 44.27 percent and Wallace with 7.56 percent. Wallace’s fared best in rural northern areas away from Lake Superior, and in southern suburbs affected by racial conflict.


1968 United States presidential election in Wyoming
The 1968 United States presidential election in Wyoming took place on November 5, 1968. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election. State voters chose three electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in Wyoming
Wyoming was won by the Republican nominees Richard Nixon of New York and his running mate Spiro Agnew of Maryland. Nixon and Agnew defeated the Democratic nominees, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota and his running mate Edmund Muskie of Maine.


1968 United States presidential election in Wyoming
Nixon carried Wyoming with 55.76% of the vote to Humphrey's 35.51%, a victory margin of 20.25%. Also on the ballot was former and future Alabama Governor George Wallace, running as an Independent in Wyoming. Although Wallace carried five states in the South, he had only modest appeal in Wyoming. His performance was the best by any third-party candidate in Wyoming since Robert La Follette won nearly a third of the vote in 1924, but nonetheless did not equal his vote share in the fellow Western states of Alaska, Idaho and Nevada.


1968 United States presidential election in Wyoming
With 55.76 percent of the popular vote, Wyoming would prove to be Nixon's fifth strongest state in the 1968 election after Nebraska, Idaho, Utah and North Dakota.


1968 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
The 1968 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia took place on November 5, 1968, as part of the 1968 United States presidential election. District of Columbia voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1968 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
Vice President Hubert Humphrey won Washington, D.C. by an overwhelming margin, receiving over 80% of the vote.


1968 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
This was the second presidential election in which the District of Columbia had the right to vote in presidential elections, as well as the only place where George Wallace did not have his name on the ballot. This is the only election in which a Republican had a higher percentage of the vote in DC than at least one state in that same election as the Republicans performed 5% better in Washington, D.C. than in both Mississippi and Alabama.


1968 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Peñarol won the championship.


1968 Utah Redskins football team
The 1968 Utah Redskins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. First-year head coach Bill Meek led the team to a 2–3 mark in the WAC and 3–7 overall.


1968 Utah Redskins football team, NFL/AFL draft
Three Utah players were selected in the 1969 NFL/AFL draft.


1968 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1968 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State University as an independent during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Aggies compiled a 7–3 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 247 to 142.


1968 Utah State Aggies football team
The team's statistical leaders included John Pappas with 1,647 passing yards, Altie Taylor with 929 rushing yards and 72 points scored, Mike O'Shea with 1,077 receiving yards, and Dana Schulz with 131 total tackles.


1968 Utah gubernatorial election
The 1968 Utah gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1968. Democratic incumbent Cal Rampton defeated Republican nominee Carl W. Buehner with 68.71% of the vote.


1968 VFA season
The 1968 Victorian Football Association season was the 87th season of the top division of the Australian rules football competition, and the eighth season of second division competition. The Division 1 premiership was won by the Preston Football Club, after it defeated Prahran in the Grand Final on 22 September by 14 points; it was Preston's first Division 1 premiership. The Division 2 premiership was won by Geelong West.


1968 VFA season, Division 1
The Division 1 home-and-home season was played over 18 rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The finals were held at the Punt Road Oval, in Richmond.


1968 VFA season, Division 2
The Division 2 home-and-home season was played over seventeen rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system.


1968 VFA season, Notable events, Interstate matches
The Association contested two interstate matches during 1968. Keith Burns (Brunswick) captained the team against Canberra, and Max Papley (Williamstown) captained the team against Tasmania.


1968 VFA season, Notable events, Interstate matches
As a consequence of the Association's expulsion from the ANFC in 1969/70, these were the last representative matches played by the Association until 1975.


1968 VFL Grand Final
The 1968 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Carlton Football Club and Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on Saturday, 28 September 1968. It was the 72nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1968 VFL season. The match, attended by a record crowd of 116,828 spectators, was won by Carlton ("The Blues") by a margin of 3 points, making it that club's ninth premiership victory, but its first since winning the 1947 VFL Grand Final.


1968 VFL Grand Final
The Blues emerged victorious despite Essendon kicking more goals, the only time that happened in a VFL Grand Final. There was a strong wind blowing during the whole game, which did not help it as a spectacle and possibly contributed to Carlton's inaccuracy. Garry Crane starred on the wing for the Blues with 30 possessions.


1968 VFL Grand Final
Essendon came within a point of Carlton at the 20 minute mark of the final term after a goal to Geoff Blethyn. Despite being goal-less in the final quarter, Carlton managed to keep their lead, thanks largely to 20th man Neil Chandler, who took some crucial marks in the dying stages.


1968 VFL Grand Final
Aided by the opening during the year of the ground's new Western Stand, the attendance of 116,828 was the highest at a VFL premiership decider up to that time, breaking the record of 115,902 spectators who witnessed the 1956 VFL Grand Final. The new record was broken at the 1969 VFL Grand Final, and that record was broken in turn at the 1970 VFL Grand Final.


1968 VFL season
The 1968 Victorian Football League season was the 72nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1968 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1968, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus two substitute players, known as the 19th man and the 20th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1968 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 20 rounds; matches 12 to 20 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 9.


1968 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 20 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1968 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.


1968 VFL season, Consolation Night Series Competition
The consolation night series were held under the floodlights at Lake Oval, South Melbourne, for the teams (5th to 12th on ladder) out of the finals at the end of the home and away rounds.


1968 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1968 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. They finished the season with a 7–4 record.


1968 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1968 football team according to the roster published in the 1969 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1968 Valdostan regional election
The Valdostan regional election of 1968 took place on 21 April 1968.


1968 Valdostan regional election
The alliance of 1966 was initially confirmed, but political instability arose after a first change in 1969, until the local Christian Democracy broke up in 1970.


1968 Valley State Matadors football team
The 1968 Valley State Matadors football team represented Valley State during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season.


1968 Valley State Matadors football team
Valley State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The Matadors were led by seventh-year head coach Sam Winningham. They played home games at Birmingham High School in Van Nuys, California. They finished the season with a record of five wins and four losses (5–4, 1–3 CCAA). This was the second straight winning season for the Matadors.


1968 Valley State Matadors football team, Team players in the NFL
No Valley State players were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft.


1968 Vancouver Royals season
The 1968 Vancouver Royal Canadians season was the second season in the history of the Vancouver Royal Canadians soccer club. The club played in the North American Soccer League (NASL) at Empire Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia.


1968 Vancouver Royals season
Following the 1967 season, the USA and the FIFA-blacklisted National Professional Soccer League merged to form the North American Soccer League. The merger meant that teams from the predecessor leagues competing against each other in the same markets needed to be moved, combined, or folded. As part of this process, George Fleharty bought the Vancouver Royal Canadians from E.G. Eakins and folded his NPSL team, the San Francisco Golden Gate Gales.


