1964 Brazilian coup d'état, US involvement, April and May 1964
The article goes on to describe Venezuela as being highly involved in OAS proceedings. Confusingly, though, the article says that Venezuela does not recognize the governments of Haiti, Guatemala, Ecuador, or the Dominican Republic, as they were the products of coups; the new Brazilian government, however, was likely to be deemed as legitimate by Venezuela.


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, US involvement, April and May 1964
The article concludes by commenting on other OAS member states' reactions to Brazil's anti-Cuban stance: Bolivia, Chile, and Mexico will look to Brazil for leadership, rather than listening to the United States or Venezuela; Argentina and Uruguay, though fence-straddlers, were expected to back Brazil and its new government (rather than Cuba or Venezuela), too.


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, US involvement, April and May 1964
By May 1964, Brazil's break with Cuba was being recognized on the floor of the United States House of Representatives. Representative Paul G. Rogers of Florida addressed the Speaker of the House on May 14, 1964, saying that "credit is due the new Government of Brazil for ending diplomatic relations with the Communist regime of Cuba." His speech says that "the fall of leftist Joao Goulart's regime" helped Brazil reverse its course, "which seemed to be taking it away from the democratic community of the hemisphere."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, US involvement, April and May 1964
His remarks seem to collaborate the aforementioned Washington Daily News article, which considers the reaction of other countries. Specifically, Rogers predicts that Brazil will become a leader in "our sister continent," disregarding Cuba. Rogers calls out four other countries as being Cuba supporters—Chile, Bolivia, Mexico, and Uruguay—and publicly ask the OAS to utilize "stepped-up measures...to isolate Communist Cuba in this hemisphere."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
In July 1972, a three-page telegram from the American Embassy in Brasilia to the US Secretary of State's office outlined the "Allegation of Torture in Brazil." The memo alludes to the "peak" of "allegations" of torture, as acknowledged by "high Brazilian officials," stretched from 1968 until the "first half of 1971."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
The memo credits the marked "reduction" in torture or allegations of torture to the "great part of GOB success in substantially reducing [the] number of active terrorists," but the memo acknowledges that "ample evidence" continues to reveal "harsh interrogation techniques are still being employed at regional and local levels, in some areas and by some security units more flagrantly than in others."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
"Rightly or wrongly," the telegram continued, "many Brazilians attribute the success of anti-terrorism program to the strength of measures employed against subversives and there are indications that most Brazilians exercising influence upon the regime are prepared to accept international criticism so long as the government considers these measures to be necessary."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
The American Embassy warned through the memo that US relations with Brazil remained fragile, arguing that "efforts by any branch of US government or by US political figures to bring pressure on Brazil would not only damage our general relations but, by equating reduction in anti-terror measures with weakness under pressure, could produce opposite of intended result." "[ With] respect to new formulation contained in state 117951," the memo predicts, "it obviously would be impossible now or at any time in the future to be in a position realistically to certify that the GOB is not engaged in torture of political prisoners."


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
A number of reports reveal the numbers of suspects arrested in Brazil and the different techniques used to torture suspects during the process of interrogation. A report written on April 16, 1973 to the U.S. Department of State, "Widespread Arrests And Psychophysical Interrogation Of Suspected Subversive," gave specific details that accounted for what happened in Brazil. According to the report, there had been a dramatic increase in arrests in 1973, with a specific week period. The majority of the suspects were university students. These students were arrested within several weeks in the Rio area. When arrested and interrogated, the suspects were "submitted to the old methods of physical violence, which sometimes cause death." The increase in the number of suspects stemmed from the police report, especially on individuals who were jailed before.


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
Another report, dated April 18, 1973, highlighted that over 300 individuals were arrested for subversive activities. Though the report listed students as the most substantial portion of the arrests, individuals such as university professors, journalists, and physicians were also detained. The method for torture upon a suspect who was picked up usually began with the suspect being forced into a car at gunpoint by an undercover policeman. A veil was then placed over the detainee's head and he was then instructed to lie down in the back of the police vehicle while he was being transported.


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
Upon arrival the captive was stripped naked and forced to sit in either a refrigerated or darken cell for several hours, with loudspeakers broadcasting screaming, sirens, and whistles at high-decibel levels. The suspect was then interrogated by agents, who informed him of the charges and told him how far they would go to extract the information from him. If the detainee was still unco-operative, he was subjected to increasingly-painful physical and mental torture, such as being placed in a room nude with a metal floor that hd an electrical current pulsating through it.


1964 Brazilian coup d'état, Arrests and interrogation
The suspect would be kept in that room for several hours. If the suspect did not yet confess, he would be transferred to other "special effects" room, all while he was denied food and water. Though the document references trials by military tribunals and arrests made by members of the military, the document also makes note of the use of the Brazilian police in the interrogation and torture process. Individuals labeled as hardened terrorists or known radical subversives usually faced an expedited execution process. A common practice for executions was to use a technique known as "the shootout technique," in which the executed subject was deemed to have died in a "shootout" with the police.


1964 Brazilian presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Brazil on 11 April 1964 shortly after the U.S.-backed March coup carried out by the Brazilian military. Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco was elected President by the National Congress, receiving 361 of the 366 votes cast. José Maria Alkmin was elected Vice-President unopposed after Auro de Moura Andrade withdrew his candidacy.


1964 Brazilian presidential election, Background
Following the events of the coup in the same year, João Goulart, the president, was deposed by allegations of leaving the country with no permission. Since João Goulart was already the Vice President, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Ranieri Mazzili, assumed the post until a new president to be elected until 1965 (the end of João Goulart term) by the National Congress of Brazil. The date of election, was scheduled by the first Institutional Act, amended by the Supreme Command of the Revolution, the de facto ruler over Brazil at that moment.


1964 Brazilian presidential election, Background
The Social Democratic Party, now as an opposition party in parliament, like the National Democratic Union, agreed to elect Castelo Branco as president. Castelo Branco have promised to preserve the Brazilian Democracy and fight against corruption and the crisis in the country. A new civil vice-president was elected on the same day.


1964 Brazilian presidential election, Results, President
The election was virtually a single-runner election; some parliamentarians voted for Juarez Távora, as a protest vote


1964 Brazilian presidential election, Results, Vice-President
None of the candidates for Vice-President achieved the required absolute majority of votes in the first round. José Maria Alkmin received 203 votes; Auro de Moura Andrade received 150 votes; Ranieri Mazzilli received 2 votes; Milton Campos received 2 votes; Antonio Sanchez Galdeano received 1 vote; and there were 63 abstentions. For the second round of voting, Moura Andrade withdrew his candidacy, and Alkmin was elected unopposed, with the following count:


1964 Brent London Borough Council election
The 1964 Brent Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Brent London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained control of the council.


1964 Brent London Borough Council election, Background
These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the Municipal Borough of Wembley and Municipal Borough of Willesden. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of Brent by the London Government Act 1963.


1964 Brent London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 157 candidates stood in the election for the 60 seats being contested across 26 wards. These included a full slate from the Labour party, while the Conservative and Liberal parties stood 50 and 31 respectively. Other candidates included 16 from the Communist party. There were 18 two-seat wards and 8 three-seat wards.


1964 Brent London Borough Council election, Background
This election had aldermen as well as directly elected councillors. Labour got all 10 aldermen.


1964 Brent London Borough Council election, Background
The Council was elected in 1964 as a "shadow authority" but did not start operations until 1 April 1965.


