1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups. Nationalism fermented in 1958 as more évolués began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga (CONAKAT) under the leadership of Godefroid Munongo and Moïse Tshombe. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by Jason Sendwe's Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT).


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
In October 1958 a group of Léopoldville évolués including Patrice Lumumba, Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo established the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of Stanleyville, where Lumumba was well known, and from the population of the Kasai Province, where efforts were directed by a Muluba businessman, Albert Kalonji.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the All-African Peoples' Conference in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958 (Kasa-Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go). Lumumba was deeply impressed by the Pan-Africanist ideals of Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme. He reported on his trip during a widely-attended rally in Léopoldville and demanded the country's "genuine" independence.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
Fearing that they were being overshadowed by Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government (under Belgian domination) was given short notice, and communicated that only a "private meeting" would be authorised. On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging European property, initiating three days of violent and destructive riots. The Force Publique, the colonial army, was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. In wake of the riots Kasa-Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not évolués. Popular opinion in Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise. An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination, overcrowding, unemployment, and wishes for more political self-determination. On 13 January the administration announced several reforms, and the Belgian King, Baudouin, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
Meanwhile, discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership, who were bothered by Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and antagonising other tribes. This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly strident in his demands for independence.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested. Nevertheless, the influence of himself and the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, Rise in Congolese political activity
With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès (PNP) under the leadership of Paul Bolya and Albert Delvaux. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern Léopoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the Parti Solidaire Africain (PSA) was founded. Antoine Gizenga served as its president, and Cléophas Kamitatu was in charge of the Léopoldville Province chapter.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
After the riots of 4 January 1959 Belgian leaders became increasingly fearful of a violent political conflict emerging in the Congo. The security situation in the country deteriorated over the course of the year, especially in the Lower Congo and in Kasai, where violent clashes between Baluba and Lulua were taking place. Fearing the degeneration of the unrest into a colonial war and facing intense pressure for reform, in late 1959 the Belgian government announced that it would host a round table conference in Brussels in 1960 with the Congolese leadership to discuss the political future of the country.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
On the eve of the conference the Congolese delegations banded into a "Common Front" and demanded that all decisions be made binding on the Belgian government and that the Congo be granted immediate independence. The conference formally opened on 20 January. In the first speech, the Belgian Prime Minister assured that the Congo would be granted independence but did not specify a date. Serious negotiations did not commence until the following day. Kasa-Vubu demanded that a Congolese government be formed immediately, but his request was denied.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference
Disagreements between him and the Belgians over the competence of the conference led to the former walking out during the negotiations. It was then suggested that the date of independence be discussed. Lumumba, meanwhile, was released from prison and flew to Brussels to participate in the conference. On 27 January he made his first appearance and voiced his support for independence. After some discussion the Common Front accepted the date of 30 June 1960 for sovereignty to be granted to the Congo. The decisions of the delegates were ratified in a series of resolutions on 19 February and the conference closed the following day.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Loi Fondamentale
It was decided at the Round Table Conference that the resolutions the participants adopted would serve as the basis for the Loi Fondamentale (Fundamental Law), a temporary draft constitution left for the Congo until a permanent one could be promulgated by a Congolese parliament. Summarising the similarities between the Loi Fondementale and the Constitution of Belgium, Raymond Scheyven, Minister-in-charge of Economic Affairs for the Congo, observed, "We have presented the Congolese with a political system similar to ours.... It features communes, provincial assemblies, a bicameral system, and a political system where the head of state is irresponsible."


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Loi Fondamentale
The division of executive power between a presumably symbolic head of state and head of government was the most noticeable and potentially harmful feature borrowed from the Belgian constitution. As in a parliamentary system, such power was to be exercised by a Prime Minister and a cabinet responsible to Parliament. If the cabinet lost the confidence of Parliament, a motion of censure would be passed (either with a simple majority in both houses of a two-thirds majority in a single house) and it would be dismissed. By comparison, the head of state (a President) was irresponsible and only had the power to ratify treaties, promulgate laws, and nominate high ranking officials (including the Prime Minister and the cabinet).


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Loi Fondamentale
A parliament was to be composed of a lower chamber and an upper chamber. The lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) would consist of 137 members directly "elected by universal suffrage according to the procedure fixed by the electoral law" with one deputy for every 100,000 people. The upper chamber (Senate) would be composed of 14 members from each province, elected by the members of their respective provincial assemblies. Senators and deputies that assumed a ministerial post in the central government were allowed to retain their seats in Parliament. The provincial assemblies were unicameral and varied in size, depending on the population of the provinces they served.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Background, The Loi Fondamentale
Articles 219 and 220 delineated the authority of the central and provincial governments. The division of authority, a compromise between the federalist and unitarianist politicians, was dubbed by Belgian lawyers as "quasi-federalism".


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
Even though the date for independence had been established at the Round Table Conference, there was still substantial uncertainty throughout the Congo as to which faction would come to dominate politics in the new government. This caused deep anxiety among most of the electorate. As the Congolese had little experience in democratic processes, few eligible voters in rural areas realised the meaning and importance of an election, and even fewer understood electoral mechanics and procedure.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
Electoral procedure was prescribed by the electoral law of 23 March 1960. Voting was compulsory for all "males of Congolese status". Yet in order to register, one had to be at least 21 years of age and had to have resided in their respective constituency for at least six months. In order to be a candidate for provincial or federal office, one had to be at least 25 years of age, been born to a Congolese mother, and had to have resided in the Congo for at least five years. For aspiring senators, the age requirement was 30.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
The official electoral campaign began on 11 May, marred by confusion and violence. Rival parties employed tactics that ranged from threats to sabotage of an opponent's headquarters to murder. Such intimidation was especially prevalent in areas that were under heavy influence from the militant sects of CEREA, the PSA, ABAKO, the MNC-L, and the MNC-K. This was due not only to such parties' own radical, differing beliefs but also to a general suspicion that the Belgians would organise the contest to favor the moderates.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
With the notable exceptions of CONAKAT, the PNP, and the Parti de l'Unité Nationale (PUNA), most parties' rhetoric was anti-colonial in focus. Frequent attacks on the colonial administration by candidates led to confusion among segments of the electorate, which were given the impression that all forms of government—except welfare services—were to be eliminated after independence. Openly socialist messages declined during the campaign, with the exception of Gizenga's speeches. Freedom of religion was also a major issue, especially in areas where Islam or separatist forms of Christianity were prominent.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
This led to attacks on the Catholic Church's monopoly on the education system. The MNC-L and the PNP were the only parties to launch significant national campaigns. The parties in favor of a unitary system of government tended to place their best candidates in the central government races, while their federalist counterparts focused on provincial campaigns.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Campaign
In the tumult of the last days of the Belgian domination, incidents caused returns to come late in some places.


1960 Belgian Congo general election, Reactions
After the results were announced, Lumumba stated, "I am ready to co-operate with our opponents to from a national union government." Belgium was surprised by the MNC-L's electoral success. Belgians who had anticipated a PNP-led government were revolted at the prospect of Lumumba leading an independent Congo. Many members of the various foreign missions in the Congo, however, believed that he was the only man capable of bringing order and stability to the country.


1960 Belgian Congo presidential election
The first election for the President of the Republic of the Congo, currently known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, took place on June 24, 1960, six days before Congolese independence from Belgium. The President was elected by a joint seating of the two houses of the Congolese Parliament, the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, and had a largely ceremonial role.


1960 Belgian Congo presidential election
Joseph Kasa-Vubu was elected with 159 votes against Jean Bolikango's 43, taking office on June 30 and appointing Patrice Lumumba as the country's first Prime Minister and head of government, later to be dismissed on September 5. Kasa-Vubu himself was overthrown in an army coup d'état by Major General Joseph-Désire Mobutu, later Mobutu Sese Seko, on November 24, 1965, ushering in thirty years of dictatorship under Mobutu's Republic of Zaire.


1960 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1960 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 19 June 1960. It was race 5 of 10 in the 1960 World Championship of Drivers and race 4 of 9 in the 1960 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. Stirling Moss and Mike Taylor were seriously injured in crashes during practice, and Chris Bristow and Alan Stacey were killed in accidents during the race. With the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, it is one of two occasions in which two driver fatalities have occurred at a Formula One race meeting, and the only one where both occurred during the race itself.