1968 Vancouver Royals season
The new owner shortened the name to Vancouver Royals and chose player-coach Ferenc Puskás over future England manager Bobby Robson, the previous owner's new manager for the Vancouver Royals; he resigned when offered the demotion to assistant manager. The 1968 Vancouver Royals' roster was put together without the preparation or advantage of importing an entire team. A significant amount of the team was recruited by Bobby Robson including two brothers from Hong Kong playing in England.


1968 Vancouver Royals season
Ferenc Puskás also brought in several Europeans, a few players with connections to the Golden Gate Gaels, as well as at least two local players from local leagues. A few foreign players settled in Vancouver after their playing careers including Peter Dinsdale. The Vancouver Royals had the third highest average attendance in the league at 6,197. The club folded after the 1968 season as the NASL contracted from seventeen clubs to five for the 1969 NASL season. The five remaining teams were located roughly in the US Midwest with one team on the east coast.


1968 Vancouver Royals season, Players
Num = Number, Pos = Position, Height in cm, Weight in kg, Apps = Appearances, G = Goals, A = Assists


1968 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1968 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Commodores were led by head coach Bill Pace in his second season and finished the season with a record of five wins, four losses and one tie (5–4–1 overall, 1–3–1 in the SEC).


1968 Venezuelan Primera División season
The 1968 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 6 teams. The national champions were Canarias.


1968 Venezuelan general election
General elections were held in Venezuela on 1 December 1968. The presidential election was won by Rafael Caldera of Copei, who received 29.1% of the vote. Acción Democrática (Democratic Action, AD) remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate. Voter turnout was 96.7% in the presidential election and 94.5% in the Congressional elections. When Caldera took office in March 1969, it marked the first time in Venezuela's history as an independent nation that the sitting government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition.


1968 Venezuelan general election, Background
The election was shaped by a split in AD. Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa, then President of the Venezuelan Senate and President of AD, won the AD primary election (held in 1967). His nomination was overturned in favor of Gonzalo Barrios by the Rómulo Betancourt faction of AD, which considered Prieto Figueroa too left-wing. Prieto Figueroa and a substantial number of his supporters then split from AD and formed a new party: the People's Electoral Movement ("Movimiento Electoral del Pueblo" - MEP). Ultimately, Prieto finished fourth, but his 719,000 votes far exceeded the 32,900-vote gap between Caldera and Barrios.


1968 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1968 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont in the Yankee Conference during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In their seventh year under head coach Bob Clifford, the team compiled a 3–6 record.


1968 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1968 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1968. Incumbent Democrat Philip H. Hoff did not run for re-election to another term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate Deane C. Davis defeated Democratic candidate John J. Daley to succeed him.


1968 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1968 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The head coach was Jack Gregory, coaching his second season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1968 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1968 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Cavaliers were led by fourth-year head coach George Blackburn and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in third. Virginia's record of 7–3 represented the school's best record and first winning season since 1952, and the school's best finish in conference since joining the ACC in 1954. The team's star was running back Frank Quayle, who set the conference single-season rushing record with 1,213 yards and was named ACC Player of the Year. Blackburn was named ACC Coach of the Year.


1968 Volta a Catalunya
The 1968 Volta a Catalunya was the 48th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 8 September to 15 September 1968. The race started in Tona and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Eddy Merckx.


1968 Volunteer 500
The 1968 Volunteer 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on July 21, 1968, at Bristol International Speedway in Bristol, Tennessee.


1968 Volunteer 500
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Volunteer 500, Race report
There were 36 drivers on the racing grid as the green flag waved and the race was underway. It took three hours and sixteen minutes for David Pearson to defeat Cale Yarborough by one and a half laps in front of a live audience of twenty thousand racing fans; about the size of a small city. There were eight lead changes recorded in the NASCAR summary and 13 caution flags were waved for a grueling distance of 92 laps.


1968 Volunteer 500, Race report
There were 500 laps in this racing event; speeds of 76.31 miles per hour (122.81 km/h) were recorded during the race while solo qualifying runs would see LeeRoy Yarbrough earn the pole position by driving up to 87.421 miles per hour (140.690 km/h). Tiny Lund drove a red and silver 1967 Mercury Cyclone #16 vehicle to a respectable 13th-place finish.


1968 Volunteer 500, Race report
Bob Burcham and Ervin Pruitt would make their respective introductions to NASCAR-style racing during this event. Richard Brickhouse ended up being the last-place finisher due to an engine malfunction on the eighth lap. Ford vehicles made up the majority of the racing grid. On lap 187, Dick Johnson would quit the reason for reasons unknown; his final race would be at the 1969 North State 200. Twelve notable crew chiefs participated in the race; including Junior Johnson, Harry Hyde, Dale Inman, Banjo Matthews, Glen Wood and Bud Moore.


1968 Volunteer 500, Race report
Five years later, Swede Savage would be killed in a racing accident at the 1973 Indianapolis 500. The winner of this event received $5,175 in total winnings ($38,513 when adjusted for inflation) while the last-place finisher went home with only $250 in total earnings ($1,861 when adjusted for inflation). The total prize purse for this race was $24,140 ($179,652 when adjusted for inflation).


1968 Volunteer 500, Race report
Considered to be the hottest temperatures for Tennessee during the late-1960s, people were passing out all over the place.


1968 Vuelta a España
The 23rd edition of Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 25 April to 12 May 1968. It consisted of 18 stages covering a total of 3,014 km (1,873 mi), and was won by Felice Gimondi of the Salvarani cycling team. With this win in the 1968 Vuelta a España, the 1967 Giro d'Italia and the 1965 Tour de France, Gimondi became the second cyclist after Jacques Anquetil to win all three grand tours in his career. Defending champion Jan Janssen won the points competition and 1966 champion Francisco Gabica won the mountains classification.


1968 WANFL season
The 1968 WANFL season was the 84th season of senior football in Perth, Western Australia. It saw Perth, after having won only two premierships in its first sixty-six seasons, win its third consecutive flag under captain-coach Mal Atwell and champion rover Barry Cable – all three Grand Finals having been won against East Perth with Cable taking the Simpson Medal.


1968 WANFL season
Among numerous highlights, champion Subiaco full-forward Austin "Ocker" Robertson broke by one goal the 1953 record of Bernie Naylor for the most goals in a WANFL home-and-away season, doing so with a whopping twenty-six scoring shots against East Fremantle in the final round. Perth achieved the best record for a full season since South Fremantle's champion 1953 team with only two losses – which Barry Cable missed due to a broken hand and then interstate duties – whilst West Perth, under former East Perth champion “Polly” Farmer as captain-coach lost only three home-and-away matches to equal the Cardinals’ 1953 record. East Perth were to have a slow start and were in danger of missing the finals until July, but three last-kick wins – the last two after surrendering big leads – took the Royals to the Grand Final.


