1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
On August 28, 1968, around 10,000 protesters gathered in Grant Park for the demonstration, intending to march to the International Amphitheatre where the convention was being held. At approximately 3:30 p.m., a young man lowered the American flag that was at the park. The police broke through the crowd and began beating the young man, while the crowd pelted the police with food, rocks, and chunks of concrete. The chants of some of the protesters shifted from, "Hell no, we won't go!" to, "Pigs are whores!"


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
Hayden encouraged protesters to move out of the park to ensure that if the police used tear gas on them, it would have to be done throughout the city. The police soon gained the upper hand after firing tear gas and chased the demonstrators down the streets, beating them with clubs and rifle butts before arresting them. The amount of tear gas used to suppress the protesters was so great that it made its way to the Conrad Hilton, where it disturbed Humphrey while in his shower.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
The police sprayed demonstrators and bystanders with mace and were taunted by some protesters with chants of, "Kill, kill, kill!" The police responded by shouting, "Get out of here, you cocksuckers!". Police indiscriminately attacked all who were present, regardless if they involved in the demonstrations or not. Dick Gregory, the comedian who attended the protests, told the crowd that the police were merely following the orders of Daley and "the crooks downtown".


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
The MOBE leaders then decided to march down Michigan Avenue to the Conrad Hilton hotel, where many of the Democratic delegates were staying. The Illinois National Guard guarding the hotel fired tear gas while the police moved in to beat the demonstrators. The police assault in front of the hotel during the evening of August 28 became the most famous image of the Chicago demonstrations of 1968. The entire event took place live under television lights for seventeen minutes with the crowd chanting, "The whole world is watching".


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
Samuel Brown, one of the organizers for Senator McCarthy, lamented the violence, saying: "Instead of nice young people ringing doorbells, the public saw the image of mobs shouting obscenities and disrupting the city". Brown stated the demonstrations at Chicago had been a disaster for the anti-war movement, as the American people saw the protesters as the trouble-makers and the heavy-handed police response as justified. The general feeling at the time was the hippies were intent upon destroying everything good in America and the Chicago police had acted correctly in beating such dangerous anti-social types bloody.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
In a telephone call to President Johnson on Saturday, September 7, 1968, Daley described some of the activity undertaken by the elements of the protesters, which he described as "Professional Trouble Makers", these activities included the burning of the American Flag, raising of the Viet Cong flag and throwing both manure and urine at the police.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
In its report Rights in Conflict (better known as the Walker Report), the Chicago Study Team that investigated the violent clashes between police and protesters at the convention stated that the police response was characterized by:


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
unrestrained and indiscriminate police violence on many occasions, particularly at night. That violence was made all the more shocking by the fact that it was often inflicted upon persons who had broken no law, disobeyed no order, made no threat. These included peaceful demonstrators, onlookers, and large numbers of residents who were simply passing through, or happened to live in, the areas where confrontations were occurring.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
The Walker Report, "headed by an independent observer from Los Angeles police – concluded that: 'Individual policemen, and lots of them, committed violent acts far in excess of the requisite force for crowd dispersal or arrest. To read dispassionately the hundreds of statements describing at firsthand the events of Sunday and Monday nights is to become convinced of the presence of what can only be called a police riot.'"


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
Senator Ribicoff used his nominating speech for McGovern to report the violence going on outside the convention hall and said that, "With George McGovern as President of the United States, we wouldn't have to have Gestapo tactics in the streets of Chicago!" Daley responded to his remark with something unintelligible through the television sound, although lip-readers throughout America claimed to have observed him shouting, "Fuck you, you Jew son of a bitch!" Defenders of the mayor would later claim that he was calling Ribicoff a faker, a charge denied by Daley and refuted by Mike Royko's reporting. Ribicoff replied: "How hard it is to accept the truth!" That night, NBC News had been switching back and forth between images of the violence to the festivities over Humphrey's victory in the convention hall, highlighting the division in the Democratic Party.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
According to The Guardian, "[a]fter four days and nights of violence, 668 people had been arrested, 425 demonstrators were treated at temporary medical facilities, 200 were treated on the spot, 400 given first aid for tear gas exposure and 110 went to hospital. A total of 192 police officers were injured."


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
After the Chicago protests, some demonstrators believed the majority of Americans would side with them over what had happened in Chicago, especially because of police behavior. The controversy over the war in Vietnam overshadowed their cause. Daley shared he had received 135,000 letters supporting his actions and only 5,000 condemning them. Public opinion polls demonstrated that the majority of Americans supported the mayor's tactics. It was often commented through the popular media that on that evening, America decided to vote for Richard Nixon.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
After the convention, which had very publicly exposed the fault-lines between hawkish and dovish Democrats, Humphrey was 22 points behind Nixon in the polls. By contrast to the violence and chaos in Chicago, the Republican convention in Miami had been a model of order and unity, which made Nixon appear better qualified to be president as even Humphrey himself conceded in private.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Police riot
On September 30, 1968, Humphrey gave a speech in Salt Lake City that he had intended to deliver at the convention in Chicago, saying he was willing to unconditionally stop the bombing of North Vietnam to break the deadlock in the peace talks in Paris. At this point, Humphrey, who was behind in the polls, saw his numbers began to rise; Nixon was certainly concerned in October 1968 that he might lose the election. By late October 1968, Humphrey had a slight lead with 44% intending to vote for him compared to 43% for Nixon. The election of 1968 was one of the closest ever in American history with Nixon winning 31.7 million votes, Humphrey 31.2 million votes and Wallace 10 million votes.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Seven
A grand jury charged eight defendants with conspiracy, crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot, and other federal crimes following the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The defendants became known as the Chicago Eight: Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, Tom Hayden, Bobby Seale, Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, John Froines, and Lee Weiner. During the trial, the case against Bobby Seale was declared a mistrial, and the Chicago Eight then became the Chicago Seven.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Seven
Demonstrations were held daily during the trial, organized by the MOBE, the Young Lords led by Jose Cha Cha Jimenez, and the local Black Panther Party led by Chairman Fred Hampton. In February 1970, five of the seven defendants were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot, and all were acquitted of conspiracy. Froines and Weiner were acquitted on all charges.


1968 Democratic National Convention, Protests and police response, The Chicago Seven
While the jury was deliberating, Judge Julius Hoffman sentenced the defendants and their attorneys to jail terms ranging from two-and-a-half months to four years for contempt of court. In 1972, the convictions were reversed on appeal, and the government declined to bring the case to trial again.


1968 Democratic National Convention, The McGovern–Fraser Commission
In response to the party disunity and electoral failure that came out of the convention, the party established the 'Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection' (informally known as the 'McGovern–Fraser Commission'), to examine current rules on the ways candidates were nominated and make recommendations designed to broaden participation and enable better representation for minorities and others who were underrepresented. The commission established more open procedures and affirmative action guidelines for selecting delegates. The changes imposed by the commission required that the number of delegates who were Black, women, Hispanic and between the ages of 18-30 reflected the proportion of the people in those groups in every congressional district.


1968 Democratic National Convention, The McGovern–Fraser Commission
In addition the commission required all delegate selection procedures to be open; party leaders could no longer handpick the delegates in secret. The changes brought about by the commission ended the ability of local bosses who headed political machines such as Daley to ensure delegations that were subservient to them attended conventions. The rule changes brought by the commission also marked the beginning of end of the Democratic delegations that were almost entirely male and usually entirely white, ensuring in the future Democratic delegations would be more diverse.


1968 Democratic National Convention, The McGovern–Fraser Commission
An unforeseen result of these rules was a large shift toward state presidential primaries. Prior to the reforms, Democrats in two-thirds of the states used state conventions to choose convention delegates. In the post-reform era, over three-quarters of the states use primary elections to choose delegates, and over 80% of convention delegates are selected in these primaries.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests
Protest activity against the Vietnam War took place prior to and during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests
In 1968, counterculture and anti-Vietnam War protest groups began planning protests and demonstrations in response to the convention, and the city promised to maintain law and order. The protesters were met by the Chicago Police Department in the streets and parks of Chicago before and during the convention, including indiscriminate police violence against protesters, reporters, photographers, and bystanders that was later described by the  National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence as a "police riot".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests
During the evening of August 28, 1968, with the police riot in full swing on Michigan Avenue in front of the Democratic party's convention headquarters, the Conrad Hilton hotel, television networks broadcast live as the anti-war protesters began the now-iconic chant "The whole world is watching".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
In the fall of 1967, members of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (often referred to as "MOBE"), which was directed by David Dellinger, proposed a massive anti-war demonstration to coincide with the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In early 1968, the National Mobilization Committee opened a Chicago office directed by Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden, who were leading political organizers at the time and former leaders of Students for a Democratic Society.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
MOBE was an umbrella organization that included groups who were opposed to American participation in the Vietnam War. MOBE was run by a small executive board that set up a general framework for mass demonstrations, sent out invitations to the over 500 groups on its mailing lists, and coordinated activities between the groups.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
MOBE recognized and supported all tactics from marching to civil disobedience. MOBE's main aim was to get the largest turnouts at its functions. David Dellinger, MOBE chairman, believed that "The tendency to intensify militancy without organizing wide political support [was] self-defeating. But so [was] the tendency to draw way from militancy into milder and more conventional forms of protest."