1960 Belgian Grand Prix, Practice and race laps 1-19
Practice for the event saw Stirling Moss and Mike Taylor injured in separate accidents, with Taylor suffering injuries after a crash at Stavelot which ended his racing career, and Moss injured seriously enough (two broken legs) after crashing at Burnenville to keep him out of racing for a number of months including the 1960 24 Hours of Le Mans. In the race itself, the Lotus drivers Innes Ireland and Jim Clark got off to good starts before Ireland eventually spun out with clutch trouble on lap 14.


1960 Belgian Grand Prix, Fatal accidents
On lap 20 Chris Bristow, driving a year-old Cooper for the British Racing Partnership, went off line at Malmedy while battling for sixth place with the Ferrari of Mairesse. Bristow lost control, crashing into a four-foot high embankment and was thrown from his car, and landed on some barbed wire which beheaded him.


1960 Belgian Grand Prix, Fatal accidents
Five laps later, Alan Stacey was hit in the face by a bird at Masta, causing his car to crash, then somersault off the track and land in a field. The car then caught fire, and Stacey, still trapped inside, was burned to death. It was the only Formula One race meeting in which two drivers were killed until the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.


1960 Belgian Grand Prix, Race conclusion
The race distance had been lengthened to 36 laps from 24 laps. The results highlight an unusual quirk in the rules regarding classification of non-finishers. Under modern rules, Graham Hill would have been classified third, since he completed lap 35 before the lapped Olivier Gendebien. Hill then retired, in the pits, but was not classified since he did not push his car over the line after the winner took the finish (as required by the rules of the time). In fact the rule about crossing the finishing line was inconsistently applied – at the 1959 German Grand Prix, Harry Schell was classified seventh despite only completing 49 of the race's 60 laps.


1960 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 1960 Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 1960 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 3 July 1960 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps.


1960 Bendigo by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Bendigo on 16 July 1960. This was triggered by the death of Labor MP Percy Clarey. A by-election for the seat of Balaclava was held on the same day.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1960 Big Ten Conference football season was the 65th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference and was a part of the 1960 NCAA University Division football season.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1960 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, under head coach Murray Warmath, compiled an 8–2 record, won the Big Ten championship, led the conference in scoring defense (8.8 points allowed per game), and lost to Washington in the 1961 Rose Bowl. The Golden Gophers were ranked No. 1 in the AP and Coaches Polls, both of which were released prior to the Rose Bowl. Guard Tom Brown was a consensus first-team All-American, won the Outland Trophy as college football's best interior lineman, finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting, and received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's most valuable player.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1960 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, in its final season under head coach Forest Evashevski, compiled an 8–1 record, led the Big Ten in scoring offense (26.0 points per game), and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP Poll and No. 2 in the final Coaches' Poll. Iowa's only loss was against Minnesota. Halfback Larry Ferguson, quarterback Wilburn Hollis, and guard Mark Manders were first-team All-Big Ten players.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season
The conference's statistical leaders included Ron Miller of Wisconsin with 1,351 passing yards, Bob Ferguson of Ohio State with 853 rushing yards and 78 points scored, Elbert Kimbrough of Northwestern with 378 receiving yards, and Tom Matte of Ohio State with 1,419 yards of total offense.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyAP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1960 seasonAP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1960 seasonPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders
The Big Ten's individual statistical leaders for the 1960 season include the following:


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Big Ten honors
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press International (UPI) as first-team players on the 1960 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
At the end of the 1960 season, Big Ten players secured two of the 11 consensus first-team picks for the 1960 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-Americans were:


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Minnesota's Tom Brown won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in college football. He also finished second in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State quarterback Tom Matte of finished seventh in the Heisman voting.


1960 Big Ten Conference football season, 1961 NFL Draft
The following Big Ten players were among the first 100 picks in the 1961 NFL Draft:


1960 Birthday Honours
The Queen's Birthday Honours 1960 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced in supplements to the London Gazette of 3 June 1960 for the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ghana, and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.


1960 Birthday Honours
At this time honours for Australians were awarded both in the United Kingdom honours, on the advice of the premiers of Australian states, and also in a separate Australia honours list.


1960 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1960 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and Commonwealth, Royal Victorian Order, Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were "Member (fourth class)" and "Member (fifth class)", both with post-nominal letters MVO. "Member (fourth class)" was renamed "Lieutenant" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards.


1960 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1960 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 11 June 1960.


1960 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1960 Bluebonnet Bowl
The 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl, part of the 1960 bowl game season, was the second annual contest and took place on December 17, 1960, at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas Longhorns, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). In a defensive struggle, the game ended in a 3–3 tie.


1960 Bluebonnet Bowl, Teams, Alabama
The 1960 squad was Bear Bryant's third at Alabama. The Crimson Tide lost to Tennessee and tied Tulane en route to an 8–1–1 regular season. They accepted an invitation to play in the Bluebonnet Bowl against Texas following their 3–0 victory over long-time rival Auburn November 26. The appearance was the fourteenth overall bowl appearance and the first in the Bluebonnet Bowl for Alabama.


1960 Bluebonnet Bowl, Teams, Texas
The 1960 Texas squad finished the regular season 7–3. The Longhorns lost to Nebraska, Arkansas and Rice. They accepted an invitation to play in the Bluebonnet Bowl against Alabama following their 21–14 victory over long-time rival Texas A&M November 24. The appearance was the tenth overall bowl appearance and the first in the Bluebonnet Bowl for Texas.


1960 Bluebonnet Bowl, Game summary
The only points were scored on a pair of field goals. The first came in the third by Tommy Booker for Alabama and the second in the fourth by Dan Petty for Texas.


1960 Blyth by-election
The 1960 Blyth by-election was held in the constituency of Blyth, now Blyth Valley, on 24 November 1960, following the appointment of Alfred Robens, who had served as Member of Parliament since the constituency's establishment in 1950, as chair of the National Coal Board.


1960 Blyth by-election
Three candidates stood: Eddie Milne of the Labour Party, Dennis Walters MBE for the Conservatives and Mr. C. Pym as an independent. The seat was considered a safe Labour hold, Robens having won the seat in the 1959 general election with a majority of 25,000.


1960 Blyth by-election
This proved to be the case, and Milne was elected with a reduced majority of 16,072 over the other two candidates. He would serve as MP for Blyth until 1974.


1960 Bolivian Primera División
The 1960 Bolivian Primera División, the first division of Bolivian football (soccer), was played by 8 teams. The champions were Jorge Wilstermann.


1960 Bolivian general election
General elections were held in Bolivia on 5 June 1960. Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR) was elected President with 76% of the vote, whilst the MNR retained its large majority in Congress.


1960 Bolton East by-election
The Bolton East by-election, 1960 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Bolton East in Lancashire on 16 November 1960. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Edwin Taylor.


1960 Bolton East by-election, Vacancy
The seat became vacant when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament Philip Bell, QC, was appointed as a County Court Judge. He had held the seat since the 1951 general election.


1960 Bolton East by-election, Vacancy
The by-election saw the decision of the Liberal Party to field a candidate, which broke a local pact which had held for 10 years whereby the Liberals left the Bolton East seat alone, and in return the Conservatives did not stand in Bolton West; the pact had achieved its objective of preventing the Labour Party from winning either.


1960 Bolton East by-election, Result
Taylor was elected by a margin of 641 votes over Labour candidate Robert Howarth, with the Liberal candidate Frank Byers securing a quarter of the vote. Dissension within the Labour Party over nuclear disarmament was thought to have helped Taylor win.


1960 Bolton East by-election, Result
At the 1964 general election, a more organised Labour campaign in Bolton East saw Taylor voted out by a margin of more than 3,000 votes. A Conservative stood in Bolton West for the first time since 1950, resulting in a Labour gain from the Liberal Arthur Holt by roughly the same margin.


1960 Boston College Eagles baseball team
The 1960 Boston College Eagles baseball team represented Boston College in the 1960 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Eagles played their home games at Alumni Field. The team was coached by Eddie Pellagrini in his 3rd year at Boston College.


1960 Boston College Eagles baseball team
The Eagles won the District I Playoff to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Oklahoma State Cowboys.


1960 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1960 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Eagles were led by first-year head coach Ernie Hefferle and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.