1968 WANFL season
In contrast, Swan Districts – who had at the beginning of the decade risen from a long period as a chopping block to a hat-trick of premierships – fell to become the first WANFL team to win only one match in a season since they themselves did so in 1951, owing to extreme weakness in the ruck where expected top follower  Dave Dalgarno moved to QAFL club Western Districts under an ANFC coaching scheme without playing a league match, major injuries to key players Ken Bagley, John Turnbull and Peter Manning, and the retirement of numerous key players of between 1961 and 1965.


1968 WANFL season
The Swans introduced an incentive scheme of paying players a $15 match fee for a win instead of the standard $5 after twelve rounds, but this had little effect. Their solitary win, by one point with a kick after the siren, made Swans the closest club to a winless season in open-age WA(N)FL competition between 1918 and 1998.


1968 WANFL season
East Fremantle, after falling to seventh in 1967, had their worst season since the club's first year in 1898, in the process setting a still-standing club record of thirteen consecutive defeats, whilst Subiaco, coached by Haydn Bunton Jr., rose from last to fourth aided by Robertson's prolific goalkicking. However, in the most uneven season in a major Australian Rules league, they won all 12 games against the four teams that missed the finals, but lost all 9 matches against the three Perth clubs that finished above them on the ladder. That pattern would continue into the finals, where they lost the first semi final to East Perth.


1968 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 2
Perth’s winning of the toss and gaining use of the wind with a dry ball wins the match, as a big rainstorm begins eight minutes into the second quarter and with a slippery ball no more goals are scored until the last quarter.


1968 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 4
The Leederville Oval match, with both clubs undefeated, drew what remains Perth’s biggest home-and-away attendance. The Demons’ desire and toughness, along with West Perth’s careless shooting and the use of Farmer in defence to compensate for the loss of Brian France, ensures the black and reds stay unbeaten.


1968 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 6
With Farmer revealing that he has lost nothing of his brilliant playmaking skill with age, West Perth crush the Maroons to overtake Perth on percentage (though then a game behind) and stake genuine premiership claims.


1968 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Interstate match
A major lapse between late in the first quarter and half-time denies Western Australia a victory that their play in the second half – when they scored ten goals to four – almost warranted.


1968 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 16
East Perth’s greater accuracy – with two brilliant goals from Bandy and Bygraves – ends West Perth’s eleven-match winning streak and leaves South looking to displace Subiaco rather than the Royals to enter the four.


1968 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final
East Perth record a second on-the-siren victory over Subiaco, this time after the Maroons took the lead after having been forty-five points behind early in the final quarter, only to see Vic Evans produce a fine snap out of a pack.


1968 WANFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
By putting himself on the ball with Cable and Jenzen, Perth captain-coach Mal Atwell leads a superb comeback as the Demons score the final eight goals for a convincing victory in a physically tough match.


1968 WANFL season, Finals, Preliminary final
East Perth win another thriller via a late goal following an opposition comeback as West Perth kick six goals in seventeen minutes after being thirty-four points behind with only three goals on the scoreboard early in the last quarter – with the late withdrawal of regular full-forward Dennis Cometti a sore blow.


1968 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final
Perth, and Cable, achieve a hat-trick of wins in a solid display on a typically windy day, as the Royals suffer their fifth straight loss in Grand Finals. East Perth got within a goal midway through the final quarter before Perth’s experience told and the Demons kicked away for a comfortable if not easy win.


1968 WANFL season, Notes
In terms of Noll-Scully index of competitive balance the 1968 WANFL season's figure of 2.5912 is the highest ever observed in any of the VFL/AFL, SANFL or WA(N)FL. The only greater monopolisation of a team's goals for a score with fifteen or more goals in a major Australian Rules league is by Ted Tyson for West Perth against Swan Districts in the final round of 1938, when he kicked 17.5 (107) out of the Cardinals’ 18.7 (115).


1968 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1968 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 9th conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 5 and March 9, 1968. All games were played at home team campus sites. By being declared as co-champions, both North Dakota and Denver were invited to participate in the 1968 NCAA University Division Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1968 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
Though not official designations, North Dakota is considered as the East Regional Champion† and Denver as the West Regional Champion‡.


1968 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
All eight teams in the WCHA were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8 according to their final conference standings. In the first round the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third and sixth seeds and the fourth and fifth seeds played a single game with the winners advancing to the second round. After the first round the remaining teams were reseeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to their final conference standings and advanced to the second round. In the second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds were matched in two-game series where the school that scored the higher number of goals was declared the winner. The victors of the second round series were declared as co-conference tournament champions.


1968 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PCT = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1968 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1968 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Tate, the Demon Deacons compiled a 2-7-1 record and finished in sixth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina
The 1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina was a collection of friendly rugby union games undertaken by the Wales national team to Argentina.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, History
The tour also took in five matches against Argentine regional and invitational teams with one test against South Africa. This was the first official Wales tour to the southern hemisphere.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, History
It was the first Welsh tour in Argentina: before only South Africa, Ireland and France national teams, visited Argentina and South America.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, History
Despite the fact that the Welsh Rugby Union didn't considered them as official, the two matches against Argentina national team were official test matches for Argentina.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, History
It was a big surprise that the "Pumas" won the series with a victory and a draw.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Belgrano A.C.: H. Rosati; C. Cornille, C. Martínez, G. Escobar, E. de las Carreras; F. Forrester, L. Gradín; A. Gómez Aparicio, E. Elowson, L. Loyola; M. Cole, L. Tahier; G. Luchetti, F. Gradín (cap. ), E. Verardo. Wales: J. Williams; A. Morgan, J. Dawes (cap. ), G. Ball, L. Daniel; P. Bennet, G. Turner; T. Gray, D. Highes, D. Morris; L. Baxter, R. Mainwaring; B. Butler, N. Gales, J. Lloyd.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Seleccionado del Interior: J. Seaton; E. España, R. Taquini, J. Benzi, A. Quetglas; R. Villavicencio, O. Aletta da Silva; J. Imhoff, M. Chesta, J. L. Imhoff (cap. ); M. Campra, H. Suárez; F. Landó, J. Fradua, S. Furno. Wales: J. Williams; S. Ferguson, G. Ball, G. Dawes (cap. ), A. Morgan; R. Phillips, T. Evans, A. John,  J. Jeffery, A. Gray; M. Witshire, W. Mainwaring; W. Williams, B. Rees, L. Butler.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Argentina: 15.Jorge Seaton, 14.Mario Walther, 13.Arturo Rodriguez Jurado, 12.Marcelo Pascual, 11.Alejandro Travaglini, 10.Jorge Dartiguelongue, 9.Adolfo Etchegaray, 7.Miguel Chesta, 8.Hector Silva, 6.Raul Loyola, 5.Aitor Otano, 4.Adrian Anthony, 3.Marcelo Farina, 2.Ricardo Handley, 1.Luis Garcia Yanez Wales: 15.JPR Williams, 14.Laurie Daniel, 13.Glen Ball, 12.John Dawes, 11.Andy Morgan, 10.Phil Bennett, 9.Glyn Turner, 8.Dennis Hughes, 7.Tony Gray, 6.Dai Morris, 5.Billy Mainwaring, 4.Lyn Baxter, 3.Brian Butler, 2.Brian Rees, 1.John Lloyd


