1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing
The Viet Cuong Hotel in  Qui Nhơn was bombed by the Viet Cong on the evening of 10 February 1965, during the Vietnam War. Viet Cong (VC) operatives detonated explosive charges causing the entire building to collapse. The explosion killed 23 U.S. servicemen and two of the Viet Cong attackers.


1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing, Background
The 4-storey Khách Sạn Viet Cuong or Viet Cuong Hotel ("Strength of Vietnam") was used as a U.S. Army enlisted men's billet in the city of Qui Nhơn. Many of the 60 men billeted there came from the 140th Transportation Detachment (Cargo Helicopter Field Maintenance) who provided maintenance support for the 117th Assault Helicopter Company based at Qui Nhơn Airfield.


1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing, Background
Following the VC Attack on Camp Holloway on 6–7 February 1965, the U.S. and South Vietnamese launched Operation Flaming Dart, a series of retaliatory airstrikes against North Vietnam. In retaliation for the Flaming Dart attacks the VC immediately planned to hit another U.S. target.


1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing, Explosion
At 20:05 the VC began their assault on the hotel, while 2 VC were killed by machine-gun fire by a U.S. sentry on the hotel roof; VC killed the South Vietnamese guards posted outside the building and placed satchel charges at the main door. A 100-pound plastic charge was detonated next to the staircase which provided the main structural support for the building. The explosion caused the entire hotel to pancake to the ground. 21 members of the 140th Transportation Detachment were killed as were 2 other soldiers and 7 Vietnamese civilians.


1965 Qui Nhơn hotel bombing, Aftermath
Following this attack President Johnson ordered Operation Flaming Dart II. All U.S. dependents in South Vietnam were returned to the U.S.


1965 RAC Tourist Trophy
1965 saw the revival of the world’s oldest motor race when the Royal Automobile Club brought the 30th RAC International Tourist Trophy Race with the Senior Service Trophy to Oulton Park. The TT, was the fourth round of the International Championship for Manufacturers (Division III). In addition, it was also round three of the British Sports Car Championship. This was the held at the Oulton Park circuit, in Cheshire, England, on 1 May.


1965 RAC Tourist Trophy, Report, Entry
A total of 30 sports cars were entered for the event, across two classes, however just 25 took part in qualifying.


1965 RAC Tourist Trophy, Report, Qualifying
The reigning World Drivers Champion, John Surtees took pole position for this own outfit, Team Surtees, in his Lola-Chevrolet T70, averaging a speed of 103.495mph, around 2.761 miles circuit.


1965 RAC Tourist Trophy, Report, Race
The final was held over four hour duration of the Oulton Park circuit, split into two heats of two hours. Denny Hulme took impressive overall victory, after winning the first heat in his Sidney Taylor Racing prepared Brabham-Climax BT8, and subsequently taking a second place in the second heat. Hulme won in an aggregated time of 4hrs 03:01.400mins., averaging a speed of 94.618mph. Second place went to David Hobbs, in his Lola-Ford T70. The podium was completed by David Piper, in his Ferrari 250 LM. Hulme victory was his first win in the TT, he would go on and win a total of four, the last being in 1986.


1965 RCD Cup
The RCD Cup 1965 was the first edition of the RCD Cup tournament, held in Tehran, Iran in 1965. This was a three nation tournament played in league format between Iran, Pakistan and Turkey.


1965 RCD Cup, Rematch
As the game between Iran and Turkey was abandoned on minute 85 of the match due to broken stadium light, a rematch was organised the following year.


1965 Race of Champions
The 1st Race of Champions was a non-Championship motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 13 March 1965 at Brands Hatch circuit in Kent, England. The race was run over two heats of 40 laps of the circuit, and was won overall by Mike Spence in a Lotus 33.


1965 Race of Champions
The first heat was won by Jim Clark, with Dan Gurney second, and Spence in third place. However, both Clark and Gurney retired from the second heat, which Spence won from Jo Bonnier and Frank Gardner. Jackie Stewart finished seventh in the first heat and fourth in the second, to take second overall.


1965 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1965 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 39th staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup started on 21 February 1965 and ended on 17 March 1965.


1965 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1965, Leinster won the cup following a 3-11 to 0-09 defeat of Munster in the final. This was their 10th Railway Cup title and their first since 1962.


1965 Rand Grand Prix
The 8th Rand Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One-style rules, held on 4 December 1965 at Kyalami, South Africa. The race was run over 50 laps of the circuit, and was won by Australian driver Jack Brabham in a Brabham BT11.


1965 Rand Grand Prix
The Formula One rules for 1966 were to dispense with the old 1.5-litre engines in favour of 3-litre engines. The South African Drivers' Championship had already been run to these rules throughout 1965, so this race was the first in which some of the established drivers and teams from the World Championship competed under the new rules, while the local drivers already had experience with them.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake
The 1965 Rat Islands earthquake occurred at 05:01 UTC, on 4 February (19:01, 3 February local time). It had a magnitude of 8.7 and triggered a tsunami of over 10 m on Shemya Island, but caused very little damage.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Tectonic setting
The Rat Islands form part of the Aleutian Islands, a chain of volcanic islands forming an island arc, that results from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate. This plate boundary, the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust, has been the location of many megathrust earthquakes.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Characteristics
The 1965 Rat Islands earthquake share common features with the 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake and the 1964 Alaska earthquake.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The earthquake was associated with a 600 km long rupture along the plate boundary, based on the distribution of aftershocks. The pattern of energy release suggest the presence of three asperities along the plate interface, each causing a pulse of moment release. Modelling of the tsunami supports the idea that the earthquake consisted of three sub-events, related to three structural 'blocks' within the overriding plate.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The main shock was followed by an earthquake of magnitude 7.6 nearly two months later, that triggered a small tsunami. This was not an aftershock, but a normal fault event within the outer rise of the subducting plate, triggered by the earlier event.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
The tsunami had a maximum run-up height of 10.7 m on Shemya Island, 2.0 m at Amchitka Island, 1.6 m at Attu Island and 1.1 m in northern Kauai, Hawaii. It was also observed in Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, California, Japan and eastern Russia.


1965 Rat Islands earthquake, Damage
Flooding from the tsunami caused $10,000 worth of damage on Amchitka Island. Minor damage from the earthquake was recorded on both Attu and Shemya islands in the form of cracks in runways.


1965 Records
1965 Records is a London-based subsidiary record label of SonyBMG. Formed in 2006, the label was founded by James Endeacott (formerly of Rough Trade Records), who first signed The Libertines. The label features bands who are primarily indie rock/pop, and are best known for signing Dundee based four-piece The View.


1965 Records, History
1965 Records took their name from the year of Endeacott's birth, as well as his favourite year for music. Originating in May 2006, the company initially releasing five separate limited edition 7-inch vinyl singles by Jack Afro, Billie the Vision & the Dancers, Pizzy Yelliot, The Book of Lists and Jahcoozi in the first three months of its creation between May and July. The label's first album distribution, Cannery Hours by The Occasion, came on 17 July 2006. The label followed this with the release of "Wasted Little DJs" by The View on 7 August 2006. This single was the first charting single associated with the label, reaching #15 in the UK Singles Chart.


1965 Records, History, NME Presents: Independent Thinking
On 11 November 2006, 1965 Records were given their first push into the public eye. Music publication NME released a covermount CD with the magazine, titled "NME Presents: Independent Thinking". It contained a number of unreleased tracks by bands signed to the label, such as The Law, The Draytones and Ripchord. The CD was headed by The View, who contributed with a rare live version of "Screamin' n Shoutin'" at Abertay University.


1965 Records, History, Commercial success
1965 Records gained their first major chart hit with the release of The View's "Same Jeans", which peaked at #3 in the UK Singles Chart on 22 January 2007. One week later, the band would also give the label their first number one album with their debut album Hats Off to the Buskers on 29 January 2007.


1965 Records, History, Commercial success
Throughout 16–27 May 2007, 1965 Records took part in a joint tour with fellow record label Deltasonic named "The Sonic65 Tour". The tour featured Deltasonic artist Candie Payne and 1965 band The Draytones playing in a number of locations across the UK, including King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow as well as the 100 Club in London.


1965 Rhode Island Rams football team
The 1965 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented the University of Rhode Island as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. In its third season under head coach Jack Zilly, the team compiled a 2–7 record (1–4 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place out of six teams in the Yankee Conference, and was outscored by a total of 181 to 52. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium in Kingston, Rhode Island.


1965 Rhodesian general election
General elections were held in Southern Rhodesia on 7 May 1965. The results was a victory for the ruling Rhodesian Front, which won 50 of the 65 seats in the Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly. Later in the year, the government made a unilateral declaration of independence (UDI).


1965 Rhodesian general election, Electoral system
The election was held using two electoral rolls, an A roll, which was largely white (95,208 whites and 2,256 black Africans) and a B roll, which was largely African. Although both rolls could vote for all 65 seats, A roll votes were given higher weighting for the 50 constituency seats, and B roll votes higher weighting for the 15 district seats.


1965 Rhodesian general election, Campaign
Two parties contested the elections; the Rhodesian Front ran in all 50 constituency seats (in 22 of which it was unopposed) but no district seats. The Rhodesia Party ran in both the constituency and district seats.


1965 Rice Owls football team
The 1965 Rice Owls football team represented Rice University during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In its 26th season under head coach Jess Neely, the team compiled a 2–8 record, tied for last place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 248 to 123. The team played its home games at Rice Stadium in Houston.