1964 Brent London Borough Council election, Election result
The results saw Labour gain the new council with a majority of 8 after winning 34 of the 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 36.1%. This turnout included 809 postal votes.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing
The Brinks Hotel in  Saigon, also known as the Brink Bachelor Officers Quarters (BOQ), was bombed by the Viet Cong on the evening of December 24, 1964, during the Vietnam War. Two Viet Cong operatives detonated a car bomb underneath the hotel, which housed United States Army officers. The explosion killed two Americans, an officer and an NCO, and injured approximately 60, including military personnel and Vietnamese civilians.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing
The Viet Cong commanders had planned the venture with two objectives in mind. First, by attacking an American installation in the center of the heavily guarded capital, the Viet Cong intended to demonstrate their ability to strike in South Vietnam should the United States decide to launch air raids against North Vietnam. Second, the bombing would demonstrate to the South Vietnamese that the Americans were vulnerable and could not be relied upon for protection.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing
The bombing prompted debate within the administration of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson. Most of his advisers favored retaliatory bombing of North Vietnam and the introduction of American combat troops, while Johnson preferred the existing strategy of training the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to protect South Vietnam from the Vietcong. In the end, Johnson decided not to take retaliatory action.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
Following World War II, the communist-dominated Vietminh fought the French colonial forces in an attempt to gain Vietnamese independence. After the French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Vietnam was partitioned at the 17th parallel, pending national reunification elections in 1956. The elections were canceled, resulting in the long-term existence of communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam as separate states. In the late-1950s, South Vietnamese guerrillas known as the Viet Cong—covertly supported by North Vietnam—began an insurgency with the aim of forcefully reunifying the country under communist rule.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
With the Cold War at its height, the United States—the main backer of South Vietnam—sent military advisers into the country to help train and guide the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in their fight against the Vietcong. By 1964, there were 23,000 American military personnel in the country. The communists viewed the Americans as colonizers and the South Vietnamese as their puppets, and attacked both with force. Urban attacks on American personnel began in February 1963, with a bombing at a dining venue that killed one and wounded three. During that month, there were three more attacks on Americans in dining or entertainment venues, killing a total of 6 and injuring 68, leading to systematic security measures being put in place in Saigon to protect off-duty Americans.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
The bombing was planned and performed by two Vietcong agents who escaped uninjured and were never captured. Nguyen Thanh Xuan recollected his involvement to historian Stanley Karnow after the war had ended. In late-November, Xuan and his comrade received orders from a Vietcong intermediary to bomb the Brinks Hotel. The building housed United States Army officers, including lieutenant colonels and majors, and attracted off-duty personnel with its highly regarded food and drink, rooftop seating areas and movie screenings. It also hosted a few officers who were members of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam. The building was named after Brigadier General Francis. G. Brink, who had served as the first commander of MAAG Indochina during the First Indochina War and had been used by American personnel for about four years. A rooftop dinner had been planned for Christmas Eve.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
According to the historian Mark Moyar, it was a six-story building and had 193 bedrooms, although The New York Times reported that the building had eight stories and had 60 bedrooms that housed two people each. The building was L-shaped. The building was surrounded by a 4.5 m concrete wall, which provided a buffer zone of 15 m from the wall of the actual hotel. The buffer zone was used as a carpark and the streets adjoining the hotel were heavily lit and guarded by Vietnamese personnel at all times. However, the sentries had a reputation for being lax patrollers, as US journalists often entered the compound late in the evenings without being checked.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
The Vietcong duo observed their target over the next month, mixing with the crowds in the busy street outside. Noting that South Vietnamese officers mingled freely with Americans, they obtained ARVN uniforms from Saigon's black market, enabling them to get closer. Xuan disguised himself as a military chauffeur, while his partner dressed as a South Vietnamese major. They mingled with the real officers so that they could copy their mannerisms, speaking style and even their way of smoking. The Vietcong pair then procured the two cars and explosives needed for the operation.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
The Vietcong commanders had planned the venture with two aims in mind. Firstly, by attacking an American institution in the heart of the heavily guarded capital, the bombing would demonstrate the Vietcong's ability to strike against the Americans in Vietnam, should the United States decide to launch air raids against North Vietnam. Secondly, the attack would demonstrate to the South Vietnamese public that the Americans were vulnerable and could not be relied upon for protection. Xuan added that "all the crimes committed by the Americans were directed from this nerve center".


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Background and planning
In the month leading up to the attack, South Vietnamese military intelligence had seized communist documents indicating a strategy of attacking US military targets in urban areas during the Christmas period in order to lower the morale of the US public and therefore turn opinion against intervention in Vietnam. He recalled that the number of American officers at the Brinks Hotel had swelled on Christmas Eve because they were using the building to coordinate their celebrations, and that the attack would therefore cause more casualties than on a normal day.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
The bombers stashed explosives weighing approximately 90 kilograms (200 lb) in the trunk of one of the cars, and set a timing device to trigger the bomb at 17:45, during the happy hour in the officers' bar at the hotel. The pair drove their vehicles into the hotel's grounds. Knowing from their intelligence that a certain American colonel had returned to the US, the "major" lied and told the hotel clerk that he had an appointment with the American officer, claiming that the colonel would be coming from Da Lat.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
The clerk correctly replied that the colonel had left the country, but the "major" insisted that the clerk was mistaken. The "major" then parked his vehicle in the car park beneath the hotel, before ordering his chauffeur to leave and fetch the American with the other vehicle. He then left the hotel grounds, asking the guard to tell the American colonel to wait for him. The "major" claimed that he had not eaten all day and was going to a nearby café.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
While the "major" was at the eatery, the bomb detonated, killing two American officers. The first and highest-ranking officer killed was Lieutenant Colonel James Robert Hagen, who had served in the army for 20 years and was working for the MACV. Hagen was found dead amid the rubble two hours after the blast. The second victim was David M. Agnew, a civilian employee of the Navy Department who attended to real estate matters.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
The injury reports are conflicting. Karnow reported that 58 people (military and civilian) were injured, Mark Moyar reported that 38 American officers were wounded along with 25 Vietnamese civilians, who worked inside the building, while journalist A. J. Langguth reported that 10 Americans and 43 Vietnamese were injured. A report in The New York Times the day after the attack reported 98 injuries, including 61 US military personnel, 2 US civilians, 34 Vietnamese and an Australian serviceman.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
Many of the US officers were still on their way back to the Brinks and arrived a few minutes after the blast occurred; there would have been more casualties if the explosion had occurred later. Most of the injured suffered from lacerations or concussions and were not badly hurt, as all but 20 were released from hospital within five hours and those who remained did not suffer life-threatening injuries. However, many mid-level officers, including lieutenant colonels and majors, were injured, but after one day in hospital, only seven lieutenant colonels, one major and three captains were yet to be discharged.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
Apart from the steel girders, which supported the building, the explosion completely destroyed the ground floor. The bottom four floors were all punctured by the blast and sustained significant damage. The damage was accentuated because several trucks were in the underground car park, with gas canisters ready for delivery. As a result, the explosion detonated the gas, creating a fireball, which took 40 minutes to extinguish. Multiple vehicles were crushed or destroyed by fire, and one vehicle's engine was blown 27 metres (30 yd) away by the explosion before crashing into a wall.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
Overall, the damage was sufficient that to render the building uninhabitable pending a major repair, and all those who were billeted there had to be moved to private dwellings or other mass accommodation. The debris caused by the bombing damaged nearby buildings, including the living quarters for enlisted men, located across the street, as well as Saigon's two leading hotels, the Caravelle and the Intercontinental. The force of the explosion also shattered windows at the United States Information Service two blocks away and in shopfronts on the main shopping promenade Rue Catinat.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
The blast destroyed the studios of the Armed Forces Radio Service, which were located on the ground floor of the hotel, but the station returned to the airwaves two hours later, using an emergency transmitter. The explosion forced the US to fly in more bomb-detection equipment, as most of the devices already in Vietnam were stored inside the hotel and were destroyed in the attack.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Explosion
At the time, American entertainers, including Bob Hope, were in Saigon to perform for US personnel. It is unclear whether Hope was a target; Moyar reported that Hope was targeted, but was delayed at the airport due to a luggage mishap, while Lawrence J. Quirk reported that the comedian and his troupe were staying in a hotel across the street and were not in range of the blast.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
The attack surprised American officials and policymakers on Vietnam, who were confident that the South Vietnamese government was in control in Saigon and that the Vietcong were only a threat in rural areas. The South Vietnamese government was unstable, as it was the latest in a series of military juntas that had ruled for brief periods before being deposed. The infighting exasperated Maxwell Taylor, the US ambassador to South Vietnam and former Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, who felt that the disputes between the junta's senior officers were derailing the war effort.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
Less than two weeks before the bombing, the generals had dissolved the High National Council, a civilian advisory body, prompting Taylor to summon the generals to his office. The ambassador then angrily denounced the generals, and the next day advised General Nguyen Khanh, the president, to resign and go into exile, as he had lost Taylor's confidence. Khanh threatened to expel Taylor, who said that his forced departure would mean the end of US support for South Vietnam.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
On December 22, Khanh announced on Radio Vietnam that "We make sacrifices for the country's independence and the Vietnamese people's liberty, but not to carry out the policy of any foreign country". Khanh explicitly denounced Taylor in an interview published in the New York Herald Tribune on December 23, and on the day of the bombing, he issued a declaration of independence from "foreign manipulation". At the time, Khanh was also secretly negotiating with the communists, hoping to put together a peace deal so he could expel the Americans from Vietnam. As a result, there was a suspicion among a minority that Khanh and his officers had been behind the attack, even though the Vietcong had claimed responsibility through a radio broadcast.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
The Americans responded to the ground-level situation by organizing urgent security meetings with Saigon officials with a view to increasing safety standards. This led to an increase in military patrols around all US military accommodation in Saigon, which were also exhaustively searched for explosives. An additional 65 US Navy personnel were deployed for this purpose and, passers-by in the streets were stopped and checked for weapons.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
General William Westmoreland, who was the U.S. Army commander in South Vietnam, Taylor, and other senior U.S. officers in Saigon and Washington, D.C. urged President Lyndon B. Johnson to authorize reprisal bombings against North Vietnam. Taylor messaged Washington on Christmas Day, saying, "Hanoi will get the word that, despite our present tribulations, there is still bite in the tiger they call paper, and the U.S. stock in this part of the world will take sharp rise. Some of our local squabbles will probably disappear in enthusiasm which our action would generate." Taylor recommended that the US take unilateral action, citing the animosity between himself and Khanh's junta.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
Johnson called his U.S.-based advisers to his Texas ranch for discussions on Christmas Day. Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara advised Johnson to reject Taylor's proposal. Johnson declined to act, stating that an escalation during the Christmas period would be inappropriate, as it would damage public morale. He also noted that because of the political instability in Saigon, the international community and the American public were unlikely to believe that the Vietcong were behind the attack, feeling that they would instead blame local infighting for the bombing.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
This was despite the fact that the Vietcong had already claimed responsibility. Johnson administration officials concluded four days after the bombing that the Vietcong were responsible. Johnson believed that it was too late to retaliate and that any action taken more than 36 hours after the event constituted unprovoked aggression. The State Department cabled Taylor and the embassy, saying that "In view of the overall confusion in Saigon", public U.S. and international opinion towards an American air strike would be that the Johnson administration was "trying to shoot its way out of an internal [South Vietnamese] political crisis".


