1964 European Nations' Cup Final
The 1964 European Nations' Cup Final was a football match at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, on 21 June 1964, to determine the winner of the 1964 European Nations' Cup. It was the second final of what is now called the UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA's quadrennial football competition for national teams. The match was contested by Spain and the previous tournament winners, the Soviet Union. En route to the final, Spain defeated Romania, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland over two-legged ties before beating Hungary in the semi-final. The Soviet Union received a bye in the qualifying round before beating Italy, Sweden and Denmark en route to the final.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final
The referee for the final, played in front of an attendance of 79,115 spectators, was Arthur Holland from England. In the sixth minute, Marcelino dispossessed Valentin Ivanov and crossed for Chus Pereda, who scored to give Spain a 1–0 lead. Two minutes later, Viktor Anichkin passed to Galimzyan Khusainov, who equalised. With six minutes of the match remaining, Pereda beat Anichkin and played in a cross which Viktor Shustikov failed to clear, before Marcelino headed the winning goal inside the near post. Spain won the match 2–1 to win their first European Championship title.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final
Both finalists were unable to qualify for the 1964 Summer Olympics tournament, each side losing in the final qualifying round. Spain failed to progress past the group stage of the 1966 FIFA World Cup. The Soviet Union beat all three of their opponents in the group stage but, after defeating Hungary, they lost to West Germany in the semi-final, and to Portugal in the third-place play-off.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Background
The 1964 European Nations' Cup was the second edition of what is now called the UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA's quadrennial football competition for national teams. Qualifying rounds were played on a home-and-away basis between November 1962 and May 1964. The semi-finals and final took place in Spain between 17 and 21 June 1964. A third-place play-off match took place the day before the final, in which Hungary defeated Denmark 3–1 after extra time.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Background
The Soviet Union had won the inaugural final four years prior, defeating Yugoslavia 2–1 after extra time. Spain had refused to play against the Soviet Union in the quarter-final and withdrew from the 1960 tournament, allowing their opponents a walkover. In the 1962 FIFA World Cup, Spain had failed to progress beyond the group stage, losing to both Czechoslovakia and Brazil. The Soviet Union went out of the competition at the quarter-final stage after suffering a 2–1 defeat by Chile. The 1964 European Nations' Cup Final was the first match played between the Soviet Union and Spain.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Background
Spain's manager was José Villalonga Llorente who had been in charge at Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid before taking the national position in 1962. His opposite number for the Soviet Union was Konstantin Beskov who had played in the 1940s and 1950s for Dynamo Moscow, before moving into club management. He was appointed national manager in 1963.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Spain started their 1964 European Nations' Cup campaign in the preliminary round in which they faced Romania in a two-legged tie. The first match was held at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid on 1 November 1962 and was the first competitive fixture between Spain and Romania. In front of 51,608 supporters, Spain were 4–0 ahead inside the first twenty minutes of the match, with two goals from Vicente Guillot and one each from José Luis Veloso and Enrique Collar.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Guillot completed his hat-trick with 20 minutes of the match remaining before an own goal from Ion Nunweiller sealed a 6–0 victory for Spain. The second leg was played later that month at the Stadionul 23 August in Bucharest, in front of 72,762 spectators. The home side took an early 2–0 with goals from Nicolae Tătaru  and Cicerone Manolache within the opening eight minutes. Gheorghe Constantin made it 3–0 midway through the second half before Veloso scored for Spain. Despite Romania winning the match 3–1, Spain progressed to the round of 16 with a 7–3 aggregate victory.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
They faced Northern Ireland, the first leg taking place at the San Mamés Stadium in Bilbao on 30 May 1963 in what author Daniel O'Brien describes as "one of the great forgotten performances in Northern Ireland's history". The Northern Ireland goalkeeper, Bobby Irvine, twice denied Amancio Amaro before Amaro opened the scoring on the hour-mark after an error from Alex Elder. Willie Irvine levelled the score with less than a quarter of an hour remaining and then missed an open goal minutes later, shooting over the Spain crossbar.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
The return leg was played at Windsor Park in front of 45,809 spectators on 30 October 1963. The first half ended goalless and with twenty minutes of the second half remaining, Spain took the lead. A long-range strike from Paco Gento gave them a 1–0 victory in the match and a 2–1 aggregate win.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Spain's opponents for the quarter-final were the Republic of Ireland with the first leg being held at the Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium in Seville on 11 March 1964. The Republic of Ireland's team selection was compromised  when Manchester United refused to allow Noel Cantwell and Tony Dunne leave to play, and with Charlie Hurley playing his third game in five days. In rainy conditions, Amancio capitalised on a mistake from Hurley to give Spain a 12th-minute lead. Josep Maria Fusté doubled his side's lead two minutes later with a 25 yards (23 m) strike.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Andy McEvoy reduced the deficit for the Republic of Ireland midway through the first half, but Amancio restored the two-goal lead on 30 minutes after he scored from Marcelino's cross. Three minutes later, Marcelino himself scored from close range, and after McEvoy was withdrawn through injury leaving the Republic of Ireland with ten players, Spain dominated the second half. With two minutes remaining, Marcelino scored his side's fifth goal after the ball took a deflection off Hurley, to give Spain a 5–1 first leg victory.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Although Cantwell and Dunne were included for the return leg at Dalymount Park in Dublin, it made no difference. Spain dominated possession and though Alan Kelly made several saves, debutant Pedro Zaballa scored in both halves: a header from Carlos Lapetra's cross midway through the first half was followed by a strike from 10 yards (9 m) with three minutes of the match remaining. This secured a 2–0 win for Spain, a 7–1 aggregate victory, and qualification for the final tournament which they themselves would host.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
Spain's semi-final opposition were Hungary, whom they faced at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 17 June 1964 in front of a crowd of 75,000. For Spain, Luis del Sol, the prominent Juventus winger, was unavailable while Gento was excluded after a disagreement with manager Villalonga. Hungary were without Gyula Rákosi, János Göröcs and Károly Sándor through injury. In the 35th minute, Luis Suárez crossed the ball for Chus Pereda who headed it into the top corner with Hungary's goalkeeper Antal Szentmihályi static, to give the host nation the lead.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Spain
With six minutes of the match remaining, István Nagy's shot was fumbled by Spain's goalkeeper José Ángel Iribar and Ferenc Bene scored to level the match and send it into extra time. Szentmihályi saved a shot from Amancio before Marcelino headed Lapetra's corner goal-bound and Amancio diverted the ball into the Hungary goal in the 112th minute to give Spain a 2–1 victory and progression to the tournament final.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
The Soviet Union's European Nations' Cup campaign saw them receive a bye in the preliminary round so their first match was their round-of-16 tie against Italy. The match took place at the Central Lenin Stadium in Moscow on 13 October 1963 in front of a crowd of more than 102,000 and was the first competitive between the sides. Midway through the first half, Viktor Ponedelnik gave the Soviet Union the lead and three minutes before half-time, Igor Chislenko scored to make it 2–0.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
The second leg was played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome a month later with an attendance of almost 70,000. Gennadi Gusarov gave the Soviet Union a first-half lead before Lev Yashin saved a penalty from Sandro Mazzola. Gianni Rivera equalised for Italy in the 89th minute but the match ended 1–1 with the Soviet Union winning 3–1 on aggregate to qualify for the quarter-finals. They faced Sweden with the first leg being played at the Råsunda Stadium in Stockholm on 13 May 1964.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
After a goalless first half, the dominance of the Soviet Union finally resulted in a goal when Valentin Ivanov scored in the 62nd minute. Failing to capitalise on other chances to score, the Soviet Union conceded the equalising goal with two minutes of the match remaining when  Kurt Hamrin struck the ball past Yashin to secure a 1–1 draw. The sides met two weeks later at the Central Lenin Stadium in front of almost 100,000 spectators and Yashin received the 1963 Ballon d'Or award on the pitch before the match.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
Ponedelnik opened the scoring for the Soviet Union when he ran with the ball before shooting between Arne Arvidsson's legs to make it 1–0 after 32 minutes, before doubling his and his side's tally 11 minutes into the second half with a 25-yard (23 m) strike. Hamrin scored past Yashin in the 78th minute before Valery Voronin shot the ball through Arvidsson's legs  following a pass from Ponedelnik. The match ended 3–1 and 4–2 on aggregate to the Soviet Union who progressed to the semi-finals in Spain.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
They faced Denmark at the Camp Nou in Barcelona on 17 June 1964 in front of 38,556 spectators. Denmark had enforced an "amateur-only" policy to their side which meant that Erik Sørensen, Kai Johansen and Harald Nielsen were no longer available having signed professional contracts, while Jens Peterson and John Madsen were also otherwise engaged. The Soviet Union dominated the early stages, Voronin opening the scoring midway through the first half from a corner before Ponedelnik beat Leif Nielsen in the Denmark goal with a strike five minutes before half-time. Late in the second half, Ivanov beat three Denmark defenders before scoring his side's third, and the Soviet Union won 3–0 to progress to their second consecutive European Nations' Cup final.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
The referee for the match was Arthur Holland, who became the second Englishman to officiate a European Nations' Cup Final after Arthur Ellis had fulfilled the role in the previous tournament. Before the match, Francisco Franco led future king of Spain Juan Carlos I onto the pitch while Yashin met his childhood hero Ricardo Zamora prior to kick-off. The Soviet Union had won the pre-match coin toss and as such were playing in their usual red-and-white kit while Spain wore dark blue shirts.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
The final was played at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid on 21 June 1964 in front of 79,115 spectators. Spain's Suárez struck an early free kick over the Spain crossbar before his pass to Marcelino was cut out by Yashin. In the sixth minute, Marcelino dispossessed Ivanov, took the ball past Eduard Mudrik and after making a one-two with Lapetra, crossed for Pereda who scored to give Spain a 1–0 lead.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
Two minutes later, Viktor Anichkin passed to Galimzyan Khusainov down the left side of the pitch and his weak shot was mishandled by the Spain goalkeeper Iribar to allow the equaliser. Despite the two early goals, the remainder of the half saw both sides competing in the midfield with several misplaced passes and fouls, although Yashin saved shots from both Pereda and Fusté before Iribar kept Chislenko's attempt out.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
In the early stages of the second half, Spain began to dominate and missed several chances to score. Amancio struck the ball into the side netting before he then ran clear of the Soviet Union defence and passed to Marcelino whose shot was tipped over the Soviet Union crossbar by Yashin. Chislenko then beat three Spain defenders before being brought down by Ignacio Zoco but the referee allowed play to continue. Voronin then clashed with Suárez who appeared to be injured in the exchange, before the Soviet Union player saw his low shot pushed behind by Iribar.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
On the hour mark, Iribar saved a shot from Ponedelnik and twelves minutes later, Pereda was brought down by Anichkin. Despite Spain's strong appeals for a penalty, the referee awarded a free-kick on the edge of the Soviet Union penalty area which came to nothing. With six minutes of the match remaining, Feliciano Rivilla passed to Pereda who beat Anichkin and played in a cross which Viktor Shustikov did not clear, before Marcelino headed the winning goal inside the near post. Spain won the match 2–1 to win their first European Championship title.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
All but three of UEFA's team of the tournament had featured in the final, including six Spain and two Soviet Union players. Beskov was dismissed upon his return to Moscow following a meeting with Nikita Khrushchev who had been "incensed" that images of Franco had been broadcast live in the Soviet Union. Spain's Iribar said  "When we won, we  were full of joy, we were so into it. Then a few days passed and  we realised that if we'd lost, the situation would have been so different. It was a game we had to win at all costs, otherwise there would have been a hunt for culprits. Some players would never have been picked again. We would've gone from heroes to zeros." After the match, Franco received the winning side at the Royal Palace of El Pardo.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
The Soviet Union were knocked out in the second qualifying round of the 1964 Summer Olympics by East Germany: a tiebreaker was required after both legs of the match ended 1–1 and East Germany progressed with a 4–1 victory. Spain also failed to qualify for the final tournament in Tokyo, losing 5–1 on aggregate to Hungary.


