1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Cincinnati struck first with a run in the bottom of the third when Elio Chacón beat out a bunt and took second when Stafford threw wildly to first. Eddie Kasko fouled out to Bill Skowron and Vada Pinson grounded out to send Chacón to third before Frank Robinson hit a double off the left-field wall to make it 1–0.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the seventh, the Yankees got a big break to tie the game. Tony Kubek led off with a single to center, then took second on a Johnny Edwards passed ball. After Mickey Mantle struck out, Yogi Berra blooped a ball into short right field that neither second baseman Chacón nor right fielder Robinson called before the two collided, allowing the ball to drop as Kubek scored. The Reds regained the lead in their half of the inning when Edwards doubled into the right-field corner and eventually scored on a Kasko single to left. Bud Daley came in to relieve Stafford and retired Pinson on a flyout to right to end the inning.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The Reds' lead would be short-lived, as the Yankees tied the score in the eighth. With two outs, Johnny Blanchard (pinch-hitting for Daley), smacked a Purkey knuckler into the right-field bleachers. The Reds went quietly in the bottom of the inning, the score tied at 2–2.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the ninth, Maris recorded what would be one of only two hits in the Series, but this one went into the right field bleachers for a go-ahead home run. With ace reliever Luis Arroyo on the mound for the Yankees in the ninth, the Reds had one last shot. After Gene Freese struck out, Leo Cárdenas, batting for Johnny Edwards, doubled off the left-center field scoreboard. Dick Gernert, pinch-hitting for Purkey, grounded out to short, Cardenas holding. The third pinch-hitter in the inning, Gus Bell, ended the Reds' comeback attempt by grounding back to the mound, Arroyo to Skowron, to end the thriller and give the Yankees a two games to one Series lead.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Whitey Ford started Game 4 for the Yankees in an attempt to continue his post-season shutout streak, but more importantly to give the Bombers a 3–1 lead in the Series. He accomplished both. Ford retired the first nine batters of the game; when Elio Chacón grounded out to Bobby Richardson at second base for the final out in the third, Ford broke Babe Ruth's record of 29+2⁄3 consecutive scoreless innings. Ford remained in the game until the end of the fifth, when an apparent ankle injury forced him to leave, his new record at 32 consecutive shutout innings. Jim Coates entered the game in the sixth and pitched four  shutout innings.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Yankees scored the game's first run in the fourth. Roger Maris led off with a walk and went to third on a single to left-center by Mickey Mantle. Elston Howard grounded into a double play, Maris scoring. The Yankees added another run in the fifth on a walk to Ford, a Bobby Richardson single to right-center and a run-scoring single by in Tony Kubek.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
In the sixth, O'Toole was relieved by Jim Brosnan who got into a jam. With one out, Howard doubled to right-center. After Yogi Berra was intentionally walked, Skowron loaded the bases by beating out a slow roller to third. Clete Boyer then doubled to left to plate two runs. The Yankees put on the safety squeeze, only to have Ford bunt right to Reds first baseman Gordy Coleman who tagged first base. Boyer had moved to third and Skowron had come halfway home before stopping. Coleman then raced across the diamond and tagged Skowron, who was trapped between third and home, for an unassisted double play.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Yankees would add three more runs in the seventh to put the game away. New York's seven-run output equaled what the Bronx Bombers were able to put up combined in their first three games as solid Reds starting pitching, combined with a wounded Mantle, kept the New York offense sputtering. That would change in Game 5.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Future Hall-of-Famers Yogi Berra and Mickey Mantle sat out Game 5, Berra with a stiff shoulder, Mantle still suffering from a hip abscess. But substitutes Héctor López and Johnny Blanchard more than made up for the absence of the two stars. Lopez drove in five runs with a triple, a home run and a sacrifice bunt, and Blanchard had three hits, including a double and a homer.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
In the first four games, the Yankees scored a total of nine runs off Cincinnati's starting pitchers. In Game 5, New York scored five in the first inning. Reds starter Joey Jay, with 14 regular-season complete games, would uncharacteristically get just two outs before being relieved. After Bobby Richardson singled to start the game, Jay retired Tony Kubek and Roger Maris on fly balls. But the flood gates opened when Blanchard hit a two-run homer into the right-field bleachers. Elston Howard was awarded a ground-rule double when his blast went through an opening in the left-center field scoreboard.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Bill Skowron followed with a long single off the left-field fence, scoring Howard. Jim Maloney entered the game and was greeted with a Lopez triple that scored Skowron. Clete Boyer continued the assault doubling off the scoreboard, scoring Lopez. The ninth batter of the inning, Yankee pitcher Ralph Terry mercifully struck out to end the inning but not until five Yankees had touched home plate.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
New York added to its lead in the second on a Kubek single and a Maris double just inside the left-field line. The Reds cut the lead in half in the bottom of the third and chased Terry in the process. Don Blasingame led off with a single to center, Eddie Kasko singled to left and Vada Pinson hit a fly moving Blasingame to third. Frank Robinson then took Terry deep with a three-run shot over the right-center field fence. Bud Daley replaced Terry and shut the door on the Reds.


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Yankee offense added to its lead with five runs in the fourth, the big blows were a two-run single by Skowron and a three-run home run to dead center by Lopez. The Reds got a little closer after scoring two runs in the bottom of the fifth (on a two-run Wally Post home run) to cut it to 11–5. Then Yankees finished the rout by added two more runs in the sixth on sacrifices by Lopez (on a squeeze play) and Daley (on a fly ball).


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
This was the final World Series game ever played at Crosley Field, and the last postseason game in Cincinnati until the team moved to  Riverfront Stadium in 1970


1961 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Houk became only the third skipper in history to win the World Series in his first season.


1961 World Series, Composite line score
1961 World Series (4–1): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Cincinnati Reds (N.L.)


1961 World Shotgun and Running Target Championships
The 1961 World Shotgun and Running Target Championships were held in Oslo, Norway. While separate world championships in the shotgun events had become traditional, this was the first time the competition also included the 100 metre running deer events. These had been Norwegian specialties but were now dominated by the superpowers, leaving the host country without medals.


1961 World Sportscar Championship
The 1961 World Sportscar Championship season was the ninth season of FIA World Sportscar Championship motor racing. It featured the 1961 World Sports Car Championship, which was contested over a five race series  that ran from 25 March  to 15 August 1961. The title was won by Italian manufacturer Ferrari.


1961 World Sportscar Championship, Season schedule and results, Manufacturers Championship
Points were awarded to the top 6 places, in the order of 8-6-4-3-2-1, however manufacturers were only awarded points for their highest finishing car in each race, with no points awarded to places filled by other cars from the same manufacturer..


1961 World Sportscar Championship, Season schedule and results, Manufacturers Championship
Only half points were awarded at the Pescara race as it was staged over a four-hour duration, which was less than the FIA’s minimum requirement of six hours or 1000km.


1961 World Sportscar Championship, Season schedule and results, Manufacturers Championship
Only the best 3 results out of the 5 race season counted towards the championship totals of each manufacturer. Discarded points are shown within brackets.


1961 World Sportscar Championship, Season schedule and results, The cars
The following models contributed to the nett points totals of their respective manufacturers in the 1961 World Sports Car Championship.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Peking from April 5 to April 14, 1961.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the 26th edition of the men's doubles championship. Koji Kimura and Nobuya Hoshino won the title after defeating Zoltán Berczik and Ferenc Sidó in the final by three sets to one.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the 26th edition of the men's singles championship.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Chuang Tse-Tung defeated Li Fu-Jung in the final, winning three sets to one to secure the title.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the 26th edition of the men's team championship.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
China won the gold medal defeating Japan 5-3 in the decisive final group match. Hungary won the bronze medal after finishing third in the final group.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the 26th edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
Ichiro Ogimura and Kimiyo Matsuzaki defeated Li-Fu-jung and Han Yu-chen in the final by three sets to one.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the 25th edition of the women's doubles championship. Maria Alexandru and Georgita Pitica defeated Chiu Chung-hui and Sun Mei-ying in the final by three sets to two.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the 26th edition of the women's singles championship. Chiu Chung-Hui defeated Éva Kóczián in the final by three sets to two, to win the title.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
The 1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (Women's Team) was the 19th edition of the women's team championship.


1961 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
Japan won the gold medal, China won the silver medal and Romania won the bronze medal.


1961 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1961 Men's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Vienna, Austria from September 20 to September 25, 1961. There were 120 men in action from 33 nations.


1961 World Wrestling Championships
The 1961 World Wrestling Championships were held in Yokohama, Japan.


1961 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1961 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the Skyline Conference during the 1961 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bob Devaney, the Cowboys compiled a 6–1–2 record (5–0–1 against Skyline opponents), tied for the Skyline Conference championship, and outscored all opponents by a total of 171 to 74.


1961 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The team's statistical leaders included Andy Melosky with 464 passing yards, Chuck Lamson with 451 rushing yards, and Mike Walker with 468 receiving yards and 30 points scored.