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Argentina B: D. Morgan; N. Pérez, J. Benzi, R. Villavicencio, A. Travaglini; C. Martínez, L. Gradín (cap. ); G. Plesky, H. Miguens, J. Imhoff; L. Varela, R. Sellarés; R. Casabal, C. Massabó, A. Abella. Wales: J. Williams; L. Daniel, S. Dawes (cap. ), G. Ball, A. Morgan; R. Phillips, G. Turner; A. Gray, D. Hughes, W. Morris, W. Mainwarling, M. Witshire; W. Williams, N. Gale, D. Lloyd


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Argentina C: Pagano (cap. ); N. Pérez, E. Reynolds, P. Grossi, J. Fiordalisi; G. Pimentel, A. Gómez Aparicio; J. O ́Reilly, E. Elowson, m. Morgan; R. Castro, J. Ferraiuolo; M. Carluccio, E. Toribio, H. Nicola. Wales: J. Williams; S. Ferguson, G. Ball, S. Dawes (cap. ), A. Morgan; P. Bennet, T. Evans; A. John, D. Hughes, J. Jefrey; M. Wilshire, L. Baxter; w. Williams, B. Rees, B. Butler.


1968 Wales rugby union tour of Argentina, Match details
Argentina: 15.Jorge Seaton, 14.Mario Walther, 13.Arturo Rodriguez Jurado, 12.Marcelo Pascual, 11.Nestor Perez, 10.Jorge Dartiguelongue, 9.Adolfo Etchegaray, 7.Hector Silva cap., 8.Miguel Chesta, 6.Raul Loyola, 5.Aitor Otano, 4.Adrian Anthony, 3.Marcelo Farina, 2.Ricardo Handley, 1.Luis Garcia YanezWales: 15.JPR Williams, 14.Laurie Daniel, 13.Glen Ball, 12.John Dawes cap., 11.Stuart Ferguson, 10.Bob Phillips, 9.Glyn Turner, 8.Dennis Hughes, 7.Tony Gray, 6.Dai Morris, 5.Billy Mainwaring, 4.Max Wiltshire, 3.John Lloyd, 2.Norman Gale, 1.Walter Williams,


1968 Waltham Forest London Borough Council election
The 1968 Waltham Forest Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Waltham Forest London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1968 Wandsworth London Borough Council election
The 1968 Wandsworth Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Wandsworth London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1968 Warwick and Leamington by-election
The by-election in Warwick and Leamington, in Warwickshire, England, occurred on 28 March 1968, after the death of the Conservative MP Sir John Hobson  and resulted in a hold for the Conservatives.


1968 Washington Darts season
The 1968 Washington Darts season was the first season of the new team in the American Soccer League, and the club's second season in professional soccer. It is also the first instance in which the club uses this name. Previously, the club was known as the Washington Britannica. This year, the team finished at the top of the table and therefore won the ASL Championship.


1968 Washington Huskies football team
The 1968 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In its 12th season under head coach Jim Owens, the team compiled a 3–5–2 record, finished in last place in the Pacific-8 Conference, and was outscored 177 to 154.


1968 Washington Huskies football team
Halfback Jim Cope and cornerback Al Worley were the team captains.


1968 Washington Huskies football team
This was the first season of AstroTurf at Husky Stadium; the opener was a tie with Rice. The only other University Division venues with artificial turf in 1968 were the Astrodome (Houston), Neyland Stadium (Tennessee), and Camp Randall Stadium (Wisconsin).


1968 Washington Huskies football team, NFL/AFL Draft selections
Two University of Washington Huskies were selected in the 1969 NFL/AFL draft, which lasted seventeen rounds with 442 selections.


1968 Washington Redskins season
The 1968 Washington Redskins season was the franchise's 37th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 32nd in Washington, D.C.. The team finished 5-9, failing to improve on their 5-6-3 record from 1967.


1968 Washington Senators season
The 1968 Washington Senators season involved the Senators finishing 10th in the American League with a record of 65 wins and 96 losses.


1968 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1968 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their first season under head coach Jim Sweeney, the Cougars compiled a 3–6–1 record (1–3–1 in Pac-8, seventh), and outscored their opponents 189 to 188. The final two games were shutout victories.


1968 Washington State Cougars football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jerry Henderson with 1,586 passing yards, Richard Lee Smith with 326 rushing yards, and Johnny Davis with 421 receiving yards.


1968 Washington State Cougars football team
The Cougars won a second straight Apple Cup from rival Washington, shutting out the Huskies 24–0 in Spokane. This was the last time that this rivalry game was played on natural grass. WSU played only five conference games, missing California and USC. Of the Cougars' five home games, three were played in Spokane.


1968 Washington State Cougars football team
Sweeney was hired in early January; he was previously the head coach for five seasons at Montana State in Bozeman. He retained alumnus Laurie Niemi on the staff, but Niemi lost his twelve-year battle with cancer at age 42 in February.


1968 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1968 Washington gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1968, and resulted in the re-election of Republican incumbent Daniel J. Evans over state Attorney General John J. O'Connell.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots
The Washington, D.C., riots of 1968 were a four-day period of violent civil unrest and rioting following the assassination of leading African American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr., on April 4, 1968. Part of the broader King-assassination riots that affected at least 110 U.S. cities, those in Washington, D.C.—along with those in Chicago and Baltimore—were among those with the greatest numbers of participants. President Lyndon B. Johnson called in the National Guard to the city on April 5, 1968 in order to assist the police department in quelling the unrest. Ultimately, 13 people were killed, with approximately 1,000 people injured and over 6,100 arrested.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Background
Starting in the late 19th century through the 1960s, the ready availability of jobs in the United States government attracted many people to Washington, D.C., including African American men, women, and children. This era is known as the Great Migration. As a result, middle-class African American neighborhoods prospered, but the lower class was plagued by poor living conditions and fell deeper into poverty.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Background
Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation after the 1954 decision of Brown v. Board of Education, the neighborhoods of Shaw, the Atlas District Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Housing
Housing in D.C. was deeply segregated. Most of the slums in the city were in the southern quarter of the city, and most of the inhabitants of these slums were black. The United States Commission on Civil Rights said in a 1962 report that housing was much harder to attain for blacks than for whites, and that the housing blacks could find within the city's border was in a severely worse condition than the housing of their white counterparts.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Housing
The Commission also stated that it was the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) segregationist zoning plot for the city that was to blame for housing inequality. HUD also came under fire from a group called ACCESS (Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in Suburbs) when they protested HUD for giving federal money to buildings that restricted blacks from living in them.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Education
Ghettoization resulting from housing discrimination led into a feedback loop of low property taxes and low funding for public schools in D.C., with many white parents sending children to private schools. Two thirds of D.C.'s population was black, while 92% of public school children were black. Striking statistics such as one out of three ninth grade public school students ending up graduating gave way to rising frustration from the black majority towards the white-dominated government and only gave way to louder and louder calls for their demands to be met. The federal government granted $5.5 million under Title 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act but none of that money went to majority black schools.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Police
With 80% of the D.C. police force being white and 67% of the city being black, tension between police and the community rose along with tension between whites and blacks before 1968. Harsh police tactics which started in the South in the 1960s to put a buffer on civil rights protests left inner city blacks nationwide more scared of police than ever. In the years leading up to 1968 there were many incidents in which D.C.'s black community held protests and turned angry against white police officers.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Police
In 1965, the same time and place as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. worked with white lawmakers to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, two white D.C. police officers arrested a group of black boys with ages ranging from 12 to 16 for playing basketball in an alley. This prompted majority black crowds to gather around police stations around the city throwing rocks and in some cases firecrackers. These small disorderly protests would happen multiple times before the end of 1965.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Police
There were three programs put in place after a long string of controversial arrests of black people by white officers. Firstly, a police run Department of Community Relations, a civilian-run Advisory Council for every precinct, and a Complaint Review Board made up of civilians that would look over complaints thrown out by the police chief and see if the complaint warranted a look at a repeal by the mayor. In 1968, before the riots began, a popular black D.C. reverend said that black resident and white cop relations had reached a "danger point."