1960 Boston Patriots season
The 1960 Boston Patriots season was the franchise's first season in the new American Football League. Led by head coach Lou Saban, the Patriots finished with five wins and nine losses, last in the AFL's Eastern Division. The team played their home games at Boston University Field (formerly the site of the Boston Braves' home ballpark Braves Field), later named "Nickerson Field."


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season summary
In 1960, the inaugural season of the American Football League, the Patriots played in several important "firsts". The first-ever AFL pre-season game was played on the road against the Buffalo Bills on Saturday night, July 30, which Boston won. They hosted the inaugural regular season game, a Friday night 13–10 loss to the Denver Broncos at Boston University Field on September 9. The playing field was aligned along the first-base line.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season summary
The Patriots started the season at 2–2, then lost three straight and won three straight in the middle of a five-game home stand to get back to .500 at 5–5, then ended the season on a four-game slide. They finished at 5–9, last in the AFL's Eastern Division, and second-worst in the eight-team league, ahead of Denver.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season summary
Butch Songin was the leading passer and Alan Miller was the leading rusher. Gino Cappelletti was a defensive back and placekicker the first year. Just before the final game, a receiver was slow getting back to the huddle, so Cappelletti filled in. He was impressive, and was a receiver for the rest of his career.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 1: The Patriots lost to the Broncos 13–10 in the AFL season opener on Friday night. The Patriots struck first, with a 34-yard field goal in the first quarter. On the first play of the second quarter, Denver receiver Al Carmichael caught a pass in the flats and scampered 41 yards for a touchdown. In the third quarter, Bronco Gene Mingo took a punt 76 yards for a touchdown. Later in the quarter Patriot receiver Jim Colclough lost a fumble on the Denver 38.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
However, two plays later, Patriot defensive back Chuck Shonta took an interception 60 yards to the Denver 10, setting up a 10-yard touchdown pass from Butch Songin to Colclough in the right side of the end zone. In the fourth quarter, the Patriots seemed to be on a game-winning drive until an interception at the Denver two-yard line. The Broncos then ran sixteen plays to run out the clock.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 2: The Patriots won a thriller at the Polo Grounds against the Titans, 28–24. The Patriots dug themselves into a hole, down 24 to 7 in the fourth quarter. They were down 24–21 on the last play of the game. The center, Mike Hudock, gave a low snap to the Titans punter, who fumbled and Patriot Chuck Shonta picked it up and raced 52 yards for the game-winning score.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 3: The Patriots were shut out 13–0 against the Bills, the highlight being a 58-yard touchdown pass from Tommy O'Connell to Carl Smith.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 4: The Patriots won their first decisive win of the season against the Chargers in Los Angeles. It began with an 11-play drive capped by a Gino Cappelletti field goal. On the following kickoff, Charger Don Norton fumbled, leading to a quick touchdown for Boston. The Patriots followed it up with a 19-yard touchdown pass. On the next drive, Jim Crawford scored a touchdown, set up by a 78-yard Billy Wells reception. A Harry Jacobs interception set up a Wells touchdown, and another Boston field goal wrapped up the day, as the Patriots rolled over the Chargers 35–0.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 5: The Patriots, after their terrific win over the Chargers, were given a rude awakening in Oakland. On just the third play of game, Jack Larscheid scored on an 87-yard run, and the Patriots never regained the lead. The Raiders quickly built up a 27–14 lead with 11:45 left to go in the first quarter. However, the Patriots twice drove deep into Oakland territory, both times winding up with Butch Songin throwing interceptions. The Patriots were sloppy throughout the game, with multiple unnecessary penalties and turnovers.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 6: The Patriots dropped a game that should have been theirs. Early in the third quarter, the Patriots led 24–0. Boston had dominated, with three Songin touchdown passes and a field goal. The Broncos were down but not out, and rallied back to stun the Patriots. In the last quarter and a half, the Broncos scored 31 unanswered points to win the game. Broncos quarterback Frank Tripucka lead the way, completing four touchdown passes to three different receivers. The game is still one of the largest deficits that a Patriot opponent has come back from to win.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 7: After an embarrassing loss several weeks before, the Chargers had revenge on their minds. They got it. The Chargers won the game by the time the first half arrived. When Paul Maguire fell on a fumble in the end zone early in the third quarter, they matched the 35-point lead the Patriots had in the previous game. Despite the Patriots' two following touchdowns, the Chargers ran over the Patriots 45–16.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 8: The Patriots faced the Raiders in a must-win game. The Patriots dominated throughout three quarters, aided by three Songin passing touchdowns. Boston held a 31 to 14 lead entering the fourth quarter, and seemed to be on the verge of their third win of season. The Raiders tried to pull off a similar comeback that the Broncos had two games earlier. The Raiders scored twice on running plays, and were soon driving for the game winning score.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
The Patriots managed to avoid a loss or tie, intercepting future Patriot quarterback Babe Parilli with just under two minutes to go. The Patriots had won just their third game of the season and their first on their home field. The game is noteworthy for having the lowest attendance of any regular season game in Patriots history at only 8,446.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Season results
Game 12: The Patriots hosted the Houston Oilers in what would be the first sellout game in American Football League history.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Roster
All of the following players appeared in at least one game for the 1960 Boston Patriots.


1960 Boston Patriots season, Roster, Starters
The following players started the most games at their respective positions:


1960 Boston Red Sox season
The 1960 Boston Red Sox season was the 60th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished seventh in the American League (AL) with a record of 65 wins and 89 losses, 32 games behind the AL champion New York Yankees.


1960 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1960 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1960  NCAA University Division football season. In its fourth season under head coach Steve Sinko, the team compiled a 3–5–2 record and was outscored by a total of 172 to 30.


1960 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1960 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth season under head coach Doyt Perry, the Falcons compiled an 8–1 record (5–1 against MAC opponents), lost its only game to MAC champion Ohio (7–14), and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 196 to 61.


1960 Bowling Green Falcons football team
On October 29, 1960, the Falcons defeated Cal Poly, 50–6. After the game, the Cal Poly team was in a deadly C-46 plane crash while taking off from the Toledo airport.


1960 Brazilian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Brazil on 3 October 1960. Jânio Quadros of the National Labor Party, helming a coalition of the PTN, the National Democratic Union and the Christian Democratic Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 48.3% of the vote. Voter turnout was 81.0%.


1960 Brazilian presidential election
Quadros' victory was the largest in Brazilian history at the time; the 15.6 percent margin of victory would remain a record until Fernando Henrique Cardoso won by 27 points in 1994. When Quadros took office on January 31, 1961, it marked the first time since Brazil had become a republic in 1889 that an incumbent government peacefully transferred power to an elected member of the opposition. It also marked the first time in 31 years that the presidency had not been won by an heir to the legacy of Getúlio Vargas.


1960 Brazilian presidential election
This would be the last free presidential election held in Brazil until 1985.


1960 Brighouse and Spenborough by-election
A by-election was held for the British House of Commons constituency of Brighouse and Spenborough on 17 March 1960. The seat became vacant following the death on 23 November 1959 of the Labour Party Member of Parliament Lewis John Edwards, who had held the seat since a by-election in 1950, but whose majority had been cut to only 47 votes at the 1959 general election.


1960 Brighouse and Spenborough by-election
The result was a narrow gain for the Conservative and National Liberal candidate; in 1950, the National Liberal party, once strong in the constituency, had merged with the Conservatives. Michael Shaw, who won the election, had been the defeated candidate in 1959. However, Colin Jackson (the Labour candidate at the by-election) would go on to regain the seat for his party at the 1964 general election. Shaw went on to represent Scarborough from 1966 to February 1974, as a Conservative, and the seat of Scarborough and Whitby from then until 1992, when he stood down.


1960 Brighouse and Spenborough by-election
This was the first seat gained by an incumbent government at a by-election since the 1953 Sunderland South by-election. Other than the special circumstances of the 1961 Bristol South-East by-election, awarded to the Conservatives by an Election Court, this feat was not repeated until the 1982 Mitcham and Morden by-election. The only other examples of a government by-election gain in the post-war period have been the 2017 Copeland by-election and the 2021 Hartlepool by-election.


1960 British Columbia general election
The 1960 British Columbia general election was the 26th general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on August 3, 1960, and held on September 12, 1960. The new legislature met for the first time on January 26, 1961.