1965 Rice Owls football team
The team's statistical leaders included David Ferguson with 584 passing yards, Lester Lehman with 422 rushing yards, Murphy Davis with 360 receiving yards, and Chuck Latourette with 30 points scored. Tackle Jim Vining was selected by the Associated Press (AP) as a first-team player on the 1965 All-Southwest Conference football team.


1965 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1965 Richmond Spiders football team represented the University of Richmond in the 1965 NCAA football season. The Spiders were led by 15th year head coach Ed Merrick and played their home games at City Stadium. They were members of the Southern Conference. The 1965 campaign marked Merrick's final year as head coach after Richmond finished with a winless 0–10 (0–6 SoCon) record.


1965 Riverina by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Riverina on 27 February 1965. This was triggered by the resignation of Country Party MP Hugh Roberton.


1965 Riverina by-election
The by-election was won by Country Party candidate Bill Armstrong.


1965 Romanian State Council president election
An equivalent of presidential election was held in the Romanian People's Republic between 23 and 24 March 1965.


1965 Romanian State Council president election
On 23 March 1965, the Romanian Workers' Party held its Central Committee session in Bucharest. The party leaders proposed the Great National Assembly (Romania's Communist parliament) the next General Secretary of the party should be Nicolae Ceaușescu and the next president of the State Council of Romania should be Chivu Stoica.


1965 Romanian State Council president election
On 24 March 1965, the Great National Assembly voted in favor of Chivu Stoica, thus becoming the second president of the State Council of Romania, de facto Romanian head of state.


1965 Romanian legislative election
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Wekahash (talk | contribs) at 21:54, 26 November 2019 (→Results). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1965 Romanian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Romania on 7 March 1965. Voters were presented with a single list from the People's Democratic Front, which was dominated by the Romanian Workers Party. The Front won 465 seats in the Great National Assembly.


1965 Romanian legislative election, Electoral system
Candidates were elected in single member constituencies, and had to receive over 50% of the vote. If no candidate passed this threshold, or if voter turnout in the constituency was less than 50%, re-runs were held until the requirements were met. Candidates could be nominated by the People's Democratic Front or mass organisations, although the latter were monitored by the Front. Voters had the option of voting against the Front candidates.


1965 Rose Bowl
The 1965 Rose Bowl, played on January 1, 1965, was the 51st Rose Bowl Game. The Michigan Wolverines defeated the Oregon State Beavers by a score of 34–7. Michigan fullback Mel Anthony was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game.


1965 Rose Bowl, Teams, Michigan
The Wolverines had finished seventh in the Big Ten Conference the previous year, and had placed no higher than a tie for fifth under coach Bump Elliott. Michigan had not been to the Rose Bowl since 1951, but in 1964, they ran up an 8–1 conference record and clinched a Rose Bowl berth, taking a #4 ranking and an undefeated 3–0 postseason record into the game. Coach Elliott had been a receiver for the Wolverines in one of those games, the 1948 Rose Bowl, and had been an assistant coach at Oregon State under head coach Kip Taylor.


1965 Rose Bowl, Teams, Oregon State
The Beavers made their third Rose Bowl appearance with a bit of controversy. Following the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference in 1959 due to a pay-for-play scandal, the reformed Athletic Association of Western Universities did not initially include Oregon State and Oregon. The two Oregon schools rejoined in time for the 1964 season, but the conference did not have time to reschedule a full head-to-head conference schedule.


1965 Rose Bowl, Teams, Oregon State
As a result, Oregon State and USC did not play each other, and when they finished with identical 3–1 conference records, the decision of which team to send to Pasadena was left to a vote among the conference's schools. At first, most people assumed Oregon State would get the nod based on their better overall record (8–2 vs. 6–3). However, when it was announced that the vote would be delayed until after USC's season ending game with top ranked and undefeated Notre Dame, many people inferred that if USC upset the Irish, they would get the nod.


1965 Rose Bowl, Teams, Oregon State
Indeed, USC shocked Notre Dame 20–17 so now many people assumed USC would get the Rose Bowl invitation. When the vote was taken just hours after the USC - Notre Dame game, the conferences' eight members split, four votes for both Oregon State and USC. The tiebreaker in such an instance was to eliminate the team that had more recently gone to the Rose Bowl, and Southern California had gone two years prior.


1965 Rose Bowl, Teams, Oregon State
This would lead to another controversy just two years later in which an 8–2 USC team that had lost to UCLA would get voted in ahead of the 9–1 Bruins. Many felt this 1966 vote was to "make up for" the 1964 vote, especially since the coach of Oregon State in 1964 was Tommy Prothro and he was then the coach of UCLA in 1966.


1965 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Michigan was an 11-point favorite, but after a scoreless first quarter, it was the Beavers who struck first, with Paul Brothers completing a five-yard pass to Doug McDougal early in the second quarter, with Steve Clark kicking the extra point. The Beavers held the Wolverines for a while, but on their third possession following the Beavers' score, tailback Mel Anthony ran 84 yards, a Rose Bowl record at the time, for a touchdown. Richard Sygar's kick was no good. The Beavers' 7–6 advantage was short-lived, however, as on the very next possession, Carl Ward ran for 43 yards and a touchdown. While the conversion pass from Bob Timberlake to Ben Farabee was broken up, the Wolverines led 12–7 at the half.


1965 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The second half was all Michigan. Anthony blocked a punt and rushed for two more touchdowns in the third quarter, and quarterback Timberlake ran 24 yards for the final touchdown, making the final score 34–7. For his efforts, Anthony was named the game's Most Outstanding Player.


1965 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
With the game, Michigan ended its 14-year postseason drought, to date their longest string of seasons without a bowl game. However, it was the last bowl game Elliott would coach; he resigned following the 1968 season after a 50–14 loss to archrival Ohio State.


1965 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
This was the Beavers' last bowl game appearance for 34 years, and to date, remains their last appearance in the Rose Bowl. Soon after the game, Beaver coach Tommy Prothro left Oregon State to coach UCLA, and took them to the following year's Rose Bowl, in which the Bruins defeated Michigan State.


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election
The Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election was significant in that it led to the election of David Steel, who went on to lead the Liberal Party, to the British House of Commons for the first time. As such it was a milestone in the revival of that party's political fortunes from their nadir in the 1950s.


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, Background
Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles, a large rural constituency in the Scottish borders, had been safely Conservative for many years. The Liberal Party's 26-year-old candidate David Steel had dramatically cut Commander Charles Donaldson's majority in the general election of October 1964. When Donaldson died some months later it was clear that the ensuing by-election represented an opportunity for the Liberals to repeat previous by-election triumphs in Torrington and Orpington. However, the Conservatives were now in opposition rather than in government and the party's standing in the constituency was thought to have been further bolstered as their leader, Sir Alec Douglas-Home was himself a Scot, representing the rather similar constituency of Kinross and West Perthshire to the north.


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, Result
The election was held on Wednesday 24 March 1965. The result was a major defeat for the Conservatives. The votes cast were as follows:


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, Reaction
This defeat was seen as a huge setback for the Conservatives, coming on top of their defeat in the general election the previous year and wiping out the boost they had received in the 1965 Leyton by-election. Douglas-Home resigned as leader shortly afterwards, and in the first election for party leader from amongst the Conservative MPs, was replaced by Edward Heath.


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, Reaction
After his victory, Steel said that Douglas-Home was the only leading figure in the Conservatives who could  "take some comfort from the result" as he was the only one not to have come to the constituency to campaign in the by-election. The defeated Conservative candidate McEwen blamed his defeat on Labour voters switching to back the Liberals and predicted that the Liberal victory would be overturned at the next general election. In contrast Liberal MP for Caithness and Sutherland George Mackie described the result as "a triumph for David Steel" which showed that the "Liberal surge in Scotland" was continuing and predicted the next general elections would see the party make further gains in Scotland.


1965 Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles by-election, Reaction
Although the Labour candidate lost his deposit, the governing party enjoyed the Conservatives' discomfort, and the result represented a turning point in the government's political fortunes after a very uncertain opening few months. For the Liberals, the acquisition of a talented young MP was still rare enough to be extremely welcome. Steel soon made a national impression and it was his Private Member's Bill which led to the legalisation of abortion in 1967. He would continue to represent the area at Westminster until 1997.


1965 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team
The 1965 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team represented Rutgers University in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth season under head coach John F. Bateman, the Scarlet Knights compiled a 3–6 record, were co-champions of the Middle Three Conference championship, and were outscored by their opponents 152 to 84. The team's statistical leaders included Jack Callaghan with 456 passing yards, Rich Capria with 242 rushing yards, and Charley Mudie with 243 receiving yards.


1965 Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team
The Scarlet Knights played their home games at Rutgers Stadium in Piscataway, New Jersey, across the river from the university's main campus in New Brunswick.


1965 Rwandan general election
General elections were held in Rwanda on 10 March 1965, the first direct one in the country and the first since independence in 1962. At the time, the country was a one-party state with MDR-Parmehutu as the sole legal party. Its leader, Grégoire Kayibanda, ran unopposed in the country's first election for President. Voter turnout was 87.6%.


1965 Rwandan general election, Electoral system
The 47 members of the National Assembly elections were elected in ten multi-member constituencies. Voters could approve the entire MDR-Parmehutu list, or give a preferential vote to a single candidate.