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
Johnson said to Taylor that "Every time I get a military recommendation it seems to me that it calls for large-scale bombing. I have never felt that this war will be won from the air." At the time, Johnson was reluctant to accede to his officials' calls for large-scale bombing of North Vietnam, a strategy that eventually became policy.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
In January 1965, the Vietcong secretly held their 3rd Conference in South Vietnam and concluded that in failing to retaliate, "the Americans lacked the will to strike North Vietnam or shield South Vietnam from the mortal blow". At the time, North Vietnam vigorously denied ever sending troops or equipment into South Vietnam. In reality, both sides violated the 1954 Geneva Accords by covertly infiltrating the other's borders to carry out hostile military activity. Meanwhile, South Vietnam's government had imposed media censorship in November 1964 and closed ten newspapers for sympathizing with the communists.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
The attack fomented feelings of insecurity among American policymakers about communist attacks. Johnson hoped that the continuing presence of American military advisers would be sufficient to strengthen the ARVN so that it could stabilize the Saigon government, but many of his defense department advisers felt that American combat troops were needed on the ground. This increased the tension between the president's civilian and military officials, before the Americans became directly involved in fighting in 1965.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
David Tucker of the United States Army War College said that the bombing was "insignificant for the conventional military balance but important for the political struggle that was the primary focus of the enemy [Vietcong]". The facility was repaired and American officers continued to stay there until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, when the communists overran South Vietnam and reunified the country under their rule.


1964 Brinks Hotel bombing, Reaction
Today, the site is a Park Hyatt hotel built along French Colonial architectural lines, and there is a memorial to the bombing on site.


1964 British Formula Three season
The 1964 British Formula Three season was the 14th season of the British Formula 3 season. Jackie Stewart took the BARC Championship, while Rodney Banting took the BRSCC Championship.


1964 British Grand Prix
The 1964 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on 11 July 1964. The event was also designated as the European Grand Prix. It was race 5 of 10 in both the 1964 World Championship of Drivers and the 1964 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The first of twelve British Grands Prix to be held at the southern England circuit, it would alternate with Silverstone until 1987. The race was won by Jim Clark driving a Lotus 25.


1964 British Guiana general election
General elections were held in British Guiana on 7 December 1964. They saw the People's Progressive Party win 24 of the 53 seats. However, the People's National Congress (22 seats) and United Force (7 seats) were able to form a coalition government with a working majority. Despite losing the elections, Prime Minister and PPP leader Cheddi Jagan refused to resign, and had to be removed by Governor Richard Luyt, with Forbes Burnham replacing him. Voter turnout was 97.0%.


1964 British Guiana general election, Electoral system
The elections followed constitutional reforms and the re-establishment of the House of Assembly, which had been abolished in 1953, replacing the bicameral Legislature. The House had 54 members; the Speaker and 53 members elected by proportional representation. The Speaker was elected from amongst the original elected members, and then gave up their elected seat to be replaced by a member of their own party.


1964 British Saloon Car Championship
The 1964 British Saloon Car Championship, was the seventh season of the championship. It started on 14 March at Snetterton and finished on 19 September at Oulton Park. The title was won by 1963 Formula One champion Jim Clark.


1964 British Saloon Car Championship, Calendar and results
All races were held in the United Kingdom. Overall winners of multi-class races in bold.


1964 British West Indies Championships
The 1964 British West Indies Championships was the fifth edition of the track and field competition between British colony nations in the Caribbean. This marked the relaunching of the competition after a three-year break, during which the West Indies Federation had been dissolved. It was held in Kingston, Jamaica. A total of 25 events were contested, fifteen by men and ten by women. The 400 metres was added to the women's programme. The number of men's events was reduced, with the 10,000 metres, half marathon, pole vault and relay races all being dropped.


1964 British West Indies Championships
Bahamian 100 metres runner Tom Robinson was the only athlete to defend his title from the 1960 championships, although multiple former champion George Kerr topped the podium in a different middle-distance event. John Mowatt completed a double in the 5000 metres and 3000 metres steeplechase. The versatile Jamaican Wellesley Clayton took both the 110 metres hurdles and long jump gold medals. Jamaica completed a sweep of the women's titles and had three double champions: Carmen Smith (100 m and 80 metres hurdles), Una Morris (200 m and 400 m) and Joan Gordon (shot put and discus throw).


1964 British West Indies Championships
All the champions are known, but data is limited for the minor medallists.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal
The British betting scandal of 1964 was a scandal in English association football in which ten professional players were gaoled for offences arising from match fixing.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
Former Scottish youth international and Swindon Town, Plymouth Argyle, St Johnstone and Mansfield Town player Jimmy Gauld over several years systematically interfered with matches in the Football League, enticing players into betting on the outcome of fixed matches. It was when he learned that players at one of his former clubs - Mansfield Town - had been paid by Tranmere Rovers players to lose a game that Gauld first became involved in match-fixing.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
In late 1962, Gauld approached Sheffield Wednesday player David Layne, a former team-mate at Swindon Town, to identify a target game. Layne suggested that Wednesday were likely to lose their match on 1 December 1962 against Ipswich Town and suggested to his fellow players Peter Swan and Tony Kay that they ensure the outcome. The three all bet against their own side in the match, which Ipswich Town won 2–0 with two goals from Ray Crawford.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
In an interview with The Times newspaper in July 2006, Peter Swan said "We lost the game fair and square, but I still don’t know what I’d have done if we’d been winning. It would have been easy for me to give away a penalty or even score an own goal. Who knows?”.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
On the same day, two other matches (both in the Fourth Division) were 'fixed' by Gauld and his syndicate: Lincoln City's home match against Brentford (Brentford won 3-1) and Oldham Athletic's home match against York City (Oldham won 3-2).


