1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington
One of two Jack "Mad Dog" O'Billovich's interceptions helped set up Steve Clark's game-winning 21-yard field goal with five seconds left in the first half. After the game, newspapers marveled at the Beaver's use of the seldom-seen no-huddle offense on the drive. Neither team could muster anything in the second half. Espalin, who served as State's "squib" punter, handling punting duties on the opponent's half of the field, pinned the Huskies within the five-yard line three times. Dick Ruhl clinched the game on a fourth quarter interception.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington
Oregon State's defense held Washington to 139 yards in the game with all but 73 yards coming on the Huskies' 66-yard touchdown drive. Charlie Shaw was named the Athletic Association of Western Universities Back of the Week for his play. Oregon State and Washington have not met in Portland since the 9-7 Beaver victory.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Idaho
The game marked the first time all season that Oregon State played a game in Corvallis, Oregon. The Beavers took the opening kickoff and drove 53 yards to the Idaho 21, but Steve Clark's field goal was short. Oregon State ended the first quarter at Idaho's 15, but the Vandals intercepted a pass in the second quarter to kill off that drive. The Beavers had an apparent touchdown called back for illegal procedure, so Oregon State kicked a 22-yard field goal to go up 3-0. The Vandals went up 7-3 on a 62-yard third quarter drive.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Idaho
With 5:04 left in the third, the Vandals were forced to punt from their own three. Danny Espalin returned the third quarter punt 43 yards for a touchdown, turning a 7-3 Oregon State deficit into a 10-7 Beaver victory. In the fourth quarter Idaho drove down to Oregon State's 18 yard-line, but the Vandals' 25-yard field goal was no good. Idaho's coach was Dee Andros, who took the head coaching position at Oregon State early in 1965. The Beavers' win was their second and final victory over their future coach.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
Syracuse's backfield featured two future AFL All-Stars, Floyd Little at tailback and Jim Nance at fullback. The duo combined for 14 touchdowns in the first five games for the Orangemen. Nance was also the defending NCAA heavyweight wrestling champion. Syracuse entered the game on a four-game winning streak, having held their opponents to four touchdowns over the span. In the process, the defense earned the odd nickname "The Spiders." The Orangmen were ranked as high as seventh coming into the game.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
On Syracuse's opening drive, Wally Mahle connected with Little, who broke three tackles and sauntered into the end zone to complete the 55-yard touchdown reception. Oregon State responded by scoring 31 consecutive points. Cliff Watkins ran in from 13 yards out to knot the game at seven. Paul Brothers then took over, throwing for two touchdowns and running for another. Watkins caught Brothers' second touchdown pass. Nance's two-yard run in the fourth quarter made the final score 31-13. The 13 points were the most the Beavers had surrendered in 1964.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Syracuse
The late touchdown staved off what would have been Syracuse's biggest loss in a decade. The 18-point loss was still the biggest for Syracuse in almost two years and was the largest the Orangemen experienced in 1964. At season's end, Syracuse was invited to play in the Sugar Bowl. The 31 points were the most the Spiders surrendered all year.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington State
Oregon State entered the game having not won on Halloween since 1936. The game served as the Cougars' homecoming game. On the game's second play, Washington State's Clarence Williams fumbled. The Beavers recovered at the Cougars' 42 and marched 42 yards for the touchdown. Paul Brothers, who played most of the game with bruised ribs, hit Doug McDougal for the touchdown and a 7–0 lead. Washington State responded by driving 80 yards to knot the score at seven. Oregon State marched to the Cougar five, but Booker Washington's run on fourth-and-one was stopped for a loss.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington State
After holding Washington State, the Beavers got the ball at midfield. Brothers' 12-yard touchdown run capped off the 50-yard drive to give the Beavers a 14-7 lead. For most of the rest of the game, both teams' defenses dominated. With less than two minutes left, Steve Clark made a 26-yard field goal attempt. Marv Crowston, who started the season as a backup quarterback against Northwestern and who had been subsequently converted into a running back, had another touchdown plunge. The win was Oregon State's last Halloween victory until the Beavers' 26–19 win over UCLA in 2009.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Indiana
Indiana made its only trip to Corvallis, Oregon. The AAWU and Big Ten met seven time prior to the Hoosiers traveling to Corvallis in 1964 with each contest ending in a Big Ten win. Oregon State struck first on a 46-yard tackle eligible touchdown pass from Brothers to "Big" Bill Stellmacher. The teams went into the locker rooms tied at 14. Clark kicked a 34-yard field goal to put the Beavers up 17-14 in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Brothers dove into the end zone from six yards out for a 24-14 win.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Indiana
The Hoosiers' loss to the Beavers was its second biggest loss of the year. After the game, Indiana's head coach, Phil Dickens said, "I said it before and I’ll say it again: Oregon State is as good a ball club as we play this year." Dickens' words were high praise, considering Indiana had stayed within one score of #5 Ohio State in Columbus. The Beavers' win is the last meeting between the programs and the only meeting between the two programs in Corvallis.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
The highlight of Stanford's season was upsetting #7 and undefeated Oregon on Halloween. #8 Oregon State presented the Indians the chance to claim a second Top Ten victim and simultaneously sweep the state of Oregon. Dave Lewis became the first Native American to start a game at quarterback for the Stanford Indians. San Francisco 49er and Oregon State alumnus, Vern Burke, was on hand to watch the Beavers.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
On Stanford's first possession, Oregon State forced the Indians to punt, but Dan Espalin fumbled inside the Beaver 10. The defense held Stanford out of the end zone, but the Indians' Braden Beck kicked a 23-yard field goal for a 3-0 lead. Later in the first half, Stanford got a first down at the one-yard line, but Oregon State held the Indians to -1 yards in four carries to preserve the three-point deficit.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
In the second half, the Beavers forced Stanford to punt at the Indian 45 but were flagged for having too many men on the field. Stanford drove the final 50 yards for a touchdown and a 9-0 lead. The Beavers responded by driving 77 yards in five plays, capped by Paul Brothers' 21-yard touchdown pass to Bob Grim to pull within two. In the fourth quarter, the Indians again drove to the Oregon State one before losing a yard on fourth down.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Stanford
The Beavers' last real threat ended when Medford native Dick Ragsdale intercepted Brothers' pass to Grim at the Stanford 19 and returned the ball back to the 43. From there, the Indians drove 57 yards for the clinching touchdown with four minutes left. The two Oregon State turnovers were the only ones for either team. Brothers completed 11 of 22 passes for 134 yards and ran for another 46. The 180 total yards gave him 1360 on the year, the third-highest single season total in Oregon State history behind Terry Baker's 1960 and 1962 campaigns. Stanford's victory over Oregon and Oregon State gave the Indians a sweep of Oregon for the first time since 1953.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
The Beavers entered the game in a four-way tie for first place with the Bruins, Huskies, and Trojans. Oregon and Washington State also had outside shots at the Rose Bowl. In order to qualify for the Rose Bowl, Oregon and the Washingtons needed the Bruins and Trojans to tie. A Bruin-Trojan tie also would have put Oregon State in the Rose Bowl with a win. The Beavers also could clinch at least a share of the conference championship with a win.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
The Ducks started the season 6-0 and #7 in the AP poll before a last-minute Stanford field goal derailed their season. Oregon followed up the home loss with a home tie against Washington State. The Ducks had not lost or tied a road game in almost two years, the last time Oregon played in Corvallis. 30,154 people were in attendance, the most to ever watch a game in Corvallis up until that time.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
Oregon State only committed 10 turnovers in the previous nine games, but Oregon managed to recover three Beaver fumbles in the first half. In the first quarter, Brothers and Booker Washington combined to fumble on first-and-goal at the Duck three. After recovering a second Oregon State's fumbles at the Oregon five, the Ducks drove 95 yards for a touchdown. However, the Beavers' Al East manage to block the extra point to keep the score 6-0. Oregon dominated the third quarter, driving to the Oregon State 16 before being pushed back.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Oregon
The Beavers' final drive began at the Duck 41 with 5:43 left. Brothers converted two fourth down carries on the drive to give Oregon State a first down at the 18. Prothro then called a draw play that Washington ran for 17 yards down to the one. Washington completed the drive by plowing in from the one with 54 seconds left, scoring his only collegiate touchdown in the process. Steve Clark's all-important extra point attempt split the uprights for a 7-6 Beaver lead. The Beavers' drive was 41 yards on 11 plays, taking 4:49 off the clock. In the final 54 seconds, the Ducks managed to drive to the Beaver 27, but their field goal fell short with no time left. Prothro was carried off the field by the players.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
The Trojans wound up crushing the Bruins 34-13 behind three touchdown passes by future Oregon State coach Craig Fertig. A big Southern California victory was the worst possible result for Oregon State. The win gave the Trojans a 6-3 overall record with a game against the #1 Fighting Irish left. Because Southern California had a game left to play, the Athletic Association of Western universities coaches agreed that, unless the Beavers or Trojans got unanimous support, they would wait to choose the conference representative until after the Battle for the Jeweled Shillelagh. Neither team received unanimous support, so the conference delayed the vote. Many sportswriters and Southern California fans understood this to mean that a win over Notre Dame game would get the Trojans a Rose Bowl berth, but the delay was purely procedural.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
The Trojans wound up beating the Irish 20-17 behind Fertig's two touchdown passes. The conference vote took place immediately after the game concluded, splitting four votes apiece. Each team voted for itself; the three northern universities, which had all lost to the Beavers, voted for Oregon State and the three California universities, which had all lost to the Trojans, voted for Southern California. The tiebreaker, which was implemented only the previous February (before Oregon State was admitted to the conference), was to eliminate the team that had most recently gone to the Rose Bowl and Southern California had gone two years earlier.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
The Beavers had a better record than the Trojans and also had won one of the two conference victories against the Big Ten, albeit against cellar-dwelling Indiana. The Beavers beat three teams with winning records to the Trojans' two, and two of the teams that the Beavers beat were top ten teams, when the game was played, Oregon and Syracuse. The Beavers and Trojans each went 2-1 against common opponents, although Southern California beat Colorado more decisively and lost to Washington by a single point.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
Trojans fans, many of whom lived in Pasadena, were livid, particularly because of the delay in the final vote. In addition, conference rules only permitted one team to play in a bowl game, which meant that Southern California's players, students, and fans were stuck in Southern California. The result was a very hostile environment for Oregon State before and during the Rose Bowl.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the Civil War
The Trojans' athletic director Jess Hill called the vote "one of the rankest injustices ever perpetrated in the field of intercollegiate athletics." Trojan students lit bonfires of protest on the school's Fraternity Row. As part of the pregame festivities, the Beavers attended a Los Angeles Laker basketball game and were booed by the Los Angeles crowd.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Michigan defeated #6 Navy and Roger Staubach by 21 and #9 Michigan State by a touchdown. Then, the Wolverines lost to unheralded Purdue, led by sophomore quarterback Bob Griese, by a single point after failing on a two-point conversion. After the close loss, Michigan won five straight, including the finale against #7 Ohio State to win the Big Ten conference. The Wolverines quarterback/kicker Bob Timberlake set a Big Ten record by scoring 67 points. Wolverine coach, Bump Elliott, was no stranger to Oregon State, having been an assistant under former Beaver coach Kip Taylor.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Michigan's Rose Bowl invitation was its first bowl invitation in fourteen years. It remains the Wolverines longest bowl drought since its 46-year drought between the 1902 and 1948 Rose Bowls. Michigan's fan base appeared to want to make the game memorable, releasing a pig that ambled for a touchdown, during the game. Oregon State broke a scoreless tie in the second quarter, driving 84 yards in 17 plays to take a 7-0 lead. Paul Brothers misfired on his first passing attempt but connected on his next six, finishing the drive by finding Paul McDougal for a five-yard touchdown pass.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Outside of the touchdown drive, Brothers was three-for-ten passing. After a quick kick on third-and-ten and a clipping penalty, the Beavers had Michigan pinned at their own 16. The Wolverines ran option right. Michigan's Mel Anthony caught the ball at his 10 and ran towards the right before, juking the final Beaver defender and running down the middle of the field for a Rose Bowl-record 84-yard touchdown. Timberlake's extra point sailed wide. After the missed extra point, a Michigan fan threw a maize-colored smoke bomb on the field.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
After the smoke cleared, Oregon State ran a draw play for a couple of yards, and Brothers threw an incomplete pass. Rather than try to convert a third-and-six, the Beavers executed a 52-yard quick kick, which was returned 13 yards. The Wolverines drove 25 yards before getting pushed back to the 43. On third-and-sixteen, Carl Ward then took a pitchout on the right side and broke three tackles down the sideline before moving to the middle of the field and running into the end zone. Timberlake's two-point conversion pass attempt was batted down by Al East.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
On third-and-nine at midfield, Brothers was sacked at the 39, setting up fourth-and-20. Punter Len Frketich was deep with one blocker in the backfield. Michigan rushed the punt, and four defenders broke through the Oregon State line. Rather than block Bob Mielke, coming straight at Frketich, the sole Beaver blocker attempted to block one of the Wolverine defenders toward the outside of the play. Mielke blocked the punt and the ball rolled backward to the 15 before Anthony finally came up with it.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
Three plays only netted eight yards, but, on fourth-and-two, James Detwiler ran for four yards to the Oregon State three. After a two-yard Detwiler run, Anthony finished the drive by diving in from one-yard out. Timberlake attempted to run a bootleg for a two-point conversion and appeared to be tackled short of the end zone, but the officials awarded Michigan the two-point conversion to give the Wolverines a 20-7 lead with 6:30 left in the third quarter.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Michigan
A little more than four minutes later Anthony capped a 78-yard Michigan drive, by running in for his third touchdown from seven yards out to put Michigan up 27-7 with 2:20 left in the third quarter. The three touchdowns tied Four Horsemen of Notre Dame fullback Elmer Layden's Rose Bowl record and earned Anthony player of the game honors. Michigan tacked on a fourth-quarter touchdown to win 34-7. The win was the biggest by the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl since 1952, when the conference was still known as the Western Conference. The 34-7 loss remains Oregon State's last appearance in the Rose Bowl. The Beavers attempted three quick kicks. Twice on third down and once on second down. The two third down quick kicks ignited the Wolverines' first two touchdown drives.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the season
Coach Tommy Prothro took the head coaching job at UCLA less than a week after the game ended, and the Bruins won the Rose Bowl in his first season. Oregon State hired Idaho's Demosthenes Konstandies Andrecopoulos, a.k.a. Dee Andros, and he immediately got to work, trying to recruit Steve Preece of Borah in Boise, who had great speed (10.0 in the 100-yard dash) and a good arm, a great fit for the option offense Andros intended to implement.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, After the season
New linebackers coach Ed Knecht, who had connections in southwestern Idaho as the recent head coach at Boise High, received a phone call warning him that a rival school was attempting to steal Preece away from the Beavers, so Knecht promptly called Andros with the news. Andros responded, "Get the $@%! over there. And if you don't get him, don't bother to come back." Preece ultimately signed with Oregon State.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1964 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon as during 1964 NCAA University Division football season. Three home games were played on campus in Eugene at Hayward Field and two in Portland at Multnomah Stadium.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
Under fourteenth-year head coach Len Casanova, the Ducks were 7–2–1 overall and 1–2–1 in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), later renamed the Pacific-8 Conference.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
After five seasons as an independent following the end of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC), Oregon joined the AAWU this season, as did Oregon State. The Ducks played only one of the four conference teams from the state of California; a 10–8 loss to Stanford at Portland, decided with a late field goal.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
With a perfect record and a #7 ranking after six games (and a ten-game winning streak), Oregon won just one of its final four. The OSU Beavers won the season-ending Civil War by a point at home with a late touchdown. The game was shown on closed-circuit television in Eugene (McArthur Court) and Portland (Memorial Coliseum), with admission at two dollars. The rivalry game loss ended Oregon's season, as the AAWU/Pac-8 (and Big Ten) did not allow a second bowl team until the 1975 season.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
Oregon was led on the field by All-American quarterback Bob Berry, who finished 13thin the balloting for the Heisman Trophy, just behind Joe Namath (Alabama) and Gale Sayers (Kansas). A fifth-year senior, he had already been selected in the 1964 NFL Draft (and AFL Draft) in late 1963.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team
Oregon football made its first-ever trip by jet this season, taking a Boeing 720 to Indiana in mid-November.


