1968 Sun Bowl, Game summary
On the ensuing possession for Arizona, Buddy McClinton intercepted a Lee pass and returned it 32 yards for a touchdown score to make it 24-10. When Auburn got the ball back, Carter threw a 42 yard touchdown pass to Tim Christian to make it 31-10. A Riley field goal made the final score 34-10. Auburn's Buddy McClinton caught three interceptions, had six tackles and scored a touchdown off an interception return en route to being named MVP, the first defensive back to be awarded the honor in the Sun Bowl. Lee set a record for most interceptions in the Sun Bowl with 6, on a miserable 6-of-24 for 89 yard performance. While Carter went 7-of-28 passing on three interceptions, he threw for 158 yards with two touchdowns.


1968 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
The Wildcats did not return to the Sun Bowl again until 1985. The Tigers did not return again until 1973.


1968 Surfers Paradise 4-Hour
The 1968 Surfers Paradise 4-Hour was an endurance race for Series Production Touring Cars. It was held at the Surfers Paradise International Raceway in Queensland, Australia on 9 June 1968. The race was won by John French, drivingan Alfa Romeo GTV.


1968 Surfers Paradise 4-Hour, Classes
Cars competed in five classes according to the retail price of each model.


1968 Surfers Paradise 6 Hour
The 1968 Surfers Paradise 6 Hour was an endurance race for sports cars and touring cars, staged at the Surfers Paradise International Raceway in Queensland, Australia on 1 September 1968.


1968 Surfers Paradise 6 Hour
The race was dominated by the Matich SR3 Repco V8 driven by Frank Matich and Glynn Scott, however an engine failure with just over an hour to run handed the victory to the Ferrari 250LM driven by brothers Leo and Ian Geoghegan.


1968 Sutton London Borough Council election
The 1968 Sutton Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Sutton London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.


1968 Sutton London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 127 candidates, down from 157 in 1964 stood in the election for the 51 seats being contested across 25 wards. These included a full slate from the Conservative parties, while Labour stood 48 candidates, the Liberals stood 16 candidates, the Residents Association stood 10 candidates, and the Communist party stood 2 candidates. There were 24 two-seat wards and 1 three-seat ward.


1968 Swedish Open
The 1968 Swedish Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts held in Båstad, Sweden. It was the 21st edition of the tournament and was held in July 1968. Martin Mulligan won the singles title.


1968 Swedish Open, Finals, Men's Doubles
Arthur Ashe /  Clark Graebner defeated  Manuel Santana /  Manuel Orantes 7–5, 6–1


1968 Swedish Open, Finals, Women's Doubles
Eva Lundqvist /  Olga Morozova defeated  Julie Heldman /  Kathleen Harter 6–4, 6–4


1968 Swedish football Division 2
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 16:38, 16 February 2020 (expand templates per Fb team TfD outcome and Fb competition TfD outcome and Fb cl TfD outcome and Fb rbr TfD outcome). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1968 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1968 season.


1968 Swedish football Division 3
Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 for the 1968 season.


1968 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden on 15 September 1968. Held in the wake of the crushing of the Prague spring, it resulted in a landslide victory for the Social Democratic government and Prime Minister Tage Erlander. It is one of two general elections in Swedish history where a single party received more than half of the vote (the other being the election of 1940). Erlander would resign the following year after an uninterrupted tenure of 23 years as head of government.


1968 Swedish general election
The Social Democrats had held the office of Prime Minister since 1932 except a three-month "holiday cabinet" in 1936. This was due to the Social Democrats' absolute majority in the First chamber and a steady majority for them in general elections and also at large in municipality and county council elections, of which the latter gave them the majority in the First chamber. When they did not have an absolute majority in the Second chamber the Social Democrats could rely on a passive support from the Communists as the  Social Democrats almost always nearly had half of the seats there. The two socialist parties in the Riksdag did not however win a majority in the general elections of 1952 and 1956.


1968 Swedish general election, Results
Civic Unity was a joint list of the three right-wing parties in Malmö.


1968 Swedish general election, Results
The Middle Parties was a coalition of the Centre Party and People's Party that contested some constituencies.


1968 Swiss referendums
Two referendums were held in Switzerland in 1968. The first was held on 18 February on a general tax amnesty, and was approved by 62% of voters. The second was held on 19 May on a tobacco tax, and was rejected by 52% of voters.


1968 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1969 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. The team was led by 21st-year head coach Ben Schwartzwalder and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse finished with a record of 6–4 and were not invited to a bowl game.


1968 São Paulo FC season
The 1968 football season was São Paulo's 39th season since club's existence.


1968 TANFL season
The 1968 Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart, Tasmania over twenty (20) roster rounds and four (4) finals series matches between 6 April and 21 September 1968.


1968 TANFL season, 1968 TANFL Ladder, Grand Final
Source: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury and Saturday Evening Mercury (SEM) publications.


1968 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1968 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 3–7 overall and 2–5 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Fred Taylor in his second year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1968 Tallahassee riots
The 1968 Tallahassee riots were one of many riots that broke out after Martin Luther King was assassinated in Tallahassee, Florida lasting from April 5–7, 1968. It was originally a student protest but later became a riot as a result of the rage and anger of participants. The riot would happened at Florida A & M University but unrest would be seen to a lesser extent in the Frenchtown neighborhood.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, City overview
Tallahassee was described as having a population of about 68,000 with 25% of the population being African-American in 1968. It was also Florida's capital of the state as well. There were two state universities in the city: Florida State University (FSU) and the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU). FAMU was a historically black university while FSU was an all white university until 1962.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement
Tallahassee would see action in it during the Civil Rights Movement. The 1956 Tallahassee bus boycott would eventually be eventually successful in desegregating the bus system in the city. What caused the boycott was when 2 African-American students from FAMU, Wilhelmina Jakes and Carrier Patterson sat in the whites only section where there was the only 2 vacant seats left at and were asked to either move to back of the bus and stand  in the back or leave the bus without getting there fares back. Starting on May 28 the boycott would run until December 22.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement
A chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality would be created at FAMU after two students from there went to the University of Miami  during the summer of 1959 and entered a chapter at a CORE workshop at the University of Miami  and would end up bringing it back to FAMU. After the CORE chapter was created, a series of events like picketing and sit-ins would be done by them with mixed results. The events did not receive that much publicity and there is little known about them.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement, Sit-ins
There would be a series of sit-ins protests in the city between 1960 and 1961. The sit-ins began on February 13, 1960 when a combination of 8 high school and FAMU students held a sit-ins at a local Woolworth store's counter for 2.5 hours that day. No arrests were reported in the sit-in that day. Another sit-in would be held on February 20. This time 11 students would participate and a police squad that was lead my the mayor would request they leave. The protesters would reject it and got arrested.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement, Sit-ins
Reverend Daniel B. Speed would end up bailing the students out and the protestors were arrested under the charge of disturbing the peace by riotous conduct along with unlawful assembly. They were all found guilty in court and were offered the option of paying a $300 fine or doing 60 service days. All but three of the students would chose 3 service.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement, Sit-ins
The sit-in protests would continue to grow in size and the resistance they faced as well. During March 5 and 12 protests, students who were white from FSU would join in with the black students from FAMU. 240 students would end being arrested in the two protests. During March 12 a thousand students from FAMU going in groups of 75 each would go to the downtown area with posters and wanted the students who were arrested to be released.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Background, Civil Rights Movement, Sit-ins
A "Local Citizen Council" would prevent them from entering a store as a group of white men who were armed in one instance. In response to the large amount of arrests that were made students would gather in response to it. The mayor would announce that the group had 3 minutes to disperse but before the time was up, the police would use tear gas with several females being hospitalized after receiving burns. State government officials thought that the protests would weaken the Florida Interracial Committee and that they would end making the Democratic gubernatorial primaries more favorable for a segregationist candidate, Farris Bryant. The sit-ins themselves would not effective towards accompolishing there goals in the end.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Riots
Students at the FAMU would first react to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. with sadness later followed by anger. Student protests would become violent within a few hours with bottles and rocks being through at cars that were driving by along with gunfire. A white youth would get a bleeding ear after his car was attacked and was the first person to be injured. The Southern Mobile Homes Brokers located at 1804 South Monroe Street would be firebombed at 9 PM and 2 trailers were burned down.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Riots
The police would finish the process of cordoning off all of FAMU's campus in four different directions. At around that same time one of the city commissioners, John A. Rudd would be injured by shattered glass when the car he was in with Mayor Gene Berkowitz was hit by bricks and bottles on Railroad Avenue close to Gamble Street. Another event that would happen would as well at 10 PM would be when a group of blacks would go into a different entrance to the university. The police would be fired upon by rioters. As a result, police forces would hide behind there patrol cars and the patty wagon that was at the scene.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Riots
During April 15, violence would continue to happen. At 2:30 AM 19-year-old Travis E. Crow III who was an upstairs resident of Crow's Grocery located at 1902 Lake Bradford Road would die from asphyxiation after it was firebombed. In the Frenchtown neighborhood that day, two furniture stores: Home Furniture Store located at 622 North Macomb Street and Waldo's Furniture Company located at 624 West Fourth Avenue would be firebombed. At the Home Furniture Store,  there was an automatic sprinkler system which extinguished the fire that resulted after it was firebombed. Closer to the FAMU campus, Econowash Launderette at 316 West Pershing Street would be broken into and destroyed.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Riots
As a result of the rioting, the president of FAMU would close down the university on April 6 and would be closed until April 15 as the Board of Regent chancellor, Robert B. Mautz ordered him to do so. Dormitories would be evacuated at 7 PM on April 5 at FAMU as well. Sporting goods and ammunition stores would exercise more caution or refuse to sell ammunition at all.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Aftermath/results/legacy
Chancelll Mautz would say that university authorities along with the local police would punish those who led the riots. A student at FAMU, Thomas Watts would be arrested in May 1968 for possessing a firebombing and inciting a riot. 12 arrest warrants would issued for suspects who had connections to the riot with all being black. A $2,700 reward was posted for any information that would lead to the arrest and conviction of the person who had thrown the firebomb that killed Crow. Sheriff Joyce would say on April 9 that there was not much evidence surrounding the case.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Aftermath/results/legacy
On May 5, two black teenagers would be arrested and charged for Crow's death: 17-year-old James Colbert and 18-year-old Billy Ray Oliver. The county judge would rule that Crow's death was homicide by arson and the two were convicted of first degree murder and got life sentences. The Florida cabinet would authorize a $100,000 purchase of mace, tear gas, helmets and shotguns among other equipment for the state police in response to the riots. The security force at FAMU would be increased from 11 to 18.


