1964 New York World's Fair
The 1964/1965 New York World's Fair held over 140 pavilions and 110 restaurants, representing 80 nations (hosted by 37), 24 US states, and over 45 corporations with the goal and result of building exhibits or attractions at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City. The immense fair covered 646 acres (2.61 km2) on half the park, with numerous pools or fountains, and an amusement park with rides near the lake. However, the fair did not receive official support or approval from the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE).


1964 New York World's Fair
Hailing itself as a "universal and international" exposition, the fair's theme was "Peace Through Understanding", dedicated to "Man's Achievement on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". American companies dominated the exposition as exhibitors. The theme was symbolized by a 12-story-high, stainless-steel model of the earth called the Unisphere, built on the foundation of the Perisphere from the 1939 World's Fair. The fair ran for two six-month seasons, April 22 – October 18, 1964, and April 21 – October 17, 1965. Admission price for adults (13 and older) was $2.00 in 1964 (equivalent to $16.69 in 2020). Admission in 1965 increased to $2.50 (equivalent to $20.53 in 2020). In both years, children (2–12) admission cost $1.00 (equivalent to $8.34 in 2020).


1964 New York World's Fair
The fair is noted as a showcase of mid-20th-century American culture and technology. The nascent Space Age, with its vista of promise, was well represented. More than 51 million people attended the fair, though fewer than the hoped-for 70 million. It remains a touchstone for many American Baby Boomers who visited the optimistic exposition as children, before the turbulent years of the Vietnam War and many to be forthcoming cultural changes.


1964 New York World's Fair
In many ways the fair symbolized a grand consumer show, covering many products then-produced in America for transportation, living, and consumer electronic needs in a way that would never be repeated at future world's fairs in North America. American manufacturers of pens, chemicals, computers, and automobiles had a major presence. This fair gave many attendees their first interaction with computer equipment. Corporations demonstrated the use of mainframe computers, computer terminals with keyboards and CRT displays, teletype machines, punch cards, and telephone modems in an era when computer equipment was kept in back offices away from the public, decades before the Internet and home computers were at everyone's disposal.


1964 New York World's Fair, Site history
The selected site, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the borough of Queens, was originally a natural wetland straddling the Flushing River. Flushing had been a Dutch settlement, named after the city of Vlissingen (anglicized into "Flushing"). The site was then converted into the Corona Ash Dumps, which were featured prominently in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby as the "Valley of Ashes". The site was used for the 1939/1940 New York World's Fair, and at the conclusion of the fair, was used as a park.


1964 New York World's Fair, Site history
Preceding these fairs was the 1853–1854 Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, located in the New York Crystal Palace at what is now Bryant Park in the New York City borough of Manhattan.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
The 1964/1965 Fair was conceived by a group of New York businessmen who remembered their childhood experiences at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Thoughts of an economic boon to the city as the result of increased tourism was a major reason for holding another fair 25 years after the 1939/1940 extravaganza. Then-New York City mayor, Robert F. Wagner, Jr., commissioned Frederick Pittera, a producer of international fairs and exhibitions, and author of the history of International Fairs & Exhibitions for the Encyclopædia Britannica and Compton's Encyclopedia, to prepare the first feasibility studies for the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair. He was joined by Austrian architect Victor Gruen (creator of the shopping mall) in studies that eventually led the Eisenhower Commission to award the world's fair to New York City in competition with a number of American cities.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
Organizers turned to private financing and the sale of bonds to pay the huge costs to stage the event. The organizers hired New York's "Master Builder" Robert Moses, to head the corporation established to run the fair because he was experienced in raising money for vast public projects. Moses had been a formidable figure in the city since coming to power in the 1930s. He was responsible for the construction of much of the city's highway infrastructure and, as parks commissioner for decades, the creation of much of the city's park system.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
In the mid-1930s, Moses oversaw the conversion of a vast Queens tidal marsh garbage dump into the fairgrounds that hosted the 1939/1940 World's Fair. Called Flushing Meadows Park, it was Moses' grandest park scheme. He envisioned this vast park, comprising some 1,300 acres (5.3 km2) of land, easily accessible from Manhattan, as a major recreational playground for New Yorkers. When the 1939/1940 World's Fair ended in financial failure, Moses did not have the available funds to complete work on his project. He saw the 1964/1965 Fair as a means to finish what the earlier fair had begun.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
To ensure profits to complete the park, fair organizers knew they would have to maximize receipts. An estimated attendance of 70 million people would be needed to turn a profit and, for attendance that large, the fair would need to be held for two years. The World's Fair Corporation also decided to charge site-rental fees to all exhibitors who wished to construct pavilions on the grounds.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
This decision caused the fair to come into conflict with the Bureau of International Expositions (BIE), as the international body headquartered in Paris that sanctions world's fairs: BIE rules stated that an international exposition could run for one six-month period only, and no rent could be charged to exhibitors. In addition, the rules allowed only one exposition in any given country within a 10-year period, and the Seattle World's Fair had already been sanctioned for 1962, as 2 years prior.


1964 New York World's Fair, Beginnings
The United States was not a member of the BIE at the time, but fair organizers understood that approval by the BIE would ensure that its nearly 40 member nations would participate in the fair. Moses, undaunted by the rules, journeyed to Paris to seek official approval for the New York fair. When the BIE balked at New York's bid, Moses, used to having his way in New York, angered the BIE delegates by taking his case to the press, publicly stating his disdain for the BIE and its rules. The BIE retaliated by formally requesting its member nations not to participate in the New York fair. The 1964/1965 New York World's Fair is the only significant world's fair since the formation of the BIE to be held without its endorsement.


1964 New York World's Fair, Architecture
Many of the pavilions were built in a Mid-century modern style that was heavily influenced by "Googie architecture". This was a futurist architectural style influenced by car culture, jet aircraft, the Space Age, and the Atomic Age, which were all on display at the fair. Some pavilions were explicitly shaped like the product they were promoting, such as the US Royal tire-shaped Ferris wheel, or even the corporate logo, such as the Johnson Wax pavilion. Other pavilions were more abstract representations, such as the oblate spheroid-shaped IBM pavilion, or the General Electric circular dome shaped "Carousel of Progress".


1964 New York World's Fair, Architecture
The pavilion architectures expressed a new-found freedom of form enabled by modern building materials, such as reinforced concrete, fiberglass, plastic, tempered glass, and stainless steel. The facade or the entire structure of a pavilion served as a giant billboard advertising the country or organization housed inside, flamboyantly competing for the attention of busy and distracted fairgoers.


1964 New York World's Fair, Architecture
By contrast, some of the smaller international, US state, and organizational pavilions were built in more traditional styles, such as a Chinese temple or a Swiss chalet. Countries took this opportunity to showcase culinary aspects of their culture as well, with fondue being promoted at the Swiss Pavilion's Alpine restaurant thanks to the Swiss Cheese Union. After the fair's final closing in 1965, some pavilions crafted of wood were carefully disassembled and transported elsewhere for re-use.


1964 New York World's Fair, Architecture
Other pavilions were "decorated sheds", a building method later described by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, using plain structural shells embellished with applied decorations. This allowed designers to simulate a traditional style while bypassing expensive and time-consuming methods of traditional construction. The expedient was considered acceptable for temporary buildings planned to be used for only two years, and then to be demolished.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
The BIE withholding official recognition was a serious handicap for fair promoters. The absence of Canada, Australia, most of the major European nations, and the Soviet Union, all members of the BIE, tarnished the image of the fair. Additionally, New York was forced to compete with both Seattle and Montreal for international participants, with many nations choosing the officially-sanctioned world's fairs of those other North American cities over the New York Fair. The promoters turned to trade and tourism organizations within many countries to sponsor national exhibits in lieu of official government sponsorship of pavilions.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
New York City, in the middle of the 20th century, was at a zenith of economic power and world prestige. Unconcerned by BIE rules, nations with smaller economies (as well as private groups in (or relevant to) some BIE members) saw it as an honor to host an exhibit at the Fair. Therefore, smaller nations made up the majority of the international participation. Spain, Vatican City, Republic of China, Japan, Mexico, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Thailand, Philippines, Greece, and Pakistan, and Ireland to name some, hosted national presences at the Fair.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
Indonesia sponsored a pavilion, but relations deteriorated rapidly between that nation and the USA during 1964, fueled by anti-Western and anti-American rhetoric and policies by Indonesian president Sukarno, which angered US President Lyndon Johnson. Indonesia withdrew from the United Nations in January 1965, and officially from the Fair in March. The Fair Corporation then seized and shut down the Indonesian pavilion, and it remained closed and barricaded for the 1965 season.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
One of the fair's most popular exhibits was the Vatican Pavilion, where Michelangelo's Pietà, brought in from St. Peter's Basilica with the permission of Pope John XXIII, was displayed; a small plaza, exedra monument, marking the spot (and Pope Paul VI's visit in October 1965) remains there today. A modern replica had been transported beforehand to ensure that the statue could be conveyed without being damaged. This copy is now on view in the Immaculate Conception Seminary in Douglaston, NY. The exedra monument is now used with permits since 1975 for prayer Vigils by Our Lady of the Roses relocated from Bayside, New York.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
A recreation of a medieval Belgian village proved very popular. Fairgoers were treated to the "Bel-Gem Brussels Waffle"—a combination of waffle, strawberries and whipped cream, sold by a Brussels couple, Maurice Vermersch and his wife.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
Fairgoers could also enjoy sampling sandwiches from around the world at the popular 7-Up International Sandwich Garden Pavilion which featured the innovative fiberglass Seven Up Tower. In addition to all the 7-Up beverages one could drink, fair-goers were invited to sample varied culinary delights representing sixteen countries. While dining, visitors enjoyed live performances on four circular stages from various instrumentalists which included a five piece musical ensemble, the 7-Up Continental Band. The musical programs included popular show tunes from the Broadway stage in America, as well as musical favorites from both Europe and Latin America.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
The soloist John Serry Sr. appeared regularly with the orchestra to complement the international flavor of the musical program. The dining pods featured furnishings designed by the futuristic Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen and were enclosed by twenty-four futuristic fiberglass domes which were topped by a commanding clock tower which soared over 107 feet (33 m) above the entire pavilion.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
Emerging African nations displayed their wares in the Africa Pavilion. Controversy broke out when the Jordanian pavilion displayed a mural emphasizing the plight of the Palestinian people. The Jordanians also donated an ancient column which still remains at the former fair site. The city of West Berlin, a Cold War hot-spot, hosted a popular exhibit.