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
For Chicago, MOBE originally planned for two large-scale marches and an end of convention rally at Soldier Field. The goal was originally a massive show of force outside the International Amphitheatre. MOBE also planned to have workshops and movement centers distributed in 10 parks throughout the city, many in predominantly black areas, to allow demonstrators and participating groups to follow their particular focuses.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, Youth International Party
The Youth International Party was one of the major groups in the organization of the protests. Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and a few friends engaged in conversation at Hoffman's apartment on New Year's Eve, 1967. They discussed the events of the year, such as the Summer of Love and the Pentagon demonstration. The idea of having a free music festival in Chicago was suggested to defuse political tension. Over the next week, the Youth International Party took shape. Its members, known as "Yippies" politicized hippie ideology and used street theater and other tactics to critique the culture of the United States and induce change.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, Youth International Party
In preparation for the Chicago convention, the Yippies held the "Yip-In", and the "Yip-Out" at Grand Central Station in New York City. Both events were planned simply as "be-ins", with live music. The event was used to promote peace, love and harmony, and as a trial run for Chicago. The black banner of an anarchist group was hung on the wall, bearing the words, "Up Against the Wall Mother Fucker" in red. Police stood by watching the crowds. As the "Yip-In" progressed, relations between the police and Yippies became strained. Two people climbed a large clock and removed the hands; the police responded by clearing the station. They formed a skirmish line, ordered the people to disperse, and then started forcing their way through the crowd.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, Youth International Party
The "Yip-Out" was similar in purpose but held in Central Park. To obtain the permits and aid from New York City officials necessary for the event, Yippies performed a sit-in at the mayor's office until the Mayor would negotiate on permits. In the end, an agreement was made on staging, electricity, police presence, bathrooms, and other necessities for running a music festival. Police milled in the crowd giving considerable leeway to the proceedings which led to a peaceable day.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, Youth International Party
The Yippies took a radical approach to the Democratic National Convention. They wrote articles, published fliers, made speeches and held rallies and demonstrations, to announce that they were coming to Chicago. Threats were made that nails would be thrown from overpasses to block roads; cars would be used to block intersections, main streets, police stations and National Guard armories; LSD would be dumped in the city's water supply and the convention would be stormed. However, none of these threats came to fruition. Nonetheless, city officials in Chicago prepared for all possible threats. A vilification campaign led by Chicago authorities worked in favor of the Yippies' plan.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Planning, Youth International Party
One of the Yippies' main tactics was to use street theatre to create an experience that drew the attention of mainstream America. Yippie activities were used to put across the message that the average American didn't have control over the political process. They tried to show this by purposefully participating in non-traditional activities that would not conceivably affect the decision-making process in the convention hall, unlike a "straight" protest with picket lines, marches, and rallies which could conceivably convince delegates of mass support for a program. On a Wednesday night, networks moved their coverage away from the Amphitheater where the delegates were voting on the nomination, to a "pitched battle" in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
In the buildup to the Convention, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley repeatedly announced "Law and order will be maintained".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
Chicago's security forces prepared for the protests during the convention. Besides the standard gun and billy club, Chicago Police Department officers had mace and riot helmets. For the convention, the CPD borrowed a new portable communications system from the military, thus increasing communication between field officers and command posts. All summer long, police officers had received refresher training on crowd control and riot techniques. During the convention itself, Police Academy instructors were with the reserve forces, giving last minute reminders.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
Mayor Daley, citing intelligence reports of potential violence, put the 12,000 members of the Chicago Police Department on twelve-hour shifts, while the U.S. Army placed 6,000 troops in position to protect the city during the convention and nearly 6,000 members of the National Guard were sent to the city, with an additional 5,000 National Guard on alert, bolstered by up to 1,000  FBI and military intelligence officers, and 1,000 Secret Service agents.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
To satisfy manpower requirements, the City put the force on 12-hour shifts, instead of the normal 8-hour shifts. This gave police commanders approximately 50% more field officers to deal with disturbances. Two-thirds of the officers would continue with the normal police duties with the remaining third available for special assignment. In the Amphitheatre, the City concentrated 500 officers filling various roles. In Lincoln Park, the number of officers patrolling during the daytime was doubled, but the majority of the officers assigned to the Lincoln Park area were held in reserve, ready to respond to any disturbance.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
In suspected trouble areas, police patrols were heavy. Further away from the center patrols were less frequent. This allowed the police to shift easily and quickly to control a problem without leaving an area unguarded. While maintaining a public image of total enforcement of all city, state, and federal laws, the Narcotics division was quietly reassigned to regular fieldwork, curtailing anti-drug operations during the DNC.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Official responses
Police officials and Mayor Daley had worked with the National Guard to create a plan to effectively use the Guard. It would be called up at the beginning of the convention, but held in reserve at strategically placed armories or collection points such as Soldier Field. With the Guard in place at their armories, the CPD could request and receive assistance quickly.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Permits
Both MOBE and Yippie needed permits from the city in order to hold their respective events. The City had several reasons for denying permits to MOBE and Yippie and thus stalled issuing permits. The City was worried about a black rebellion, independent of the white protesters, during the convention. To avoid trouble, the City used its influence with black community organizations such as The Woodlawn Organization, the Black Consortium, and Operation Breadbasket to try to keep their constituents calm and peaceful. Some of the militant black leaders were encouraged to leave town during the convention to avoid being implicated in any violence.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Permits
The City also believed that having large numbers of white protesters marching through the black ghettos with a heavy police or National Guard escort would inflame the ghettos and set off rioting. Therefore, the City categorically denied any permit that included parks in or march routes through black areas.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Permits
Another argument the City used to deny permits was that the permits asked the City to set aside local and state ordinances. A city ordinance closed the city parks at 11 pm, although this was not strictly enforced. In a letter to Yippie, Deputy Mayor David Stahl gave eight rules for Yippie to follow, including submitting detailed plans and requirements, following all city, state, and federal ordinances, and toning down the rhetoric. The Yippies refused, so the City felt justified in denying Yippie their permits.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Prelude, Permits
In a last-ditch effort, MOBE filed a lawsuit in federal court seeking it to force Chicago to issue permits for a rally in Soldier Field or Grant Park. Judge Lynch, Daley's former law partner, heard the case, and summarily dismissed the request, citing that the city could deny permits on the basis of protecting "public comfort, convenience, and welfare".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 22: Shooting of Dean Johnson
The start of the convention week's violence is sometimes traced to the shooting of Dean Johnson by Chicago police officers. Dean Johnson, age 17, and another boy were stopped on the sidewalk by the officers for a curfew violation early on the morning of Thursday, August 22. When Johnson drew and fired a pistol at police (the gun misfired), police officers returned fire, hitting Johnson three times.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 22: Shooting of Dean Johnson
The Yippies and SDS hastily organized a memorial service for Johnson, but as one observer noted, due to poor planning "it turned out that no one had made any plans to actually do anything. We just milled around and began to fill up the intersection. Two squad cars pulled up and the cops got out and told us to keep moving ... but they were pretty gentle about it".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 23: Planned protests
On Friday, August 23, Jerry Rubin and other Yippies attempted to formally nominate the Yippie candidate for president, Pigasus, a pig. By the time Rubin arrived with Pigasus, several hundred spectators and reporters had gathered on the Civic Center plaza. Police officers were waiting, and after the pig was released, Rubin, folk singer Phil Ochs, and five other Yippies were arrested.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 24: Marches
At 6 a.m. on Saturday, August 24, continuous surveillance began in Lincoln Park. For the previous several nights, the police had cleared Lincoln Park at 11 p.m. and maintained a significant presence during the day. Women Strike for Peace attempted to hold a women-only picket at the Hilton Hotel, the main delegate hotel. Despite plans for buses from around the country to bring hundreds of picketers, only 60 or so women showed up.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 24: Marches
It was generally agreed upon to not attempt to stay in Lincoln Park after the curfew, but to rather take the protest to the streets. At exactly 11 p.m., poet Allen Ginsberg led protesters out of the park into the streets. SDS leaders organized several hundred protesters to march through the streets chanting things such as 'Peace Now' while the police simply guarded Lincoln Park. When the crowd stopped at Wells and North Avenue, blocking the intersection, a police contingent arrived and cleared the crowd. Eleven people were arrested and several police cars were stoned before the crowd dispersed into the normal Saturday nightlife.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
On Sunday, MOBE had scheduled a 'Meet the Delegates' march and picket. At 2 p.m. there were between 200 and 300 picketers marching across the street from the Conrad Hilton, and another 500 marching south through the Loop chanting, "Hey, Hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today". After the police arrival, those who were picketing moved into nearby Grant Park to avoid a mass arrest situation. Once the marchers had reached Grant Park, there was a brief rally where Davis and Hayden claimed the day a success, and then went to Lincoln Park where the Festival of Life music festival was beginning.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
At 4 pm, the Festival started with MC5, the only band who showed up for the festival. The police did not allow a flatbed truck to be brought in as a stage, fearing Yippies would use it to incite the crowd. When the concession stand owner insisted that Yippie stop using his electrical outlets to run the amplification equipment, confusion ensued. While Rubin and other Yippies tried to make frantic deals to get the sound back on, Hoffman used the confusion to try to bring in the flatbed truck.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
A deal was struck allowing the truck to be parked nearby, but not in, the park. The crowd that had gathered around and on the truck did not realize an agreement had been reached and thought the truck was being sent away. The crowd surged around the truck, pinning in the police officers.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
Hoffman declared that the police had stopped the music festival, and proceeded to conduct a workshop on dispersal tactics to avoid arrest by police. As the next police shift came on duty, they were informed of the tense situation in the park. Due to the number, frequency, diverseness, and exposure of the threats made by the protesters, the police were concerned about facing protesters armed with unknown weapons and unknown intentions.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
At 9 pm, police formed a skirmish line around the park bathrooms. This drew a crowd of spectators who heckled the police. The crowd rapidly grew until the police charged into the crowd swinging their batons, scattering the crowd. At 11 pm the police pushed the protesters out of the park. Most protesters left the park and congregated nearby, taunting the police.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 25: Protests and music
Initially when the police reached the edge of the park, they maintained their skirmish line, however when a squad was ordered to 'clear' Clark Street to keep traffic flowing the police lost control. A running battle began. Yippie Jerry Rubin told a friend "This is fantastic and it's only Sunday night. They might declare martial law in this town." Protesters, journalists, photographers, and bystanders were clubbed and beaten by the police. Order was not restored in Old Town until early Monday morning.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 26: Grant Park
On Monday, August 26, demonstrators climbed on a statue of General Logan on a horse, leading to violent skirmishes with police in Grant Park. Police hauled a young man down and arrested him, breaking his arm in the process.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 28: The Battle for Michigan Avenue
Protestors were joined on 28 August by the Poor People's Campaign, now led by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Ralph Abernathy. This group had a permit and was split off from other demonstrators before being allowed to proceed to the amphitheater.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 28: The Battle for Michigan Avenue
"The Battle of Michigan Avenue", described by Neil Steinberg of The Chicago Sun-Times as "a 17-minute melee in front of the Conrad Hilton", was broadcast on television, along with footage from the floor of the convention. The police violence extended to protesters, bystanders, reporters and photographers, while tear gas reached Hubert Humphrey in his hotel suite. Police pushed protesters through plate-glass windows, then pursued them inside and beat them as they sprawled on the broken glass. 100 protesters and 119 police officers were treated for injuries, and 600 protesters were arrested. Television cameras recorded the police brutality while demonstrators chanted "The whole world is watching", and Humphrey won the presidential nomination that night.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 28: The Battle for Michigan Avenue
On the convention floor, several delegates made statements against Mayor Daley and the CPD, like Senator Abraham Ribicoff who denounced the use of "Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago" in his speech nominating George McGovern. The hard line taken by the City was also seen on the convention floor itself. In 1968, Terry Southern described the convention hall as "exactly like approaching a military installation; barbed-wire, checkpoints, the whole bit". Inside the convention, journalists such as Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were roughed up by security; both these events were broadcast live on television.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 29: Ain't Marchin' Any More
Paul Cowan of The Village Voice reports that after a speech by Eugene McCarthy in Grant Park that afternoon, a march was joined by delegates and McCarthy supporters but was stopped at 18th Street and Michigan Avenue by the National Guard. Arrests were followed by tear gas and mace, while marchers chanted "The whole world is watching" and retreated to Grant Park. In the park, demonstrators sang "God Bless America",  "This Land Is My Land", and  "The Star Spangled Banner", and waved  "V" symbols above their heads, asking soldiers to join in. They never did.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Protests, August 29: Ain't Marchin' Any More
Phil Ochs sang  "I Ain’t Marchin’ Any More", and demonstrators chanted "join us" softly. Five hours later, police officers raided a party organized by McCarthy workers in the Hilton hotel, and beat them viciously. According to the McCarthy workers, all telephones on their floor had been disconnected a half hour before, and they had no way to call for help.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Investigations
The city of Chicago, the  U.S. Department of Justice, the  House Committee on Un-American Activities, and the presidentially appointed  National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence all responded with investigations of the violence. Within days, the Daley administration issued the first report, blaming the violence on "outside agitators", described as "revolutionaries" who came to Chicago "for the avowed purpose of a hostile confrontation with law enforcement". The Department of Justice report, however, found no grounds for prosecution of demonstrators, and Attorney General Ramsey Clark asked the U.S. attorney in Chicago to investigate possible civil rights violations by Chicago police.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Investigations
In Mayor Daley's report, a list of 152 officers wounded in Wednesday's melee was presented. Their wounds ranged from an officer's split fingernail to an officer's infra-orbital fracture of the left eye. Although the precise number of injured protesters is unknown, Dr. Quentin Young of the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR) stated that most of the approximately 500 people treated in the streets suffered from minor injuries and the effects of tear gas. During the entirety of convention week, 101 civilians were treated for undisclosed injuries, by area hospitals, 45 of those on Wednesday night.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Investigations
On September 4, 1968,  Milton Eisenhower, chair of the  National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, announced that the commission would investigate the violence at the Chicago convention and report its findings to President Lyndon Johnson. A Chicago lawyer,  Daniel Walker, headed the team of over 200 members, who interviewed more than 1,400 witnesses and studied FBI reports and film of the confrontations.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Investigations
The report was released on December 1, 1968, characterized the convention violence as a "police riot" and recommended prosecution of police who used indiscriminate violence; the report made clear that the vast majority of police had behaved responsibly, but also said that a failure to prosecute would further damage public confidence in law enforcement. The commission’s Walker Report, named after its chair Daniel Walker, acknowledged that demonstrators had provoked the police and responded with violence of their own, but found that the "vast majority of the demonstrators were intent on expressing by peaceful means their dissent".


