1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
At the same time, a brigade of Vietnamese marines was being prepared to support Khánh in his fight against the rebels, but it is not clear whether this was to be coordinated with Tri's 7th Division and whether Tri's decision to stand his ground instead of attacking had an effect on the marines. There were also reports of elements of the 9th Division from Cần Thơ in the far south, and the 25th Division from the west moving towards the capital with around 30 armored personnel carriers. They were reportedly joined by the 5th Division who were coming in from Bien Hoa in the north. During all of these moves, Kỳ's hand was strengthened by the mistaken belief of Khánh and his faction that the air force commander supported them.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
While this was happening, the Americans consulted with Thi and General Cao Văn Viên, the commander of III Corps surrounding Saigon, to assemble units hostile to both Khánh and the current coup into a Capital Liberation Force. The Americans provided Thi with a plane so he could fly in from his I Corps headquarters in Da Nang to Saigon to lead ground forces against both the rebels and Khánh. In the meantime, there was no further fighting as another round of negotiations was started.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Failure to capture Bien Hoa Air Base and stalemate
In the evening, Khánh came on the radio, using a transmitter believed to be in Ba Xuyen in the Mekong Delta. Khánh denounced the coup leaders as members of the Cần Lao. He said his loyalists were moving on Saigon and that the rebels had to disperse by the next day to avoid an attack. Close to midnight, there were reports that Khánh's loyalists had entered the capital and had passed a rebel roadblock in the Chinese business district of Cholon, around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of central Saigon. It was reported the troops manning the roadblock did not attempt to stop Khánh's men.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup collapse
At 20:00, Phát and Thảo met Kỳ in a meeting at Bien Hoa Air Base organized by the Americans, and insisted on Khánh's removal from power. The coup collapsed when, between midnight and dawn, anti-Thảo forces swept into the city from the south along with some components of the 7th Airborne Brigade loyal to Kỳ from Bien Hoa in the north. Whether the rebels were genuinely defeated by the overwhelming show of strength or whether a deal was struck to end the revolt in exchange for Khánh's ouster is disputed, although a large majority support the latter.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup collapse
According to the second version, Phát and Thảo agreed to free the members of the Armed Forces Council they had arrested and withdraw in exchange for Khánh's complete removal from power. Possibly as a means of saving face, Phát and Thảo were also given an appointment with the figurehead chief of state Sửu, who was under the close control of the junta, to "order" him to sign a decree stripping Khánh of the leadership of the military and organizing a meeting of the junta and Prime Minister Quát's civilian cabinet.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Coup collapse
During the early morning, while the radio station was still in the hands of the rebels, a message attributed to Sửu was read out; it announced Khánh's removal. However, the authenticity of the announcement was put into doubt when paratroopers wrested control of the station from the rebels and Sửu then spoke in person, saying he was trying to get into contact with both factions and convince them to eschew bloodshed. Later the radio station played a pre-recorded speech by Khánh claiming he had regained control of the situation. There were no injuries or deaths in the coup.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted
Phát changed into civilian clothes, and made a broadcast stating "We have capitulated", before fleeing with Colonel Huynh Van Ton. Thảo broadcast a message saying the coup had been effective in removing Khánh. This was not the case as yet, but the Armed Forces Council later adopted a vote of no confidence in Khánh. Later in the morning, while on the run, Thảo made a broadcast using a military radio system to call for Khánh's departure and defend his actions, which he described as being in the best interest of the nation.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted
Eager to remove Khánh, the Americans provided aircraft to transport the officers, Quát, and his civilian cabinet to the meeting at short notice. The motion was precipitated by Thi, who gained the support of Kỳ, and the final vote was unanimous. Sửu and Quát, who were not members of the Armed Forces Council, concurred with the military's decision to depose Khánh. Kỳ, Thi and Thiệu became the key figures in a junta that continued with Sửu and Quát as a civilian front, although General Trần Văn Minh became the nominal commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The junta ordered Khánh to leave South Vietnam immediately, and made a show of support for Quát and his civilian ministry.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted
Khánh was not present at his ouster, because he was north of Saigon, inspecting a display of captured communist weapons. When he heard of what was happening via a phone call from the junta secretary, General Huỳnh Văn Cao, he became angry and refused to accept his fate. Khánh's contended that only a full sitting of the Armed Forces Council, him included, had the power to make a leadership change. Khánh told Cao of his intention to resist what he saw as an illegal seizure of power.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted
Having concluded that Khánh would fight to the bitter end, Cao went and saw Westmoreland in an open request for help. Westmoreland sent Rowland to meet with the eight available members of the AFC—Kỳ, Thi, Cao, Thiệu, Minh, Khang, Có and Phạm Văn Đồng—to devise a plan to thwart Khánh's attempts to reestablish himself.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted, Khánh's last stand
Khánh used his personal aircraft to fly to different provinces, trying to rally support and promising to promote would-be allies. He flew to Vũng Tàu, his favorite retreat, before travelling to Cần Thơ, the main city in the Mekong Delta. He then proceeded to Sóc Trăng, a town near the border with Cambodia. However, he received little support. Despite being forced out of power, Khánh refused to entertain the concept, calling Thi through an intermediary and informing him of his removal from the command of I Corps. The deposed leader's attempted command was met with harsh words from Thi. Having ousted Khánh, the generals held an afternoon press conference, claiming no decision had been definitively made. Nevertheless, they assailed Khánh as a "troublemaker" who was lethargic in pursuing the Vietcong, and accused him of being obsessed with power and politics.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted, Khánh's last stand
By the end of the evening, Khánh was in Da Lat when his plane ran out of fuel, and no pumps were open at the time, so he was marooned there for the night. He phoned Saigon asking for re-supply, but his rivals denied his wish. Fearing a Khánh comeback, the Armed Force Council met again and unanimously resolved to make contingency plans to repel any counter-insurrection by Khánh.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted, Khánh's last stand
Westmoreland sent Colonel Jasper Wilson, Khánh's former confidant and adviser at corps level, to go to Da Lat to convince the Vietnamese general to resign and allow a new military leadership to take the reins. A year earlier, Wilson had helped Khánh depose Minh. Khánh initially refused to depart, calling the coup an American initiative and saying if he capitulated now, it would simply prove that the Americans were involved, as Wilson had been sent to tell him to leave.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted, Khánh's last stand
Khánh finally agreed to leave if he was given a dignified send-off, so the other generals arranged a ceremonial farewell at Tan Son Nhut on February 24. Military bands played as he theatrically bent down and picked up some loose dirt before putting it in his pocket; Khánh said he was taking his beloved homeland with him, and vowed to one day return. His enemies, the remaining Vietnamese officers, most notably Kỳ and Thi, as well as Taylor, all met him at the airport. The foes managed smiles and handshakes for the media cameras.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Khánh ousted, Khánh's last stand
To make the coup "appear as much as possible the doing of Vietnamese themselves", Taylor had not made any public statement after Khánh's ouster, on orders from the State Department. Wearing his Grand Cross of the National Order, and carrying two more plastic bags filled with Vietnamese soil, Khánh then left as Ambassador-at-Large, and was sent on a meaningless world tour, starting with a report to the United Nations in New York City.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Repercussions
Phát and Thảo were stripped of their ranks, but nothing was initially done as far as prosecuting or sentencing them for their involvement in the coup. The new junta decided to ignore Khiêm's actions and he remained in Washington as the ambassador, with no further action taken. Phát and Thảo stayed in hiding in Catholic villages. They offered to surrender and support the government if they and their officers were granted amnesty.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Repercussions
In May 1965, a military tribunal under Kỳ sentenced both Thảo and Phát, who were still on the run, to death in absentia. As a result, Thảo had little choice but to move around indefinitely or attempt to seize power in order to save himself. He chose the latter. On May 20, a few officers and around 40 civilians, predominantly Catholic, were arrested on charges of attempting to assassinate Quát and kidnap Kỳ among others. Several of the arrested were known supporters of Thảo and believed to be abetting him in evading the authorities.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Repercussions
In July 1965, he was reported dead in unclear circumstances after being hunted down; an official report claimed he died of injuries while on a helicopter taking him to Saigon, after being captured north of the city. It was generally assumed he was murdered or tortured to death on the orders of some junta members. Phát remained on the run for three years. During that time, Kỳ's power was eclipsed by Thiệu in a continuing power struggle, and the latter removed Kỳ supporters in the military from positions of high power. In June 1968, Phát came out of hiding and surrendered himself to the authorities. He was pardoned by a military court in August and released.


1965 South Vietnamese coup, Repercussions
After he too had been exiled the following year, Thi said "It was necessary to move against him because our army was dependent on the Americans, and we could not get along without them." Thi accused overseas-based Diệm supporters for the coup. Despite his failure to take power, Khiêm said Khánh's demise made him "very happy. I think my objective has been realized." The Soviet Union responded to the coup by saying "The farce will go on" and lampooning South Vietnam's "bankrupt politicians and warriors".


1965 South West African legislative election
Legislative elections were held in South West Africa on 15 September 1965. The whites-only election saw a victory for the National Party of South West Africa, which won all 18 seats in the Legislative Assembly.