1960 British Columbia general election
The conservative Social Credit of Premier W.A.C. Bennett was re-elected with a majority in the legislature to a fourth term in government despite losing seven percentage points of the popular vote and seven of its seats in the legislature.


1960 British Columbia general election
The opposition Co-operative Commonwealth Federation increased both its share of the popular vote and its number of seats.


1960 British Columbia general election
The British Columbia Liberal Party lost a small part of its popular vote, but managed to double its caucus from two to four members.


1960 British Columbia general election
The Progressive Conservative Party doubled its share of the popular vote to almost 7%, but won no seats in the legislature.


1960 British Columbia general election, Results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1960 British Grand Prix
The 1960 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit, Northamptonshire, England, on 16 July 1960. It was race 7 of 10 in the 1960 World Championship of Drivers and race 6 of 9 in the 1960 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The race was won by reigning World Champion Jack Brabham and Innes Ireland finished in third place. Between the two, multiple motorcycle Grand Prix World Champion John Surtees (in only his second ever Formula One Grand Prix) took second place.


1960 British Grand Prix, Classification, Race
* Lance Reventlow and Chuck Daigh were entered with the same vehicle following extensive damage to their Scarab cars at the preceding French Grand Prix. Daigh proved the faster during practice and so Reventlow was withdrawn.


1960 British Saloon Car Championship
The 1960 Supa Tura British Saloon Car Championship was the third season of the championship. This year the championship ran to a 'silhouette' formula with an engine capacity limit of 1000cc. Doc Shepherd won the drivers title with an Austin A40 ran by Don Moore Racing, after finishing as runner-up the previous year.


1960 British Saloon Car Championship, Calendar & winners
All races were held in the United Kingdom. Overall winners of multi-class races in bold.


1960 British Somaliland parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in British Somaliland on 17 February 1960. The result was a victory for the Somali National League (SNL), which won 20 of the 33 seats in the Legislative Council.


1960 British Somaliland parliamentary election, Background
Although a Legislative Council had been elected in 1959, a new constitution led to the Council having an elected majority; 33 elected seats and three government officials.


1960 British Somaliland parliamentary election, Electoral system
The 33 elected members of the Council were elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting.


1960 British Virgin Islands general election
General elections were held in the British Virgin Islands on 11 October 1960 for seats on the Legislative Council of the British Virgin Islands.


1960 British Virgin Islands general election
For the general election the Territory was divided into five districts, the largest of which (the 2nd District - Road Town) would have two members. All seats were contested.


1960 British Virgin Islands general election, Candidates
At the time candidates were not affiliated with political parties. The following candidates stood:


1960 British West Indies Championships
The 1960 British West Indies Championships was the fourth edition of the track and field competition between British colony nations in the Caribbean. It was held in Kingston, Jamaica. A total of 31 events were contested, twenty-two by men and nine by women. The women's programme was extended with three throwing events. A new men's event was also included: the athletics pentathlon was the first and only time that a combined track and field event was contested at the completion.


1960 British West Indies Championships
Jamaica's Anne Golding was the most successful athlete of the tournament, winning all three inaugural women's throwing events. Harry Prowell succeeded his fellow British Guianan, George de Peana, as the dominant long-distance runner by winning the 5000 m and 10,000 m races. Leroy Keane of Jamaica was the only other athlete to win two titles: he topped the podium in the 400 metres hurdles and also the pentathlon.


1960 British West Indies Championships
Six men managed to retain their 1959 titles: Wilton Jackson (200 m), George Kerr (800 m), Ralph Gomes (a third 1500 m title), Keith Gardner (110 m hurdles), Moses Dwarika  (half marathon) and Sydney Thomas (3000 m walk). Brenda Archer was the only woman to defend her 1959 title, doing so in the women's high jump.


1960 British West Indies Championships
This competition preceded the assembly of the first British West Indies Olympic team. At the 1960 Summer Olympics, the federation won two medals: reigning British West Indies 800 m champion George Kerr took the bronze medal in his speciality, and a team of Kerr, James Wedderburn, Gardner and Mal Spence won a second bronze in the 4×400 metres relay.


1960 British West Indies Championships
Saint Lucia had its first ever medallist at the tournament in the form of Imbert Roberts's gold in the men's shot put.


1960 Brown Bears football team
The 1960 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Brown tied for last place in the Ivy League.


1960 Brown Bears football team
In their second season under head coach John McLaughry, the Bears compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored 212 to 100. W. Packer was the team captain.


1960 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 1–6 conference record tied for seventh in the Ivy League. They were outscored by Ivy opponents 184 to 45.


1960 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1960 Brownlow Medal
The 1960 Brownlow Medal was the 33rd year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. John Schultz of the Footscray Football Club won the medal by polling twenty votes during the 1960 VFL season.


1960 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1960 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University in the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. Bucknell was awarded the Lambert Cup as the best small-college football team in the East.


1960 Bucknell Bison football team
In their third year under head coach Bob Odell, the Bison compiled a 7–2 record. Their 5–1 conference record placed second in the University Division of the Middle Atlantic Conference. Clifford Melberger was the team captain.


1960 Bucknell Bison football team
Bucknell played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1960 Buenos Aires Grand Prix
The 1960 Buenos Aires Grand Prix was a Formula Libre race over 75 laps of the Parque Sarmient circuit in Cordoba. The race was won by Maurice Trintignant in a Cooper T51.


1960 Buffalo Bills season
The 1960 Buffalo Bills season was the team's first season in the American Football League (AFL). Home games were played at War Memorial Stadium in Buffalo, New York. Head Coach Buster Ramsey's Bills compiled a 5–8–1 record, placing them third in the AFL Eastern Division.


1960 Buffalo Bills season
Unlike most of the offensive-minded AFL, the Bills focused on defense, allowing the third-fewest points in the league (303). Their defensive line boasted Laverne Torczon and Chuck McMurtry (both of whom were 1st Team All-AFL in 1960), as well as a mobile, hard-hitting middle linebacker in Archie Matsos, who was AFL All-Star in each of the three seasons he spent in Buffalo. The Bills' defense led the league in fewest passing yards allowed (2,130) and most passes intercepted (33), with NFL veterans Richie McCabe and Jim Wagstaff in their secondary.


1960 Buffalo Bills season
The Bills' offense, however, was not as competent. The 1960 Bills had the worst passing attack in the AFL, throwing for 2,346 yards. Former Cleveland Browns quarterback Tommy O'Connell started the season 1–3 before being replaced by Johnny Green. Green would go 3–3 as a starter, despite only completing 39% of his passes. Richie Lucas, the Bills' first ever draft pick, was a bust, both at quarterback and at halfback, throwing only 49 passes all season.


1960 Buffalo Bills season
The Bills did show glimmers of hope on offense, however, by showcasing running back Wray Carlton and flanker Elbert Dubenion, who would later go on to be AFL All-Stars for the Bills in the mid-1960s.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Uniforms
In their first season, the Bills wore silver helmets and light blue home jerseys. Their road jerseys were white with light blue letters. The team wore white pants both at home and on the road. The Bills' helmets displayed the player's number in light blue on the side where the logo would normally be (much like the Alabama Crimson Tide's helmets).


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Uniforms
The uniforms, not coincidentally, resembled those of the Detroit Lions of the National Football League. Bills owner Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. grew up in Detroit, and had once been a minority owner in the Lions.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason
When Lamar Hunt announced formation of the American Football League in the summer of 1959, Buffalo was one of the target cities Hunt sought, based on its previous success with the Bills in the AAFC.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason
His first choice of owner, however, turned him down; Pat McGroder (then a liquor store owner and sports liaison with the city of Buffalo) was still hopeful that the threat of the AFL would prompt the NFL to come back to Buffalo to try and stop the AFL from gaining a foothold there (as the NFL would do with teams in Minnesota, Dallas, St. Louis and later Atlanta). McGroder's hopes never came to fruition, and in 1961, he took a position in the new Bills organization.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason
Harry Wismer, who was to own the Titans of New York franchise, reached out to insurance salesman and automobile heir Ralph C. Wilson, Jr. to see if he was interested in joining the upstart league. (Both Wismer and Wilson were minority owners of NFL franchises at the time: Wilson part-owned the Detroit Lions, while Wismer was a small partner in the Washington Redskins but had little power due to majority owner George Preston Marshall's near-iron fist over the team and the league). Wilson agreed to field a team in the new league, with the words "Count me in.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason
I'll take a franchise anywhere you suggest." Hunt gave him the choice of six cities: Miami, Buffalo, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Atlanta, or Louisville, Kentucky; after being turned down in his effort to put a team in Miami, he consulted with Detroit media, who connected him with McGroder and The Buffalo News managing editor Paul Neville; their efforts to lobby Wilson to come to Buffalo were successful, and Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the now-famous words, "Count me in with Buffalo."