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Gallery
This demonstration took place on August 10, 1968 as Chicago was preparing to host the Democratic National Convention.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Gallery
People in Lincoln Park during the convention, being recorded by NBC.


1968 Democratic National Convention protests, Gallery
Chicago Police dragging protester during the 1968 Democratic National Convention


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries
From March 12 to June 11, 1968, Democratic Party voters of several states elected delegates to the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey was selected as the nominee in the 1968 Democratic National Convention held from August 26 to August 29, 1968, in Chicago, Illinois.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Candidates
The following political leaders were candidates for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination:


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Competed in primaries
These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Bypassing primaries
The following candidate did not place his name directly on the ballot for any state's presidential primary, but instead sought to influence selection from unelected delegates or sought the support of uncommitted delegates.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Favorite sons
The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Declined to run
The following persons were listed in two or more major national polls or were the subject of media speculation surrounding their potential candidacy, but declined to actively seek the nomination.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Though United States President Lyndon B. Johnson had served during two presidential terms, the 22nd Amendment did not disqualify Johnson from running for another term, because he had only served 14 months following John F. Kennedy's assassination before being sworn in for his "full" term in January 1965. As a result, it was widely assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would be a Democratic candidate, and that he would have little trouble in winning the Democratic nomination.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Despite the growing opposition to Johnson's policies in Vietnam in both Congress and in the public, no prominent Democratic politician was prepared to run against a sitting President of his own party. Anti -war activists of the new "Dump Johnson movement" initially approached United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, an outspoken critic of Johnson's policies with a large base of support, for a candidacy, but he declined to run.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race
They then appealed to United States Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, who was willing to openly challenge Johnson; prior to entering the race, McCarthy had hoped that Kennedy would run as well. Running as an anti-war candidate in the New Hampshire primary, McCarthy hoped to pressure the Democrats into publicly opposing the Vietnam War. Trailing badly in national polls and with little chance to influence delegate selection absent primary wins, McCarthy decided to pour most of his resources into New Hampshire, the first state to hold a primary election. He was boosted by thousands of young college students who volunteered throughout the state, who shaved their beards and cut their hair to "Get Clean for Gene."