1964 Oregon Webfoots football team, All-conference
Selected by the coaches, the all-conference team included guard Mark Richards and center Dave Tobey.


1964 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1964 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 58th water polo championship in Hungary. There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title.


1964 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1964 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on December 7, 1964.


1964 Ottawa municipal election
Controller Don Reid is elected as mayor, defeating incumbent mayor Charlotte Whitton, who placed third behind broadcaster Frank Ryan.


1964 PGA Championship
The 1964 PGA Championship was the 46th PGA Championship, played July 16–19 at Columbus Country Club in Columbus, Ohio. Bobby Nichols won his only major title, three strokes ahead of runners-up Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer. Nichols led wire-to-wire after a first round 64 in the hometown of Nicklaus, who shot a 64 in the final round to gain his third runner-up finish in majors in 1964.


1964 PGA Championship
Ben Hogan, age 51, competed at the PGA Championship for the first time since 1960. Tied for fifth place after a third round 68, he finished tied for ninth for his penultimate top ten in a major. His final top ten came at the 1967 Masters.


1964 PGA Championship
Nichols' winning score of 271 was the lowest to date at the PGA Championship, the seventh as a 72-hole stroke play championship. It stood as the record for thirty years, until Nick Price's 269 in 1994.


1964 PGA Championship
Nichols' win marked the third time that all of the professional major championships were won by Americans in a calendar year.


1964 PGA Championship
The British Open was played the previous week in St Andrews, Scotland, one of five times in the 1960s that these two majors were played in consecutive weeks in July. The PGA Championship moved permanently to August in 1969 (except 1971, when it was played in late February).


1964 PGA Tour
The 1964 PGA Tour season was played from January 3 to November 22. The season consisted of 44 official money events. Tony Lema won the most tournaments, five, and there were seven first-time winners. Jack Nicklaus was the leading money winner with earnings of $113,285. Ken Venturi was voted the PGA Player of the Year and Arnold Palmer won the Vardon Trophy for the lowest scoring average.