1965 South West African legislative election, Electoral system
The 18 members of the Legislative Assembly were elected from single-member constituencies. Prior to the elections six constituencies (Aroab, Mariental, Otjikondo, Usakos, Windhoek District and Windhoek North) were abolished and replaced by Erongo, Khomas-hochland, Stampriet, Walvisbay, Windhoek Klein and Windhoek South. The other constituencies were Gobabis, Grootfontein, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahöhe, Okahandja, Otjiwarongo, Swakopmund, Tsumeb, Warmbad, Windhoek East, and Windhoek West.


1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
The 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, officially known as the 3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, was a Southeast Asian multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 14 to 21 December 1965 with 14 sports featured in the games. Originally to be hosted by Laos, the third edition of the games was hosted by Malaysia after the former was not able to honour its hosting commitment citing financial difficulties and would later known to have hosted the 2009 Southeast Asian Games decades later.


1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games
Two years earlier, the third SEAP Games was cancelled as Cambodia pulled out of hosting the event due to internal strife. This was the first time Malaysia host the games. Malaysia is the third country to host the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games, which later known as the Southeast Asian Games after Thailand and Myanmar, then Burma. The games was opened and closed by Ismail Nasiruddin, the King of Malaysia at the Stadium Merdeka. The final medal tally was led by Thailand followed by host Malaysia and Singapore.


1965 Southern 500
The 1965 Southern 500, the 16th running of the event, was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on September 6, 1965, at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina.


1965 Southern 500
The entire racing grid was set by time trials and there was no consolation race to determine the final few spots.


1965 Southern 500
It took four hours and nineteen minutes for the race to be completed with Ned Jarrett beating Buck Baker by fourteen laps and 19 laps over third and fourth-place finishers: Darel Dieringer and Roy Mayne. This would remain a NASCAR record to this day.


1965 Southern 500, Background
Darlington Raceway, nicknamed by many NASCAR fans and drivers as "The Lady in Black" or "The Track Too Tough to Tame" and advertised as a "NASCAR Tradition", is a race track built for NASCAR racing located near Darlington, South Carolina. It is of a unique, somewhat egg-shaped design, an oval with the ends of very different configurations, a condition which supposedly arose from the proximity of one end of the track to a minnow pond the owner refused to relocate. This situation makes it very challenging for the crews to set up their cars' handling in a way that will be effective at both ends.


1965 Southern 500, Background
The track is a four-turn 1.366 miles (2.198 km) oval. The track's first two turns are banked at twenty-five degrees, while the final two turns are banked two degrees lower at twenty-three degrees. The front stretch (the location of the finish line) and the back stretch is banked at six degrees. Darlington Raceway can seat up to 60,000 people.


1965 Southern 500, Background
Darlington has something of a legendary quality among drivers and older fans; this is probably due to its long track length relative to other NASCAR speedways of its era and hence the first venue where many of them became cognizant of the truly high speeds that stock cars could achieve on a long track. The track allegedly earned the moniker The Lady in Black because the night before the race the track maintenance crew would cover the entire track with fresh asphalt sealant, in the early years of the speedway, thus making the racing surface dark black.


1965 Southern 500, Background
Darlington is also known as "The Track Too Tough to Tame" because drivers can run lap after lap without a problem and then bounce off of the wall the following lap. Racers will frequently explain that they have to race the racetrack, not their competition. Drivers hitting the wall are considered to have received their "Darlington Stripe" thanks to the missing paint on the right side of the car.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
In mileage, the gap between Jarrett and Baker is the equivalent of 19.25 miles or 30.98 kilometres. Drivers who failed to qualify for this race were: Pee Wee Ellwanger (Dodge), Wendell Scott (Ford), Worth McMillion (Pontiac) and Bernard Alvarez (Ford). By modern-day standards, this race was considered to be a blowout. Buddy Baker's vehicle overheated on lap 123 even though he was the favorite to win the race.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
Jarrett would go on to claim his second NASCAR championship title after the November 7 race at the Dog Track Speedway in Moyock, North Carolina. While 44 cars would originally start the race, only 15 of them would survive until the end. On the third lap Buren Skeen spun out and was fatally injured when Reb Wickersham's Ford plowed into Skeen's drivers door. Darel Dieringer broke with 39 laps to go after leading 199 laps, leaving Ned Jarrett alone by 14 laps en route to the win. Pure survival was considered to be the main component of the race. Every competitive car had problems with the exception of Jarret, so the win was basically by default. The Baker Fury was pretty fast but suffered overheating, during which Buddy assumed command.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
The race saw a scary melee when young Cale Yarborough crashed with Sam McQuagg in Turn One and Cale's car flew over the guardrail and landed outside the speedway; he was uninjured and interviewed for ABC Sports by Chris Economaki.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
The polesitter, Junior Johnson, went out after the first lap and finished last.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
Curtis Turner would be permitted to race after Bill France dropped his lifetime ban for promoting a trade union with NASCAR. Richard Petty did not race even though he stopped boycotting Chrysler and the Grand National Series.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
Other notable names who participated included: LeeRoy Yarbrough, Elmo Langley, Wendell Scott, and Darel Dieringer. The winner would walk away with $21,060 while the last place winner would receive $7505. Notable crew chiefs for this race were Franklin McMillion, Herb Nab, Jimmy Thomas, John Ervin, Ray Fox, and Bruce Bacon.


1965 Southern 500, Race report
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1965 Southern 500, Finishing order
† signifies that the driver is known to be deceased * Driver failed to finish race


1965 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1965 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from February 25–27, 1965 at the original Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The West Virginia Mountaineers, led by head coach George King, won their ninth Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 1965 NCAA Tournament.


1965 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top eight finishers  of the conference's nine members were eligible for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1965 Southern Illinois Salukis football team
The 1965 Southern Illinois Salukis football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) as an independent during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. Under second-year head coach Don Shroyer, the team compiled a 2–8 record. The team played its home games at McAndrew Stadium in Carbondale, Illinois.


1965 Southern Miss Southerners football team
The 1965 Southern Miss Southerners football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southern Mississippi as an independent during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventeenth year under head coach Thad Vann, the team compiled a 7–2 record.


1965 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1965 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the University of Southwestern Louisiana (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Gulf States Conference during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. In their fifth year under head coach Russ Faulkinberry, the team compiled a 7–3 record and as Gulf States Conference co-champion.


1965 Soviet Class A Second Group
The 1965 Soviet Class A Second Group was the third season of the Soviet Class A Second Group football competitions that was established in 1963. It was also the 25th season of the Soviet second tier league competition.


1965 Soviet Class B
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Frietjes (talk | contribs) at 22:26, 18 March 2020 (expand templates per Fb team TfD outcome and Fb competition TfD outcome and Fb cl TfD outcome and Fb rbr TfD outcome). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1965 Soviet Class B
1965 Soviet Class B was a Soviet football competition at the Soviet third tier.


1965 Soviet Cup
The 1965 Soviet Cup was an association football cup competition of the Soviet Union. The winner of the competition, Spartak Moscow qualified for the continental tournament.


1965 Soviet economic reform
The 1965 Soviet economic reform, sometimes called the Kosygin reform (Russian: Косыгинская реформа) or Liberman reform, were a set of planned changes in the economy of the USSR. A centerpiece of these changes was the introduction of profitability and sales as the two key indicators of enterprise success. Some of an enterprise's profits would go to three funds, used to reward workers and expand operations; most would go to the central budget.