1964 New York World's Fair, International participation
On April 21, 1965, as part of the opening ceremonies for the second season of the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair, Ethiopian long-distance runners Abebe Bikila and Mamo Wolde participated in an exclusive ceremonial half marathon. They ran from the Arsenal in Central Park at 64th Street & Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to the Singer Bowl at the fair. They carried with them a parchment scroll with greetings from Haile Selassie.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, US Pavilion
The US Pavilion was titled "Challenge to Greatness" and focused on President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" proposals. The main show in the multimillion-dollar pavilion was a 15-minute ride through a filmed presentation of American history. Visitors seated in moving grandstands rode past movie screens that slid in, out and over the path of the traveling audience.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, US Pavilion
Elsewhere, there were tributes to President John F. Kennedy, who had broken ground for the pavilion in December 1962 but had been assassinated in November 1963 before the fair opened.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, US Pavilion
A painting of the Belgian artist Luc-Peter Crombé received the main award of the jury. It is a semi-religious presentation of three young men challenging flames.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, United States Space Park
A 2-acre (0.81 ha) United States Space Park was sponsored by NASA, the Department of Defense and the fair. Exhibits included a full-scale model of the aft skirt and five F-1 engines of the first stage of a Saturn V, a Titan II booster with a Gemini capsule, an Atlas with a Mercury capsule and a Thor-Delta rocket.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, United States Space Park
On display at ground level were Aurora 7, the Mercury capsule flown by Scott Carpenter on the second US manned orbital flight; full-scale models of an X-15 aircraft, an Agena upper stage; a Gemini spacecraft; an Apollo command/service module, and a Lunar Excursion Module. Replicas of unmanned spacecraft included lunar probe Ranger VII; Mariner II and Mariner IV; Syncom, Telstar I, and Echo II communications satellites; Explorer I and Explorer XVI; and Tiros and Nimbus weather satellites.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, New York State Pavilion
New York played host to the fair at its six-million-dollar open-air pavilion called the "Tent of Tomorrow." Designed by famed modernist architect Philip Johnson, the 350-foot-by-250-foot (107 × 76 m) pavilion was supported by sixteen 100-foot-(30-metre)-high concrete columns, from which a 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) roof of polychrome tiles was suspended. Complementing the pavilion were the fair's three high-spot observation towers, two of which had cafeterias in their in-the-round observation-deck crowns.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, New York State Pavilion
The pavilion's main floor, used for local art and industry displays including a 26-foot (8-metre) scale reproduction of the New York State Power Authority's St. Lawrence hydroelectric plant, comprised a 9,000-square-foot (800 m2) terrazzo replica of the official Texaco highway map of New York State, displaying the map's cities, towns, routes and Texaco gas stations in 567 mosaic panels. An idea floated after the fair to use the floor for the World Trade Center did not materialize. The Fair was held in New York in honor of the 300th Anniversary of the naming of New York when King Charles II sent an English fleet to claim it from the Dutch in 1664. Prince James, the Duke of York named it New York from New Amsterdam.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, Other state pavilions
Wisconsin exhibited the "World's Largest Cheese". Florida brought a dolphin show, flamingos, a talented cockatoo from Miami's Parrot Jungle, and water skiers to New York. Oklahoma gave weary fairgoers a restful park to relax in. Missouri displayed the state's space-related industries. Visitors could dine at Hawaii's "Five Volcanoes" restaurant.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, New York City Pavilion
At the New York City pavilion, the Panorama of the City of New York (a huge scale model of the city) was on display, complete with a simulated helicopter ride around the metropolis for easy viewing. Left over from the 1939 Fair, this building had been used partially as a recreational public roller skating rink.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, Bourbon Street Pavilion
Louisiana had a pavilion called "Louisiana's Bourbon Street" (later renamed to just "Bourbon Street"), which was inspired by New Orleans' French Quarter. It started off with financial trouble, not being able to complete its construction and subsequently filing for bankruptcy. A private company, called Pavilion Property, bought up the assets and assumed its debts. This prompted Louisiana Governor John McKeithen to sever all ties and withdraw state's sanction, leaving the pavilion completely to private enterprise.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, Bourbon Street Pavilion
Special media attention was given to a racially integrated minstrel show, that was intended to be satirical anti-bigotry, called "America, Be Seated", produced by Mike Todd Jr. During the opening of the fair, several civil rights protests were staged by members of the NAACP, who believed that the "minstrel-style" show was demeaning to African-Americans.


1964 New York World's Fair, Federal and state exhibits, Bourbon Street Pavilion
The pavilion included ten theater restaurants, which served a variety of Creole food, a Jazz club called "Jazzland" which hosted live jazz artists, miniature Mardi Gras parades, a teenage dancing venue, a voodoo shop, and a doll museum. Due to the presence of the various bars, the pavilion was especially popular at night. Notable go-go dancer Candy Johnson headlined a show at a venue called "Gay New Orleans Nightclub". Near the closure of the fair, the pavilion was reported to have achieved the highest gross income of any single commercial pavilion at the fair. The 26-year-old director of operations, Gordon Novel, was called an "Entrepreneurial Prodigy & Boy Wonder" in Variety for his accomplishments.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry
Many of the large US corporations built pavilions to demonstrate their wares, vision, and corporate cultures. These included:


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, General Motors
Industries played a major role at the New York World's Fair of 1939/1940 by hosting huge, elaborate exhibits. Many of them returned to the New York World's Fair of 1964/1965 with even more elaborate versions of the shows that they had presented 25 years earlier. The most notable of these was General Motors Corporation whose Futurama proved to be the fair's most popular exhibit, in which visitors seated in moving chairs glided past elaborately detailed miniature 3D model scenery showing what life might be like in the "near-future". Nearly 26 million people took the journey into the future during the fair's two-year run.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, IBM
The IBM Corporation had a popular pavilion, where a giant 500-seat grandstand called the "People Wall" was pushed by hydraulic rams high up into an ellipsoidal theater designed by Eero Saarinen. There, a film by Charles and Ray Eames titled Think was shown on fourteen projectors on nine screens, illuminating the workings of computer logic. At ground level beneath the theater, visitors could explore Mathematica: A World of Numbers... and Beyond (an exhibit of mathematical models and curiosities) and view the Mathematics Peep Show (a series of short films illustrating basic mathematical concepts).


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Bell System
The Bell System (prior to its break up into regional companies) hosted a 15-minute ride in moving armchairs depicting the history of communications in dioramas and film named Ride of Communications. Other Bell exhibits included the Picturephone as well as a demonstration of the computer modem.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Westinghouse
The Westinghouse Corporation planted a second time capsule next to the 1939 one; today both Westinghouse Time Capsules are marked by a monument southwest of the Unisphere which is to be opened in the year 6939. Some of its contents were a World's Fair Guidebook, an electric toothbrush, credit cards (relatively new at the time) and a 50-star United States flag.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Sinclair Oil
The Sinclair Oil Corporation sponsored "Dinoland", featuring life-size replicas of nine different dinosaurs, including the corporation's signature Brontosaurus. The statues were created by Louis Paul Jonas Studios in Hudson, New York. They also contained a "space age" gas station with orbiting gas pumps shaped like rockets, and a marine fuel station in the vicinity of the World's Fair Marina.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Ford
The Ford Motor Company introduced the Ford Mustang automobile to the public at its pavilion on April 17, 1964. The Ford pavilion featured the "Ford's Magic Skyway" ride, in which guests rode in Ford convertibles past scenes featuring dinosaurs, cavemen, and a futuristic cityscape. After the Fair, the Audio-Animatronic dinosaurs would move to Disneyland, becoming part of the Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad's "Primeval World" diorama in 1966.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, DuPont
DuPont presented a musical review by composer Michael Brown called "The Wonderful World of Chemistry".


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Parker Pen
At the Parker Pen Company's exhibit, a computer would make a match to an international penpal.


1964 New York World's Fair, American industry, Chunky Candy
The Chunky Candy Corporation put on what was a state-of-the-art, transparent display of candy manufacturing where visitors were able to view "all the steps in a highly automated process". The Pavilion also included an interactive sculpture playground called "Sculpture Continuum," designed by Oliver O'Connor Barrett.