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race
On March 12, McCarthy won 42% of the primary vote to Johnson's 49%, an extremely strong showing for such a challenger, and one which gave McCarthy's campaign legitimacy and momentum. In a surprise move on March 16, Robert F. Kennedy renounced his earlier support for Johnson and proclaimed his own candidacy. McCarthy and his supporters viewed this as opportunism, creating a lasting enmity between the campaigns. To make matters worse, a poll in Wisconsin showed McCarthy beating the President badly, with the latter only getting 12% of the vote. Thereafter, McCarthy and Kennedy engaged in a series of state primaries.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race
Despite Kennedy's high profile, McCarthy won most of the early primaries, including Kennedy's native state of Massachusetts and some primaries in which he and Kennedy were in direct competition. Following his victory in the key battleground state of Oregon, it was assumed that McCarthy was the preferred choice among the young voters.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race, Johnson withdraws
Johnson was now faced with two strong primary challenges. In declining health and facing bleak political forecasts in the upcoming primaries, Johnson concluded that he could not win the nomination without a major political and personal struggle. On March 31, 1968, at the end of a televised address regarding the War, the President shocked the nation by announcing that he would not seek re-election. By withdrawing from the race, he could avoid the stigma of defeat and could keep control of the party machinery to support Hubert Humphrey, his loyal vice president. As the year developed, it also became clear that Johnson believed he could secure his place in the history books by ending the war before the election in November, thus giving Humphrey the boost he would need to win.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primary race, Johnson withdraws
With Johnson's withdrawal, the New Deal Coalition effectively dissolved into support for different candidates:


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
After Johnson's withdrawal, Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced his candidacy on April 27. Kennedy was successful in four state primaries (Indiana, Nebraska, South Dakota, and California) and McCarthy won six (Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Oregon, New Jersey, and Illinois); however, in primaries where they campaigned directly against one another, Kennedy won three primaries (Indiana, Nebraska, and California) and McCarthy won one (Oregon). Humphrey did not compete in the primaries, leaving favorite sons to collect favorable surrogates, notably United States Senator George A. Smathers from Florida, United States Senator Stephen M. Young from Ohio, and Governor Roger D. Branigin of Indiana.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
Humphrey's campaign concentrated on winning the delegates in non-primary states, where party leaders controlled the delegate votes. Kennedy defeated Branigin and McCarthy in the Indiana primary, and then defeated McCarthy in the Nebraska primary. However, McCarthy upset Kennedy in the Oregon primary.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
After Kennedy's defeat in Oregon, the California primary was seen as crucial to both Kennedy and McCarthy. McCarthy stumped the state's many colleges and universities, where he was treated as a hero for being the first presidential candidate to oppose the war. Kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state's larger cities, where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters. Kennedy and McCarthy engaged in a television debate a few days before the election; it was generally considered a draw.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
On June 4, Kennedy defeated McCarthy in California, 46% to 42%, and also won the South Dakota primary held the same day. McCarthy, who defeated Kennedy in New Jersey that very same night, refused to withdraw from the presidential race and made it clear that he would contest Kennedy in the upcoming New York primary, where McCarthy had much support from antiwar activists in New York City.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
After giving his victory speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, Kennedy was assassinated  in the kitchen service pantry in the early morning of June 5. A Palestinian immigrant with Jordanian citizenship named Sirhan Sirhan was arrested. Kennedy died 26 hours later at Good Samaritan Hospital.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Contest for the Democratic nomination and killing of Kennedy
At the moment of Kennedy's death, the delegate totals were:


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primaries
Only 14 states held primaries at this time (California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and West Virginia), in addition to Washington, D.C.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Primaries, Statewide results by winner
Hubert Humphrey - RedLyndon B. Johnson - Yellow (outside of Florida)Robert F. Kennedy - PurpleEugene McCarthy - GreenGeorge Wallace - Lime GreenRoger D. Branigin - OrangeGeorge Smathers - Yellow (Florida Only)Stephen Young - Brown


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Democratic Convention and antiwar protests
Robert Kennedy's death threw the Democratic Party into disarray. The loss of his campaign, which had relied on his popularity and charisma convincing non-primary delegates to support him at the convention, meant that the anti-war movement was effectively over, and that Humphrey would be the prohibitive favorite for the nomination. Some of Kennedy's support went to McCarthy, but many of Kennedy's delegates, remembering their bitter primary battles with McCarthy, rallied around the late-starting candidacy of Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, a Kennedy supporter in the spring primaries.


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Democratic Convention and antiwar protests
When the 1968 Democratic National Convention opened in Chicago, thousands of young antiwar activists from around the nation gathered in the city to protest the Vietnam War. In a clash which was covered on live television, Americans were shocked to see Chicago Police officers brutally beating anti-war protesters. While the protesters chanted "the whole world is watching", the police used clubs and tear gas to beat back the protesters, leaving many of them bloody and dazed. The tear gas even wafted into numerous hotel suites; in one of them Vice President Humphrey was watching the proceedings on television. Meanwhile, the convention itself was marred by the strong-arm tactics of Chicago's mayor Richard J. Daley (who was seen on television angrily cursing Connecticut senator Abraham Ribicoff, who made a speech at the convention denouncing the excesses of the Chicago police in the riots).


1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Democratic Convention and antiwar protests
In the end, the nomination itself was anticlimactic, with Vice President Humphrey handily beating McCarthy and McGovern on the first ballot. The convention then chose Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine as Humphrey's running mate. However, the tragedy of the antiwar riots crippled the Humphrey campaign from the start, and it never fully recovered. (White, pgs. 377-378;)


1968 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election. After winning the Democratic presidential nomination at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey asked the convention to nominate Maine Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate. The convention overwhelmingly voted to ratify the choice of Muskie, though Julian Bond picked up a scattering of votes. Muskie was surprised by the selection, as he was from a Northeastern state with few electoral votes.


1968 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Humphrey almost chose Oklahoma Senator Fred R. Harris, but Humphrey decided that Muskie's age, governmental experience, and quiet temperament made him the better candidate. The Humphrey-Muskie ticket ultimately lost to the Nixon-Agnew ticket in the 1968 election. Muskie's place on the national ticket helped make him an early front-runner for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination, though Muskie ultimately dropped out of the contest.


1968 Denver Broncos season
The 1968 Denver Broncos season was the ninth season for the team in the American Football League (AFL). Led by second-year head coach and general manager Lou Saban, the Broncos improved their record from the previous season by posting a record of five wins and nine losses. They finished fourth in the AFL's Western division for the sixth straight season; the expansion Cincinnati Bengals finished fifth, allowing Denver to escape the cellar.


1968 Denver Broncos season
There were threats of the Broncos relocating to Atlanta, Chicago, and Birmingham, Alabama.


1968 Denver Broncos season
The 1968 season was the first in which Denver wore blue helmets with the trademark orange "D" logo. They wore this uniform through the 1973 season, altering the shade of orange in their jerseys in 1974; helmets remained the same until the 1997 season.


1968 Denver Broncos season
In 1968, Bears Stadium was sold to the city of Denver, which renamed it "Mile High Stadium" and built the upper deck along the west side, raising capacity to 50,657.


1968 Denver Broncos season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Detroit Lions season
The 1968 Detroit Lions season was their 39th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 5–7–2, winning only four games. They missed the playoffs for the eleventh straight season.


1968 Detroit Lions season, Schedule
Note: The October 6 game against Minnesota was originally scheduled to be played in Detroit. The game was switched with the November 17 game due to game 4 of the World Series.