1965 Soviet economic reform
The reforms were introduced politically by Alexei Kosygin—who had just become Premier of the Soviet Union following the removal of Nikita Khrushchev—and ratified by the Central Committee in September 1965. They reflected some long-simmering wishes of the USSR's mathematically-oriented economic planners, and initiated the shift towards increased decentralization in the process of economic planning.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background
Under Lenin, the New Economic Policy had allowed and used the concepts of profit and incentives for regulation of the Soviet economy. Stalin transformed this policy rapidly with the collectivization of farms and nationalization of industry, which was the result of the acceleration of central planning as exemplified by the "Five-Year Plans". Since about 1930, the Soviet Union had used a centralized system to manage its economy.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background
In this system, a single bureaucracy created economic plans, which assigned workers to jobs, set wages, dictated resource allocation, established the levels of trade with other countries, and planned the course of technological progress. Retail prices for consumer goods were fixed at levels intended to clear the market. The prices of wholesale goods were fixed, also, but these served an accounting function more than a market mechanism. Collective farms also paid centrally determined prices for the supplies they needed, and unlike other sectors their workers received wages directly dependent on the profitability of the operation.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background
Although Soviet enterprises were theoretically governed by the principle of khozraschet (Russian: хозрасчёт, lit. 'business bookkeeping', or "accounting")—which required them to meet planners' expectations within the system of set prices for their inputs and outputs—they had little control over the biggest decisions affecting their operations. Managers did have a responsibility to plan future gross output, which they chronically underestimated in order to later exceed the prediction. The managers then received bonuses (premia) for surplus product regardless of whether it was produced in a cost-effective manner or whether their enterprise was profitable overall. The bonuses for output came in amounts sometimes equal to the managers' basic salaries. The system also incentivized pointless increases in the size, weight, and cost of production outputs, simply because 'more' had been produced.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background, Rise of the optimal planners
The economic reforms emerged during a period of great ideological debate over economic planning. More mathematical, "cybernetic", viewpoints were at first considered deviant from orthodox Marxist economics, which considered the value of good to derive strictly from labor. This doctrine, elaborated in such works as Stalin's 1952 book, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, described the price system as a capitalist relic which would eventually disappear from communist society.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background, Rise of the optimal planners
Nevertheless, computerized economics gained an important role for top planners, even while conventional Marxist–Leninist political economy was taught in most schools and promoted for public consumption. The rising influence of statistical planning in the Soviet economy was reflected in the creation of the Central Economic Mathematical Institute (Центральный экономико-математический институт; TSEMI), led by Vasily Sergeevich Nemchinov. Nemchinov, along with linear programming inventor Leonid Kantorovich and investment analyst Viktor Valentinovich Novozhilov, received the Lenin Prize in 1965. The battle between "optimal" planning and convention planning raged throughout the 1960s.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background, Rise of the optimal planners
Another tendency in economic planning emphasized "normative value of processing", or the importance of needs and wants in evaluating the value of production.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background, Kosygin and Brezhnev replace Khrushchev
Major changes throughout the Soviet world became possible in 1964 with the ousting of Nikita Khrushchev and the rise of Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev. Economic policy was a significant area of retrospective anti-Khrushchev criticism in the Soviet press. This 'reformist' economic tendency in the Soviet Union had corollaries and some mutual reinforcement in Eastern Europe.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Background, Kosygin and Brezhnev replace Khrushchev
Kosygin criticized the inefficiency and inertia of economic policy under the previous administration. He presented a plan, including the ideas expressed by Liberman and Nemchinov, to the Communist Party Central Committee Plenum in September 1965. The Central Committee's acceptance of the plan became crucial for practical implementation of theoretical ideas.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Lack of incentives
According to official rationale for the reform, the increasing complexity of economic relations reduced the efficacy of economic planning and therefore reduced economic growth. It was recognized that the existing system of planning did not motivate enterprises to reach high rates of production or to introduce organizational or technical innovations. There were no incentives for that.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Lack of incentives
Given more freedom to deviate publicly from party orthodoxy, newspapers offered new proposals for the Soviet economy. Aircraft engineer O. Antonov published an article in Izvestia on November 22, 1961, with the title "For All and For Oneself"—advocating more power for enterprise directors.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
A widely publicized economic rationale for reform came from Evsei Liberman of the Kharkov Institute of Engineering and Economics. An article by Liberman on this topic, titled "Plans, Profits, and Bonuses" appeared in Pravda in September 1962. Liberman, influenced by the economic "optimizers", argued for the (re)introduction of profitability as a core economic indicator. Liberman advanced the idea that the social interest could be advanced through careful setting of microeconomic parameters: "What is profitable for society should be profitable for every enterprise."


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
These proposals were controversial, and criticized especially as regressions towards a capitalist economic system. Critics also argued that reliance on profitability would skew the proportions in which different goods were produced.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
V. Trapeznikov advocated a position similar to Liberman's, in Pravda, August 1964, writing that


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
[ ...] the time has come to discard the obsolete forms of economic management based on directive norms, and to pass over to a simpler, cheaper and more efficient type of control of the activities of enterprises. This control must be patterned so that the personnel of an enterprise find it economically profitable to organize that work along lines that are profitable to the national economy as well.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
Unlike Liberman in 1962, Trapeznikov suggested that the need for reform had been embraced by party decisionmakers and would soon become a reality. In the following month, Pravda published six more articles from academicians, planners, and managers advocating reform. The last of these came from Liberman. This time, criticism was muted.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Rationale, Liberman's proposals
Several economic experiments were initiated to test Liberman's proposals. These began in 1964 with new policies for two garment factories: the Bolshevichka in Moscow and the Mayak in Gorky. When operations at the garment factories proved tolerably successful, the experiment was expanded to about 400 other enterprises, mostly in large cities. One experiment in Lviv involved a coal mine and factories producing clothing, shoes, and heavy lifting equipment. The coal mine, in particular, reportedly became more profitable after shifting to a system using bonuses and more independent decisionmaking. Some of the experimental plants ran into problems, however, due to the unreliability of suppliers continuing to operate on the old system. The Mayak plant faced a dilemma in trying to implement the centrally mandated experimental reforms, while simultaneously receiving contradictory orders from the local sovnarkhoz (regional council).


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design
The reform was administered by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers. It consisted of five "groups of activities":


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Profits, bonuses, and wages
The most important changes resulting from the Liberman/Kosygin reforms involved the role of profit in the Soviet economic system. Rentabelnost' ("profitability", Russian: рентабельность) and realizatsiya ("sales", Russian: реализация) became the twin success indicators for enterprises. Rentabelnost'  was defined in terms of the ratio between profits and capital, while realizatsiya (also meaning "implementation") depended on the total volume of sales. Success by these measurements led to the allocation of money to a fund, which could be disbursed according to a pre-defined sequence. The funds first went to pay for capital—including interest paid to Gosbank, the State Bank. Then, they went to the new incentive funds. Finally, they could be used by an enterprise to expand its capital for operations. Any profit extending above the maximum for spending would go to the central budget.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Profits, bonuses, and wages
Formerly, bonuses had come from the same fund as wages. Now, enterprise managers had slightly more discretion over how to allocate them. They could move some amounts of money between the bonus fund and the social welfare fund. They also had more power to influence wages by classifying different workers.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Profits, bonuses, and wages
In practice, the bonuses had the greatest impact on the payment of elite personnel (technicians and "employees" as opposed to "workers"), thereby counteracting the effect of Khrushchev-era wage reforms.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Profits, bonuses, and wages
An experimental system introduced at some enterprises offered extra bonuses for specific achievements—not just as a portion of total profits. For example, engineers using fuel more efficiently (during a shortage) could receive large premia calculated as a percentage of the money they saved.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Profits, bonuses, and wages
Along with more direct responsibility for the wage fund, enterprises also gained the power to fire workers. In fact, the reform gave new incentive for layoffs, which in some cases could increase profitability. (When these occurred, the workers did not have a 'social safety net' in place in the form of unemployment insurance and career assistance).


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Enterprise accounting
To encourage accurate planning, enterprises now would be punished for performing below or above their planned goals.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Enterprise accounting
Enterprises would also pay rent for land and natural resources. The rationale for this practice was economic optimization. For example, land of differing quality required different inputs of manpower to achieve the same outputs, and thus should factor differently into the budget of an enterprise.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Enterprise accounting
Bank loans, to be repaid later with interest, would be used to fund more investment projects—to incentive the careful use of funds and the speedy creation of profit. Five different interest rates would be set, ranging from preferential to normal to punitive.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Enterprise accounting
An additional capital charge—i.e., tax—would be assessed for each enterprise based on the capital it retained: working capital, equipment, and surplus stocks.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
Enterprises were to submit annual plans, called tekhpromfinplans  (from Russian: техпромфинплан (ru:Техпрофинплан) - technical and financial production plan), stipulating production plans by quarter and month. Higher-ups would then approve these plans (or not) and allocate supplies and money. The enterprise then sells its products, within the constraints of the plan. It is empowered to reject or return (within ten days) unneeded inputs to the supplier.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
The key change which represented "decentralization" was the delegation of responsibility over modernization investments. However, modernization plans remained subject to central approval, as well as approval from the bank which lent the money.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
The amount of development expected under these auspices fell far short of expectations, as the necessary labour and materials were simply undersupllied. One response to this problem in 1969 was to shift more incentives to the contractors.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
For the "optimal planners" this limited decentralization was inadequate, and the new importance assigned to "profit" was incomplete because enterprises did not control enough of the factors which might affect it. As a deputy director of TSEMI commented in 1966:


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
We say: comrades, if you want to introduce profit, then it is necessary to reconstruct the whole system of prices, the system of incentives, in short, to alter a great deal in the existing forms and methods of economic management. If this is not done, then the introduction of profit will bring about no effect whatsoever.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
The plan also called for the cultivation of a new breed of managers; As Kosygin in Pravda (September 28, 1965):


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, More enterprise control over investment decisions
...initiative based on know-how, efficiency, a businesslike approach, a feeling for the new, and the ability to use production resources in each specific circumstance with maximum effectiveness, herein is the essence of the new demands.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Political reorganization
In previous eras, an important layer of administrative control over production had been sovnarkhozy (совнархо́зы, a contraction of words meaning "Council of National Economy"), the regional economic councils created on December 1, 1917, under the control of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy (VSNKh, Vesenkha, a similar contraction). These councils spelled the end of a short-lived phase of worker control overproduction, which the Bolsheviks regarded as inefficient. Under the New Economic Policy beginning in 1921, enterprises were classified based on their relative interdependence (and necessity to war production) or autonomy (i.e. those "endowed with complete financial and commercial independence").