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
The following year, Gauld's betting syndicate tried to fix the result of a match between Bradford Park Avenue and Bristol Rovers (played on 20 April 1963); consequently, two Bristol Rovers players - goalkeeper Esmond Million and inside-forward Keith Williams - were named in the Sunday People as having taken bribes to 'throw' the match (which had ended in a 2–2 draw). Million and Williams were fined and banned from football for life, as was Mansfield Town player Brian Phillips, who had made the initial approach to Million.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
On 4 August 1963, Ken Thomson of Hartlepool United confessed in the Sunday People that he had bet with Gauld's syndicate on Hartlepool United losing a game at Exeter City earlier that year (he would subsequently be banned for life by the Football Association). A week later, Jimmy Gauld was named by the Sunday People as the 'mastermind' behind the bribes ring.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
In 1964, Gauld, in search of a final "payday" after having been discovered by the Sunday People, sold his story to the same newspaper for £7,000 (equivalent to £143,000 in 2019), incriminating the three Sheffield Wednesday players who had 'thrown' the game against Ipswich Town in December 1962. The paper broke the story on 12 April. The following Sunday, a number of other players were also named as having taken part in attempts to fix matches. Ten former or current players were finally sent for trial at Nottingham Assizes in early 1965. It would be the first time that taped evidence was admitted in an English court.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
Jimmy Gauld's taped conversations were ultimately used to convict himself and the other players, the judge making it clear that he held Gauld responsible for ruining them. At the end of the trial on 26 January 1965, Gauld - described by the judge as the "central figure" of the case - received the heaviest sentence of four years in prison.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
Brian Phillips and York City wing-half Jack Fountain were each sentenced to fifteen months' imprisonment, Dick Beattie of St. Mirren received nine months', Sammy Chapman of Mansfield Town, Ron Howells of Walsall and Ken Thomson each received six-month sentences while David Layne, Tony Kay and Peter Swan each received four-month sentences.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
On release, Layne, Swan, Kay, Beattie, Fountain, Chapman and Howells were banned for life from any further participation in football (Gauld, Thomson and Phillips had already been banned). Thirty-three players were prosecuted, in total.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, History
It was established that Jimmy Gauld had earned £3275 from betting on football matches and £7420 from having sold his confessions to the Sunday People. Gauld died in 2004.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
In 1971, the Football Association amended its rules to allow banned players the right of appeal after seven years. Brian Phillips successfully appealed against his ban and would lead Notts Alliance amateur side Rainworth Miners Welfare F. C. to the final of the FA Vase in 1982 as their manager. He died in 2012.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Peter Swan and David Layne also successfully appealed against their bans and returned to Sheffield Wednesday in 1972. Swan later transferred to Bury and then to Matlock Town whom he led (as player-manager) to victory in the FA Trophy final of 1975. Swan resigned at the end of his second season in charge of Matlock Town, hoping to find a full-time management position elsewhere. He eventually returned as manager in November 1980, with his second spell at the club lasting just over a year after a poor run of results. Swan also had spells as manager at Worksop Town and Buxton. He later ran a pub in Chesterfield. He died after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease in January 2021.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
David Layne did not play for Sheffield Wednesday's first team again and ended his playing career at Hereford United.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Sammy Chapman also returned to football, first with Portsmouth and Crewe Alexandra as a coach and then with Wolverhampton Wanderers as chief scout and then manager. He died in July 2019.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Dick Beattie worked in the shipyards following his release from prison. He died in 1990.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Esmond Million emigrated to Canada where he became active in professional ice hockey.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Ken Thomson died of a heart attack on a golf course in 1969.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Tony Kay had the highest profile of those implicated. He had been transferred to Everton in December 1962, a few weeks after the Ipswich Town v Sheffield Wednesday match and midway through the 1962–63 season. He would help Everton win the Football league title that season. He was also an England international and expected to be in Alf Ramsey's 1966 World Cup squad.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
Although his life ban would be lifted in September 1973, Kay never returned to professional football. He later spent twelve years in Spain, avoiding arrest for selling a counterfeit diamond. On his return to the United Kingdom, he was fined £400. In later years, he worked as a groundsman in south east London. The greatest irony of his implication was his being named man of the match in the Ipswich Town vs Sheffield Wednesday match - the match the Sunday People newspaper accused him of having conspired to lose and which he was found guilty of having 'thrown'.


1964 British football match-fixing scandal, Aftermath
The scandal was dramatised in 1997 in a BBC film The Fix, directed by Paul Greengrass and starring Jason Isaacs as Tony Kay, Christopher Fulford as Jimmy Gauld and Steve Coogan as Sunday People journalist Michael Gabbert, whose investigative work led to the uncovering of the scandal.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election
The 1964 Bromley Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Bromley London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Conservative party gained control of the council.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election, Background
These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the Municipal Borough of Beckenham, Municipal Borough of Bromley, Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District, Orpington Urban District and Penge Urban District. These boroughs and districts were joined to form the new London Borough of Bromley by the London Government Act 1963.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 187 candidates stood in the election for the 60 seats being contested across 25 wards. These included a full slate from the Conservative and Labour parties, while the Liberals stood 56 candidates. Other candidates included 9 from the Communist party and 2 Independent Conservatives. There were 13 two-seat wards, 11 three-seat wards and 1 single-seat ward.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election, Background
This election had aldermen as well as directly elected councillors. The Conservatives got 7 aldermen, Labour 2 and the Liberals 1.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election, Background
The Council was elected in 1964 as a "shadow authority" but did not start operations until 1 April 1965.


1964 Bromley London Borough Council election, Election result
The results saw the Conservatives gain the new council with a majority of 16 after winning 38 of the 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 47.8%. This turnout included 1,803 postal votes.


1964 Brown Bears football team
The 1964 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. Brown tied for fourth in the Ivy League.


1964 Brown Bears football team
In their sixth season under head coach John McLaughry, the Bears compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents 119 to 117. Ralph Duerre and John Perry were the team captains.


1964 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 3–4 conference record tied for fourth-best in the Ivy League standings. They were outscored by Ivy opponents 100 to 69.


1964 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1964 Brownlow Medal
The 1964 Brownlow Medal was the 37th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Gordon Collis of the Carlton Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-seven votes during the 1964 VFL season.


1964 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1964 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. Bucknell was awarded the Lambert Cup as the best small-college football team in the East.


1964 Bucknell Bison football team
In its seventh and final season under head coach Bob Odell, the team compiled a 7–2 record, 4–1 against division opponents. Despite winning the Lambert Cup, Bucknell finished second in the University Division of the Middle Atlantic Conference. John Barron was the team captain.


1964 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1964 Buenos Aires Grand Prix
The 1964 Buenos Aires Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Autódromo Juan y Óscar Gálvez circuit on February 16, 1964.


1964 Buffalo Bills season
The 1964 Buffalo Bills season was the team’s fifth season. Buffalo was 12–2 in the regular season and won the first of two consecutive championships in the American Football League.


1964 Buffalo Bills season
The 1964 Bills' defense set an AFL record by giving up the fewest rushing yards in league history, with only 918, or 65.5 yards per game. They also led the league in points allowed (242), total yards allowed (3,878), first downs surrendered (206), and rushing touchdowns allowed (four).


1964 Buffalo Bills season
Buffalo's offense also led the AFL in total yards (5,206), passing yards (2,040) and total points (400).


1964 Buffalo Bills season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1964 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1964 Buffalo Bulls football team represented the University at Buffalo in the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The Bulls offense scored 177 points while the defense allowed 97 points.


1964 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1964 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 24th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Slavia Sofia and Botev Plovdiv on 9 September 1964 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Slavia won the final 3–2.


1964 Bury St Edmunds by-election
The Bury St Edmunds by-election of 1964 was held on 14 May 1964 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir William Aitken. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Eldon Griffiths.


1964 Bury St Edmunds by-election
The by-election was one of four (the others being Rutherglen, Devizes and Winchester being held on the same day in which the seat was being defended by a candidate supporting the incumbent Conservative government. With a general election due later in the year, the results were anticipated with interest as a pointer to  what might happen at the election, with the Labour candidate in Bury St Edmunds confidently predicting victory.


1964 CFL season
The 1964 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the 11th season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the seventh Canadian Football League season.


1964 CFL season, Regular season standings, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1964 CFL season, Playoff bracket, Grey Cup Championship
52nd Annual Grey Cup Game: Exhibition Stadium – Toronto, Ontario


1964 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The 1964 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region.


1964 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The tournament was played by 11 teams of 10 nations: Mexico, United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Netherlands Antilles, Haiti, Dutch Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago. The tournament was played from 20 September till 15 December 1964.


1964 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The teams were split in 3 zones (North American, Central American and Caribbean), each one qualifying the winner to the final tournament, where the winners of the North and Central zones played a semi-final to decide who was going to play against the Caribbean champion in the final. All the matches in the tournament were played under the home/away match system.


1964 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
No champion was crowned due to the final of the tournament could not be held, so it was declared void.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament
The 1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was the first edition of the CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, the quadrennial, international football tournament organised by CONCACAF to determine which national teams from the North, Central America and Caribbean region qualify for the Olympic football tournament. It was held in Mexico, from 16 and 20 March 1964.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament
Host nation, Mexico, won the tournament and qualified for the 1964 Summer Olympics as the sole representative of CONCACAF.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Statistics, Goalscorers
There were 29 goals scored in 6 matches, for an average of 4.83 goals per match.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, Qualified team for Summer Olympics
The following team from CONCACAF qualified for the 1964 Summer Olympics.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification
The preliminary round for the 1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was a men's international football play-off between Suriname and Curaçao, with the winner qualifying for the final berth in the final tournament.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification
Suriname qualified to the final tournament with a 4–2 aggregate win over Netherlands Antilles, after a 1–2 loss in the first leg and a 3–0 win in the second leg.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament squads
The 1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was an international football tournament that was held in Mexico from 16 to 20 March 1964.