1961 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1961 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1961 NCAA University Division football season. The Bulldogs were led by tenth-year head coach Jordan Olivar, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished fifth in the Ivy League with a 3–4 record, 4–5 overall.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash
On 14 March 1961 an aircraft accident occurred near Yuba City, California. A United States Air Force B-52F-70-BW Stratofortress bomber, AF Serial No. 57-0166, c/n 464155, carrying two nuclear weapons departed from Mather Air Force Base near Sacramento. According to the official Air Force report, the aircraft experienced an uncontrolled decompression that required it to descend to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in order to lower the cabin altitude. Increased fuel consumption caused by having to fly at lower altitude, combined with the inability to rendezvous with a tanker in time caused the aircraft to run out of fuel.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash
The aircrew ejected safely, and then the unmanned aircraft crashed 15 miles (24 km) west of Yuba City, tearing the nuclear weapons from the aircraft on impact. However, in a 2012 book LTC Earl McGill, a retired SAC B-52 pilot, claims that the aircrew, after an inflight refueling session that provided inadequate fuel, refused the offer of an additional, unscheduled inflight refueling, bypassed possible emergency landing fields and ran out of fuel. The crew ejected, the aircraft broke up and four onboard nuclear weapons were released. The weapons' multiple safety interlocks prevented both a nuclear explosion and release of radioactive material. LTC McGill, based on his SAC experience, blames the aircrew failures on the use of dexedrine to overcome tiredness on the 24-hour flight preceding the accident.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash
The weapons did not detonate as their safety devices worked properly. A fireman was killed and several others injured in a road accident while en route to the accident scene.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
The following timeline is an abridged version of the description transcribed by Oskins and Maggelet from a declassified copy of the original Air Force accident report. Doe 11 was the aircraft call sign. Doe 13 was a second B-52 in formation for the first portion of the flight.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
0:20  –  the pilot first noticed excessive hot air coming from the pilots' vents. All attempts to control this hot air were unsuccessful.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
6:00  –  Mather Command Post contacted the aircraft on HF radio. The heat problem was discussed and wing guidance received. This consisted of several suggested corrective actions which were verified by the pilot as having been used earlier without success.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
6:30  – Mather control room called the aircraft on HF radio and discussed the heat problem and the effects of the heat on the aircraft electronics and crew personnel. Wing guidance at this time was to continue the mission.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
6:50  –  Mather control room contacted the aircraft and Wing guidance was to "continue mission as long as you can; call us back after second refueling tonight and advise us of your status, if it gets intolerable, of course, bring it home."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
11:15  –  Mather control called Doe 11 to see if he would complete the mission. At that the response was, "We are going to try."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
12:35  –  Mather control was contacted by Doe 11 and told that Doe 13's refueling was completed and "we are about ready to take off." Control asked, "Your present status . . . has it improved?" The pilot answered "Negative . . . worse . . . number 3 engine setting at 70% . . . we had it once before and it cleared up but at this time it has not cleared as yet." Control advised, "Understand you will proceed on course and we will be looking for you tomorrow."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
14:00  –  the outside panel of the pilot's L-4 window shattered. The heat in the cockpit was unbearable at this time and had cracked the glass case for the ball on both pilot's and co-pilot's turn and slip indicators. It is estimated that the upper compartment heat level ranged from 125–160 °F (52–71 °C) or higher during this period. A decision was made to depressurize the aircraft and attempt to continue the mission. Altitude was 33,500 feet (10,200 m).


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
14:20  –  after 20 minutes of unpressurized flight, the decision was made to descend to 12,000 feet (3,700 m) and continue the mission as far as possible at this altitude.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
15:00  –  Mather control contacted Doe 11 and asked "Which windshield is cracked and what is your present altitude?" Answer received, "The L-4 window shattered, heat unbearable at altitude, two sick crew members. We have descended to 12,000 feet [3,700 m] and plan to go 150 nmi [280 km] north of TP 3.19 and return direct to Mather." They were advised to "proceed as planned, recommend you stay low altitude, give us an estimate on your fuel as soon as you get in close enough to contact us."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
16:50  –  Mather control contacted Doe 11 via HF radio requesting ETA to Mather. The aircraft reported, "We just passed TP 3.19 at 1212Z, estimate 150 nautical miles [280 km] north of TP 3.19 at 1239Z, ETA to Mather 1755Z."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
18:50  –  Mather control contacted the aircraft through HF radio to check his progress.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
19:45  –  McClellan called for flight plan and altitude required from last position to Mather.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
20:30  –  aircraft contacted McClellan to ask Early Warning vessel "Hardware" to look out for them and would like a fix.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
21:00  –  the aircraft contacted Mather control stating, "We would like a tanker up here and get a little fuel. We now figure we will be over the field at 14,000 pounds [6,400 kg]. That is a little light. We would like to have a tanker." And, control answered Doe 11 "will be cleared for a straight in approach and will have tanker standby . . . we will not launch unless you go below 10,000 pounds [4,500 kg]."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
Doe 11's ETA to Mather at this time was given as approximately 22:30 hours after takeoff.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
For approximately the next hour, several heading deviations up to 30 degrees were made by the pilot of Doe 11 to circumnavigate the weather associated with a front in this area. Turbulence was moderate. It is estimated from study of weather and Doe 11 pilot and navigator interviews that 7 or 8 minutes were lost during this frontal penetration due to these heading deviations.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
21:50  –  Mather was contacted through HF radio and advised he had, "#1 main tank gauge stuck at 10,030 pounds [4,550 kg] . . . we are not sure just how much fuel we have in it now. We have No. 2 and one other 1/4 full warning light on and I think it would be a good idea to get that tanker airborne." Mather Control Room advised, "We have a tanker airborne. Pick him up at Red Bluff VOR and refuel back in this direction. You might keep in mind, if things get a little close up there, head into Beale AFB." Later in this same conversation, Mather control indicated, "We will get it off the ground here ASAP."


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
22:10  –  Democrat contacted the aircraft on HF advising, "McClellan is requesting your present position." The aircraft advised, " . . . just coasted in and looking for our tanker." This was the last contact through Democrat HF radio.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
22:23  –  the bomber and the tanker initiated the head on rendezvous at 70 nautical miles (130 km). Normal mileage countdown was used and the bomber turned the tanker at 21 nmi (39 km). This left Doe 11 flying at 280 kn (520 km/h) IAS approximately 11 nmi (20 km) behind the tanker after the tanker rolled out on refueling track. The bomber asked the tanker to slow down. The tanker reduced speed to 200 kn (370 km/h) IAS, and then to 185 kn (343 km/h) IAS.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
The bomber maintained 280 kn (520 km/h) IAS to approximately 2 nmi (3.7 km) behind this tanker, and then lost power. The pilot had warned the crew earlier of the possibility of bailout and he now alerted them to prepare for bailout. He initiated a 30-degree bank to the west toward a clear area as all engines flamed out together at approximately 22:40 hours after takeoff.


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
The bailout sequence began at approximately 7,000 feet (2,100 m) with an outside temperature of approximately 42 degrees, and was normal except the gunner could not jettison his turret despite full strength pull on the inner emergency release handle. The gunner was called forward and bailed out the navigator hatch, using the spare chute in the forward compartment. The pilot continued to guide the aircraft toward a clear area. The crew continued to bail out in order of navigator, spare navigator, spare pilot, EW, gunner, co-pilot and radar navigator. The pilot bailed out at 4,000 feet (1,200 m).


1961 Yuba City B-52 crash, Timeline
The aircraft was trimmed and calculated to be at approximately a 21:1 glide ratio at this time. The aircraft made one complete 360-degree left turn and crashed into a clear flat barley field area 15.75 miles (25.35 km) west of Yuba County Airport, California, at approximately 22:50 after takeoff. The aircraft struck the ground at a 15.3-degree left bank and an estimated attitude of 5 degrees nose down at an indicated airspeed of approximately 200 knots (370 km/h). Impact angle was approximately 45 degrees.


1961 Yukon general election
The 1961 Yukon general election was held on 11 September 1961 to elect the seven members of the Yukon Territorial Council. The council was non-partisan and had merely an advisory role to the federally appointed Commissioner.


1961 elections in India, Legislative Assembly elections, Orissa
Elections were held in 1961 in Orisaa State for the Orissa Legislative Assembly


1961 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Afghanistan.


1961 in Afghanistan, April 1961
Prime Minister Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan visits the Soviet Union at the personal invitation of Nikita Khrushchev. They issue a statement of full mutual understanding and identity of long-range views.


1961 in Afghanistan, June 1961
Mohammad Daud announces that his government seeks $700 million in aid from the United States and the U.S.S.R. to implement the second five-year plan, which aims at an increase of 8% to 10% annually in the national income over the plan period. Industrial production is to rise 375% and investment 500%.


1961 in Afghanistan, Late August 1961
Due to the controversy over Pakhtunistan (or Pathanistan; the Afghan demand for self-determination for about 7,000,000 members of border tribes), the Pakistan government closes Afghan consulates and trade missions in its territory. Afghanistan thereupon sets September 6, 1961, as a deadline for Pakistan to rescind the order. Pakistan does not.