1965 Ryder Cup
The 16th Ryder Cup Matches were held 7–9 October 1965 at Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport, England. For the first time commercialisation started to make a presence on site. The United States team won the competition by a score of 191⁄2 to 121⁄2 points.


1965 Ryder Cup, Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1963 through 1971 the competition format was as follows:


1965 Ryder Cup, Format
With a total of 32 points, 161⁄2 points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.


1965 Ryder Cup, Teams
The British team was determined using a points system. Compared to the system used in 1963, there was more emphasis on high finishes, points only being allocated to the leading 20 rather than the leading 40. Points were based on the actual finishing position, whereas previously non-eligible players had been excluded in determining positions. In addition, points were earned in a number of  invitation events, including the Dunlop Masters, the Martini International and the Esso Golden Tournament. The Open champion remained an automatic choice but the News of the World Match Play champion was no longer guaranteed a place.


1965 Ryder Cup, Teams
Counting tournaments started with the 1964 Carroll Sweet Afton Tournament and finished with the 1965 Esso Golden Tournament. For the 1965 event the British PGA reduced the period that a tournament professional had to wait before becoming eligible for the Ryder Cup team from five years to three. This meant that ex-amateur golfers like Guy Wolstenholme (who turned professional in late 1960) and Doug Sewell (1961) became eligible. The field for the 1965 Esso Golden Tournament were the first 15 in the Ryder Cup points list.


1965 Ryder Cup, Teams
Before the event the leading seven were guaranteed their place in the team; the remaining eight being in contention for the three remaining places. Jimmy Hitchcock and Dave Thomas who were 8th and 9th before the event retained their places in the top 10 but Wolstenholme, who started 10th, was passed by George Will, the winner of the tournament.


1965 Ryder Cup, Teams
Despite having won his fourth major title as a professional at the Masters Tournament in April, 25-year-old Jack Nicklaus was not a member of the U.S. team. Eligibility rules set by the PGA prevented him from participating in the Ryder Cup until 1969. He competed as a player through 1981, missing only the 1979 edition, and was the non-playing captain of the U.S. team in 1983 and 1987.


1965 Ryder Cup, Individual player records
Each entry refers to the Win–Loss–Half record of the player.


1965 SANFL Grand Final
The 1965 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Port Adelaide Football Club and the Sturt Football Club, held at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide on 2 October 1965. It was the 67th annual Grand Final of the South Australian National Football League, staged to determine the premiers of the 1965 SANFL season. The match, attended by 62,543 spectators, was won by Port Adelaide by a margin of 3 points, marking that clubs 23rd premiership.


1965 SANFL Grand Final
The attendance of 62,543 was a record attendance at Adelaide Oval, and stood for 51 years, until the Adele concert of 2017. It remains the record attendance for a sporting event at Adelaide Oval.


1965 SANFL season
The 1965 South Australian National Football League season was the 86th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1965 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1965 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1965 college football season.


1965 Sacramento State Hornets football team
The 1965 Sacramento State Hornets football team represented Sacramento State College during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season.


1965 Sacramento State Hornets football team
Sacramento State competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The Hornets were led by fifth-year head coach Ray Clemons. They played home games at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California. The team finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses (3–7, 1–4 FWC). For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 115–171.


1965 Sacramento State Hornets football team, Team players in the NFL
No Sacramento State players were selected in the 1966 NFL Draft.


1965 Saffron Walden by-election
The Saffron Walden by-election of 23 March 1965 was held after the awarding of a life peerage to Conservative MP Rab Butler.


1965 Saffron Walden by-election
The seat was safe, having been won at the 1964 United Kingdom general election by 5,000 votes


1965 Saigon bombing
On June 25, 1965, during the Vietnam War, a series of two bombings by the Viet Cong took place in Saigon killing 42 people in the explosions.


1965 Saigon bombing, My Canh Café
The first bomb detonated at 8:15 p.m. (local time) in a floating restaurant "My Canh Café" on the banks of the Saigon River. 31–32 people were killed, and 42 were wounded. Of the casualties, 13 were American and most others were Vietnamese citizens.


1965 Saigon bombing, Second bombing
At the same time as the first blast another bomb exploded next to a tobacco stall on the bank of the river near the floating restaurant. The blast killed at least one American woman.


1965 Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer team
The 1965 Saint Louis Billikens men's soccer team represented Saint Louis University during the 1965 NCAA soccer season. The Billikens won their fifth NCAA title this season. It was the eighth ever season the Billikens fielded a men's varsity soccer team.


1965 Salisbury by-election
The Salisbury by-election, 1965 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Salisbury in Wiltshire on 4 February 1965. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Michael Hamilton.


1965 Salisbury by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become when the 58-year-old sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) John Morrison had been ennobled as Baron Margadale. He had won the seat at a by-election in 1942.


1965 Salisbury by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party selected the National Union of Bank Employees official Leif Mills, and the Liberal Party fielded Hugh Capstick; both had contested the seat at the general election in October 1964. Maj. Horace Trevor-Cox, a former Conservative MP, stood as Independent Conservative candidate.


1965 Salisbury by-election, Result
Michael Hamilton of the Conservative Party returns to power after he lost his Wellingborough seat in the General election in 1964


1965 San Diego Chargers season
The 1965 Season was the 6th season for the San Diego Chargers as a professional AFL franchise; the team improved on their 8–5–1 record in 1964. Head Coach Sid Gillman led the Chargers to their fifth AFL West title, with a 9–2–3 record, before losing the AFL Championship Game to the Buffalo Bills for the second consecutive season. After that season, the Chargers would never make another post-season appearance until nearly a decade after the AFL–NFL merger took place (1979).


1965 San Diego Chargers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team
San Diego State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by head coach Don Coryell, in his fifth year, and played home games at both Aztec Bowl and Balboa Stadium.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The Aztecs were nationally rated as high as number 3 in the AP Small College Football Poll, but dropped out of the top 10 after their loss to Cal State Long Beach. They finished the season with eight wins and two losses (8–2, 3–2 CCAA). The offense scored over 40 points in a game six times, totaling 353 points during the season. The defense had five shutouts, giving up only 87 points in 10 games.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following San Diego State players were selected in the 1966 NFL Draft.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following San Diego State players were selected in the 1966 AFL Draft.


1965 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following finished their San Diego State career in 1965, were not drafted, but played in the NFL/AFL.


1965 San Francisco 49ers season
The 1965 San Francisco 49ers season was the franchise's 16th season in the National Football League and their 20th overall. They improved on their 4–10 record from 1964, and finished 7–6–1. However, they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the eighth consecutive season.


1965 San Francisco 49ers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1965 San Francisco Giants season
The 1965 San Francisco Giants season was the Giants' 83rd year in Major League Baseball, their eighth year in San Francisco since their move from New York following the 1957 season, and their sixth at Candlestick Park. The team finished in second place in the National League with a 95–67 record, 2 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers.


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Game log and schedule, Juan Marichal bat incident
On August 22, 1965, Giants pitcher Juan Marichal was involved in a notorious incident that occurred in a game played against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Batting against Sandy Koufax, Marichal felt that Dodger catcher Johnny Roseboro's return throws had flown too close to his head. Words were exchanged, and Roseboro, throwing off his catcher's helmet and mask, rose to continue the argument. Marichal responded by hitting Roseboro's unprotected head with his bat. The benches cleared into a 14-minute brawl, while Giant captain Willie Mays escorted the bleeding Roseboro (who would require 14 stitches) back to the clubhouse. Marichal was ejected, suspended for nine days and fined US$1,750. Roseboro filed a lawsuit, but eventually settled out of court, supposedly for $7,000. Marichal and Roseboro would eventually go on to become close friends, reconciling any personal animosity and even autographing photographs of the brawl.


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Game log and schedule, Juan Marichal bat incident
The image of Marichal raising his bat over his head to deliver a blow to Roseboro was carried in practically every newspaper in the nation and re-printed in Life magazine. Many people protested the apparently light punishment meted out, but as it was it hurt the Giants considerably. They were in a neck-and-neck pennant race with the Dodgers and the race was decided with only two games to play. Marichal's nine-day suspension cost him two pitching turns, and the Giants lost the pennant by two games.


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 San Francisco Giants season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 San Francisco State Gators football team
The 1965 San Francisco State Gators football team represented San Francisco State College during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season.


1965 San Francisco State Gators football team
San Francisco State competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The Gators were led by fifth-year head coach Vic Rowen. They played home games at Cox Stadium in San Francisco, California. The team finished the season as champion of the FWC with a record of eight wins and two losses (8–2, 5–0 FWC). This was the fourth title in five years for the Gators. For the season the team outscored its opponents 289–107.


1965 San Francisco State Gators football team, Team players in the NFL
No San Francisco State players were selected in the 1966 NFL Draft.


1965 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1965 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season.


1965 San Jose State Spartans football team
San Jose State played as an Independent in 1965. The team was led by first-year head coach Harry Anderson, and played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California. The Spartans finished the 1965 season with a record of five wins and five losses (5–5). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 184–192 for the season.


1965 San Jose State Spartans football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following San Jose State players were selected in the 1966 NFL Draft.


1965 San Jose State Spartans football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following San Jose State players were selected in the 1966 AFL Draft.


1965 San Jose State Spartans football team, Team players in the NFL/AFL
The following finished their San Jose State career in 1965, were not drafted, but played in the AFL.