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Offseason
The Buffalo Bills were a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. After a public contest, the team adopted the same name as the AAFC Buffalo Bills, the former All-America Football Conference team in Buffalo.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, 1960 AFL Draft
Two Rounds of draft were held, the first round called "First Selections", the second round "Second Selections".


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Season schedule, Preseason
Dates that do not have a day of the week listed are Sunday dates.


1960 Buffalo Bills season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1960 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1960 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. In its sixth season under head coach Dick Offenhamer, the team compiled a 4–6 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1960 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1960 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 20th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Septemvri Sofia and Lokomotiv Plovdiv on 15 June 1960 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Septemvri won the final 4–3 after extra time.


1960 Burmese general election
General elections were held in Burma on 6 February 1960 to install a government to take over from General Ne Win's interim administration, established in October 1958. The military-led administration was credited for bringing stability and improving infrastructure in the country, though it suppressed some civil liberties.


1960 Burmese general election
The elections were seen as not so much a contest between the Clean AFPFL of U Nu against the Stable AFPFL of Kyaw Nyein and Ba Swe, but a referendum on the policies of the interim military government between 1958 and 1960. The result was a victory for the Clean AFPFL, which won 157 of the 250 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.


1960 Burmese general election
The elections set a precedent to other Middle Eastern and South Asian leaders, where the military voluntarily handed over to a civilian government and held free elections. However, only two years after his election victory, U Nu was overthrown in a coup d'état led by General Ne Win on 2 March 1962.


1960 Burmese general election, Campaign
The Clean AFPFL, led by U Nu, and Stable AFPFL, led by U Kyaw Nyein and U Ba Swe, had been formed after a split in the main AFPFL party in June 1958. Until the military took over in October 1958, U Nu relied on the communists to retain a majority in parliament.


1960 Burmese general election, Campaign
Despite the formation of the two parties, there were no major ideological differences between them and their policies were similar, especially with regards to non-alignment, although the Stable faction favoured industrialisation and the Clean faction spoke more of agricultural development. The Stable faction had given the impression it was favoured by the army, but, after realising the army was not as favoured as first thought, distanced itself. It had also argued it represented stability. Meanwhile, the "Clean" faction warned against the "dangers of fascist dictatorship", and criticised the current leaders for their "drinking and womanising". The communist NUF was severely repressed by the caretaker military government and was therefore outside the two main parties.


1960 Burmese general election, Campaign
The Clean AFPFL chose yellow to campaign, as it was the colour worn by monks, while the Stable AFPFL chose red and the National Union Front chose blue.


1960 Burmese general election, Conduct
An estimated 10,000,000 Burmese were eligible to vote. The military largely stayed away on voting day, although it was present at some ballot boxes. Boxes for the "Clean" faction featured pictures of U Nu which the "Stable" faction and other smaller parties alleged confused the voter into thinking they were voting for Nu personally. Polls closed at 6pm and a crowd estimated at 20,000 gathered at the Sule Pagoda in the capital Rangoon to hear results as they were posted. The "Clean" faction took all 9 seats in the capital including one they were prepared to concede, while the "Stable" faction had some strength in the countryside.


1960 Burmese general election, Conduct
Media coverage of the event was restricted to print media only and vigorously covered, but was largely ignored by the state-run Burma Broadcasting Service which had not aired opposition coverage since before the AFPFL split.


1960 Burmese general election, Results
Voter turnout was the highest in a Burmese election. U Nu, remarking on his victory, said "I guess people like us".


1960 CCCF Championship
The 1960 CCCF Championship was played in Havana, Cuba from 14 February to 29 February. Costa Rica emerged as champion.


1960 CCCF Youth Championship
The 1960 CCCF Youth Championship was an age restricted association football competition organised by the CCCF. All games were hosted in Tegucigalpa and took place between 14 and 28 August.


1960 CFL season
The 1960 Canadian Football League season is considered to be the seventh season in modern-day Canadian football, although it is officially the third Canadian Football League season.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
The IRFU changed its name to become the Eastern Football Conference.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
The Calgary Stampeders moved into McMahon Stadium on Monday, August 15, after it took only 103 days to be built.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
On September 14, four of the six directors of the Montreal Alouettes abruptly resigned their positions. The resignations of Lucien Beauregard, Morgan N. Johnston, David C. McConnell and W. Heard Wert left only owner-president Ted Workman and general manager-coach Perry Moss on the board.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
Rosters were reduced from 40 players to 34 on September 15.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
Ottawa's Ron Stewart rushed for 287 yards on 16 carries in a game in Montreal against the Alouettes on Monday, October 10. He rushed for four touchdowns, one in each quarter, on runs of 39, 51, 51 and 37 yards. He broke the single-game record of 217 yards held previously by Hamilton's Gerry McDougall.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
The Winnipeg Blue Bombers honoured their 11-year veteran guard with "Buddy Tinsley Night" at half-time during their Thursday, October 13, 1960, game versus the BC Lions. The Winnipeg crowd of 16,773 was delighted when Tinsley lined up at fullback and took a hand-off from quarterback Kenny Ploen over from the BC one-yard line for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960
At league meetings during Grey Cup week, Western teams dropped their insistence on sharing in the lucrative television rights payments received by the Big Four (Eastern) teams as a condition of accepting an interlocking schedule. It was agreed to begin a partially interlocking schedule in 1961, with travel costs to be offset by an across-the-board surcharge of 25 cents on the price of every ticket sold (each team, every seat, every game).


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
Four teams (Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg and Hamilton) played their annual split-squad scrimmages at the conclusion of their preliminary training camps.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
25 players received skin burns during an Edmonton–Calgary game played at Mewata Stadium in Calgary on July 20. Two Eskimos, Roger Nelson and Jim Shipka, were treated in a Calgary hospital. Two Stampeders, Doug Brown and Ernest Warlick, filed damage claims with the City of Calgary. The lime used for field markings initially was suspected as being the cause, although laboratory tests later determined it was fully hydrated and should not have been the culprit. Fertilizer also was suggested as a possible cause of the skin burns.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
On July 28, the Saskatchewan Roughriders played the London Lords of the Senior Ontario Rugby Football Union in London, Ontario, and beat their hosts 38–0.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
On July 29, the BC Lions played the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Part of the local appeal was the presence on three former University of Iowa stars, Kenny Ploen and Ray Jauch of the Blue Bombers, and Willie Fleming of the BC Lions.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
After playing (and losing to) the NFL Chicago Cardinals in 1959, the Toronto Argonauts hosted the NFL Pittsburgh Steelers at CNE Stadium on August 3 and lost 43–16. Both teams used 12 players, with a handful of NFL rules (blocking, punt returns) blended into the Canadian game.


1960 CFL season, CFL News in 1960, 1960 Preseason
Toronto also played host to an NFL exhibition game between the Chicago Bears and the New York Giants, at Varsity Stadium on Monday, August 15. Top ticket price was $10, which was the most ever charged for a non-Grey Cup game in Toronto. George Halas of the Bears, who also served as chairman of the NFL's expansion committee, admitted that in 1961 the NFL would have 14 teams, an awkward number, and that 16 teams would be more convenient for scheduling. It was suggested that this game was a trial balloon for a possible expansion team in Toronto. Chicago defeated the Giants by a 16–7 score, but the paid attendance was only 5,401, handing the promoters a $30,000 loss and effectively ending any chance of an NFL team north of the border.


1960 CFL season, Regular-season standings, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1960 CFL season, Playoff bracket, Grey Cup Championship
48th Annual Grey Cup Game: Empire Stadium – Vancouver, British Columbia


1960 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1960 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1960 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by 11th-year head coach LeRoy Hughes and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of one wins and five losses (1–5, 1–2 CCAA).