1968 Tallahassee riots, Aftermath/results/legacy
A memorial service and march would be organized by Reverend Raleigh Gooden on April 9 for Crow and the march would go for 15 blocks.


1968 Tampa Spartans football team
The 1968 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. It was the Spartans' 32nd season. The team was led by head coach Fran Curci, in his first year, and played their home games at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida. They finished with a record of seven wins and three losses (7–3). Curci was officially hired as the replacement for Sam Bailey as head coach on January 25, 1968, from the Miami Hurricanes, and he won his first game as head coach on the road against UC Santa Barbara. Other games of note during the season included upsets at Tulane and over Mississippi State, both of the NCAA University Division.


1968 Tangerine Bowl
The 1968 Tangerine Bowl was held on December 27, 1968, at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The Richmond Spiders of the Southern Conference defeated the Ohio Bobcats of the Mid-American Conference by a score of 49–42. The Tangerine Bowl is a former name of what is now called the Citrus Bowl.


1968 Tangerine Bowl
Heading into the game, Ohio University finished their regular season slate with a perfect 10–0–0 record. The Bobcats also held a #15 Associated Press (AP) national ranking. The 1970 Ohio Bobcats football team had one of the most potent offenses the nation and was spearheaded by quarterback Cleve Bryant. Ohio was one of only three NCAA programs to finish their regular season with an unbeaten and untied record.


1968 Tangerine Bowl
The University of Richmond entered with an 8–3–0 record. They were Southern Conference champions after having finished 6–0–0 in conference play. They were decided underdogs against Ohio and the national media did not give them much of a chance to compete, let alone win the game. The upset-minded Spiders did just that, however, winning their first-ever postseason bowl game 49–42. It would ultimately be Richmond's only bowl victory (they lost in their only other bowl appearance, the 1971 Tangerine Bowl).


1968 Tangerine Bowl
After the loss, the Bobcats finished #20 in the final AP Poll.


1968 Targa Florio
The 52° Targa Florio took place on 5 May 1968, on the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, Sicily (Italy).


1968 Targa Florio, Race
The event was marked by the absence of Scuderia Ferrari which skipped the whole 1968 World Sportscar Championship in protest of the regulation change imposed by the FIA. Autodelta thus filled the vacuum left by Ferrari by deploying the new Alfa Romeo Tipo 33/2 in place of the Tipo 33 of the previous year. Porsche responded by replacing the 910 with the new 907. Alfa Romeo also offered a seat to Nino Vaccarella who was "orphaned" by Ferrari’s absence, by providing the Sicilian with a 33/2 with an enlarged 2.5L engine.


1968 Targa Florio, Race
Though Vaccarella had to retire during the third lap for an accident, the 33/2 proved to be a match for the 907. The real protagonist of the race was Vic Elford: during the first lap his 907 lost a wheel, and shortly later the car also suffered a tire puncture, accumulating so many minutes from the lead that he considered the race lost and rather concentrated on beating the circuit lap record as a consolation. Taking advantage of his experience as a rally driver, he started drifting whenever possible.


1968 Targa Florio, Race
As a result not only he set lap records more than once, but also considerably reduced the gap from the top of the race. In the end, he decided to let his companion Umberto Maglioli driving only for three out of ten laps, and aimed for the victory. He overtook the leading 33/2 during the 9th lap and won the race by 3 minutes.


1968 Tasman Series
The 1968 Tasman Championship for Drivers was a motor racing series contested over eight races during January, February and March 1968, with four races held in New Zealand and four in Australia. The championship was open to Racing Cars fitted with unsupercharged engines with a capacity equal or inferior to 2500cc. It was the fifth annual Tasman Championship.


1968 Tasman Series
The championship won by Jim Clark, driving a Lotus 49T.


1968 Tasman Series
It was the third and final Tasman Championship win for Clark who was killed in a Formula 2 crash on the ultra fast Hockenheim circuit in West Germany just over a month after the series concluded. Clark won the last of his twelve career Tasman Series wins when he won the 1968 Australian Grand Prix at the Sandown Raceway in Melbourne, only 0.1 seconds in front of the Dino 246 Tasmania of Chris Amon after a famous duel between the pair.


1968 Tasman Series
Reigning 1967 Formula One World Champion Denny Hulme finished equal seventh in the series in his Formula 2 Brabham with a best finish of third in Round 3 for the Lady Wigram Trophy, his first race of the series.


1968 Tasman Series, Points system
Points were awarded at each race on the following basis:


1968 Tasman Series, Points system
Championship placings were determined by the total number of points scored by a driver in all races.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum
The Tasmanian casino referendum was a one-question referendum held on 14 December 1968, which concerned the granting of Australia's first casino licence to the Federal Group to operate the Wrest Point Hotel Casino in Sandy Bay.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Background
The Wrest Point Riviera hotel was purchased by the Federal Group in the 1960s, and the new owners approached Premier Eric Reece about the prospect of the Tasmanian government granting a licence to create an entertainment complex and convention centre that would contain a small casino on the premises, citing that it would attract tourists during Tasmania's traditional winter "tourist slump". Reece agreed that a casino would be a tourism attraction in Tasmania Reece and together with health minister Merv Everett began to promote the development.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Background
Despite a vigorous campaign there was considerable opposition to the casino bill when it was introduced to parliament on 4th October 1968 as no casino licence had been granted in Australia before. Two weeks later The Mercury newspaper reported the bill was likely to be lost by one or two votes. Reece and Everett then withdrew the bill and on 31st October 1968 announced a referendum would take place to decide the issue.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Background
The legislation to permit the referendum was itself highly contentious and did not pass parliament until the 21st November 1968, after which the date of the referendum was set to be three weeks later on 14th December. With the vote on a knife's edge, it is alleged that the government deliberately proposed a question that was opaque. The question put to the people was:


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Background
Are you in favour of the provisions of "Wrest Point Casino Licence and Development Act, 1968", the full text of which has been published in the newspapers?"


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Vote on the bill
Despite having a vote on the bill scheduled in December, and with the campaigning already underway, the state Labor government, realising they had the numbers on the floor of the parliament, brought the bill to a vote on November 6, 1968. After a non-stop thirty-hour debate and with the vocal opponent Mac Le Fevre overseas and not paired, the bill passed at 5am on 8th November 1968.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Vote on the bill
In effect, the electorate was being asked to vote on a bill that had already been passed.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Aftermath
The referendum passed by a margin of 6%, although the bill had already passed in October that year, granting the licence to the Federal Group. There was considerable opposition to the casino, and concern over the fact that a monopoly licence was awarded to Federal Hotels without any call for a tender.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Aftermath
The Wrest Point Hotel Casino was completed and opened in 1973.


1968 Tasmanian casino referendum, Aftermath
In 1985, the casino introduced poker machines, to much opposition. The pokies have since spread around the state.


1968 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1968 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1967–68 Taça de Portugal, the 28th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 16 June 1968 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Porto and Vitória de Setúbal. Porto defeated Vitória de Setúbal 2–1 to claim a third Taça de Portugal.


1968 Temple Owls football team
The 1968 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference (MAC) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In its ninth season under head coach George Makris, the team compiled a 4–6 record (2–2 against MAC opponents). The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1968 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1968 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by fifth-year head coach Doug Dickey and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of eight wins, two losses and one tie (8–2–1 overall, 4–1–1 in the SEC) and a loss against Texas in the Cotton Bowl Classic.