1964 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament squads
The age listed for each player is on 16 March 1964, the first day of the tournament. A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team. Players marked in bold have been capped at full international level.


1964 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament
The 1964 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament took place during May and June 1964. It was the 2nd CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament.


1964 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament
Bolivia, Paraguay and Venezuela did not participate. Argentina and Brazil qualified for the 1964 Summer Olympics.


1964 CONMEBOL Pre-Olympic Tournament
It is estimated that 328 people died in a stampede during the match between Argentina and Peru on 24 May 1964.


1964 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1964 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1964 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by third-year head coach Sheldon Harden and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season winless, with a record of zero wins and ten losses (0–10, 0–5 CCAA).


1964 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Mustangs were selected in the 1965 NFL Draft. However, one player who played for Cal Poly in 1964 then transferred to San Diego State was selected in the 1967 NFL Draft.


1964 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
The 1964 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis Unit during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly played as an independent in 1964.


1964 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
Cal Poly Pomona was led by eighth-year head coach Don Warhurst. They played home games at Kellogg Field in Pomona, California. The Broncos finished the season with a record of one win and six losses (1–6). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 64–263 for the season.


1964 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Pomona players were selected in the 1965 NFL Draft.


1964 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team
The 1964 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team represented California State University, Los Angeles during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season.


1964 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team
Cal State Los Angeles competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by second-year head coach Homer Beatty, and played home games at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. They finished the season undefeated and as champions of the CCAA. Their overall record was nine wins and zero losses (9–0, 5–0 CCAA). In those nine games, the team outscored the opposition 368 to 64 (an average score of 41–7). At the end of the season, the Diablos were voted the champion of the NCAA Small College division by the UPI.


1964 Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Cal State Los Angeles players were selected in the 1965 NFL Draft.


1964 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1964 Calgary Stampeders finished in 2nd place in the Western Conference with a 12–4 record. They were defeated in the Western Finals by the BC Lions.


1964 California Golden Bears football team
The 1964 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In its first year under head coach Ray Willsey, the team compiled a 3–7 record (0–4 against AAWU opponents), finished in last place in the AAWU, and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 187 to 152.


1964 California Golden Bears football team
The team's statistical leaders included Craig Morton with 2,121 passing yards, Tom Relles with 519 rushing yards, and Jack Schraub with 633 receiving yards. Morton was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1964 California Proposition 14
California Proposition 14 was a November 1964 initiative ballot proposition that amended the California state constitution to nullify the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act, thereby allowing property sellers, landlords and their agents to openly discriminate on ethnic grounds when selling or letting accommodations, as they had been permitted to before 1963. The proposition became law after receiving support from 65% of voters. In 1966, the California Supreme Court in a 5-2 split decision declared Proposition 14 unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the United States Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment). The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that decision in 1967 in Reitman v. Mulkey.


1964 California Proposition 14
Political science research has tied white support for Proposition 14 to "racial threat theory", which holds that an increase in the racial minority population triggers a fearful and discriminatory response by the dominating racial majority.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14
As early as 1927, the California Real Estate Association (the eventual sponsor of Proposition 14) began to advise its membership in ways to keep California communities all white. This was part of a decades-long campaign by real estate interests to contain the rights of minority groups in regard to housing facilities in California. This also included the California Real Estate Association opposing the relocation of the evacuated Japanese (during World War II) in California or anywhere on the West Coast.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, California Real Estate Association Race Restriction Committee
In 1942, in response to the success of some Negroes in moving out of the Los Angeles ghetto and into traditionally all white neighborhoods, the California Real Estate Association formed its Race Restriction Committee. The purpose of the Committee was to establish perpetual race restrictions on parcels of property.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, U.S. Supreme Court Decision in Shelley v. Kraemer
In 1948, the United States Supreme Court in Shelley v. Kraemer precluded judicial enforcement of racially restrictive housing covenants. Prior to 1948, the California Real Estate Association routinely promoted and enforced racially restrictive housing covenants to prevent family homes from ending up in the hands of minorities, particularly Negroes.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Support of Federal Constitutional Amendment Allowing Racially Restrictive Covenants
Shortly following the 1948 court decision in Shelley, an item appeared in the California Real Estate magazine, a publication of the California Real Estate Association (the organization is currently named the California Association of Realtors) advocating an amendment to the United States Constitution that would overturn Shelley and constitutionally guarantee the legal enforcement of racially restrictive covenants throughout the United States.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Support of Federal Constitutional Amendment Allowing Racially Restrictive Covenants
In advocating support for a federal constitutional amendment guaranteeing the legal enforcement of racially restrictive covenants, the California Real Estate Association publication stated that "millions of home owners of the Caucasian race have constructed or acquired homes in areas restricted against occupancy by Negroes. The practice of surrounding homes in such areas with the security of such restrictions has become a traditional element of value in home ownership throughout this nation."


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Support of Federal Constitutional Amendment Allowing Racially Restrictive Covenants
The publication further stated: "The recent decisions of the Supreme Court abovementioned have destroyed the values thus secured. The threat of occupancy by Negroes of property in such areas depreciates the value of all home properties and constitutes a direct deterrent to investment in the construction or acquisition of homes of superior quality whether large or small. The experience has been uniform that whenever and wherever Negroes have occupied homes in such areas this has not only depreciated values of the properties which they own, but has depreciated the values of all surrounding properties."


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Support of Federal Constitutional Amendment Allowing Racially Restrictive Covenants
In further support of the constitutional amendment, the publication stated: "Moreover, the prices of homes in such areas are well within the purchasing power of vast numbers of Negroes. These circumstances greatly aggravate the hazard to which such home owners are exposed. ... Additionally, the insistence of some Negroes upon moving into areas previously restricted exclusively to the occupancy of Caucasians will necessarily create racial tensions and antagonisms and do much harm to our national social structure."


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Support of Federal Constitutional Amendment Allowing Racially Restrictive Covenants
The federal constitutional amendment effort was unsuccessful, but the reasons for pursuing such an amendment provided insight into the underlying reasons for pursuing a future and similar protective state constitutional amendment in California.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, California Real Estate Association Support of 1950 California Proposition 10
The California Real Estate Association also supported California Proposition 10 on the November 1950 election ballot which made it significantly more difficult to build low-rent housing projects in California communities. Proposition 10 had been described as a means of legally handcuffing public housing that may be greatly needed for low-income renters, including minorities.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Blockbusting
Despite the court decision in Shelley, segregation in California continued. As an example, an insidious form of segregation known as blockbusting occurred in East Palo Alto. In 1954, a white resident sold his house to a black family. Almost immediately, agents of the California Real Estate Association, including the president of the statewide real estate Association himself, began warning of a "Negro invasion" and even staged burglaries to panic white homeowners to sell at below-market prices. Those properties were then sold to Negroes at higher-than-market prices with real estate interests handsomely profiting from the transactions. These East Palo Alto houses had been priced so much higher than similar properties for white homeowners that the black homeowners had difficulty making payments which created a slum in East Palo Alto.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Blockbusting
A member of the State Fair Employment Practice Commission, the agency which enforced the Rumford Fair Housing Act, asserted that some members of the California Real Estate Association were promoting their initiative campaign to repeal the Rumford Fair Housing Act in order to continue blockbusting.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Rumford Fair Housing Act
The tipping point for the California Real Estate Association to pursue a state constitutional amendment in California was the enactment of the Rumford Fair Housing Act in 1963. The Rumford Fair Housing Act was passed by the California Legislature to help end racial discrimination by property owners and landlords who refused to rent or sell their property to "colored" people. It was drafted by William Byron Rumford, the first African American from Northern California to serve in the legislature.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Rumford Fair Housing Act
The Act provided that landlords could not deny people housing because of ethnicity, religion, or national origin (later the law would be extended to apply to sex, marital status, physical handicap, or familial status) Future Governor Ronald Reagan opposed this and other legislative attempts to enact fair housing, and the Rumford Fair Housing Act was signed into law by Governor Pat Brown.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Rumford Fair Housing Act
The California Real Estate Association had fought the Rumford Fair Housing Act “every step of the way.”  In the minds of California Real Estate Association leaders, the Rumford Fair Housing Act directly threatened the financial interests of the real estate industry who came to see "the promotion, preservation, and manipulation of racial segregation as central -- rather than incidental or residual -- components of their profit generating strategies."