1964 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
Villalonga was dismissed from his post two years later after suffering defeats against West Germany and Argentina during Spain's failure to progress past the group stage of the 1966 FIFA World Cup. The Soviet Union beat North Korea, Italy and Chile in their group stage. After defeating Hungary, they lost to West Germany in the semi-final and were defeated by Portugal in the third-place play-off.


1964 European Nations' Cup final tournament
The final tournament of the 1964 European Nations' Cup was a single-elimination tournament involving the four teams that qualified from the quarter-finals. There were two rounds of matches: a semi-final stage leading to the final to decide the champions. The final tournament began with the semi-finals on 17 June and ended with the final on 21 June at the Santiago Bernabéu in Madrid. Spain won the tournament with a 2–1 victory over the Soviet Union.


1964 European Nations' Cup final tournament, Format
Any game in the final tournament that was undecided by the end of the regular 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time (two 15-minute halves). If scores were still level, a coin toss would be used in all matches but the final. If the final finished level after extra time, a replay would take place at a later date to decide the winner.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying
The 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying tournament was a football competition that was played from June 1962 to April 1964 to determine the four UEFA member men's national teams which would participate in the 1964 European Nations' Cup final tournament.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Format
The qualification was a knockout tournament where the teams would play a two-legged tie on a home-and-away basis. If the aggregate scores were level at the end of the tie, a third leg was played at a neutral venue to decide the winners. It consisted of a preliminary round, a round of 16, and a quarter-final round. The four quarter-final winners would qualify for the tournament proper; one of those four countries would then be chosen to host it.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Preliminary round
Austria, Luxembourg, and the Soviet Union received byes to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Goalscorers
There were 158 goals scored in 50 matches, for an average of 3.16 goals per match.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round
The 1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round was the first round of the qualifying competition for the 1964 European Nations' Cup. It was contested by 26 of the 29 teams that entered, with Austria, Luxembourg and the Soviet Union receiving a bye to the following round. The winners of each of thirteen home-and-away ties progressed to the round of 16. The matches were played in 1962 and 1963.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
The thirteen matches took place over two legs, taking place in 1962 and 1963.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Sweden won 3–1 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Greece withdrew. Albania won on walkover and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Denmark won 9–2 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Republic of Ireland won 5–3 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
France won 6–3 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Northern Ireland won 4–0 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Spain won 7–3 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Yugoslavia won 4–2 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
4–4 on aggregate. A replay was played on a neutral ground to determine the winner.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Bulgaria won 5–4 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Hungary won 4–2 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Netherlands won 4–2 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
East Germany won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Matches
Italy won 7–0 on aggregate and advanced to the round of 16.


1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Goalscorers
There were 85 goals scored in 25 matches, for an average of 3.4 goals per match.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals
The 1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals was the third round of qualifying competition for the 1964 European Nations' Cup. They were contested by the eight winners from the round of 16. The winners of each of four home-and-away ties progressed to the final tournament. The matches were played in 1963 and 1964.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Qualification
Each tie winner progressed to the quarter-finals. The quarter-finals were played in two legs on a home-and-away basis. The winners of the quarter-finals would go through to the final tournament.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
The four matches took place over two legs, taking place in 1963 and 1964.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
5–5 on aggregate. A replay was played on a neutral ground to determine the winner.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Denmark won 6–5 on aggregate and qualified for the 1964 European Nations' Cup.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Spain won 7–1 on aggregate and qualified for the 1964 European Nations' Cup.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Hungary won 5–2 on aggregate and qualified for the 1964 European Nations' Cup.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Soviet Union won 4–2 on aggregate and qualified for the 1964 European Nations' Cup.


1964 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Goalscorers
There were 32 goals scored in 9 matches, for an average of 3.56 goals per match.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16
The 1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16 was the second round of the qualifying competition for the 1964 European Nations' Cup. It was contested by the thirteen winners from the preliminary round, along with Austria, Luxembourg and the Soviet Union, who had received a bye. The winners of each of eight home-and-away ties progressed to the quarter-finals. The matches were played in 1963.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Qualification
Each tie winner progressed to the round of 16. The round of 16 was played in two legs on a home-and-away basis. The winners of the round of 16 would go through to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
The eight matches took place over two legs, taking place in 1963.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Spain won 2–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Sweden won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Denmark won 4–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Luxembourg won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Republic of Ireland won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
France won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Soviet Union won 3–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Hungary won 5–4 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1964 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Goalscorers
There were 41 goals scored in 16 matches, for an average of 2.56 goals per match.


1964 European Nations' Cup squads
These are the squads for the 1964 European Nations' Cup in Spain, which took place from 17 June to 21 June 1964. The players' listed ages is their age on the tournament's opening day (17 June 1964).


1964 European Rowing Championships
The 1964 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Bosbaan regatta course in the Dutch capital Amsterdam. Women competed from 31 July to 2 August. Men competed the following week from 6 to 9 August. Men competed in all seven Olympic boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2-, M2+, M4-, M4+, M8+), and women entered in five boat classes (W1x, W2x, W4x+, W4+, W8+). Many of the men competed two months later at the Olympic Games in Tokyo; women would first be allowed to compete at Olympic level in 1976.


1964 European Rowing Championships, German participation
FISA, the International Rowing Federation, did not recognise East Germany as a country and insisted on one German team per boat class. The women, where East Germany was the dominant side, held their selection trials at the Olympic regatta course in Grünau in East Berlin on 24 and 25 July 1964. West Germany did not contest the coxed four and coxed eight boat classes, and Karen Ulrich-Wolf won the single scull competition for the west as expected. East Germany won the competition in the remaining two boat classes – double scull and coxed quad scull.


1964 European Rowing Championships, German participation
The negotiations about the 1964 rowing competitions for men were even more protracted than usual as not only did a way forward for the 1964 European Rowing Championships had to be found, but rowing at the 1964 Summer Olympics two months later was also on the agenda. The negotiations were led by Willi Daume and Heinz Schöbel, presidents of the national Olympic committees of West and East Germany, respectively. In June 1964, West Germany insisted on one set of selection trials covering both the European and Olympic competitions.


1964 European Rowing Championships, German participation
The tensions eased when it was agreed on 10 July that there would be separate selection trials for the two international competitions. It was agreed that some boat classes were to compete at a West German regatta course, and the remaining boat classes would meet at an East German venue. Four boats would start per race, with two for each country. The winning country would then be free to nominate rowers of their choice for that boat class, i.e. not necessarily those rowers who had won the race. Compared to the women, the situation was opposite, with West German rowers historically dominant; in 1963, they had won all boat classes.