1968 Tennessee Volunteers football team
Neyland Stadium installed artificial turf prior to the season; it was one of four university division venues (Astrodome (Houston), Camp Randall Stadium (Wisconsin), and Husky Stadium (Washington)) with synthetic grass in 1968.


1968 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Team players drafted into the NFL/AFL
Four Volunteers were selected in the 1969 NFL/AFL Draft, the third common draft, which lasted seventeen rounds (442 selections).


1968 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1968 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC). The Aggies were led by head coach Gene Stallings in his fourth season and finished with a record of three wins and seven losses (3–7 overall, 2–5 in the SWC).


1968 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1968 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1968 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at Clark Field. The team was coached by Cliff Gustafson in his 1st season at Texas.


1968 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The Longhorns reached the College World Series, finishing tied for fifth with a second round win over BYU and losses to Oklahoma State and semifinalist NC State.


1968 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1968 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season.


1968 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1968 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their eighth season under head coach J. T. King, the Red Raiders compiled a 5–3–2 record (4–3 against conference opponents), finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 255 to 241. The team's statistical leaders included Joe Matulich with 864 passing yards, Roger Freeman with 471 rushing yards, and Bobby Allen with 546 receiving yards. The team played its home games at Clifford B. & Audrey Jones Stadium.


1968 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1968 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1968, to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor John Connally did not run for reelection to a fourth term, so the election pitted Democrat Preston Smith against Republican Paul Eggers. Smith was easily elected, winning 57% of the vote to Eggers' 43%.


1968 Texas–Arlington Rebels football team
The 1968 Texas–Arlington Rebels football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Texas at Arlington in the Southland Conference during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In their third year under head coach Burley Bearden, the team compiled a 6–4 record.


1968 Thailand National Games
The 1968 Thailand National Games, officially known as the II Thailand National Games (Thai: กีฬาเขตแห่งประเทศไทย ครั้งที่ 2), and commonly known as Chiang Mai 1968, was a multi-sport event held in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from 3 to 9 December 1968 with 118 events in 14 sports and disciplines featured in the games . This was Chiang Mai's first time to host the Thailand National Games. A total of 1,700 athletes from 9 regions participated in the games.


1968 Thailand National Games
The final medal tally was led by Region 1, followed by Region 7 and Region 6.


1968 Thailand National Games, Marketing, Emblem
The emblem of 1968 Thailand Regional Games was the emblem of Sports Authority of Thailand or SAT and under the logo by the text


1968 Thailand National Games, Marketing, Emblem
การแข่งขันกีฬาเขต ครั้งที่ ๒ เชียงใหม่ ๒๕๑๑2nd Thailand Regional GamesChiang Mai 1967


1968 Thailand National Games, The Games, Participating regions
The 2nd Thailand National Games represented 9 regions from 71 provinces.


1968 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1968 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. Red Parker served as head coach for the third season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
On 21 January 1968, an aircraft accident (sometimes known as the Thule affair or Thule accident (/ˈtuːli/); Danish: Thuleulykken) involving a United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 bomber occurred near Thule Air Base in the Danish territory of Greenland. The aircraft was carrying four B28FI thermonuclear bombs on a Cold War "Chrome Dome" alert mission over Baffin Bay when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft before they could carry out an emergency landing at Thule Air Base.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an ejection seat was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto sea ice in North Star Bay, Greenland, causing the conventional explosives aboard to detonate and the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, resulting in radioactive contamination of the area.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
The United States and Denmark launched an intensive clean-up and recovery operation, but the secondary stage of one of the nuclear weapons could not be accounted for after the operation was completed. USAF Strategic Air Command "Chrome Dome" operations were discontinued immediately after the accident, which highlighted the safety and political risks of the missions. Safety procedures were reviewed, and more stable explosives were developed for use in nuclear weapons.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
In 1995, a political scandal arose in Denmark after a report revealed the government had given tacit permission for nuclear weapons to be located in Greenland, in contravention of Denmark's 1957 nuclear-free zone policy. Workers involved in the clean-up program campaigned for compensation for radiation-related illnesses they experienced in the years after the accident.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Thule Monitor Mission
In 1960, the USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) began Operation Chrome Dome, a Cold War airborne alert program devised by General Thomas S. Power to fly nuclear-armed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress bombers to the borders of the Soviet Union. The flights were scheduled to ensure that twelve bombers were aloft at all times. These bombers gave SAC offensive capability in the event of a Soviet first strike, and provided a significant Cold War nuclear deterrent. Beginning in 1961, B-52 bombers also secretly flew as part of the "Hard Head" mission (or "Thule Monitor Missions") over Thule Air Base.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Thule Monitor Mission
The objective of "Hard Head" was to maintain constant visual surveillance of the base's strategically important Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), which provided early warning of Soviet missile launches. If the communication link between North American Aerospace Defense Command and the base was severed, the aircraft crew could determine if the interruption resulted from an attack or a technical failure. The monitoring mission started when the designated aircraft reached a waypoint at  in Baffin Bay and entered a figure-eight holding pattern above the air base at an altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m).


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Thule Monitor Mission
In 1966, United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara proposed cutting "Chrome Dome" flights because the BMEWS system was fully operational, the bombers had been made redundant by missiles, and $123 million ($981 million as of 2021) could be saved annually. SAC and the Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the plan, so a compromise was reached whereby a smaller force of four bombers would be on alert each day. Despite the reduced program and the risks highlighted by the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash, SAC continued to dedicate one of the aircraft to monitoring Thule Air Base. This assignment was without the knowledge of civilian authorities in the United States, who SAC determined did not have the "need to know" about specific operational points.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
On 21 January 1968, a B-52G Stratofortress, serial number 58-0188, with the callsign "HOBO 28" from the 380th Strategic Bomb Wing at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, New York was assigned the "Hard Head" mission over Thule and nearby Baffin Bay. The bomber crew consisted of five regular crew members, including Captain John Haug, the aircraft commander. Also aboard were a substitute navigator (Captain Curtis R. Criss) and a mandatory third pilot (Major Alfred D'Mario).