1965 Sardinian regional election
The Sardinian regional election of 1965 took place on 13 June 1965.


1965 Sardinian regional election
After the election Efisio Corrias, the incumbent Christian Democratic President, formed a new government that included the Italian Socialist Party and the Sardinian Action Party. Corrias was replaced as President of the Region by Paolo Dettori, to whom Giovanni Del Rio succeeded in 1967. Contemporaneously the Sardists left the government.


1965 Scotch Cup
The 1965 Scotch Cup was the seventh edition of the Scotch Cup and was held from 15–18 March in Perth, Scotland at the Perth Ice Rink.


1965 Scotch Cup
Six teams entered the competition with the final seeing the United States claim an upset victory over Canada with the team winning the final two ends of the match to record their first title with a 9-6 victory.


1965 Scotch Cup, Teams
Skip : Raymond "Bud" SomervilleThird: Bill StrumSecond: Al GagneLead: Tom Wright


1965 Scottish League Cup Final
The 1965 Scottish League Cup Final was played on 23 October 1965 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and it was the final of the 20th Scottish League Cup competition. The final was contested by the Old Firm rivals Rangers and Celtic for a second consecutive year. Celtic gained revenge for their defeat in the previous final, as they won the match 2–1 thanks to two goals by John "Yogi" Hughes.


1965 Scottish League Cup Final
The attendance of 107,609 is a record for any League Cup final in the United Kingdom.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire
The 1965 Searcy missile silo fire was an uncontrolled fire inside a Titan II missile silo near Searcy, Arkansas on August 9, 1965. The fire broke out while the missile silo was being renovated and improved; the missile was installed and fueled at the time, although the nuclear warhead had been removed. Only two of the 55 workers who were inside the silo at the time survived.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
Missile silo 373-4 was one of 18 Titan II nuclear missile launch silos in Arkansas, located 11 miles (18 km) north of Searcy. The nine-story underground silo was completed on July 31, 1962 and brought online on May 16, 1963. In addition to the silo itself, the launch site included an underground command center connected to the silo by a passageway on underground level 2.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
In August 1965, non-military contractors were strengthening the silo against potential nuclear attack as part of a broader initiative called Project Yard Fence. As a part of this project the missile's warhead had been disarmed and removed. The 55 men onsite were employed by Peter Kiewit Sons and Newbery Electric Corporation.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
Soon after workers returned from lunch on August 9, a fire broke out on Level 2 of the silo, rapidly filling the silo with smoke and hampering visibility. Electrical power was also lost. Workers jammed the emergency exit ladders and were quickly asphyxiated. The only two workers to survive—59-year-old Hubert Saunders and 17-year-old Gary Lay, in his first day on the job—reached the command center via the Level 2 passageway; the other workers tried to use the vertical ladders in the silo to reach the surface. Saunders suffered smoke inhalation while Lay suffered second- and third-degree burns.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
The remaining 53 workers in the silo—ranging in age from 21 to 69—perished. Two workers were descending into the silo when the fire began and were able to return to the surface. Four Air Force personnel in the control center, as well as various workers on the surface, were unharmed.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
Firefighting efforts continued throughout the afternoon of August 9. Attempts to open the main silo door for ventilation were unsuccessful, and rescuers were at first unable to penetrate the silo deeper than Level 2. There was a danger of explosion from the missile, which despite being disarmed was still fueled. Firefighters worked through the night to extinguish the fire, lower the silo temperature, and recover bodies.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Description
The fire represented the greatest loss of life ever suffered at a US nuclear facility. However the disaster is not considered a Broken Arrow incident, since the missile's nuclear warhead was not installed at the time. By coincidence, that nuclear warhead—serial number 62-0006—was attached to the missile in the 1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Aftermath
Members of the Air Force Aerospace Safety Missile Accident Investigation Team arrived on August 10 and began a search of the site. Evidence of extreme heat was discovered in Level 3 along with large quantities of hydraulic fluid. The missile itself was found to be undamaged and was removed while investigation continued.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Aftermath
Investigators later determined that a welder had been attaching a stiffener plate at an awkward angle when his welding rod made contact with a high-pressure hydraulic hose, melting the hose and igniting the fluid inside. Lack of adequate lighting, ventilation, and escape exits also contributed to the loss of life. The two survivors—Saunders and Lay—disagreed with the official conclusions and claimed that no welding was underway at the time of the fire.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Aftermath
Despite the heavy loss of life, damage from the fire itself was minor. The missile silo was refurbished and continued to operate until February 1987.


1965 Searcy missile silo fire, Aftermath
A granite monument to the victims of the fire was dedicated in 1986 at Little Rock Air Force Base in Jacksonville. Today the monument stands at the Jacksonville Museum of Military History. A smaller marker and historical plaque stand at the corner of Dewey and Snowden Road near Arkansas Highway 16 between Pangburn and Searcy.


1965 Segunda División de Chile
The 1965 Segunda División de Chile was the 14th season of the Segunda División de Chile.


1965 Senior League World Series
The 1965 Senior League World Series took place from August 19–21 in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. Monterrey, Mexico defeated El Campo, Texas in the championship game. This was the first SLWS held in Des Moines.


1965 Senior League World Series
This year marked the first appearance by a Canadian team.


1965 Sheffield City Council election
This year's Sheffield City Council election was held 13 May 1965. One third of the council was up for election, with as many as four double vacancies in the wards of Crookesmoor, Owlerton, Walkley and Woodseats. The Conservatives managed to gain one of the Walkley seats up for election, as the only gain of the night. Overall turnout fell by a tenth on the previous year's, to 26.2%.


1965 Sheffield City Council election, Election result
The result had the following consequences for the total number of seats on the Council after the elections:


1965 Six Hour Le Mans
The 1965 Six Hour Le Mans was an endurance race open to Sports Cars, Improved Production Touring Cars & Series Production Touring Cars. The event was staged at the Caversham circuit in Western Australia on Monday, 7 June 1965. Results were as follows:


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash
The 1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash occurred on 11 July 1965 when Avro 748-101 Series 1 G-ARMV, flown during a scheduled international passenger flight from Beauvais Airport, Oise, France, crashed on landing at its intended destination of Lympne Airport, Kent, United Kingdom. The accident was due to the grass runway being unable to support the weight of the aircraft during a heavy landing. This caused the nose wheels to dig in and the aircraft to overturn, losing both wings and the starboard tailplane in the process. All 52 people on board survived. This was the first accident involving the Avro 748/HS 748 that resulted in a write-off. A concrete runway was later installed at Lympne.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Aircraft
The accident aircraft was Avro 748-101 Series 1 G-ARMV, c/n 1536. The aircraft was manufactured in 1961 and had flown 3,432 hours at the time of the accident.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The aircraft was deployed as a scheduled international passenger flight from Beauvais Airport, Oise, France to Lympne Airport, Kent, United Kingdom. This flight was part of Skyways Coach Air's coach-air service, in which passengers were taken by coach from Paris to Beauvais, flown to Lympne and then taken by coach to London.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The aircraft departed Beauvais at 15:51 UTC (16:51 local time) carrying 4 crew and 48 passengers. The weather at Lympne at the time the aircraft departed Beauvais indicated that visibility was 2,000 metres (2,200 yd), with wind at 18 knots (33 km/h) from 220° and a cloudbase of 250 feet (76 m). After passing Abbeville, an updated weather report was sent to the aircraft which showed a visibility of 1,000 metres (1,100 yd) in drizzle, cloudbase 250 feet (76 m) and winds of 18 knots (33 km/h) from 220°, gusting to 26 knots (48 km/h). The visibility was below the minimum requirement of 1,100 metres (1,200 yd) for landing, although the captain was later informed that visibility had "improved slightly".


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
At 3.5 nautical miles (6.5 km) from touchdown, an IFR approach was initiated under the guidance of the radar controller at Lympne. When the aircraft was 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km) from the airport, it was at an altitude of 220 feet (67 m) above airport level. The captain reported that he could see the end of Runway 20 through the drizzle. At 0.25 nautical miles (0.46 km) from touchdown, the aircraft ran into severe turbulence and drifted to the right of the runway centre-line. Full flap was applied and power was reduced.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The aircraft crossed the airfield boundary at 92 knots (170 km/h), reducing to 88 knots (163 km/h) as the landing flare was begun at a height of 40 feet (12 m). As the throttles were closed, the starboard wing dropped and the rate of descent of the aircraft increased. The captain attempted to keep the aircraft level, with the result that it landed heavily.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The nose wheel dug into the grass runway, flipping the aircraft onto its back, as the aircraft spun through 180° and ended up facing in the direction from which it had approached; the upside-down aircraft then slid for 400 yards (370 m), ripping off both wings and the starboard tailplane, and crushing the tail.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The passengers were left hanging upside-down in their seats. One mother was holding a baby that was not strapped in. All on board escaped from the aircraft, with three people needing to be treated in hospital suffering from shock. A number of passengers were also treated at Lympne. Thirty-six of the passengers continued their journey to London, some with fuel-soaked clothing. The aircraft, with a replacement cost of £250,000, was written off. This was the first Avro 748/HS 748 to be written off in an accident. Skyways Coach-Air leased an Avro 748 from LIAT for two years in 1968 to replace the aircraft lost.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Accident
The grass runway at Lympne had previously suffered from waterlogging, leading to the closure of the airport in December 1951, and again in February 1953. A new 4,500 feet (1,400 m) concrete runway was constructed in early 1968, coming into use on 11 April.


1965 Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crash, Investigation
An investigation into the accident was opened by the Accidents Investigation Branch. The probable cause of the accident was stated to be "a heavy landing following an incomplete flare from a steeper than normal approach."