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Rumford Fair Housing Act
The California Real Estate Association also advised its member boards that speakers from the State Fair Employment Practice Commission, the agency which enforced the Rumford Fair Housing Act, should be prevented from talking to the general real estate membership about the new law. Instead, all questions about the interpretation of the new law would come from the real estate association itself.


1964 California Proposition 14, Circumstances Leading to Proposition 14, Rumford Fair Housing Act
Following the assassination of President John Kennedy on November 22, 1963, tremendous pressure had been placed on the California Real Estate Association to call off their initiative campaign to repeal the Rumford Fair Housing Act. Concerning the initiative campaign, the Association instead decided to “delay a little while” to “let things simmer down.”


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14
In 1964, the California Real Estate Association (currently named the California Association of Realtors) sponsored an initiative constitutional amendment to counteract the effects of the Rumford Act.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14
The initiative, numbered Proposition 14 when it was certified for the ballot, was to add an amendment (Cal. Const. art. I, § 26) to the constitution of California. This amendment would provide, in part, as follows:


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14
Neither the State nor any subdivision or agency thereof shall deny, limit or abridge, directly or indirectly, the right of any person, who is willing or desires to sell, lease or rent any part or all of his real property, to decline to sell, lease or rent such property to such person or persons as he, in his absolute discretion, chooses.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14
In California, housing segregation was rampant as a result of decades of racially discriminatory housing policies explicitly aimed at keeping people of color confined to urban ghettos and out of the expanding suburbs. Proposition 14 attempted to re-legalize discrimination and associational privacy by landlords and property owners.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Ballot Arguments
The ballot argument in favor of Proposition 14 stated that the constitutional amendment "will guarantee the right of all home and apartment owners to choose buyers and renters of their property as they wish, without interference by State or local government." The argument further stated that "most owners of such property in California lost this right through the Rumford Act of 1963. It says they may not refuse to sell or rent their property to anyone for reasons of race, color, religion, national origin, or ancestry."


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Ballot Arguments
The ballot argument against Proposition 14 stated that Proposition 14 "would write hate and bigotry into the Constitution." The argument further stated that Proposition 14 "would legalize and incite bigotry. At a time when our nation is moving ahead on civil rights, it proposes to convert California into another Mississippi or Alabama and to create an atmosphere for violence and hate."


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements
Following much publicity the proposition gained the endorsement of many large conservative political groups, including the John Birch Society and the California Republican Assembly. As these and other groups endorsed the proposal it became increasingly more popular and the petition to have the proposition added to the ballot garnered over one million signatures. This was more than twice the 480,000 signatures that were required.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements, Endorsements by Racist Groups
Other supporters of Proposition 14 included the American Nazi Party and local branches of the White Citizens' Councils, a network of white supremacist, segregationist organizations. The National States' Rights Party, a white supremacist political party having the slogan “White Men Unite,” also supported Proposition 14.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements, Endorsements by Racist Groups
The statewide director of the campaign against Proposition 14 asked the California Real Estate Association to repudiate the White Citizens' Council’s support of Proposition 14, but the California Real Estate Association, acting through its president, refused to do so. In response to this refusal, Rev. H. H. Brookins, chairman of the United Civil Rights Committee said:  “It no longer is possible for proponents of Proposition 14 to hide their real intention, which is to legalize segregation in housing. By refusing to repudiate support of a local Mississippi-based racist group, the California Real Estate Association had admitted its concern is not with property rights – it is to destroy human rights.”


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements, Endorsements by Racist Groups
Other opponents of Proposition 14, including the AFL-CIO Los Angeles County Labor Federation, also demanded that the California Real Estate Association fire its Southern California publicity director who had written extensively for the White Citizens’ Council magazine, and who stated during a campaign Town Hall meeting in Los Angeles: “The people have the right to discriminate if they want to.”  The president of the California Real Estate Association had recently claimed that realtors are against anything smacking of prejudice against minorities.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements, Los Angeles Times Endorsement
In endorsing Proposition 14, the Los Angeles Times stated:  “One of man’s most ancient rights in a free society is the privilege of using and disposing of his private property in whatever manner he deems appropriate.”  The editorial further stated:  “But we do feel, and strongly, that housing equality cannot safely be achieved at the expense of still another basic right.”  According to the Los Angeles Times, the ability to discriminate against home buyers or renters by race, color, and creed was considered a "basic property right."


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Endorsements, Los Angeles Times Endorsement
In a letter-to-the-editor response to the Times' endorsement of Proposition 14, then-California Attorney General Stanley Mosk stated:  “I oppose the segregation initiative. I oppose it because it sugar-coats bigotry with an appeal to generalities we can accept, while ignoring the specific problem that confronts us.”


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Heated campaign
The Proposition 14 campaign was heated and included several controversial comments from Edmund Brown who was the Governor of California at the time.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Heated campaign
Governor Brown stated that passage of Proposition 14 would put into California’s Constitution “a provision for discrimination of which not even Mississippi or Alabama can boast.”  Previously, Governor Brown had likened the campaign for Proposition 14 to “another hate binge which began more than 30 years ago in a Munich beer hall.”  In a letter to the editor response to several items published in the Los Angeles Times relating to Proposition 14, Governor Brown wrote: “I submit that it is not the Governor who is inflammatory. It is Proposition 14. And I submit that it is not the opponents of Proposition 14 who encourage the racists and bigots in this state, but those who support Proposition 14.”


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Heated campaign
Martin Luther King Jr. visited California on multiple occasions to campaign against Proposition 14, saying its passage would be "one of the most shameful developments in our nation’s history."


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Election results
Proposition 14 appeared on the November 3, 1964 general election ballot in California. The ballot proposition passed with 65.39% support, receiving 4,526,460 votes in support and 2,395,747 votes against.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Election results, Results by county
The final election results by county for Proposition 14 from the Statement of Vote were as follows:


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Election aftermath
Shortly following the successful Proposition 14 election, the president of the National Association of Real Estate Boards declared that private property rights were more basic to human liberty than the civil rights of minority groups.


1964 California Proposition 14, Proposition 14, Election analysis
A 2018 study in the American Political Science Review found that white voters in areas which experienced massive African-American population growth between 1940 and 1960 were more likely to vote for Proposition 14. Political scientists have taken this as evidence for "racial threat theory", which holds that the rapid increase in a minority population triggers fears among the majority race population, leading the majority to impose higher levels of social control on the subordinate race.


1964 California Proposition 14, Unconstitutionality
Soon after Proposition 14 was passed, the federal government cut off all housing funds to California. Many also cited the proposition as one of the causes of the Watts Riots of 1965.


1964 California Proposition 14, Unconstitutionality
With the federal housing funds cut off and with the support of Governor Pat Brown, the constitutionality of the measure was challenged soon afterward. In 1966, the California Supreme Court did not consider whether Proposition 14 was unconstitutional because it violated the equal protection and due process provisions of the California Constitution; instead, it held that Proposition 14 violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the federal Constitution. Gov. Brown's stance proved controversial; later in 1966, he was defeated in his bid for re-election by Ronald Reagan. However, Reagan opposed both Proposition 14 and the Rumford Act, and stated that Proposition 14 was “not a wise measure.” Reagan labeled the Rumford Act as an attempt "to give one segment of our population a right at the expense of the basic rights of all our citizens."


1964 California Proposition 14, Unconstitutionality
However, the case continued. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the California Supreme Court's decision in Reitman v. Mulkey (1967), holding that Proposition 14 was invalid because it violated the equal protection clause. The proposition was repealed by Proposition 7 in the November, 1974 election.


1964 California Proposition 14, Unconstitutionality
Reitman established a significant precedent because it held that state assistance or encouragement of private discrimination violated the equal protection guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment.


1964 California Proposition 14, Unconstitutionality
Even following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Reitman, the California Real Estate Association was looking for ways to continue engaging in housing discrimination by evading the high court decision.


1964 California Proposition 14, Additional ballot measures by the real estate industry
Similar to Proposition 14, there have been subsequent efforts by the real estate industry to promote ballot measures in California to generate more profits at the alleged expense of minorities. Examples include the unsuccessful 2018 California Proposition 5 and 2020 California Proposition 19, which has been criticized for not helping first-time homeowners who are disproportionately minorities and for reinforcing racial inequity within California's tax system.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election
The 1964 Camden Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Camden London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained control of the council.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election, Background
These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead, Metropolitan Borough of Holborn and Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of Camden by the London Government Act 1963.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 169 candidates stood in the election for the 60 seats being contested across 19 wards. These included a full slate from the Conservative and Labour parties, while the Liberals stood 31 candidates. Other candidates included 14 from the Communist party, 2 Independents and 2 Independent Labour. There were 10 three-seat wards, 6 four-seat wards and 3 two-seat wards.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election, Background
This election had aldermen as well as directly elected councillors. Labour got 8 aldermen and the Conservatives 2.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election, Background
The Council was elected in 1964 as a "shadow authority" but did not start operations until 1 April 1965.