1964 PGA Tour, Tournament results
The following table shows all the official money events for the 1964 season. "Date" is the ending date of the tournament. The numbers in parentheses after the winners' names are the number of wins they had on the tour up to and including that event. Majors are shown in bold.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
The 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers were written by three teams who proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories. These three papers were written by: Robert Brout and François Englert; Peter Higgs; and Gerald Guralnik, C. Richard Hagen, and Tom Kibble (GHK). They are credited with the theory of the Higgs mechanism and the prediction of the Higgs field and Higgs boson. Together, these provide a theoretical means by which Goldstone's theorem (a problematic limitation affecting early modern particle physics theories) can be avoided. They show how gauge bosons can acquire non-zero masses as a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking within gauge invariant models of the universe.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
As such, these form the key element of the electroweak theory that forms part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and of many models, such as the Grand Unified Theory, that go beyond it. The papers that introduce this mechanism were published in Physical Review Letters (PRL) and were each recognized as milestone papers by PRL's 50th anniversary celebration. All of the six physicists were awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for this work, and in 2013 Englert and Higgs received the Nobel Prize in Physics.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
On 4 July 2012, the two main experiments at the LHC (ATLAS and CMS) both reported independently the confirmed existence of a previously unknown particle with a mass of about 125 GeV/c2 (about 133 proton masses, on the order of 10−25 kg), which is "consistent with the Higgs boson" and widely believed to be the Higgs boson.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, Introduction
A gauge theory of elementary particles is a very attractive potential framework for constructing the ultimate theory. Such a theory has the very desirable property of being potentially renormalizable—shorthand for saying that all calculational infinities encountered can be consistently absorbed into a few parameters of the theory. However, as soon as one gives mass to the gauge fields, renormalizability is lost, and the theory rendered useless. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a promising mechanism, which could be used to give mass to the vector gauge particles.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, Introduction
A significant difficulty which one encounters, however, is Goldstone's theorem, which states that in any quantum field theory which has a spontaneously broken symmetry there must occur a zero-mass particle. So the problem arises—how can one break a symmetry and at the same time not introduce unwanted zero-mass particles. The resolution of this dilemma lies in the observation that in the case of gauge theories, the Goldstone theorem can be avoided by working in the so-called radiation gauge. This is because the proof of Goldstone's theorem requires manifest Lorentz covariance, a property not possessed by the radiation gauge.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
The six authors of the 1964 PRL papers, who received the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for their work. From left to right: Kibble, Guralnik, Hagen, Englert, Brout. Right: Higgs.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
Particle physicists study matter made from fundamental particles whose interactions are mediated by exchange particles known as force carriers. At the beginning of the 1960s a number of these particles had been discovered or proposed, along with theories suggesting how they relate to each other, some of which had already been reformulated as field theories in which the objects of study are not particles and forces, but quantum fields and their symmetries. However, attempts to unify known fundamental forces such as the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear force were known to be incomplete.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
One known omission was that gauge invariant approaches, including non-abelian models such as Yang–Mills theory (1954), which held great promise for unified theories, also seemed to predict known massive particles as massless. Goldstone's theorem, relating to continuous symmetries within some theories, also appeared to rule out many obvious solutions, since it appeared to show that zero-mass particles would have to also exist that were "simply not seen". According to Gerald Guralnik, physicists had "no understanding" how these problems could be overcome in 1964. In 2014, Guralnik and Carl Hagen wrote a paper that contended that even after 50 years there is still widespread misunderstanding, by physicists and the Nobel Committee, of the Goldstone boson role. This paper, published in Modern Physics Letters A, turned out to be Guralnik's last published work.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
Particle physicist and mathematician Peter Woit summarised the state of research at the time:


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
The Higgs mechanism is a process by which vector bosons can get rest mass without explicitly breaking gauge invariance, as a byproduct of spontaneous symmetry breaking.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
The mathematical theory behind spontaneous symmetry breaking was initially conceived and published within particle physics by Yoichiro Nambu in 1960, the concept that such a mechanism could offer a possible solution for the "mass problem" was originally suggested in 1962 by Philip Anderson, and Abraham Klein and Benjamin Lee showed in March 1964 that Goldstone's theorem could be avoided this way in at least some non-relativistic cases and speculated it might be possible in truly relativistic cases.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
These approaches were quickly developed into a full relativistic model, independently and almost simultaneously, by three groups of physicists: by François Englert and Robert Brout in August 1964; by Peter Higgs in October 1964; and by Gerald Guralnik, Carl Hagen, and Tom Kibble (GHK) in November 1964. Higgs also wrote a response published in September 1964 to an objection by Gilbert, which showed that if calculating within the radiation gauge, Goldstone's theorem and Gilbert's objection would become inapplicable. (Higgs later described Gilbert's objection as prompting his own paper.)


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
Properties of the model were further considered by Guralnik in 1965, by Higgs in 1966, by Kibble in 1967, and further by GHK in 1967. The original three 1964 papers showed that when a gauge theory is combined with an additional field that spontaneously breaks the symmetry, the gauge bosons can consistently acquire a finite mass.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
In 1967, Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam independently showed how a Higgs mechanism could be used to break the electroweak symmetry of Sheldon Glashow's unified model for the weak and electromagnetic interactions (itself an extension of work by Schwinger), forming what became the Standard Model of particle physics. Weinberg was the first to observe that this would also provide mass terms for the fermions.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
However, the seminal papers on spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries were at first largely ignored, because it was widely believed that the (non-Abelian gauge) theories in question were a dead-end, and in particular that they could not be renormalised. In 1971–1972, Martinus Veltman and Gerard 't Hooft proved renormalisation of Yang–Mills was possible in two papers covering massless, and then massive, fields. Their contribution, and others' work on the renormalization group, was eventually "enormously profound and influential", but even with all key elements of the eventual theory published there was still almost no wider interest.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History
For example, Sidney Coleman found in a study that "essentially no-one paid any attention" to Weinberg's paper prior to 1971 – now the most cited in particle physics – and even in 1970 according to Politzer, Glashow's teaching of the weak interaction contained no mention of Weinberg's, Salam's, or Glashow's own work. In practice, Politzer states, almost everyone learned of the theory due to physicist Benjamin Lee, who combined the work of Veltman and 't Hooft with insights by others, and popularised the completed theory. In this way, from 1971, interest and acceptance "exploded"  and the ideas were quickly absorbed in the mainstream.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, The significance of requiring manifest covariance
Most students who have taken a course in electromagnetism have encountered the Coulomb potential. It basically states that two charged particles attract or repel each other by a force which varies according to the inverse square of their separation. This is fairly unambiguous for particles at rest, but if one or the other is following an arbitrary trajectory the question arises whether one should compute the force using the instantaneous positions of the particles or the so-called retarded positions. The latter recognizes that information cannot propagate instantaneously, rather it propagates at the speed of light.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, The significance of requiring manifest covariance
However, the radiation gauge says that one uses the instantaneous positions of the particles, but doesn't violate causality because there are compensating terms in the force equation. In contrast, the Lorenz gauge imposes manifest covariance (and thus causality) at all stages of a calculation. Predictions of observable quantities are identical in the two gauges, but the radiation gauge formulation of quantum field theory avoids Goldstone's theorem.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
The three papers written in 1964 were each recognised as milestone papers during Physical Review Letters's 50th anniversary celebration. Their six authors were also awarded the 2010 J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for this work. (A controversy also arose the same year, because in the event of a Nobel Prize only up to three scientists could be recognised, with six being credited for the papers. )


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
Two of the three PRL papers (by Higgs and by GHK) contained equations for the hypothetical field that eventually would become known as the Higgs field and its hypothetical quantum, the Higgs boson. Higgs's subsequent 1966 paper showed the decay mechanism of the boson; only a massive boson can decay and the decays can prove the mechanism.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
Each of these papers is unique and demonstrates different approaches to showing how mass arise in gauge particles. Over the years, the differences between these papers are no longer widely understood, due to the passage of time and acceptance of end-results by the particle physics community. A study of citation indices is interesting—more than 40 years after the 1964 publication in Physical Review Letters there is little noticeable pattern of preference among them, with the vast majority of researchers in the field mentioning all three milestone papers.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
In the paper by Higgs the boson is massive, and in a closing sentence Higgs writes that "an essential feature" of the theory "is the prediction of incomplete multiplets of scalar and vector bosons". (Frank Close comments that 1960s gauge theorists were focused on the problem of massless vector bosons, and the implied existence of a massive scalar boson was not seen as important; only Higgs directly addressed it.) In the paper by GHK the boson is massless and decoupled from the massive states.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
In reviews dated 2009 and 2011, Guralnik states that in the GHK model the boson is massless only in a lowest-order approximation, but it is not subject to any constraint and acquires mass at higher orders, and adds that the GHK paper was the only one to show that there are no massless Goldstone bosons in the model and to give a complete analysis of the general Higgs mechanism.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
All three reached similar conclusions, despite their very different approaches: Higgs' paper essentially used classical techniques, Englert and Brout's involved calculating vacuum polarization in perturbation theory around an assumed symmetry-breaking vacuum state, and GHK used operator formalism and conservation laws to explore in depth the ways in which Goldstone's theorem explicitly fails.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Summary and impact of the PRL papers
In addition to explaining how mass is acquired by vector bosons, the Higgs mechanism also predicts the ratio between the W boson and Z boson masses as well as their couplings with each other and with the Standard Model quarks and leptons. Subsequently, many of these predictions have been verified by precise measurements performed at the LEP and the SLC colliders, thus overwhelmingly confirming that some kind of Higgs mechanism does take place in nature, but the exact manner by which it happens has not yet been discovered. The results of searching for the Higgs boson are expected to provide evidence about how this is realized in nature.


1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, History, Consequences of the papers
The resulting electroweak theory and Standard Model have correctly predicted (among other discoveries) weak neutral currents, three bosons, the top and charm quarks, and with great precision, the mass and other properties of some of these. Many of those involved eventually won Nobel Prizes or other renowned awards. A 1974 paper in Reviews of Modern Physics commented that "while no one doubted the [mathematical] correctness of these arguments, no one quite believed that nature was diabolically clever enough to take advantage of them". By 1986 and again in the 1990s it became possible to write that understanding and proving the Higgs sector of the Standard Model was "the central problem today in particle physics."