1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship
This is a round-up of the 1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship. Collooney Harps built on the promise shown in previous years to claim their third title and first since 1943, defeating St. Patrick's, now operating independently of Ballisodare, in the final.


1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final
Team:P. ConroyM. FlynnB. WeirT. ToolanJ. SherlockT. GrayP. O'ConnellB. McAuleyB. ShannonO. LynchA. FlynnP. WalshD. MartinT. WeirP. Watters


1965 Sligo Senior Football Championship, Sligo Senior Football Championship Final
Team:M. KerriganA. BolandF. LeonardE. CarneyS. DoneganJ. CuffeP. ConlonS. BeckettM. KearinsK. CorcoranM. CumminsP. McMunnP. CumminsJ. LeonardV. McHugh


1965 Solomon Islands general election
General elections were held in the Solomon Islands for the first time on 7 April 1965.


1965 Solomon Islands general election, Background
In 1960 a Legislative Council was established composed entirely of appointed members. Of the 21, only six were Solomon Islanders. Following a White Paper in 1963, the British Privy Council approved a new constitution for the British Solomon Islands on 25 September 1964, replacing the 1960 constitution. On 4 November the British Solomon Islands Order was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, bringing into force section 31, which related to the holding of elections prior to the rest of the constitution coming into effect on 1 February 1965.


1965 Solomon Islands general election, Electoral system
The new constitution provided for a 22-seat Legislative Council, consisting of the Governor, eleven  civil servants, two members appointed by the High Commissioner and eight elected members. Of the elected members, three represented Malaita, two represented Central District, whilst Eastern District, Western District and Honiara had one member each.


1965 Solomon Islands general election, Electoral system
Although the Honiara representative was directly elected by universal suffrage (with the voting age set at 21), the remaining seven members were elected by electoral colleges. The colleges were composed of elected local councillors, with one member per 500 residents of the constituency. Where the number of elected councillors was insufficient, councillors could elect further members by secret ballot. The colleges then elected the members of the Legislative Council; preliminary ballots were used to eliminate the lowest-scoring candidate until only two remained, at which point the candidate with a majority of votes was elected.


1965 Solomon Islands general election, Campaign
Two candidates – Eric Lawson and C.H. Cheng – contested the Honiara seat, with 44 candidates contesting the indirectly-elected seats.


1965 Solomon Islands general election, Results
Eric Lawson was elected in Honiara. The sole female candidate, Lilly Ogatina, was elected in Central Solomons. Leonard Alufurai and James Michael Wall were appointed as unofficial members.


1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
The 1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Australasia was a long series of matches played in 1965 by South Africa national rugby union team in Australia and New Zealand. It was not a successful tour. The Springboks lost both test matches against Australia and three of their four matches with All Blacks.


1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Scotland and Ireland
The 1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Scotland and Ireland  was a short series of matches played in April 1965 by South Africa national rugby union team.


1965 South Africa rugby union tour of Scotland and Ireland
It was not a successful tour. The Springboks, lost both test matches against Ireland and Scotland.


1965 South African Grand Prix
The 1965 South African Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at East London on 1 January 1965. It was race 1 of 10 in both the 1965 World Championship of Drivers and the 1965 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 85-lap race was won by Lotus driver Jim Clark after he started from pole position. John Surtees finished second for the Ferrari team and BRM driver Graham Hill came in third. This was the debut race of the future world champion Jackie Stewart.


1965 South African Grand Prix, Race report
Jim Clark celebrated Hogmanay by dominating the race, leading from pole and breaking the 100 mph barrier, winning by half a minute from Graham Hill and John Surtees and even had time to complete an extra lap after the chequered flag was waved a lap too early. Mike Spence, Bruce McLaren and débutant Jackie Stewart completed the points positions. Goodyear made their Grand Prix début with the Brabham team, challenging the Dunlop monopoly.


1965 South African Senate election
The election for the eighth Senate of South Africa took place on November 26, 1965, the first election to that body to be held under the 1961 republican constitution and the first in which a representative of the coloured community was not elected. The result was a victory for the ruling National Party, winning 30 out of the 43 elected seats and 40 out of the total 53 seats.


1965 South African Senate election
According to section 29(2)(b) of the 1961 constitution, "at least one of the two senators nominated from each province under this section shall be thoroughly acquainted, by reason of official experience or otherwise, with the interests of the coloured population in the province for which the said senator is nominated".


1965 South African Senate election
An additional (white) senator should have been nominated in accordance with section 7 of the Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951 "on the ground of his thorough acquaintance, by reason of his official experience or otherwise, with the reasonable wants and wishes of the non-European [i.e. Coloured, as black Africans were explicitly excluded from the definition under section 1 (ii) of the 1951 act] population in the province of the Cape of Good Hope", but this seat continued to be left vacant (as it had been since 1962). The Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968 explicitly prohibited to fill the vacancy and finally abolished this seat with effect from 1970.


1965 South American Basketball Championship for Women
The 1965 South American Basketball Championship for Women was the 10th regional tournament for women in South America. It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and won by the local squad. Seven teams competed.


1965 South American Basketball Championship for Women, Results
To define the final standings, each team played the other teams once in a round robin.


1965 South American Championships in Athletics
The 1965 South American Championships in Athletics  were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 8 and 16 May. This was the last edition of the Championships in which Brazil did not top the medal table.


1965 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 6 March 1965. All 39 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal and Country League led by Premier of South Australia Thomas Playford IV, in power since 1938, was defeated by the Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Frank Walsh.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Even though Labor won the 1944, 1953 and 1962 elections on the two-party vote against Thomas Playford IV and the Liberal and Country League (LCL), the electoral rural overweighting known as the Playmander since 1936 consisted of rural districts enjoying a 2-to-1 advantage in the state parliament. The seat system was also changed from multi-member to single-member. Labor's statewide two-party at the 1965 election remained unchanged at 54.3 percent, barely winning for the first and only time during the 32-year Playmander, with just a two-seat majority government.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Labor won the seats of metropolitan Glenelg and rural Barossa at the 1965 election, after winning the seats of rural Chaffey and metropolitan Unley at the 1962 election. At the 1968 election, Labor still won a 53.2 percent two-party vote, however the LCL won the seats of rural Murray and rural Chaffey, forming a one-seat minority government with independent Tom Stott. If just 21 LCL votes were Labor votes in Murray in 1968, Labor would have formed majority government. The LCL won only three metropolitan seats in 1965 and 1968 – Burnside, Mitcham and marginally Torrens.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
The most populous metropolitan seats (13) had as much as 5-10 times the number of voters than the least populous rural seats (26), despite two thirds of the population located in the metropolitan area − at the 1968 election the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
The 1965 election saw the Australian Labor Party in government for the first time since 1933. Frank Walsh, who had been Leader of the Opposition since 1960, became Premier. Despite the fact that Labor won a still-record 55 percent primary vote (on seats contested) and a landslide 54.3 percent two-party vote (state wide estimate), the Labor government only held a thin two-seat majority. The two-party vote was unchanged from the previous election where the LCL retained government, but a change of government occurred at this election due to the efficacy of Labor choosing to campaign near solely in marginal LCL seats.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Walsh’s term as Premier was marked by increased spending on public education and the implementation of far-reaching social welfare and Aboriginal Affairs legislation, although many of these changes were spearheaded by the socially liberal Don Dunstan, and the socially conservative Walsh may well have personally opposed some of these moves.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Walsh was never comfortable dealing with the media, particularly television, and his ascension to the job of Premier only exacerbated these problems. A master of malapropisms, Walsh regularly had journalists, Hansard reporters, and political ally and foe alike bewildered by his statements. To give but one example, Walsh once said in parliament "In this manner, Mr Speaker, the government has acted as if this were a diseased estate. It's not sufficiently elasticated... The government is suffering from a complete lack of apathy in the case." His unease with the media was seen in stark contrast to Dunstan, his Attorney-General, who would prove to be a media relations master throughout his later terms as Premier.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Walsh's awkwardness with the media was further highlighted after 1966, when Playford retired as Opposition Leader and was succeeded by 37-year-old Steele Hall. Hall was not only younger, but considerably more socially liberal than Playford. A sagging economy and poor polling figures combined with Hall's advent to convince local Labor heavyweights that Labor could not win the next election with Walsh as Premier. Things came to a head in early 1967, when South Australian Labor power-broker Clyde Cameron publicly thanked Walsh for making the noble decision to retire to make way for a younger person. This was news to Walsh, who had made no such decision. After initially digging in his heels, Walsh eventually announced his retirement two weeks later, but not before attempting (without success) to manoeuvre his protégé Des Corcoran into the Premiership ahead of Dunstan.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
For the first time, since 1910 to 1912, there were no by-elections necessary during the term of the parliament.


1965 South Australian state election, Background
Dunstan led Labor into the 1968 election. Although Labor won 53.2 percent of the two-party vote, it lost two seats, resulting in a hung parliament with 19 seats for both parties. Lone crossbench independent MP Tom Stott held the balance of power, and announced confidence and supply support for an LCL minority government, installing Hall as premier even though the LCL had only won 46.8 percent of the two-party vote. Stott became Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly. Dunstan spearheaded a public outcry which led Hall to finally scrap the Playmander soon after taking office.