1964 Camden London Borough Council election, Election result
The results saw Labour gain the new council with a majority of 8 after winning 34 of the 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 35.6%. This turnout included 1,347 postal votes.


1964 Cameroonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cameroon on 24 April 1964. They were the first elections held after Southern Cameroons (also known as West Cameroon) became part of the country in 1961. The result was a victory for the Cameroonian Union (UC), which won 40 of the 50 seats. The UC and the Cameroonian Party of Democrats only contested the 40 seats East Cameroon, while the Kamerun National Democratic Party and Cameroon People's National Convention contested the ten seats in West Cameroon. The elections were marred by severe irregularities.


1964 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The Campeonato Argentino de Rugby 1964 was won by the selection of Buenos Aires that beat in the final the selection of Rosario


1964 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Sur: A. Torres, A. Vila, J. Angelo, O. Fasano, E. Diez, H. De Caso, R. Urriza (cap. ), J. Suárez, J. De la Cruz, R. Sánchez, R. Smith, .1. Tuminello, F. Pacho, N. Boselli, J. Dover Rosario: J. Seaton, E. España, E. Ferraza, J. Benzi, R. Avalos, J. Scialabra, O. Aletta, J. Imhoff, A. Rinaldi, M. Paván (cap. ), A. Colla, M. Bouza, H. Ferraro, J. Benvenuto, R. Esmendi.


1964 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Cuyo: J. Muñoz, O. Villanueva, Ay Meli, J. Walker, E. Casale, E. Valejos, E. Naveyra, L. Chaluleu (cap. ), J. Aldao, M. Brandi, L. Novillo, J. Nasazzi, O. Luján Williams, F. Segovia, R. Farielo. Buenos Aires: M. Dumas, H. Goti, J. O. Queirolo, M. Molina Berro, E. Neri, J. H. Dartiguelonge, A. Etchegaray, R. Foster, H. Silva, M. Puigdevall, A. Otaño, R. L. M. García Yañez, N. González del Solar, G. Mc Cormick, A. Silveira.


1964 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Rosario: J. Seaton, E. España, J. Benzi, E. Ferraza, R. Abalos, A. Fasce, O. Aletta, M. Paván (cap. ), A. Rinaldi, José Imhoff, A. Colla, H. Ferraro, R. Esmendi, J. Benvenuto, A. Paván. Buenos Aires: M. Dumas, H. Goti, J. C. Queirolo, M. Molina, E. Neri, M. Beccar Varela, A. Etchegaray, H. Silva, R. Foster, G. Montes de Oca, L. Varela, B. Otaño (cap. ), G. McCormick, N. González del Solar, I. García Yáñez.


1964 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1964 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the 1964 Taça Brasil) was the 6th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Santos Futebol Clube won its fourth title in a row, beating Clube de Regatas Flamengo in the finals.


1964 Campeonato Carioca
The 1964 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on July 4, 1964 and ended on December 13, 1964. It was organized by FCF (Federação Carioca de Futebol, or Carioca Football Federation). Thirteen teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 18th time. Olaria, São Cristóvão, Madureira, Campo Grande and Canto do Rio were relegated.


1964 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title and the five teams with the fewest points being relegated.


1964 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol
The 1964 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol (English: Ecuadorian Football Championship) was the 6th national championship for football teams in Ecuador. Deportivo Quito won their first national title, becoming the first club from the capital city to win. They qualified to the 1965 Copa Libertadores.


1964 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol, Qualified teams
The number of teams remained the same at eight. The qualified teams included the top-four finishers from the Campeonato Interandino, two teams from Manabí, and two from Tungurahua. América de Ambato, América de Manta, El Nacional, and Juventud Italiana made their first appearance in the national tournament. Teams from Guayaquil declined to participate.


1964 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol, Playoff
Since points was the sole deciding factor in determining the champion, Deportivo Quito, El Nacional, and LDU Quito went to a playoff. The matches took place the following year in 1965.


1964 Campeonato Paulista
The 1964 Campeonato Paulista de Futebol da Divisão Especial de Profissionais, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 63rd season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Santos won the title for the 8th time. Esportiva de Guaratinguetá was relegated and the top scorer was Santos's Pelé with 34 goals.


1964 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title and the team with the fewest points being relegated.


1964 Campeonato Profesional
The 1964 Campeonato Profesional was the 17th season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 13 teams competed against one another. Millonarios won the league for the ninth time in its history and fourth in a row, defending successfully the title won in the previous three seasons.


1964 Campeonato Profesional, Background and league system
The same 13 teams from the last tournament competed in this one. The tournament was once again played under a round-robin format, with every team playing each other four times (twice at home and twice away) for a total of 48 matches. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points became the champion of the league. Millonarios won the championship for the ninth time. The runners-up were Cúcuta Deportivo.


1964 Campeón de Campeones
The 1964 Campeon de Campeones was the 23rd Mexican Super Cup football  one-leg match played on April 26, 1964.


1964 Canada Cup
The 1964 Canada Cup took place December 3–6 at the Kaanapali Golf Resort in Kaanapali, Hawaii, on the island of Maui. It was the 12th Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 34 teams. These were the same teams that had competed in 1963 but with the addition of Hawaii. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The American team of Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer won by 11 strokes over the Argentine team of Roberto De Vicenzo and Leopoldo Ruiz. The individual competition was won by Jack Nicklaus, who finished two shots ahead of Arnold Palmer.


1964 Canadian Nation Challenge Cup
The 1964 Canadian National Challenge Cup was won by Vancouver Columbus who defeated the Sudbury Italian Flyers.


1964 Canadian Nation Challenge Cup
The Canadian National Challenge Cup, also known as The Challenge Trophy, is a national amateur football (soccer) cup in Canada contested by the champions of individual provincial soccer competitions.


1964 Canadian Nation Challenge Cup
In the Eastern Canada Amateur Soccer Championship,  the St. Paul Rovers of Montreal and Sudbury Italia Flyers were left in a tie, 2-2, on August 30, 1964,The St. Anthony Italia went on to defeat the Montreal St. Paul Rovers 4-2, in the tie-breaking game in Sudbury on September 12, 1964.


1964 Cannes Film Festival
The 17th Cannes Film Festival was held from 29 April to 14 May 1964. On this occasion, the Palme d’Or was renamed "Grand Prix du Festival International du Film", a name that remained in use through 1974, after which it became the Palme d'Or again.


1964 Cannes Film Festival
The Grand Prix went to the Les Parapluies de Cherbourg by Jacques Demy. The festival opened with Cent mille dollars au soleil, directed by Henri Verneuil.


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1964 competition:


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, In competition – Feature film
The following feature films competed for the Grand Prix du Festival International du Film:


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Official selection, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Parallel section, International Critics' Week
The following feature films were screened for the 3rd International Critics' Week (3e Semaine de la Critique):


1964 Cannes Film Festival, Awards, Official awards
The following films and people received the 1964 Official selection awards:


1964 Capital City 300
The 1964 Capital City 300 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on September 14, 1964, at Virginia State Fairgrounds (now Richmond Raceway) in Richmond, Virginia. Notable drivers who appeared at this race were Elmo Langley, Wendell Scott, Tiny Lund, Roy Tyner, and Richard Petty.


1964 Capital City 300
There were 33 American-born drivers on the grid; no foreigners attempted to qualify for this racing event. Vehicles registered from this race varied in year models from 1962 to 1964. NASCAR team owners that were fortunate enough to afford the 1964 model of stock car vehicles found that their vehicles could exceed 175 miles per hour or 282 kilometres per hour in the right circumstances; bringing in an era of unlimited horsepower. Having this level of speed within the sanctioned NASCAR events brought forth many events in addition to tragedies throughout the year in addition to the remainder of the 1960s.


1964 Capital City 300, Background
In 1953, Richmond International Raceway began hosting the Grand National Series with Lee Petty winning that first race in Richmond. The original track was paved in 1968. In 1988, the track was re-designed into its present D-shaped configuration


1964 Capital City 300, Background
The name for the raceway complex was "Strawberry Hill" until the Virginia State Fairgrounds site was bought out in 1999 and renamed the "Richmond International Raceway".