1968 Detroit Lions season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1968 Detroit Tigers season
The 1968 Detroit Tigers won the 1968 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three. The 1968 baseball season, known as the "Year of the Pitcher," was the Detroit Tigers' 68th since they entered the American League in 1901, their eighth pennant, and third World Series championship. Detroit pitcher Denny McLain won the Cy Young Award and was named the American League's Most Valuable Player after winning 31 games. Mickey Lolich pitched three complete games in the World Series – and won all three – to win World Series MVP honors.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
Denny McLain had a remarkable season in 1968, as he went 31–6 with a 1.96 earned run average (ERA), was an All-Star, won the Cy Young Award, won the AL Most Valuable Player Award, and won Game 6 of the World Series. He is the only pitcher since 1934 to win 30 games in a season. Beleaguered by legal and financial troubles in later years, McLain was at his best in 1968. Perhaps worn down by pitching 336 innings during the regular season, McLain's 1968 World Series performance was not as stellar. He lost Games 1 and 4 to NL Cy Young Award winner, Bob Gibson. McLain did, however, win the crucial Game 6 on just two days rest, holding the Cardinals to one run in a 13–1 victory.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
The Tigers No. 2 starter, Mickey Lolich, allowed just five World Series runs in three complete games, winning all three including the final and decisive game. Lolich also helped himself at the plate in Game 2 when he hit the only home run of his 16-year career. Lolich was given the World Series MVP Award for his performance. During the regular season, Lolich went 17–9 with 197 strikeouts and a 3.19 ERA. He was actually moved to bullpen briefly in August after a few poor starts, but returned to pitch well down the stretch.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
Earl Wilson was the team's No. 3 pitcher, going 13–12 for the season with a 2.85 ERA. Known as one of the best power hitters of all time among major league pitchers, Wilson hit seven home runs in 88 at-bats in 1968. Wilson's at bat-to-home run ratio of 12.57 was higher than any player in the major leagues in 1968 — higher even than home run leaders Frank Howard and Willie Horton. Wilson was the losing pitcher in Game 3 of the World Series, allowing 10 baserunners and three earned runs in 41⁄3 innings pitched.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
The Tigers No. 4 starter, Joe Sparma, was the starting quarterback of the undefeated 1961 Ohio State football team. In 1968, Sparma lost his spot in the rotation after a run-in with manager Mayo Smith. Sparma was pulled from a game and made critical comments about Smith to sportswriter Joe Falls. When Falls asked Smith for a response, Smith said he "didn't want to get into a spitting contest with a skunk." Smith refused to start Sparma for several weeks afterward.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
When Sparma finally got another start on September 17, 1968, he pitched a one-run complete game against the Yankees to clinch the pennant. The Sparma–Smith feud continued, and Sparma pitched only 1⁄3 of an inning in the 1968 World Series, giving up two earned runs for a 54.00 ERA in postseason play.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Pitching: McLain, Lolich, Wilson and Sparma
The Tigers bullpen in 1968 included Daryl Patterson, Fred Lasher, John Hiller (who also made 12 starts during the season) and Pat Dobson (who made 10 starts during the season).


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Catcher: Bill Freehan
Catcher Bill Freehan posted career highs with 25 home runs (fifth in the AL) and 84 runs batted in (RBIs) (sixth in the AL) and broke his own records with 971 putouts and 1,050 total chances, marks which remained AL records until Dan Wilson topped them with the 1997 Seattle Mariners. Freehan was hit by a pitch 24 times in 1968 – at that time an AL record. Freehan was the starting catcher for the AL All Star team in 1968 (and every other year from 1966 to 1972) and finished second in the 1968 American League MVP voting, behind McLain.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
First baseman Norm Cash, known as "Stormin' Norman", was one of the most popular players on the team. In 1968, he hit .268 with 25 home runs despite being limited to 127 games. In the 1968 World Series, Cash hit .385 (10-for-26). Cash singled to start a three-run rally in the seventh inning of Game 7. The rally broke a scoreless tie in a pitching duel between Lolich and Gibson.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
Second baseman Dick McAuliffe had a .344 on-base percentage, led the AL with 95 runs scored, and showed power with 50 extra base hits, including 16 home runs. He also tied a Major League record by going the entire 1968 season without grounding into a double play. A converted shortstop, McAuliffe also improved defensively, reducing his error total from 28 in 1967 to nine in 1968. He finished No. 7 in the 1968 AL MVP voting.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
On August 22, 1968, McAuliffe was involved in a brawl in which he drove his knee into pitcher Tommy John's shoulder after almost being hit in the head by a pitch. McAuliffe played well in the 1968 World Series, with five runs, six hits, four walks, three RBIs, and a home run in Game 3, a colossal solo shot into the top of the upper deck in right at Tiger Stadium.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
Shortstop Ray Oyler managed only 29 hits (21 of them singles) in 1968 for a career-low batting average of .135. However, his glove remained valuable as he had a .977 fielding percentage – 15 points above the league average for shortstops. Late in the season, and in the World Series, Oyler was replaced at shortstop by outfielder Mickey Stanley in a historic gamble by manager Mayo Smith. In the offseason, Oyler was drafted by the expansion Seattle Pilots.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
Third baseman Don Wert was hit in the head by a pitch that shattered his batting helmet on June 26, 1968. He was carried off on a stretcher, spent two nights in the hospital, missed several games, and was never the same hitter again. He had never hit lower than .257 in five prior seasons, but his 1968 batting average dropped to a career-low .200. Wert was selected for the AL All Star team in 1968 and is remembered for his ninth inning, game-winning hit on September 17 to clinch the American League pennant. Ernie Harwell described the scene as follows in his radio broadcast of the game:


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Infield: Cash, McAuliffe, Oyler and Wert
This big crowd here ready to break loose. Three men on, two men out. Game tied, 1–1, in the ninth inning. McDaniel checkin' his sign with Jake Gibbs. The tall right-hander ready to go to work again, and the windup, and the pitch... He swings, a line shot, base hit, right field, the Tigers win it! Here comes Kaline to score and it's all over! Don Wert singles, the Tigers mob Don, Kaline has scored... The fans are streaming on the field... And the Tigers have won their first pennant since nineteen hundred and forty-five! Let's listen to the bedlam here at Tiger Stadium!


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
Left fielder Willie Horton led the way among the outfielders in 1968. His 36 home runs, 278 total bases and .543 slugging percentage all ranked second in the American League behind Frank Howard. In a year in which the league batting average was .230, Horton's .285 average was good for fourth in the AL, and he also finished fourth in the AL MVP voting. In the World Series, Horton batted .304 and had a solo home run to give the Tigers an early lead in Game 2.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
He also made a pivotal defensive play in the fifth inning of Game 5. When Lou Brock tried to score from second base on a single to left field, Brock was tagged out on a throw from Horton that hit Freehan's glove on the fly. Horton was the only African American position player to start for the team.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
Mickey Stanley covered center field for the 1968 Tigers, won a Gold Glove Award at the position and led all American League outfielders with a perfect 1.000 fielding percentage. Prior to 1968, Stanley had been used mostly as a backup outfielder, but an injury to Al Kaline expanded his playing time, as Jim Northrup moved to right field to sub for Kaline.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
When shortstop Ray Oyler went "0 for August", and his batting average fell to .135, manager Mayo Smith made one of the most talked-about managerial moves in baseball history, moving Stanley to shortstop for the last 9 games of the regular season and for all 7 games of the 1968 World Series. The move also allowed Smith to play both Kaline and Northrup in the outfield. Stanley had not played the shortstop position before the 1968 season, but was a talented athlete with a good glove.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
Though Stanley made 2 errors in the World Series, neither error led to a run being scored. In its "The End of the Century" series, ESPN rated Mayo Smith's decision to move Stanley to shortstop for the World Series as one of the 10 greatest coaching decisions of the 20th Century in any sport.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
Jim Northrup was the Tigers' right fielder for most of the 1968 season, and was among the American League leaders with 90 RBIs (3rd in the AL), 57 extra base hits (4th in the AL), 259 total bases (5th in the AL), and 29 doubles (5th in the AL). Northrup also hit four grand slams during the 1968 regular season, plus one more in the World Series. He hit two in consecutive at bats on June 24, 1968, and then hit another five days later, becoming the first major league player to hit three grand slams in a single week.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
Northrup's fifth grand slam came in Game 6 of the World Series. With Stanley moving to shortstop, Northrup started in center field during the World Series. Northrup also had the Series-clinching hit in Game 7 off Cardinals ace Bob Gibson. After Gibson held the Tigers scoreless through the first six innings, Northrup hit a triple over center fielder Curt Flood's head, driving in Norm Cash and Willie Horton. In the 7-game series, Northrup had a .536 slugging percentage, with 8 RBIs, 7 hits, 4 runs scored, and 2 home runs. Northrup placed 13th in the 1968 AL MVP voting.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, Outfield: Kaline, Northrup, Horton and Stanley
The only future Hall of Fame member who played regularly for the 1968 Tigers was Al Kaline. (Hall of Famer Eddie Mathews played in 31 games for the 1968 Tigers.) However, Kaline broke his arm after being hit by a pitch in May and missed part of the season. He played 70 games at his usual spot in right field and another 22 games at first base. His .287 batting average would have placed him 4th in the league, but he did not have enough at bats to qualify. Kaline excelled in his only World Series appearance by batting .379 with 2 home runs and 8 RBIs.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Players, The Pinch-hitter: Gates Brown
Pinch-hitter Gates Brown also had a huge year for the Tigers in 1968. Signed by the Tigers while serving time in an Ohio prison, Brown led the team with a .370 batting average (34-for-92) and .685 slugging percentage in the "year of the pitcher" when the league batting average was only .230. He also led the American League in pinch hits and came off the bench with clutch hits to spark a number of dramatic ninth inning come-back victories. In a doubleheader against the Boston Red Sox on August 11, 1968, Brown had a clutch game-winning home run off Lee Stange in the 14th inning of the first game, then had a game-winning single off Sparky Lyle in the ninth inning of the second game.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Summary
After losing the 1967 American League pennant by one game to the Red Sox, the Tigers got off to a 9–1 start in 1968. By April 29, they were 12–4. On May 10, the Tigers moved into first place and remained there for the rest of the season. In baseball's final season before the leagues each split into two divisions, the Tigers finished with a record of 103–59 and outscored their opponents 671 to 492. The Orioles stayed close through much of the season, but the Tigers wound up winning the pennant with a 12-game lead over Baltimore.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Summary
The 1968 Tigers also won the season series against all nine league opponents‚ the first team to accomplish that since the 1955 Dodgers. The 1968 Tigers developed a reputation for dramatic comebacks, often with winning late-inning home runs. The Tigers led the major leagues with 185 home runs in 1968, which was 52 more than the next closest team (Baltimore with 133). They won 40 games from the 7th inning forward, and won 30 games in their last at bat.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Summary
In each game, there seemed to be a new hero, with even the light-hitting Don Wert, Ray Oyler and Tom Matchick providing clutch hits to win ballgames. The 1968 Tigers were also known for their esprit de corps. The starting lineup had been intact since 1965, and several of those starters had grown up in Michigan as Detroit Tigers fans: Willie Horton in Detroit's inner city, Bill Freehan in suburban Royal Oak, Jim Northrup in a small town 25 miles (40 km) west of Saginaw, and Mickey Stanley from the west of the state in Grand Rapids.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, Summary
The 1968 Tigers' winning percentage ranks as the fifth-best in team history, as follows:


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
The 1968 World Series featured the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals, with the Tigers winning in seven games for their third championship in seven World Series appearances.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
In Game 1, the Cardinals' ace Bob Gibson threw a shutout, striking out 17 batters, as St. Louis won 4–0. As of 2011, Gibson's 17 strikeouts is still the record in a World Series game. The only positive the Tigers could take away from Game 1 was the fact that Mickey Stanley, having moved from center field to shortstop at the end of the season, handled five chances without an error.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
In Game 2, Mickey Lolich hit a home run and pitched the first of his three complete game victories, as Detroit won, 8–1. Norm Cash and Willie Horton both homered, and perennial Gold Glove winner, Al Kaline, made two sensational catches in right field.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
The Cardinals followed with wins in Games 3 and 4, including another victory by Bob Gibson over Denny McLain in Game 4. Lou Brock stole three bases in Game 3 and had six steals in the first three games. In Game 4, McLain pitched poorly, giving up six runs in three innings. Game 4 also saw one of the most bizarre strategic battles in World Series history. The Cardinals led 4–0 in the third inning, when the game was delayed by rain for over an hour.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
When play resumed, the Tigers began to stall, hoping to have the game called before it became official. The Cardinals responded by intentionally trying to make outs to move the game forward. As a result of the tactics, Game 4 of the 1968 series was criticized as one of the worst games in World Series history.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
After Game 4, with the Cardinals up 3 games to 1, a Detroit team that had made dramatic comebacks all year was forced to make its biggest comeback yet.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
Game 5 began with the unconventional, soulful singing of the national anthem by José Feliciano, drawing boos from some Detroit fans. When the game got underway, the Cardinals immediately scored three runs in the first inning off Mickey Lolich. In the fifth inning, Lou Brock doubled, and the Cardinals had a chance to break the game open, but Brock tried to score from second base on a single to left field. Brock was out in a collision with Bill Freehan at home plate, as Willie Horton's throw hit Bill Freehan's glove on the fly, and Brock elected not to slide.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
Brock later remarked that he never slid because no one had ever tried to throw him out at home. In the 7th inning, the Cardinals led, 3–2. Mickey Lolich led off for the Tigers in the 7th inning with a bloop single, and the Tigers loaded the bases for Al Kaline to slap a single into right field, driving in two runs. Cash drove in another run, and the Tigers led, 5–3, which proved to be the final score. Mickey Lolich pitched his second complete game victory.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
In Game 6, Mayo Smith passed over Earl Wilson and elected to start Denny McLain on two days' rest. McLain held the Cardinals to one run, and the Tigers scored 13 times. The Tigers scored ten runs in the 3rd inning, capped by Jim Northrup's grand slam.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
Game 7 was a pitching duel between Bob Gibson and Mickey Lolich, pitching on only two days' rest. In a pre-game pep talk, Mayo Smith told his team that Gibson was not Superman, prompting Norm Cash to ask: "What was he doing in a telephone booth changing his clothes?" The game was scoreless after six innings, as the two pitchers dominated. In the 7th inning, the Tigers broke through on a triple by Jim Northrup that went over center fielder Curt Flood's head, driving in Norm Cash and Willie Horton. Curt Flood initially misread Northrup's hit, taking a step in, and then slipping as he chased the ball over his head. Flood was tagged a "goat" for having misplayed the ball. The Tigers won Game 7 by a score of 4–1.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, Summary
Mickey Lolich, who pitched three complete game victories, was named the MVP of the World Series. On the plane ride back to Detroit after Game 7 of the World Series, Lolich turned to newspaper columnist, Pete Waldmeir, and said: "I guess I'm an unlikely hero. Pot belly. Big ears. Just a guy who shows up every day and gets the job done as best as he knows how." But it was precisely those "average man" qualities that made Lolich one of the most popular sports figures in a working man's city. As the Detroit News put it, "He didn't act like a big shot superstar, he was one of us."


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
The 1968 baseball season occurred in a year of upheaval. The Tet Offensive earlier in the year increased opposition to the Vietnam War. The City of Detroit had suffered through one of the worst riots in American history during the summer of 1967. Less than a week before Opening Day, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. took place in Memphis, triggering civil unrest in over 100 American cities, including in Detroit. The assassination of Robert F. Kennedy followed in June.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
And in late August, the Tigers played a series in Chicago, as Chicago police had violent confrontations with thousands of anti-war protesters during the Democratic National Convention. Yet, through the summer of 1968, the people of Detroit were united by their passion for the Tigers and the calming radio voice of Tigers broadcaster, Ernie Harwell. When the Tigers won the World Series, the headline in the Detroit Free Press read: "WE WIN!" The headline told the story. Amidst all the turmoil, the people of Detroit came together behind their baseball team.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
In a column published on October 11, 1968, Detroit's senior baseball writer, Joe Falls, described the impact of the Tigers championship on the city.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
My town, as you know, had the worst riot in our nation's history in the summer of 1967, and it left scars which may never fully heal. . . . And so, as 1968 dawned and we all started thinking ahead to the hot summer nights in Detroit, the mood of our city was taut. It was apprehensive. . . . But then something started happening in the middle of 1968.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
You could pull up to a light at the corner of Clairmount and 12th, which was the hub of last year's riot, and the guy in the next car would have his radio turned up: ' .... McLain looks in for the sign, he's set – here's the pitch'  ... It was a year when an entire community, an entire city, was caught up in a wild, wonderful frenzy.


1968 Detroit Tigers season, 1968 World Series, The Tigers' role in healing a city
Even the Governor of Michigan, George Romney, credited the Tigers with helping calm the city. In a letter to owner John Fetzer, Romney wrote: "The deepest meaning of this victory extends beyond the sports pages, radio broadcasts, and the telecasts that have consumed our attention for several months. This championship occurred when all of us in Detroit and Michigan needed a great lift. At a time of unusual tensions, when many good men lost their perspective toward others, the Tigers set an example of what human relations should really be."


1968 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 of all time at position
The following members of the 1968 Tigers have been ranked among the Top 100 of all time at their position in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:


1968 Detroit riot
The 1968 Detroit riot was a civil disturbance that occurred between April 4–5, 1968 in Detroit, Michigan following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Less than a year after the violent unrest of 1967, areas of 12th Street (present-day Rosa Parks Boulevard) again erupted in chaos (simultaneously with over 100 other US cities) following King's assassination. Michigan Governor George W. Romney ordered the National Guard into Detroit. One person was killed, and gangs tossed objects at cars and smashed storefront windows with three dozen fires being set.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe
The 1968 Deutschland Trophäe, also known as the Martini Gold Cup, was a motor race, run to Formula Two rules, held on 7 April 1968 at the Hockenheimring, Germany. The race was run over two heats of 20 laps of the circuit, and was the first round of the 1968 European Formula Two season. During the first heat, British driver and double Formula One World Champion Jim Clark suffered a fatal accident.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe
Clark had also been asked to race at Brands Hatch by Ford, who wanted him to drive their new sports car, but Clark had already agreed to race for his Team Lotus boss, Colin Chapman at Hockenheim.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
It had rained before the first heat, rendering visibility very poor. Max Mosley, later President of the FIA, was driving his Brabham in the race. He described the difficult racing conditions: "The first corner was thick spray. I was thinking, 'this isn’t a good idea'. All you could do was steer by looking at the tops of the trees, because you couldn’t see where the track went."