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Pre-existing conditions, Unemployment
In June 1967, the national unemployment rate was 4% for white Americans and 8.4% for non-white Americans. In D.C., non-white unemployment was over 30% for much of the 1960s, many times higher than national rates.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Looting and arson
On the evening of Thursday, April 4, as word of King's assassination in Memphis, Tennessee spread, crowds began to gather at the intersection of 14th and U Streets. Stokely Carmichael, the militant civil and political rights activist who had parted with King in 1966 and had been removed as head of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1967, led members of the SNCC to stores in the neighborhood demanding that they close out of respect. Although polite at first, the crowd fell out of control and began breaking windows. Carmichael, who supported the riots, told rioters to "go home and get your guns."


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Looting and arson
The disturbances began when a window was broken at the People's Drug Store at the intersection of 14th and U Streets, NW. An hour and half later, by 11 p.m., window-smashing and looting spread throughout the area. Looting occurred generally where there was little police protection. The local police department could not handle the disturbance, as one officer said, "This situation is out of control, we need help it's too much for us to handle." The civil disturbance unit was later activated, but by the time order was restored around 3 a.m., 200 stores had their windows broken and 150 stores were looted, most of them emptied. Black store owners wrote "Soul Brother" on their storefronts so that rioters would spare their stores.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Looting and arson
The District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department reported 1,180 fires between March 30 and April 14 of 1968 as arsonists set buildings ablaze.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Carmichael speeches
The next morning, Mayor-Commissioner Walter Washington ordered the damage cleaned up immediately. However, at 10 a.m., anger and discontent was still evident, and was exacerbated when Carmichael addressed a rally, saying "white America has declared war on black America", there is "no alternative to retribution" and "Black people have to survive, and the only way they will survive is by getting guns". "White America killed Dr. King last night. She made a whole lot easier for a whole lot of black people today. There no longer needs to be intellectual discussions, black people know that they have to get guns.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Carmichael speeches
White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night. It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost." "I think white America made its biggest mistake when they killed Dr. King last night... He was the one man in our race who was trying to preach mercy and forgiveness for what the white man has done." He said "Execution of this retaliation will not be in the courts but in the streets,...We're going to die on our feet-we’re tired of living on our stomachs."


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Carmichael speeches
During a Havana broadcast, he told blacks to stay away from their jobs to protest the slaying and "make the white racist Americans understand that Negroes have the necessary force to set right the outrages which have been made against Negroes in the United States."


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Clashes with police and firefighters
Rioters walking down 7th Street NW and in the Atlas District came into violent confrontations with police. Around midday, arsonists set buildings ablaze while firefighters were attacked with bottles and rocks and unable to address the fires. By 1 p.m., the riot was once again in full effect. Police unsuccessfully attempted to control the crowds using tear gas.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Presidential radio address
In a radio address after the announcement of King's death, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked all citizens not to resort to violence. The following morning, he held a meeting at the White House with black civil rights leaders and government officials. He made a statement saying to "deny violence its victory," pleading that all citizens come together to keep King's dream alive. He declared the Sunday of that week to be Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a day of mourning, and ordered that all American flags be flown at half staff. He also made the final decision to bring in the military in order to stop the rioting.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Mayor-Commissioner Walter E. Washington attempts to quell the violence
Walter Washington made nightly appearances during the riots, and these appearances were credited by many in the city with helping dampen the violence during the time. In addition, he refused FBI director J. Edgar Hoover's commands to shoot at rioters on the grounds that it would be needless slaughter and to avoid nearby harm to civilians. In 1974, Washington became the city's first elected mayor and its first black mayor, but only served one term after being overwhelmed with managing the city.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Coordination by Cyrus Vance
Cyrus Vance was the former Deputy Secretary of Defense and special Pentagon representative in D.C. 1968 Riots. Mayor Washington acted with Vance's guidance during Thursday night, the first hours of rioting. He also acted as the Pentagon's special representative from Friday night and on. He was called upon by Mayor Washington on Friday afternoon to coordinate the National Guard, the Army, and the police. He was the leading force in a shift in the military emphasis which focused on the overwhelming use of men, the use of tear gas, and an early, strictly enforced curfew.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Police response
Before the riots, John Layton, the police chief of Washington, emphasized that if there ever was a riot in Washington, he would use a large number of policemen with no guns, rather than fewer policemen with guns. During the riots, Layton put those words into action. Rather than acting immediately to the reports of rioting, looting, and window-breakings with a smaller force, he played the waiting game until a large enough force could be brought together. They then used tear gas instead of bullets to disrupt the rioting.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Military intervention
On Friday, April 5, President Johnson dispatched 11,850 federal troops and 1,750 D.C. Army National Guardsmen to assist the overwhelmed D.C. police force. Marines mounted machine guns on the steps of the Capitol and Army soldiers from the 3rd Infantry Regiment guarded the White House. The 2nd Brigade Combat Team of the 82nd Airborne Division from Fort Bragg, North Carolina and 6th Cavalry Regiment from Fort Meade, Maryland were among the principal federal forces sent to the city. At one point, on April 5, rioting reached within two blocks of the White House before rioters retreated. The occupation of Washington was the largest of any American city since the Civil War.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Military intervention
Federal troops and National Guardsmen imposed a strict curfew, worked riot control, patrolled the streets, guarded looted stores, and provided aid to those who were displaced by the rioting. They continued to remain after the rioting had officially ceased to protect against a second riot and further damage.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Deaths
By Sunday, April 7, when the city was considered pacified, 13 people had been killed in fires, by police officers, or by rioters. An additional 1,097 people were injured and over 7,600 people were arrested.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Civil Rights Act
On April 11, 1968, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which included the Fair Housing Act section that prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or gender. While a bill had been in question for some time, Johnson sped up the process following the assassination of Dr. King. The Act helped desegregate D.C. and reduced the amount of blacks living in ghettos, separated from wealthier whites-only areas.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Rebuilding after the riots, Fauntroy's proposal
Walter Fauntroy, City Council vice chairman and the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, played a key role in the rebuilding of D.C. after the 1968 riots. When the riots first broke out, Fauntroy expressed his connection with Dr. King, stating that "There is no one in the city whose heart is more crushed and broken than (his)" after King's assassination. He challenged people to "Handle your grief the way Dr. King would have wanted it," and those who acted otherwise "do dishonor to the life and mission of Dr. King."