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
Before take-off, D'Mario placed three cloth-covered foam cushions on top of a heating vent under the instructor navigator's seat in the aft section of the lower deck. Shortly after take-off, another cushion was placed under the seat. The flight was uneventful until the scheduled mid-air refueling from a KC-135 Stratotanker, which had to be conducted manually because of an error with the B-52G's autopilot. About one hour after refueling, while the aircraft was circling above its designated area, Captain Haug directed co-pilot Svitenko to take his rest period. His seat was taken by the spare pilot, D'Mario.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
The crew was uncomfortable because of the cold, although the heater's rheostat was turned up, so D'Mario opened an engine bleed valve to draw additional hot air into the heater from the engine manifold. Because of a heater malfunction, the air barely cooled as it traveled from the engine manifold to the cabin's heating ducts. During the next half-hour, the cabin's temperature became uncomfortably hot, and the stowed cushions ignited. After one crew member reported smelling burning rubber, they looked for a fire. The navigator searched the lower compartment twice before discovering the fire behind a metal box. He attempted to fight it with two fire extinguishers, but could not put it out.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
At 15:22 EST, about six hours into the flight and 90 miles (140 km) south of Thule Air Base, Haug declared an emergency. He told Thule air traffic control that he had a fire on board and requested permission to perform an emergency landing at the air base. Within five minutes, the aircraft's fire extinguishers were depleted, electrical power was lost and smoke filled the cockpit to the point that the pilots could not read their instruments.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
As the situation worsened, the captain realized he would not be able to land the aircraft and told the crew to prepare to abandon it. They awaited word from D'Mario that they were over land, and when he confirmed that the aircraft was directly over the lights of Thule Air Base, the four crewmen ejected, followed shortly thereafter by Haug and D'Mario. The co-pilot, Leonard Svitenko, who had given up his ejection seat when the spare pilot took over from him, sustained fatal head injuries when he attempted to bail out through one of the lower hatches.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
The pilotless aircraft initially continued north, then turned left through 180° and crashed onto sea ice in North Star Bay at a relatively shallow angle of 20 degrees—about 7.5 miles (12.1 km) west of Thule Air Base—at 15:39 EST. The conventional high explosive (HE) components of four 1.1 megaton B28FI thermonuclear bombs detonated on impact, spreading radioactive material over a large area in a manner similar to a dirty bomb. "Weak links" in the weapon design ensured that a nuclear explosion was not triggered. The extreme heat generated by the burning of 225,000 pounds (102 t) of jet fuel during the five to six hours after the crash melted the ice sheet, causing wreckage and munitions to sink to the ocean floor.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
Haug and D'Mario parachuted onto the grounds of the air base and made contact with the base commander within ten minutes of each other. They informed him that at least six crew ejected successfully and the aircraft was carrying four nuclear weapons. Off-duty staff were mustered to conduct search and rescue operations for the remaining crew members. Owing to the extreme weather conditions, Arctic darkness, and unnavigable ice, the base relied largely on the Thule representative of the Royal Greenland Trade Department, Ministry of Greenland, Jens Zinglersen, to raise and mount the search using native dog sled teams.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
Three of the survivors landed within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of the base and were rescued within two hours. For his initial actions and later services, Zinglersen received the Air Force Exceptional Civilian Service Medal on 26 February 1968 at the hands of the U.S. Ambassador, K. E. White. Captain Criss, who was first to eject, landed 6 miles (9.7 km) from the base—he remained lost on an ice floe for 21 hours and suffered hypothermia in the −23 °F (−31 °C) temperatures, but he survived by wrapping himself in his parachute.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Broken Arrow
An aerial survey of the crash site immediately afterwards showed only six engines, a tire and small items of debris on the blackened surface of the ice. The accident was designated a Broken Arrow, or an accident involving a nuclear weapon but which does not present a risk of war.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
The resulting explosion and fire destroyed many of the components that had scattered widely in a 1-mile (1.6 km) by 3-mile (4.8 km) area. Parts of the bomb bay were found 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the impact area, indicating the aircraft started to break-up before impact. The ice was disrupted at the point of impact, temporarily exposing an area of seawater approximately 160 feet (50 m) in diameter; ice floes in the area were scattered, upturned and displaced.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
South of the impact area, a 400-foot (120 m) by 2,200-foot (670 m) blackened patch was visible where fuel from the aircraft had burned—this area was highly contaminated with JP-4 aviation fuel and radioactive elements that included plutonium, uranium, americium and tritium. Plutonium levels as high as 380 mg/m2 were registered in the area.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
American and Danish officials immediately launched "Project Crested Ice" (informally known as "Dr. Freezelove"), a clean-up operation to remove the debris and contain environmental damage. Despite the cold, dark Arctic winter, there was considerable pressure to complete the clean-up operation before the sea ice melted in the spring and deposited further contaminants into the sea.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
Weather conditions at the site were extreme; the average temperature was −40 °F (−40 °C), at times dropping to −76 °F (−60 °C). These temperatures were accompanied by winds of up to 89 miles per hour (40 m/s). Equipment suffered high failure-rates and batteries worked for shorter periods in the cold; operators modified their scientific instruments to allow the battery packs to be carried under their coats to extend the batteries' lifespan. The operation was conducted in arctic darkness until 14 February, when sunlight gradually began appearing.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
A base camp (named "Camp Hunziker" after Richard Overton Hunziker, the USAF general in charge of the operation), was created at the crash site; it included a heliport, igloos, generators and communications facilities. A "zero line" delineating the 1-mile (1.6 km) by 3-mile (4.8 km) area in which alpha particle contamination could be measured was established by 25 January, four days after the crash. The line was subsequently used to control decontamination of personnel and vehicles. An ice road was constructed to Thule from the site. This was followed by a second, more-direct road so that the ice on the first road was not fatigued by overuse. The camp later included a large prefabricated building, two ski-mounted buildings, several huts, a decontamination trailer and a latrine. These facilities allowed for 24-hour operations at the crash site.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
The USAF worked with Danish nuclear scientists to consider the clean-up options. The spilled fuel in the blackened area was heavily contaminated, raising concerns that when the ice melted in the summer, the radioactive fuel would float on the sea and subsequently contaminate the shore. The Danes thus insisted on the removal of the blackened area to avoid this possibility. The Danes also requested that the nuclear material not be left in Greenland after the cleanup operation was complete, therefore requiring General Hunziker to remove the contaminated ice and wreckage to the United States for disposal.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
USAF personnel used graders to collect the contaminated snow and ice, which was loaded into wooden boxes at the crash site. The boxes were moved to a holding area near Thule Air Base known as the "Tank Farm". There, contaminated material was loaded into steel tanks prior to being loaded onto ships. Debris from the weapons was sent to the Pantex plant in Texas for evaluation, and the tanks were shipped to Savannah River in South Carolina. According to General Hunziker, 93 percent of the contaminated material was removed from the accident site.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
In 1987–88 and again in 2000, reports surfaced in the Danish press that one of the bombs had not been recovered. SAC stated at the time of the accident that all four bombs were destroyed. In 2008, the BBC published an article that was based on its examination of partly declassified documents obtained some years earlier, via the United States Freedom of Information Act. The documents appeared to confirm that within weeks of the accident, investigators realized only three of the weapons could be accounted for.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
One of the declassified documents—dated to January 1968—details a blackened section of ice which had refrozen with shroud lines from a weapon parachute: "Speculate something melted through the ice such as burning primary or secondary." A July 1968 report states, "An analysis by the AEC of the recovered secondary components indicates recovery of 85 percent of the uranium and 94 percent, by weight, of three secondaries. No parts of the fourth secondary have been identified."


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
The BBC tracked down several officials involved in the accident's aftermath. One was William H. Chambers, a former nuclear-weapons designer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Chambers headed a team dealing with nuclear accidents, including the Thule crash. He explained the logic behind the decision to abandon the search: "There was disappointment in what you might call a failure to return all of the components ... it would be very difficult for anyone else to recover classified pieces if we couldn't find them."


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
In August 1968, the United States military sent a Star III mini-submarine to the base to look for weapon debris, especially the uranium-235 fissile core of a secondary. A much bigger operation at Palomares off the coast of Spain two years earlier led to the recovery of a lost nuclear weapon from the Mediterranean Sea; the B28FI bomb was lost for 80 days after a mid-air collision between a B-52 on a "Chrome Dome" mission and its KC-135 Stratotanker refueling aircraft.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
Christensen asserts that the purpose of the underwater search at Thule was obvious to the Danish authorities, contrary to other reports that suggested its true purpose had been hidden from them. At lower levels, however, the dives were surrounded by some confidentiality. One document from July 1968 reads, "Fact that this operation includes search for object or missing weapon part is to be treated as Confidential NOFORN", meaning it was not to be disclosed to non-US nationals. It continues, "For discussion with Danes, this operation should be referred to as a survey, repeat survey of bottom under impact point."


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
Further indications of the search are apparent in a September 1968 interim report by the United States Atomic Energy Commission, which stated, "It was further speculated that the missing <redacted>, in view of its ballistic characteristics, may have come to rest beyond the observed concentration of heavy debris." This discussion was a reference to the unsuccessful search for the uranium cylinder of one of the secondaries.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
The underwater search was beset by technical problems and eventually abandoned. Diagrams and notes included in the declassified documents make clear it was not possible to search the entire area where crash debris had spread. Four bomb reservoirs, one nearly intact secondary, and parts equaling two secondaries were recovered on the sea ice; parts equaling one secondary were not accounted for. The search also revealed a weapon cable fairing, polar cap, and a one-foot by three-foot section of a warhead's ballistic case.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
The United States Air Force monitored airborne contamination through nasal swabs of onsite personnel. Of the 9,837 nasal swabs taken, 335 samples had detectable levels of alpha particle activity, although none were above acceptable levels. Urinalysis was also performed but none of the 756 samples displayed any detectable level of plutonium.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Project Crested Ice
By the time the operation concluded, 700 specialized personnel from both countries and more than 70 United States government agencies had worked for nine months to clean-up the site, often without adequate protective clothing or decontamination measures. In total, more than 550,000 US gallons (2,100 m3) of contaminated liquid—along with thirty tanks of miscellaneous material, some of it contaminated—were collected at the Tank Farm. Project Crested Ice ended on 13 September 1968 when the last tank was loaded onto a ship bound for the United States. The operation is estimated to have cost $9.4 million ($70 million as of 2021).


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Operation Chrome Dome
The accident caused controversy at the time and in the years since. It highlighted the risks Thule Air Base posed to Greenlanders from nuclear accidents and potential superpower conflicts. The accident, which occurred two years after the Palomares crash, signaled the immediate end of the airborne alert program, which had become untenable because of the political and operational risks involved.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Operation Chrome Dome
Scott Sagan, a political science academic and anti-nuclear writer, postulated that if the HOBO 28 monitoring aircraft had crashed into the BMEWS early warning array instead of Baffin Bay, it would have presented NORAD with a scenario (radio link to "Hard Head" aircraft and BMEWS both dead, no nuclear detonation detected) that also matched that of a surprise conventional missile attack on Thule, leaving the unreliable submarine telecommunications cable between Thule and the US mainland as the only source of information to the contrary. A satellite communications link was set up in 1974.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Operation Chrome Dome
According to Greenpeace, the United States and USSR were concerned enough by accidents such as the 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash, the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash and the Thule accident that they agreed to take measures to ensure that a future nuclear accident would not lead the other party to conclude incorrectly that a first-strike was under way. Consequently, on 30 September 1971, the two superpowers signed the "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Nuclear War". Each party agreed to notify the other immediately in the event of an accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incident involving a nuclear weapon that could increase the risk of nuclear war. They agreed to use the Moscow–Washington hotline, which was upgraded at the same time, for any communications.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Operation Chrome Dome
The decision not to restart on-alert bomber missions was also a reflection of the strategic decline of manned nuclear weapon delivery in favor of unmanned delivery via ICBMs, which had already eclipsed the number of bombers in the United States by April 1964.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Weapon safety
Following the Palomares and Thule accidents—the only cases where the conventional explosives of U.S. nuclear bombs accidentally detonated and dispersed nuclear materials—investigators concluded the high explosive (HE) used in nuclear weapons was not chemically stable enough to withstand the forces involved in an aircraft accident. They also determined that the electrical circuits of the weapons' safety devices became unreliable in a fire and allowed connections to short circuit. The findings triggered research by scientists in the United States into safer conventional explosives and fireproof casings for nuclear weapons.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Weapon safety
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory developed the "Susan Test", which uses a special projectile whose design simulates an aircraft accident by squeezing and nipping explosive material between its metal surfaces. The test projectile is fired under controlled conditions at a hard surface to measure the reactions and thresholds of different explosives to an impact.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Weapon safety
By 1979, the Los Alamos National Laboratory developed a new, safer type of explosive, called insensitive high explosive (IHE), for use in U.S. nuclear weapons; the physicist and nuclear weapons designer Ray Kidder speculated that the weapons in the Palomares and Thule accidents would probably not have detonated had IHE been available at the time.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, "Thulegate" political scandal
Denmark's nuclear-free zone policy originated in 1957, when the coalition government decided in the lead-up to the Paris NATO summit not to stockpile nuclear weapons on its soil in peacetime. The presence of the bomber in Greenland airspace in 1968 therefore triggered public suspicions and accusations that the policy was being violated. The nature of the "Hard Head" missions was suppressed at the time of the accident; the Danish and American governments instead claimed the bomber was not on a routine mission over Greenland and that it diverted there because of a one-off emergency. United States documents declassified in the 1990s contradicted the Danish government's position, and therefore resulted in a 1995 political scandal that the press dubbed "Thulegate".