1960 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Tragedy struck following the game at Bowling Green State University on Saturday, October 29, 1960 when a plane leaving Toledo Airport crashed killing 22 people. This included 16 Cal Poly Mustang football players and the team manager. Cal Poly cancelled the rest of their scheduled games in the 1960 season (vs. Los Angeles State, UC Santa Barbara, and Adams State). The following year, a benefit game was held to raise a memorial fund for the survivors and bereaved families. It was called the Mercy Bowl and was held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles. The game between Fresno State University and Bowling Green State University on November 23, 1961 raised more than $200,000.


1960 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Mustangs were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
The 1960 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis Unit during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly played as an independent in 1960.


1960 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
Cal Poly Pomona was led by fourth-year head coach Don Warhurst. They played home games on campus in Pomona, California. The Broncos finished the season with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 201–134 for the season.


1960 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Pomona players were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 Calare by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Calare on 5 November 1960. This was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP John Howse.


1960 Calare by-election
The by-election was won by Country Party candidate John England.


1960 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1960 Calgary Stampeders finished in 3rd place in the W.I.F.U. with a 6–8–2 record. They were defeated in the West Semi-Finals by the Edmonton Eskimos.


1960 Calgary Stampeders season
This was the first season at McMahon Stadium for the Stamps.


1960 California Golden Bears football team
The 1960 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its first year under head coach Marv Levy, the team compiled a 2–7–1 record (1–3 against AAWU opponents), finished in fourth place in the AAWU, and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 195 to 93.


1960 California Golden Bears football team
The team's statistical leaders included Randy Gold with 696 passing yards, Steve Bates with 384 rushing yards, and Dave George with 128 receiving yards. Cal center Dick Carlson received recognition from the Associated Press (AP) as a second-team player on the 1960 All-Pacific Coast football team.


1960 Cambodian policy referendum
A referendum on government policy was held in Cambodia on 5 June 1960. Voters were offered four choices of policies to approve; those of Norodom Sihanouk, Son Ngoc Thanh or the communists, with a fourth choice of being "indifferent". Sihanouk's policies received all but 359 of the two million ballots cast.


1960 Cameroonian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Cameroon on 21 February 1960. The new constitution would make the country a federal presidential republic with a unicameral federal parliament. It was passed by 60% of voters with a 75.5% turnout.


1960 Cameroonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cameroon on 10 April 1960. They were the first elections held in accordance with the new constitution, approved in a referendum in February, which created a unicameral federal National Assembly. The result was a slim victory for the Cameroonian Union, forcing it to govern in coalition. However, the election was marred by severe irregularities. Voter turnout was 69.5%.


1960 Cameroonian parliamentary election, Results
Julienne Keutcha was the only woman elected, becoming the first directly-elected female member of the Cameroonian parliament.


1960 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The Campeonato Argentino de Rugby 1960 was won by the selection of Buenos Aires Province ("Provincia") that beat in the final the selection of Capital.


1960 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
In this edition, made his first appearance the selection of Rio Negro y Neuquén, while disappear the selection of La Plata, encapsulated in the "Provincia". The semifinals was not played as usual in Buenos Aires, but in Rosario and Tucuman.


1960 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Rosario: E. García, E. España, J. Pellejero, J.Caballero, J. Dimasse, O. Aletta, J. Ruiz, A. Paván, E. Kaden, R. Cerfoglio (cap. ), A. Colla, E. Paquez, M. Chesta, N. Robson, R. Esmendi. Capital: J. Lafleur, E. Krossler, A. Álvarez, L. Méndez, C. Salinas, A. Guastella (cap. ), A. Sáenz Valiente, E. Gaviña, H. Vidou, G. McCormick, J. Lumi, W. Bunge, D. Churchill Browne, L. Sutton, R. Hogg.


1960 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Norte: C. Ponce, Campos, J. Terán, Peiró, J. Esteban, J. Nucci, A. Frías Silva, Silva, M. Arcuri, E. Medina, J. Paz, C. Diambra, R. Terán Vega, J. Centurión, J. Ritorto. , Provincia: J. Ríos, E. Neri, R. Oliveri, J. Guidi, R. Magnani, J. Cam¬pos, E. Holmgren, G. Montes de Oca, A. Salinas, E. Mitchelstein, R. Schmidt, B. Otaño, W. Aniz, J. Casanegra, E. Sorhaburu.


1960 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Provincia: J. Ríos, E. Neri, J. Guidi, R. Oliveri, R. Magnani, I. Co¬mas, E. Holmgren, G. Montes de Oca, A. Salinas (cap. ), E. Mit¬chelstein, R. Schmidt, B. Otaño, E. Sorhaburu, J. Casanegra, W. Aniz Capital: J. Lafleur, E. Krossler, L. Méndez, E. Karplus, C. Salinas, A. Guastella (cap. ), A. Sáenz Valiente, R. Hogg, D. Churchill Brow¬ne, L. Sutton, J. Lumi, W Bunge, E. Gaviña, H. Vidou, G. Mac Cormick


1960 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
The 1960 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the 1960 Taça Brasil) was the 2nd edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. It began on September 6, 1960, and ended on December  28, 1960.


1960 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Format
The competition was a single elimination knockout tournament featuring two-legged ties, with a Tie-Break (play-off) if the sides were tied on points (however, if the tie-break was a draw, the aggregate score of the first two legs was used to determine the winner).


1960 Campeonato Carioca
The 1960 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on July 24, 1960 and ended on December 18, 1960. It was organized by FCF (Federação Carioca de Futebol, or Carioca Football Federation). Twelve teams participated. América won the title for the 7th time, their last title to date. no teams were relegated.


1960 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1960 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol
The 1960 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol (English: Ecuadorian Football Championship) was the 2nd national championship for football teams in Ecuador. The tournament returned after a two-year hiatus using with the same format, but expanded the field of teams from four to eight.


1960 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol
For the second season in a row, a Guayaquil team won the national championship. Barcelona won their first national title, which allowed them to participate in the 1961 Copa Campeones. They are the first Ecuadorian club to play in the continental tournament.


1960 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol, Qualified teams
The number of teams for this season expanded from four to eight. The qualified teams were the top four teams from the Guayaquil and Interandino leagues.


1960 Campeonato Paulista
The 1960 Campeonato Paulista da Divisão Especial, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 59th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Santos won the title for the 5th time. América, Corinthians de Presidente Prudente and Ponte Preta were relegated and the top scorer was Santos's Pelé with 34 goals.


1960 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title and the team with the fewest points being relegated. Aside of that, the three teams directly above the last-placed team would dispute a playoff to define the other two relegation berths.


1960 Campeonato Profesional
The 1960 Campeonato Profesional was the 13th season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 12 teams competed against one another and played each weekend. Santa Fe won the league for the 3rd time in its history after getting 61 points. Millonarios, the defending champion, was 6th with 45 points.


1960 Campeonato Profesional, Background
The same 12 teams from the last tournament competed in this one. Santa Fe won the championship for the third time.


1960 Campeonato Profesional, League system
Every team played four games against each other team, two at home and two away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.


1960 Campionato Italiano season
The 1960 Campionatio Italiano was the 3rd season of the Campionato Italiano. Renato Pirocchi won this championship. Many rounds were run in conjunction 1960 Campionatio A.N.P.E.C./Auto Italiana d’Europa (World Car Trophy Italian ANPEC), which saw Colin Davis win the title.


1960 Canada Cup
The 1960 Canada Cup took place 23–26 June at Portmarnock Golf Club in Portmarnock, north-east of Dublin, Ireland. It was the eighth Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 30 teams. These were the same teams that had competed in 1959 but without South Korea and Indonesia and with the addition of Peru and Central Africa. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The American team of Arnold Palmer and Sam Snead won by eight strokes over the English team of Bernard Hunt and Harry Weetman. The individual competition was won by the Belgian Flory Van Donck, who finished two shots ahead of Sam Snead.


1960 Cannes Film Festival
The 13th Cannes Film Festival was held from 4 to 20 May 1960. The Palme d'Or went to the La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini. The festival opened with Ben-Hur, directed by William Wyler.