1965 South Australian state election, Results
South Australian state election, 6 March 1965House of Assembly << 1962–1968 >>


1965 South Australian state election, Results prior to 1965
Rural overweighting known as the Playmander resulted in LCL lower house minority and majority governments for decades. Upper house elections since 1941 have held 16 LCL and 4 ALP; voting rights were limited to the wealthier classes; suffrage was dependent on certain property and wage requirements. The electoral districts were drawn to favour regional areas with a 2:1 bias in place.


1965 South Australian state election, Results prior to 1965
In the 2006 election, metro Adelaide held 35 metro districts representing 1.1 million people, with 12 rural districts representing 0.4 million people. In the 1965 election, 13 metro districts represented 0.7 million people and 26 rural districts represented 0.4 million people.


1965 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1965 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the Atlantic Coast Conference in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. The Gamecocks finished the season 5–5 overall.


1965 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1965 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. In its second season under head coach Marv Rist, the team compiled a 2–8 record (0–6 against NCC opponents), finished in seventh place out of seven teams in the NCC, and was outscored by a total of 326 to 61. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
On February 19, 1965, some units of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam commanded by General Lâm Văn Phát and Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo launched a coup against General Nguyễn Khánh, the head of South Vietnam's ruling military junta. Their aim was to install General Trần Thiện Khiêm, a Khánh rival who had been sent to Washington D.C. as Ambassador to the United States to prevent him from seizing power.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
The attempted coup reached a stalemate, and although the trio did not take power, a group of officers led by General Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, and hostile to both the plot and to Khánh himself, were able to force a leadership change and take control themselves with the support of American officials, who had lost confidence in Khánh.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
Although Khánh had seized power in January 1964 in alliance with Khiêm, the pair had soon fallen out over policy disputes along religious lines, and the Catholic Khiêm began to plot against Khánh. Khiêm was believed to have helped plan a failed coup in September 1964, and Khánh exiled him as a result. While in Washington, Khiêm continued to plot alongside his aide Thảo, who was actually a communist agent bent on trying to foment infighting at every opportunity.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
Aware of Thảo's plans, Khánh summoned him back to Vietnam in an apparent attempt to capture him, and Thảo responded by going into hiding and preparing for his attack. In the meantime, Khánh's hold on power was slipping as his military support dwindled, and he became increasingly reliant on the support of civilian Buddhist activists who favored negotiations with the communists and opposed escalation of the Vietnam War. The Americans—most notably Ambassador Maxwell Taylor—were opposed to this and had been lobbying various senior Vietnamese officers such as Kỳ to overthrow Khánh, who knew that American-sponsored moves to depose him were afoot.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
However, the Americans were not counting on Thảo and his fellow Catholic Phát trying to seize power on an explicitly religious platform, claiming fidelity to slain former Catholic President Ngô Đình Diệm and promising to recall Khiêm from the US to lead the new regime. This caused alarm among the Buddhist majority, who had campaigned heavily against Diệm's discriminatory religious policies in the months leading up to his ouster in November 1963.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
Although they wanted Khánh gone, the Americans did not want Thảo and Phát to succeed, so they sought out Kỳ and Thi in an attempt to have them defeat the original coup and then depose Khánh. During the initial attack, Thảo and Phát tried to capture both Khánh and Kỳ, but both men escaped narrowly, although some of their colleagues in the Armed Forces Council were arrested.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
Although the rebels were able to take control of Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the largest in the country and the military headquarters of South Vietnam, Kỳ was able to regroup quickly and retain control of the nearby Bien Hoa Air Base, using it to mobilize air power and stop the rebel advance with threats of bombing. Late in the night, Thảo and Phát met Kỳ in a meeting arranged by the Americans, where an agreement was reached for the coup to be ended in return for Khánh's ouster. By early next morning, the bloodless military action was over as Thảo and Phát went into hiding, and the junta voted to sack their leader Khánh, who was absent on a military inspection tour, thinking that Kỳ and Thi were on his side.


1965 South Vietnamese coup
When Khánh heard of his ouster, he declared it to be illegal. After defying his colleagues and travelling around the country for a day in a fruitless attempt to rally support for a comeback, Khánh went into exile after being named to fill the meaningless post of Ambassador-at-Large and allowed an elaborate ceremonial military send-off to save face. Phát and Thảo were later sentenced to death in absentia. Thảo was hunted down and killed in July 1965, while Phát remained on the run for several years before turning himself in and being pardoned.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
General Nguyễn Khánh had come to power in January 1964 after surprising the ruling junta of General Dương Văn Minh in a bloodless coup. However, due to American pressure, he kept the popular Minh as a token head of state, while concentrating real power in his hands by controlling the Military Revolutionary Council. In August, the Vietnam War continued to escalate following the Gulf of Tonkin incident, a disputed encounter between communist and American naval vessels off the North Vietnamese coast; Washington accused North Vietnam of attacking their ships in international waters.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
Khánh saw the tense situation as an opportunity to increase his authority. On August 7, he declared a state of emergency, increased police powers, banned protests, tightened censorship and allowed the police arbitrary search and imprisonment powers. He drafted a new constitution, which would have augmented his personal power at the expense of the already-limited Minh. However, these moves only served to weaken Khánh as large demonstrations and riots broke out in the cities, with majority Buddhists prominent, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the abandonment of the new constitution, as well as a progression back to civilian rule.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
Fearing he could be toppled by the intensifying protests, Khánh made concessions, repealing the new constitution and police measures, and promising to reinstate civilian rule and remove Cần Lao Party—a secret Catholic organization used to infiltrate and spy on society to maintain President Ngô Đình Diệm's regime—members from power. General Trần Thiện Khiêm later claimed "Khánh felt there was no choice but to accept since the influence of Trí Quang was so great that he could not only turn the majority of the people against the government but could influence the effectiveness of the armed forces".


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
Many senior officers, particularly the Catholic Generals Khiêm and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, decried what they viewed as a handing of power to the Buddhist leaders. They tried to replace Khánh with Minh, but abandoned their coup plans after failing to get an endorsement from the Americans. Khánh blamed the government instability on troublemaking by members and supporters of the Catholic-aligned Đại Việt Quốc dân đảng (Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam, usually known simply as the Đại Việt), who he accused of putting partisan plotting ahead of the national interest. Prominent officers associated with the Đại Việt included Thiệu and Khiêm. For his part, Khiêm blamed Khánh's weakness in dealing with Buddhist activists for the demonstrations in the cities and the rural losses against the communists.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
In September, the Catholic Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Dương Văn Đức launched a coup after being demoted by Khánh in response to Buddhist pressure; Phát was a well-known Diệm loyalist. They were supported by the Đại Việt, Khiêm and Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo. While Thảo was also a Catholic, he was an undetected communist spy who tried to foment infighting at every opportunity. The coup failed and Khánh exiled Khiêm to Washington as ambassador, and his close friend Thảo was sent along as press attache.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
Concerned that Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Chánh Thi—who had put down the coup attempt for him—had become too powerful, Khánh had Phát and Duc acquitted in their military trial in an effort to use them as a political counterweight. However, the coup was seen as the start of Khánh's ultimate political decline. Due to the intervention of Kỳ and Thi, Khánh was now indebted to them.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Background
In an attempt to maintain his political power in the face of increasing opposition from within the junta, he tried to court support from Buddhist civilian activists, who supported negotiations with the communists to end the war. As the Americans were strongly opposed to such policies, relations with Khánh became increasingly strained.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
By 1965, the Americans were looking for someone to overthrow Khánh, and these efforts were spearheaded by Ambassador Maxwell Taylor, who had begun encouraging other senior officers to move against Khánh since the start of the year, even though there was still significant hesitation and opposition to any regime change back in Washington. At the time, the US was planning to start a large-scale bombing campaign against the communist north and regarded Khánh's reliance on Buddhist support as an obstacle to their aims.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
Furthermore, Taylor and Khánh developed an intense personal antipathy for one another, which culminated in a breakdown in their relationship; in December 1964, Khánh's junta deposed the High National Council, a civilian advisory body that was designed to give a semblance of civilian rule. This resulted in Taylor angrily condemning Khánh and his generals in private to the point of suggesting Khánh resign the leadership. Khánh responded by threatening to expel Taylor, and going on a media offensive against the ambassador. Taylor threatened to withhold military aid, but the Americans could not do so because of their overriding desire to see the military defeat of the communists, and without foreign funding, South Vietnam could not survive.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
In January 1965, the junta-appointed Prime Minister Trần Văn Hương intensified the anti-communist war effort by expanding military expenditure using aid money and equipment from the Americans, and increasing the size of the armed forces by widening the terms of conscription. This provoked widespread anti-Hương demonstrations and riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and Buddhists who wanted negotiations. Reliant on Buddhist support, Khánh did little to try to contain the protests. Khánh then decided to have the armed forces take over the government.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
On January 27, with the support of Thi and Kỳ, Khánh removed Hương in a bloodless putsch. He promised to leave politics once the situation was stabilized and hand over power to a civilian body. It was believed some of the officers supported Khánh's increased power to give him an opportunity to fail and be removed permanently. Khánh persisted with the facade of civilian government by retaining figurehead chief of state Phan Khắc Sửu and making economics professor Nguyễn Xuân Oánh the caretaker prime minister.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
Khánh's deposal of the prime minister nullified a counter-plot involving Hương, which had developed during the civil disorders that forced him from office. In an attempt to pre-empt his deposal, Hương had backed a plot led by some Dai Viet-oriented Catholic officers, reported to include Generals Thiệu and Nguyễn Hữu Có. They planned to remove Khánh and bring Khiêm back from Washington. The US Embassy in Saigon was privately supportive of the aim, but was not ready to give full support. They regarded it as poorly thought out and potentially a political embarrassment due to the need to use an American plane to transport some plotters, including Khiêm, between Saigon and Washington. As a result, the Deputy Ambassador U. Alexis Johnson only promised asylum for Hương if the plot failed.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
Khánh's deposal of Hương further heightened American opposition to him and fears that his reliance on Buddhist support would result in his not taking a hardline position against the communists. Aware of declining US support, Khánh tried to initiate peace negotiations with the Viet Cong, but he only managed an exchange of letters and was yet to organize any meetings or negotiations before he was overthrown.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
In the meantime, this only intensified US efforts to engineer a coup, and many of Khánh's colleagues—mostly Catholic Dai Viet supporters—had by then privately concluded that he was set to pursue a deal with the communists. Many of these felt that Khánh saw himself as the "Sihanouk of Vietnam"; the Cambodian monarch had managed to avoid the Cold War for the time being by shunning both communist and anti-communist blocs. During the first half of February, suspicions and evidence against Khánh began to solidify, an example being his order to release the wife of communist leader Huynh Tan Phát from jail. Taylor's superiors in Washington began to align with his view, giving him more scope to agitate for a coup.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
During the dispute with Taylor over the High National Council in December, Khánh had tried to frame the dispute in nationalist terms, in an attempt to rally support around himself against what he saw as overbearing US influence. This worked for a while, as Taylor had angrily berated Khánh's generals, but in the long run it failed, as South Vietnam and the generals' careers and advancement were dependent on US aid. Taylor hoped Khánh's appeals to nationalism might backfire by causing his colleagues to fear a future without US funding.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
On occasions during the December stand-off, Khánh had appealed to his colleagues to support the expulsion of Taylor from the country. The ambassador said that US support for South Vietnam would end if he was expelled, and the generals backed down, but Khánh said the military did not need US aid. The Americans were aware of Khánh's tactics and exploited it by persistently trying to scare his colleagues with the prospect of a military heavily restricted by the absence of US funding. After the December coup, Taylor credited the fear of US abandonment for having "raised the courage level of the other generals to the point of sacking him", as many were seen as beholden to their desire for personal advancement above all.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
In the first week of February, Taylor told Kỳ—who then passed on the message to colleagues in the junta—that the US was "in no way propping up General Khánh or backing him in any fashion". Taylor thought his message had been effective and sent a cable to Washington claiming his words had "fallen on fertile ground". He then had the message repeated to seven other key generals.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
At this stage, Taylor and his staff in Saigon thought highly of three officers as possible replacements for Khánh: Thiệu, the commander of II Corps Có, and the commander of the Republic of Vietnam Navy Admiral Chung Tấn Cang. A US Defense Department report described Có as an "outstanding officer ... friendly to Americans" and deemed Cang "a good leader ... anti-communist; friendly towards U.S". Thiệu was quoted in a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report as being described by an unnamed American official as "intelligent, highly ambitious, and likely to remain a coup plotter with the aim of personal advancement".