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
The first incident was when Walter Habegger crashed his Lotus 41 into an earth bank on lap four. On lap five, on a gentle curve just after the first corner, Clark was running eighth when he spun off the track into the dense trees lining the circuit, and he died almost instantly. A flag marshal's eye-witness report stated that the car had lost grip at the rear and Clark had tried to correct the slides a number of times before hitting the trees.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
Amid the many conflicting rumours concerning why the car left the track, Clark's mechanic, Dave Sims, blamed a right rear tyre deflation for the accident, and the official accident investigation report concurred, concluding that the most likely explanation was that the right rear tyre had explosively deflated after picking up a slow puncture. Colin Chapman, who was not present at Hockenheim that day, suggested that Clark may have picked up debris from an accident during the previous day's practice session, in which Habegger had also crashed.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
However, Lotus had been experiencing problems with the Lotus 48 cars due to the cold, wet weather at Hockenheim. Sims said afterwards, "The problem was, it was freezing. It was so cold it was affecting the fuel metering units. The drive belts were breaking."


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
Williams driver Derek Bell suspected the engine misfiring problems that had plagued Clark's car all weekend. Sims had confirmed to Bell that the engine issues had not been resolved before the race, and Bell later said, "I could see it: he goes through that curve, the engine cuts out, the thing gets itself sideways as a result, the engine suddenly cuts back in when he’s out of shape... who knows?"


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
Lola driver Chris Irwin was following around 250 yards behind Clark when the accident happened. "Suddenly Jim's car broke out," he said. "It looked like something mechanical."


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat one
Jean-Pierre Beltoise narrowly won the heat from team-mate Henri Pescarolo with Chris Lambert in third.


1968 Deutschland Trophäe, Heat two
Clark's team-mate Graham Hill was withdrawn from the second heat, as was Robert Lamplough. Beltoise won again, this time with Piers Courage in second with Pescarolo third.


1968 Dixie 250
The 1968 Dixie 250 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on May 3, 1968, at Augusta Speedway in Augusta, Georgia.


1968 Dixie 250
This is the only race of the year that eventual 1968 NASCAR Grand National Series champion David Pearson didn't run.


1968 Dixie 250, Race report
Two hundred and fifty laps were done on a paved oval track spanning 0.500 miles (0.805 km) for a grand total of 125.0 miles (201.2 km). The race took one hour, forty-two minutes, and thirty-six seconds to reach its full conclusion: Bobby Isaac defeated Buddy Baker by more than a lap; bringing home $1,100 as the winner's top prize ($8,087 when considering inflation).


1968 Dixie 250, Race report
Canadian driver Frog Fagan participated in this event as the only non-American driver. Four thousand and five hundred people went to see speeds averaging 73.099 miles per hour (117.641 km/h) with Bobby Isaac gaining the pole position with a speed of 83.877 miles per hour (134.987 km/h). Bobby Isaac would go on to earn three pole positions during the 1968 NASCAR Grand National Series season and 19 pole positions during the following season; making him a prototypical version of Ryan Newman with his blistering speeds that he would register during qualifying.


1968 Dixie 250, Race report
Notable crew chiefs who attended the race were Ray Hicks, Frankie Scott, Dale Inman and Harry Hyde.


1968 Dixie 250, Race report
Total winnings for this event were $6,260 ($46,024 when considering inflation). In this race, Bob Cooper finished in 22nd place and won $100 just for driving a stock car as fast and as efficiently as possible. A man could have easily supported himself by earning $100 a week back in the late-1960s and lived comfortably. In the 21st century, a typical person needs to make at least $1000 a week in order to make ends meet.


1968 Dixie 250, Race report
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1968 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1968 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute of Technology (renamed Drexel University in 1970) as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. Tom Grebis was the team's head coach.


1968 Dudley by-election
The Dudley by-election, 1968 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Dudley in Worcestershire on 28 March 1968. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Donald Williams.


1968 Dudley by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the Labour Member of Parliament (MP), George Wigg had been appointed Chairman of the Horserace Betting Levy Board on 16 November 1967. He had held the seat since the 1945 general election and had served as Paymaster General in the Government of Harold Wilson. He was also elevated to the House of Lords as Baron Wigg, of the Borough of Dudley.


1968 Dudley by-election, Result
The result was a clear victory for Williams in what had been a Labour safe seat. It was one of the three Conservative by-election gains from Labour on the same day, the others being at Acton and Meriden.


1968 Dudley by-election, Result
Williams held the seat until the 1970 general election, when he lost the seat back to the Labour candidate, John Gilbert.


1968 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1968 Duke Blue Devils football team represented Duke University during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season.


1968 Dunedin mayoral election
The 1968 Dunedin mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1968, elections were held for the Mayor of Dunedin plus other local government positions including twelve city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1968 Dunedin mayoral election
Russell Calvert, the incumbent Mayor, was defeated running for a second term by Citizens' city councillor Jim Barnes. The Citizens' Association increased their representation, winning eight seats on the city council to the Labour Party's four.


1968 Dutch Grand Prix
The 1968 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Zandvoort Circuit on 23 June 1968. It was race 5 of 12 in both the 1968 World Championship of Drivers and the 1968 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 90-lap race was won by Matra driver Jackie Stewart after he started from fifth position. His teammate Jean-Pierre Beltoise finished second and BRM driver Pedro Rodríguez came in third.


1968 Dutch Open (tennis)
The 1968 Dutch Open was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament staged at 't Melkhuisje in Hilversum, Netherlands. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 22 July to 28 July 1968. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and the first in the Open era of tennis. Bob Maud and Margaret Smith won the singles titles.


1968 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Bob Maud defeated  István Gulyás 7–9, 7–5, 6–0, 1–6, 13–11


1968 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Jan Kodeš /  Jan Kukal defeated  Ingo Buding /  Harald Elschenbroich 6–3, 6–1


1968 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Annette Du Plooy /  Pat Walkden defeated  Judy Tegart /  Astrid Suurbeek 6–2, 3–6, 6–3


1968 Dutch Open (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Annette Du Plooy /  Bob Maud defeated  Margaret Court /  Tom Okker two sets


1968 Dwars door België
The 1968 Dwars door België was the 24th edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 24 March 1968. The race started and finished in Waregem. The race was won by Walter Godefroot.


1968 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1968 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 7th tournament in league history. It was played between March 5 and March 9, 1968. Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the 'final four' games were played at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. By reaching the championship game both, Cornell and Boston College received invitations to participate in the 1968 NCAA University Division Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1968 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The tournament featured three rounds of play, all of which were single-elimination. The top eight teams, based on conference rankings, qualified to participate in the tournament. In the quarterfinals the first seed and eighth seed, the second seed and seventh seed, the third seed and sixth seed and the fourth seed and fifth seed played against one another. In the semifinals, the winner of the first and eighth matchup played the winner of the fourth and fifth matchup while the other two remaining teams played with the winners advancing to the championship game and the losers advancing to the third place game.


1968 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; Pct. = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1968 Ealing London Borough Council election
The 1968 Ealing Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Ealing London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1968 East Carolina Pirates football team
The 1968 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented East Carolina University as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1968 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventh season under head coach Clarence Stasavich, the team compiled a 4–6 record.


1968 East German constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in East Germany on 6 April 1968. The new constitution was approved by 96.4% of voters, with turnout reported to be 98.1%, and came into force on 9 April.


1968 East German constitutional referendum, Background
On 1 December 1967 the Volkskammer established a commission to draw up a new constitution. This was by the Volkskammer with no dissenting votes on 26 March 1968, alongside a law on conducting a referendum to approve the constitution.


1968 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
The 1968 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Eastern Illinois University in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. The team played its home games at Lincoln Field in Charleston, Illinois. Clyde Biggers was the team's head coach.


1968 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
Quarterback Joe Davis led the team with 1,363 yards of total offense, an average of 151.4 yards per game. Davis also set an EIU single-season record with 307 yards of total offense.


1968 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
Fullback Dennis Bundy was the leading rusher with 529 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns on 155 carries.


1968 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team
Tight end Ed Stephens was the team's leading receiver with 40 catches for 483 yards and three touchdowns. Stephens also set an EIU single-season record with 99 receiving yards against Wayne State. The club also set the school's single-game total offense record with 545 yards against Wayne State.


1968 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team
The 1968 Eastern Michigan Hurons football team represented Eastern Michigan University as an independent during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In their second season under head coach Dan Boisture, the Hurons compiled an 8–2 record and outscored their opponents, 248 to 91. On November 2, 1968, the Hurons played their final homecoming day game at Walter O. Briggs Field, which had been the team's home since 1938. Playing before a record crowd of 15,451, the Hurons defeated Northeastern, 41–0. On November 9, 1968, the Hurons played their final game at Briggs Field, a 34-7 victory over Northern Iowa. Briggs Field was razed in 1972 to make room for expanded parking facilities.


1968 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in their 61st season of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in 1968.