1964 New York World's Fair, Films
The fair was also a showplace for independent films. One of the most noted was a religious film titled Parable which showed at the Protestant Pavilion. It depicted humanity as a traveling circus and Jesus Christ as a clown. This marked the beginning of a new depiction of Jesus and was the inspiration for the 1971 musical Godspell. Parable later went on to be honored at Cannes, as well as the Edinburgh Film Festival and Venice Film Festival. Another religious film was presented by evangelist Billy Graham called Man in the 5th Dimension.


1964 New York World's Fair, Films
It was shot in the 70mm Todd-AO widescreen process for exclusive presentation in a specially designed theater equipped with audio equipment that enabled viewers to listen to the film in Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish. The 13-½ minute film Man's Search for Happiness was made for the Mormon Pavilion.


1964 New York World's Fair, Films
The surprise hit of the fair was a non-commercial movie short presented by the SC Johnson Wax Company called To Be Alive!. The film celebrated the joy of life found worldwide and in all cultures, and it won a special award from the New York Film Critics Circle and the 1966 Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).


1964 New York World's Fair, Disney influence
The fair is remembered as the venue that Walt Disney used to design and perfect his system of "Audio-Animatronics", in which electromechanical actuators and computers control the movement of lifelike robots to act out scenes. WED Enterprises designed and created four shows at the fair:


1964 New York World's Fair, Disney influence
WED also created the 120-foot-high (37 m) Tower of the Four Winds which was located at the It's a Small World pavilion. In addition, costumed versions of Walt Disney's famous cartoon characters roamed around the fairgrounds and interacted with guests. After the fair, there was some discussion of The Walt Disney Company retaining these exhibits on-site and converting Flushing Meadows Park into an East Coast version of Disneyland, but this idea was abandoned. Instead, Disney relocated several of the exhibits to Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and subsequently replicated them at other Disney theme parks. Walt Disney World near Orlando, Florida, which opened with Magic Kingdom in 1971, is essentially the realization of the original concept of an "East Coast Disneyland"; Epcot, which opened in 1982, was designed as a permanent world's fair.


1964 New York World's Fair, Music
The fair featured an official band, the Cities Services World's Band of America (C.S.W.F.B.A.) conducted by Paul Lavalle. It was a 50-piece group, operating seven days a week, on location 7 to 9 hours a day. They toured the fairgrounds on a 72-foot long bandwagon that went into a V-shape when performing. The opening day's big musical performance was  Lavalle conducting a 94-piece orchestra in the world premiere of Ferde Grofé's "World's Fair Suite" commissioned by Bob Moses. Moses had previously commissioned Grofé to compose the theme for his 1939 New York World's Fair. Mr. Grofé was present, listening from a wheelchair, having suffered a stroke in 1961. His score was in five movements—"Unisphere", "International", "Fun at the  Fair", "Pavilions of Industry" and "National". Numerous other ensembles performed throughout the fair, including Guy Lombardo and the United States Marine Band.


1964 New York World's Fair, Amusement attractions
One of the fair's major crowd-attracting and financial shortcomings was the absence of a midway. The fair's organizers were opposed on principle to the honky-tonk atmosphere engendered by midways, and this omission was another thing that had irked the BIE, which insisted that all officially sanctioned fairs have a midway. What amusements the fair actually hosted often failed to attract crowds. The Meadow Lake Amusement Area was not easily accessible, and officials objected to shows being advertised.


1964 New York World's Fair, Amusement attractions
Furthermore, although the Amusement Area was supposed to remain open for four hours after the exhibits closed at 10pm, the fair presented a fountain-and-fireworks show every night at 9pm at the Pool of Industry. Fairgoers would see this show and then leave the fair rather than head to the Amusement Area, and few people remained on the fairgrounds by midnight.


1964 New York World's Fair, Amusement attractions
The fair's big entertainment spectacles, including the Wonder World at the Meadow Lake Amphitheater, To Broadway with Love in the Texas Pavilion, and Dick Button's Ice-travaganza in the New York City Pavilion, all were closed prematurely with heavy financial losses. It became apparent that fairgoers did not go to the fair for its entertainment value, especially as there was plenty of entertainment in Manhattan.


1964 New York World's Fair, Amusement attractions
A notable exception to this situation was Les Poupées de Paris (The Dolls of Paris), an adults-only musical puppet show created, produced and directed by Sid and Marty Krofft. This show, modeled after the Paris revues Lido and Folies Bergère, was heavily attended, and financially successful.


1964 New York World's Fair, Amusement attractions
Some spectacles were staged for the newsreel cameras, such as a May 1964 demonstration by Bell Aerosystems where Bill Suitor ("Jetpackman") performed a 16-second flight, hopping over the "Court of the Presidents of the United States", the circular path surrounding the Unisphere fountain.


1964 New York World's Fair, Controversial ending
The fair ended in controversy over allegations of financial mismanagement. Controversy had plagued it during much of its two-year run. The Fair Corporation sold advanced tickets ahead of opening for each season, thus reflecting distorted profits compared to actual sales during the seasons. The receipts of advanced sales were booked entirely against the first season of the fair. This made it appear that the fair had plenty of operating cash when, in fact, it was borrowing from the second season's gate to pay the bills.


1964 New York World's Fair, Controversial ending
Before and during the 1964 season, the fair spent much money despite underwhelming attendance, below expectations. By the end of the 1964 season, Moses and the press began to realize that there would not be enough money to pay the bills, and accordingly the fair teetered on bankruptcy. In March 1965, a group of bankers and politicians asked showman Billy Rose to take over the fair, which he declined, stating: "I'd rather be hit by a baseball bat," adding that "cancer in its last stages never attracted me very much".


1964 New York World's Fair, Controversial ending
While the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair returned 40 cents on the dollar to bond investors, the 1964–1965 fair returned only 19.2 cents on the dollar.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
New York City was left with a much-improved Flushing Meadows–Corona Park following the fair, taking possession of the park from the Fair Corporation in June 1967. The paths and their names remain almost unchanged from the days of the fair. An ancient Roman column from Jordan still stands near the Unisphere. A stone bench marking the site of the Vatican pavilion also stands east of the main fountain.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
The Unisphere stands at the center of the park as a symbol of "Man's Achievements on a Shrinking Globe in an Expanding Universe". The Unisphere has become the iconic sculptural feature of the park, as well as a symbol of the borough of Queens in general. It stands on the site formerly occupied by the Perisphere during the earlier 1939–1940 Fair.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
The New York Hall of Science, founded during the 1964 World's Fair, was one of the country's first dedicated science museums; it still operates in an expanded facility in its original location at the park's northern corner. The Hall of Science anchors a Space Park exhibiting the rockets and vehicles used in America's early space exploration projects. The Space Park eventually deteriorated due to neglect, but in 2004 the surviving rockets were restored and placed back on display.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
The carousel that was the centerpiece of Carousel Park in the Lake Amusement Area was relocated to the former Transportation Area outside of the Queens Zoo in the northwestern part of the park. It still operates as the Flushing Meadows Carousel, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
The New York State Pavilion, constructed as the state's exhibit hall for the World's Fair, is also a prominent visible structure in the park. However, no new use for the building was found after the Fair, and the building sat derelict and decaying for decades. In 1993, the Queens Theatre in the Park took over the Circarama adjacent to the towers and continues to operate there, using the ruined state pavilion as a storage depot. The ruins were featured in the 1997 movie Men in Black.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
Some conservation and restoration techiques were demonstrated in 2008 by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania. The New York State Pavilion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. In fall 2013, NYC Parks announced plans to restore the pavilion for $73 million, and in 2015, the entire structure was repainted yellow.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
A preexisting structure from the 1939 fair became the temporary headquarters of the United Nations General Assembly, then the New York City Pavilion in the 1964 fair. After the 1964 fair, it was subdivided into the Queens Center for Art (now Queens Museum) and an ice-skating rink. The Museum continues to display the scale model Panorama of the City of New York, which is updated occasionally. The building also has a large display of memorabilia from the two world's fairs, as well as an original 3D scale model of the entire 1964 World's Fair site. In April 2011, the Queens Museum started an expansion project that almost doubled its floor space, bringing the total to about 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2). The ice skating rink was removed when the museum's expansion was completed in 2013.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
The Pavilion (World's Fair Building / Winston Churchill Tribute) was dismantled after the fair, and reassembled by 1968 on the fairgrounds site as the aviary for the Flushing Meadows Zoo (now the Queens Zoo). The building was a 175-foot (53 m) diameter geodesic dome attributed to either Buckminster Fuller or Thomas C. Howard, and produced by Synergetics of Raleigh, North Carolina. It remains as the aviary of the Queens Zoo, which was closed in 1988 and then reopened in 1992 after a $16 million renovation project.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, On-site structures
Other buildings remained for a while after the 1964 Fair's conclusion in hopes that a new use for them could be found, but were subsequently demolished. This included the Travel and Transportation Pavilion, destroyed in 1967 after a failed conversion to a fire station, and the Federal Pavilion, demolished in 1977 after great deterioration.