1961 in Afghanistan, September 1961
On September 3, 1961, Afghanistan seals its side of the border and on September 6, 1961, breaks relations. The consequences are far-reaching, as Afghanistan then demands that all trade, including U.S. economic aid, be channeled through Soviet access routes. Sixty percent of the Afghan population is Pakhtun (Pathan) and Afghanistan has steadfastly refused to accept the old Afghan-British Durand line of 1893 as a suitable permanent boundary between the Pathans of Afghanistan and of Pakistan, while Pakistan refused to draw a new frontier.


1961 in Afghanistan, September 1961
Throughout 1961 the two nations exchanged charges, Afghanistan saying that Pakistan brutally suppressed tribal leaders and bombed them with U.S.-made aircraft, while Pakistan alleged that Afghan armed forces, using Soviet equipment, constantly violated the border. The Afghan representative to the United Nations, A.R. Pazhwak, strongly defended the concept of Pathan self-determination.


1961 in Afghanistan, September 1961
Afghanistan completes its first five-year plan, with some sectors described as over-fulfilled. Daud attends the Belgrade conference of non-aligned nations, visiting Britain and West Germany first.


1961 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Australia.


1961 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1961.


1961 in Australian literature, Events
The Australian Book Review was founded in 1961 by Max Harris and Rosemary Wighton.


1961 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1961 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1961 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1961 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1961 in Belgian television
This is a list of Belgian television related events from 1961.


1961 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1961 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 60th season of competitive football in the country.


1961 in Brazilian football, Taça Brasil
Santos declared as the Taça Brasil champions by aggregate score of 6-2.


1961 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1961.


1961 in Brazilian television
This is a list of Brazilian television related events from 1961.


1961 in British music
This is a summary of 1961 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year.


1961 in British music, Summary
Popular music in the UK was still dominated by American acts. Skiffle and traditional jazz were still popular.


1961 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1961.


1961 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1961.


1961 in Canadian television
The following is a list of events affecting Canadian television in 1961. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches.


1961 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Cape Verde.


1961 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in the Republic of Chile.


1961 in China
Events in the year 1961 in China. The country had an estimated population of 695 million people.


1961 in Cyprus, Events
March - Cyprus became a Commonwealth republic at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference, and President Makarios III became a Commonwealth Head of State & a Commonwealth Head of Government as a result.


1961 in Danish television
This is a list of Danish television related events from 1961.


1961 in Denmark
The following are events of the year 1961 in Denmark.


1961 in Dutch television
This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1961.


1961 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1961 in Estonia.


1961 in Estonian television
This is a list of Estonian television related events from 1961.


1961 in French television
This is a list of French television related events from 1961.


1961 in French television, Deaths
This French television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1961 in German television
This is a list of German television related events from 1961.


1961 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1961 in Iceland.


1961 in India
Events in the year 1961 in the Republic of India.


1961 in Iran
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in the Imperial State of Iran.


1961 in Irish television
The following is a list of events relating to television in Ireland from 1961.


1961 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent events related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict which occurred during 1961 include:


1961 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Palestinian fedayeen terror attacks committed against Israelis during 1961 include:


1961 in Israel, Events, Israeli–Palestinian conflict
The most prominent Israeli military counter-terrorism operations (military campaigns and military operations) carried out against Palestinian militants during 1961 include:


1961 in Italian television
This is a list of Italian television related events of 1961.


1961 in Italian television, Events
The new channel airs two hours by day (since 9 PM) and is received only by a half of the Italian population.


1961 in Japan
Events in the year 1961 in Japan. It corresponds to Shōwa 36 (昭和36年) in the Japanese calendar.


1961 in Japanese football
This article provides an overview of Japanese football in the year 1961. In 1961, the Japan national football team went 2-5 in international play.


1961 in Kuwait
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in the State of Kuwait.


1961 in Laos
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Laos.


1961 in Libya
The following lists events that happened in 1961 in Libya.


1961 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1961 in Malaya
This article lists important figures and events in Malayan public affairs during the year 1961, together with births and deaths of significant Malayans.


1961 in Michigan
The top stories in Michigan in 1961, as selected by Associated Press newspaper, radio, and television editors, were as follows: (1) the opening of the state's Constitutional Convention; (2) the negotiations between the United Auto Workers (UAW) and automobile manufacturers; (3) the Detroit Tigers' bid for the American League pennant with 101 wins during the 1961 season; (4) the Republican party's victory in an October 1961 election for control of the Constitutional Convention; (5) the November 7 election of Jerome Cavanagh, a 33-year-old attorney, over the incumbent, Louis Miriani, as Mayor of Detroit; (6) Chrysler Corporation's legal troubles arising from the removal of William Newberg as president and the ouster of L. L. Colbert as CEO; (7) "Tractors for Freedom", a Detroit-based campaign led by Walter Reuther, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Milton S. Eisenhower that raised money in May and June 1961 in an effort to trade 500 tractors to Cuba in exchange for the freedom of 1,214 rebel prisoners captured at the Bay of Pigs Invasion; (8) the proposal to create a national recreation area at Sleeping Bear Dunes; (9) the failed prosecution and trial of Gordon Watson and Nelle Lassiter for the murder of her husband, Parvin "Bill" Lassiter; and (10) the closure by Norge, a division of Borg-Warner, of its factory in Muskegon Heights and relocation of manufacturing operations Fort Smith, Arkansas.


1961 in Michigan, Population
In the 1960 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 7,823,194 persons, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1970, the state's population had grown 13.4% to 8,875,083 persons.


1961 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 60,000 based on 1960 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1950 and 1970 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1961 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 100,000 based on 1960 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1950 and 1970 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Counties that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1961 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during  1961 in New Zealand.


1961 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Radio and television
See : 1961 in New Zealand television, 1961 in television, List of TVNZ television programming, Public broadcasting in New Zealand & Category:Television in New Zealand.


1961 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1961 film awards, 1961 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1961 films


1961 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Auckland.


1961 in North Vietnam
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in North Vietnam.


1961 in Norwegian football
The 1961 season was the 56th season of competitive football in Norway.


1961 in Norwegian football, European cups, Preliminary rounds
September 6: Standard Liege (Belgium) - Fredrikstad 2 - 1


1961 in Norwegian football, European cups, Preliminary rounds
September 20: Fredrikstad - Standard Liege 0 - 2 (agg. 4 - 1)


1961 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1961 in Norwegian music.


1961 in Norwegian television
This is a list of Norwegian television related events from 1961.


1961 in Norwegian television, Deaths
This Norwegian television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1961 in Portugal, Sport
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1960–61 Primeira Divisão and 1961–62 Primeira Divisão; for the Taça de Portugal seasons, see 1960–61 Taça de Portugal and 1961–62 Taça de Portugal.


1961 in Scottish television
This is a list of events in Scottish television from 1961.


1961 in Sierra Leone
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Sierra Leone.


1961 in Singapore
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in Singapore.


1961 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in South Africa.


1961 in South Africa, Events
Lucas Cornelius Steyn becomes Officer Administering the Government under his dormant commission as a result.


1961 in South Vietnam
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in South Vietnam.


1961 in Spanish television
This is a list of Spanish television related events from 1961.


1961 in Swedish television
This is a list of Swedish television related events from 1961.


1961 in Taiwan
Events in the year 1961 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 50 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1961 in Thailand
The year 1961 was the 180th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 16th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2504 in the Buddhist Era.


1961 in Thailand, Events, April
An advance party of the 6010th Tactical Group, USAF, arrived at Don Muang at the request of the Royal Thai government to establish an aircraft warning system. Six F-100s from the 510TFS/405FW based at Clark Air Base were deployed to Don Muang in operation "Bell Tone".


1961 in Thailand, Events, November
Four RF-101C reconnaissance aircraft of the 45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron stationed at Misawa AB, Japan, and their photo lab arrived at Don Muang under "Operation Able Marble". The RF-101s were sent to assist RTAF RT-33 aircraft in performing aerial reconnaissance flights over Laos. Detachment 10, 13th Air Force was established to support USAF operations.


1961 in Wales
This article is about the significance of the year 1961 to Wales and its people.


1961 in architecture
The year 1961 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.


1961 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1961 throughout the world.


1961 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1961  throughout the world.


1961 in comics
See also:1960 in comics,other events of 1961,1962 in comics,1960s in comics and thelist of years in comics


1961 in comics
Publications: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December


1961 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1961.


1961 in film
The year 1961 in film involved some significant events, with West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards.


1961 in film, Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1961 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1961 in film, Top-grossing films by country
The highest-grossing 1961 films from countries outside of North America.


1961 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1961 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1961 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of jazz in the year 1961.


1961 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1961.


1961 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1961 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1961 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had own significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1961 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1961.


1961 in music, Classical music, Premieres
1 The Threnody was first performed in May 1961 by the Polish Radio Symphony conducted by Jan Krenz for a radio recording.