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Rebuilding after the riots, Fauntroy's proposal
Following the riots, Fauntroy proposed a program that would allow property owners the right to build bigger and more profitable buildings as long as they spend money on community projects such as housing, apartment renovations or retail centers. If someone wanted to go forward with a commercial project, they would need to first make a firm commitment to undertake a local project in a D.C. neighborhood. As part of their returning to the community, participants would be required to return 50% of the cash value of the bonuses they received through the program. Fauntroy estimated an increase of $500 million in revenue for the city government.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Rebuilding after the riots, Property damage and white flight
The property loss caused by the riots was extensive and included damage to 1,199 buildings, including 283 residential and 1,590 commercial units. Losses to at least partially insured properties in the concentrated area of looting and destruction were estimated at $25 million. Insurance covered only 29% of the total loss suffered by these businesses. As a result of the riot damage, an estimated 2,900 insurance policies were cancelled and 500 businesses suffered inflated insurance rates. The Board of Trade estimated a loss of $40 million in tourist trade during April and May including those due to the cancellation of the National Cherry Blossom Festival.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Rebuilding after the riots, Property damage and white flight
The riots devastated Washington's inner city economy. With the destruction or closing of businesses, thousands of jobs were lost, and insurance rates soared. Made uneasy by the violence, white flight from the city accelerated, depressing property values. Crime in the burned out neighborhoods rose sharply, further discouraging investment.


1968 Washington, D.C., riots, Course of events, Rebuilding after the riots, Property damage and white flight
On some blocks, only rubble remained for decades. Columbia Heights and the U Street Corridor did not begin to recover economically until the opening of metro (subway) stations at U Street in 1991 and Columbia Heights stations in 1999, which in turn assisted the areas' gentrification in the 2010s.


1968 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1968 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 68th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1968 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
On 15 September 1968, Ballygunner won the championship after a 2-10 to 3-02 defeat of Mount Sion in the final. This was their third championship title overall and their third title in succession.


1968 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1968 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1968, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1968 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
Initially, long-serving councillor Denis McGrath announced his candidacy for Mayor on behalf of the Citizens' Association. He withdrew in June after he was appointed President of the New Zealand Law Society and decided not to seek re-election as a councillor either. This generated press speculation that the Citizens' Association would decide not field a candidate. However, despite previously declining to stand, deputy mayor Robert Archibald eventually accepted nomination following a deputation of local businessman requesting that he stand.


1968 Wellington City mayoral election, Background
Ultimately, Frank Kitts was re-elected mayor for a fifth term. In doing so he won both a record size majority and became Wellington's longest-serving mayor.


1968 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1968 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. It was the Mountaineers' 76th overall season and they competed as an independent. The team was led by head coach Jim Carlen, in his third year, and played their home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. They finished the season with a record of 7–3.


1968 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1968 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1968, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1968 Western Australian state election
Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 23 March 1968 to elect all 51 members to the Legislative Assembly and 15 members to the 30-seat Legislative Council. The Liberal-Country coalition government, led by Premier Sir David Brand, won a record fourth term in office against the Labor Party, led by Opposition Leader John Tonkin.


1968 Western Australian state election, Results, Legislative Assembly
Western Australian state election, 23 March 1968Legislative Assembly << 1965–1971 >>


1968 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 1968 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Doolittle, the Broncos compiled a 3–6 record (2–4 against MAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the MAC, and were outscored by their opponents, 191 to 160. The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


1968 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mark Boudeaux with 1,143 passing yards, Ken Woodside with 474 rushing yards, and Al Bellile with 394 receiving yards. Defensive end Jerry Collins and fullback Tim Majerle were the team captains. Defensive back Dave Hudson received the team's most outstanding player award.


1968 Western North Carolina 500
The 1968 Western North Carolina 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on August 18, 1968, at Asheville-Weaverville Speedway in Weaverville, North Carolina.


1968 Western North Carolina 500
Ervin Pruitt would score his best career finish at this event.


1968 Western North Carolina 500, Race report
Five hundred laps took place on a paved oval track spanning 0.500 miles (0.805 km). The race took three hours and twenty-three minutes to finish. Seven cautions were handed out by NASCAR for ninety laps. David Pearson (with a Holman-Moody owned vehicle) defeated Bobby Isaac (in his Nord Krauskopf-owned vehicle) by more than three laps. Notable speeds were: 73.686 miles per hour (118.586 km/h) for the average speed and 88.409 miles per hour (142.280 km/h) for the pole position speed (accomplished by Darel Dieringer using a vehicle owned by Mr. Mario Rossi). Ten thousand and five hundred stock car racing fans attended this live event. Out of twenty-nine American drivers, only nine of them finished the race in a timely manner. Notable names included: J.D. McDuffie, Richard Petty, Elmo Langley, Roy Tyner, and Wendell Scott.


1968 Western North Carolina 500, Race report
John Sears went over the guard rail and end over end to terminate his night.


1968 Western North Carolina 500, Race report
The vehicle used by the winner was a 1968 Ford Torino machine homologated for use by the general public but modified to increase both speed and safety. A prize amount of $2,150 ($16,001 when adjusted for inflation) was given out to the winner of the race while last place paid out $150 ($1,116 when adjusted for inflation) for only fifteen laps of work by driver G.C. Spencer. When all the winnings for this racing event are consolidated together, the total prize purse was $13,485 ($100,357 when adjusted for inflation).


1968 Western North Carolina 500, Race report
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Westmar Eagles football team
The 1968 Westmar Eagles football team was an American football team that represented Westmar College—later known as Westmar University—as a member of the Tri-State Conference during the 1968 NAIA football season . Led by Jack Scott in his eighth season as head coach, the team compiled a perfect record of 9–0, winning the Tri-State Conference title with a 6–0 mark. It was the fifth straight Tri-State championship for the Eagles and the program's first perfect season since 1911.


1968 Westminster City Council election
The 1968 Westminster Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Westminster City Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1968 Whitewater State Warhawks football team
The 1968 Whitewater State Warhawks football team represented Wisconsin State University—Whitewater—now known as the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater—as a member of the Wisconsin State University Athletic Conference (WSUC) during the 1968 NAIA football season. Led by 13th-year head coach Forrest Perkins, the Warhawks compiled an overall record of 6–3–1 with a conference mark of 5–3, tying for third place in the WSUC. Whitewater State opened the season at home on September 7 with a win over defending NAIA champion Fairmont State.