1964 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1964 Pacific Tigers football team represented the University of the Pacific during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season.


1964 Pacific Tigers football team
Pacific competed as an independent in 1964, and played home games in Pacific Memorial Stadium in Stockton, California. In their first season under head coach Don Campora, the Tigers finished with a record of one win and nine losses (1–9). They were outscored 68 to 304, shut out four times, and failed to score more than a touchdown in seven of their ten games.


1964 Pacific Tigers football team, Team players in the NFL
No University of the Pacific players were selected in the 1965 NFL Draft.


1964 Pacific hurricane season
The 1964 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season on record since 1953. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility and lasted until November 30 in both regions. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.


1964 Pacific hurricane season
During this season only six tropical storms developed, of which two intensified into hurricanes. Of the two hurricanes, one reached Category 2 intensity of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. No storms reached major hurricane status (Category 3 or higher on the hurricane scale), an unusual occurrence. The first tropical cyclone of the season, Tropical Storm Natalie made landfall in Mexico in early to mid-July. About a week later, Hurricane Odessa became the strongest storm of the season in terms of wind speed. Tropical Storm Prudence brought high waves to Southern California, while becoming the strongest storm of the year in terms of barometric pressure. In addition, Tropical Storm Tillie produced severe flooding to much of the Southwestern United States, in particular in Arizona in early to mid-September.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
With only six named storms, the season was well below the 1949–2006 average of 13 named storms and is the second fewest storms in the hurricane database, only behind the 1953 Pacific hurricane season, in which just 5 storms were observed. Moreover, 1964 is the least active season since the satellite era began in the basin in 1961. Of the six storms that formed, three formed in July, two developed in August, and the final storm of the year existed in early to mid-September. Only two tropical cyclones reached hurricane status, compared to the modern-day average of seven.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
Furthermore, 1964 is also one of the few seasons without a major hurricane. This season was part of a decade-long absence of major hurricanes; during the 1960s, only one major hurricane was observed and none were noted from 1960–1966. However, it is possible that some storms were missed due to the lack of satellite coverage in the region; at that time, satellite data was still scarce, and 1964 is still two years shy of the start of the geostationary satellite era, which began in 1966.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Seasonal summary
Some efforts are underway to improve the records for this time period; however, this process will likely take years to complete. Also, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) was in the midst of a cold phase during this time period, which tends to suppress Pacific hurricane activity. During the season, tropical cyclone advisories were issued by the Naval Fleet Warning Central (NFWC) in Alameda, which held responsibility for the basin until 1970.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Natalie
On July 5, the ship California Star recorded winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,005.8 mb (30 inHg); consequently, the storm was upgraded into Tropical Storm Natalie. After passing through the Tres Marinas Islands just offshore, Natalie attained its peak intensity of 80 mph (130 km/h) (making Natalie a Category 1 hurricane on the present-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) and a peak pressure of 1,001 mb (29.6 inHg), though the Pacific hurricane database does not show the storm getting any stronger than 50 mph (80 km/h). The next day, July 7, the NFWC reported that Natalie made landfall near Mazatlan with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) just before dissipating. No known impact was recorded.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Odessa
Hurricane Odessa formed on July 15. The storm quickly intensified and was believed to have attained peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h), making Odessa a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. After moving west, Odessa steadily weakened, and by July 18, the winds had decreased to 40 mph (65 km/h). Later on July 18, it turned towards the northwest, and shortly thereafter, the hurricane turned towards the west-southwest. Odessa quickly re-intensified, and according to ship reports, the storm attained winds of 70 mph (115 km/h). Odessa dissipated at 1800 UTC on July 19. Even though the storm was about 250 mi (400 km) south of Socorro Island at the time of its formation, tropical cyclone warnings and watches were posted for the island.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Prudence
Near the area where Odessa developed, a mid-level tropical storm formed early on July 20 and it was named Prudence, despite ships in the vicinity of the storm reporting winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). Moving generally west-northwest, Prudence initially failed to intensify, and maintained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) for a few days. After briefly turning west on July 22, Prudence resumed a west-northwest course while attaining its peak wind speed of 70 mph (115 km/h). Prudence held on to this intensity until July 23, when it encountered cooler sea surface temperatures. Shortly before dissipating, the system turned back towards the west. Tropical Storm Prudence dissipated on July 24. Even though Prudence never made landfall, the cyclone produced high waves along the California coast, especially along Newport Beach.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Roslyn
A tropical depression formed on August 21. Later that day, the NFWC upgraded the depression into a tropical storm, and was named Roslyn, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). At the time of the upgrade, Tropical Storm Roslyn was located roughly 500 mi (805 km) south-southwest of Cabo San Lucas. After passing east of Clarion Island during the evening hours of September 20, Roslyn attained its peak strength of 65 mph (105 km/h), making Roslyn a strong tropical storm. While maintaining its intensity, Roslyn drifted west-northwest. The storm dissipated at 1800 UTC on August 22.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Silvia
Tropical Depression Silvia was first noted by the NFWC on August 23 about 60 mi (95 km) south of Mazatlan, with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). After tropical cyclogenesis, the storm quickly weakened. Simultaneously, Silvia moved westward, passing about 60 mi (95 km) south of Cabo San Lucas. By August 24, the NFWC had stopped monitoring the system. The depression was named by the NFWC as it resembled to be a tropical storm. However, post-storm analysis show that Silvia never attained tropical storm status.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tillie
The last tropical cyclone of the season, Tropical Storm Tillie, developed on September 7. At first, the cyclone moved north-northwest; Tillie reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h) at that time of its formation approximately 150 mi (240 km) west of Mazatlan. Early on September 8, while located about 100 mi (160 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Tillie began a gradual turn towards the west-northwest. Tropical Storm Tillie dissipated at 0600 UTC on September 9 off the coast of California, having only been a tropical cyclone for just over two days.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tillie
When Tillie posed a threat to Baja California, winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) were forecast to occur. The storm's residual moisture was adverted over southern Arizona, allowing a passing cold front to trigger widespread showers and thunderstorms on the evening of September 9. The most significant rainfall was reported along southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and around El Paso. Amado sustained 5.66 in (144 mm) in a 72‑hour time span.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Tillie
Furthermore, Tucson received 3.05 in (77 mm) of rainfall in a 24-hour period between September 9–10, and two locations—one in the Catalina Mountain foothills and one near Sahuarita—recorded 6.75 in (171 mm) of precipitation. Coupled with rain during the previous week, the Santa Cruz River produced heavy runoff, with peak flows of 15,900 cu ft/s (450 m3/s) recorded near Cortaro.


1964 Pacific hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1964. No names were retired from this list. This is a part of list 2, which was used from 1960 to 1965. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.


1964 Pacific typhoon season
The 1964 Pacific typhoon season was the most active tropical cyclone season recorded globally, with a total of 39 tropical storms forming. It had no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1964, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