1964 New York World's Fair, Reuse of site and structures, Pavilions and major exhibits elsewhere
Like its predecessor, the 1964 World's Fair lost money. It was unable to repay its financial backers their investment, and it became embroiled in legal disputes with its creditors until 1970, when the books were finally closed and the Fair Corporation was dissolved. Most of the pavilions constructed for the fair were demolished within six months following the fair's close. While only a handful of pavilions and exhibits survived, some of them traveled great distances and found new homes following the fair:


1964 New York Yankees season
The 1964 New York Yankees season was the 62nd season for the Yankees. The team finished with a record of 99–63, winning their 29th pennant, finishing 1 game ahead of the Chicago White Sox. New York was managed by Yogi Berra. The Yankees played at Yankee Stadium. In the World Series, they were defeated by the St. Louis Cardinals in 7 games. It would also be their last postseason appearance until 1976.


1964 New York Yankees season
Yogi Berra, taking over as manager from Ralph Houk, who in turn moved up to general manager, had a difficult early season, with many veterans missing games due to injury. Doubts about his ability to manage his former teammates were brought into the open with the Harmonica Incident in late August, in which he clashed with utility infielder Phil Linz on the team bus following a sweep by the Chicago White Sox that appeared to have removed the Yankees from pennant contention. The team rallied behind Berra afterwards, and won the pennant. However the incident may have convinced the team's executives to replace Berra with Johnny Keane, manager of the victorious Cardinals, after the season.


1964 New York Yankees season
This season is considered to be the endpoint of the "Old Yankees" dynasty that had begun with the Ruppert–Huston partnership and then continued with the Topping–Webb partnership. The Yankees would soon undergo ownership changes and front office turmoil, and would not be a serious factor in the pennant chase again until the mid 1970s. For television viewers and radio listeners, the sudden removal of Mel Allen following that season marked the end of an era of Yankees television and radio broadcasts.


1964 New York Yankees season, Regular season
On September 26, Mel Stottlemyre went 5 for 5, drove in two runs, and threw a two hit shutout.


1964 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1964 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1964 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1964 New York Yankees season, 1964 World Series
With this 4–3 World Series victory, the Cardinals gained a 3–2 edge in overall Series wins over the Yankees, the first time any team had an overall edge against the Yankees since the 1920s. As of 2009, the Cardinals remain the only one of the "classic eight" National League teams to hold an edge over the Yankees.


1964 New York state election
The 1964 New York state election was held on November 3, 1964, to elect a U.S. Senator from New York, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1964 New York state election, U.S. Senate
Democratic former U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Republican Senator, Kenneth B. Keating.


1964 New York state election, Aftermath
The Democratic majority in the New York State Senate was split into the followers of Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. (15 senators) and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy (18 senators). Thus no Temporary President of the State Senate could be elected and the State Senate could not be organized. After six weeks of deadlock, Republican Governor Nelson Rockefeller urged the Republican senators to vote for Joseph Zaretzki, the leader of the Wagner faction.


1964 New York state election, Aftermath
In April 1965, the New York Court of Appeals voided the re-apportionment of the State Senate and Assembly districts enacted in December 1964, and ordered a new re-apportionment and  a new election of State legislators in November 1965. Thus the legislators elected in 1964 served an exceptional one-year term, as did the legislators elected in 1965.


1964 New Zealand Grand Prix
The 1964 New Zealand Grand Prix was a race held at Pukekohe Park Raceway on 11 January 1964. The race had 16 starters.


1964 New Zealand Grand Prix
It was the eleventh New Zealand Grand Prix and doubled as round two of the 1964 Tasman Series. Bruce McLaren broke through to finally win his home grand prix in this the first official Tasman Series. This win paved the way for McLaren's overall victory in the first Tasman Series.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1964 New Zealand rugby league season was the 57th season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand defeated France 3–0 in a Test series. New Zealand included Roger Bailey, Gary Blackler, Jim Bond, John Bray, Reg Cooke, captain Mel Cooke, Ian Drayton, Sam Edwards, Maunga Emery, Jack Fagan, Don Hammond, Graham Kennedy, Graham Mattson, Ken McCracken, Ray Sinel, Bill Snowden, George H Turner, Pat White and Ernie Wiggs.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
France defeated Auckland 13-10 between the second and third Test matches. Auckland included Chris Smith, Roy Christian, Brian Campbell, Roger Bailey, Phillip Rowe, Cyril Eastlake, Eric Carson, Sam Edwards, Bill Schultz, Graham Mattson, Ernie Wiggs, Don Mann and captain Ron Ackland.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
Don Hammond won the New Zealand Rugby League's player of the year award.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season, after they had defeated Canterbury 13–7 at the Addington Showgrounds on Queen's Birthday weekend.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-island competition
The South Island defeated the North Island 14–11 at the Show Grounds.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-island competition
The South Island included Brian Langton, Pat White, Jim Bond, Bob Irvine, Gary Blackler, Jim Fisher and Mel Cooke.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Auckland defeated the West Coast 44–2 at Carlaw Park and 31–2 in Greymouth. They also defeated a "Rest of North Island" team 29–7 at Carlaw Park.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Don Hammond, Reg Cooke, Doug Ellwood, Ken McCracken, Roger Bailey, Gary Bailey, John Lasher and Jack Fagan played for Auckland.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Canterbury included Pat White, Brian Langton, Jim Bond, Bob Irvine, Gary Blackler, Jim Fisher and Ian Drayton.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, National Club competition
Otahuhu (Auckland) won the Rothmans tournament, defeating Hornby (Canterbury) 10–5 in the final. Otahuhu had previously beaten Ngongotaha (Bay of Plenty) 43-5 and Huntly South (Waikato) 15–10.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Otahuhu won the Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial Trophy and the Rukutai Shield. The Mount Albert Lions won the Roope Rooster and Stormont Shield, defeating Otahuhu 15-7 and 19-3 respectively.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
This was the first year of stand alone clubs, following the abandonment of the Auckland Rugby League's "district scheme". To "unwind" from the scheme, Glenora, Marist, Midlands District, Otahuhu, City-Newton, Eastern Suburbs, Ellerslie, Mount Albert, Northcote, North Shore, Point Chevalier, Ponsonby, Richmond and Southern Districts all played in the fourteen team first division. The top eight qualified for the 1965 competition.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
The Mangere East Hawks and the Albany/Glenfield were founded in 1964 while Howick played in the senior competition for the first time under coach Tommy Baxter.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Ernie Wiggs and Joe Gwynne played for Otahuhu, where Wiggs scored 218 points, Reg Cooke scored 205 points for City-Newton and Roger Tait scored 203 points for Glenora.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Hornby won the Canterbury Rugby League's Massetti Cup and that Thacker Shield, defeating Greymouth Marist 18–16. Mel Cooke was Hornby's captain-coach.


1964 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Hornby included John Bray, Mel Cooke, Ian Drayton and Brian Langton.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election
The 1964 Newham London Borough Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Newham London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour party gained control of the council.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election, Background
These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the County Borough of East Ham, County Borough of West Ham, Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich and Municipal Borough of Barking. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of Newham by the London Government Act 1963.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election, Background
A total of 145 candidates stood in the election for the 60 seats being contested across 24 wards. 3 seats in one ward went unopposed. These included a full slate from the Labour party, while the Liberal and Conservative parties stood 38 and 20 respectively. Other candidates included 17 Residents, 7 Communists and 2 Independents. There were 12 three-seat wards and 12 two-seat wards.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election, Background
This election had aldermen as well as directly elected councillors. Labour got all 10 aldermen.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election, Background
The Council was elected in 1964 as a "shadow authority" but did not start operations until 1 April 1965.


1964 Newham London Borough Council election, Election result
The results saw Labour gain the new council with a majority of 40 after winning 50 of the 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 29.4%. This turnout included 333 postal votes.


1964 News of the World Trophy
The 1st News of the World Trophy, previously known as the Glover Trophy, was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 30 March 1964 at Goodwood Circuit, England. The race was run over 42 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Jim Clark in a Lotus 25, after Graham Hill dropped out having led for 40 laps.


1964 Nigerian general election
Parliamentary elections were held in Nigeria on 30 December 1964, although they were not held until 18 March 1965 in some constituencies in Eastern Region, Lagos, and Mid-Western Region due to a boycott in December.


1964 Nigerian general election
The election saw most parties run as part of alliances, the Nigerian National Alliance (the Northern People's Congress, the Nigerian National Democratic Party, the Midwest Democratic Front, the Dynamic Party, the Niger Delta Congress, the Lagos State United Front and the Republican Party) and the United Progressive Grand Alliance (the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, Action Group, the Northern Progressive Front, the Kano People's Party, the Northern Elements Progressive Union, the United Middle Belt Congress and the Zamfara Commoners Party).


1964 Nigerian general election
The result was a victory for the Northern People's Congress, which won 162 of the 312 seats in the House of Representatives, whilst the NNA held a total of 198 seats. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was re-elected Prime Minister of Nigeria. However, the election was marked by manipulation and violence.


1964 Night Series Cup
The 1964 VFL Night Premiership Cup was the Victorian Football League end of season cup competition played in August and September of the 1964 VFL Premiership Season. Run as a knock-out tournament, it was contested by the eight VFL teams that failed to make the 1964 VFL finals series. It was the ninth VFL Night Series competition. Games were played at the Lake Oval, Albert Park, then the home ground of South Melbourne, as it was the only ground equipped to host night games. Footscray won its second consecutive night series cup defeating St Kilda in the final by 5 points.