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Political reorganization
The many enterprises in the latter category were not nationalized, but instead placed under the guidance of the VSNKh, with the plan to group them into "trusts" based on production chains or geographic proximity. This model underwent various reorganizations, including the strengthening of edinonachalie, control of production units by a single manager. These single managers at times controlled a wide range of production activities within a single area. The economic reform of 1957 reintroduced the sovnarkhozy, 104 in number, to govern production by region. Where applicable, these corresponded closely with the boundaries of the oblasty (political jurisdictions).


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Political reorganization
Complaints immediately arose that these councils did not optimize overall production chains, due to their regional focus, and that they conflicted with the authority of Gosplan. In 1962, the 104 sovnarkhozy were consolidated into 47 larger jurisdictions (one of which controlled all of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, and Kirgizia). However, by 1962–1963, the sovnarkhozy were becoming subordinate to numerous other agencies and organizations. Gosplan was to be stripped of its planning authority in favor of a revitalized VSNKh.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Political reorganization
Kosygin took aim at these "outdated forms of management" and included in his 1965 speech a return to ministries as core administrators. His plan resembled the ministry system under Stalin, but with a smaller number: nine all-Union ministries organized by industry (e.g., Ministry of Light Industry, Ministry of the Radio Industry, Ministry of the Chemical Industry) and eleven supervising operations within each union-republic. The latter regional agencies reported both to the local council and to the central ministry with jurisdiction over their production type. Gosplan had the responsibility for creating annual and long-term plans, and for guiding development and resource management. Gossnab became the primary coordinator of material-technical supply, and was charged with large-scale analysis (possibly using computers) to increase supply chain efficiency.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Political reorganization
The 1965 reforms somewhat altered the role of the Party in economic administration. Local officials were to oversee operations from a distance to ensure compliance with the spirit of the reforms.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Refinement of central planning
The plan called for more detailed and scientific central planning, including annual targets. These plans would be calculated using computer systems.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Design, Refinement of central planning
Distribution of supplies and products would take place in different ways. Central planners would allocate certain scarce and vital goods. For others, enterprises could form "direct ties" within which they developed a contractual exchange relationship.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
The authors of the reforms knew from the outset that changes would take effect gradually, based on the careful writing of plans through the years 1966 and 1967. The first 43 enterprises, along with several "experiments" for which planning began before the September 1965 Plenum, shifted to the new model at the beginning of 1966. Transfer of another 180–200 was accomplished in early 1966. These were already profitable, well-positioned businesses, and reflected well on the reform in early evaluations. On July 1, 1966, 430 more enterprises were transferred; these included some large operations and themselves constituted 12% of total production. By the end of 1966, more than 704 enterprises had switched.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
The Eighth Five-Year Plan would have instantiated some of the proposed reforms. (The Five-Year Plan dealt with a broad range of issues, with more of a focus on people's overall living conditions. It was expected to be implemented within the Party.)


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
Most light industry was to transfer at the beginning of 1967. The remaining enterprises to switch over in two stages, taking effect on July 1, 1967, and January 1, 1968. The complete transfer of all enterprises proceeded steadily, if not exactly on schedule. By April 1, 1967, 2,500 enterprises, responsible for 20% of output, had switched. By the end of the year, 7,000 industrial enterprises (out of 45,000), 1,500 trucking firms (out of 4,100), and all 25 railroad systems had transferred. Together these made up the backbone of Soviet industry. They were followed by smaller enterprises: 11,000 more in 1968.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
The plan met with considerable initial confusion from enterprise managers who, throughout their careers, had underestimated their potential output in order to later exceed their quota. Also difficult was the requirement to comply with the new directives before all aspects of the economy (i.e., prices, resource availability) had shifted over. And the reluctance of certain bureaucrats to comply with the new policies was the subject of sustained criticism in the press, including multiple editorials by Liberman himself. In April 1966, for example, Liberman recommended creating a "brain trust of the reconstruction" which could veto counter-reformist policies in the bureaucracy.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
Officials the higher administrative levels (i.e., the ministries), continued to issue orders at odds with the profitability plans of the enterprise managers. Some traditional problems—such as the accumulation, contra profitability, of surplus valuable supplies, lest they be needed later in a time of shortage—persisted. Gossnab and the ministries were blamed for failing to make the appropriate inputs available to the enterprises.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Implementation
A price revision, the first since 1955, was announced in mid-1966, apparently following some non-trivial internal disputes. The revision called for moderate re-alignment of prices, to conform more with production costs, and went into effect in July 1967. Wholesale fuel and ore prices increased substantially. Prices on consumer goods did not officially increase at all; yet consumers paid higher prices for things they wanted and needed, since newer, more expensive goods were introduced to the market, and the old versions withdrawn.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Results
The economy grew more in 1966–1970 than it did in 1961–1965. Many enterprises were encouraged to sell or give away excess equipment, since all available capital was factored into the calculation of productivity. Certain measurements of efficiency improved. These included rising sales per rouble worth of capital and falling wages per rouble of sales. The enterprises rendered large portions of their profits, sometimes 80%, to the central budget. These payments of "free" remaining profits substantially exceeded capital charges.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Results
However, central planners were not satisfied with the impact of the reform. In particular, they observed that wages had increased without a commensurate rise in productivity. Many of the specific changes were revised or reversed in 1969–1971.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Results
The reforms somewhat reduced the role of the Party in micromanaging economic operations. The backlash against economic reformism joined with opposition to political liberalization to trigger the full-blown invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.


1965 Soviet economic reform, Results
Soviet officials and press nevertheless continued to advance the idea of the 1965 reform. Kosygin commented on June 10, 1970:


1965 Soviet economic reform, Results
The essence of the reform is, while perfecting centralized planning, to raise the initiative and interest of enterprises in the fullest use of production resources and to raise the efficiency of production in order to unify the interests of workers, enterprises, and society as a whole by means of the system of economic stimuli.


1965 Soviet nuclear tests
The Soviet Union's 1965 nuclear test series was a group of 14 nuclear tests conducted in 1965. These tests  followed the 1964 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1966 Soviet nuclear tests series.


1965 Speedway World Team Cup
1965 Speedway World Team Cup was the sixth edition of the FIM Speedway World Team Cup to determine the team world champions.


1965 Speedway World Team Cup
The final took place in Kempten, West Germany. The World Champion title was won by Poland..


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Format
* Replacement teams not eligible to qualify** Great Britain seeded to the final


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 1
Zbigniew Podlecki - 11 Jan Mucha - 10 Paweł Waloszek - 10 Joachim Maj - 8


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 1
Luboš Tomíček Sr. - 10 Antonín Kasper Sr. - 8 Pavel Mares - 7 Jaroslav Volf - 7 Frantisek Ledecky - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 1
Heinrich Sprenger - 6 Manfred Poschenreider - 5 Otto Lantenhammer - 5 Rainer Jüngling - 3 Fred Aberl - 2


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 1
Kurt Schwingenschlögl - 2 Johann Kühr - 2 Alfred Rinzner - 0 Günther Walla - 0


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 2
Igor Plekhanov - 12 (3,3,3,3)Gennady Kurilenko - 12 (3,3,3,3) Vladimir Sokolov - 12 (3,3,3,3) Yuri Chekranov - 9 Gabdrakhman Kadyrov - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 2
Adolf Slabon - 9 Konstanty Pociejkewicz - 8 Bogdan Jaroszewicz - 5 Piotr Bruzda - 3 Wladislaw Wawszczyk - 0


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 2
Jochen Dinse - 6 Jürgen Hehlert - 4 Hans Jürgen Fritz - 2 Heino Niemann - 1 Peter Liebing - 0


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Semi-Final 2
Bruno Bülau - 5 Günther Schelenz - 4 Jürgen Rudolph - 1 Peter Hehlert - 1 Jochen Hetmank - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Scandinavian Round
Bengt Jansson - 12 (3,3,3,3)Bo Josefsson - 12 (3,3,3,3) Per Olof Söderman - 12 (3,3,3,3) Bjorn Knutsson - 9


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Scandinavian Round
Henry Harrfeldt - 7 Per Aulie - 6 Sverre Harrfeldt - 6 Nils Paulsen - 4


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Scandinavian Round
Timo Laine - 8 Kalevi Lahtinen - 7 Matti Olin - 3 Olavi Turunen - 1 Heikki Kaprali - 0


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Scandinavian Round
Erik Kastebo - 5 Svend Nissen - 2 John S. Andersen - 1 Einar Hansen - 1


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Final
Andrzej Wyglenda - 11 (3,2,3,3)Andrzej Pogorzelski - 11 (3,3,3,2)Zbigniew Podlecki - 9 (2,3,3,1)Antoni Woryna - 6 (3,1,0,2)Paweł Waloszek - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Final
Igor Plekhanov - 10 (3,2,2,3)Yuri Chekranov - 9 (2,3,2,2)Gennady Kurilenko - 5 (1,1,2,1)Viktor Trofimov - 5 (-,2,1,2)Vladimir Sokolov - 1 (1,-,-,-)