1964 Pacific typhoon season
Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.


1964 Pacific typhoon season
The 1964 Pacific typhoon season was the most active season in recorded history with 39 storms. Notable storms include Typhoon Joan, which killed 7,000 people in Vietnam; Typhoon Louise, which killed 400 people in the Philippines, Typhoons Sally and Opal, which had some of the highest winds of any cyclone ever recorded at 195 mph, Typhoons Flossie and Betty, which both struck the city of Shanghai, China, and Typhoon Ruby, which hit Hong Kong as a powerful 140 mph Category 4 storm, killing over 700 and becoming the second worst typhoon to affect Hong Kong.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
The 1964 typhoon season was the most active Pacific typhoon season on record. All months between and including May and November were featured an above-average number of typhoons relative to the 1959–1976 period. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) each maintain tropical cyclone databases that include their respective intensity and path analyses for 1964, resulting in disparate storm counts and intensities. Total tropical cyclone counts for the 1964 season include 40 from the CMA, 34 from the JMA, and 52 from the JTWC (including 7 considered "suspect cyclones"). There were more named storms in the northwestern Pacific in 1964 than in any other year or in any other basin.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
A recommendation was made at the 20th session of the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (now known as the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP]) in March 1964 for the United Nations Secretariat and World Meteorological Organization to investigate the feasibility of a multinational program for monitoring typhoons. This led to the formation of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, which held its inaugural session in 1968.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
Prior to the inception of the Typhoon Committee, the United States Indo-Pacific Command had designated the U.S. Fleet Weather Central in Guam as the JTWC in May 1959. The JTWC was tasked with warning U.S. government agencies on tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific, in addition to researching and orchestrating aircraft reconnaissance into such storms. Boeing B-47 Stratojets were deployed from the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron to carry out airborne reconnaissance. The JTWC issued 730 warnings on 26 typhoons, 14 tropical storms, and 5 tropical depressions. The number of typhoons was a new record, topping the 24 set in 1962.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
Ten of these occurred in the South China Sea, compared to the annual average of 3.2 in the five years preceding 1964. The anomalous strength of tropical waves observed during the latter-half of the year may have contributed to season's high activity. Ten of the year's tropical cyclones—Grace, Helen, Nancy, Pamela, Ruby, Fran, Georgia, Iris, Kate, Louise, and Opal—were first detected using meteorological satellites.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
The active typhoon season was also impactful. More storms passed near Hong Kong in 1964 than in any prior year. The Royal Observatory Hong Kong issued tropical cyclone warning signals 42 times for ten different storms; these warnings were in effect for 570 hours. Two of these storms, Ruby and Dot, prompted the highest warning signal, signal no. 10. No year prior to 1964 featured more than two typhoons affecting Hong Kong on record. Ten typhoons impacted the Philippines, including Winnie (known as Dading in the Philippines), Luzon's severest typhoon since 1882.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
The effects of typhoons in 1964 led to a 3.1 percent decrease in rice output from the Philippines. Six typhoons and two tropical storms struck Vietnam, including three tropical cyclones in a twelve-day period in November. The combined effects of Iris and Joan killed as many as 7,000 people and led to the worst floods in six decades.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
In May 1964, the western Pacific was characterized by anomalously high geopotential heights towards the northern part of the basin and low geopotential heights in the tropical regions. This configuration was favorable for tropical cyclogenesis and led to the development of typhoons Tess and Viola, the first storms of the 1964 typhoon season. Shower activity in the tropics west of Hawaii was above average between May 10–20. The first half of June marked a reversal of this pattern as a large area of low pressure became established over the mid-Pacific.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
The average sea-level pressure for the month was below normal for most of the northern Pacific. Typhoons Winnie and Alice formed in the second half of the month when the initial height patterns returned. July 1964 featured more tropical cyclones than any other July on record, though this was superseded by the 1971 Pacific typhoon season. A strong high pressure area south of Japan caused most storms during July to take slow and westward paths.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
August was another above-average month for tropical activity in the basin. Pressures across most of the western Pacific were lower than average, particularly around Okinawa where tropical cyclone activity was high during the month. Between August 10–19, a progression of cyclones in the upper troposphere triggered wind perturbations closer to the ocean surface, leading to the genesis of Tropical Storm June, Typhoon Kathy, Tropical Storm Lorna, and Tropical Storm Nancy. Typhoons Kathy and Marie were involved in a Fujiwhara interaction that led both storms to rotate counterclockwise around each other, ending with Marie's absorption into Kathy's circulation.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Season summary
A paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society described the resulting paths of the two storms as an "archetypal example" of the Fujiwhara interaction. In September, tropical cyclone activity was high across the Northern Hemisphere in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Subtropical ridging in the Pacific was extended zonally throughout the month, resulting in strong easterly winds in the subtropical latitudes and providing conducive conditions for storm development. The extensive ridging also prevented most of September's storms from taking curved paths into the westerlies; while approximately half of September typhoons curve into the westerlies on average, only one typhoon, Wilda, took such a trajectory in 1964. The strong substropical ridging continued into October, leading to similar storm paths.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Asiang)
The first tropical cyclone of 1964 developed from a segment of the polar trough. A wind circulation was first identified near Woleai by the JTWC on May 9. This initial disturbance traveled west-northwest, passing near Ulithi and Yap. On May 14, it organized further into a tropical depression and took an erratic track over the next four days, including a looping course. During this process, it strengthened into a tropical storm, weakened to a tropical depression, and reattained tropical storm intensity before heading on an east-northwestward to northeastward trajectory.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Asiang)
On May 19, a reconnaissance flight investigating Tess observed two eyes: the first and innermost eye measured 9.7 km (6 mi) across while the second was asymmetrical, with axes roughly 23 km (14 mi) and 14 km (9 mi) across. Shortly after finding this feature, Tess was estimated to have attained typhoon status.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Asiang)
Tess tracked towards the northeast after reaching typhoon intensity. Its center passed between Alamagan and Guguan on May 20 while maximum sustained winds in the typhoon were 140 km/h (85 mph). Farther southeast, in Guam, the passing storm produced 52 mm (2.03 in) of rain. The next day, Tess reached its peak intensity with winds of 155 km/h (100 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 960 hPa (mbar; 28.35 inHg).