1964 European Rowing Championships, German participation
The trials for coxed pairs, double sculls and coxless fours were held on 1 August at the Olympic rowing venue at Grünau in East Berlin, with East Germany winning the double scull race, and West Germany the other two classes. The following day, the remaining trials for single sculls, coxless pairs, coxed fours, and the eights were held in Duisburg. East Germany won in the single scull (Achim Hill) and the coxed pair classes; three qualifications compared to West Germany's four was the best East German result yet.


1964 European Rowing Championships, German participation
At a FISA meeting held in conjunction with the 1964 men's regatta, the East German rowing association asked for separate German teams to be allowed to compete in future. Like at the previous meeting in 1963, the motions was voted down.


1964 European Rowing Championships, Medal summary – women's events
The Soviet Union was, once again, the most successful nation in the women's events, with three gold medals.


1964 European Rowing Championships, Medal summary – men's events
All finals were held on Sunday, 9 August. The Soviet Union had boats in all seven classes, followed by Holland (six classes). West Germany, Denmark and Poland had four boats each in the finals. In the single scull event, the rowers that placed outside the medals were Murray Watkinson (NZL; fourth), Eugeniusz Kubiak (POL; fifth), and Gottfried Kottmann (SUI; sixth). In the coxless pair, the American brothers Joseph and Thomas Amlong came fourth, while the Soviet rowers Oleg Golovanov and Valentin Boreyko came fifth.


1964 European Rowing Championships, Medals table
The table shows the aggregate results for men and women with East and West Germany counted as separate countries. The overall winner was the Soviet Union with six gold medals, followed by East Germany and then West Germany with three and two gold medals, respectively.


1964 FA Charity Shield
The 1964 FA Charity Shield was the 42nd FA Charity Shield, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's First Division and FA Cup competitions. The match was played on 15 August 1964 at Anfield, Liverpool and contested by Liverpool, who had won the 1963–64 First Division, and West Ham United, who had won the 1964 FA Cup Final. The teams played out a 2–2 draw and shared the Charity Shield.


1964 FA Cup Final
The 1964 FA Cup Final was the 83rd final of the FA Cup. It took place on 2 May 1964 at Wembley Stadium and was contested between West Ham United and Preston North End.


1964 FA Cup Final
West Ham, captained by Bobby Moore and managed by Ron Greenwood, won the match 3–2 to win the FA Cup for the first time. Second Division Preston led twice through Doug Holden and Alex Dawson respectively, with John Sissons and Geoff Hurst equalising for West Ham. Ronnie Boyce then scored the winner for the London club in the 90th minute.


1964 FA Cup Final
Preston's Howard Kendall became the youngest player to play in a Wembley FA Cup Final, aged 17 years and 345 days. He retained this record until 1980, when Paul Allen played in that year's final for West Ham at the age of 17 years and 256 days.


1964 FAMAS Awards
The 12th Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards Night was presented by the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences in 1964 honoring the outstanding achievements of Filipino films for the year 1963.


1964 FAMAS Awards
Sapagkat Kami'y Tao Lamang was the most nominated film of the 12th FAMAS Awards with 10 nominations and won 7 awards including the best actor award for Eddie Rodriguez. However, it failed to win the most coveted award and that is the FAMAS Award for Best Picture which goes to Sigaw Ng Digmaan a war movie which starred Fernando Poe Jr..


1964 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship
The 1964 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship was an international basketball  competition held in Italy in 1964.


1964 FIBA World Championship for Women
The 1964 FIBA World Championship for Women (Spanish: 1964 Campeonato Mundial FIBA Femenino) was hosted in Peru from 1964. The Soviet Union won the tournament.


1964 Falkland Islands general election
The Falkland Islands general election of 1964 was held on 16 and 17 March 1964 to elect members to the Legislative Council. Four out of the ten Councillors were elected through universal suffrage, two from Stanley and one each from East Falkland and West Falkland. It was the first election in the Falklands after the number of Councillors was reduced from twelve to ten, with the abolition two appointed members of the Council. Marjorie Vinson became the first woman to be elected to the Council, winning the seat of East Falkland.


1964 Falkland Islands general election, Results
Candidates in bold were elected. Candidates in italic were incumbents.


1964 Famagusta incident
1964 Famagusta incident was an ethnic clash  which occurred in Famagusta, Cyprus during May 1964 between Greek Cypriot Militia and Turkish Cypriots.


1964 Famagusta incident, Incidents, 11 May
On May 11, 1964, in Famagusta, 2 Greek Cypriot officers and a policeman were killed by Turkish Cypriot separatists. One of the victims were Kostakis Pandelidis, son of Nicosia Police Chief.


1964 Famagusta incident, Incidents, 12 May
Following the murder, Greek Cypriot security forces who were ordered to "Kill 10 Turks for each slain Greek" entered the town to investigate the murder. 17 Turks that aren't related to murder were abducted the same day and executed by a firing squad in Famagusta.


1964 Famagusta incident, Incidents, 13 May
A massacre of Turks in British bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia occurred 2 days after the murder. 11 Turks working in the area were killed. Their remains were found in 2006. Perperators of the massacres were Greek Cypriot police and colleagues of victims.


1964 Far East Circuit
The 1964 Far East Circuit was the third season of golf tournaments that comprised the Far East Circuit, later known as the Asia Golf Circuit.


1964 Far East Circuit, Schedule
The table below shows the 1964 Far East Circuit schedule. There were two changes from the previous season, with the addition of the Capitol Hills Open in the Philippines and the withdrawal of the Yomiuri International from the circuit due to scheduling issues, which meant the circuit remained at five tournaments.


1964 Far East Circuit, Final standings
The Far East Circuit standings were based on a points system.


1964 Faversham by-election
The Faversham by-election of 1964 was held on 4 June 1964 after the death of the incumbent Labour MP Percy Wells. The usually marginal seat was retained by the Labour Candidate Terence Boston.


1964 Federation Cup (tennis)
The 1964 Federation Cup was the second edition of what is now known as the Fed Cup. 20 nations participated in the tournament, which was held at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, from 1–5 September. Australia won the title, defeating defending champions United States in the final.


1964 Federation Cup (tennis), Draw
All ties were played at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States on grass courts.


1964 Fiji rugby union tour of Europe and Canada
The 1964 Fiji rugby union tour of Europe and Canada, was a series of matches played by the Fiji national rugby union team in Wales, France, and Canada between September and October 1964. Twelve matches were played, three against national sides.


1964 Firecracker 400
The 1964 Firecracker 400 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on July 4, 1964, at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. It was the first NASCAR Grand National Series race to take place after Fireball Roberts died two days earlier in the infamous 1964 World 600.


1964 Firecracker 400, Race report
There were 33 American-born drivers on the official grid. Fred Lorenzen (employed by Holman Moody) secured his last-place finish during the parade laps because he refused to start the race. Paul Goldsmith also elected not to start the race; making Doug Moore the "legitimate" last-place finisher due to a distributor issue on lap 1. Reb Wickersham spun on the first lap and very nearly took out Foyt. It took just more than two and a half hours for A. J. Foyt to defeat Bobby Isaac by a single car length in front of more than 30000 spectators. There were 19 lead changes and five caution periods for 25 laps.


1964 Firecracker 400, Race report
Rodney Williams would make his NASCAR debut in this race. A.J. Foyt would appear in various races from the 1960s through the 1990s. His most notable future wins would come at the 1972 Daytona 500 and the 1972 Miller High Life 500. Larry Frank would carry two movie cameras in his car to record all the action being taken place. Attempts to record NASCAR history had already been attempted for the 1955 Southern 500 and the 1956 Southern 500.


1964 Firecracker 400, Race report
For the final 56 laps, Isaac and Foyt dueled for the win, exchanging the lead 15 times between the two. Despite a blown engine African-American racer Wendell Scott brought his self-owned Ford home with a top-20. This race was run two days after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.


1964 Firecracker 400, Race report
Ken Spikes didn't return to racing until the 1967 Daytona 500. He was also hurt in the lap 88 wreck; going sideways on the outside of turn 4, slammed the inside wall broadside thankfully on the rightside of the car. He would probably have been killed if it had hit on the other side.


1964 Five Nations Championship
The 1964 Five Nations Championship was the thirty-fifth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the seventieth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. 10 matches were played between 4 January and 11 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1964 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The 1964 Florida A&M Rattlers football team was an American football team that represented Florida A&M University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) during the 1964 NCAA College  Division football season. In their 20th season under head coach Jake Gaither, the Rattlers compiled a 9–1 record, were ranked No. 9 in the final 1964 AP small college poll and No. 12 in the final UPI coaches poll, and suffered its sole loss to Southern. In the post-season, the Rattlers defeated Grambling State in the Orange Blossom Classic.


1964 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The team's statistical leaders included Bobby Felts with 468 rushing yards and 10 touchdowns and Ernie Hart with 1,123 passing yards and 66 points scored.