1968 Wichita State Shockers football team
The 1968 Wichita Shockers football team was an American football team that represented Wichita State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Eddie Kriwiel, the team compiled a 0–10 record (0–5 against conference opponents), finished in last place out of six teams in the MVC, and was outscored by a total of 342 to 131. The team played its home games at Veterans Field, now known as Cessna Stadium.


1968 Wightman Cup
The 1968 Wightman Cup was the 40th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London, England, United Kingdom.


1968 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1968 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season.


1968 Willie Smith Trophy
The 1968 Willie Smith Trophy was a Round-robin invitational snooker tournament held at the Queen's Hall, Leeds, from 9 to 13 January 1968. It featured three professional players, Gary Owen, John Spencer and Jackie Rea, and amateur player  John Dunning. Owen won all three of his matches and was the champion, in his first tournament as a professional player.


1968 Willie Smith Trophy
The tournament was organised by Jim Williamson, and was commercially successful, attracting capacity audiences for several of the sessions played. Dunning received 14 points start in each frame from the professionals. Seven frames were played in each match, with frame averages to be used as the deciding factor if players were tied on the number of matches won. The highest break was 80, compiled by Owen against Dunning in the final frame of the match that confirmed him as the champion.


1968 Wimbledon Championships
The 1968 Wimbledon Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 24 June until Saturday 6 July 1968. It was the 82nd staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1968.


1968 Wimbledon Championships
This tournament started the Open Era for Wimbledon, as it became the second Grand Slam tournament to offer prize money and allow professionals to compete after the 1968 French Open. Singles champions Rod Laver and Billie Jean King had already won Wimbledon twice before in the amateur era.


1968 Wimbledon Championships, Prize money
The 1968 championships was the first edition of the tournament to offer prize money. The total prize money for the event was £26,150. The winner of the men's title earned £2,000 while the women's singles champion earned £750.


1968 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Men's Doubles
John Newcombe /  Tony Roche defeated  Ken Rosewall /  Fred Stolle, 3–6, 8–6, 5–7, 14–12, 6–3


1968 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Rosie Casals /  Billie Jean King defeated  Françoise Dürr /  Ann Jones, 3–6, 6–4, 7–5


1968 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Ken Fletcher /  Margaret Court defeated  Alex Metreveli /  Olga Morozova, 6–1, 14–12


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles
John Alexander defeated Jacques Thamin in the final, 6–1, 6–2 to win the Boys' Singles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' Singles
Kristy Pigeon defeated Lesley Hunt in the final, 6–4, 6–3 to win the Girls' Singles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Ken Rosewall and Fred Stolle.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
John Newcombe and Tony Roche beat Rosewall and Stolle in the final, 3–6, 8–6, 5–7, 14–12, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Doubles title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Rod Laver defeated Tony Roche in the final, 6–3, 6–4, 6–2 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships. It was the first edition of Wimbledon open to professional tennis players, a period in tennis history known as the Open Era.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
John Newcombe was the defending champion, but was defeated in the fourth round by Arthur Ashe.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event. Several players withdrew from the main draw after qualifying had commenced, leading to the highest ranked players who lost in the final qualifying round to be entered into the main draw as lucky losers.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Owen Davidson and Billie Jean King were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals to Ken Fletcher and Margaret Court.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Fletcher and Court defeated Alex Metreveli and Olga Morozova in the final, 6–1, 14–12 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Rosemary Casals and Billie Jean King successfully defended their title, defeating Françoise Dürr and Ann Jones in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Billie Jean King was the two-time defending champion and she defeated Judy Tegart 9–7, 7–5, to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1968 Wimbledon Championships. This was King's second Grand Slam title of the year and her fifth overall.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Qualifying
Players who neither had high enough rankings nor received wild cards to enter the main draw of the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships participated in a qualifying tournament held one week before the event.


1968 Winnipeg municipal election
The 1968 Winnipeg municipal election was held on October 23, 1968, to elect mayors, councillors and school trustees in the City of Winnipeg, the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg, and the city's suburban communities. Most elections were conducted via a single transferable ballot.


1968 Winnipeg municipal election, Results, Winnipeg
Leonard Claydon, Gurzon Harvey, Ernest Brotman, Gordon Fines, Lillian Hallonquist, Magnus Eliason, Paul Parashin, Joseph Cropo and Max Mulder were elected to two-year terms on the Winnipeg City Council.


1968 Winnipeg municipal election, Results, Winnipeg
Information taken from the Winnipeg Free Press, 24 October 1968.


1968 Winnipeg municipal election, Greater Winnipeg
Hawryluk's votes were transferred as follows: Hutton 721, White 681. 417 votes were not transferred.


1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Olympics, officially known as the X Olympic Winter Games (French: Xes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Grenoble 1968, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 18 February 1968 in Grenoble, France. Thirty-seven countries participated.


1968 Winter Olympics
The 1968 Winter Games marked the first time the IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately, and the first time the IOC ordered drug and gender testing of competitors.


1968 Winter Olympics, Host city selection
On 24 November 1960, François Raoul, the prefect of the Isère Département, and Raoul Arduin, the president of the Dauphiné Ski Federation, officially presented the idea of hosting the 1968 Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble. After the city council agreed in principle, different government agencies offered their support, and the villages around Grenoble also reacted positively, an application committee was formed and led by Albert Michallon, the former mayor of Grenoble on 30 December 1960. The application was officially given to the IOC during a meeting between IOC executives and representatives of international sport agencies in Lausanne in February 1963.


1968 Winter Olympics, Host city selection
In the application, the decision was not solely based on sport, because there had only been two important sport events in the Isère Département: the Bobsleigh World Championships of 1951 in L'Alpe d'Huez and the Luge World Championships of 1959 in Villard-de-Lans. Between 1946 and 1962, the number of inhabitants in Grenoble increased from 102,000 to 159,000, and the total inhabitants in the Département Isère increased from 139,000 to 250,000. The development of the infrastructure could not keep up with this rapid increase, and was, for the most part, at the same level as before World War II. The people who were responsible never made a secret out of it that it was mainly for them about using the Olympic Games to receive larger grants to quickly develop dated infrastructure and support the local economy.


1968 Winter Olympics, Host city selection
The 61st IOC session, where the awarding of the Olympic Games would have been voted for, would have taken place in Nairobi, Kenya. This session was moved to Baden-Baden, West Germany, because Kenya refused entry to IOC members from Portugal and South Africa for political reasons. Due to a lack of time, only the Summer Games of 1968 could be voted for. The vote finally took place in Innsbruck on 28 January 1964, a day before the start of the 1964 Winter Olympic Games. 51 members who were eligible to vote were in attendance and Grenoble were awarded the games after the third round of voting and were competing against Calgary, who were awarded the Games 20 years later.