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tess (Asiang)
A seabee stationed on the island was presumed to have drowned after being swept away by the rough seas generated by the storm; two landing crafts were also destroyed by the rough seas. At noon on May 21, the center of Tess passed 160 km (100 mi) west of Marcus Island, bringing squalls accompanied by heavy rain and winds of 90 km/h (55 mph). Gusts reached 117 km/h (72 mph) and rainfall accumulations reached 94 mm (3.7 in) on the island, though there was "little damage." Gradual weakening followed, with winds diminishing below typhoon intensity on May 22. The system then began to curve east as it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by May 24, and was last noted three days later.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Viola (Konsing)
According to data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), the progenitor to Typhoon Viola emerged in the South China Sea just east of Vietnam on May 21. This system initially moved towards the north before curving sharply east. Three days later, the system organized into a tropical depression after the JTWC identified a surface wind circulation. Viola reached tropical storm strength on May 25 and then curved northwest, strengthening further into a typhoon on May 27 and peaking in strength with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph). These winds diminished to 110 km/h (70 mph)—just under typhoon intensity—as Viola made landfall approximately 160 km (100 mi) west of Hong Kong at 03:00 UTC on May 28. The storm weakened over mainland China and dissipated on May 30.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Viola (Konsing)
The Royal Observatory Hong Kong issued typhoon signal No. 8 ahead of Viola's approach, signifying gale-force conditions, a peak gust of over 140km/h recorded in Waglan Island, the highest ever in May. Ferry services were suspended in the territory. Hong Kong recorded 300.6 mm (11.83 in) of rain in five days from the passing typhoon. The rainfall brought an end to an over two-year-long drought that had prompted a year-long water rationing in the territory. More rain fell in roughly 24 hours than in 1964 prior to Viola's arrival.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Viola (Konsing)
The storm uprooted trees, triggered landslides, and put over 6,000 telephones out of commission. Vegetable crops were badly damaged. Viola generated a 0.94-meter-high (3.08 ft) storm surge at Quarry Bay and grounded four ships, including three freighters at Hong Kong. Forty-one people were hospitalized by the storm and over a thousand were left homeless. Further inland, the storm relieved drought conditions in the Chinese province of Guangdong.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Winnie (Dading)
Typhoon Winnie—named Dading in the Philippines—originated from a mid-Pacific trough, which organized into a cyclonic circulation on June 21 west-southwest of Pohnpei. This initial system moved towards the west-northwest, passing near Ulithi on June 25. The next day, the disturbance developed into a tropical depression and gradually took on a more westward course. Winnie reached tropical storm strength on June 27 and then typhoon strength on June 28 as it rapidly intensified en route to southern Luzon.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Winnie (Dading)
The typhoon attained sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) shortly before moving ashore Calabarzon on June 29; its eye passed directly over Manila. Winnie weakened as it moved over Luzon and restrengthened upon reaching the South China Sea, taking a west-northwesterly heading. There, Winnie reached its peak intensity with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a central pressure of 945 hPa (mbar; 27.91 inHg). At 00:00 UTC on July 2, the typhoon made landfall on Hainan southwest of Wenchang with winds of 175 km/h (110 mph). Winnie weakened to a tropical storm and traversed Hainan and the Gulf of Tonkin before making a final landfall near Haiphong, Vietnam, on July 3. Further weakening ensued as the system tracked across northern Vietnam and southwest China before dissipating on July 4.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Winnie (Dading)
Manila experienced its most damaging typhoon since 1882. Nearly a million people were affected by the storm; according to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), there were 56 fatalities and 163 injuries as a result of Winnie in the Philippines, with a damage toll of US$8 million. However, the Associated Press reported 89 fatalities on July 3 while United Press International reported 120 fatalities on July 5, with property damage estimated at over $30 million. The Red Cross enumerated 275 injuries. Heavy rains from the combination of Winnie and the southwest monsoon flooded entire neighborhoods in Manila.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Winnie (Dading)
At least 10 people were killed by flooding rivers near Manila and in Manila Bay. Approximately 500,000 people were rendered homeless in the Manila area and in the central provinces of Luzon following the razing of thousands of homes; most of these homes were nipa huts and "makeshift dwellings". Approximately 120,000 homes were destroyed in Bataan, Bulacan, and Pampanga. The loss of roofs was widespread. Thousands of trees were uprooted and basic utilities were brought down by the storm; Manila was without power or water for at least 36 hours.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Winnie (Dading)
In Infanta, Quezon, a maximum wind of 127 km/h (79 mph) was measured. Abaca and coconut plantations in Luzon were seriously impacted. Cargo barges and freighters broke from their moorings and a Philippine Navy destroyer, the RPS Rajah Soliman, capsized while undergoing repairs. Several aircraft were damaged, including 15 C-47 Skytrains at Nichols Field. The air traffic control tower at Manila International Airport was put out of commission following wind damage. Manila was placed under a state of emergency following Winnie, with government agencies deploying medical and rescue teams to affected areas amid widespread power outages. Catholic Relief Services aided in disaster relief with funding from USAID. South Vietnam delivered 450 metric tons (500 short tons) of rice to victims of the storm in the Philippines. Dikes and salt fields were damaged in two districts of Nam Định, Vietnam.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Alice
On June 26, a disturbance formed from an easterly tropical wave southeast of Guam and strengthened into a tropical depression later that day. Tracking towards the west-northwest, Alice's intensity fluctuated in its initial stages. On June 27, Alice made its closest approach to Guam, passing 95 km (60 mi) southwest of the island. A peak gust of 59 km/h (39 mph) was registered on the island, as well as 14 mm (0.55 in) of rain. The JTWC assessed Alice to have briefly attained typhoon status on June 27 with sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Alice
According to the agency, Alice was the smallest typhoon of 1964, with a radius of 320 km (200 mi). It rapidly weakened after reaching its peak strength. The storm followed 1,130 km (700 mi) behind the larger Typhoon Winnie to its west and was eventually absorbed into Winnie's circulation over the Philippine Sea on June 29.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Betty (Edeng)
The disturbance that led to Typhoon Betty was first detected in the Philippine Sea on July 1 by the JTWC, having developed from a segment of a polar trough within an area of conducive winds in the upper-troposphere. The next day, the disturbance quickly developed into a tropical cyclone and strengthened into a typhoon by the end of July 2. Reconnaissance aircraft observed an eye 75 km (45 mi) in diameter in Betty's first few hours as a typhoon.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Betty (Edeng)
The storm's winds continued to increase, and on July 3 its winds reached 185 km/h (115 mph) before the rate of intensification stalled. Betty took a northwestward trajectory towards the southern Ryukyu Islands, bringing its eye across southern portions of Miyakojima on July 4. There, sustained winds reached 138 km/h (86 mph), punctuated by a maximum gust of 201 km/h (125 mph). The island also recorded 124 mm (4.9 in) of rain from Betty.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Betty (Edeng)
After passing the Ryukyu Islands and entering the East China Sea, Betty continued to intensify further, with its sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph) on July 5. At the time, the typhoon was located approximately 320 km (200 mi) south of Shanghai. Betty's winds subsequently began to diminish precipitously while the storm curved towards the north and then north-northeast, briefly paralleling the coast of Zhejiang before entering the Yellow Sea. Betty degenerated into a tropical storm and further into a tropical depression on July 6. It then transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on July 7 and dissipated over open waters just off the coast of northwestern South Korea.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Cora (Huaning)
Typhoon Cora developed from the interaction of a polar trough with an easterly tropical wave. A wind circulation materialized from this interaction on July 4 west of Chuuk State. On July 6, it organized into a tropical depression southwest of Guam, prompting the JTWC to initiate warnings. Intensification was rapid upon developing, with Cora becoming a typhoon by the end of July 6. Two days later, Cora attained sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) as it approached the central Philippines on a westward heading, according to the JTWC; this classified Cora as a super typhoon.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Cora (Huaning)
The eye spanned 6 mi (9 km) across at this juncture. Two consecutive airborne reconnaissance missions into the storm estimated that winds near the surface were around 325 km/h (200 mph). However, this value was discordant with the 130 km/h (80 mph) winds occurring at flight level and a surface air pressure of 970 hPa (mbar; 28.64 inHg) estimated by the flights and by the JTWC. An analysis of the historical tropical cyclone record for the West Pacific published in the Monthly Weather Review concluded that there was "sufficient evidence" that the winds in storms like Cora were "likely overestimated." The Royal Observatory Hong Kong analyzed a substantially lower pressure of 920 hPa (mbar; 27.17 inHg) at the time of Cora's peak strength.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Cora (Huaning)
As Cora neared northern Samar and southern Luzon on July 9, its forward motion slowed and its winds unexpectedly diminished and fell below the typhoon threshold. Storm warnings were issued in southeastern Luzon with Cora 100 km (60 mi) east of Samar, with forecasts projecting stormy conditions in the region and in other islands in the east-central Philippines. However, the cyclone's winds continued to lessen before the system reached the islands. By July 10, Cora had weakened to a tropical depression. It tracked across southeastern Luzon and dissipated in the South China Sea the next day.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Doris (Isang)
The initial system that led to Typhoon Doris began between Pohnpei and Chuuk State on July 9. Tracking towards the west-northwest, it passed near Chuuk and became a tropical depression on July 11 while 480 km (300 mi) south of Guam. Doris became a tropical storm by 12:00 UTC that day as it began to track northwest across the Philippine Sea. Early on July 13, Doris strengthened into a typhoon while approximately 800 km (500 mi) east of Luzon. The next day, Doris attained one-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph). It weakened as it curved north towards the southern Ryukyu Islands, becoming a tropical storm on July 14 and then a tropical depression on July 15 while passing near Tarama, Okinawa. The system continued to decay as it moved north and dissipated over the Yellow Sea on July 17.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Elsie (Lusing)
Elsie emerged from a detached portion of a polar trough on July 13 near the Northern Mariana Islands; this developed into a tropical depression later that day. The depression intensified into a tropical storm two days later, with its course concurrently curving west. Elsie intensified on approach to the Philippines, with the JTWC assessing it as a typhoon on July 16. At 04:00 UTC the next day, an aerial reconnaissance mission into Elsie estimated that the storm's winds reached 185 km/h (115 mph). The JTWC determined that this was Elsie's peak intensity.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Elsie (Lusing)
Storm warnings were posted for Luzon on July 17 ahead of the storm's approach. The typhoon then weakened rapidly from this peak; upon its landfall on the eastern coast of southern Luzon on July 17, it was a 140-km/h (85 mph) typhoon, with its intensity lowering to tropical storm stauts over the island shortly afterwards. Rainy squalls associated with Elsie caused extensive flooding in Manila and the northern Philippines, inundating buildings and streets. Elsie continued to weaken after emerging into the South China Sea and dissipated on July 19.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Flossie (Nitang)
The initial vortex that became Typhoon Flossie was detected east of Luzon on July 24, embedded within an area of low pressure. It moved towards the northeast across the Philippine Sea and became a tropical depression on July 25. It became a tropical storm the next day as it curved northwest, passing south of Okinawa and intensifying into a typhoon shortly afterwards in the East China Sea. On July 28, Flossie continued to curve towards the north, passing just offshore the eastern coast of China near Shanghai.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Flossie (Nitang)
Flossie reached its peak strength during this time with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph). After traversing the Yellow Sea, Flossie made landfall on North Korea along the coast of the Korean Bay on July 29 with winds estimated at 100 km/h (65 mph). The storm weakened over land, passing over southeastern Manchuria and Siberia, and was last monitored over Sakhalin.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Flossie (Nitang)
Flossie's peak winds were approximately 75 km/h (40 mph) at the time of its closest passage to Okinawa, as measured by both aircraft reconnaissance and the USS President Roosevelt. The U.S. Navy ships George Clymer and the El Dorado collided at Okinawa amid Flossie's gale-force winds; one ship sustained a hole 0.9 m (3 ft) wide in her bow. A third ship, the USS Weiss, ran aground at Buckner Bay after the storm separated the ship from its anchorage.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Flossie (Nitang)
The USS Tawasa was dispatched to tow the stricken Weiss out to sea, but was itself grounded on an unforeseen pinnacle upon dislodging the Weiss. Flossie destroyed 15 fishing boats and drowned 12 fishermen off the western coast of the Korean peninsula; another 27 fishermen was listed as missing. At least 17 people overall were killed by the typhoon on the peninsula.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Grace (Osang-Paring)
Tropical Storm Grace was the first of ten tropical cyclones in the 1964 typhoon season discovered by meteorological satellites. Upon its detection, it was 1000 km (620 mi) southeast of Okinawa. The precursor disturbance formed on July 25 and took an initially northward track, veering west and organizing into a tropical depression on July 26. Grace became a tropical storm the following day and ultimately attained maximum sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) on July 28 while situated in the central Philippine Sea. The storm then began to take an erratic path that continued for the next three days. During this period, the JTWC considered Grace to have temporarily lost its tropical cyclone status, becoming an indescript collection of squalls. After taking a northward heading, Grace redeveloped on August 3 and tracked across the Satsunan Islands. On August 4, the storm weakened and dissipated west of Kyushu.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Helen
Helen began within a region of sparse weather observations east of the Northern Mariana Islands on July 27, starting with a northward track that curved towards the northwest. Helen became a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC on July 27 and then reached typhoon strength by 06:00 UTC on July 29. The JTWC assessed Helen to have reached its peak intensity on July 30 with sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) and a central pressure of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). The typhoon passed within 160 km (100 mi) of Iwo Jima around noon that day.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Helen
An aircraft reconnaissance mission observed two concentric eyewalls spanning 11 km (7 mi) and 80 km (50 mi) across. Helen moved across the northern Ryukyu Islands and southern Kyushu on August 1 and entered the Yellow Sea as a weakened typhoon. The nexr day, the center of Helen moved over Jeju-do with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) as estimated by the JTWC. Winds of 135 mph (84 km/h) were experienced on the island. On August 3, Helen weakened to a tropical storm and made landfall near Dalian in Liaoning. The system curved towards the north and east before dissipating in the Sea of Okhotsk on August 5.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Helen
Winds near the center of Helen were approximately 185 km/h (115 mph) as it crossed the northern Ryukyu Islands and Kyushu. High waves and strong winds impacted southern Kyushu across the prefectures of Kagoshima and Miyazaki, unroofing homes and flooding nearly 200 homes. In the city of Kagoshima, 16 homes were razed and 36 others were damaged. Regional disruptions to power, train, and ferry service resulted from the storm's passage. One death and 16 injuries were reported in the two prefectures. An F1 tornado associated with the typhoon occurred south of Takanabe, Miyazaki, without causing casualties. Rough surf from Helen reached the Tokyo area, drowning 13 people. Helen killed at least nine people in South Korea; 3 drowned and 15 others were missing following the sinking of a fishing boat off the southern coast.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
The origins of Typhoon Ida were associated with the interaction between a polar trough and a tropical wave, which resulted in the development of a tropical disturbance south of Chuuk State on August 1. The disturbance became a tropical depression roughly (300 mi) southeast of Guam on August 2 and strengthened into a tropical storm later that day. Tracking towards the west-northwest, Ida reached typhoon intensity on August 4. According to the JTWC, Ida reached its peak intensity with maximum winds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and a central pressure of 925 hPa (mbar; 27.31 inHg).