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, "Thulegate" political scandal
The Danish parliament commissioned a report from the Danish Institute of International Affairs (DUPI) to determine the history of United States nuclear overflights of Greenland and the role of Thule Air Base in this regard. When the two-volume work was published on 17 January 1997 it confirmed that the nuclear-armed flights over Greenland were recurrent, but that the United States had acted in good faith.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, "Thulegate" political scandal
The report blamed Danish Prime Minister H. C. Hansen for intentionally introducing ambiguity in the Danish–U.S. security agreement: he was not asked about, nor did he mention, the official Danish nuclear policy when meeting with the United States ambassador in 1957 to discuss Thule Air Base. Hansen followed up the discussion with an infamous letter pointing out that the issue of "supplies of munition of a special kind" was not raised during the discussion, but that he had nothing further to add. In doing so, the report concluded, he tacitly gave the United States the go-ahead to store nuclear weapons at Thule.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, "Thulegate" political scandal
The report also confirmed that the United States stockpiled nuclear weapons in Greenland until 1965, contradicting assurances by Danish foreign minister Niels Helveg Petersen that the weapons were in Greenland's airspace, but never on the ground. The DUPI report also revealed details of Project Iceworm, a hitherto secret United States Army plan to store up to 600 nuclear missiles under the Greenland ice cap.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
Danish workers involved in the clean-up operation claimed long-term health problems resulted from their exposure to the radiation. Although they did not work at Camp Hunziker, the Danes worked at the Tank Farm where the contaminated ice was collected, in the port where the contaminated debris was shipped from, and also serviced the vehicles used in the clean-up. It is also possible that they were exposed to radiation in the local atmosphere. Many of the workers surveyed in the years following Project Crested Ice reported health problems. A 1995 survey found 410 deaths by cancers out of a sample of 1,500 workers.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
In 1986, Danish Prime Minister Poul Schlüter commissioned a radiological examination of the surviving workers. The Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology concluded 11 months later that cancer incidents were 40 percent higher in Project Crested Ice workers than in workers who had visited the base before and after the operation. The Institute of Cancer Epidemiology found a 50 percent higher cancer rate in the workers than in the general population, but could not conclude that radiation exposure was to blame.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
In 1987, almost 200 former cleanup workers took legal action against the United States. The action was unsuccessful, but resulted in the release of hundreds of classified documents. The documents revealed that USAF personnel involved in the clean-up were not subsequently monitored for health problems, despite the likelihood of greater exposure to radiation than the Danes. The United States has since instigated regular examinations of its workers. In 1995, the Danish government paid 1,700 workers compensation of 50,000 kroner each.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
Danish workers' health has not been regularly monitored, despite a European Court directive to the Danish government to begin examinations in the year 2000, and a May 2007 European Parliament resolution instructing the same. In 2008, the Association of Former Thule Workers took the case to the European courts. The petitioners claimed that Denmark's failure to comply with the rulings led to delays in detecting their illnesses, resulting in worsened prognoses.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
The country joined the European Atomic Energy Community in 1973, and is therefore not legally bound by the European treaty with respect to events in 1968: "When the accident occurred, Denmark was not a Member State and could not therefore be considered as being bound by the Community legislation applicable at that time. The obligations of Denmark towards the workers and the population likely to be affected by the accident could only flow from national legislation."


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Workers' compensation claims
The Danish government rejected a link between the accident and long-term health issues. Dr. Kaare Ulbak of the Danish National Institute of Radiation Protection said, "We have very good registers for cancer incidents and cancer mortality and we have made a very thorough investigation." The workers said the lack of proof was attributable to the lack of appropriate medical monitoring. As of November 2008, the case has been unsuccessful. A 2011 report by the Danish National Board of Health found that "the total radiation dose for representative persons in the Thule area for plutonium contamination resulting from the 1968 Thule accident is lower than the recommended reference level, even under extreme conditions and situations."


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Scientific studies
Radioactive contamination occurred particularly in the marine environment. The fissile material in the weapons consisted mostly of uranium-235, while the radioactive debris consists of at least two different "source terms". Scientific monitoring of the site has been carried out periodically, with expeditions in 1968, 1970, 1974, 1979, 1984, 1991, 1997 and 2003.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Scientific studies
A 1997 international expedition of mainly Danish and Finnish scientists carried out a comprehensive sediment sampling program in North Star Bay. The main conclusions were: plutonium has not moved from the contaminated sediments into the surface water in the shelf sea; the debris has been buried to a great depth in the sediment as a result of biological activity; transfer of plutonium to benthic biota is low. Other research indicates that uranium is leaching from the contaminated particles faster than plutonium and americium.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Scientific studies
Research conducted in 2003 concluded, "Plutonium in the marine environment at Thule presents an insignificant risk to man. Most plutonium remains in the seabed under Bylot Sound far from man under relatively stable conditions and concentrations of plutonium in seawater and animals are low. However, the plutonium contamination of surface soil at Narsaarsuk could constitute a small risk to humans visiting the location if radioactive particles are resuspended in the air so that they might be inhaled." In 2003, 2007 and 2008, the first samples were taken on land by the Risø National Laboratory—the findings were published in 2011.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Literature review of declassified documents
A BBC News report in 2008 confirmed through declassified documents and interviews with those involved that a bomb had been lost. The Danish foreign ministry reviewed the 348 documents that the BBC obtained in 2001 under the Freedom of Information Act. In January 2009, foreign minister Per Stig Møller commissioned a study by the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) to compare the 348 documents with 317 documents released by the Department of Energy in 1994 in order to determine if the 348 documents contained any new information about an intact nuclear weapon at Thule.


1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash, Aftermath, Literature review of declassified documents
In August 2009, DIIS published its report, which contradicted the assertions of the BBC. The report concluded that there was no missing bomb, and that the American underwater operation was a search for the uranium-235 of the fissile core of a secondary. For the first time, the report was able to present an estimate of the amount of plutonium contained in the pits of the primaries.


1968 Tidewater 250
The 1968 Tidewater 250 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on May 18, 1968, at Langley Field Speedway in Hampton, Virginia.


1968 Tidewater 250
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Tidewater 250, Background
Langley Speedway is a paved short track measuring 0.395 miles in length, it is one of the flattest tracks in the region with only six degrees of banking in the corners and four degrees on the straights.


1968 Tidewater 250, Summary
Two hundred and fifty laps were raced on a paved oval track spanning 0.400 miles (0.644 km) for a grand total of 100.0 miles (160.9 km). The race took one hour, twenty five minutes, and fifty-eight seconds to reach its conclusion. David Pearson was the winner of the race in front of ten thousand live audience members. Notable speeds were: 71.547 miles per hour (115.144 km/h) as the average speed and 80.801 miles per hour (130.037 km/h) as the pole position speed. Canadian driver Frog Fagan participated here; he started in 14th place and ended in 13th place. Fagan managed to run 212 out of 250 laps before the race ending with him still in the running.


1968 Tidewater 250, Summary
This would be Tim Pistone's final career start and Pete Hamilton's first finish in the top five. Total winnings for this race were $4,740 ($34,849.21 when adjusted for inflation) with the winner receiving $1,000 ($7,352.15 when adjusted for inflation). Twelve drivers used a Ford vehicle to participate in the race in; making up the majority of the grid. Three drivers would use a Dodge while only one driver would use a Chevrolet.