1968 Winter Olympics, Organisation
After Grenoble was voted as the host city, the French National Olympic Sports Committee decided the foundation of the organisation committee. The Comité d'Organisation des dixièmes Jeux Olympiques (COJO), the committee for the organisation of the 10th Olympic Games, started to plan the games for the first time on 1 August 1964. Albert Michallon, alongside being the former mayor of Grenoble, was also president of COJO.


1968 Winter Olympics, Organisation
The upper panel was made up of the general assembly with its 340 members and the supervisory board conduct business with 39 members, 19 of which were appointed and the other 20 were voted for. The general secretary consisted of five main departments and 17 subordinate departments. The number of employees grew to 1920 in February 1968.


1968 Winter Olympics, Organisation
The French government played a major role in the preparations for the Games, as president Charles de Gaulle saw an opportunity to present Grenoble as a symbol for a modern France. Francois Missoffe, Minister for Youth and Sport, formed an interministerial committee for the coordination of the work commissioned by prime minister Georges Pompidou. Over 7000 soldiers of the French armed forces and also employees of the ministries for Youth and Sport, Finance, Social Building, Education, Post, Culture and Transport were employed. The sum of the investments contributed to 1.1 billion Francs (roughly 775 million pounds). The government contributed 47.08%, the Isere Department 3.65%, the city of Grenoble 20.07% and the surrounding communities 1.37%. Different institutions, such as the train company SNCF; the television broadcaster ORTF; the government housing association and the regional association of hospitals provided the rest of the money.


1968 Winter Olympics, Organisation
These means were used accordingly; 465.181 million Francs for the infrastructure of transport and communications, 250.876 million for the olympic village and press area, 92.517 million for the sports arenas, 57.502 million for television and radio, 45.674 million for culture, 95.116 million for the city's infrastructure and 90.429 million for the running of COJO. They built a new airport, two motorway sections of 7.5 miles and 15 miles, a switchboard, a new town hall, a new police station, a fire station, a hospital with 560 beds, a congress and exhibition centre and a culture palace. They upgraded the access road to the outer sport arenas, an orbital road round Grenoble as well as relocating the rail tracks and removing the level crossings and building a completely new main train station.


1968 Winter Olympics, Organisation
To test the new sport complex and to improve organisational processes, they organized "International Sports Weeks". Speed skating competitions and ski races took place from 20 January to 19 February 1967; an ice hockey tournament from 12 to 15 October; and a figure-skating competition from 23 to 25 November.


1968 Winter Olympics, Torch relay
On 16 December 1967, the olympic torch was lit in Olympia, Greece. The ceremony would have taken place on 13 December, but was postponed due to the attempted coup d'état of King Constantine II, who had been forced from his throne eight months before, against the dictatorial military regime of Georgios Papadopoulos. The route of the torch relay at first led over Mount Olympus to Athens. From there, the torch was flown by an Air France Boeing 707 to the Paris-Orly airport, where the torch was received by Jean Vuarnet, the 1960 Downhill Olympic gold medalist, on 19 December, who handed it on to the first torchbearer Alain Mimoun, the 1956 Marathon Olympic gold medalist.


1968 Winter Olympics, Torch relay
The torch relay in France went over a distance of 7,222 kilometers through 41 districts and 170 towns to the Isère district. 5,000 torchbearers, who transported the torch on foot, by bike, by boat, by skies or by motorbike, took part in the relay. The part of the way that led through the old harbour of Marseilles was done by a diver who, while swimming, held the torch just over the surface of the water. The torchbearers were accompanied by around 80,000 athletes and watched by an audience of about two million people. The last stop on the day before the opening ceremony was Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse. From there, the torch was carried to Grenoble.


1968 Winter Olympics, Torch relay
The 33 torches that were used in the relay were produced by the Société technique d'équipement, a firm of the Compagnie de Saint-Gobain. They were 70 cm tall, weighed 1750 g, were made of copper and had a propane gas tank. The reserve flames (a cautionary measure in case the torch went out) burned in twenty carbide lamps, the same as the Olympic fire when it was transported from Athens to Paris in a plane.


1968 Winter Olympics, Visual appearance
The logo for the 1968 Winter Olympic Games portrays a floating snow crystal surrounded by three stylised roses on top of the single-coloured (in white) Olympic rings. The roses can be found in the same pattern (two on the top and one below) as Grenoble's emblem.


1968 Winter Olympics, Visual appearance
For the first time, there was an Olympic mascot, although it was unofficial. The mascot was named Schuss, a stylised skier wearing a blue skiing costume and a large red ball as a head. The mascot designed by Aline Lafargue was hardly recognised publicly. It had unofficial character, was marked with great restraint and appeared solely on pins and several toys.


1968 Winter Olympics, Visual appearance
Jack Lesage, who specialised in mountain and winter sport recordings, filmed two Olympic advertisements of 15–18 minutes in length before the Olympic Games took place, contracted by the Organisation Committee. "Trois roses, cinq anneaux" ("Three roses, five rings") emerged in 1966, and showed Grenoble, as well as the surrounding venues, in the early stage of preparation. In 1967, "Vaincre à Grenoble" ("Victory in Grenoble") emerged, and documented the progress of the workers, complemented with images of the sport competitions. Both films appeared in three different versions with French, English and German commentary. In France, the films were shown in cimemas before particular feature films, abroad for receptions and presentations.


1968 Winter Olympics, Visual appearance
The French post office issued six Olympic-themed postage stamps. On 22 April 1967, a label next appeared worth 0.60 francs with the official logo as its motif. On 27 January 1968, ten days before the opening ceremony, a series of five semi-postal stamps followed. The designs were ski jumpers and skiers (0.30++ 0,10 F), ice hockey players (0.40 + 0,10 F), the olympic torch (0.60 + 0.20 F), a female ice skater (0.75 + 0.25 F) and slalom racers (0.95 + 0.35 F). The proceeds from the supplement stamps were split between the French Red Cross and the Organisation Committee.


1968 Winter Olympics, Venues
There were five other venues surrounding Grenoble used as sporting venues for the Olympic Games in 1968. Like never before seen at a Winter Olympic Games, the venues were divided into four different places. Grenoble set a new trend by having venues in different parts of the surrounding area; it was commonplace at the time to have all the venues together. Compared to the investments for the infrastructure, the investments for building sports arenas was very small. This investment only contributed nine percent.


1968 Winter Olympics, Venues
Almost half of this investment, 46 million Francs, was used to build the new ice rink Stade de glace (today Palais des Sports), and where group A's ice hockey matches, the figure skating competition and the closing ceremony all took place. The arena has 12,000 seats and is situated in Parc Paul Mistral, Grenoble's town park located in the center of the city. The architects were Robert Demartini and Pierre Junillon. Construction began in mid-November 1965 and finished in October 1967. The roof was made of two cylindrical which crossed over each other, four columns which could support 10,000 tonnes. Today, the arena is used for concerts, fairs and various other sporting events (among others six-day races since 1971)