1960 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1960 competition:


1960 Cannes Film Festival, Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:


1960 Cannes Film Festival, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1960 Cape Grand Prix
The 1960 Cape Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula Libre rules, held on 17 December 1960 at Killarney in South Africa. The race was run over 72 laps of the circuit, and was just won by British driver Stirling Moss in a Porsche 718. Jo Bonnier came in second with the fastest lap. The German driver Wolfgang von Trips was third in a Lotus.


1960 Caribbean Series
The twelfth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was a baseball tournament held from February 10 through February 15, 1960 featuring the champion teams from Cuba (Cienfuegos), Panama (Marlboro), Puerto Rico (Caguas) and  Venezuela (Rapiños). The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice, and the games were played at Estadio Nacional of Panama City.


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
It was the final edition of the first stage of the CBWS, after MLB Commissioner Ford Frick banned American players from playing in Cuba for the 1960-61 winter season. As response, in March 1961 the Fidel Castro government would decree the abolition of professional sport in Cuba. The Series would be suspended until 1970, reconstituting without Cuba and Panama, while adding the Dominican Republic. Cuba would return to the Series in 2014.


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
For the seventh time, and fifth consecutive year, Cuba won the CBWS championship with an undefeated record of 6-0. The Cuban team, managed by Tony Castaño, was led by a pitching staff anchored by big leaguers Camilo Pascual, who went 2-0 with 15 strikeouts including a one-hit shutout, and Pedro Ramos (one win, one save) and Orlando Peña (one win, one save).


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
The offense was paced by outfielder George Altman, who co-led the series hitters with a .438 average, and first baseman Rogelio Alvarez (.333, two HR, .750 SLG, six runs, 10 RBI), second baseman Cookie Rojas (.429, one HR), OF Dan Dobbek (2 HR, .800 SLG) and OF Tony González (.429). Catcher Ray Noble and shortstop Leo Cárdenas also contributed in the defense.


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
Panama ended in second place with a 3-3 mark and was led by catcher/manager Wilmer Shantz. The team led the Series with 45 runs, powered by OF Eddie Napoleón, who shared the batting title with George Altman, as well 1B/OF Stan Palys (two HR, 12 RBI, 6 runs, .704 SLG), Héctor López (.370, 2 HR, 10 RBI, two stolen bases) and Lee Tate (eight runs, three doubles). Also in the roster were pitchers Bob Milo, Ken Rowe, Humberto Robinson and Robert Waltz, outfielder Joe Caffie and 1B Jim Gentile, who was injured at the start.


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
Puerto Rico, managed by first baseman Vic Power, finished third with a 2-4 record. The team led the tournament with 10 home runs but only scored 27 runs. OF Tommy Davis was named the Series Most Valuable Player after hitting .409 with three homers, six RBI, seven runs, two stolen bases,  and a .818 SLG%. Other contributions came from third baseman Woody Huyke (.350, one HR, .500 SLG), SS Félix Torres (3 HR), and OF/1B Orlando Cepeda (.333, .524 SLG, two SB). The team's two victories came from pitchers Earl Wilson (1-1, 15 strikeouts in 15 innings pitched)  and Juan Pizarro (1-1, 16 SO in 14 IP).


1960 Caribbean Series, Summary
Venezuela was represented by the Occidental League champion as a late replacement after a players strike in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. The Rapiños team ended in last place with a 1-5 record and was managed by Les Moss. Venezuela's only victory came at expense of Puerto Rico behind a strong pitching effort by Ed Hobaugh. The starting rotation was depleted after Julián Ladera was injured, while Billy Muffett (0-2, 6.00 ERA) was a notable weak spot, even though he pitched a 12-inning complete game. The offense was guided by CF Willie Davis (.333, .593 SLG, two SB) and 3B Luis García (.333, one HR, .542 SLG). 2B Bob Aspromonte and SS Luis Aparicio provided a solid middle infield defense.


1960 Carshalton by-election
The 1960 Carshalton by-election was held on 16 November 1960 when the incumbent Conservative MP, Antony Head, was elevated to the peerage on appointment as British High Commissioner to Nigeria. It was retained by the Conservative candidate Walter Elliot.


1960 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1960 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. In their 10th season under head coach Kenneth "Bill" Kelly, the Chippewas compiled a 3–5 record (3–3 against IIAC opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 165 to 161.


1960 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The team's statistical leaders included Wally Sadosty with 531 passing yards, Bob Fisher with 492 rushing yards, and Len Jagello with 150 receiving yards. Fisher received the team's most valuable player award. Two Central Michigan players (defensive backs Frank Gawkowski and Jerry O'Neil) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team.


1960 Chatham Cup
The 1960 Chatham Cup was the 33rd annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1960 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds. Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included North Shore United, Hamilton Technical Old Boys, Kahukura (Bay of Plenty), Eastern Union (Gisborne), Moturoa AFC (New Plymouth), Napier Rovers, Wanganui Athletic, Kiwi United (Manawatu), Masterton Athletic, Northern Wellington, Nelson Athletic, Technical Old Boys (Christchurch), Northern (Dunedin), and Invercargill Thistle.


1960 Chatham Cup, The 1960 final
North Shore United won the cup for a second time, having previously been champions in 1952. The aggregate of eight goals in the final equalled the record set in the 1940 final, previously equalled in 1955 and 1958. The final was the perfect way for North Shore to celebrate their 75th anniversary. From a 1-1 half-time deadlock, NSU quickly raced to a 3–1 lead. Tech reduced the deficit before North Shore added two more goals. Technical completed the scoring with the sixth goal of the half, but were left two goals adrift of the winners. North Shore United's goals were scored by Tony Lowndes (2), John Ryan, Tom Paterson, and Ken Armstrong, while Ted Charlton, John Campbell, and Arthur Verham scored for Tech.


1960 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1960 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. In their 30th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 5–5 record.


1960 Chicago Bears season
The 1960 Chicago Bears season was their 41st regular season completed in the National Football League. The team finished with a 5–6–1 record under George Halas, finishing fifth in the NFL Western Conference, a game below .500, a rare sight under a Halas coached team. The Bears lost all three games in December by significant margins, the last two being shutouts.


1960 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1960 Chicago Cubs season
The 1960 Chicago Cubs season was the 89th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 85th in the National League and the 45th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished seventh in the eight-team National League with a record of 60–94, 35 games behind the NL and World Series champion Pittsburgh Pirates. The Cubs drew 809,770 fans to Wrigley Field, also seventh in the circuit.


1960 Chicago Cubs season
The 1960 Cubs were managed by two men, Charlie Grimm and Lou Boudreau. Grimm, 61, began his third different tenure as the team's pilot at the outset of the season, but after only 17 games he swapped jobs on May 4 with Cubs' broadcaster Boudreau. On that day, the Cubs were 6–11 and in seventh place, six games behind Pittsburgh. Boudreau, 42, managed the Cubs for the season's final 137 contests, posting a 54–83 (.394) mark. The team avoided the cellar by only one game over the tailending Philadelphia Phillies.


1960 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Chicago White Sox season
The 1960 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 60th season in the major leagues, and its 61st season overall. They finished with a record of 87–67, good enough for third place in the American League, 10 games behind the first-place New York Yankees.


1960 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1960 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1960 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1960 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1960. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1960 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1960 Wildcats were led by third-year head coach George Maderos. Chico State finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4, 2–3 FWC). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 163–146 for the season.