1964 Niigata earthquake
The 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japanese: 新潟地震) struck at 13:01 local time (04:01 UTC) on 16 June with a magnitude of either 7.5 or 7.6. The epicenter was on the continental shelf off the northwest coast of Honshu, Japan in Niigata Prefecture, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the city of Niigata. The earthquake caused liquefaction over large parts of the city.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Geology
The northwestern side of Honshu lies on the southeastern margin of the Sea of Japan, an area of oceanic crust created by back-arc spreading from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. The extensional tectonics associated with the spreading formed a series of N–S trending extensional faults and associated basins. Currently the area is being deformed by contractional tectonics, causing inversion of these earlier basins, forming anticlinal structures. The earthquake is thought to have occurred due to reverse movement on one of these reactivated faults.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage
There were 3,534 houses destroyed and a further 11,000 were damaged. This level of damage is explained by the influence of poor sub-soil conditions. Most of the lower part of the city of Niigata is built on recent deltaic deposits from the Shinano and Agano rivers, mainly consisting of unconsolidated sand. Shaking during the earthquake caused liquefaction with instantaneous compaction and formation of many sand volcanoes. Maps of areas of subsidence and sand volcanoes were found to match closely with old maps of the position of former river channels.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage
Subsidence of up to 140 cm was measured over wide areas associated with the liquefaction. In one area of apartment buildings built on reclaimed land by the Shinano River, most of the apartment blocks became inclined and one of them was completely overturned. This was despite relatively low levels of ground acceleration recorded by strong motion accelerographs placed in one of these buildings.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage, Fire and liquefaction
Niigata City, which had just recovered from the Great Niigata Fire of 1955, sustained considerable damage from fire and liquefaction that resulted from the earthquake. Aside from the buildings destroyed by liquefaction on the left bank of the Shinano River there was also extensive damage on the right bank. The runway of the Niigata Airport was near the hypocenter and was flooded due to liquefaction and the tsunami and a fire broke out inside the airport.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage, Fire and liquefaction
Most devastatingly, the pipes of a gasoline tank owned by Showa Shell Sekiyu, located between the airport and the harbor, were also damaged by the shaking. Gasoline from the tank was brought to the sea surface by the tsunami and underground water released by the liquefaction and ignited 5 hours after the earthquake. The fire spread to nearby tanks and induced explosions that fed the fire, allowing it to continue for 12 days. The fire spread to nearby residential areas leaving 1407 people displaced. This fire is said to be the worst industrial complex fire in the country's history. At the time the cause of the fire was said to be caused by the liquefaction, but later research into large earthquakes revealed that long period ground motion also played a role.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage, Fire and liquefaction
At the time of the fire, the new specially-designed fire truck for fighting chemical fires had not yet been deployed to Niigata City. A request was sent to the Fire and Disaster Management Agency and troops were dispatched from the Tokyo division. There was a danger of the fire spreading to an attached oxygen tank, but the troops from Tokyo managed to stop it from spreading to the tank, after a 20-hour battle.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Damage, Showa bridge
The collapse of the Showa bridge in Niigata has been analysed in detail. From eyewitness reports it appears that failure began 70 seconds after the start of the earthquake, suggesting that ground motion was not responsible. Movement of piles beneath the bridge piers due to lateral spreading caused by liquefaction, is regarded as the main cause of the failure.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Characteristics, Earthquake
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale, but the relatively deep focal depth of 34 km meant that the perceived intensities on the coast of Honshu were generally VIII (Severe) or less on the Mercalli intensity scale, on consolidated ground. The calculated focal mechanism indicates reverse faulting on a west-dipping fault trending N20°E.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Characteristics, Tsunami
The first wave of the tsunami hit Niigata City approximately 15 minutes after the earthquake. It caused flooding damage on Sado Island, Awa Island, and as far away as the Oki Islands in Shimane Prefecture. The wave reached heights of 3 m at Ryōtsu Harbor, 4 m at Shiotani and near Iwafune Harbor, and between 1 and 2 m at Naoetsu. It was also reported that due to the run-up that occurs on sandy beaches the wave reached 6 m in some places. The first wave was the highest in many places, but the third was reportedly higher in others. The ensuing waves came at intervals of 20 and 50 minutes. Flooding caused by the tsunami persisted in some areas for up to a month.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Vestiges
Due to urbanization and modernization in Niigata City and the surrounding area, in order to extract water-soluble natural gas in the ground water, water pumping quickly increased in 1950. As a result, land subsidence became a serious problem. Since 1959, thanks to restrictions on the extractions of natural gas and ground water in the Niigata city area, large scale land subsidence has lessened. However, in that period the ground was observed to settle an average of 20 cm a year. This land subsidence, the liquefaction in the inner city, and the tsunami all contributed to the massive inundation damage during the earthquake.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Vestiges
The Bandai Bridge, one of the commuter bridges spanning the Shinano River in the city, survived the earthquake intact, but not unscathed. The streets that cross under the bridge on each side and run parallel to the river are approximately 1 meter different in elevation. The bridge itself only sank about 10 cm during the earthquake but coupled with the aforementioned land subsidence it has sunk a total of 1.2 meters.


1964 Niigata earthquake, Vestiges
New laws concerning earthquake insurance were enacted in June 1966 in response to this earthquake.


1964 Nippon Professional Baseball season
The 1964 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the 15th season of operation of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre  "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age."


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature
Sartre declined the prize, saying that he never accepted any official honours and that he did not want the writer to become an institution. The Swedish Academy said in announcement: "It will be recalled that the laureate has made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. The fact that he has declined this distinction does not in the least modify the validity of the award. Under the circumstances, however, the Academy can only state that the presentation of the prize cannot take place." It is the only known occasion when a Laureate has voluntarily declined to accept the Nobel Prize in literature.


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, The Laureate
Jean-Paul Sartre is known for having formulated and popularized the philosophy existentialism. His best known work include the play Les Mouches, novels such as La Nausée, short stories and philosophical works.


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, Nominations and prize decision
76 individuals were nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature in 1964. On 17 september 1964 the Nobel committee proposed that the prize should be awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre. The second name on the list was Mikhail Sholokov (who was awarded the prize in 1965) and the third name was W.H. Auden. There was some ambivalency within the Swedish Academy to award Sartre. He had been nominated the first time in 1957, but his candidacy was postponed for the future as the Academy was not sure if Sartre's work would have any historical importance.


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, Nominations and prize decision
His candidacy was considered and postponed again in 1962 for similar reasons. The publication of Les Mots in 1963 is believed to have strengthed Sartre's candidacy and in October 1964 the Academy decided to award Sartre, their decision was sealed with a final vote on 22 October 1964. A week earlier Sartre, knowing that he was a candidate for the prize, had sent a letter to the Swedish Academy saying he would not accept the award, but as the Academy had already made their decision before the formal final vote they disregarded the letter. The Academy's permanent secretary Karl Ragnar Gierow replied to Sartre's letter saying that the decision had already been made and urged Sartre to reconsider and accept the prize.


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, Reactions
In a text published in Le Figaro on 23 October 1964 Sartre wrote that he regretted that his refusal to accept the prize had caused a scandal. He explained that he never accepted any prizes or membership of institutions as he believed an author who accepted such things became forever associated with the prize or institution, and that the author should not allow himself to become an institution.


1964 Nobel Prize in Literature, Aftermath
In his memoirs Lars Gyllensten claimed that someone, either Sartre himself or someone related to him, in 1975 had contacted the Swedish Academy and asked if the prize money was available.


1964 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1964 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The Tar Heels were led by sixth-year head coach Jim Hickey and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.


1964 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1964 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1964. Democratic nominee Dan K. Moore defeated Republican nominee Robert L. Gavin with 56.59% of the vote.


1964 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1964 North Carolina lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1964. Democratic nominee Robert W. Scott defeated Republican nominee Clifford L. Bell with 60.77% of the vote.


1964 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team
The 1964 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team, also known as the Nodaks, was an American football team that represented the University of North Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. In its eighth year under head coach Marvin C. Helling, the team compiled an 8–1 record (5–1 against NCC opponents), tied for the NCC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 199 to 110. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Grand Forks, North Dakota.


1964 North Dakota State Bison football team
The 1964 North Dakota State Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota State University during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season as a member of the North Central Conference. In their second year under head coach Darrell Mudra, the team compiled a 10–1 record, finished as NCC co-champion, and defeated Western State in the Mineral Water Bowl.


1964 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1964 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1964. Incumbent Democrat William L. Guy defeated Republican nominee Donald M. Halcrow with 55.74% of the vote.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
The 1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season had no bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm One
Cyclonic Storm One developed in the Bay of Bengal on May 6. It moved east-northeastward and eventually curved northeastward. The system made landfall in Burma before dissipating on May 9.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Two
Under the influence of the ongoing onset of the southwest monsoon, a trough of low pressure developed over the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karnataka on June 6. It slowly moved northwards, and consolidated into a depression by the morning of June 9. The next morning, while the storm was moving northwestwards, the India Meteorological Department upgraded it to a Cyclonic Storm. Over the following days the storm intensified further into a very severe cyclonic storm, recurved northeastwards and crossed the coast of Gujarat near Naliya at a peak intensity of 969 hPa (28.61 inHg).