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Final
Jaroslav Volf - 10 (2,3,2,3)Luboš Tomíček Sr. - 7 (1,2,3,1)Antonín Kasper Sr. - 5 (0,1,1,3)Stanislav Kubíček - 5 (2,1,1,1)Pavel Mares - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, Qualification, Continental Final
Jochen Dinse - 1 (0,0,1,0)Günther Schelenz - 1 (1,0,0,0)Hans-Jürgen Fritz - 0 (0,0,0,0)Jürgen Hehlert - 0 (0,0,0,0)Heino Niemann - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, World final
Andrzej Wyglenda - 11 (3,3,3,2)Andrzej Pogorzelski - 11 (3,3,3,2)Antoni Woryna - 9 (1,2,3,3)Zbigniew Podlecki - 7 (1,2,2,2)Paweł Waloszek - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, World final
Bjorn Knutsson - 11 (3,3,2,3)Ove Fundin - 8 (ef,3,2,3) Bengt Jansson - 8 (1,2,3,2) Göte Nordin - 6 (2,1,2,1) Leif Larsson - NS


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, World final
Ken McKinlay - 7 (2,1,1,3)Nigel Boocock - 6 (3,2,0,1)Jimmy Gooch - 3 (-,1,1,1)Barry Briggs - 1 (F,1,0,-)Charlie Monk - 1 (1,0,-,-)


1965 Speedway World Team Cup, World final
Gennady Kurilenko - 2 (2,0,0,0)Yuri Chekranov - 2 (2,r,-,-)Vladimir Sokolov - 2 (0,1,1,0)Igor Plekhanov - 1 (0,F,1,0)Viktor Trofimov - 0 (-,-,0,0)


1965 Spring Trophy
The 6th Spring Trophy, was a non-championship race for Formula Two cars. It was held on the Oulton Park circuit, located near Tarporley, Cheshire, England, on 3 April 1965.


1965 Spring Trophy, Report, Entry
A total of 32 F2 cars were entered for the event. However, only 21 took part in qualifying.


1965 Spring Trophy, Report, Qualifying
Richard Attwood took pole position for Midland Racing Partnership, in their Lola-Cosworth T60, averaging a speed of 98.403 mph (158.364 km/h).


1965 Spring Trophy, Report, Race
The race was held over 40 laps of the Oulton Park circuit. Denny Hulme took the winner's spoils for the works Brabham team, driving their Brabham-Cosworth BT16. Hulme won in a time of 1hr 08:39.6mins., averaging a speed of 96.492 mph (155.289 km/h). Approximately 19 seconds behind was the second place car of Jackie Stewart, for the Tyrrell Racing Organisation in their BRM-powered Cooper T75. The podium was completed by Alan Rees, in a Brabham-Cosworth BT16 of Roy Winkelmann Racing, a further 23.8 seconds behind Stewart.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season
The 1965 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 46th year in the National Football League (NFL) and their sixth season in St. Louis. After losing the season opener in Philadelphia, the Cardinals reeled off four consecutive wins to move into a tie with the Cleveland Browns at 4–1 after five weeks. However, the Cardinals lost their final six games to finish in sixth place at 5–9, ahead of only the 2–12 Pittsburgh Steelers in the NFL Eastern Conference.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season
It was the final season at Busch Stadium, formerly known as Sportsman's Park. Head coach Wally Lemm resigned after the 1965 season and returned to his previous position with the Houston Oilers of the AFL. The Cardinals moved to the new Busch Memorial Stadium for the 1966 season.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season, Offseason, NFL Draft
In November 1964, the Cardinals selected quarterback Joe Namath of Alabama in the first round of the 1965 NFL Draft, but he signed a record contract with the New York Jets of the American Football League. It was the height of the bidding war between the leagues, which subsided with the merger announcement in June 1966.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1965 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 84th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 74th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 80–81 during the season and finished seventh in the National League, 16½ games behind the eventual World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers. It was also the last full season for the original Busch Stadium.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
The mid-1960s saw changes both on the field and off – all while retaining the core of a remarkable successful franchise and its renewed popularity in St. Louis. Schoendienst's replacement of Keane had been preceded a few weeks earlier by general manager Bing Devine's firing, the redemption of the final pennant drive having come too late to assuage owner August Busch's dwindling patience. Devine was replaced by Bob Howsam, who made a number of moves to shore up a talented but aging team which struggled through the 1965 campaign, finishing mired in 7th place at 80–81.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
A capable GM if not Devine's equal, Howsam made some moves that worked – and some that did not. Howsam traded aging veterans Bill White, Dick Groat, and utility catcher Bob Uecker to Philadelphia in return for Pat Corrales, Art Mahaffey, and Alex Johnson. Popular third baseman Ken Boyer was dispatched to the Mets in exchange for pitcher Al Jackson. Finally, pitcher Ray Sadecki was traded to the Giants for first baseman Orlando Cepeda in 1966. The latter moves worked better than the former, but the Cardinals still finished in 6th place in 1966, resulting in Howsam's replacement by none other than Cardinals legend Stan Musial. Musial's most notable move was to acquire Yankees' star Roger Maris.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Pitcher Bob Gibson, first baseman Bill White, and outfielder Curt Flood won Gold Gloves this year.


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1965 Stanford Indians football team
The 1965 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. The team was led by third-year head coach John Ralston and played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.


1965 Stanford Indians football team
Stanford finished with a losing record within the AAWU conference, but were undefeated (4–0–1) outside the conference. They were led by defensive end Gary Pettigrew and fullback Ray Handley.


1965 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1965 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1964–65 season, and the culmination of the 1965 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the Chicago Black Hawks and the Montreal Canadiens. The Canadiens won the best-of-seven series, four games to three, to win the Stanley Cup. The seventh and final game of this series was the first time a Stanley Cup playoff game was played in the month of May and at the time it was the latest finishing date for an NHL season.


1965 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Montreal defeated the three-time defending champion Toronto Maple Leafs 4–2 to advance to the finals and Chicago defeated the Detroit Red Wings 4–3.


1965 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
As in 1955, all games were won by the home team. This was the last final until 2003 that this happened. Gump Worsley made his first Finals appearance after 12 years in the league and recorded two shutouts, including the one in game seven. Jean Beliveau was the inaugural winner of the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP, scoring eight goals and eight assists in thirteen games.


1965 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1965 Stanley Cup was presented to Canadiens captain Jean Beliveau by NHL President Clarence Campbell following the Canadiens 4–0 win over the Black Hawks in game seven.


1965 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Canadiens players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1965 Star World Championships
The 1965 Star World Championships were held in Newport Harbor, United States in 1965.


1965 Sudanese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Sudan on 21 April and 8 May 1965. Due to the civil war the seats in the south of the country were left vacant until by-elections on 8 March and 18 April 1967. The result was a second successive victory for the Umma Party, which won 90 of the 173 seats. Voter turnout was 58.1%.


1965 Sudbury municipal election
The 1965 Sudbury Municipal election was held on December 6, 1965. Max Silverman was elected Mayor of the City of Sudbury.


1965 Sudbury municipal election, 1965 Election results
The results of the 1965 municipal election were reported by the Sudbury Star on December 7, 1965. The results are listed below:


1965 Sugar Bowl
The 1965 Sugar Bowl was the 31st edition of the college football bowl game, played at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Friday, January 1. Part of the 1964–65 bowl season, it matched the seventh-ranked LSU Tigers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the unranked independent Syracuse Orangemen. Favored LSU rallied in the second half to win, 13–10. The game is notable for being the first time a racially integrated team played in the Sugar Bowl since the 1956 Sugar Bowl. Syracuse had two black players, Jim Nance and Floyd Little.


1965 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Syracuse opened the scoring in the first quarter with a 23-yard Roger Smith field goal. When Syracuse got the ball next, LSU's defense forced a safety, as lineman George Rice tackled halfback Floyd Little in the end zone, making it 3–2. Syracuse's Bradlee Clarke returned a blocked punt 28 yards for a touchdown, and after a scoreless second quarter, Syracuse led 10–2 at halftime.


1965 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
In the third quarter, LSU reserve quarterback Billy Ezell threw a 57-yard touchdown pass to Doug Moreau, and converted for two points on a pass play to tie the game at ten. With under four minutes remaining, Moreau kicked a 28-yard field goal to put LSU ahead, 13–10, which was the final score, and he was named Sugar Bowl MVP.


1965 Summer Deaflympics
The 1965 Summer Deaflympics, officially known as the 10th Summer Deaflympics, is an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from June 27 to July 3, 1965 in Washington D.C., United States. This is the first Deaflympics to be hosted outside of Europe, and the first Deaflympics to be hosted in Americas.


1965 Summer Universiade
The 1965 Summer Universiade, also known as the IV Summer Universiade, took place in Budapest, Hungary.


1965 Summer Universiade, Medal table
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1965 Sun Bowl
The 1965 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the TCU Horned Frogs and the Texas Western Miners.


1965 Sun Bowl, Background
TCU tied for second in the Southwestern Conference, in the penultimate season for Coach Abe Martin, and first bowl game since 1959. Dobbs was in his first season with the independent Texas Western team, in their first bowl game since 1957. This was their seventh appearance in the Sun Bowl.