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
At the same time, the CIA was aware that Có had become disillusioned with Khánh and had stopped attending junta meetings after Khánh accused him of "having been bought off by the Americans". Taylor also did not rule out supporting a return to power for Khiêm, despite having agreed with Khánh's decision to exile him after the September 1964 coup.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
Taylor cabled Washington to say "I can well visualize [the] necessity at some time of using full U.S. leverage ... to induce our Vietnamese friends to get Khánh out of [the] position of commander-in-chief (from which he pulls the strings) and to install their very best governmental line-up." He also told his State Department superiors that Khánh was very likely aware of his machinations, but that he did not care about this. At the same time, there was also the question of finding another military-appointed prime minister to replace Hương.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, American encouragement of a coup
Taylor wanted Nguyen Luu Vien, Huong's deputy, to take over, and advised South Vietnamese officers who were on good terms with him to try to engineer this, but they were not able to get enough support. Eventually, Phan Huy Quát was appointed prime minister on February 14. Quát was a moderate Buddhist not associated with the political demonstrators, and seen as a compromise candidate who would be acceptable across the religious spectrum, albeit grudgingly. He was also regarded as being favorable to Khánh, who would not be around for more than a few more days to support, control or pressure him in any case. All the while, intelligence reports of Khánh's attempted dealings with the communists increased.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Preliminary plots
Taylor's exhortations to the Vietnamese officers to remove Khánh were not a secret, and it had an unwanted side-effect; it accelerated coup action from figures not favored by Washington. The likes of Kỳ, Thiệu, Có and Cang were not yet ready to stage a coup, and their preparations were well behind those of Thảo, an unstinting plotter.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Preliminary plots
On February 14, the commander of the Marine Brigade General Lê Nguyên Khang reported to an American official that he was involved in plotting against Khánh but said he and the other Young Turks were not ready because the military was not sufficiently united. He said they had to wait for a time when a coup could be carried out without generating unspecified side-effects. Khang was aware Thảo was planning a move with some generals who were now on the outer. He anticipated trouble in trying to keep his subordinates from joining Thảo, as his men might not wait for the younger generals to launch their coup if they thought it would never come.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Preliminary plots
At the time, the Vietnamese military was highly factionalized in complicated and unusual ways, and it was not clear where the sympathies of the respective officers lied. Thi was pro-Buddhist, but he and Kỳ had been suspected of mooting a coup attempt against Khánh in September 1964, and he had also been reported by the CIA in December 1964 as having vowed to kill Khánh. Although Kỳ had made comments hinting threats to Khánh, he was also known to be strongly opposed to nominally hardline Catholic Diệm supporters—such as Thảo—who were currently the frontrunners to launch the coup.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Preliminary plots
Meanwhile, the likes of Thiệu, Có and Cang, whom the Americans favored, and were Catholic-aligned in more moderate ways, were cautious in comparison to the flamboyant and impetuous Kỳ and Thi. They maintained a guarded approach, waiting to see what the other officers would do, rather than boldly taking the initiative. For his part, Kỳ was reported by US intelligence to have privately predicted that Khánh would be ousted in an efficient manner without bloodletting and replaced by Thiệu.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Plot by Phát and Thảo
In late December 1964, Thảo was summoned back to Saigon by Khánh, who correctly suspected him and Khiêm of plotting together in Washington. Thảo believed Khánh was attempting to have him killed, so he went underground upon returning to Saigon, and began plotting in earnest, unfazed by the prospect of being charged for desertion. The ruling junta appealed to Thảo in newspaper advertisements and broadcasts to follow orders to report, but he ignored them. Due to his Catholicism, Thảo was able to recruit Diệm loyalists such as Phát.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Plot by Phát and Thảo
In mid-January 1965, the regime called for him to report to his superiors in the ARVN, warning that he would be "considered guilty of abandoning his post with all the consequences of such a situation" if he failed to do so. At this time, it was still not known that Thảo was a communist agent who was deliberately trying to cause infighting within South Vietnam at every opportunity.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Plot by Phát and Thảo
With Khánh's hold on power shaky, an anonymous source said Thảo was worried about how he would be treated if someone else took over: "Thảo acted first, out of fear that if he did not, the other generals would overthrow Khánh and get rid of him as well. He knew that if the others overthrew Khánh his fate would be worse than Khánh's." During this time, Thảo kept in touch with elements of the CIA in an attempt to get American backing.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Plot by Phát and Thảo
Between January and February, Thảo finalized his own coup plans. Thảo consulted Kỳ—who wanted to seize power for himself—and exhorted him to join the coup, but the air force chief claimed he was remaining neutral. Thảo thus mistakenly thought Kỳ would not intervene against him. Kỳ had actually been preparing his own coup plans for a fortnight and was strongly opposed to the likes of Thảo and Phát.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup beginning
Shortly before noon on 19 February, Thảo and Phát attacked, using around 50 tanks and a mixture of infantry battalions to seize control of the post office and radio station in Saigon, cutting off communication lines. The tanks were led by Colonel Dương Hiếu Nghĩa, a Catholic member of the Dai Viet. He surrounded the home of General Khánh, and Gia Long Palace, the residence of head of state Sửu. When he was spotted by the press, Phát emerged from a tank to quip "This operation is to expel Nguyễn Khánh from the government".