1968 Tidewater 250, Summary
Both Ed Negre and Paul Dean Holt would quit the race after driving for 76 and 73 laps apiece; no valid reason was ever given to NASCAR officials for their sudden absence from the race. Nevertheless, they were granted a $100 paycheck just for attempting to race ($735.22 when adjusted for inflation).


1968 Tidewater 250, Finishers
* Driver failed to finish race † signifies that the driver is known to be deceased


1968 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1968 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 78th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1968 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
On 13 October 1968, Roscrea won the championship after a 2-13 to 3-04 defeat of Thurles Sarsfields in the final at Thurles Sportsfield. It was their first championship title ever.


1968 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 1968 Tirreno–Adriatico was the third edition of the Tirreno–Adriatico cycle race and was held from 12 March to 16 March 1968. The race started in Santa Marinella and finished in San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Claudio Michelotto.


1968 Tokachi earthquake
The 1968 Tokachi earthquake (1968年十勝沖地震 Sen-kyūhyaku-rokujūhachi-nen Tokachi-oki Jishin) occurred on May 16 at 0:49 UTC (09:49 local time) in the area offshore Aomori and Hokkaido. The magnitude of this earthquake was put at Mw 8.3. The intensity of the earthquake reached shindo 5 in Aomori, Aomori and Hakodate, Hokkaido.


1968 Tokachi earthquake, Geology
This earthquake was located near the junction of the Kuril Trench and the Japan Trench. It was an interplate earthquake. The focal mechanism of this earthquake showed movement on a thrust fault with a considerable slip-strike component. The sum of interplate seismic moment release by seismic and aseismic faulting in this earthquake was about 28×1020 N m. The 1960s was noted as one of the peak periods of interplate seismic moment release in the offshore Sanriku region.


1968 Tokachi earthquake, Damage
Heavy rain occurred due to a low pressure system in the days leading up to the earthquake and aggravated the damage. In Hokkaido, building damage was reported. A four-story RC building of Hakodate University collapsed. In Aomori Prefecture, there was damage to railroads and highways in more than 200 places caused by collapses of artificial embankments. In Hachinohe, there was damage to buildings, water pipes, and gas pipes. The three-story building of Hachinohe Technical College suffered severe damage. The communication between Honshu and Hokkaido was cut off.


1968 Tokachi earthquake, Tsunami
A tsunami was triggered by the earthquake, with a maximum height of about 6 m (20 ft). An 11-centimeter (4.3 in) high tsunami was recorded in Tahiti. In Japan, the tsunami caused flooding and damage to the aquaculture.


1968 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1968 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented the University of Toledo in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth season under head coach Frank Lauterbur, the Rockets compiled a 5–4–1 record (3–2–1 against MAC opponents), and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 230 to 156. Toledo won the first three games of the season, part of a 12-game winning streak that extended back into the 1967 season.


1968 Toledo Rockets football team
The team's statistical leaders on offense included Steve Jones with 1,197 passing yards, Roland Moss with 1,145 rushing yards and 84 points scored, and David Daniels with 344 receiving yards. Mel Tucker and Bob Pfefferle were the team captains.


1968 Torneo Descentralizado
The 1968 Torneo Descentralizado was the 52nd season of the highest division of Peruvian football. Carlos A. Mannucci of Trujillo made its debut in the first division in this season.


1968 Torneo Descentralizado
Sporting Cristal and Juan Aurich were tied on points at the end of the season. An extra match was played to determine first place and consequently the champion of the season. Sporting Cristal won the play-off and became national champions.


1968 Torneo Descentralizado
At the bottom of the league, Centro Iqueño and Mariscal Sucre tied on points, sharing thirteenth and fourteenth place. They also played an extra match to determine the team to face relegation. Centro Iqueño won the relegation play-off and Mariscal Sucre were relegated from the division. Carlos A. Mannucci were relegated as the worst placed team outside Lima and Callao.


1968 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1968 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.


1968 Torneo di Viareggio, Format
The 16 teams are organized in knockout rounds. The round of 16 are played in two-legs, while the rest of the rounds are single tie.


1968 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1968 Toronto Argonauts finished in second place in the Eastern Conference with a 9–5 record. They appeared in the Eastern Finals.


1968 Toronto Argonauts season, Awards and honours
Bill Symons – CFL Most Outstanding Player, 1107 yds rushing  (This was the first time a Toronto Argonaut had been so honored.)


1968 Tour de France
The 1968 Tour de France was the 55th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 27 June and 21 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of 4,492 km (2,791 mi). Eleven national teams of 10 riders competed, with three French teams, two Belgian teams and one from Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, and a combined Swiss/Luxembourgian team.


1968 Tour de France
The 1968 Tour marked the first time the race end at the Vélodrome de Vincennes taking covering a distance of for the now-defunct Parc des Princes Velodrome, which served as the final stop from 1904 to 1967. The general classification was won by Jan Janssen, who overtook Herman Van Springel in the final time trial.


1968 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
After the death of Tom Simpson, doping controls had become mandatory. To further protect the cyclists, it was now allowed to get water during the race, and two rest days were added. To get more sponsor income, a new classification was added, the combination classification, calculated from the positions in the general, points and mountains classification. The jersey of the points classification, which has been green in all other years, was red in 1968 for sponsorship reasons.


1968 Tour de France, Teams
The 1968 Tour started with 110 cyclists, divided into 11 teams of 10 cyclists.


1968 Tour de France, Route and stages
The route for the Tour de France was announced in December 1967. At that time, the last stage was not finalised yet, because the old finish place (the Parc des Princes) was no longer available, and a new one had to be found.


1968 Tour de France, Route and stages
The 1968 Tour de France started on 27 June, and had two rest days, in Royan and Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,408 m (7,900 ft) at the summit of the Port d'Envalira mountain pass on stage 13.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
The initial time trial was won by Charly Grosskost, with most favourites shortly behind him. Grosskost also won the next stage, and thus kept the lead. In the first part of the third stage, a team time trial, the Belgian A team won, and because of the time bonuses Herman Vanspringel took over the lead. The next stages were all flat, and the favourites were unable to gain time on each other.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourth stage, a group without favourites escaped and won the stage with a margin of a few minutes; Jean-Pierre Genet was the best-placed cyclist of that group, and became the new leader. A similar thing happened in the first part of the fifth stage; Georges Vandenberghe was the only cyclist who had been present in both escape groups, and he became the new leader of the general classification. Vandenberghe was now a few minutes ahead in the general classification, and kept that lead until the start of the Pyrenees after stage eleven.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
Vandenberghe was expected to lose the lead in the twelfth stage, because he was not known to be a good climber. But he surprised, and stayed with some of the favourites, keeping the lead. In that stage, the Dutch team was reduced to four cyclists, and the leader Jan Janssen did not look strong. On the other hand, the leader of the French team Raymond Poulidor had gained time, and seemed to be the best-placed favourite, in fifth place in the general classification. In the thirteenth stage, Vandenberghe again was able to stay at the front. In the last day in the Pyrenees during stage fourteen, Janssen won the stage, but won little time by that, as almost all cyclists were in the group just behind him.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fifteenth stage, Raymond Poulidor was hit by a motor, but was able to remount and reach the finish, although he lost more than a minute on his direct competitors.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
In the sixteenth stage, French internal rivalry was dominating; while Roger Pingeon of the France A team was slowing down to drink, Lucien Aimar of the France B team attacked, and took a group of favourites with him. Although Aimar was later dropped from that group, Godefroot, Janssen, Vanspringel, Bracke and Gandarias stayed at the front, while Pingeon, Poulidor and Vandenberghe lost more than nine minutes, and were out of contention. The new leader was now Rolf Wolfshohl, with San Miguel in second place and Franco Bitossi in third place.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
In the eighteenth stage, Pingeon fought back and escaped early in the stage. He was joined by Bitossi, who was keen on taking over the lead in the general classification. On the last climb, Bitossi was out of energy and lost considerable time. Pingeon won the stage, and San Miguel climbed up to the first place in the general classification. However, the top eight was within two minutes of each other.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview
In the nineteenth stage, San Miguel lost a little time on Vanspringel, who became the new leader. The next few stages did not change anything in the top of the general classification. The Tour ended with a time trial, and before the time trial, Herman Van Springel was leading, followed by San Miguel at 12 seconds, Janssen at 16 seconds and Bitossi at 58 seconds. Janssen won the final time trial, with Van Springel in second place, but the margin was large enough for Janssen to win the Tour.


1968 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
Doping controls were performed daily on the first three riders to complete the stage and three more riders by random drawing. Gimondi advised the Tour de France organizers adopt the aforementioned system, which was used at the Giro d'Italia earlier that year, in order for him to agree to participate in the race. In total, 163 doping tests were performed. Two returned positive:


1968 Tour de France, Race overview, Doping
Both were removed from the race, suspended for one month and given a fine.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1968 Tour de France, two of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Additionally, there was a points classification. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification. The jersey for the points classification leader was red in 1968, unlike all other years since its introduction in 1953, when it was green.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification. The leader of the mountains classification, which had been calculated since 1933 but had never had a jersey, also became identifiable by a "macaron" on his jersey.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
A newly introduced classification was the combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications. The leader was not identified by a jersey, but wore a "macaron" on their jersey.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but points were only awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1968, this classification had no associated jersey.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification wore yellow caps. The Switzerland/Luxembourg team finished with only two cyclists.