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Two
The system rapidly degenerated inland and dissipated into a low-pressure area on June 13. 27 deaths were reported due to the cyclone in India. Prolonged rains associated with the system triggered severe flooding in Pakistan that killed 450 people. Approximately 400,000 were affected by the floods and damage amounted to $4.1 million.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Three
A deep depression developed in the northern Bay of Bengal on July 3. It headed northwestward and soon struck the state of West Bengal in India. The storm persisted for a few days inland, before dissipating on July 6.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Four
Deep Depression Four developed in the northern Bay of Bengal on August 5. It moved westward and struck India before dissipating on August 6.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Cyclonic Storm Five
Cyclonic Storm Five briefly existed in the Arabian Sea from August 6 to August 7.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Six
Deep Depression Six developed in the northern Bay of Bengal on August 10. It later struck eastern India. The deep depression dissipated by August 12.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Depression Seven
Depression Seven developed in the Bay of Bengal on August 15 and soon made landfall in India. The depression dissipated on the following day.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Land Depression Eight
A land depression existed over India from August 23 to August 26.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Nine
Deep Depression Nine developed in the Bay of Bengal on September 23. It almost immediately moved inland over West Bengal. The deep depression persisted until September 25.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Ten
A few fishermen lost their lives off the coast of Kakinada.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Eleven
Deep Depression Eleven developed in the Bay of Bengal on October 4. It soon made landfall in the province of East Pakistan in Pakistan. The deep depression dissipated over eastern India on October 7.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Deep Depression Twelve
Another deep depression developed in the Bay of Bengal on October 17. It initially moved westward, before eventually re-curving northwestward. The deep depression eventually made landfall in eastern India. By October 21, the deep depression dissipated.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Fourteen
Severe Cyclonic Storm Fourteen developed in the Bay of Bengal on November 3. Initially heading northwestward, the storm eventually curved westward. Shortly before dissipating on November 8, the storm struck southern India.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Fifteen
Severe Cyclonic Storm Fifteen developed in the Bay of Bengal on November 16. It meandered there for several days and peaked with winds of 130 km/h (80 mph). Eventually, it weakened and dissipated on November 28. It was tied for the longest-lived cyclone on record in the basin.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Sixteen
On December 15, an area of low pressure was identified over the southern Andaman Sea. Remaining nearly stationary, it gradually developed into a depression two days later. Despite being at a low latitude of 5°N, favorable conditions allowed the system to steadily strengthen, attaining hurricane-force winds by December 19. Spanning approximately 965 km (600 mi), the cyclone reached its peak intensity on December 21 as it approached Ceylon. Based on satellite imagery, it was estimated that the storm had peak winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), with gusts as high as 280 km/h (175 mph). This ranked the system as a modern-day super cyclonic storm. Weakening somewhat, the system continued westward, moving over Tamil Nadu, before rapidly weakening. The system degenerated into a remnant low after emerging over the Arabian Sea on December 24 and dissipated two days later.


1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Systems, Severe Cyclonic Storm Sixteen
Striking Ceylon as a super cyclonic storm, the storm wrought tremendous damage. Winds well in excess of hurricane-force battered the region for over six hours, destroying more than 5,000 homes. In eastern Rameswaram, a passenger train carrying 115 people was swept away by a 4.6 m (15 ft) surge, killing all on board. Nearly every structure in Dhanushkodi was destroyed. Press reports indicated that as many as 2,000 people died on Ceylon, including 350 fishermen offshore. In Tamil Nadu, an estimated 500 people were killed. Damage from the storm amounted to $150 million.


1964 North Vietnamese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in North Vietnam on 26 April 1964. Only candidates representing the Vietnamese Fatherland Front (an alliance of the Vietnamese Workers' Party together with various bloc parties and satellite organisations) contested the election. Voter turnout was reported to be 98%.


1964 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team
The 1964 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team was an American football team that represented Northeast Louisiana State College (now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe) in the Gulf States Conference during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. In their first year under head coach Dixie B. White, the team compiled an 0–8 record.


1964 Northern Illinois Huskies football team
The 1964 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. The Huskies competed in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC). They were led by ninth-year head coach Howard Fletcher and played their home games at the 5,500-seat Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election
General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 20 and 21 January 1964. There were two voter rolls for the Legislative Council, a main roll that elected 65 seats, and a reserved roll that elected 10. Africans elected the main roll, whilst Europeans elected the reserve roll. Other ethnicities were allowed to choose which roll to be part of. The United National Independence Party won the elections, taking 55 of the common roll seats. Its leader, Kenneth Kaunda became Prime Minister, leading the country to independence in October that year, at which point he became President. Voter turnout was 94.8% for the main roll and 74.1% for the reserved roll.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Background
The Northern Rhodesian African National Congress (NRANC) sought to delay the elections, claiming that twelve of its candidates had been prevented from registering, and its request for the nomination process to be extended was granted. NRANC leader Harry Nkumbula claimed that failure to postpone the elections would lead to "passive resistance" and that any violence would be "the entire responsibility of the Governor and his officers." The election date was also criticised by the People's Democratic Congress, which claimed that good weather during the month would encourage people to do farmwork rather than go out to vote. It also criticised the registration process, claiming that some people had to walk over 30 miles in order to register to vote.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Campaign
UNIP contested all 10 reserved roll seats, putting up candidates including former Liberal Party leader John Moffat and ex-minister Charles Cousins.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Campaign
UNIP won 24 of the 75 common roll seats unopposed, whilst the NRANC also had five members returned unopposed, although all of them defected to UNIP.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Conduct
Seven people were killed in the Chinsali area by members of the Lumpa Church sect, who were trying to prevent people from joining political parties. Following reports of violence, Kaunda flew to the area to attempt to broker a truce.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Conduct
The election campaign also saw clashes between NRANC and UNIP supporters, with two UNIP members killed. Fighting between the two in Mufulira in mid-January had to be broken up with tear gas, whilst two children were killed near Fort Jameson when a house inhabited by NRANC supporters was burned down.


1964 Northern Rhodesian general election, Aftermath
A new UNIP-led government was sworn in shortly before the end of January. Governor Evelyn Dennison Hone retained responsibility for foreign affairs, defence and policing.


1964 Northwest Territories general election
The 1964 Northwest Territories general election took place on March 31, 1964.


1964 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1964 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1964 Big Ten Conference football season. In their first year under head coach Alex Agase, the Wildcats compiled a 3–6 record (2–5 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in a tie for seventh place in the Big Ten Conference.


1964 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The team's offensive leaders were quarterback Tom Myers with 901 passing yards, Steve Murphy with 377 rushing yards, and Cas Banaszek with 317 receiving yards. Center Joe Cerne was selected as a first-team All-Big Ten player, and as a second-team All-American by the Newspaper Enterprise Association.


1964 Norwegian Football Cup
Rosenborg  became Norwegian Cup winners by beating Sarpsborg 2–1 on 25 October 1964. The goal scorers for Rosenborg were Tor Kleveland, who scored after 32 minutes, and Tore Pedersen, who scored in the 55th minute. For Sarpsborg, Martin Kjølholt scored in the 85th minute.


1964 Norwegian Football Cup
24,665 spectators attended the match at Ullevaal stadion in Oslo. The referee was Johan Riseth. This was Rosenborg's second Norwegian Cup.


1964 Norwegian Football Cup
Rosenborg's squad: Sverre Fornes, Knut Jensen, Kjell Hvidsand, Kåre Rønnes, Harald Gulbrandsen, Egil Nygaard, Tore Pedersen, Birger Thingstad, Tore Lindvåg, Eldar Hansen and Tor Kleveland.


1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. John Huarte was the sixth Notre Dame player to win the Heisman Trophy. They were crowned national champions by the National football Foundation at the end of the season (however it is not claimed by the university).


1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Game summaries, Wisconsin
In Ara Parseghian's coaching debut for Notre Dame, the players carried Parseghian off the field while the Irish fans in attendance chanted "We're number one" following the victory.


1964 Nyasaland general election
General elections were due to be held for the Legislative Council in Nyasaland on 28 April 1964, and would have been the first in the country under universal suffrage. However, there were no opposition candidates to either the Malawi Congress Party in the general roll seats (the Nyasaland Asian Convention had dissolved itself and declared its support for the MCP), or the Nyasaland Constitutional Party in the special roll seats, resulting in all 53 candidates winning without votes being cast.