1960 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition
The 1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition was the first to successfully ascend Mount Everest via the North Ridge. Three members of the Chinese Everest Expedition Team, Wang Fuzhou, Gonpo, and Qu Yinhua reached the summit at 4:20 a.m., 25 May. The expedition left no photographic evidence at the summit, and was originally met with skepticism in the West. However, the international mountaineering community has generally acknowledged the result as more evidence has been revealed.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Preparation
In 1955, four athletes, led by Xu Jing, went to Soviet Transcaucasia to study mountaineering with an invitation from the Soviet Union. In 1957, six mountaineers, including Shi Zhanchun and Liu Lianman, summited Minya Konka, setting a domestic mountaineering record. The same year, the Soviet Union suggested to the Chinese Government that a Sino-Soviet joint climbing team should be formed for Mount Everest. The expedition was originally set for May 1959, but had to be postponed to 1960 due to the 1959 unrest in Tibet.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Preparation
Meanwhile, a 380 km-long road was built from Shigatse to Everest Base Camp, and a weather station was established. By 1960, however, Sino-Soviet split made a joint expedition impossible, and the Soviet Union team retracted all their equipment. The Chinese Government allocated 700,000 US dollars of foreign exchange to purchase mountaineering equipment from Switzerland. The total cost was comparable to that of the 1st National Games of China.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Preparation
At this time, summiting Mount Everest was designated as a "national task" for the upcoming China-Nepal border negotiations, as the status of Mount Everest was still disputed. In February 1960, the Chinese Everest Team, with 214 members, was formed. Han Fudong, leader of the "hero regiment" from Chinese Civil War Battle of Tashan, was appointed as director. Shi Zhanchun and Xu Jing was team leader and deputy leader, respectively.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Acclimatization expeditions
On 3 March 1960, the team of 192 members arrived at Everest Base Camp. They moved several tonnes of equipment to the Camp and set up Camp 1-3 at the base of East Rongbuk Glacier (5400 m), central part of the glacier (5900 m), and under the North Col (6400 m), respectively.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Acclimatization expeditions
On 19 March, the main members of the climbing team arrived at the Base Camp. On 25 March, the first acclimatization expedition was launched. The team moved equipment to Camp 3 and found a route pass the North Col. In the second expedition of 6 April, 4th Camp at 7007 m was set up. On 29 April, a third acclimatization expedition with the task of setting an Advance Camp at 8500 m was launched. The team encountered strong winds and only arrived at 7600 m in the next evening.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Acclimatization expeditions
In the evening of 2 May, Shi Zhanchun, Xu Jing, members Lhakpa Tsering and Migmar set off to chart a route and ascended to 8100 m. However, the transport team failed to catch up. The two Tibetan members returned to 7600 m, and Lhakpa Tsering climbed back to 8100 m with three transport team members, including Gonpo. While Lhakpa Tsering left to set a camp at 8100 m, Shi Zhanchun continued to climb the Second Step, and selected a route to the summit.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Acclimatization expeditions
After the third expedition, more than 50 team members, including Shi Zhanchun, suffered from frostbite and had to quit. In Beijing, Marshal He Long was following the team's progress and instructed the team to summit despite all costs. On 17 May, the final expedition was launched. In the afternoon, 23 May, Xu Jing, Wang Fuzhou, Liu Lianman and Gonpo set up the Advance Camp at 8500 m. Qu Yinhua and the transport team also arrived at the camp.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Final expedition
The 4-member-team set off at 9 a.m., 24 May. Soon, Xu Jing was exhausted and had to be replaced by Qu Yinhua. At 12 p.m., they arrived at the Second Step. After several unsuccessful attempts to climb over the Step's last section, Liu Lianman, who was previously a fireman, suggested a "human ladder". Qu Yinhua removed his shoes and socks, and stood on Liu Lianman's shoulder to fix ice picks and safety ropes. They climbed over the Second Step at 5 p.m.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Final expedition
With Liu Lianman remaining at a cave under the cliff, Wang Fuzhou led the other team members to continue ascending. Their oxygen was used up at 8800 m. At 4:20 a.m., 25 May, they arrived at the summit. The three members remained at the summit for 15 minutes, and left a 20 cm tall statue of Mao Zedong, a national flag, and a paper note.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Final expedition
The team retreated to 8500 m at 9 p.m., and then to 6400 m on 28 May. By 30 May, all members had retreated to the Base Camp. The celebration ceremony was held at the Base Camp on 1 June. Qu Yinhua lost all 10 toes and right index finger to frostbite.


1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition, Reaction
The expedition had no photographic evidence at summit as the team ascended at night. The team members were only able to record the final expedition at dawn, when they had already retreated to 8,700 m (28,500 ft). The plaster statue of Mao Zedong was gone by the time of the 1963 American expedition, too. Therefore, the news was originally met with suspicion in the West. However, evidences had persuaded many international mountaineers that the team indeed reached the summit. Most notably, features recorded in the 1960 expedition report, including details of the Third Step and terrain near the summit, matched with later summit attempts from the north side. Climbing without oxygen, which was previously regarded as impossible, is also increasingly common.


1960 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1960 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented University of Cincinnati during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Bearcats, led by first-year head coach George Blackburn, participated in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) and played their home games at Nippert Stadium.


1960 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1960 Cincinnati Reds season consisted of the Reds finishing in sixth place in the National League standings, with a record of 67–87, 28 games behind the National League and World Series champion Pittsburgh Pirates.


1960 Cincinnati Reds season
The Reds were managed by Fred Hutchinson and played their home games at Crosley Field and attracted 664,486 customers, eighth and last in the league.


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Cincinnati Reds season, Farm system
Havana franchise transferred to Jersey City and renamed July 13, 1960


1960 Claxton Shield
The 1960 Claxton Shield was the 21st annual Claxton Shield, it was held in Sydney, New South Wales. The participants were South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland. The series was won by South Australia, claiming their sixth Shield title.


1960 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1960 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its 21st season under head coach Frank Howard, the team compiled a 6–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents), finished fourth in the ACC, and outscored opponents by a total of 197 to 124. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.


1960 Clemson Tigers football team
Dave Lynn and Lowndes Shingler were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included Lowndes Shingler with 790 passing yards, Bill McGuirt with 320 rushing yards and 54 points scored (9 touchdowns), and Harry Pavilack with 272 receiving yards.


1960 Cleveland Browns season
The 1960 Cleveland Browns season was the team's 11th season with the National Football League. The 1960 Browns compiled an 8–3–1 record, and finished second in the NFL's Eastern Conference, behind the NFL champion Philadelphia Eagles. As runner-up, the Browns qualified for the inaugural third place Playoff Bowl in Miami, but lost 17–16 to the Detroit Lions on January 7.


1960 Cleveland Browns season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1960 Cleveland Indians season
The 1960 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Indians' fourth-place finish in the American League with a record of 76 wins and 78 losses, 21 games behind the AL Champion New York Yankees. This season was notable for the infamous trade of Rocky Colavito.


1960 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1960 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Head coach Alva Kelley returned for his second year, leading the team to an identical 2–7 record. John Maloney was the team captain.


1960 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The team played its home games at Colgate Athletic Field in Hamilton, New York.


1960 College Baseball All-America Team
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.


1960 College Baseball All-America Team
From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.


1960 College Football All-America Team
The 1960 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1960. The six selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1960 season are (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (2) the Associated Press (AP), (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (4) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (5) the Sporting News, and (6) the United Press International (UPI).


1960 College Football All-America Team
Seven players, including 1960 Heisman Trophy winner Joe Bellino of Navy, and College and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Mike Ditka of Pitt and Bob Lilly of TCU, were unanimously named first-team All-Americans by all six official selectors.


1960 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1960, the NCAA recognizes six published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1960 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia on 20 March 1960 to elect the Chamber of Representatives. Under the National Front agreement, only the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party were able to contest the elections, with 50% of the seats in both houses allocated to each party. As a result, the main contest at the elections was between factions within each party.


1960 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1960 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Head coach Sonny Grandelius led the team to a 6–1 mark in the "Big 8" and 7–3 overall, including a forfeit victory over Kansas.


1960 Colorado State College Bears baseball team
The 1960 Colorado State College Bears baseball team represented Colorado State College in the 1960 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Bears played their home games at Jackson Field. The team was coached by Pete Butler in his 18th year at Colorado State.


1960 Colorado State College Bears baseball team
The Bears won the District VII playoff to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the St. John's Redmen.


1960 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1960 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the Skyline Conference during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Don Mullison, the Rams compiled a 2–8 record (1–6 against Skyline opponents), finished last in the Skyline Conference, and were outscored by opponents by a total of 240 to 92.


1960 Colorado State Rams football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jon Crider with 305 passing yards, Brady Keys with 368 rushing yards, and Ward Gates with 209 receiving yards.


1960 Columbia Lions football team
The 1960 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Columbia finished fifth in the Ivy League.


1960 Columbia Lions football team
In their fourth season under head coach Aldo "Buff" Donelli, the Lions compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored 191 to 126. Robert McCool was the team captain.


1960 Columbia Lions football team
The Lions' 3–4 conference record placed fifth in the Ivy League. Columbia was outscored 121 to 118 by Ivy opponents.