1964 Florida Gators football team
The 1964 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The season was the fifth for Ray Graves as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Graves' 1964 Florida Gators posted an overall record of 7–3 and a 4–2 Southeastern Conference (SEC) record, tying for second among the eleven SEC teams.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, SMU
The season opened with a 24–8 win over the SMU Mustangs. After quarterback Tom Shannon led the Gators to a 10–8 halftime lead, Spurrier entered the contest and threw a 56-yard pass to Jack Harper.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Mississippi State
In the second week of play, the Gators beat the Mississippi State Bulldogs 16–13.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Alabama
As they entered their 1964 homecoming game against Florida, Alabama was ranked No. 3 and Florida No. 9 in the AP Poll. Against the Gators, Alabama rallied for a 17–14 comeback victory after they scored ten unanswered points in the fourth quarter. After a scoreless first quarter, Florida took a 7–0 second quarter lead when Steve Spurrier threw a nine-yard touchdown pass to Randy Jackson. Alabama responded with a one-yard Steve Bowman touchdown run later in the quarter that tied the game 7–7 at halftime.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Alabama
In the third, the Gators retook the lead with a three-yard John Feiber touchdown run before the Crimson Tide started their fourth quarter rally. In the final period, a 30-yard Bowman touchdown run tied the game and a 21-yard David Ray field goal with just 3:06 left in the game. Spurrier then led the Gators on a drive that stalled at the Tide's seven-yard line where James Hall missed a field goal to tie the game and preserved the 17–14 Alabama win.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Auburn
The Gators beat the favored Auburn Tigers 14–0. The Gators picked off four passes, returning one for an 84-yard touchdown, and recovered three fumbles. Spurrier ran in the final score from 5 yards out.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
Despite Georgia's overall advantage in the series, Florida enjoyed a 10–2 streak from 1952 to 1963 under head coaches Bob Woodruff and Ray Graves. That changed with the arrival of Vince Dooley as the new head coach of the underdog 1964 Georgia Bulldogs. In a game where the Bulldogs' quarterback failed to complete a single pass and was intercepted twice, Dooleys' 'Dogs relied on their running game, a staunch second-half defense, and a little bit of luck to beat Graves' tenth-ranked Gators.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Georgia
With the game tied at 7–7 in the fourth quarter, Bulldogs placekicker Bob Etter lined up for a potential game-winning field goal. Instead, in a wild broken play, the Bulldogs' center and placeholder mishandled the snap, but Etter picked up the bobbled ball and ran it for a touchdown to win the game 14–7.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida State
This season was also notable as the first in which the Florida State Seminoles defeated the Gators. Even though many of the early games in the series were close (and the 1961 contest ended in a 3–3 tie), Florida State had yet to beat their in-state rivals in six attempts. The 1964 game would be the first time that the Gators would journey to Doak Campbell Stadium, and the Seminoles under coach Bill Peterson were enjoying their best season since joining the ranks of major college football programs. However, the Gators still felt confident that another victory was in the offing, coming out onto the playing field with the boast "Never, FSU, Never!" attached to their helmets.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, Florida State
Florida State quarterback Steve Tensi hit Fred Biletnikoff with a first-half touchdown, helping the Seminoles to a 13–0 lead at the half as the Gator offense fumbled four times, including once at the FSU one-yard line. Florida, led by quarterback Steve Spurrier, finally scored in the 3rd quarter to cut the lead to 13–7, but were unable to find the endzone again. Les Murdock kicked a 42-yard field goal to secure the win for FSU, 16–7.


1964 Florida Gators football team, Season summary, LSU
During the buildup to the 1964 game in Baton Rouge, all signs pointed to an exciting game to be played, with LSU playing especially hot at the time. UF, though unranked, was beginning to make some waves of its own with an exciting up-and-coming young player (and future Heisman Trophy winner) named Steve Spurrier. Then, after being delayed several weeks to the season finale due to Hurricane Hilda, the game ended up being anticlimactic with UF rolling to a surprisingly easy 20–6 win over the No. 7 Tigers. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that it was Spurrier's first win over LSU – the first of a long win streak that he would have over the Tigers as a player and head coach.


1964 Florida State Seminoles football team
The 1964 Florida State Seminoles football team was an American football team that represented Florida State University as an independent during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Bill Peterson, the Seminoles compiled a 9–1–1 record, were ranked No. 11 in the final UPI Coaches Poll, defeated Oklahoma in the Gator Bowl, and outscored opponents by a total of 263 to 85.


1964 Florida State Seminoles football team
After five losses and a tie in the first six games of the Florida–Florida State football rivalry, the Seminoles defeated Florida for the first time. The next day, the sports editor of The Tampa Tribune wrote: "Yesterday, on a technicolor afternoon of brisk wind and refreshing chill, in a stadium that maybe squeaked with an overload, FSU ceased to be the OTHER school, became the football team in this state in the year of 1964, will hereafter claim equal time in all things."


1964 Florida State Seminoles football team
The team's statistical leaders included Steve Tensi with 1,986 passing yards, Phil Spooner with 682 rushing yards, and Fred Biletnikoff with 1,179 receiving yards and 90 points scored (15 touchdowns). Biletnikoff led the country in receiving yards and also with 100 receptions, and was a consensus first-team end on the 1964 All-America team.


1964 Florida State Seminoles football team, Season summary, Florida
Florida State accepted the Gator Bowl bid following the victory.


1964 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1964 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1964. Incumbent Democratic Governor C. Farris Bryant was ineligible for a second consecutive full term under the 1885 State Constiution. Democratic nominee W. Haydon Burns defeated Republican nominee Charles R. Holley with 56.12% of the vote.


1964 Florida gubernatorial election, Primary elections
Primary elections were held on May 5 and 26, 1964.


1964 Football League Cup Final
The 1964 Football League Cup Final, the fourth to be staged since the competition's inception, was contested between  Stoke City and Leicester City, both of the First Division, over two legs. Leicester City won 4–3 on aggregate.


1964 Football League Cup Final, Match review, First leg
The First leg was played at Stoke City's Victoria Ground and was a very exciting encounter. Peter Dobing hit the post early on and John Ritchie had a shot brilliantly cleared off the line by John Sjoberg. After a goalless first half Keith Bebbington broke the deadlock putting Stoke ahead after 62 minutes after Bill Asprey's 30 yard shot was parried by the Leicester 'keeper Gordon Banks, but Bebbington was fastest to the loose ball.


1964 Football League Cup Final, Match review, First leg
In front of a crowd of 22,309 Stoke went out for a second goal but Leicester's defence held firm and against the run of play they got an equaliser. A poor clearance from Eric Skeels rebounded off Terry Heath into the path of Dave Gibson who lobbed the ball over Lawrie Leslie and into the unguarded net to set up a winner takes all 2nd leg.


1964 Football League Cup Final, Match review, Second leg
For the Second leg at Filbert Street Stoke manager Tony Waddington had to change his goalkeeper with Leslie out with an ankle injury Bobby Irvine taking his place. He was unable to prevent Mike Stringfellow from scoring after six minutes following a defensive error. Stoke hit back and a perfect pass from Jimmy McIlroy cut through the Foxes’ defence and Dennis Viollet levelled the scores. This put Stoke into the ascendency but then a nasty leg injury to Calvin Palmer saw him stretchered off and thus put Stoke down to 10 men.


1964 Football League Cup Final, Match review, Second leg
Leicester capitalised on the situation and before Palmer was able to get back on the pitch Gibson headed in a Howard Riley corner. With not long left Stoke pushed forward and left a too big a gap in defence and Dave Gibson made it 3–1. Stoke to their credit fought on and pulled one back through George Kinnell but it was too late as Leicester won the tie 3–2 giving them a 4–3 aggregate win and with it the League Cup.


1964 Formula One season
The 1964 Formula One season was the 18th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It included the 1964 World Championship of Drivers, won by John Surtees; and the 1964 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, won by Ferrari – both of which were contested concurrently over a series which commenced on 10 May and ended on 25 October after ten races. The season also included eight non-championship races for Formula One cars.


1964 Formula One season, Season summary
The World Championship of Drivers, fiercely contested by Jim Clark, John Surtees and Graham Hill, was decided at the Mexican Grand Prix when Hill was delayed after a collision with Lorenzo Bandini's Ferrari. Clark was forced to stop with an oil leak on the last lap, and Ferrari signalled Bandini to let Surtees through into the second place which gave him the championship by one point from Hill.


1964 Formula One season, Season summary
A Ferrari 158 car officially entered by the American privateer team NART sealed the win of the championship with Surtees, as the works team competed the last two races (the United States Grand Prix and Mexican Grand Prix) in cars painted white and blue – the national colours of the United States. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian motorsport body ACI regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari Le Mans race car. Ferrari won the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. Honda made a low-key debut in Grand Prix racing with the American driver Ronnie Bucknum, and Maurice Trintignant retired at the age of 46 after one of the longest world championship careers.


1964 Formula One season, Season summary
Dutchman Carel Godin de Beaufort died during practice for the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, driving a privately entered Porsche 718.


1964 Formula One season, Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1964 FIA World Championship.


1964 Formula One season, Season review
The following races counted towards the 1964 World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers.


1964 Formula One season, World Drivers' Championship standings
Championship points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions in each race. Only the best 6 results counted toward the championship. Hill scored 41 points during the year, but only 39 points were counted toward the championship. Surtees scored 40 points, all of which counted toward the championship. Thus, Surtees became the World Champion, although he did not score the most points over the course of the year.