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup beginning
Thảo said he was going to bring back Khiêm from Washington to head the new regime. In doing so, he caught Khiêm—at least nominally—off guard, asleep in his Maryland home. When informed of what was happening, Khiêm sent a cable pledging "total support" to the plot. Rebel forces also surrounded the headquarters of the Republic of Vietnam Navy located on the Saigon River, apparently in an attempt to capture Cang. However this was unsuccessful, and Cang moved the fleet to Nhà Bè—a port downstream on the Saigon River—to prevent the rebels from seizing the boats.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup beginning
In the meantime, Thảo's main partner Phát headed towards Tan Son Nhut Air Base – the country's military headquarters – to capture it with an assortment of marines, paratroopers and special forces troops. At the time, most of the senior officers had been in meetings with American officials at Tan Son Nhut since the start of the morning, and Khánh left at 12:30. The plotters had secured the cooperation of someone working inside the Joint General Staff headquarters. This collaborator was supposed to have closed the gate so Khánh would be held up, but left them open. Some of the other senior officers in the Armed Forces Council were not so lucky, and were caught by Phát's troops inside headquarters, while other buildings in the complex remained under junta control.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup beginning
Khánh had been scheduled to meet with Quát and his cabinet in a building at Tan Son Nhut. It was the new ministry's first meeting, and Taylor and General William Westmoreland, the commander of US forces in Vietnam, were present. Due to the poor relations, Khánh was sure they were plotting against him. He thus suspected their insistence on his attending Quát's first cabinet meeting to be part of a trap, and decided to excuse himself partway through the meeting to go "on tour", at which point he saw troops massing around the perimeter of the air field.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup beginning
Khánh managed to escape to Vũng Tàu after his plane had just managed to emerge from the hangar and lift off as rebel tanks rolled in to block the runway and shut down the airport. The ground troops also missed capturing Kỳ, who fled through the Saigon streets in a sports car with his wife and mother-in-law. Kỳ ended up at Tan Son Nhut, where he ran into Khánh, and the pair flew off together. Khánh ordered three battalions of loyal troops to proceed to Saigon, while Kỳ ordered a loudspeaker plane to drone overhead and repeatedly announce "Brother must not fight against brother". In the meantime, Khánh tried to lobby Westmoreland through the phone for support.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
Thảo made a radio announcement claiming the sole objective of his military operation was to get rid of Khánh, whom he described as a "dictator". The coup group made pro-Diệm announcements; the Catholic civilian Professor Nguyen Bao Kiem said then-US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. "was wrong in encouraging the coup against Diệm rather than correcting mistakes". Lodge was one of the strongest advocates among US policymakers of Diệm's removal, and during his tenure as ambassador, refused to meet with the Vietnamese leader for extended periods to show his displeasure with Saigon's non-compliance with American advice.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
Thảo said he intended to recall Khiêm to Saigon to replace Khánh at the head of the Armed Forces Council. Following this, a Catholic major delivered a long speech, extolling the character and achievements of Diệm, and mourning his loss. This gave the impression the coup plotters were planning to roll back the regime to a Diệm-era position and punish those involved in Diệm's overthrow and subsequent execution in 1963. The rebels also made broadcasts pledging to aggressively fight the Vietcong and cooperate with the United States. Throughout the day, a series of anti-Khánh speeches were broadcast on radio, and the rebels claimed to have the support of four divisions; this statement was rebuffed by the junta as highly dubious and inflated.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
The announcements shed more light on the nature of the coup group. American government analysts concluded that the rebellion was "primarily a move by die-hard neo-Diemists and Catholic military militants disturbed at the rise of Buddhist influence, opposed to Gen. Khánh and—in a vague, ill-thought way—desirous of turning back the clock and undoing some of the results of the November 1963 ouster of Diệm." Most of the military figures prominent in the coup were Catholics and members of the Dai Viet.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
Notable among Catholic civilian support for the action was Professor Kiem, a faculty member of the National Institute of Administration, a body that had US funding. Kiem was the leader of the National Defense Force (NDF), a body based on the secret Catholic Cần Lao Party that was used to sustain Diệm's autocratic rule, but had petered away after his deposal and execution.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
The CIA had reported that the NDF's members and associates counted among them some senior military officers including Có, Thiệu and General Nguyễn Bảo Trị, commander of the 7th Division based in the town of Mỹ Tho immediately to the south of the capital. Other notable civilian supporters of the coup were Catholic activists Father Hoan Quynh and Mai Ngo Khuc.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
American intelligence analysts had thought General Trần Văn Đôn was involved in the coup with Phát and Thảo, but altered their assessment when he stayed in the mountain resort town of Da Lat instead of heading for the capital. Their changed assessment was reinforced by the announcement that Khiêm would be leading the replacement government if the coup was successful.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
Eight months after the coup was over, Đôn told the American historian George McTurnan Kahin that he had been plotting with Thảo, who had planned for him to become Defense Minister and Chief of Staff of the military, but said the Dai Viet and Kiem had insisted on installing the Catholic Khiêm. A month earlier, American intelligence analysts thought Thảo was planning to replace Khánh as commander-in-chief with Don.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
Ambassador Khiêm had been putting pressure on his bitter rival Khánh for over two months by charging him and the Buddhists of seeking a "neutralist solution" and "negotiating with the communists", and as soon as the coup broke, he was immediately deemed by media analysts as a key figure behind the action.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Announcement of coup
As Diệm had strongly discriminated in favor of minority Catholics and placed restrictions on Buddhism, the rebels' radio addresses caused an unsurprisingly negative response among the Buddhist majority. The Buddhist activist monk Thich Tam Chau spoke from a radio station in Nha Trang, exhorting his co-religionists to support the incumbent junta. The Diemist speeches also alarmed pro-Buddhist or anti-Diệm generals, such as Thi and Có, who had been part of the failed 1960 and successful 1963 coups against Diệm respectively, and feared retribution from Thảo and Phát. The speeches drove many anti-Diệm officers who may have otherwise been neutral or sympathetic to the coup, to swing more towards Khánh.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khiêm prepares to return from exile
By this time, Khiêm was preparing to return to Saigon to assist with the coup or take control if it had already succeeded. His colleagues had anticipated the Americans would lend them an aircraft to transport Khiêm back home, but second thoughts arose among Taylor and Westmoreland. The two American generals had lost confidence in Khánh, but the pro-Diệm ideology being expressed by Thảo's supporters alienated them, due to fears the coup plotters would destabilize and polarize the country if they took power.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khiêm prepares to return from exile
The Americans wanted Khánh out but were worried that Phát and Thảo could galvanize support for the beleaguered incumbent through their extremely divisive pro-Diệm views, which had the potential to provoke large-scale sectarian divisions in South Vietnam, playing into the hands of the communists and hindering wider American objectives. They were also worried by Thảo's support for the removal of Quát and the civilian components of the government, whom Thảo saw was "too susceptible to Buddhist peacemongering". In contrast, the Americans saw civilian participation in governance as a necessity. They were also concerned a Khánh victory would enhance his prestige and make his attempted deal with the communists more likely, so they wanted to see some third force emerge and defeat both Thảo and Khánh's factions.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khiêm prepares to return from exile
The Marine Brigade commander, General Khang, appealed to the US Embassy in Saigon to not allow Khiêm to leave Washington. As a result of this, Taylor messaged the State Department: "Regardless [of] what ultimate outcome may be we feel Khiêm's arrival here ... would only add tinder to what this evening appears to be very explosive situation with possibilities of internecine strife between armed forces units ... Urge he not [to] try return [to] Saigon until situation more clarified."


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khiêm prepares to return from exile
More generally, Westmoreland and Taylor by now decided it was imperative that Thảo and Phát fail, while Khánh should also be deposed by someone else amidst the chaos. Westmoreland gave orders to US officers who were advising South Vietnamese units to stop work if the unit was being used in the coup, and pretend to be neutral even though the American high command had already decided to intervene.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
Phát was supposed to seize Bien Hoa Air Base, the second largest air force installation in the country, located in the satellite city of Biên Hòa on the northeastern outskirts of Saigon. This was to prevent Kỳ from mobilizing air power against them, but Phát failed, as Kỳ had already flown to Biên Hòa to take control after dropping Khánh off at Vung Tau. Phát could not challenge Kỳ's fighter planes, which were already patrolling the air above Bien Hoa by the time they arrived.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
Kỳ then flew a short distance southwest and circled Tan Son Nhut, threatening to bomb the rebels. Kỳ had never liked Thảo or Phát and did not want them to take power. In threatening to flatten Tan Son Nhut, Kỳ appeared unconcerned about the junta members who had been captured there, nor the more than 6,000 Americans who worked there, but intervention from Westmoreland stopped any air strike.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
A CIA report and analysis written after the coup concluded that "Kỳ's command of the air force made him instrumental" in preventing Khánh from being overrun, "until Kỳ changed his mind" on Khánh's continued hold on power. Meanwhile, most of the forces of the III and IV Corps surrounding the capital supported neither Khánh nor the rebels, and took no decisive action.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
Taylor and Westmoreland began to lobby Kỳ and Thi, the two most powerful generals in the junta outside Khánh, hoping to enlist them in an effort to shut down Phát and Thảo while also removing Khánh. Kỳ was the most convenient outlet, as the air force along with both the American and South Vietnamese military headquarters were adjacent to one another at Tan Son Nhut, making communication easy, whereas Thi was commanding I Corps in the far north. Westmoreland communicated with Kỳ through the latter's adviser, Robert R. Rowland.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
Despite his inconvenient geographical location, Thi was seen as being hostile to Khánh by this point in time, and as a supporter of and commander of a region which was seen as the Buddhist heartland of Vietnam, he and his grassroots support base were strongly opposed to the Diemist pro-Catholic ideology espoused by Phát and Thảo.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
In the short term, Taylor and Westmoreland unofficially designated Kỳ the duty of moderating between the coup forces and Khánh's loyalists, preventing bloodshed and keeping them apart until some further action was decided upon after an emergency meeting of the Armed Forces Council could be convened. Late in the evening, the 7th Division led by General Trị based in the Mekong Delta town of Mỹ Tho was preparing to move north into the capital to attack Phát and Thảo's forces, after Trị had been won over by Khánh in a meeting at Phú Lâm.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
However this was stopped after Westmoreland told Tri's American adviser at divisional level, a Colonel Gruenther, to tell the 7th Division commander to consult Kỳ before making any moves. Tri, whom the CIA had assessed as "anti-Communist and pro-US", was shortly afterwards reported to have halted the advance of his regimental-sized task force into the capital, at least for the time being.