1965 Sun Bowl, Game summary
TCU dominated the first half with 48 rushing plays to Texas Western’s 20, which led to a 10-0 halftime lead. In the first period, Bruce Alford's field goal attempt from the 28 fell short. However, in the second quarter, Kent Nix threw an 11-yard touchdown pass to David Smith, and added in a field goal by Alford later in the second quarter. In the third quarter, the Miners came to life. Billy Stevens shot a 34-yard touchdown pass to Chuck Hughes, narrowing the lead to three.


1965 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Later in the period, they drove 70 yards for a 21-yard field goal, tying the game at 10. In the fourth quarter, the Miners scored early on an 18-yard field goal, to take the lead at 13-10 after recovering a fumble at the 29. TCU scored with 43 seconds left after sacking Stevens in the end zone, to make it 13-12. The Frogs were given the ball back after the Safety, but they only managed to advance 8 yards, falling just short.


1965 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
The Miners would return to the Sun Bowl two years later and win. They have not won a Sun Bowl since. The Horned Frogs would not return to the Sun Bowl until 1998, which they won to break their 37-year drought.


1965 Sunday Mirror Trophy
The 1st Sunday Mirror Trophy, previously known as the Glover Trophy, was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 19 April 1965 at Goodwood Circuit, England. The race was run over 42 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Jim Clark in a Lotus 25.


1965 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1965 season.


1965 Swiss referendums
Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1965. The first two were held on 28 February on measures against prices rises in the banking and housebuilding sectors, with both approved by voters. The third was held on 16 May on a federal law on dairy products and edible fats, and was also approved by voters.


1965 Syracuse Grand Prix
The 14th Syracuse Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 4 April 1965 at Syracuse Circuit, Sicily. The race was run over 56 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Jim Clark in a Lotus 33.


1965 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1965 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. The Orangemen were led by 17th-year head coach Ben Schwartzwalder and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse finished the regular season with a record of 7–3 and ranked 19th in the Coaches Poll. They were not invited to a bowl game.


1965 São Paulo FC season
The 1965 football season was São Paulo's 36th season since club's existence.


1965 TANFL season
The 1965 Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart, Tasmania over nineteen (19) roster rounds and four (4) finals series matches between 3 April and 18 September 1965.


1965 TANFL season, Participating Clubs, State Grand Final
Note: Glenorchy (TANFL guernsey) and Scottsdale (NTFA guernsey) wore alternate strips due to a guernseys clash.


1965 TANFL season, 1965 TANFL Ladder, Round 19
Note: Peter Hudson (New Norfolk) kicks his 100th goal for the season.


1965 TANFL season, 1965 TANFL Ladder, Grand Final
Source: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury and Saturday Evening Mercury (SEM) publications.


1965 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1965 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 6–5 overall and 5–2 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Abe Martin in his 13th year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas. They were invited to the Sun Bowl where they lost to Texas Western by a score of 13–12.


1965 Tampa Spartans football team
The 1965 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. It was the Spartans' 29th season. The team was led by head coach Sam Bailey, in his second year, and played their home games at Phillips Field in Tampa, Florida. They finished with a record of six wins, two losses and one tie (6–2–1).


1965 Tangerine Bowl
The 1965 Tangerine Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Maine Black Bears and the East Carolina Pirates.


1965 Tangerine Bowl, Background
The Pirates were champion of the Southern Conference in their first year of play after years of independence. The Black Bears were the champion of the Yankee Conference since 1961. The game was one of four regional finals in the College Division, the predecessor of Division II; the other three postseason games were the Pecan, Grantland Rice, and Camellia bowls, also played on December 11.


1965 Tangerine Bowl, Game summary
Dick DeVarney went down early in the game with both a leg injury and a separated shoulder, hurting the chances of the Black Bears. Pete Kriz gave the Pirates a lead on a 24-yard field goal in the second quarter. George Richardson threw a 35-yard touchdown pass to Jim Abernathy to increase the lead to 10 before halftime. The Pirates piled on in the third quarter with a touchdown run by fullback Dave Alexander, and a touchdown pass from him to Churchill Grimes (after an interception), which made it 24–0.


1965 Tangerine Bowl, Game summary
Finally, Alexander ran for a 55-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter to put an exclamation point on the game and give the Pirates their third consecutive bowl victory. Alexander was named the game's MVP. It was East Carolina's second straight victory in the Tangerine Bowl, the College Division's Eastern regional final, and the Pirates' third straight 9–1 season.


1965 Tangerine Bowl, Aftermath
East Carolina moved up to the University Division for the next season but the Pirates did not play in a bowl game until 1978, in the Independence Bowl. The Black Bears did not win another conference title until 1974, sharing it with UMass. When the College Division was retired after the 1972 season, Maine went to Division II in 1973 and moved up to Division I FCS when it started in 1978 as Division I-AA.


1965 Tanzanian general election
General elections were held for the first time in the newly formed Union of Tanzania in September 1965. The country had also just become a one-party state, with the Tanganyika African National Union as the sole legal party on the mainland, and the Afro-Shirazi Party was the only party in Zanzibar. For the National Assembly election there were two candidates from the same party in each constituency, whilst the presidential election was effectively a referendum on TANU leader Julius Nyerere's candidacy.


1965 Tanzanian general election
Voter turnout was 71.8% in the National Assembly election and 82.7% in the presidential election, although only 32.5% of the country's 9.8 million residents were registered.


1965 Tanzanian general election
In addition to the elected MPs, there were a further 94 unelected members; the 32 members of the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council, 20 members nominated from Zanzibar, 17 regional commissioners, 15 members chosen by the National Assembly, and up to 10 members nominated by the president.


1965 Targa Florio
The 49° Targa Florio took place on 9 May 1965, on the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, Sicily (Italy).


1965 Targa Florio, Race
The Scuderia Ferrari team returned after a year of voluntary absence, deploying 3 of the new prototype-class, 3.3L 275 P2. Porsche responded with the 904 in its various iterations including the experimental 904 Bergspyder, an open, lightweight, hillclimbing prototype based on the 8-cylinder 904/8. Ford replaced the under-performing Cobras of the previous year with a single GT40 roadster. The race was ultimately dominated by the Ferrari 275 P2 driven by Vaccarella and Bandini, while the Bergspyder achieved the second place. The heavy and overpowered Ford GT40 struggled in the tortuous track but managed to complete most of the race, crashing during the 9th lap.


1965 Tasman Series
The 1965 Tasman Series was a motor racing competition staged in New Zealand and Australia for cars complying with the Tasman Formula. The series, which began on 9 January and ended on 1 March after seven races, was the second Tasman Series. It was won by Jim Clark, driving Lotus 32B Coventry Climax.


1965 Tasman Series, Points system
Points were awarded for the first six positions at each race as shown in the following table.


1965 Tasman Series, Points system
Each driver could retain points from the New Zealand Grand Prix, the two best performances in the other three New Zealand races, and from all Australian races.


1965 Tasman Series, Points system
Race positions for which points were earned but not retained are shown on the table below within brackets.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete
The 1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete was the 1st edition of the Taça Brasil de Basquete. It crowned Corinthians as the first national champion and representative of Brazil in the 1965 South American Basketball Championship of Champions Clubs.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Background
In the mid 60’s, with the globalization of the basketball game, FIBA decided to organize the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup, to be held in 1966. Consequentely, to decide the South American representative, the South American Club Championship was created. To decide who would represent the country in that competition, the Brazilian Basketball Confederation organized the 1st edition of the Taça Brasil de Basquete, a best-of-three series between the champions of the São Paulo and Guanabara states.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 1
Initially scheduled to be played at the Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, the game was moved to the much smaller Ginásio Alah Batista due to conflicts with volleyball games previously scheduled by the CBV. Corinthians declined the proposal by the Brazilian Basketball Confederation to host the first game, sticking to the initial draw that defined the 2nd and 3rd games would be played in São Paulo.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 1
Corinthians was missing Wlamir and Ubiratan for the game. The first had a knee injury and the second had hepatitis, but ended up coming on in the second half. Vasco had control of the whole game with only the first 10 minutes being truly competitive. Near the end, Corinthians managed to shorten a score from 72-64 to 81-79 with 30 seconds left, but Ubiratan missed two free throws and their reaction was cut short.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 2
Game 2 was delayed by about 30 minutes following a discussion about the match balls. The Vasco da Gama directors wanted to play with the same Brazilian made ball used in Game 1 while Corinthians wanted to use their American made ball that would be used in the South American Championship the following month. The hosts eventually gave up and the Brazilian made balls were used.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 2
The hosts had a good start leading 17-4 in the opening five minutes. Vasco were able to cut the deficit to 5 points but the half ended up with Corinthians leading 51-42. The second half started like the first with the lead going up to 59-46, but a reaction by Vasco late in the game that cut the difference to just 4 points (74-70) was not maintained and Corinthians ending up winners and forcing the third and last game. Otto had a series-high 33 points but it was not enough.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 3
Corinthians had their best game in the series, but still far from their best, and ended up champions. Wlamir, back from his knee injury, Edvar and Renê had a great scoring first half while Rosa Branca and Ubiratan managed the rebounds. Corinthians went to halftime leading 50-36 with Pedro Ives coming in for Edvar and maintaining the high level.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Game summaries, Game 3
In the second half, the hosts opened up a 59-42 lead in the first 5 minutes and started to rest themselves, letting Vasco to close in. The reaction was cut short and Corinthians opened up 80-60, the biggest margin so far in the game. Home fans cheered for them to break the 100 point mark, making the team allow easy points so they got back possession. This made the final score of 95-86 way shorter than what the game indicated.