1964 Capital City 300, Race report
During this race, there were lead changes between Billy Wade, Junior Johnson, and Cotton Owens. The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1964 Capital City 300, Race report
300 laps were completed in more than two hours; with Cotton Owens defeating his employee David Pearson by only a lap. Pearson was 29 years old on the day that the race was held; he was considered to be on the prime of his career recording seven short track victories throughout the summer of 1964. At this time, Pearson was trying to swallow more than he could chew in his NASCAR career so Owens had to teach him a lesson in the pragmatic side of stock car racing. As Owens' last win in his NASCAR career, this event served to remind the spectators who watched this event that not even the biggest NASCAR superstars are totally immune to losing their optimal racing performance during their twilight years.


1964 Capital City 300, Race report
Ned Jarrett qualified for the pole position for this race with a top speed of 66.89 miles per hour (107.65 km/h). Meanwhile, the average speed of the race would be a mere 61.955 miles per hour (99.707 km/h). Two of the drivers who finished in the "top ten" (Jarrett and Junior Johnson) had problems with their engines during the later laps of the race. Doug Yates, then an independent driver/owner, finished in last-place due to an oil pressure issue on the first lap. Eleven notable crew chiefs participated in this race; including Bud Moore, Herman Beam, Banjo Matthews, Dale Inman and Jimmy Helms.


1964 Capital City 300, Race report
Individual track earnings for this event ranged from the winner's share of $2,400 ($19,785 when adjusted for inflation) to the last-place finisher's share of $150 ($1,237 when adjusted for inflation). The total prize purse was $12,535 ($103,333 when adjusted for inflation).


1964 Capital City 300, Finishing order
† signifies that the driver is known to be deceased * Driver failed to finish race


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election
An election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in April 1964. It was preceded by the 1961 election and followed by the 1967 election.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Overview of the result
As in previous years there was a close run election. Labour had increased their majority by taking up 15 of the 19 aldermanic seats following the previous two elections.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Retiring aldermen
A number of retiring Labour councillors stood down to allow retiring aldermen to be returned unopposed.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
Of the contests that took place, the most heated was in Llanarthney, where Labour Alderman Edgar Lewis, a member of the authority since 1931 (and who had not faced a contested election since the 1930s) was opposed by Ratepayer Austin Griffiths, a retired colonial officer who had captured the seat at a by-election.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
In St Ishmaels, Labour councillor C.J. Burgess, who had won the seat by a narrow margin at the previous election, had left the Labour group shortly before the election, but narrowly held the seat against another labour candidate.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This section summarises the detailed results which are noted in the following sections. This table summarises the result of the elections in all wards. 59 councillors were elected.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, Llandilo Urban
Labour had won the seat in a by-election the previous October.


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Ward results, St Ishmaels
Burgess had been elected as a Labour candidate in 1961


1964 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
In addition to the 59 councillors the council consisted of 19 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the elections, the majority of the aldermanic seats were taken by Labour.


1964 Casino state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Casino on 29 February 1964. It was triggered by the resignation of Ian Robinson (Country) who had won the federal seat of Cowper at the 1963 election.


1964 Central African parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Central African Republic on 15 March 1964. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN) as the sole legal party. As a result, it won all 60 seats in the National Assembly with 98.96% of the vote.


1964 Central African presidential election
Presidential elections were held for the first time in the Central African Republic on 5 January 1964. In December 1963 the Parliament had formally adopted a constitutional amendment that set the presidential term at seven years. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MESAN) as the sole legal party. Its leader, incumbent President David Dacko, was the only candidate, and won with 99.97% of the vote and a 93.8% turnout.


1964 Central African presidential election
After his victory Dacko formed new government on 11 January 1964, in which he kept positions of  Head of Government and the Minister of Defense for himself, while former Minister of Justice Antoine Guimali was appointed as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs. Dacko also expressed his intention to keep close relations with France and stated that the military would participate in future infrastructure building projects. In his victory speech to Parliament, Dacko also stated that it was "completely normal for national wealth of the country to be exploited or used by the state, alone or in cooperation with private capital".


1964 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1964 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. In their 14th season under head coach Kenneth "Bill" Kelly, the Chippewas compiled a 4–5 record (1–3 against IIAC opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 148 to 117.


1964 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Pat Boyd with 607 passing yards, halfback Bruce Wyman with 823 rushing yards, and halfback Jamie Gent with 422 receiving yards. Wyman received the team's most valuable player award. Four Central Michigan players (Gent, Wyman, offensive guard Ken Bickel, and linebacker Frank Goldberg) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team.


1964 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
Kenneth "Bill" Kelly was the head coach. Al Thomas was the backfield coach, and Jerry Sieracki was the line coach. Dr. C. F. Anderson was the team physician. Daniel P. Rose was the athletic director.


1964 Chatham Cup
The 1964 Chatham Cup was the 37th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1964 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds. As there were different numbers of rounds in each region, the round names given here are only approximate.


1964 Chatham Cup
Other teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Napier Rovers.


1964 Chatham Cup, Highlights and lowlights
Noteworthy incidents which occurred during the 1964 Chatham Cup include a match between Kawerau and Whakatane Town, which was delayed for 20 minutes after a goal collapsed when Whakatane forward B. Good slid into the net while scoring his side's first goal. A match between Mount Roskill and Whangarei High School Old Boys was also delayed when a late switch of venue caused several Whangarei players to fail to arrive at the ground. The match was delayed before Whangarei finally took to the field with several reserve players.


1964 Chatham Cup, The 1964 final
The Mount had the perfect start to the final, with Geoff Cozens scoring in the second minute. Ray Darby doubled the lead halfway through the first half, and the Aucklanders went to the break 2-0 up. Darby made it three in the 73rd minute, and the 80th-minute strike from Tech's Bill Porteous was merely a consolation effort.


1964 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1964 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. In their 34th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 7–3 record.


1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study
The 1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study was a study conducted by the state of Maryland in 1964 to explore the possibility of building another bridge across the Chesapeake Bay in addition to the existing Chesapeake Bay Bridge.


1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study
Three bridges were proposed as part of the study: a northern crossing between Baltimore and Kent Counties, a parallel span built next to the existing bridge, and a southern crossing between Calvert and Dorchester Counties. The crossings were authorized by the Maryland General Assembly in 1967 and the parallel span was completed in 1973. Proposals to build the other two bridges remained active until the 1970s; however, neither bridge was ever built.


1964 Chicago Bears season
The 1964 Chicago Bears season was their 45th regular season completed in the National Football League. The team finished with a 5–9 record, earning them a sixth-place finish in the NFL Western Conference. It was a downfall from winning their eighth league title the previous December.


1964 Chicago Bears season
Running back Willie Galimore and wide receiver John Farrington were killed in an automobile accident on July 27; Galimore's Volkswagen left the road on a curve and rolled, a few miles from the team's training camp at St. Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana.


1964 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1964 Chicago Cubs season
The 1964 Chicago Cubs season was the 93rd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 89th in the National League and the 49th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished eighth in the National League with a record of 76–86, 17 games behind the NL and World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals.


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Offseason
On February 13, Ken Hubbs, who had been the Cubs starting second baseman in 1963, was killed in a plane crash. He was replaced by Joey Amalfitano, who was acquired from the San Francisco Giants a few weeks later.


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Regular season
On June 15, the Cubs made one of the most infamous deals in baseball history, remembered today simply as "Brock for Broglio". There were six players involved in all, but the most prominent players involved were pitcher Ernie Broglio, who came to the Cubs from the St. Louis Cardinals, and outfielder Lou Brock, who went to the Cardinals from the Cubs. While Broglio was a serviceable starter for the rest of 1964, he would post ERAs over 6 in each of the next two seasons, and was out of baseball altogether by the end of 1967. Brock went on to star for the Cardinals for the next fifteen years, and eventually be elected to the Hall of Fame. It is to this day often held up as an example of a lopsided trade outcome.


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 Chicago White Sox season
The 1964 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 64th season in the major leagues, and its 65th season overall. They finished with a record of 98–64, good enough for second place in the American League, just one game behind the first-place New York Yankees.


1964 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1964 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1964 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1964 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1964. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1964 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1964 Wildcats were led by seventh-year head coach George Maderos. Chico State finished the season winless, with a record of zero wins and nine losses (0–9, 0–5 FWC). The Wildcats were outscored by their opponents 74–295 for the season. That's an average loss of 8–33.


1964 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1965 NFL Draft.


1964 Chilean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Chile on 4 September 1964. The result was a victory for Eduardo Frei Montalva of the Christian Democratic Party, who received 56% of the vote.