1964 Nyasaland general election
MCP leader Hastings Banda remained as Prime Minister, leading the country to independence on 6 July that year.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Background
The elections were announced on Radio Malawi on 17 November 1963. The constituency borders were finalised on 11 March. Candidates were nominated on 6 April.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Electoral system
There were two voter rolls; the initial plan was for Africans and mixed-race people identifying as African to be on a general roll and for non-Africans and mixed-race people not identifying as African to be on a special roll. All people over the age of 21 who had been in Nyasaland for at least two years were given the vote, except Africans who were not from Nyasland or one of the neighbouring countries (Northern Rhodesia, Portuguese East Africa or Tanganyika). The general roll was to elect 50 members and the special roll five.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Electoral system
The special roll created some controversy; the Nyasaland Constitutional Party opposed the inclusion of Asians on the special roll, as they would outnumber the Europeans. In late December the debate shifted to whether the special roll seats should exist at all. Ultimately the decision was made to have a general roll for Africans, Asians and mixed-race people, and a special roll for Europeans.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Electoral system
However, as no census had been taken since 1946, there were no reliable estimates of population and the figure had to be extrapolated from the number of taxpayers, with the number of taxpayers (which was limited to men over the age of 25) was doubled and another 25% added to account for tax evaders; the total figure arrived at was roughly 1.5 million. Voter registration took place between 30 December and 19 January 1963, in which 1,871,170 people registered for the general roll and 814 for the special roll.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Electoral system
With so few people registering for the special role, Minister for Transport and Communications Colin Cameron campaigned for the abolition of the special roll, writing to every European resident in the country. The final decision of the Secretary of State was to reduce the number of special roll seats to three. Another brief period of registration was allowed between 24 and 29 February for Europeans who had missed out on registering for the special roll. However, the 620 people that registered in this period were added to the general roll. This gave a total of 1,871,790 people registered on the general roll.


1964 Nyasaland general election, Campaign
During a mass meeting on an airfield between Cholo and Mlanje on 15 March, Banda announced that he had chosen 50 candidates to represent the party in the elections, of which 49 were men and one a woman, and that the party would not contest the special roll seats. The Nyasaland Constitutional Party candidates were announced a few days later. Following Banda's announcement, the MCP worked to ensure it would face no opposition in the elections, and in late March, the only party opposed to the MCP, Mbadwa, announced that it would not run.


1964 Oakland Raiders season
The 1964 Oakland Raiders season was the team's fifth in both Oakland and the American Football League. The campaign saw the team attempt to improve upon its impressive 10–4 record from 1963. The Raiders' efforts, however, would prove fruitless. The team staggered out to an abysmal 1–7–1 record over its first nine games. While the Raiders pulled themselves together over the final five games of the season (in what amounted to a 4–0–1 run), their slow start ensured that they would miss the postseason for a fifth consecutive year.


1964 Oakland Raiders season
During the preseason, the Raiders played the Houston Oilers in Las Vegas at Cashman Field in the first professional football game ever held there. 56 years later, the Raiders would relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area.


1964 Oakland Raiders season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1964 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1964 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In their seventh season under head coach Bill Hess, the Bobcats compiled a 5–4–1 record (3–2–1 against MAC opponents), finished in fourth place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 122 to 99.


1964 Ohio Bobcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Wash Lyons with 835 rushing yards, Larry Bainter with 443 passing yards, and Jim Dorna with 162 receiving yards. Defensive tackle John Frick was a second-team All-America pick by the Associated Press (AP), and linebacker Skip Hoovler was an honorable mention All-America by the AP and United Press International.


1964 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1964 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1964 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 7–2 record.


1964 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1964 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium and competed as members of the Big Eight Conference. They were coached by first-year head coach Gomer Jones.


1964 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League on November 28, 1964. Players were offered contracts but were declared ineligible to play in the Gator Bowl if they signed them before the game, as was the case with Ralph Neely.


1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The 1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma State University–Stillwater in the Big Eight Conference during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Phil Cutchin, the Cowboys compiled a 4–6 record (3–4 against conference opponents), tied for fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 192 to 165.


1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
On offense, the 1964 team averaged 16.5 points scored, 139.7 rushing yards, and 81.0 passing yards per game. On defense, the team allowed an average of 19.2 points scored, 222.6 rushing yards, and 128.1 passing yards per game. The team's statistical leaders included Walt Garrison with 730 rushing yards, Glenn Baxter with 845 passing yards, Tony Sellari with 238 receiving yards, and placekicker Charles Durkee with 37 points scored.


1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
End Jack Jacobson was selected as a first-team All-Big Eight Conferense player.


1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team
The team played its home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma.


1964 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, After the season
The 1965 NFL Draft was held on November 28, 1964. The following Cowboy was selected.


1964 Old Dominion 500
The 1964 Old Dominion 500 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on September 24, 1964, at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia. Forty professional stock car racing drivers would become involved in an event that would become legendary.


1964 Old Dominion 500
The transition to purpose-built racecars began in the early 1960s and occurred gradually over that decade. Changes made to the sport by the late 1960s brought an end to the "strictly stock" vehicles of the 1950s.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Background
Martinsville Speedway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races. The standard track at Martinsville Speedway is a four-turn short track oval that is 0.526 miles (0.847 km) long. The track's turns are banked at eleven degrees, while the front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at zero degrees. The back stretch also has a zero degree banking.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report
Fred Lorenzen defeated Richard Petty by ⅓ of a second in front of a live audience of 18,214 spectators; becoming the first recipient of the now-famous Martinsville Grandfather Clock. Lorenzen would also pick up his third win in a row at Martinsville.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report
Typical qualifying times for the race ranged from 24.2 seconds to 25.2 seconds with vehicles driving between 71.2 miles per hour (114.6 km/h) and 74.1 miles per hour (119.3 km/h). In addition to six changes in the lead driver, there were also six caution flags given out for 28 laps. The entire race took three hours and twenty-four minutes to go from green flag to the checkered flag. Top prize at the race was $4,715 ($38,868 when adjusted for inflation). Doug Yates and Buddy Arrington both qualified for the race but failed to start in it. Major Melton would make his final NASCAR Grand National Cup Series appearance in this race. The majority of the entries belonged to the Ford Motor Company. Model years for each vehicle ranged from 1962 to 1964; complying with the NASCAR rules and regulations for that era.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report
NASCAR was authorized to hand out a grand total of $17,580 to each of the drivers who participated in this event ($144,922 when adjusted for inflation). Even with his second-place finish, Petty clinched his first NASCAR championship after this race. Bill Whitley was credited as the actual last-place driver after acquiring a transmission problem on lap 6; bringing home a paycheck of $150 ($1,237 when adjusted for inflation).


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report
At least 16 notable crew chiefs were recorded as attending this race; including Bud Moore, Herman Beam, Glen Wood, Bud Allman, Banjo Matthews and Vic Ballard.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report
Doug Wilson would retire from the NASCAR Cup Series after this race.


1964 Old Dominion 500, Race report, Qualifying
A non-championship race determined the final 20 starters in the Old Dominion 500. Only Richard Petty and Doug Yates managed to lead laps in the event; Petty would go on to win the qualifying race.


1964 Ole Miss Rebels baseball team
The 1964 Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represented the University of Mississippi in the 1964 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Rebels played their home games at Swayze Field. The team was coached by Tom Swayze in his 13th year as head coach at Ole Miss.


1964 Ole Miss Rebels baseball team
The Rebels won the District III to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Arizona State Sun Devils.


1964 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1964 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The Rebels were led by 18th-year head coach Johnny Vaught and played their home games at Hemingway Stadium in Oxford, Mississippi. The team competed as members of the Southeastern Conference, finishing in seventh. The Rebels were the preseason favorite to win the national title, starting the season ranked first in the nation.


1964 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The Rebels soon fell out of the rankings, however, after a loss to Kentucky in the second game of the year (the AP Poll ranked only the top 10 teams from 1962 to 1967). The Rebels' fall to seventh place in the conference was the school's first finish outside the conference's top four since 1950. They finished the regular season with a 5–4–1 record, tied for 20th in the final Coaches Poll, conducted before bowl season. They were invited to the 1964 Bluebonnet Bowl, where they lost to Tulsa.


1964 Omloop Het Volk
The 1964 Omloop Het Volk was the 19th edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 29 February 1964. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by Frans Melckenbeeck.


1964 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election
The Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, 1964, held on September 17–19, 1964 electedAndy Thompson as the leader of the Ontario Liberal Party. Thompson replace John Wintermeyer who resigned after losing his seat in the 1963 provincial election. Thompson won after six ballots against a field of seven other candidates.


1964 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, Background
The leadership convention was held to replace John Wintermeyer who resigned after losing his seat in the 1963 provincial election. Four caucus members entered the race. They were Andy Thompson, Robert Nixon, Eddie Sargent, and Joseph Gould. In addition Victor Copps, the mayor of Hamilton, Ontario, Joe Greene a federal MP and Charles Templeton, a popular Toronto evangelist and preacher also entered the race.


1964 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election, Background
Andy Thompson had recently attained notoriety for speaking out against Attorney General Fred Cass's "police bill" and was seen as a leading candidate. The convention was held at the Royal York Hotel from September 17–19. Thompson emerged as the winner on the sixth ballot. While the leadership race generated some enthusiasm, prospects for the party were not good. The Liberals had held office only three times for a total of 13 years since 1900. The party caucus had not changed much since the last leadership election and they had recently lost a by-election. They also failed to elect populist Charles Templeton to office. Thompson would last only two years as leader before resigning due to stress induced health problems.


1964 Open Championship
The 1964 Open Championship was the 93rd Open Championship, played 8–10 July at the Old Course in St Andrews, Scotland. Tony Lema won his only major championship, five strokes ahead of runner-up Jack Nicklaus. He led by seven strokes after 54 holes and shot a final round 70. Neither had played the Old Course before and Lema had never played in Britain; he gave much of the credit for his victory to his caddy, Tip Anderson. It was Lema's fourth victory in six weeks; he won three events on the PGA Tour in June. Nicklaus equaled the course record with a 66 in the third round.