1961 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1961.


1961 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Phytosaurs
A dubious phytosaur, possibly a chimera; replacement name for Rileya von Huene 1902 (non Ashmead, 1888).


1961 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Pseudosuchians
Dubious non-dinosaurian archosaur; replacement name for Avalonia Seeley, 1898 (non Walcott, 1889).


1961 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Pseudosuchians
A pseudosuchian of uncertain affinity. Replacement name for Dasygnathus Huxley, 1877 (non MacLeay, 1819).


1961 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Dinosaurs
A possible titanosaur Replacement name for "Campylodon" von Huen 1929


1961 in paleontology, Archosauromorphs, Birds
An Anatidae, moved to Histrionicuslli shotwelli by Olson & Rasmussen, 2001


1961 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1961 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1961 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by language and often by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1961 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1961 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1961 in professional wrestling
1961 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1961 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1961.


1961 in science
The year 1961 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1961 in spaceflight (January–June)
This is a list of spaceflights launched between January and June 1961. For launches between July and December, see 1961 in spaceflight (July–December). For an overview of the whole year, see 1961 in spaceflight.


1961 in spaceflight (January–June), Launches, June
After completing the mission, the Able upper stage exploded in orbit, creating hundreds of space debris.


1961 in spaceflight (July–December)
This is a list of spaceflights launched between July and December 1961. For launches between January and June, see 1961 in spaceflight (January–June). For an overview of the whole year, see 1961 in spaceflight.


1961 in sports
1961 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1961 in the Philippines
1961 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 1961.


1961 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
The following lists events that happened during 1961 in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville).


1961 in the United States, Events, April–June
"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."


1961 in the United States, Events, April–June
President John F. Kennedy before a joint session of Congress, May 25, 1961


1961 in the Vietnam War
The year 1961 saw a new American president, John F. Kennedy, attempt to cope with a deteriorating military and political situation in South Vietnam. The Viet Cong (VC) with assistance from North Vietnam made substantial gains in controlling much of the rural population of South Vietnam. Kennedy expanded military aid to the government of President Ngô Đình Diệm, increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam, and reduced the pressure that had been exerted on Diệm during the Eisenhower Administration to reform his government and broaden his political base.


1961 in the Vietnam War
The year was marked by halfhearted attempts of the United States Army to respond to Kennedy's emphasis on developing a greater capability in counterinsurgency, although the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) began providing counterinsurgency training to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and other security forces. The Kennedy Administration debated internally about introducing U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, but Kennedy decided against ground soldiers.


1961 in the Vietnam War
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began assisting Montagnard irregular forces, American pilots began flying combat missions to support South Vietnamese ground forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of herbicides (Agent Orange) to kill vegetation near roads threatened by the VC. By the end of the year, 3,205 American military personnel were in South Vietnam compared to 900 a year earlier.


1961 in the Vietnam War
North Vietnam continued to urge the VC to be cautious in South Vietnam and emphasized the importance of the political struggle against the governments of Diệm and the United States rather than the military struggle.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
United States Ambassador to South Vietnam Elbridge Durbrow forwarded a counterinsurgency plan for South Vietnam to the State Department in Washington. The plan provided for an increase in the size of the ARVN from 150,000 to 170,000 to be financed by the United States, an increase in the size of the Civil Guard from about 50,000 to 68,000 to be partially financed by the United States and a number of administrative and economic reforms to be accomplished by the Diệm government.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
The counterinsurgency plan was a "tacit recognition that the American effort...to create an [South Vietnamese] army that could provide stability and internal security...had failed.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the Soviet Union would support Wars of national liberation around the world.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
Counterinsurgency expert and Diệm friend General Edward Lansdale returned to Washington after a 12-day visit to South Vietnam. Diệm had requested the Lansdale visit. Lansdale concluded that the U.S. should "recognize that Vietnam is in a critical condition and...treat it as a combat area of the cold war" Lansdale pushed for Durbrow to be replaced. He called for a major American effort to regain the initiative, including a team of advisers to work with Diệm to influence him to undertake reforms.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
Operation Momentum was a secretive Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) program to raise a guerilla army from the Hmong tribes in Laos.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
In a meeting between outgoing President Eisenhower and President-elect Kennedy, Eisenhower did not mention Vietnam as one of the major problems facing the U.S.  Eisenhower described Laos as the "key to Southeast Asia."


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th U.S. President and declared, "...we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to insure the survival and the success of liberty."


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
General Lansdale wrote to Secretary of Defense designate Robert McNamara about his recent visit to South Vietnam. "It was a shock," said Lansdale, to find that the VC "had been able to infiltrate the most productive area of South Vietnam and gain control of nearly all of it except for narrow corridors protected by military actions."


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
The Politburo in North Vietnam assessed the situation of the VC in South Vietnam. In the Central Highlands the VC were making progress with good support from rural people and the ethnic minority Degar or Montagnards. In the Mekong Delta, however, the situation was less favorable due to the easy access to those areas by the South Vietnamese government. The revolutionary message in the cities was "narrow and weak" as rural cadres and urban dwellers mistrusted each other. The Politburo mandated that the VC concentrate on political struggle in the South and "avoid military adventurism." They were to prepare for war—but the time for protracted conflict had not yet arrived.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
The Politburo also created the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN) to coordinate military and political activity in South Vietnam. The U.S. would later devote much military effort to finding and destroying the Communist "Pentagon", but COSVN was always a mobile and widely dispersed organization and never a fixed place.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
President Kennedy met with his national security team for the first time. He approved the counterinsurgency plan proposed by the U.S. Embassy and authorized the additional funding needed to implement it. The plan called for increasing the size of the ARVN from 150,000 to 170,000 men.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
General Lansdale gave Kennedy a pessimistic report on the situation in South Vietnam. Kennedy proposed that Lansdale be named Ambassador to South Vietnam, but the Department of State and CIA successfully opposed the nomination. Lansdale was "not a team player" and "too independent."


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) chief General Lionel C. McGarr said that Diệm had done "a remarkably fine job during his five years in office and negative statements about him were half truths and insinuations. U.S. policy should be to support Diệm, not reform his government."


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
To the contrary, Ambassador Durbrow recommended that Secretary of State Dean Rusk press Diệm to reform his government and threaten to withhold aid if he refused.


1961 in the Vietnam War, January
In the Battle of Ban Pa Dong the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and Pathet Lao attacked Hmong forces of the Royal Lao Army forcing their dispersal.


1961 in the Vietnam War, February
The military force of the VC, the People's Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) was formed under the leadership of Tran Luong. Prior to this there had been no overall military command of the VC and the other groups united under the umbrella of the National Liberation Front.


1961 in the Vietnam War, February
Ambassador Durbrow urged on President Diệm a number of specific reforms in accordance with the counterinsurgency plan which conditioned U.S. military and economic aid on reforms in Diệm's government. Contrary to Durbrow, MAAG chief General McGarr expressed the view, supported by General Lansdale and Secretary Rusk, that the Department of Defense (DOD) should oppose conditioning U.S. aid on reform.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
Secretary of State Rusk told the Embassy that Kennedy "ranks the defense of Vietnam among the highest priorities of U.S. foreign policy." He said that President Kennedy was worried that the Diệm government would not survive the two years it would take to implement the reforms called for in the counterinsurgency plan.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
From this date U.S. military personnel are eligible to be awarded the Vietnam Campaign Medal with 1960 Device for service in South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
Operation Millpond was the deployment of U.S. air assets to Thailand for use in Laos, however the intervention was cancelled and the units eventually withdrawn.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
A USAF C-47 gathering intelligence over Laos was shot down by the Pathet Lao with six crewmen killed and one captured. The U.S. decided that henceforth all aircraft operating over Laos would bear Laotian identification markings.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
President Kennedy was briefed by the intelligence agencies about the deteriorating situation in South Vietnam. This was the first time that a National Intelligence Estimate expressed doubt about President Diệm's ability to deal with the insurgency. Kennedy decided to send 100 additional military advisers to South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, March
President Kennedy had pointed out the importance of counterinsurgency since the first days of his Presidency. In a speech to Congress, he said the United States needed "a greater ability to deal with guerrilla forces, insurrections, and subversion." He followed up his speech with proposals to expand the budget and military forces for unconventional war.


1961 in the Vietnam War, April
Diệm was re-elected President of South Vietnam with nearly 80 percent of the votes. The VC attempted to disrupt the election in rural areas.


1961 in the Vietnam War, April
Robert Grainger Ker Thompson, a British counterinsurgency expert who had helped the British defeat a communist insurgency in Malaya, visited South Vietnam at the invitation of President Diệm and presented a report to Diệm recommending a Strategic Hamlet Program to defeat the VC. Thompson would be an important adviser to the South Vietnamese government throughout the war, but had only a limited influence on the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations.