1968 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. Roger Pingeon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col des Aravis on stage 19. This prize was won by Barry Hoban. There was also the Souvenir Tom Simpson, given in honour of Tom Simpson, who died during the 1967 Tour. This prize was won by Roger Pingeon on stage 15 in the small town of Mirepoix.


1968 Tour de France, Aftermath
It was the last edition in which the cyclists participated in national teams; from 1969 on, commercial teams were used.


1968 Tour de Romandie
The 1968 Tour de Romandie was the 22nd edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 9 May to 12 May 1968. The race started and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Eddy Merckx.


1968 Tour de Suisse
The 1968 Tour de Suisse was the 32nd edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 14 June to 22 June 1968. The race started and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Louis Pfenninger of the Zimba–Mondia team.


1968 Tour of Flanders
The 52nd Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Saturday, 30 March 1968. The race was won by Belgian sprinter Walter Godefroot ahead of Guido Reybrouck, who was being led out by Eddy Merckx. After the race, Reybrouck tested positive for doping and Rudi Altig was promoted to second place. 82 of 175 riders finished.


1968 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started in Ghent and finished in Gentbrugge – covering 249 km. There were four categorized climbs:


1968 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council election
Elections to Tower Hamlets London Borough Council were held on 9 May 1968. The whole council was up for election. Turnout was 14.3%.


1968 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council election
Until 1978, each London council had aldermen, in the ratio of one aldermen to six councillors. Tower Hamlets had ten aldermen. Following the elections, Tower Hamlets elected five aldermen, who served until 1974. The remaining five aldermen had been elected in 1964 and would serve until 1971. All aldermen on Tower Hamlets were Labour.


1968 Tracy tornado
The 1968 Tracy tornado. was an extremely powerful  F5 tornado that struck Tracy, Minnesota on Thursday, June 13, 1968, at around 7 o'clock. The tornado killed nine people and injured 125 others. The wind speeds of the tornado reached over 300 mph as it tracked 9 miles (14 km) through Murray, Lyon and Redwood counties in southwestern Minnesota. It is one of only two official F5 tornadoes that have occurred in Minnesota, although several other tornadoes that occurred before 1950 are estimated to have been F5 strength.


1968 Tracy tornado
The tornado destroyed 111 homes, caused major damage to 76, and caused minor damage to 114. Five businesses were destroyed and 15 others were damaged. Some homes in town only had their foundations left behind. A few farms outside of town were swept completely away, and extensive ground scouring occurred. An elementary school and 106 automobiles were destroyed, and a heavy boxcar was thrown more than a block by the storm. Two other boxcars were thrown 300 yards, and a steel I-beam was carried for two miles on a piece of roof. Hard rains and hail were also reported. A total of five tornadoes hit Minnesota on June 13, 1968, most of which were rated F0.


1968 Trampoline World Championships
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by FDmacclosh (talk | contribs) at 16:41, 21 June 2020 (→References). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1968 Trampoline World Championships
The 5th Trampoline World Championships were held in Amersfoort, Netherlands on November 30, 1968.


1968 Trans-American Championship
The 1968 Trans-American Championship was the third running of the Sports Car Club of America's Trans-Am Series. 1968 marked the addition of the 12 Hours of Sebring and the 24 Hours of Daytona, the only year that the Trans-Am Series featured those races. The season also marked the first time that an event was held outside of the United States, when a race at Mont-Tremblant brought Trans-Am into Quebec, Canada.


1968 Trans-American Championship
The championship was open to SCCA Sedans, which were required to conform with FIA Group 1 Series Production Touring Car or Group 2 Touring Car regulations. A Manufacturers Champion was determined in both Over 2-liter and Under 2-liter classes. The titles were awarded to Chevrolet (thanks to Mark Donohue's unprecedented 8 race winning streak, and Chevrolet winning 10 out of 13 races) and Porsche (thanks to Tony Adamowicz' 5 race class winning streak and Porsche's eight class wins in a row) respectively.


1968 Trans-American Championship, Championships, Points system
Points were awarded to manufacturers according to the finishing positions in each race.


1968 Trans-American Championship, Championships, Points system
Only the highest-placed car scored points for the manufacturer and only the best 10 finishes counted towards the championship.


1968 Transkei legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Transkei Bantustan, South Africa on 23 October 1968. The Transkei National Independence Party  won 57 of the 75 elected seats.


1968 Transkei legislative election, Electoral system
The Legislative Assembly had a total of 109 seats, 45 of which were elected and 64 of which were reserved for directly and indirectly elected chiefs. Of the 64 seats reserved for chiefs, four were for Paramount chiefs and 60 for office-holding Chiefs in nine regions. 56 of the 64 Chiefs supported the ruling party.


1968 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rodw (talk | contribs) at 14:03, 16 April 2020 (Disambiguating links to SVP (link changed to South Tyrolean People's Party) using DisamAssist.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1968 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
The Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election of 1968 took place on 17 November 1968.


1968 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
An agreement was signed with the German minority: the two provinces became Autonomous Provinces, with both provincial and regional powers, while the Autonomous Region retained its statal-devolved powers. The SVP so accepted a new alliance with the Christian Democracy. With the activation of the ordinary regions in the rest of Italy, the legislature term rose to five years.


1968 Troy State Red Wave football team
The 1968 Troy State Red Wave football team represented Troy State University during the 1968 NAIA football season. The Red Wave played their home games at Veterans Memorial Stadium in Troy, Alabama. The 1968 team came off an 8–2 record and an Alabama Collegiate Conference championship from the previous season. The 1968 team was led by coach Billy Atkins. The team finished the season with an 11–1 record and made the NAIA playoffs. The Red Wave defeated Texas A&I, 45–35, in the NAIA National Championship Game to secure the program's first national championship.


1968 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on 5 November 1968, except in the Marshall Islands, where they were delayed until 20 December due to an outbreak of flu.


1968 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Electoral system
The bicameral Congress consisted of a 12-member Senate with two members from each of the six districts and a 21-member House of Representatives with seats apportioned to each district based on their population – five from Truk, four from the Marshall Islands and Ponape, three from the Mariana Islands and Palau and two from Yap.


1968 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Electoral system
Elections were held every two years in November of even-numbered years, with all members of the House of Representatives and half the Senate (one member from each district) renewed at each election.


1968 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Aftermath
The newly elected Congress met for the first time on 13 January 1969. Bethwel Henry was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives and Amata Kabua was elected president of the Senate.


1968 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Aftermath
Hirosi Ismael (elected in 1966) resigned from the Senate. In the January 1969 by-election, Ambilos Iehsi was elected to replace him. Chutomu Nimues resigned from the House of Delegates later in 1969. Hans Wiliander was elected in the subsequent by-election on 20 November 1969. Minoru Ueki also resigned from Congress, and was replaced by Tarkong Pedro, who won the by-election on 2 April 1970.


1968 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1968 Tulane Green Wave football team was an American football team that represented Tulane University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season as an independent. In their third year under head coach Jim Pittman, the team compiled a 2–8 record.


1968 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1968 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their eighth year under head coach Glenn Dobbs, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 3–7 record, 2–3 against conference opponents, and finished in fifth place in the Missouri Valley Conference.


1968 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mike Stripling with 1,968 passing yards and 307 rushing yards and Harry Wood with 988 receiving yards.


1968 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The most notable member of this team was middle linebacker Phillip "Dr. Phil" McGraw.


1968 Turkish Senate election
Turkey held senate elections on 2 June 1968. In this election 53 members of the senate were elected. (50 members for 1/3 of the senate and 3 empty seats)


1968 Turkish local elections
Turkey held local elections on 2 June 1968. In the elections, both the mayors and the local parliaments (Turkish: İl Genel Meclisi) were elected. The figures presented below are the results of the local parliament elections.


1968 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1968 U.S. Open was the 68th U.S. Open, held June 13–16 at the East Course of Oak Hill Country Club in Rochester, New York. Lee Trevino equaled the tournament scoring record and won the first of his six major titles, four strokes ahead of runner-up Jack Nicklaus. It was also the first win on the PGA Tour for Trevino, age 28.


1968 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the second of three U.S. Opens at the East Course; Cary Middlecoff won the first in 1956 and Curtis Strange successfully defended in 1989. It also hosted the PGA Championship in 1980, 2003, and 2013, and the Ryder Cup in 1995.


1968 U.S. Open (golf), Final round
Bert Yancey held the 54-hole lead after a tournament record 205 (−5) in the first three rounds. Trevino was a stroke behind at 206, after three rounds in the 60s, and made par saves at 5 and 6. After Yancey bogeyed the 5th, Trevino took the lead, then recorded birdies at 11 and 12, while Yancey bogeyed the 11th to fall out of contention. Nicklaus started the round seven strokes back at 212 (+2); he got two quick birdies, but did not record another until the 14th, by which time Trevino already had a commanding lead.