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
Between August 6–7, Ida moved across northern Luzon with these winds. The storm weakened over the island but restrengthened over the South China Sea on approach to Hong Kong. The center of the storm passed 65 km (40 mi) southwest of Hong Kong and made its final landfall on Guangdong Province China on August 8 as a typhoon with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) as estimated by Royal Observatory Hong Kong. As it tracked farther inland, Ida weakened and later dissipated on August 12.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
Eleven deaths in Luzon were attributed to Ida according to data from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, in addition to flooding and crop damage throughout the island. Newswires reported disparate death tolls, with the Associated Press reporting 14 fatalities, the Philippine News Service reporting 23, and United Press International reporting 79. The damage toll was around US$25 million. Several fishermen also went missing during the storm; 31 went missing after the presumed sinking of ship off the coast of southeastern Luzon. Most communications were disrupted across northern Luzon.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
U.S. Navy ships stationed at U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay were evacuated into the South China Sea prior to the storm's arrival and people in low-lying fishing villages left for higher ground. A 3,541-short-ton (3,212-metric-ton) freighter sustained damage to its bilge upon being grounded near Aparri. Streets in Manila were flooded to waist-height from heavy rains and hgh waves. Two people drowned after their ship sink off Kaohsiung, Taiwan, while four people went missing after their fishing boat sank offshore Tawian.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
In Hong Kong, the Royal Observatory advised ships to seek shelter in port and issued typhoon signal no. 9 at the height of the storm. Approximately 11,000 people were evacuated from low-lying areas. Gusts of 220 km/h (140 mph) reached the Crown colony, flattening over 200 homes; three people were killed and six were injured by flying debris. Signboards and trees were also brought down by the typhoon's winds. At Quarry Bay, Ida produced a storm surge of 1.31 m (4.3 ft). An 11,360-ton freighter ran aground at Victoria Harbour, where two people drowned.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida (Seniang)
The Royal Observatory documented rainfall rates as high as 230 mm (9 in) per hour from Ida. Four people were killed after a mudslide pushed into a refugee camp and razed three houses Kwun Tong, with the 20,000 m3 (700,000 ft3) surge of mud placing areas under 7.5 m (25 ft) of debris. Over 100 refugees were injured and 5,000 were left homeless by the mudslide. Another seven people were killed in Korea following rains associated with Ida. At least 4,000 others were rendered homeless by the resultant flooding.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm June (Toyang)
Tropical Storm June began south of Guam as a disturbance on August 9. Traveling west-northwest, it became a tropical depression by the time aircraft reconnaissance first reached the system on August 10. Later that day, June attained a tropical storm and reached its peak intensity with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph). The storm held this intensity for a day before weakening as it neared Luzon contrary to forecasts projecting June to become a typhoon.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm June (Toyang)
The JTWC issued their last warning on the system on August 11 and considered the system to have dissipated two days later when it was north of Luzon and east of Batan Island. However, data from the CMA and JMA indicates that June persisted as a tropical depression into the South China Sea and took a looping course near Hainan and the Leizhou Peninsula. It then turned northeast and dissipated near the Taiwan Strait on August 18.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
According to the JTWC, Kathy was both the largest and longest-lived typhoon in 1964, with the agency issuing warnings for 13.5 days and the storm's circulation reaching a diameter of 1575 km (850 mi). The interaction of a polar trough and easterly wave led to the genesis of a vortex southeast of Japan by August 11. This system developed into a tropical storm the next day east of Iwo Jima based on ship observations. Maintaining a west-northwestward heading, Kathy reached typhoon strength on August 13, passing well south of Tokyo on approach towards the Ryukyu Islands.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
The typhoon's winds peaked at 165 km/h (105 mph) on August 14 before tapering as the storm curved towards the west-southwest. For the next four days, Kathy and nearby Typhoon Marie began a Fujiwhara interaction, causing both storms to rotate around one another, ending when Marie was absorbed into Kathy's circulation. Between August 15–16, Kathy briefly fell to tropical storm intensity before regaining typhoon status southeast of Amami Ōshima. During this period, an airplane investigating the storm identified multiple wind circulations at the center of Kathy and the storm's clouds were asymmetric.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
The storm's west-southwest path brought the center across the Ryukyu Islands and near Okinawa on August 16 as Kathy began to execute a counterclockwise loop in its track. Two days later, Kathy's winds were estimated by the JTWC to be around 215 km/h (130 mph) near Minamidaitōjima. The typhoon's track made a smaller counterclockwise loop on August 20 before resuming north across the northern Ryukyu Islands. On August 23, Kathy made landfall on Kagoshima Prefecture with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph) and weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed the Seto Inland Sea and southern Honshu.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
It then curved to the northeast, briefly entering the Sea of Japan and crossing the Noto Peninsula before traversing northern Honshu and emerging into the northern Pacific. On August 25, Kathy transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and continued northeast towards the Aleutian Islands before it was last in the Bering Strait on September 1.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
According to the publication Climatological Data, Kathy caused at least 13 deaths and "numerous" injuries, with landslides and flooding being the principal cause of the casualties; as much as 700 mm (28 in) of rain was documented in the mountainous regions of Kyushu, though cities averaged 100 m (4 in) in rainfall accumulations. United Press International reported as many as 24 fatalities and 8 missing persons associated with the typhoon, with the Associated Press documenting 28 injuries. Over 4,000 people were rendered homeless.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kathy (Welpring)
Kathy's effects flooded almost 1,700 homes and destroyed 8 others in Amami Ōshima; winds there reached 138 km/h (86 mph). Sustained winds topped out at 126 km/h (78 mph) with a peak gust of 195 km/h (121 mph) on Yakushima. As Kathy moved across southern and central Kyushu, damage was reported in Kagoshima, Kumamoto, Miyazaki, and Oita prefectures. Kathy's winds razed 44 houses and damaged 80 houses, with another 5,500 flooded by swollen rivers. Flooding broke through river embankments in 37 locations and washed away 18 bridges. Telecommunications and transportation services were disrupted with roads damaged in 400 locations. There were at least 238 landslides caused by the typhoon, including one that derailed a passenger train in Oita Prefecture. One landslide in Kagoshima killed 11 people. Two thousand homes were flooded farther north in Fukushima Prefecture. The extratropical remnants of Kathy brought gale-force winds over the Bering Sea.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Lorna
Lorna began west of the Mariana Islands on August 10 and took a northeastward path throughout its duration. Its precursor disturbance developed from a trough of low pressure and became a tropical depression by August 12; the next day, Lorna became a tropical storm, prompting JTWC warnings. According to the JTWC, Lorna's winds topped out at low-end tropical storm speeds, 65 km/h (40 mph), for less than a day before it began to weaken. Lorna dissipated on August 14 north of Agrihan.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marie (Undang)
The combination of converging low-level winds and divergence in the upper troposphere over the Philippine Sea led to the environmental conditions that resulted in the formation of Typhoon Marie. The initial disturbance formed on August 12 and tracked towards the north and then curved east, becoming a tropical depression the next day. Marie intensified into a tropical storm by August 15 and then curved north as it interacted with nearby Typhoon Kathy.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marie (Undang)
Two days later, it became a typhoon and subsequently reached its peak intensity with winds estimated by the JTWC at 130 km/h (80 mph) and a central pressure estimated by the JMA of 980 hPa (mbar; 28.94 inHg). The storm then weakened and curved towards the west; the JTWC determine Marie to have been absorbed by Typhoon Kathy approximately 240 km (150 mi) north of Okinawa on August 18. However, the CMA and JMA assessed Marie to have remained intact, continuing on a curved path towards the south and then east, bringing it around Okinawa as a tropical cyclone until its dissipation on August 20.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nancy
Nancy directly originated from a segment of a tropical upper-tropospheric trough, an atmospheric feature that was farther north than average in mid-August 1964. Ship observations suggested that the system became a tropical depression August 17 and became a tropical storm a day later. Nancy maintained low-end tropical storm intensity at peak strength before being downgraded to a tropical depression the next day approximately 480 km (300 mi) northeast of Iowa Jima, after which it dissipated.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Olga
Olga remained within the Gulf of Tonkin for the entirety of its existence, taking a southward trajectory. The CMA determined that the cyclone formed on August 21, and became a tropical storm by August 24. The JTWC assessed that Olga lasted more briefly, beginning as a tropical depression on August 23 and peaking as a tropical storm the next day with one-minute sustained winds of 85 km/h (50 mph). It maintained this intensity and remained quasi-stationary over the gulf. Olga weakened to a tropical depression on August 25 and degenerated into a non-circulating cluster of thunderstorms later that day.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Pamela
Tropical Storm Pamela was first detected on imagery from the TIROS weather satellites on August 25. At the time, it was located southeast of Wake Island. It began as a tropical depression and became a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on August 25, with its maximum winds increasing until reaching 95 km/h (60 mph). Pamela moved towards the west-northwest and subsequently weakened; on August 26, the system weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated after a center of circulation could not be identified by aircraft reconnaissance.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruby (Yoning)
The tropical disturbance that organized into Ruby arose from a tropical wave west of Saipan on August 29. It became a tropical storm over the central Philippine Sea on September 1 and took a slightly south of west heading, strengthening into a typhoon on September 2 and passing over the Babuyan Islands of the Philippines the following day; one-minute sustained winds at the time were estimated to be 140 km/h (85 mph). After reaching the South China Sea, Ruby turned towards the northwest and intensified further.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruby (Yoning)
On September 5, Ruby attained maximum one-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) as it made landfall near Hong Kong and Macau. The CMA and HKO estimated a central pressure of 960 hPa (mbar; 28.35 inHg) during Ruby's landfall. After moving inland, the storm weakened and dissipated over South China on September 6.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruby (Yoning)
Ruby was the first of two typhoons in 1964 for which the Royal Observatory in Hong Kong raised tropical cyclone signal no. 10; this warning was in effect for nearly four hours. The fastest wind gust from Ruby in Hong Kong was clocked at 268 km/h (166 mph) at Tate's Cairn. A gust of 230 km/h (143 mph) on Waglan Island was the fastest observed in the island's history. The strong winds and heavy rain caused widespread damage in Hong Kong, destroying thousands of homes and damaging thousands of others.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruby (Yoning)
Fifty thousand refugees from the People's Republic of China lost their shelters. Numerous ships sank or ran aground at the Hong Kong Harbor. There were 38 fatalities and 300 injuries in the Crown colony. A record gust of 211 km/h (131 mph) was measured in Taipa, Macau. There, more than 20 people were killed and 100 others were injured. Widespreading flooding and damage occurred in Guangdong Province, leading to the deaths of over 700 people; some 300 people died when a school dormitory collapsed.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Sally (Aring)
Sally's precursor arose from a tropical wave near the Marshall Islands on September 2. The disturbance became a tropical depression and later a tropical storm the next day approximately 320 km (200 mi) northeast of Chuuk State. On September 4, Sally intensified into a typhoon and passed over Guam the next day with one-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph). On September 7, Sally reached its peak intensity over the Philippine Sea with winds of 315 km/h (195 mph) and a central pressure of 895 hPa (mbar; 26.43 inHg).