1961 in the Vietnam War, April
An advance party of the USAF 6010th Tactical Group arrived at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base at the request of the Thai government to establish an aircraft warning system. On 20 April six F-100 Super Sabres from the 510th Tactical Fighter Squadron based at Clark Air Base deployed to Don Muang in Operation Bell Tone. On 17 April USAF pilots began flying an RT-33 on reconnaissance missions over Laos under the code-name Operation Field Goal.


1961 in the Vietnam War, April
The report of a high-level study group headed by Undersecretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric said that "South Vietnam is nearing the decisive phase of its battle for survival" and that the situation is "critical but not hopeless." It recommended that the United States show "our friends, the Vietnamese, and our foes, the Viet Cong, that come what may, the US intends to win this battle."


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
A cease fire was declared in Laos between the Pathet Lao and government troops. President Kennedy had contemplated American military intervention in Laos but the cease fire damped down tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union supporting different Laotian factions.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
At a press conference, a reporter asked President Kennedy if he was considering the introduction of American combat troops into South Vietnam. Kennedy said he was concerned about the "barrage" faced by the government of South Vietnam from VC guerrillas and that the introduction of troops and other help was under consideration.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Lyman Lemnitzer told MAAG chief McGarr that "Kennedy was ready to do anything within reason to save Southeast Asia." Lemnitzer opined that "marginal and piecemeal efforts" would not save South Vietnam from a communist victory.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
Frederick Nolting, a career diplomat, arrived in Saigon to replace Durbrow as U.S. Ambassador. Nolting interpreted his instructions as primarily to improve relations with Diệm, strained by Durbrow's hectoring Diệm to make social and economic reforms. Nolting would try to influence Diệm by agreeing with him and supporting him unconditionally. Prior to this date, Nolting had never set foot in Asia.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
Vice President Lyndon Johnson arrived in South Vietnam for a three-day visit. Johnson's instructions were to "get across to President Diệm our confidence in him as a man of great stature." Johnson called Diệm "the Winston Churchill of Southeast Asia." Johnson also delivered a letter from Kennedy which approved an increase in the ARVN from 150,000 to 170,000 soldiers and said that the United States "was prepared to consider a further increase."


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
In a significant change from the policy of Ambassador Durbrow and the Eisenhower Administration, U.S. funding for the increase in military aid was not conditioned on the Diệm government undertaking social and economic reforms. Diệm, however, declined Kennedy's offer to introduce American combat troops into South Vietnam saying that it would be a propaganda victory for the VC.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
On his return to Washington Johnson noted the disaffection of the Vietnamese people with Diệm but concluded that the "existing government in Saigon is the only realistic alternative to Viet Minh [VC] control."


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
President Kennedy issued National Security Action Memorandum - 52 which called for a study of increasing the ARVN from 170,000 to 200,000; expanded MAAG responsibilities to include aid to the Civil Guard and Self Defense Corps; authorized sending 400 Special Forces soldiers to South Vietnam covertly to train ARVN; approved covert and intelligence operations in both North and South Vietnam; and proposed actions to improve relations between President Diem and the U.S.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
A 92-man unit of the Army Security Agency, operating under cover of the 3rd Radio Research Unit (3rd RRU), arrived at Tan Son Nhut Air Base and established a communications intelligence facility in disused Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) warehouses on the base (). This was the first full deployment of a U.S. Army unit to South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, May
The International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question convened in Geneva, Switzerland at the behest of Cambodia leader Prince Norodom Sihanouk. The objective of the meeting was to create a neutralist Laos free from superpower rivalries and to reach an amicable end to a civil war. North Vietnam, South Vietnam, the Soviet Union and the United States were among the countries participating in the conference. North Vietnam supported the concept of a neutral Laos.


1961 in the Vietnam War, June
President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev met in Vienna, Austria and expressed support for an international agreement to create a neutral and independent Laos.


1961 in the Vietnam War, June
President Diệm requested that the U.S. subsidize an increase in the ARVN from 170,000 to 270,000. The U.S. approved financing an increase of only 30,000 personnel.


1961 in the Vietnam War, June
Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and North Vietnamese Premier Phạm Văn Đồng in Beijing accused the United States of "aggression and intervention in South Vietnam."


1961 in the Vietnam War, July
General Maxwell Taylor was appointed by Kennedy as the "President's Military Representative." Taylor, a retired General returned to duty by Kennedy, was already a key adviser on Vietnam and military issues.


1961 in the Vietnam War, July
The U.S. Department of Defense recommended an increase in the ARVN from 170,000 to 200,000.


1961 in the Vietnam War, July
Ambassador Nolting recommended to Washington that U.S. aid to South Vietnam be increased to finance the expansion of the ARVN, cover a balance of payments deficit, and assure President Diệm of the seriousness of the U.S. commitment to his government.


1961 in the Vietnam War, August
Journalist Theodore White wrote a letter to President Kennedy about his visit to South Vietnam: "the situation gets steadily worse almost week by week.... Guerrillas now control almost all the Southern delta - so much that I could find no American who would drive me outside Saigon in his car even by day without military convoy... What perplexes the hell out of me is that the Commies, on their side, seem able to find people willing to die for their cause."


1961 in the Vietnam War, August
The French diplomatic mission in Haiphong reported widespread dissatisfaction with the North Vietnamese government. Austerity measures and reduced food rations were alienating even the "spouses of the highest ranking personalities in the Regime."


1961 in the Vietnam War, August
For the first time the United States used herbicides in the war. U.S. airplanes sprayed herbicides on forests near Dak To.


1961 in the Vietnam War, September
Two battalions (approximately 1,000 men) of communist troops who had recently infiltrated South Vietnam from Laos, overran Kon Tum, capital of Kontum Province. The communists repelled a rescue effort by ARVN and Civil Guards on 3 September and faded into the jungle before two battalions of ARVN arrived on 4 September.


1961 in the Vietnam War, September
MAAG issued its "Geographically Phased National Level Operation Plan for Counterinsurgency" plan which envisioned the pacification of South Vietnam by the end of 1964. The first step proposed in the plan was a sweep by ARVN through the VC dominated "Zone D", a forested area 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Saigon. The South Vietnamese government did not execute the plan, favoring instead an alternative, and much less detailed, plan advanced by British counterinsurgency expert Robert Thompson.


1961 in the Vietnam War, September
The VC overrun Phước Thành 55 miles (89 km) north of Saigon. They held a "people's trial" of the province chief and his deputy and then beheaded both men in the town square.


1961 in the Vietnam War, September
The 5th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, it would see extensive service in the war.


1961 in the Vietnam War, September
The United Kingdom established the British Advisory Mission (BRIAM) in Saigon under Robert Thompson. BRIAM would advise President Diệm on counterinsurgency strategy and function as an alternative to MAAG.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
Speaking to his National Assembly, President Diệm said that "it is no longer a guerrilla war but one waged by an enemy who attacks us with regular units fully and heavily equipped and seeks a decision in Southeast Asia in conformity with the orders of the Communist International.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
David A. Nuttle, an International Voluntary Services employee, met with CIA Station Chief William Colby. Tuttle worked with the Rhade people, one of the Montagnard ethnic groups of Darlac province in the Central Highlands about 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Saigon. Colby asked Nuttle to help "create a pilot model of a Montagnard defended village." The CIA and U.S. military were looking for means to combat the growing influence of the VC in the Central Highlands.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
Nuttle rejected the proposed strategy of the South Vietnamese government and MAAG of putting the Montagnards on "reservations" and making the remainder of the Central Highlands a free fire zone. Instead he said that, while the Rhade would not fight for South Vietnam, they would defend their villages and thereby resist VC control. The CIA decided to initiate a pilot project to implement Tuttle's ideas.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
Ambassador Nolting sent the following message to Washington: "Two of my closest colleagues [Embassy officers Joseph Mendenhall and Arthur Gardiner] believe that this country cannot attain the required unity, total national dedication, and organizational efficiency necessary to win with Diệm at helm. This may be true. Diệm does not organize well, does not delegate sufficient responsibility to his subordinates and does not appear to know how to cultivate large-scale political support. In my judgment, he is right and sound in his objectives and completely forthright with us. I think it would be a mistake to seek an alternative to Diệm at this time or in the foreseeable future. Our present policy of all-out support to the present government here is, I think, our only feasible alternative."


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
The Joint Chiefs of Staff presented President Kennedy with a report stating that the defeat of the VC would require 40,000 U.S. combat troops, plus another 120,000 to guard the borders to deal with threats of invasion or infiltration by North Vietnam or China.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
General Richard G. Stilwell, submitted a report to the Secretary of the Army and Army Chief of Staff stating that the efforts of the Army to develop counterinsurgency strategy had been a "failure to evolve simple and dynamic doctrine. The report called for the whole Army to take on counterinsurgency as its mission rather than relegating it to Special Forces


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
General Maxwell Taylor arrived in Saigon as head of a mission sent by President Kennedy to examine the feasibility of U.S. military intervention in Vietnam. Presidential Adviser Walter Rostow and General Lansdale, a counterinsurgency expert and friend of President Diệm, were among the members of his delegation. Taylor proposed a new partnership between South Vietnam and the U.S. that would involve dispatching 8,000 to 10,000 American soldiers to South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
These soldiers would permit joint planning of military operations, improved intelligence, increased covert activities, more American advisers, trainers, and special forces and the introduction of American helicopter and light aircraft squadrons. Most significantly, they would also "conduct such combat operations as are necessary for self-defense and for the security of the area in which they are stationed."