1964 Formula One season, International Cup for F1 Manufacturers standings
Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions at each round with only the best six round results retained. Only the best placed car from each manufacturer at each round was eligible to score points.


1964 Formula One season, Non-championship races
Eight other races which did not count towards the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers were held for Formula One cars during the season.


1964 French Championships (tennis)
The 1964 French Championships (now known as the French Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 19 May until 30 May. It was the 68th staging of the French Championships, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1964. Manuel Santana and Margaret Smith won the singles titles.


1964 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Roy Emerson /   Ken Fletcher defeated  John Newcombe /  Tony Roche 7–5, 6–3, 3–6, 7–5


1964 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Margaret Smith /  Lesley Turner defeated  Norma Baylon /  Helga Schultze 6–3, 6–1


1964 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Margaret Smith /  Ken Fletcher defeated  Lesley Turner /  Fred Stolle  6–3, 4–6, 8–6


1964 French Championships – Men's Singles
Third-seeded Manuel Santana defeated Nicola Pietrangeli 6–3, 6–1, 4–6, 7–5 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1964 French Championships.


1964 French Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Manuel Santana is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1964 French Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Margaret Smith defeated Maria Bueno 5–7, 6–1, 6–2 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1964 French Championships.


1964 French Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Margaret Smith is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1964 French Grand Prix
The 1964 French Grand Prix (formally the 50e Grand Prix de l'A.C.F.) was a Formula One motor race held on 28 June 1964 at the Rouen-Les-Essarts circuit, Rouen, France. It was race 4 of 10 in both the 1964 World Championship of Drivers and the 1964 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.


1964 French Grand Prix
The 57-lap race was won by Dan Gurney, driving a works Brabham-Climax, after starting from second position. Graham Hill finished second in a BRM, having started sixth, with Jack Brabham third in the other works Brabham-Climax.


1964 French cantonal elections
Cantonale elections to renew canton general councillors were held in France on 8 and 15 March 1964.


1964 French cantonal elections, Electoral system
The cantonales elections use the same system as the regional or legislative elections. There is a 10% threshold (10% of registered voters) needed to proceed to the second round.


1964 French cantonal elections, Sources
Alain Lancelot, Les élections sous la Ve République, PUF, Paris, 1988


1964 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1964 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State College during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season.


1964 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Phil Krueger and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins and six losses (4–6, 1–3 CCAA).


1964 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election
The Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election of 1964 took place on 10 May 1964. It was the first election ever. Proportional representation was used.


1964 Friuli-Venezia Giulia regional election, Events
Christian Democracy was by far the largest party, largely ahead of the Italian Communist Party which came second. After the election Christian Democrat Alfredo Berzanti formed a government which included the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and, since 1966, also the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Republican Party (organic Centre-left).


1964 GP Ouest–France
The 1964 GP Ouest-France was the 28th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 1 September 1964. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Jean Bourlès.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état
The 1964 Gabonese coup d'état was staged between 17 and 18 February 1964 by Gabonese military officers who rose against Gabonese President Léon M'ba. Before the coup, Gabon was seen as one of the most politically stable countries in Africa. The coup resulted from M'ba's dissolution of the Gabonese legislature on 21 January 1964, and during a takeover with few casualties 150 coup plotters arrested M'ba and a number of his government officials. Through Radio Libreville, they asked the people of Gabon to remain calm and assured them that the country's pro-France foreign policy would remain unchanged.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état
A provisional government was formed, and the coup's leaders installed Deputy Jean-Hilaire Aubame, who was M'ba's primary political opponent and had been uninvolved in the coup, as president. Meanwhile, M'ba was sent to Lambaréné, 250 kilometres (155 mi) from Libreville. There was no major uprising or reaction by the Gabonese people when they received word of the coup, which the military interpreted as a sign of approval.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état
After being informed of the coup by Gabonese Chief of Staff Albert-Bernard Bongo, French President Charles de Gaulle resolved to restore the M'ba government, honoring a 1960 treaty signed between the deposed government and France when Gabon became independent. With the help of French paratroopers, the provisional government was toppled during the night of 19 February and M'ba was reinstated as president. Afterward, M'ba imprisoned more than 150 of his opponents, pledging "no pardon or pity" but rather "total punishment". Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile, a sentence that was later commuted. During this time, the ageing president became increasingly reclusive, opting to stay in his presidential palace under the protection of French troops. Within three years, M'ba was diagnosed with cancer; he died on 28 November 1967.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
Gabon gained its independence from France on 17 August 1960. The country had a relatively high standard of living and was considered one of the more stable countries in West Africa, both politically and economically. At the time of the coup, the country had an estimated US$200 average annual income and was one of the few countries in Africa with a positive trade balance, with exports exceeding imports by 30 percent. As of 1964, the country was among the largest producers of uranium and manganese in French Africa, which Time suggested was one of the reasons for France's response to the coup. It also had petroleum, iron, and logging interests stationed in Gabon.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
Léon M'ba was one of the most loyal allies to France in Africa, even after the country's independence. In fact, France maintained 600 paratroopers and an air force unit, which included Mirage V and Jaguar jet fighters, at the Camp de Gaulle military base until at least 1987, a warning to any Gabonese coup plotters. M'ba famously commented during a 1961 visit to France that "[a]ll Gabonese have two fatherlands: France and Gabon", and Europeans enjoyed particularly friendly treatment under his regime. French journalist Pierre Péan asserted that M'ba secretly tried to prevent Gabonese independence; instead, he lobbied for it to become an overseas territory of France. He went so far as to say that "Gabon is an extreme case, verging on caricature, of neocolonialism."


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
M'ba aspired to establish Gabon as a democracy, which he believed was necessary to attract foreign investors. At the same time, he attempted to reconcile the imperatives of democracy with the necessity for a strong and coherent government. In practice, however, M'ba showed a weakness in attaining his goal—by this time he was known as "the old man", or "the boss"—to have a high degree of authority. On 21 February 1961, a new constitution was unanimously adopted, providing for a "hyperpresidential" regime.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
M'ba now had full executive powers: he could appoint ministers whose functions and responsibilities were decided by him; he could dissolve the National Assembly by choice or prolong its term beyond the normal five years; he could declare a state of emergency when he believed the need arose, though for this amendment he would have to consult the people via a referendum. This was, in fact, very similar to the constitution adopted in favor of Fulbert Youlou at roughly the same time. A report from the French secret service summarized the situation:


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
He regarded himself as a truly democratic leader; nothing irritated him more than being called a dictator. Still, [M'ba] wasn't happy until he had the constitution rewritten to give him virtually all power and transforming the parliament into high-priced scenery that could be bypassed as needed.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
M'ba's chief political opponent had been Jean-Hilaire Aubame, a former protégé and his half-brother's foster son. M'ba was backed by the French forestry interests, while Aubame was supported by the Roman Catholic missions and the French administration. Aubame, a deputy of the opposition party l’Union démocratique et sociale gabonaise (UDSG) in the National Assembly, had few fundamental ideological differences with the M'ba-led Bloc Démocratique Gabonais (BDG), including advocating less economic dependence on France and faster "Africanization" of French political jobs.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
However, the new constitution and the National Union (a political union they founded) suspended the quarrels between M'ba and Aubame from 1961 to 1963. Despite this, political unrest grew within the population, and many students held demonstrations on the frequent dissolutions of the National Assembly and the general political attitude in the country. The president did not hesitate to enforce the law himself; with a chicotte, he whipped citizens who did not show respect for him, including passersby who "forgot" to salute him.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
Aubame served as foreign minister under the coalition government, though in early 1963 he was dropped from the Cabinet for refusing to create a single-party Gabon. To oust Aubame from his legislative seat, M'ba appointed him President of the Supreme Court on 25 February, practically a powerless post. M'ba supporters tried to pass a bill that declared that a member of parliament could only hold a single role in government. The president claimed that Aubame had resigned from the National Assembly, citing incompatibility with the functions of the assembly. Aubame, however, unexpectedly resigned from the Supreme Court on 10 January 1964, complicating matters for M'ba. In a fit of rage, M'ba dissolved the National Assembly on 21 January 1964. The New York Times speculates that this was due to it not supporting M'ba in Aubame's removal.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Background and origins
The electoral conditions were announced as such: The election 67 districts were reduced to 47. M'ba disqualified Aubame by announcing that anyone who had held a post recently was banned. Any party would have to submit 47 candidates who had to pay US$160 or none at all. Thus, over US$7,500 would be deposited without considering campaign expenses. M'ba's idea was that no party other than his would have the money to enter candidates. In response to this, the opposition announced its refusal to participate in elections that they did not consider fair.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Planning
Little is known of the planning of the coup. No demonstrations followed Mba's dissolution of the National Assembly, so the coup could be classified as simply a "palace coup". The 1964–1965 edition of the Adelphi Papers speculates that the continued presence of young French military officers in Gabon may have been an inspiration to the plotters of the coup. Much of the 600-man Gabonese army had previously served in the French army prior to independence, where they were paid modestly. Like much of the rest of the country, they were displeased by M'ba's actions against Aubame, a probable cause for involvement.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Planning
U.S. Ambassador to Gabon Charles Darlington suggested that the coup plotters may have tried to imitate the style of Colonel Christophe Soglo. Soglo, a commander in Dahomey's 800-man army, had deposed President Hubert Maga in October 1963, ruled for about a month, then resigned in favor of Dahomey's citizens. The plotters apparently did not consider French involvement, so therefore didn't take any additional steps to prevent it. They could have created protests to show public support, although the spokesman for the coup plotters, Sub-Lieutenant Daniel Mbene, justified the coup by claiming in a broadcast that the army had to act to avoid the rash of "uncontrollable demonstrations that would have been difficult to halt".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Planning
It is unlikely that Aubame participated in the planning of the coup. It appears that he joined the effort after being recruited by the new government. His nephew, Pierre Eyeguet, a former ambassador to the United Kingdom, may have known of the plot beforehand and notified his uncle, although it is unknown whether or not Aubame established contact with the plotters.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Planning
Lieutenant Valerie Essone only decided to participate on 17 February. This was a crucial decision for he led the First Company of the Gabonese Army, the company of the other officers. Apparently at that moment he told his troops to perform average night maneuvers. That day, Gabonese chief of staff Albert Bernard (later Omar) Bongo informed President M'ba that the number of troops outside Libreville was unusually high. M'ba, however, did not think much of this anomaly.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
During the night of 17 February and the early morning of 18 February 1964, 150 members of the Gabonese military, gendarmerie, and police, headed by Lieutenant Jacques Mombo and Valére Essone, seized the presidential palace. The gendarmes on duty claimed that this was but a military exercise. However, during the "exercise" the lieutenants dragged President M'ba from his bed at gunpoint. Bongo heard this noise and telephoned President of the National Assembly Louis Bigmann to find out what had happened. Bigmann arrived at the presidential palace and asked the rebels what Bongo had asked him.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
At this point they opened the gates and arrested him too. The plotters subsequently arrested every member of the Gabonese cabinet except the respected technician André Gustave Anguilé. Apparently, the plotters let him roam free in the hopes of him joining them, although before noon he asked to be arrested. Joseph N'Goua, the Gabonese minister of foreign affairs, was able to tell the French Embassy of this before he was arrested.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
The insurgents, calling themselves a "revolutionary committee", spread themselves strategically across the Gabonese capital during the night. They shut down the airport and seized the post office and radio station. On Radio Libreville, the military announced that a coup had taken place and that they required "technical assistance". They issued radio statements every half-hour promising that "public liberties will be restored and all political prisoners will be freed" and ordered the French not to interfere in the matter, claiming that it would be a violation of their sovereignty. In addition, they decreed the closing of schools and businesses. M'ba acknowledged his defeat in a radio broadcast, in accordance with orders from his captors. "D-Day is here, the injustices are beyond measure, these people are patient, but their patience has limits", he said. "It came to a boil."