1968 U.S. Open (golf), Final round
Trevino's total of 275 tied the tournament record that Nicklaus established the year before at Baltusrol; his four rounds in the 60s was a tournament first, and did not happen again for a quarter century, until Lee Janzen won at Baltusrol in 1993. It was also the first of Trevino's 29 victories on the PGA Tour. Of Trevino's six major victories, Nicklaus was the runner-up four times.


1968 U.S. Open (golf), Final round
Sam Snead, age 56, finished in a tie for 9th place, his final top-10 finish at the U.S. Open.


1968 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships
The 1968 U.S. Pro Tennis Championships was a men's professional tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts courts at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. It was the 41st edition of the tournament, the first edition of the Open Era, and was scheduled to be held from June 12 through June 16, 1968. Due to bad weather the final was postponed from July to September 10, 1968. Rod Laver won the singles title, his fourth at the event, and earned $8,000 first-prize money.


1968 U.S. Professional Indoor
The 1968 U.S. Professional Indoor was a WCT tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was played at the Wachovia Spectrum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was the inaugural edition of the tournament and was held from February 5 through February 11, 1968.


1968 U.S. Professional Indoor – Singles
The event was being held for the first time during the open-era.


1968 U.S. Professional Indoor – Singles
Manuel Santana won the title, beating Jan Leschly 8–6, 6–3 in the final.


1968 U.S. Women's Open
The 1968 U.S. Women's Open was the 23rd U.S. Women's Open, held July 4–7 at Moselem Springs Golf Club in Fleetwood, Pennsylvania, northeast of Reading.


1968 U.S. Women's Open
Susie Maxwell Berning won the first of her three U.S. Women's Open titles, three shots ahead of runner-up Mickey Wright, a four-time champion. It was the second of four major titles for Berning, a newlywed of less than two months. She led wire-to-wire and bogeyed the final three holes.


1968 U.S. Women's Open
Defending champion Catherine Lacoste, still an amateur, finished thirteen strokes back, tied for thirteenth place.


1968 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 1968 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis in the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. UC Davis competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The UC Davis sports teams were commonly called the "Cal Aggies" from 1924 until the mid 1970s.


1968 UC Davis Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by sixth-year head coach Herb Schmalenberger. They played home games at Toomey Field. The Aggies finished the season with a record of five wins and four losses (5–4, 3–3 FWC). They outscored their opponents 158–147 for the 1968 season.


1968 UC Davis Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No UC Davis Aggies players were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft.


1968 UC Riverside Highlanders football team
The 1968 UC Riverside Highlanders football team represented UC Riverside during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season.


1968 UC Riverside Highlanders football team
This was the last year UC Riverside would compete as an independent. They would join the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) in 1969. UC Riverside was led by fourth-year head coach Pete Kettela. They played home games at Highlander Stadium in Riverside, California. The Highlanders finished the season with a record of seven wins, one loss and one tie (7–1–1). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 315–212 for the season.


1968 UC Riverside Highlanders football team, Team players in the NFL
No UC Riverside players were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft.


1968 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
The 1968 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season.


1968 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
UCSB competed as an Independent in 1968. This was the last year for the Gauchos as the college level. They would move to the University Level in 1969 as a charter member of the Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA). The team was led by sixth-year head coach "Cactus Jack" Curtice, and played home games at Campus Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins, four losses and one tie (4–4–1). For the 1968 season they outscored their opponents 253–163.


1968 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Santa Barbara Gaucho players were selected in the 1969 NFL Draft.


1968 UCI Road World Championships
The 1968 UCI Road World Championships took place on 1 September 1968 in Imola, Italy, on a 75 km circuit starting and arriving at the "Enzo and Dino Ferrari" auto racing circuit.


1968 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1968 UCI Road World Championships was the 35th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 1 September 1968 in Imola, Italy. The race was won by Vittorio Adorni of Italy after a successful 90 km breakaway from the leading group on the 4th lap.


1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. The events for the professional men and women's were held in Rome, Italy the other events took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. Eleven events were contested, 9 for men (3 for professionals, 6 for amateurs) and 2 for women between 22 and 27 August 1968.


1968 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1968 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their fourth year under head coach Tommy Prothro, the Bruins compiled a 3–7 record (2–4 Pac-8) and finished in a tie for fifth place in the Pacific-8 Conference.


1968 UCLA Bruins football team
UCLA's offensive leaders in 1968 were quarterback Jim Nader with 1,008 passing yards, running back Greg Jones with 497 rushing yards, and Ron Copeland with 372 receiving yards.


1968 UCLA Bruins football team
In what was acknowledged to be a rebuilding year, the Bruins opened the 1968 season with a 63–7 defeat of Pittsburgh and a win over Washington State. The season ground to a halt at Syracuse and with the season-ending injury of quarterback Billy Bolden, and UCLA would win only one more game, over Stanford 20–17.


1968 UCLA Bruins football team
The Bruins gave #1 USC and Heisman Trophy winner O. J. Simpson a scare in a 28–16 loss; UCLA trailed 21–16 late in the fourth quarter and had the ball inside USC's 10-yard line, but USC recovered a fumble and then used almost all of the remaining time in driving for their insurance touchdown.


1968 UEFA European Under-18 Championship
The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1968 Final Tournament was held in France.


1968 UEFA European Under-18 Championship, Teams
The following teams entered the tournament. Eight teams qualified (Q) and eight teams entered without playing qualification matches.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 42nd year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
A greyhound called Yellow Printer arrived on the racing scene and was regarded as the fastest greyhound for many years. The fawn dog was voted Greyhound of the year and won the Irish Greyhound Derby, in addition to setting a new world record over 525 yards of 28.30 seconds at White City Greyhounds.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was presented with greyhound called Camira Flash, to become the sports most prominent greyhound owner. The fawn and white greyhound was given to him at a charity meeting at Harringay Stadium just over a month before the Derby started, with the condition that all prize money earned would go to the Duke Of Edinburgh Awards Scheme. The greyhound went on to win the 1968 English Greyhound Derby.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
The Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) closed the operation at Stamford Bridge on 1 August, which left a gap on the Bookamkers Afternnon Greyhound Service (BAGS), which was taken by New Cross Stadium. Stamford Bridge trainer Sid Mann switched his runners to West Ham Stadium.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Swindon Stadium changed over to National Greyhound Racing Club rules in April and Cambridge opened on the 6 October as an independent track.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
The foot and mouth disease had continued into early 1968, which forced racing to lose more fixtures. A new publication started called the Greyhound Magazine with the intention of giving the sport complete coverage, although the Sporting Life gave results coverage, it did not give an inside view of the sport itself.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
In September the GRA moved all of the greyhounds out of the Clapton Stadium kennels at Claverhambury Farm and the West Ham Stadium kennels and put them at the training establishment at Hook Estate and Kennels, in Northaw. The kennels would now house all trainers from Harringay, White City, Clapton and West Ham which brought the estate under considerable pressure. Furthermore the move indicated that the GRA directors had earmarked Clapton and West Ham as possible future sales. Trainer Paddy Keane acted quickly and moved back to Ireland to train from kennels there. In a further change George Curtis left Portsmouth for Brighton.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
Eastville Stadium became one of the first circuits to abandon grass, becoming sand based, many tracks would follow suit over the next decade. John Jolliffe, Racing Manager at Wembley Greyhounds retired after a 37 year career that started as Dundee Racing Manager, then Aberdeen and Cardiff, before his Wembley appointment.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
Trainer Dick Carter and his wife Patricia were killed in a car crash on Christmas Eve 1968, leaving the Reading stadium management and bookmakers organising a trust fund for their two daughters.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
The Bord na gCon invested heavily into Irish tracks, purchasing Shelbourne Park and putting £240,000 of investment into the track. It received an added bonus when it was decided that it would host the Irish Greyhound Derby every year from 1970.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
In the Western Produce Stakes trainer Jim Morgan owned and trained the first three home, Happy Harry relegated sister Hiver Whitenose and brother Harrys Oppo to the minor placings. Tric Trac returned to racing for a short time, after taking a rest from stud duties and won the Wimbledon Champion Stakes; he died shortly afterwards following a kennel accident. Yellow Printer won the Wembley Summer Cup before heading for Ireland and the Irish Greyhound Derby. After returning to England he won the Anglo Irish International.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Forward King, one of the exceptional Leo Stack litter, won the St Leger at Wembley Greyhounds and the Scottish St Leger, the only dog ever to have won both. He also won the Wembley Gold Cup and the Cock of the North. He won half of his 70 open events but might never have reached a race track at all because when he was twelve months old, he escaped from his kennels and lived wild on the Yorkshire moors for several weeks before being recaptured.


1968 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The year ended with a major challenge at Limerick when the leading Irish star Flaming King trained by Tony Quigley, met Yellow Printer now under the charge of Paddy Milligan. The race was won by Flaming King and Yellow Printer's owner Pauline Wallis reacted by buying Flaming King for £5,000 from Frank Moran and taking him back to England.