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
During the Taylor visit President Diệm met privately with Lansdale and later requested that he be assigned to South Vietnam. Instead, President Kennedy gave Lansdale the job of attempting to depose or kill Cuban leader Fidel Castro. According to Walt Rostow, the failure to send Lansdale to South Vietnam was due to jealousy by the State Department and the Defense Department of Lansdale's unique access and influence with Diệm.


1961 in the Vietnam War, October
North Vietnam's two-track approach, building socialism in the North while providing limited support to the VC in the South, was criticized by members of the National Assembly in Hanoi who gave a bleak view of the prospects for the revolution in South Vietnam. Increased American aid had increased the ability of the Diệm government to oppress its people and to inflict damage on the VC. They derided the assistance the North had provided to the VC. One Assemblyman, to make the point about oppression in the South, cited statistics gathered by the National Liberation Front that the Diệm government had killed 77,500 people between 1954 and 1960 and imprisoned 270,000 political dissidents.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
Senator Mike Mansfield, formerly a strong supporter of President Diệm, took exception to Taylor's report. He told President Kennedy to be cautious when contemplating American combat soldiers in Vietnam. Mansfield said, "we cannot hope to substitute armed power for the kind of political and economic social changes that offer the best resistance to communism." If reforms had not been achieved in South Vietnam in the previous several years, "I do not see how American combat troops can do it today."


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
According to his own account of a Washington meeting, State Department official George Ball warned General Taylor and Secretary of Defense McNamara that introducing 8,000 or more American soldiers into South Vietnam might cause "a protracted conflict far more serious than Korea.... The Vietnam problem was not one of repelling overt invasion but of mixing ourselves up in a revolutionary situation with strong anti-colonialist overtones." Three other State Department officials also expressed their opposition to the introduction of American combat soldiers: Averell Harriman, Chester Bowles, and John Kenneth Galbraith. Secretary of State Rusk had reservations because Diệm was "a losing horse."


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
The Rhade people of Buon Enao, a village of 400 people 6 miles (9.7 km) from the city of Ban Me Thout, made an agreement with the ARVN and the CIA to serve as a model village to be defended against the VC. The Rhade conditions were that all ARVN attacks against their villages and their neighbors, the Jarai, would cease, amnesty would be given to all Rhade who had helped the VC and the government would provide medical, educational, and agricultural assistance.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
Buon Enao, in exchange, would create a self-defense force, initially armed only with crossbows and spears and fortify the village. If proven successful, the Buon Enao model would be replicated elsewhere in the Central Highlands which constituted most of South Vietnam's area, although had only a small share of its population. This was the beginning of the Civilian Irregular Defense Group program (CIDG).


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
President Kennedy approved a "selective and carefully controlled joint program of defoliant operations" in Vietnam. The initial use of herbicides was to be for clearance of key land routes, but might proceed to the use of herbicides to kill food crops. This was the beginning of Operation Ranch Hand which would defoliate much of South Vietnam during the next decade.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
Four RF-101C reconnaissance aircraft of the 45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron stationed at Misawa AB, Japan, and their photo lab arrived at Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base under Operation Able Marble. The RF-101s were sent to replace the RT-33 aircraft in performing aerial reconnaissance flights over Laos.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
British counterinsurgency expert Robert Thompson presented his plan for pacifying the Mekong Delta to President Diệm. The essence of the plan was to win the loyalties of the rural people in the Delta rather than kill VC. Instead of search and destroy military sweeps by large ARVN forces, Thompson proposed "clear and hold" actions. Protection of the villages and villages was an ongoing process, not an occasional military sweep. The means of protecting the villages would be "strategic hamlets", lightly fortified villages in low risk areas. In more insecure areas, especially along the Cambodian border, villages would be more heavily defended or the rural dwellers relocated.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
The British plan and the preference shown it by President Diệm caused consternation at MAAG and with its chief, General McGarr. Much of the British plan was contrary to American counterinsurgency plans. However, in Washington many State Department and White House officials received the British plan favorably. Many questioned the view of the DOD that conventional military forces and tactics would defeat the VC.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
At a meeting of the National Security Council President Kennedy expressed doubts about the wisdom of introducing combat soldiers into South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
Anticipating that President Kennedy would soon decide to dispatch American combat soldiers to South Vietnam, "Farm Gate" American aircraft began arriving in South Vietnam. The "Jungle Jim" 1st Air Commando Group was to train the RVNAF using older aircraft. Air Commandos would have a "second mission of combat operations."


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
President Kennedy approved National Security Action Memorandum, No. 111 which authorized the U.S. to provide additional equipment and support to South Vietnam, including helicopters and aircraft, to train the South Vietnamese Civil Guard and Self-Defense Corps and to assist the South Vietnamese military in a number of areas, plus providing economic assistance to the government. The NSAM also called for South Vietnam to improve its military establishment and mobilize its resources to prosecute the war. Thus, Kennedy stopped short of what many of his advisers, including General Taylor, had advised: the introduction of U.S. combat soldiers into South Vietnam. Kennedy's decision not to introduce combat troops surprised the DOD which had been assembling forces to be assigned to South Vietnam, including Farm Gate aircraft. However, Kennedy's decision was a visible and undeniable violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954, still technically in force.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
President Kennedy approved the use of herbicides in South Vietnam to kill vegetation along roads and to destroy crops being grown to feed the VC. The herbicide most used would become known as Agent Orange.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
At a White House meeting of top officials, President Kennedy complained about the lack of "whole-hearted support" for his policies and demanded to know who at the DOD was responsible in Washington for his Vietnam program. Secretary of Defense McNamara said he would be responsible. Kennedy also demanded that Ambassador Nolting in Saigon press Diệm to take action to reform his government.


1961 in the Vietnam War, November
President Kennedy called a meeting of the U.S. Army's top commanders. He expressed disappointment that the army had not moved more quickly to implement his counterinsurgency proposals, saying, "I want you guys to get with it. I know that the Army is not going to develop in this counterinsurgency field and do the things that I think must be done unless the Army itself wants to do it." He followed the meeting up with a memo to Secretary of Defense McNamara saying he was "not satisfied that the Department of Defense, and in particular the Army, is according the necessary degree of attention and effort to the threat of insurgency and guerrilla war."


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
According to French reports from their diplomatic mission in Hanoi, several revolts by peasants and minority groups had been ruthlessly repressed during the previous several months by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and challenges to the government had become rare.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
A dozen U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers arrived in Buon Enao to begin the CIDG project. ARVN Special Forces were already in the village building a dispensary and a fence around the village, and training a 30-man self-defense force. The CIA provided rifles and sub-machine guns to the self-defense force. The Buon Enao experiment was a holistic approach to the threat of the insurgency, relying on social and economic programs as well as military measures to create an anti-communist movement among the Montagnard people who traditionally mistrusted Vietnamese of all political persuasions.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
The Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal was authorized for award to U.S. military personnel serving in South Vietnam from 1 July 1958 and Laos from 19 April 1961.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
USAF General Curtis LeMay urged the Joint Chiefs of Staff to try to persuade President Kennedy to approve the introduction of substantial combat forces into South Vietnam.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
"The first fruits" of the Taylor mission arrived in Saigon: 32 CH-21 Shawnee 20-passenger helicopters, four single-engine training planes and about 400 U.S. crewmen aboard the USS Core. In addition 15 T-28C Trojans were provided to the RVNAF.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
Operation Pincushion was a covert U.S. Special Forces program to train hill tribes in southern Laos to become guerilla fighters for the Royal Lao Army.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
Secretary of Defense McNamara met with senior U.S. military leaders in Hawaii to discuss the implementation of the expanded military aid to South Vietnam. He listed three tenets: (1) We have great authority from the President; (2) Money is no object; and (3) The one restriction is that combat troops will not be introduced. In closing the meeting McNamara said the job of the U.S. military "was to win in South Viet Nam and if we weren't winning to tell him what was needed to win."


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
Cryptologist SP4 James T. Davis of the United States Army Security Agency's 3rd Radio Research Unit was operating a mobile PRD-1 receiver with an ARVN unit near Cầu Xáng when they were ambushed by VC and Davis was killed, becoming one of the first Americans killed in ground combat.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam numbered 3,205 compared to 900 at the end of 1960. Sixteen American soldiers were killed in South Vietnam in 1961 compared to nine in the previous five years. South Vietnamese military forces numbered almost 180,000 and police, militia, and paramilitary numbered 159,000. The South Vietnamese armed forces suffered 4,004 killed in action, nearly double the total killed in the previous year.