1968 Ebino earthquake
The 1968 Ebino earthquake (Japanese: えびの地震) is an earthquake that occurred on February 21, 1968, near the border between Miyazaki, Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures in Japan. Moment magnitude was 6.2. This is one of the earthquakes that the Japan Meteorological Agency named for the. The earthquake left 3 people dead and 42 people injured.


1968 Ecuadorian general election
General elections were held in Ecuador on 2 June 1968. The presidential election was won by José María Velasco Ibarra of the National Velasquista Federation, who received 32.8% of the vote. He started his fifth and last term in office on 1 September.


1968 Edinburgh Corporation election
An Election to the Edinburgh Corporation was held on 7 May 1968, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. Of the councils 69 seats, 22 were up for election. Despite receiving the most votes of any single party, the SNP won only 7 seats. Unlike in Glasgow, the Progressives and Conservatives did not run on a joint ticket. Despite that however the parties only ran competing candidates in the Gorgie-Dalry ward.


1968 Edinburgh Corporation election
Following the election Edinburgh Corporation was composed of 34 Progressives (including the Lord Provost), 21 Labour councillors, 8 SNP councillors, 3 Conservatives, 1 Liberal, and 1 independent. Following the election the Progressive/Conservative coalition controlled the council with a majority of 6.


1968 Edinburgh Corporation election
No election was held in the Holyrood ward, where the sitting Labour councillor died the week before the election.


1968 Edmonton municipal election
The 1968 Edmonton municipal election was held on October 16, 1968, to elect a mayor and twelve aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and seven trustees to sit on each of the public and separate school boards. The electorate also decided three plebiscite questions.


1968 Edmonton municipal election
On May 2, 1968, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta passed the Municipal Elections Act. this Act had three major effects: first, it standardized municipal terms as being three years in all Alberta municipalities. Second, it standardized the date on which municipal elections in Alberta would be held – the nomination deadline would be the third Monday of September and the election would be four weeks later. Third, it allowed for the election of aldermen by ward, rather than at large.


1968 Edmonton municipal election
This election was conducted under the new Act, and included a plebiscite to move to a ward system. It was approved by the electorate, and the 1968 election was the last in which aldermen were elected at large (although a 1970 by-election also elected an alderman at large, before the ward system was introduced in the 1971 election).


1968 Edmonton municipal election
In addition to choosing members for City Council, citizens were asked to vote on three plebiscites. One plebiscite was related to a question rejected by voters in 1963, asking if the city should purchase land and build a combined sports and convention complex. The 1968 plebiscite saw voters agree to "construction of a Trade Convention and Sports Complex" in downtown Edmonton. Two years later, voters later rejected the specific, 50% more costly, Omniplex project plebiscite. The single-site sports and convention concept was later served by the distributed Northlands Coliseum (opened 1974), Commonwealth Stadium (1978), and Edmonton Convention Centre (1983, a few metres south of the 1963 site).


1968 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 93129 ballots cast out of 238828 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 39%.


1968 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Ward System
Are you in favour of the City being divided into areas known as wards, of not less than three (3) and not more than ten (10) in number for the holding of elections of Alderman to City Council at future elections?


1968 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Convention and Sports Complex
Do you favour the construction of a Trade Convention and Sports Complex containing facilities such as a covered Football stadium and Ice Arena, and a Trade & Convention Centre, at an estimated capital cost of Twenty-three Million Dollars ($23,000,000.00) and to be operated at an estimated annual deficit of not more than two million?


1968 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Council Control of Store Hours
Do you want shop hours in the City of Edmonton to be controlled by City Council?


1968 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Council Control of Store Hours
If shop hours are controlled, which do you favour:(a.) six days and two evenings – 58533(b.) five days and two evenings – 8539(c.) five and one-half days and one evening – 11776


1968 Eisenhower Trophy
The 1968 Eisenhower Trophy took place 9 to 12 October at the Royal Melbourne Golf Club in Black Rock, Victoria, Australia. It was the sixth World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 26 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total.


1968 Eisenhower Trophy
The United States won the Eisenhower Trophy for the third time, finishing a strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Great Britain and Ireland. Canada took the bronze medal while Australia finished fourth. Michael Bonallack and Vinny Giles had the lowest individual scores, six-under-par 286.


1968 Eisenhower Trophy
Great Britain and Ireland led by 7 strokes after three rounds but the Americans scored 73, 73 and 75 in the final round to Great Britain and Irelands 76, 76, and 77 to win by a stroke. At the last hole, Ronnie Shade missed a 6-foot putt, after which Dick Siderowf holed from 3 feet to give the United States the victory.


1968 Eisenhower Trophy, Teams
26 teams contested the event. Each team had four players with the exception of Venuezela who were represented by only three players.


1968 Eisenhower Trophy, Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.


1968 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and Yanmar Diesel won the championship.


1968 Emperor's Cup Final
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1968 Emperor's Cup Final
1968 Emperor's Cup Final was the 48th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at National Stadium in Tokyo on January 1, 1969. Yanmar Diesel won the championship.


1968 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Yanmar Diesel won their 1st title, by defeating Mitsubishi Motors 1–0.


1968 Enfield London Borough Council election
The 1968 Enfield Council election took place on 9 May 1968 to elect members of Enfield London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained overall control of the council.


1968 English Greyhound Derby
The 1968 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 22 June 1968 at White City Stadium. The winner was Camira Flash and the winning owner Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh received £7,252.


1968 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances
1, neck, 3, 3, short head (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1950 one length was equal to 0.08 of one second.


1968 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Yellow Printer, a red fawn dog by Printers Prince out of Yellow Streak was installed as one of the shortest ante-post favourite in the history of the Derby. Other leading entries included Shady Parachute, a finalist the previous year, and Camira Flash, owned by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.


1968 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Yellow Printer set a new track record in qualifying during heat 14 when recording 28.30 sec at White City but he was nearly eliminated in the first round after finding trouble but he just got up to take the third qualifying spot. Camira Flash and Shady Parachute both won and the fastest first round winner was El Campo in 28.76 sec.


1968 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The quarter-finals provided a shock as Yellow Printer went out in the most unfortunate circumstances when being knocked over at the third bend. The first semi-final saw Shady Parachute win in 28.62, five lengths clear of Winning Hope and Shady Begonia and become favourite for the event. The second semi-final produced drama at the third and fourth bends when the leading greyhounds slowed due to fighting which allowed Witches Smoke and El Campo to come from behind and take final places. Not Flashing, trained by Irishman Frank Cavlan, finished third relegating the royal dog Camira Flash to fourth and out of the competition. However, the stewards disqualified Not Flashing for fighting, which allowed Camira Flash to progress to the decider.


1968 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
In the final the royal dog Camira Flash showed first from El Campo and they battled right up to the fourth bend before El Campo lost ground to Camira Flash. Witches Smoke finished well to take the runners up spot and Shady Parachute after missing the break and ran poorly.


1968 English National Badminton Championships
The 1968 English National Badminton Championships were held in Hull from 8-9 December 1967.


1968 English cricket season
1968 was the 69th season of County Championship cricket in England and it was something of a watershed for it was the last in which the County Championship predominated. From 1969, a new limited overs league began and the number of Championship matches was therefore reduced. A system of batting and bowling bonus points was introduced into the County Championship, replacing the long- established "first innings points". The season was a watershed for Yorkshire too as, although they won their third successive championship title, the team broke up at the end of the season. The great fast bowler Fred Trueman retired and, following a stalemate in his contractual talks, Ray Illingworth left the club. Yorkshire did not win the title again until 2001. England and Australia drew the Test series with one win apiece so Australia retained the Ashes.


1968 English cricket season
County clubs were able to sign one overseas player who would not be subject to the normal residential qualification rules and so could appear for them immediately. All counties, with the notable exception of Yorkshire, took advantage of this. Nottinghamshire pulled off the coup of signing Gary Sobers. Other players signed were Lee Irvine, Majid Khan, Mike Procter, Barry Richards, Asif Iqbal, Farokh Engineer, Hylton Ackerman, Greg Chappell, Rohan Kanhai and Vanburn Holder.


1968 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
Geoff Boycott topped the averages with 1487 runs @ 64.65.


1968 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
Ossie Wheatley topped the averages with 82 wickets @ 12.95.


1968 Espirito Santo Trophy
The 1968 Espirito Santo Trophy took place 2–5 October at Victoria Golf Club in Cheltenham, south of central Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was the third women's golf World Amateur Team Championship for the Espirito Santo Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 17 three-woman teams. The best two scores for each round counted towards the team total.


1968 Espirito Santo Trophy
The United States won the Trophy, beating the host nation Australia by five strokes. Australia took the silver medal while France, one stroke further behind, took the bronze, just as they did in the last championship two years earlier.


1968 Espirito Santo Trophy, Teams
17 teams contested the event. Each team had three players.


1968 Espirito Santo Trophy, Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.


1968 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1968 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Baltic Fleet Tallinn.