1965 Taça Brasil de Basquete, Champions Roster
Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationality not displayed.


1965 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1965 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1964–65 Taça de Portugal, the 25th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 4 July 1965 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Benfica and Vitória de Setúbal. Vitória de Setúbal defeated Benfica 3–1 to claim their first Taça de Portugal.


1965 Temple Owls football team
The 1965 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. In its sixth season under head coach George Makris, the team compiled a 5–5 record (3–2 against MAC opponents). The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1965 Tennessee A&I Tigers football team
The 1965 Tennessee A&I Tigers football team represented Tennessee Agricultural & Industrial State College as a member of the Midwest Athletic Association (MAA) during the 1965 NCAA College Division football season. In their third season under head coach John Merritt, the Tigers compiled a 9–0–1 record, won the MAA championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 333 to 108. The team was also recognized as the 1965 black college national champion and was ranked No. 5 in the final 1965 NCAA College Division football rankings issued by the Associated Press and No. 12 in the final poll issued by the United Press International.


1965 Tennessee A&I Tigers football team
On December 11, Tennessee A&I played in the 1965 Grantland Rice Bowl against Ball State. It the first college football game in Tennessee between an all-black team and a predominantly white team.


1965 Tennessee A&I Tigers football team
Key players included quarterback Eldridge Dickey, fullback Bill Tucker, halfback Noland Smith, wide receiver Willie Walker, split end Johnnie Robinson, middle guard/tackle James Carter, defensive lineman Franklin McRae, and defensive backs Alvin Coleman and Leon Moore. Coach Merritt described Carter as "the best lineman I've ever coached."


1965 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1965 Tennessee Volunteers football team (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Doug Dickey, in his second year, and played their home games at Neyland Stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of eight wins, one loss and two ties (8–1–2 overall, 2–1–2 in the SEC) and a victory over Tulsa in the Bluebonnet Bowl.


1965 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1965 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC). The Aggies were led by head coach Gene Stallings in his first season and finished with a record of three wins and seven losses (3–7 overall, 1–6 in the SWC).


1965 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The 1965 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1965 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Longhorns played their home games at Clark Field. The team was coached by Bibb Falk in his 23rd season at Texas.


1965 Texas Longhorns baseball team
The Longhorns reached the College World Series, finishing tied for seventh with losses to Washington State and Florida State.


1965 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1965 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season.


1965 Texas Longhorns football team, Regular season
Tommy Nobis was in his final year at Texas and was known an iron man, playing (and starting) on both defense and offense for his entire college career. Aside from being an All-American linebacker, he also played guard on the offensive side of the ball and was often the primary blocker on touchdown runs. Famed Texas coach Darrell K Royal called him "the finest two-way player I have ever seen."


1965 Texas Longhorns football team, Regular season
A knee injury slowed him during the latter part of his senior season, but he still was able to perform at a high level and won a number of major individual awards including the Knute Rockne Award, best lineman, the Outland Trophy, best interior lineman, and the Maxwell Award for college football's best player. Nobis also finished seventh in the Heisman voting to USC's Mike Garrett. He appeared on the covers of LIFE, Sports Illustrated and TIME magazines.


1965 Texas Longhorns football team, Regular season, Schedule
The Longhorns finished the regular season with a 6-4-0 record.


1965 Texas Longhorns football team, Regular season, Schedule
The season opener vs. Tulane was originally scheduled to be played in New Orleans, but significant destruction throughout the city caused by Hurricane Betsy prompted the site to be switched to Austin.


1965 Texas Longhorns football team, 1965 team players in the NFL
The following players were drafted into professional football following the season.


1965 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1965 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach J. T. King, the Red Raiders compiled an 8–3 record (5–2 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the conference, lost to Georgia Tech in the 1965 Gator Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 278 to 222. The team's statistical leaders included Tom Wilson with 2,119 passing yards and Donny Anderson with 705 rushing yards and 797 receiving yards. The team played its home games at Clifford B. & Audrey Jones Stadium.


1965 Texas Western Miners football team
The 1965 Texas Western Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas Western College (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Bobby Dobbs, the team compiled an 8–3 record, defeated TCU in the 1965 Sun Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 317 to 206.


1965 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1965 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. Eddie Teague served as head coach for the ninth season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1965 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1965 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 75th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The championship began on 10 October 1965 and ended on 21 November 1965.


1965 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
On 21 November 1965, Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 3-11 to 2-07 defeat of Carrick Davins in the final at Clonmel Sportsfield. It was their 27th championship title overall and their fifth title in succession. It was also their 10th championship title in 11 seasons.


1965 Titleholders Championship
The 1965 Titleholders Championship was the 26th Titleholders Championship, held November 25–28 at Augusta Country Club in Augusta, Georgia. Kathy Whitworth, age 26, won the first of her six major titles, ten strokes ahead of runner-up Peggy Wilson, with defending champion Marilynn Smith a stroke back in third place.


1965 Titleholders Championship
With a 287 (−1), Whitworth broke the 72-hole scoring record by two strokes, set by Smith the previous year. It was her 19th victory on the LPGA Tour and eighth of the 1965 season.


1965 Titleholders Championship
The previous editions had been played in late April; this year's championship was moved to late November, played over the Thanksgiving weekend and the last event of the 1965 season.


1965 Titleholders Championship
Whitworth had five-stroke leads after 36 holes at 142 (−2), and after 54 holes at 216 (even).


1965 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1965 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their third season under head coach Frank Lauterbur, the Rockets compiled a 5–5 record (2–4 against MAC opponents), tied for fifth place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 104 to 96.


1965 Toledo Rockets football team
The team's statistical leaders included John Schneider with 598 passing yards, Jim Berkey with 440 rushing yards, and Henry Burch with 325 receiving yards.


1965 Tongan local elections
Local elections were held in Tonga for the first time in June 1965.


1965 Tongan local elections, Background
Tongan government administration consisted of Town Officers representing the government in a single village, whilst District Officers usually served around six villages. Prior to the elections, the officers had been appointed by the Premier.


1965 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1965 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.


1965 Torneo di Viareggio, Format
The 16 teams are organized in knockout rounds. The round of 16 are played in two-legs, while the rest of the rounds are single tie.


1965 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1965 Toronto Argonauts finished in fourth place in the Eastern Conference with a 3–11 record and failed to make the playoffs.


1965 Tour de France
The 1965 Tour de France was the 52nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 22 June and 14 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of 4,188 km (2,602 mi). In his first year as a professional, Felice Gimondi, a substitute replacement on the Salvarani team, captured the overall title ahead of Raymond Poulidor, the previous year's second-place finisher.


1965 Tour de France
Gimondi became one of only seven riders, the others being Alberto Contador, Vincenzo Nibali, Chris Froome and five-time Tour winners Jacques Anquetil, Eddy Merckx and Bernard Hinault to have won all three of the major Tours. Besides Gimondi's first tour and win, it was a first for other reasons: the 1965 Tour started in Cologne, Germany (the first time the Tour started in Germany, and only the third time it started outside France), and it was the first time the start ramp was used in time trials.


1965 Tour de France
Jan Janssen, who won the points classification the previous year successfully defended his title; he won another points title in 1967 and the overall title at the 1968 Tour de France.


1965 Tour de France
Julio Jiménez won two stages and his first of three consecutive mountains classification. Jiminez also won the mountains classification at the 1965 Vuelta a España – becoming one of (now) four riders to complete the Tour/Vuelta double by winning both races' mountains competitions in the same year.


1965 Tour de France, Teams
The 1965 Tour started with 130 cyclists, divided into 13 teams of 10 cyclists. Each team had to include at least six cyclists with the same nationality. The Molteni–Ignis team was a combined team, with 5 cyclists from Molteni and 5 from Ignis.


1965 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Jacques Anquetil, who won the previous four Tours de France (1961–1964), did not participate in this tour. Cyclists in that time earned most of their income in criteriums, and Anquetil believed that even if he would win a sixth time, he would not get more money in those races.


1965 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
This made Raymond Poulidor, who finished second in the previous Tour, the main favourite.


1965 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Other favourites were Italians Vittorio Adorni and Gianni Motta. Adorni had won the Giro d'Italia earlier that year, helped by his team-mate Felice Gimondi who finished third in his first year as a professional. Originally, Gimondi was not planning to start the 1965 Tour, but was asked to do so after several team-mates were ill.