1961 in the Vietnam War, December
During 1961, North Vietnam infiltrated 6,300 persons, mostly southern communists who had migrated to North Vietnam in 1954-1955 and 317 tons of arms and equipment into South Vietnam. There were approximately 35,000 communist party members in South Vietnam. The VC were estimated by the United States to control 20 percent of the 15 million people in South Vietnam and influence 40 percent. In the rice-growing Mekong Delta, the VC were believed to control seven of the 13 provinces.


1961 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1961 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the ninth census of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia conducted a population census on 31 March 1961. 3,277,935 people populated the territory of Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.


1961 revolt in Somalia
The 1961 revolt in Somalia was an unsuccessful revolt and coup d'état attempt in northern Somalia which took place in December 1961. The coup plotters, a group of northern junior officers, intended to restore the independence of the State of Somaliland.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Background
After the Trust Territory of Somaliland was unified with the State of Somaliland in 1960, it was discovered that the two polities had been unified under different Acts of Union. The newly unified Somali Republic's parliament promptly created a new Act of Union for all of Somalia, but this new Act was widely rejected in the former State of Somaliland. Regardless, the southern-dominated parliament ordered a referendum in the entire country to confirm the Act of Union. Much of the north's population boycotted the referendum, and just 100,000 northerners voted at all.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Background
Of these, over 60% of those were against the union under the new Act. The referendum still passed. In addition, the Isaaq clan which dominated the north was traditionally hostile toward the Hawiye and Darod clans from the south that increasingly dominated politics in the entire republic. Northern support for the union consequently began to deteriorate.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Background
Unrest and opposition to the union further increased as southern politicians began taking up the majority of political positions in the newly unified Somali Republic. This led to fears that the former State of Somaliland could become a neglected outpost. In turn, many northern administrative officials and officers were moved to the south to defuse regional tensions.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Revolt
In addition to these tensions, there were also personal grievances among several officers of northern descent. They felt that officers from the south who had been appointed as their superiors following the unification were poorly educated and unfit as commanders. In addition, it was suspected that the government preferred Italian-trained officers from the south over British-trained officers from the north. A group of at least 24 junior officers, including several who had been trained in Great Britain, eventually conspired to end the union between Somalia and Somaliland. One of the coup plotters was Hussein Ali Duale who later became a leading Somaliland separatist politician. The conspirators believed that they enjoyed the support of General Daud Abdulle Hirsi, head of the Somali National Army.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Revolt
When the coup plotters launched their revolt in December 1961, they wanted to take over major towns in Somaliland. Researcher Ken Menkhaus argued that the coup attempt had "no chance of success" from the start, as the coup plotters did not enjoy majority support among the northern population or the local troops. One group of junior officer seized control of the radio station in Hargeisa, announcing their intentions and that they were supported by General Hirsi. Another group of coup plotters attempted arrest superior officers of southern origin in the town of Burao, but failed.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Revolt
The government in Mogadishu was surprised at the revolt, but reacted quickly. General Hirsi declared via Radio Mogadishu that he was not involved in the revolt, whereupon non-commissioned officers of northern origin moved against the coup members in Hargeisa. The loyalists retook Radio Hargeisa, killing one coup member. The revolt was put down in a matter of hours. All surviving coup members were arrested.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Aftermath
Though the revolt had not been supported by the northern population, the locals still sympathized with the coup members. The government was thus inclined to opt for a lenient treatment. The conspirators were put on trial, and the British judge acquitted them, reasoning that there existed no legitimate Act of Union. In consequence, the officers could not be sentenced based on the Act, while the entire southern presence in the north became legally questionable. The ruling's wider implications was generally ignored in Somalia at the time, but later became important for northerners who wanted to justify the separation of Somaliland from Somalia. Regardless, the Somali government accepted the ruling and released the junior officers.


1961 revolt in Somalia, Aftermath
In the decades after the unification, dissatisfaction about the perceived marginalization remained high in the north. Despite this, some members of Somaliland's political elite managed to gain high-ranking positions in the military and government. Even some of the officers who had taken part in the 1961 revolt, such as Duale, rose to prominent positions. This did not solve the tensions, and northern separatists eventually revolted in 1981, contributing to the Somali Rebellion. In 1991, Somaliland achieved de facto independence.


1961 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 6 teams, and KR won the championship. KR's Þórólfur Beck was the top scorer with 16 goals.


1961 – Toshiko Akiyoshi
1961 – Toshiko Akiyoshi is a compilation (effectively a combined re-issue of 2 albums) of previous Toshiko Akiyoshi recordings from 1961. All 5 tracks from the Asahi Sonorama releases, Long Yellow Road (also released as Tosiko Akiyosi Recital) as well as all 6 tracks from the King Records release Toshiko Meets Her Old Pals are contained on this album. All of these tracks, along with those of many other artists, are also included on the 12-CD box set, A History of King Jazz Recordings.


1961/62 NTFL season
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Paul2520 (talk | contribs) at 17:48, 17 November 2019 (Adding short description: "41st season of the NTFL" (Shortdesc helper)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1961/62 NTFL season
The 1961/62 NTFL season was the 41st season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL).


1961/62 NTFL season
St Marys have won there 5th premiership title while defeating the Buffaloes in the grand final by 16 points.


1961–1962 Massachusetts legislature
The 162nd Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1961 and 1962 during the governorship of John Volpe. John E. Powers served as president of the Senate and John F. Thompson served as speaker of the House. In 1962, the General Court expanded the University of Massachusetts outside of the Amherst campus with the creation of the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic
The 1961–1975 cholera pandemic (also known as the seventh cholera pandemic) was the seventh major outbreak of cholera and occurred principally from the years 1961 to 1975; the strain involved persists to the present. This pandemic, based on the strain called El Tor, started in Indonesia in 1961 and spread to Bangladesh by 1963. Then it went to India in 1964, followed by the Soviet Union by 1966. In July 1970, there was an outbreak in Odessa and in 1972 there were reports of outbreaks in Baku, but the Soviet Union suppressed this information.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic
It reached Italy in 1973 from North Africa. Japan and the South Pacific saw a few outbreaks by the late 1970s. In 1971, the number of cases reported worldwide was 155,000. In 1991, it reached 570,000. The spread of the disease was helped by modern transportation and mass migrations. Mortality rates, however, dropped markedly as governments began modern curative and preventive measures. The usual mortality rate of 50% dropped to 10% by the 1980s and less than 3% by the 1990s.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic
In 1991, the strain made a comeback in Latin America. It began in Peru, where it killed roughly 10,000 people. Research has traced the origin of the strain to the seventh cholera pandemic. It was suspected the strain came to Latin America through Asia from contaminated water, but samples from Latin America and samples from Africa were found to be identical.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic
This rapid transmission of the pathogen around the globe in the 20th century can be attributed to the major hub, the Bay of Bengal, the main place from which the disease spread. There have been six previous cholera pandemics. The seventh pandemic began in 1961 and is still occurring in 2020. Although the previous six pandemics were caused by the classical biotype of cholera, Vibrio cholerae, the El Tor lineage is the dominant strain in the seventh pandemic.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic
This pandemic can be categorized into two periods. During Period 1 (1961–1969), 24 Asian countries reported 419,968 cholera cases. In Period 2 (1970–1975), 73 countries from Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas reported 706,261 cases. Cholera is caused by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with the bacteria V. cholerae. It affects both children and adults, causing severe watery diarrhoea with dehydration.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Introduction
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Most commonly the contamination of food or water occurs via faecal matter, and the infection is spread through the faecal-oral route. Cholera has also been found to be caused by eating raw shellfish. Symptoms of the disease appear between 12 hours and 5 days of infection, however, only 10% of infected people show severe symptoms of watery diarrhoea, vomiting and leg cramps.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Introduction
Cholera is diagnosed through a stool test or rectal swab and treatment takes the form of an oral rehydration solution (ORS). The ORS utilises equimolar concentrations of sodium and glucose to maximise sodium uptake in the small intestine, and carefully replaces fluid losses. In severe cases, the rapid loss of bodily fluids leads to dehydration and patients are at risk of shock. This requires administration of intravenous fluids and antibiotics. The transmission of cholera is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities and hence, at risk areas are slums and poor communities. The spread of cholera from 1961 to 1975 identify factors that played a role in the cholera pandemic. Terrorism, floods, improper sewage disposal and a lack of environmental hygiene were the main causes of the spread.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Sources
The history of the 7th pandemic can be traced to the beginning of 1961. The evolution of the classical cholera strain from the first 6 pandemics has been revealed through genetic analysis. The first observation of the new lineage comes from a laboratory in El Tor, Egypt, in 1897 and by this time, the ‘El Tor’ strain differed from its relatives by 30%. It originated in South-Asia then transitioned to its non-pathogenic form in the Middle East in 1900.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Sources
It was sometime between 1903 and 1908 that the El Tor strain picked up DNA that triggered its ability to cause disease in humans. Hence, it had evolved into the El Tor pandemic strain. Makassar, South Sulawesi was the source of a 1960 outbreak of the El Tor strain, where it gained new genes that likely increased transmissibility. Cholera then spread overseas in 1961, indicating a pandemic strain. Many studies point to Indonesia as the source of the 7th cholera pandemic, however research has indicated that outbreaks in China between 1960 and 1990 were associated with the same sub-lineages.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Sources
These strains spread globally from the Bay of Bengal on multiple occasions. This classifies China as both a sink and source during the pandemic spread of cholera throughout the 1960s and 1970s. This information that the pandemic spread of cholera may have been augmented by Chinese cases, in addition to China being named as an origin for bordering countries, contrasts with the view that the pandemic began in Indonesia, as many sources relay.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
The El Tor cholera outbreak was first reported in Java, a seaside community near Kendal which was visited by travellers from Makassar in May 1961. Shortly after, Semarang and Djakarta became infected in June.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
The disease was carried into Kuching, Sarawak when boats from Celebes participated in a regatta in Kuching and the first cholera cases appeared on 1 July. This outbreak lasted 2 weeks, infecting 582 persons with 79 deaths (17% mortality). By August, the outbreak had reached Kalimantan and Macau (13 patients and 6 deaths). The first case in Hong Kong appeared on 15 August in a community near Kwangtung, a fishing area. The second case was from a boat-dwelling population on the way from Kwangtung to Hong Kong. Hong Kong had 72 cases with 15 deaths (20.8% mortality).