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
During these events, no gunshots were fired. The public did not react strongly, which, according to the military, was a sign of approval. A provisional government was formed, composed of civilian politicians from the UDSG and BDG such as Philippe N'dong, editor of Gabon's literary review Réalités Gabonaises; Dr. Eloi Chambrier, Gabon's only physician; Philippe Mory, a famous Gabonese actor; and civil servant Paul Gondjout. Mbene stated that the provisional government would not include any members of the M'ba government.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
He declared that Gabon's pro-French foreign policy would remain unchanged and that Mombo would supervise the government until the presidency was given to Aubame. The plotters were content to ensure security for civilians, urging them to remain calm and not hurt anyone. Most of them were junior officers, living in the army barracks. The senior officers did not intervene; instead, they stayed in their "pleasant" houses.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
Aubame was unaware of the coup until the French ambassador to Gabon, Paul Cousseran, called him on the telephone roughly a half-hour after sunrise. Cousseran, meanwhile, was awoken by the noisy streets and checked to see what was happening. Aubame replied that he was to find out why there was "no government", as Cousseran never directly mentioned a coup. However, about midway through the morning an automobile carrying the revolutionary committee arrived at Aubame's residence and drove him to the governmental offices, where he had been named president.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup
Second Lieutenant Ndo Edou gave instructions to transfer M'ba to Ndjolé, Aubame's electoral stronghold. However, due to heavy rain, the deposed president and his captors took shelter in an unknown village. The next morning they decided to take him over the easier road to Lambaréné. Several hours later, they returned to Libreville.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
French authorities first received information on the coup not from Cousseran but rather from Bongo, giving him some standing among them. President de Gaulle, upon advice from his chief adviser on African policy, Jacques Foccart, decided that he would restore the legitimate government. This was in accordance with a 1960 treaty between Gabon and the French, which was signed by Aubame in his stint as Foreign Minister.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Foccart, on the other hand, had only decided to launch the countercoup to protect the interests of the French petroleum group Elf, which operated in Gabon and was led by a close friend of his. M'ba was also a close friend of his; David Yates reports that M'ba could call Foccart personally, and Foccart would meet with him "at a moment's notice". French commentators, however, claimed that if they did not intervene, they would be tempting other dissidents. France had refrained from intervening in recent coups in the French Congo, Dahomey, and Togo, despite being opposed to all of them.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
However, the Gabon coup differed in that, they claimed, it lacked notable public support. Following the restoration of M'ba's government in Gabon, the French intervened militarily in Africa roughly every other year. In 1995, the French Minister for Foreign Assistance Jacques Godfrain explained that Paris "will intervene each time an elected democratic power is overthrown by a coup d'état if a military cooperation agreement exists".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Shortly after de Gaulle and Foccart's meeting, French commanders Haulin and Royer were released at the request of the French Embassy. Intervention could not commence without a formal petition to the Head of State of Gabon. Since M'ba was held hostage, the French contacted the Vice President of Gabon, Paul-Marie Yembit, who had not been arrested. At the time, Yembit was in a car with U.S. ambassador Charles Darlington travelling to N'Dende. This was to officially open a school built by the Peace Corps nearby, in Yembit's birthplace of Moussambou, and completing his electoral campaign.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Therefore, they decided to compose a predated letter that Yembit would later sign, confirming their intervention. They sent this to him via a small airplane, since there were no road bridges in Gabon at the time and the only way to cross a river was on a ferry. Yembit did not come back to Libreville on the plane as would be expected, but rather at 8:00 WAT on 18 February to read a statement over Radio Libreville that was likely prepared by French officials. Yembit, however, claimed that he called for French intervention while the insurgent troops held M'ba hostage; this version of the story was quickly disputed by several diplomats on the scene, as several French troops had arrived before this alleged incident.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Less than 24 hours after de Gaulle had been notified, French paratroopers stationed in Dakar and Brazzaville under General René Cogny and a General Kergaravat were notified that they were going to end the coup. This had come even before the provisional government was formed. Maurice Robert and Guy Ponsaille, who were among a group Foccart convened to discuss the French intervention, were part of the paratrooper unit.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Receiving Foccart's orders to "normalize" the situation by 19 February or the next day at the latest, at 10:50 WAT on 18 February, the first 50 troops landed at the Libreville International Airport. The rebels closed the airport but failed to establish obstacles, allowing the French troops to land unharmed, albeit during a large storm. Throughout that day, more than 600 paratroopers arrived at the airport.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Sweeping through Libreville unopposed, the troops easily captured the provisional council, though they met resistance at the Baraka military base in Lambaréné when they attacked at daylight. Upon learning of the impending attack, Aubame called Cousseran and asked him what had been going on. Cousseran dodged answering the question and requested that Aubame release M'ba uninjured. After receiving the false assurance from the ambassador that the French government had no intention of restoring M'ba to power, Aubame sent out a military officer to the countryside to find the deposed president.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
M'ba was moved to a small village near the Albert Schweitzer Hospital. At dawn on 19 February, French Air Force Dassault MD 315 Flamant planes strafed the rebels at Baraka, while the French Army attacked the insurgents with machine gun fire and mortars. The rebels at the military base promptly surrendered once their ammunition supply ran out, and their commander, Lieutenant Ndo Edou, was executed. Later, the French army managed to break through the gate to the village where M'ba was held and rescued the deposed president.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Coup, French intervention
Before the end of the day, the French troops surrounded all of Libreville's public buildings. Shortly thereafter, Radio Libreville announced the surrender of the rebel forces. Kergaravat concluded his military operation on 20 February, saluting Cousseran and saying "Mission accomplie". Over its course, one French soldier was killed and 18 died on the Gabonese side. Unofficial sources said two French soldiers and 25 insurgents were killed, with more than 40 Gabonese and four French troops were wounded. The number of civilian casualties was unknown but numerous, as the straw roofs on their homes were not a good protector against aerial bullets.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate aftermath and riots
France's intervention in the coup was openly applauded by the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar, Niger, and Upper Volta. In fact, France was barely criticised at all in Africa, other than a mild response by Dahomey and one by the Democratic Republic of Congo. The matter was not discussed at the next meeting of the Council of Ministers of the OAU, held on 24 February–29 February in Lagos. The revolutionary movement in French Africa immediately retrogressed following the coup.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate aftermath and riots
M'ba was returned to Libreville on 21 February. Shortly after his arrival, the 10:00 pm curfew that had been imposed by the French was lifted, and some stores were reopened. Squads of officials, known as "les gorilles", travelled through Libreville and arrested any suspected M'ba opposers. After his reinstatement, M'ba refused to believe that the coup was directed against his regime, instead considering it to be a conspiracy against the state. Nonetheless, following the coup M'ba dismissed every soldier in the army and started recruiting new men.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate aftermath and riots
On 1 March, however, anti-government demonstrations began, with protesters shouting "Léon M'ba, président des Français!" ("Léon M'ba, President of the French!") and calling for the end of the "dictatorship". Originating in Libreville, these demonstrations spread to Port-Gentil and N'Dende and lasted into the summer. When 1,000 pro-government demonstrators responded by shouting "Long Live Léon M'ba" outside the presidential palace, they were attacked by dissidents. Among the pro-government demonstrators were an opposition member, Martine Oyane, who had been forcefully undressed following her arrest, beaten by the police, paraded naked throughout Libreville, and forced to shout "Long Live Léon M'ba".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Immediate aftermath and riots
At the height of these demonstrations, 3,000 to 4,000 Gabonese protested throughout central Libreville. Protesters also took their anger out against the French in Gabon, stoning more than 30 cars belonging to Frenchmen and chanting "Go home, go home!" This rioting was so intense that M'ba announced that whoever went to work would not be paid. The French reacted to these incidents by swinging rifle butts and throwing grenades. The crowds responded by throwing bottles and stones, though they were put down soon after. There were no reports of injured protesters, despite orders to the Gabonese police that they fire at protesters on sight.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Allegations of U.S. involvement
Some Gabonese mistakenly identified the United States as a co-conspirator in the coup. Time asserted that French officials helped spread the rumor of American involvement. This reached a point which some automobile stations refused to help Darlington and other Americans. After William F. Courtney, deputy chief of the United States Embassy, received a call from a man identifying himself as DuPont and threatening an imminent attack, a hand grenade exploded outside the embassy. The explosion, which occurred at a time when the building was closed and locked on 3 March, resulted in damage to the embassy sign and the cracking of two windows.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Allegations of U.S. involvement
Following the bombing, French Gabonese made more threatening phone calls to the embassy. A second bomb exploded at the embassy two nights later, causing no damage. A drive-by shooting, during which at least five rounds of buckshot were fired from a 12-gauge automatic shotgun, riddled the second story windows with over 30 holes. It is likely that its perpetrators were French, as Gabonese have no access to grenades. Following the second bombing a car containing white men was noticed, driving through otherwise empty Shore Boulevard. At the time, practically the only white men in Gabon were French.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Allegations of U.S. involvement
Two Gabonese policemen were assigned to protect the building, and M'ba ordered an investigation into the bombings. He denounced the allegations against Americans, saying:


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Allegations of U.S. involvement
Nothing permits to determine that the United States played a role in the recent events. However, relations of friendship existing between members of the United States Embassy and some politicians who participated in the rebellion could have given this impression to some, an impression which I do not share.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Allegations of U.S. involvement
Many of these attacks against Americans were against Darlington personally. His son Christopher was hit by a grenade in July, though it did not detonate. The ambassador resigned his post on 26 July. It was not until 14 August 1965 that David M. Bane replaced him.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, 1964 elections
Despite these incidents, legislative elections planned before the coup were held in April 1964. They were originally to be held on 23 February, though he dissolved the National Assembly and rescheduled them for 12 April. Upon insistence of the French, M'ba allowed opposition candidates to run, which it claimed was the main reason for starting the coup in the first place. However, their leaders were barred from participating because of their involvement in the coup, and known anti-Mba organizers were deported to remote parts of the country. In addition, M'ba was known to have bribed voters with banknotes.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, 1964 elections
France closely followed the election, deporting a Peace Corps teacher. The UDSG disappeared from the political scene, and M'ba's opposition was composed of parties that lacked national focus and maintained only regional or pro-democracy platforms. Nevertheless, the opposition garnered 46% of the vote and 16 of 47 seats in the assembly, while the BDG received 54% of the vote and 31 seats. The opposition disputed this, and held strikes across the country, though these did not have a sizable impact on business.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
Aubame and Gondjout fled Libreville, but were captured sometime before 20 February. Most of the other rebels took refuge at the U.S. Embassy, though they were soon discovered and brought to jail. That August, a trial of the military rebels and provisional government was opened in Lambaréné. A "state of precations" was imposed, which decreed that local government kept surveillance on suspected troublemakers and, if necessary, order curfew, while special permits were required to travel through the town. The trial was held in a school building overlooking the Ogooue River, which was near Albert Schweitzer's hospital.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
Space at the hearing was limited, so members of the public were disallowed from attending. Permits were required to attend the trial, and family members were restricted to one permit each. Press coverage was limited, and journalists were allowed only if they represented a high-profile news agency. In addition, there were restrictions on the defence of the accused.


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
The prosecution called 64 separate witnesses. Essone, Mbene, and Aubame claimed that their involvement in the coup was due to a lack of development in the Gabonese army. Judge Leon Auge, the judge in the case, said that if "that is the only reason for your coup d'état, you deserve a severe penalty." Essone said that almost all Gabonese military officers knew of an imminent coup beforehand, while Aubame affirmed his position that he did not participate in its planning. According to him, he formed the provisional government in a constitutional manner, and at the request of some "putschists".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
He reasoned that the French intervention was effectively an illegal act of interference, an assertion which Gondjout and the former education minister, Jean Marc Ekoh, shared. Ekoh had served as Foreign Minister during the coup. The Gabonese actor said that it should be the French troops being tried, not he and his comrades: "If we'd been able to put up a few more Gabonese soldiers against the French, we'd have won — and we shouldn't be here today."


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
On 9 September, without consulting M'ba, Leon Auge handed down a verdict which acquitted both Ekoh and Gondjout; although the charges carried the death sentence as a maximum. Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile on a remote island off Settecama, 100 miles (161 km) down the coast of Gabon, as were most criminals of the case. He was not particularly popular during his political career, though according to Time, his arrest "ballooned him to heroic proportions in the eyes of the aroused public".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
While serving his 10 years of labor, he was beaten regularly by prison guards. Besides Aubame, M'ba imprisoned more than 150 of his opponents, most of whom were sentenced to 20 years of hard labor. These included the two officers and Aubame's nephew, Pierre Eyeguet, a former ambassador to the United Kingdom. The actor and the doctor were given 10 years of imprisonment each. While appealing for peace on 18 February, he pledged "no pardon or pity" to his enemies, but rather "total punishment".


1964 Gabonese coup d'état, Aftermath, Lambaréné trial and rest of M'ba's term
Two years after the coup there was still open repression of dissent in Gabon. Following these events M'ba became increasingly reclusive, staying in his presidential palace protected by French troops known as the "Clan des Gabonais". Not even Yembit was close to him, but Foccart's friends Ponsaille and Robert "were never far" from M'ba, according to Pean, and provided the aging president with counseling and advice. M'ba was, however, still convinced of his popularity. Three years later, M'ba was diagnosed with cancer, and he died on 28 November 1967. After M'ba's death, French-supported Bongo succeeded him as president, and released Aubame in 1972.


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Gabon on 12 April 1964. The elections were originally scheduled to be held during the week of an abortive coup, but President Leon M'ba of the Gabonese Democratic Bloc (BDG) dissolved the National Assembly and rescheduled them for 12 April. Despite widespread lack of free speech and intimidation of voters, the opposition still garnered 45% of the vote.


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election, Background
The elections were originally to be held the week of an abortive coup. As a result of the coup, M'ba dissolved the National Assembly and rescheduled them for 12 April. Upon insistence of the French government, M'ba allowed opposition candidates to run, which it claimed was the main reason for the coup. However, opposition leaders were barred from participating because of their involvement in the coup, and known anti-M'ba organizers were deported to remote parts of the country.


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election, Campaign
The Gabonese Democratic and Social Union (UDSG) practically disappeared from the political scene, as many of its leaders had been jailed because of the coup, and M'ba's opposition was composed of parties that lacked national focus and maintained only regional or pro-democracy platforms. The two major factions of this were the one who supported Aubame and one who was headed by a trade union leader


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election, Conduct
M'ba was known to have bribed voters with banknotes, and serious electoral irregularities were reported.


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election, Conduct
France closely followed the elections, deporting a Peace Corps teacher. The French military still maintained a presence in the country, which may have been intimidating voters, and also distributed leaflets and supported M'ba by other means.


1964 Gabonese parliamentary election, Results
Despite issues with the elections, the opposition received 45% of the vote and 16 of 47 seats in the National Assembly, while the BDG received 55% of the vote and 31 seats. The opposition disputed the results, and held strikes across the country, though these did not have a sizeable impact on business.


1964 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1964 Gent–Wevelgem was the 26th edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 21 March 1964. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Jacques Anquetil of the Saint-Raphaël team.


1964 George Washington Colonials football team
The 1964 George Washington Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as part of the Southern Conference during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. In its fourth season under head coach Jim Camp, the team compiled a 5–4 record (3–2 in the SoCon).


1964 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1964 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season.


1964 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1964 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1964 NCAA University Division football season. The Yellow Jackets were led by 20th-year head coach Bobby Dodd, and played their home games at Grant Field in Atlanta. They competed as independents for the first time since 1920, after dropping from the Southeastern Conference in 1963.