1965 Tour de France, Route and stages
The 1965 Tour de France started on 22 June, and had one rest day in Barcelona. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,360 m (7,740 ft) at the summit of the Col d'Izoard mountain pass on stage 16.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
The race started in Germany, and the first stage, ending in Belgium, was won by Belgian Rik Van Looy. On the second stage, run over cobbles, three riders escaped: Bernard Vandekerkhove, Felice Gimondi and Victor Van Schil. Vandekerkhove won the stage, and became the new leader.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
On the third stage, there was again a group away, including Gimondi and André Darrigade. Darrigade was one of the best sprinters of that time, so Gimondi knew he would not win if it would end in a sprint. Gimondi therefore escaped with one kilometer to go. Gimondi was able to stay away, and won the stage; it was the first victory in his professional career. Gimondi also took the lead in the general classification, represented by the yellow jersey; this made Gimondi a protected rider in his team because his sponsor wanted to keep the publicity associated with the yellow jersey as long as possible.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
The second part of the fifth stage was run as an individual time trial. It was won by Raymond Poulidor, but Gimondi was second, and kept his lead. He had a margin in the general classification of over two minutes on Vandekerkhove, while his team leader Adorni was in third place.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
In the seventh stage, Adorni fell. His team-mates, including Gimondi, waited for him and lost some time; because of this, Vandekerkhove took back the lead.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
The ninth stage was the first Pyrenean stage, and during that stage eleven riders abandoned because of sickness. This included the leader of the general classification Vandekerkhove, and also Adorni. Rumours about doping that went wrong circulated, but nothing was ever proven. Gimondi became the leader of the general classification again, and because his team leader Adorni had left the race, he also became the undisputed leader of this team.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
There were two more days in the Pyrenees, but these gave no big changes in the general classification. After stage eleven, Gimondi was still leading, with Poulidor in second place, more than three minutes behind. Poulidor expected that the inexperienced Gimondi would fail somewhere, and expected fourth-placed Motta to be his biggest rival. Poulidor announced he would attack on Mont Ventoux in stage fourteen.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
During that stage, Poulidor showed his strength, and won. He had a big margin over Motta, but Gimondi had stayed surprisingly close, and kept the lead in the general classification with 34 seconds.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
In the following Alp stages, Poulidor did not attack; he planned to take the lead in the mountain time trial of stage eighteen. But this was won by Gimondi, who thus increased his lead.


1965 Tour de France, Race overview
The only realistic chance left for Poulidor to win back time was in the individual time trial that ended the race. Poulidor was a good time trialist, and on a good day he should have been able to win back enough time to win the race. But Gimondi was the fastest man that day, and won the stage, and thereby the Tour de France.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1965 Tour de France, two of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Additionally, there was a points classification. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, but was not identified with a jersey.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification wore yellow caps.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
In addition, there was a combativity award given after each stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave "stars". The cyclist with the most "stars" in all stages lead the "star classification". Felice Gimondi won this classification.


1965 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The jury gave Cees Haast the prize more most unlucky cyclist, because he lost his sixth place in the general classification after a fall, and the prize for most sympathetic cyclist to Gianni Motta, because he was always in a good mood and did not look for apologies after losing to Gimondi. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Lautaret on stage 17. This prize was won by Francisco Gabica.


1965 Tour de Hongrie
The 1965 Tour de Hongrie was the 21st edition of the Tour de Hongrie cycle race and was held from 6 to 10 July 1965. The race started  and finished in Budapest. The race was won by László Mahó.


1965 Tour de Romandie
The 1965 Tour de Romandie was the 19th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 6 May to 9 May 1965. The race started in Geneva and finished in Vallorbe. The race was won by Vittorio Adorni.


1965 Tour de Suisse
The 1965 Tour de Suisse was the 29th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 10 June to 16 June 1965. The race started in Murten and finished in Bern. The race was won by Franco Bitossi of the Filotex team.


1965 Tour of Flanders
The 49th Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Saturday, 17 April 1965. The race was won by Dutch rider Jo de Roo in a two-man sprint with Edward Sels. 51 of 119 riders finished.


1965 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started in Ghent and finished in Gentbrugge – covering 240 km. There were six categorized climbs:


1965 Trampoline World Championships
The 2nd Trampoline World Championships were held in Albert Hall, London, England on 30 January 1965.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands on 19 January 1965.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Background
Constitutional changes for the Trust Territory were made by an order from the US Secretary of the Interior on 28 September 1964. A bicameral Congress was established, with a 12-member House of Delegates (later renamed the Senate) with two members from each of the six districts and a 21-member General Assembly (later renamed the House of Representatives) with seats apportioned to each district based on their population – five from Truk, four from the Marshall Islands and Ponape, three from the Mariana Islands and Palau and two from Yap. This replaced the previous Council of Micronesia, which had been based outside the Trust Territory in Guam.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Background
Future elections were to be held every two years in November of even-numbered years, with all members of the General Assembly and half the House of Delegates renewed at each election. In the 1965 elections, half the Delegates (one from each district) were elected for a term ending in January 1967 (following the 1966 elections) and the other half elected for a term ending in January 1969 (following the 1968 elections).


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Campaign
A total of 94 candidates contested the elections, of which 28 were running in the House of Delegates elections, with six running in both Palau and Ponape, and four in  the Marshalls, Marianas, Truk and Yap. Although voting was meant to take place even where there was only one candidate, a misunderstanding led to Bethwel Henry being returned unopposed without a vote.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Results
Of the 41,473 people thought to be eligible to vote, 35,506 registered to do so. Of these, 25,079 people voted.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Aftermath
Following the elections, Tosiwo Nakayama was elected as the President of the House of Delegates.


1965 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands parliamentary election, Aftermath
On 15 October 1965 Dwight Heine resigned from Congress to become District Administrator of the Marshall Islands. A by-election was held in February and April 1966 which was won by Ekpap Silk. Smart Lampson died on 13 June 1966; Naosy Pitiol was appointed to complete his term by the Acting Truk District Administrator.


1965 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1965 Tulane Green Wave football team was an American football team that represented Tulane University during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southeastern Conference. In their fourth year under head coach Tommy O'Boyle, the team compiled a 2–8 record. This marked the final season Tulane competed as a member of the Southeastern Conference as University President Herbert E. Longenecker announced their formal withdrawal from SEC competition, effective June 1966.


1965 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1965 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1965 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth year under head coach Glenn Dobbs, the Golden Hurricane compiled an 8–3 record, 4–0 against Missouri Valley Conference opponents, and lost to Tennessee, 27-6 in the 1965 Bluebonnet Bowl. Under Glenn Dobbs, Tulsa led the nation in passing for five straight years from 1962 to 1966.


1965 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1965 team was led by record-setting performances from quarterback Billy Anderson and end Howard Twilley. Anderson set five NCAA major college, single-season records with 3,464 passing yards, 3,343 yards of total offense (334.3 per game), 509 pass attempts, 296 completions, and 580 total offense plays. Twilley set eight new major college records, including 19 receptions in a game, 134 receptions in a season, 261 receptions in a career, five touchdown receptions in a game, 16 touchdown receptions in a season, 32 touchdown catches in a career, 1,779 receiving yards in a season, and 3,343 receiving yards in a career. He also led the NCAA in 1965 with 121 points. Twilley was a consensus first-team All-American in 1965, went on to play 11 years in the National Football League and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1992.


1965 Turkish census
The 1965 Turkish census was held on October 24, 1965 and recorded the population and demographic details of every settlement in Turkey.


1965 Turkish general election
General elections were held in Turkey on 10 October 1965. The result was a victory for the Justice Party, which won 240 of the 450 seats. Voter turnout was 71.3%.


1965 Turkish general election, Electoral system
A two-tier system of party-list proportional representation was used for this election. Turkey was divided into 66 districts. In each district, parties were awarded one seat for each Hare quota. Remaining votes and seats were pooled on the national level, where the remaining seats were distributed amongst the parties using the remaining votes using the Hare quota and largest remainder method. (see also National ramnant)


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships was held at the (1932) Olympic Arena in Lake Placid, New York, from February 10 to 13, 1965. Medals were awarded in three colors: gold (first), silver (second), and bronze (third) in four disciplines – men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing – across three levels: senior, junior, and novice.


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The event determined the U.S. team for the 1965 World Championships.


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Men
Gary Visconti defeated defending champion Scott Allen, winning both the compulsory figures and free skating. Visconti skated a clean free skating with double jumps while Allen, although landing a triple salchow, fell on a triple loop and made other mistakes. Tim Wood was third in both figures and free skating, where he landed a good triple salchow.


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Ladies
Peggy Fleming retained her title. She had placed second to Christine Haigler in the compulsory figures, but Haigler fell three times in her free skating, while Fleming skated a clean program with superior connecting moves as well as clean double axel and double lutz jumps. Tina Noyes also skated a strong program with a double axel and several double jump combinations to take the bronze medal.


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Pairs
1964 champions had retired. The new champions were Vivian Joseph / Ronald Joseph. Both they and the second-place team Cynthia Kauffman / Ronald Kauffman performed unusual pair spin variations in their free skating.


1965 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Ice dancing (Gold dance)
1964 champions had retired. Kristin Fortune / Dennis Sveum were the new champions.