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
By February 1, 1962, 4,107 people were infected with cholera, with 897 deaths (21.8% mortality). By September, despite a massive vaccination campaign, cholera had rapidly moved through the Philippines, where the number of infected people reached 15,000 by March 1962, with 2,005 deaths. In the Philippines alone, mortality reached 1,682 in 1962. It was then reintroduced into British Borneo supposedly by an asymptomatic traveller from Jolo Island. Outbreaks subsequently occurred in Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore and India.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
In 1963, WHO declared that cholera remained the number-one killer in diseases subject to international quarantine, having been reported in Taiwan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Southern Russia, Iraq, Korea, Burma, Cambodia, South Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Nepal, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Hong Kong.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
The mid-60s saw cholera infiltrate Southeast Asia, with outbreaks in Chittagong, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia, and India in 1964. The El Tor strain then moved further westward, invading South Asia in 1965, including Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran and part of Uzbekistan SSR. Iran had been free from cholera since 1939 and had reported 2,704 cases by mid-October. When these outbreaks occurred in Iran, the Pasteur Institute of Iran produced 9.5 million cholera vaccines to protect the population of the eastern regions of Iran. In 1966 Iraq then reported its first case.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
The cholera strain reached the Middle East and Africa in 1970 and spread rapidly. It is thought that a traveller returning from Asia or the Middle East introduced the disease into Africa. The Arabian Peninsula, Syria and Jordan became infected, followed by Guinea in August 1970. Cholera was first thought to have spread along waterways along the coast and into the interior along the rivers, November 1970 saw the modernised rapid transport of infected individuals. This allowed cholera to extend 1,000 km, when it appeared in Mopti, Mali.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Spread and mortality
Subsequently, large gatherings of people facilitated the outward radiation of cholera and from 1970 to 1971, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria and southern Cameroon, experienced outbreaks. The west-African outbreak of cholera during 1970–1971 infected more than 400,000 persons. Africa carried a high cholera fatality rate of 16% by 1962. 25 countries were infected by the end of 1971 and between 1972 and 1991, cholera spread throughout much of the remainder of Africa.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
An international campaign began in 1970, including the research laboratory in Dacca, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO), the United Kingdom, Australia and various American agencies. Human volunteers took part in an NIH-sponsored series of tests to develop an effective cholera vaccine. At this time, new outbreaks of cholera were occurring in Egypt, South Korea and the Soviet Union.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
The 1964 invention of the ORS was endorsed by WHO in the 1980s. It is estimated to have saved the lives of 40 million individuals infected with cholera. As a result of the achievements of ORS, the past 30 years have seen a cholera response centred around treating individuals who are affected in the short term, and attempting to provide safe water and improved hygiene in the long term.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
Furthermore, the cholera pandemic beginning in 1962 is identified through the ‘El Tor’ biotype, which has fostered considerable research into this specific strain of cholera. This pandemic has conveyed the increased resistance of El Tor to the environment. This has heightened the risk of unknowing transmission from asymptomatic carriage in humans, as opposed to the classical biotype that caused the first six cholera pandemics.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
The previous opinion of health workers who are against the administration of the cholera vaccine voiced that resources should be directed at rehydration and the provision of safe water and improved sanitation. This is because sanitised environments, appropriately cooking food before consumption, using sterilised water and following general personal hygiene, decrease the spread of cholera. As of yet, cholera control activities have been focused on emergency responses to outbreaks, with limited attention to the underlying causes that can prevent future recurrence. However, the development of new and improved cholera vaccines has allowed this approach to be revised.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
Further, recent research has advanced our understanding of cholera, its transmission and the immune response. Subsequently, a result of these advances has been the development of experimental cholera vaccines derived from non-living and attenuated live strains. The FDA recently approved a single dose live oral cholera vaccine called Vaxchora for adults aged 18–64 who are travelling to an area of active cholera transmission. Furthermore, a Haiti study shows lasting protection from a two-dose cholera vaccine. During the 2010–2017 cholera outbreak in Haiti, those who received the two doses of the vaccine were 76% less likely to become sick. This protection lasted 4 years.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
Further, the clinical severity of this biotype causing pandemic cholera in 1962, has led to modern research into targeted administration of antimicrobials in the initial phase of an outbreak. This was tested in the 1970s with tetracycline and found not useful due to resistance against this antibiotic. However, questions have been raised alluding to newer drugs and whether the administration of these will be more useful than previous attempts.


1961–1975 cholera pandemic, Research
The ongoing 7th pandemic has affirmed that the severity of cholera is still prevalent in society, an issue recognised by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC). They convened a high-level meeting with officials from cholera-affected countries, donors and technical partners to announce their strategy “The Global Roadmap to 2030”, an initiative to end cholera as a threat to public health by 2030. The three components of the strategy are: “early detection and quick response to contain the outbreaks; a multi-sectorial approach to prevent cholera recurrence, and, coordination of technical support and advocacy, resource mobilisation and partnership at the global level.


1961–62 1re série season
The 1961–62 1re série season was the 41st season of the 1re série, the top level of ice hockey in France. Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt won their 3rd league title. Chamonix Hockey Club automatically qualified for the final as last year's champion. The game between them and the regular season champion, Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt, did not take place, and Boulogne-Billancourt was declared champions.


1961–62 A Group
Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1961–1962 season.


1961–62 A Group, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and CSKA Sofia won the championship.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season
The 1961–62 season saw AC Milan competed in Serie A, Coppa Italia and Fairs Cup. The club went on to win the Serie A. In the Coppa Italia they were knocked out by Mondena who played in Serie B.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Summary
The 1961–62 season gave way to Nereo Rocco as newly appointed manager  and Dino Sani's arrival (replacing Jimmy Greaves in November)  that provided President Andrea Rizzoli with the right amount of talent to aim for a championship win.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Summary
Young star Gianni Rivera initially struggled to gain playing time under new manager Nereo Rocco during the 1961–62 season, his second at the club, also being linked with loans to Vicenza and Juventus, but won his way back into the starting line-up and played a decisive role, scoring 10 goals in the league. Throughout the season, Rivera formed an important relationship with the legendary manager and catenaccio mastermind; he played a key role in the club's successes under Rocco, who subsequently built a hard-working, winning team around Rivera that complemented the midfielder's creative playing style.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Summary
The season started with success at home against Juventus (5-1), and then created an unstoppable winning streak for Milan, that would see them only lose once in twenty-one matches. It would also be a defeat for Juventus back in their own home town that year, as Milan delivered a 4–2 win.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Summary
It would seem Rocco's only regret of the 1961–62 season would be in the Milano Derby as Inter won with the result 2–0. In spite of those who accused the father and pioneer of the real catenaccio, Milan gave way to dominate the field with eighty-three goals scored in thirty-four games (an average of 2.4 goals per match) and with thirty-four goals conceded. While Juventus was nowhere near the top contention that year, Inter, Fiorentina, and Bologna were the only true runner-ups for the scudetto race.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Summary
That same year, Milan played in the Fourth Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (this was the predecessor of the UEFA Europa League Cup), however, Milan did not go far and lost in the first round against the Yugoslavian team Novi Sud.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Season squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1961–62 A.C. Milan season, Transfers, Loans
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1961–62 AHL season
The 1961–62 AHL season was the 26th season of the American Hockey League. The league initiates the James C. Hendy Memorial Award for outstanding team or league executives. The league resumes East and West Divisions. The John D. Chick Trophy is first awarded for the West Division champions of the regular season. The F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy is awarded to East Division champions of the regular season. Eight teams played 70 games each in the schedule. The Springfield Indians finished first overall again in the regular season, and won their third consecutive Calder Cup championship.


1961–62 AHL season, Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;