1964 German Grand Prix
The 1964 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on 2 August 1964. It was race 6 of 10 in both the 1964 World Championship of Drivers and the 1964 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 15-lap race was won by Ferrari driver John Surtees after he started from pole position. Graham Hill finished second for the BRM team and Surtees's teammate Lorenzo Bandini came in third. The race was marred by the death of Dutch gentleman racer Carel Godin de Beaufort during practice. The embankment at the Karrussell had been eliminated and replaced with grass and a wheel-wide tarmac strip at the bottom of the concrete banking.


1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team
The 1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team was an American football team that represented Gettysburg College during the 1964 NCAA College Division football season. The Bullets were champions of the Middle Atlantic Conference, University Division.


1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team
In their eighth year under head coach Eugene M. Haas, the Bullets compiled a 7–2 record. Ken Snyder and Mark Snyder were the team captains.


1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team
Following an upset win against top-ranked Delaware, its third in a row, the Bullets entered the UPI Small College Coaches Poll, ranked No. 10 in the nation. They moved up and down in the rankings until the end of the season, and were also considered a top contender for the Lambert Cup. A season-ending loss to Temple ruined their hopes of an undefeated conference record, however, and dropped Gettysburg out of the national top 20. The Lambert Cup instead went to division rival Bucknell.


1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team
Gettysburg went 5–1 against MAC University Division foes, the best winning percentage in the seven-team circuit. This was Gettysburg's only first-place finish during its 12-year tenure in the MAC University Division.


1964 Gettysburg Bullets football team
The Bullets played their home games at Memorial Field in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The October 24 game was their final game at this facility, which would be replaced the next year by Musselman Stadium.


1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Ghana on 31 January 1964. The proposed amendments to the constitution would turn the country into a one-party state and increase the powers of President Kwame Nkrumah and make him president for life. With results showing that an implausible 99.91% of voters supported the amendments, the referendum was accused of being "obviously rigged". Voter turnout was reported to be 96.5%.


1964 Ghanaian constitutional referendum, Aftermath
Following the successful passage of the constitutional amendments, the country became a one-party state with the Convention People's Party as the sole legal party (though the country had essentially been a one-party state since independence in 1957). Nkrumah became president for life of both nation and party, with greatly expanded powers; he could now remove members of the Supreme Court at his discretion. In effect, the amendments transformed Nkrumah's regime into a legal dictatorship. Elections were scheduled to be held under this system in 1965, but were cancelled shortly beforehand, with Nkrumah appointing MPs instead. However, Nkrumah was overthrown in a coup in February 1966, the CPP was dissolved, and the constitution suspended. Multi-party politics was restored by the time of the next elections in 1969.


1964 Gibraltar general election
General elections were held in Gibraltar on 11 September 1964. The Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights remained the largest party in the legislature, winning five of the eleven seats.


1964 Gillette Cup
The 1964 Gillette Cup was the second Gillette Cup, an English limited overs county cricket tournament. It was held between 25 April and 5 September 1964, and was won by the defending champions Sussex.


1964 Gillette Cup Final
The 1964 Gillette Cup Final was a cricket match between Sussex County Cricket Club and Warwickshire County Cricket Club played on 5 September 1964 at Lord's in London. It was the second final of the Gillette Cup, which was the first English domestic knock-out competition between first-class sides. Sussex won the match by eight wickets.


1964 Gillette Cup Final, Background
The Gillette Cup had first been contested during the previous season, in response to falling crowds at County Championship matches. Sussex won the first tournament, defeating Worcestershire in the final.


1964 Gillette Cup Final, Background
In 1964, the tournament was reduced from 65 to 60 overs per side with individual bowlers restricted to a maximum of 13 overs each, down from 15 in the initial 1963 competition. Both Sussex and Warwickshire had first round byes, and thereafter, Sussex beat Durham, Somerset and Surrey to reach the final, while Warwickshire knocked out Hampshire, Northamptonshire and Lancashire.


1964 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
Warwickshire won the toss and chose to bat first, but lost early wickets, falling to 21 for three. Their captain, Mike Smith steadied the innings to an extent, scoring 28 runs. The bowling of Ian Thomson, who took four wickets for 23 runs across his thirteen overs, conceding less than two runs per over, helped to restrict Warwickshire to a reasonably low total. The batting team were buoyed slightly by a score of 35 not out from Alan Smith, batting at number nine. They were eventually bowled out for 127, with 12 of their 60 overs still remaining.


1964 Gillette Cup Final, Match, Summary
In their response, Sussex's opening batsman, Ken Suttle and Les Lenham, scored 42 and 47 runs respectively, to help move their team close to the target. After they were each dismissed, the team captain, Ted Dexter, and Jim Parks, Jr. came to the crease and carried their team over the line. Sussex finished on 131 for two, reaching the target with eight wickets and almost 19 overs to spare. Thomson was selected as the man of the match for his bowling performance, by a panel consisting of Len Hutton, Alec Bedser and Freddie Brown.


1964 Gillette Cup Final, Aftermath
By winning the 1964 Gillette Cup, Sussex held onto their title from the previous season, but they did not win the competition again until 1978, despite final appearances in 1968, 1970 and 1973. Warwickshire returned to the final in 1966, beating Worcestershire to win their first title.


1964 Giro d'Italia
The 1964 Giro d'Italia was the 47th running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. The Giro started in Bolzano, on 16 May, with a 173 km (107.5 mi) mass-start stage and concluded back in Milan, on 7 June, with a 146 km (90.7 mi) leg. A total of 130 riders from 13 teams entered the 22-stage race, which was won by Frenchman Jacques Anquetil of the Saint-Raphaël team. The second and third places were taken by Italian riders Italo Zilioli and Guido De Rosso, respectively.


1964 Giro d'Italia, Teams
A total of 13 teams were invited to participate in the 1964 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of ten riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 130 cyclists. Out of the 130 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 97 riders made it to the finish in Milan.


1964 Giro d'Italia, Teams
The 13 teams that took part in the race were:


1964 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
The race route was revealed to the public on 31 March 1964 by race director Vincenzo Torriani.


1964 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
One jersey was worn during the 1963 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.


1964 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The mountains classification leader. The climbs were ranked in first and second categories. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. There were two categories of mountains. The first category awarded 50, 30, and 20 points and the second distributed 30, 20, and 10 points. Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the teams were awarded points for their rider's performance during the stages.


1964 Giro di Lombardia
The 1964 Giro di Lombardia was the 58th edition of the Giro di Lombardia cycle race and was held on 17 October 1964. The race started in Milan and finished in Como. The race was won by Gianni Motta of the Molteni team.


1964 Golden Helmet (Poland)
The Golden Helmet (Polish: Turniej o Złoty Kask, ZK) is an annual motorcycle speedway event, and has been organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1961. Currently the race is held in PC Team 3rd from last season (previously Wrocław), with the top twelve riders in the Extraleague and the top four riders in the First League.


1964 Golden Helmet (Poland)
1964 Golden Helmet season was the 4th since its establishment.


1964 Golden Helmet (Poland), Final classification
Note: Result from final score was subtracted with two the weakest events.


1964 Governor General's Awards
Each winner of the 1964 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit was selected by a panel of judges administered by the Canada Council for the Arts.


1964 Grand National
The 1964 Grand National was the 118th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 21 March 1964. Thirty-three horses ran and the race was won narrowly by American-owned 12-year-old Team Spirit, at odds of 18/1. He was ridden by jockey Willie Robinson and trained by Fulke Walwyn.


1964 Grand National
The journalist and broadcaster Nancy Spain and her partner, the magazine editor Joan Werner Laurie, were among five people killed when their light aircraft crashed near the racecourse on the day of the race, which they were travelling to attend.


1964 Grand National, Media coverage
Grand National Grandstand on the BBC again provided the television coverage. For the third year running the commentary team remained unchanged with Peter O'Sullevan leading them off and finishing the race, Bob Haynes calling them over the first four fences before Peter Montague-Evans took them over the signature fences out in the country, Becher's Brook, Canal Turn and Valentine's Brook before handing back to O'Sullevan in the grandstand once they reached the Anchor Bridge crossing.


1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
The 1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 16th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season. The season consisted of twelve Grand Prix races in six classes: 500cc, 350cc, 250cc, 125cc, 50cc and Sidecars 500cc. It began on 2 February, with United States Grand Prix and ended with Japanese Grand Prix on 1 November.


1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
Mike Hailwood sprinted to another 500 class win for MV Agusta, winning the first six races of the year and seven races overall. Honda's Jim Redman won all eight 350 class races against only token factory opposition.


1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Season summary
The 250 class proved to be more difficult as Yamaha's Phil Read battled Redman all season long, with Read finally coming out on top, winning five races to Redman's three. Luigi Taveri won the 125 title for Honda while Suzuki's Hugh Anderson fought a season-long battle with Honda's Ralph Bryans to retain his 50cc crown.


1964 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, Standings, Scoring system
Points were awarded to the top six finishers in each race. Only the best of five races were counted in 50cc, 350cc and 500cc championships, best of six in 125cc and 250cc championships, while in the Sidecars, only the best of four races were counted.


1964 Grantland Rice Bowl
The 1964 Grantland Rice Bowl was an NCAA College Division game following the 1964 season, between the Muskingum Fighting Muskies and the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders. This was the inaugural playing of the bowl.