1964 Open Championship
The PGA Championship was played the next week in Columbus, Ohio, one of five times in the 1960s that these two majors were played in consecutive weeks in July.


1964 Open Championship
Lema played in two more Opens; two weeks after competing in 1966 at Muirfield, he and his pregnant wife were killed in a plane crash near Chicago.


1964 Open Championship, Course
^ The 10th hole was posthumously named for Bobby Jones in 1972


1964 Open Championship, Course
Previous lengths of the course for The Open Championship (since 1950):


1964 Open Championship, Field
1. The first 20 and those tying for 20th place in the 1963 OpenBrian Allen, Peter Alliss, Bob Charles (3), Neil Coles, Max Faulkner, Jean Garaïalde, Harold Henning, Brian Huggett, Bernard Hunt, Alex King, Malcolm Leeder, Hugh Lewis, Ian MacDonald, John MacDonald, Sebastian Miguel, Kel Nagle (3), Jack Nicklaus (5), Christy O'Connor Snr, Frank Phillips, Gary Player (3), Phil Rodgers, Sewsunker Sewgolum, Ramón Sota, Peter Thomson (3), Brian Wilkes


1964 Open Championship, Field
2. The first 30 and those tying for 30th place in the P.G.A. Order of Merit for 1963


1964 Open Championship, Field
4. The last 5 Amateur champions (1959–63)Deane Beman (6) (a), Michael Bonallack (a), Joe Carr (a)


1964 Open Championship, Field
Jack Nicklaus had turned professional but was exempt under other categories


1964 Open Championship, Field
7. The first 30 money winners and those tying for 30th place in the U.S.P.G.A. official list for one year ending with the P.G.A. tournament immediately before the closing date of the U.S. Open entries


1964 Open Championship, Field
Exemptions for amateur champions were only granted if the player was still an amateur.


1964 Open Championship, Field
Qualification took place on 3–4 July (Friday and Saturday) at the New and Eden courses. They were run as two separate events with 35 players to qualify from the New Course and 34 from the Eden course, together with 51 exemptions to make a total field of 120. The number of alternates was reduced from three to two.


1964 Open Championship, Round summaries, Second round
Source:Amateurs: Beman (+13), Bonallack (+13), Carr (+13), Clark (+16), Rutherford (+17), Saddler (+17), Shade (+21).


1964 Orange Bowl
The 1964 Orange Bowl was the thirtieth edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, on Wednesday, January 1. Part of the 1963–64 bowl game season, it featured the sixth-ranked Nebraska Cornhuskers of the Big Eight Conference and the #5 Auburn Tigers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Nebraska scored early and won 13–7.


1964 Orange Bowl, Teams, Nebraska Cornhuskers
Under second-year head coach Bob Devaney, the Cornhuskers won their first Big Eight title since 1940. The only blemish was a home non-conference loss to Air Force. This was Nebraska's third appearance in a major bowl game, and second in the Orange Bowl, the first was nine years earlier.


1964 Orange Bowl, Teams, Auburn Tigers
The Tigers finished second in the Southeastern Conference; they defeated rival Alabama but lost to Mississippi State in Jackson. This was Auburn's first appearance in a bowl game since 1955, and first Orange Bowl since 1938.


1964 Orange Bowl, Game summary
In the opening possession, quarterback Dennis Claridge gave the Cornhuskers a 7–0 lead on his 68-yard run from a short-yardage formation. Dave Theisen added two field goals to give them a 13–0 lead at halftime; Auburn quarterback Jimmy Sidle ran in from thirteen yards out to make it 13–7 after three quarters.


1964 Orange Bowl, Game summary
The fourth quarter was scoreless. In the closing minutes, Auburn was driving down the field for the potential win, at the Nebraska eleven. On fourth down, linebacker John Kirby batted a Tiger pass away, and the Cornhuskers gained their first victory in a major bowl game. Claridge ran for 108 yards on the day.


1964 Orange Bowl, Game summary
This was the seventh matchup of the two conferences in the Orange Bowl, the SEC had swept the first six.


1964 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
This was the last year without an MVP award honored to the best player. Nebraska returned to the Orange Bowl two years later; as of 2021, Auburn has yet to return.


1964 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
This is the most recent Orange Bowl played during the day; the telecast on ABC was in direct competition with the Cotton Bowl (CBS) and Sugar Bowl (NBC); all three started at around 2 pm EST. The broadcast rights transferred to NBC and the kickoff was moved to 8 pm in January 1965, the final game of the network's tripleheader of major bowls (Sugar, Rose, Orange) on New Year's Day.


1964 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
Both final polls were released in early December, prior to the bowls.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1964 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The Beavers ended this season with eight wins and three losses in their first season in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU, later Pac-8) after competing as an independent for five years. The team captains were linebacker Dick Ruhl and fullback Booker Washington. The Beavers outscored their opponents 149 to 124.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team
Led by tenth-year head coach Tommy Prothro, Oregon State won the AAWU title and represented the conference in the Rose Bowl, the last bowl appearance for the Beavers for 35 years.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Before the season
In the spring, Oregon and Oregon State were unanimously invited to enter the Athletic Association of Western Universities after five years as independents. They rejoined six of the other seven members of the Pacific Coast Conference, which disbanded in the spring of 1959. (Idaho, having co-founded the Big Sky Conference in 1963, was not invited to join the AAWU.) Coach Tommy Prothro scrapped the T-formation installed for Terry Baker in favor of the Tiger's I-formation, named after offensive coordinator Bob "Tiger" Zelinka. The Beavers were picked to finish in sixth place in the AAWU.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Northwestern
With 1963's starter Gordon Queen sidelined with a knee injury, quarterback Paul Brothers got the start for Oregon State. On Oregon State's second possession of the first quarter, Brothers ran 23 yards for a first down at the Northwestern 13. On fourth down, Booker Washington dove and wound up inches short of a first down. The Wildcats responded by driving 97 yards for a touchdown with 12:30 left in the first half. Later in the second quarter, George Carr came up with a fumble at the Northwestern 47. The Beavers drove 25 yards but had to settle for a 32-yard field goal. Outside of his 23-yard carry, Brothers' other carries accounted for -61 yards rushing. The rest of the team accounted for 58 yards in rushing. The Wildcats dominated most of the major statistical categories.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Colorado
The Oregon State football team visited the state of Colorado for the first time in its history. Playing in a cold drizzle, quarterback Paul Brothers threw for one touchdown and ran for another on the Beavers' first two drives of the game. Steve Clark missed a field goal at the seven in the fourth quarter that would have salted away the game, but the Buffaloes did not mount a serious drive after the field goal miss. Brothers amassed 156 yards of total offense (more than the entire team could muster the week before) in a 14-7 win. The win was the only Beaver victory in the Rocky Mountain State until 2014. The 1964 win remains Oregon State's most lopsided victory in Colorado.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Baylor
Oregon State made its third ever trip to Texas still looking for its first win in the Lone Star State. The Beavers beat the Bears in 1963 but had never defeated a team from the Southwest Conference on the road. Baylor featured the nation's leading receiver from 1963, All-American, Lawrence Elkins. In the first quarter, the Bears drove down to Oregon State's nine but turned the ball over on downs. Oregon State responded by driving 71 yards in 14 plays to set up Steve Clark's 27-yard field goal with 3:54 left in the first quarter.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Baylor
Elkins put the Bears up 6-3 in the second quarter by hauling in a 33-yard touchdown pass. He and Baylor's Ken Hodge hauled in a total 12 receptions for 226 yards, but the Bears could only manage 47 yards on the ground. Paul Brothers immediately responded by driving 66 yards for a touchdown. Brothers ran in from nine-yards out himself for a 10-6 Beaver lead. Brothers wound up completing 9 of 12 passes for 117 yards and rushing for another 95. Oregon State's Steve Clark tacked on a 34-yard field goal with :26 left in the third quarter.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Baylor
Dan Espalin's second interception with 2:49 left iced the Beaver victory. The Beavers did not win another game in Texas until the 2006 Sun Bowl. Since the 13-6 victory over Baylor, Oregon State has not won a road game in Texas or in any other state which fought for the Confederacy. However, the Beavers did post a tie against Tennessee in Knoxville in 1978. With the folding of the Southwest Conference after the 1995 football season, Oregon State's 13-6 win over Baylor is the Beavers' final victory over a team from the Southwest Conference.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington
From 1925 to 1965, Washington did not play a game in Oregon south of Portland, just across the river from Washington, muting much of the home field advantage Oregon State. The Huskies were the defending Athletic Association of Western Universities champion, hoping for a return to the Rose Bowl. They started out the season ranked #7 but had dropped games to Air Force and Iowa. Despite that fact, they entered the game four-point favorites.


1964 Oregon State Beavers football team, Game summaries, Washington
Oregon State's Dan Espalin picked off a pass early in the first quarter at the Washington 39, which the Beavers converted into a touchdown on Charlie Shaw's one-yard plunge. However, Steve Clark's extra point was blocked after a bad snap. Later in the first quarter, the Huskies took the lead on a 66-yard drive, capped off by Charlie Browning's 19-yard run. Oregon State's defense took over in the second quarter; Washington could not breach their own 34-yard line.