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Sally (Aring)
Based on data from the JTWC, Sally was the strongest typhoon of the 1964 season along with Typhoon Opal as measured by maximum winds, and had the lowest pressure of any storm that year. Weakening commenced thereafter as the center of Sally passed north of Luzon on a west-northwestward heading on September 9. At 15:00 UTC on September 10, Sally made landfall on China east of Hong Kong with one-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (100 mph). The storm weakened into a tropical storm later that day and dissipated over China on September 11.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Sally (Aring)
Sally inflicted around $115,000 in damage in Guam, mostly to crops, after bringing gusts of 130 km/h (80 mph) to the island and unroofing homes and felling trees. The damage remained limited to the southern half of Guam where the storm struck; there were no casualties. Sally produced strong winds and heavy rains to the Philippines north of Manila, causing considerable damage. Over 10,000 people were evacuated out of vulnerable areas in Hong Kong as the storm was feared to strike with a severity comprable to Typhoon Ruby a week prior.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Sally (Aring)
Gusts peaked at 154 km/h (96 mph) at Tate's Cairn and rainfall accumulations reached as high as 354.4 mm (13.95 in), triggering landslides that killed nine people. However, Sally's impacts on the Crown territory were less than initially feared; much of Hong Kong's vulnerable agriculture was already badly damaged during Ruby's passage. The remnants of Sally led to the heaviest rainfall in the Seoul area in 22 years, producing 125–200 mm (5–8 in) of rain in the area on the morning of September 13. The resulting floods killed at least 211 people and injured 317 others. Local authorities reported the inundation of 9,152 homes and the displacement of 36,665 people; total property damage amounted to $750,000.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tilda (Basiang)
The precursor disturbance to Tilda was identified northwest of Guam using the Automatic Picture Transmission system during the 10-day operational lifespan of the Nimbus 1 satellite. The initial vortex that became Tilda formed by September 12 and organized into a tropical depression by September 13. Tilda's winds reached typhoon intensity on September 14. Its center passed over the Bataan Islands the same day before moving west into the South China Sea. According to the JTWC, Tilda's one-minute maximum sustained winds crested at 165 km/h (105 mph) before their speeds began to decrease.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tilda (Basiang)
On September 16, the center of Tilda passed 95 km/h (60 mi) south of Hong Kong. Tilda's close pass of Hong Kong prompted the hoisting of storm signals to warn ships and small craft, with the Royal Observatory escalating its warnings to typhoon signal no. 3 . The typhoon then became stationary for nearly two days over the South China Sea with its winds concurrently falling to tropical storm intensity according to the JTWC. Tilda's meandering path disrupted shipping and led to the Royal Observatory keeping storm signals active for a record 161 hours.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tilda (Basiang)
On September 19, the JTWC determined that Tilda reintensified into a typhoon after the storm began to move west. The typhoon's one-minue sustained winds were estimated by the agency at 205 km/h (120 mph) on September 20 before weakening ensued. Tilda made landfall on the coast of Vietnam on September 22 roughly 95 km (60 mi) northwest of Huế, Vietnam, and 200 km (125 mi) north of where Typhoon Violet struck a week prior. Storm surge at Lăng Cô reached 1.7 m (5.6 ft). Tilda continued inland and weakened before dissipating by September 25.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Tilda (Basiang)
Rainfall from Tilda led to some of the largest flood depths and durations on record in the drainage basin of the Mekong River; the longevity and spatial extent of Tilda's rains were also near world-record-levels. The highest rainfall total over a three-day period was 470 mm (19 in). Precipitation totals were enhanced by orographic effects on southwest-facing slopes in southwestern Laos near the Thailand border. Most buildings at the U.S. Marines base in Da Nang sustained water damage and lost power for over a week. At least three people went missing in Thailand following the flooding from Tilda. Water inundation reached 0.6 m (2 ft) in some cities and railways and highways suspended traffic.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Violet
The CMA determined that Violet formed in the South China Sea on September 12, while the JTWC assessed tropical cyclogenesis on the following day. The system quickly strengthened and reached tropical storm and later typhoon intensity on September 14. Violet's one-minute sustained winds topped out at 140 km/h (85 mph) just prior to moving ashore Vietnam. Violet made landfall on Vietnam on the morning of September 15. It weakened quickly over land with the JTWC issuing its last advisory on the system on September 15 and the CMA considering the system to have dissipated on September 16.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Violet
The storm generated rainfall totals in excess of 190 mm (7.5 in) between September 14–17, punctuated by a maximum measured value of 245 mm (9.6 in). Ninety percent of homes were destroyed in Quảng Bình Province according to early reports. U.S. Marine Corps helicopters were deployed to evacuate those affected by the storm in Tam Kỳ, Vietnam. Light damage was wrought to facilities associated with U.S. Marine Corps support operations in Vietnam.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
According to data from the JMA, Wilda began as a tropical storm east-southeast of Guam on September 16, marked by a large mass of clouds and associated rainbands. The system tracked northwest over the Northern Mariana Islands and into the Philippine Sea two days later. The JTWC recognized the storm as a tropical cyclone on September 19 when it was located roughly 370 km (230 mi) northwest of Saipan, and assessed Wilda to have strengthened into a typhoon later that day.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
An eye emerged on Nimbus satellite imagery on September 20, and on September 21, Wilda reached its peak intensity over the Philippine Sea with one-minute maximum sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph) as estimated by the JTWC and a minimum central pressure of 895 hPa (mbar; 26.43 inHg). Based on data from the JMA, this was tied for lowest central pressure of any typhoon in 1964, along with Typhoon Sally.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
Wilda slightly weakened following peak strength before curving northward and making landfall on Kagoshima on September 24; one-minute sustained winds three hours prior to landfall were estimated to be 185 km/h (100 mph). The storm passed over Shikoku and southern Honshu before emerging into the Sea of Japan and curving northeast. Wilda made a final landfall on the western coast of northern Honshu on September 25 as a tropical storm, thereafter departing Japan and quickly moving towards the central Aleutian Islands as a powerful extratropical cyclone. The storm was last identified on September 27.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
Wilda was one of the strongest typhoons to ever strike Japan as measured by atmospheric pressure, reaching Cape Sata in Kagoshima with a central pressure of 940 hPa (mbar; 27.76 inHg). The typhoon caused 47 fatalities and 530 injuries in Japan. Over 70,000 homes were destroyed and nearly 45,000 were inundated by the typhoon across the country, leaving thousands of people homeless. The southern and eastern coasts of Kyushu, the southern coast of Shikoku, and Hyōgo Prefecture experienced the highest proportion of destroyed homes per capita. At least 64 ships were sunk with another 192 damaged or lost.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
Damage was widespread in the northern Ryukyu Islands. Banana, sugar cane, and vegetable fields in Amami Ōshima were badly damaged, along with roofs and windows. Naze lost power during the storm. Wilda brought 6-meter (20-foot) waves to southern Kyushu. One British freighter ran aground off Kagoshima and broke into two; all 41 crew were rescued. The widespread flooding in the region overtopped dikes and disrupted air and rail traffic. At Uwajima, Ehime, a peak wind gust of 259 km/h (161 mph) was observed; this was the strongest wind recorded in connection with the Wilda in Japan.


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wilda
An 8,547-ton Indonesian freighter with 53 crew ran aground and keeled over at the Port of Kobe. Gale-force winds from Wilda reached the Tokyo area, damaging roofs at the Tokyo Olympic Village and uprooting trees two weeks before the start of the 1964 Summer Olympics. A ship just south of Tokyo Bay reported winds of 76 km/h (47 mph).


1964 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Anita
Tropical Storm Anita formed just west of Luzon on September 23. It initially tracked towards the southwest and attained tropical storm intensity in the central South China Sea on September 25 according to data from the JTWC. Its intensity oscillated as curved west and neared central Vietnam, peaking in strength with winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) on September 26; these winds were inferred from maritime observations near the storm. The following day, Anita made landfall near Da Nang, Vietnam, and later weakened over land; the storm dissipated on September 28.