1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Esther
On September 12, a mid-level circulation area formed over Nicaragua and slowly drifted northeastward into the Gulf of Mexico. As it entered the Gulf, the system developed thunderstorm activity and an area of low pressure, and as a result the Weather Bureau began initiating advisories on a newly formed tropical depression on September 16. The depression quickly intensified and attained tropical storm strength. Esther continued to strengthened, reaching a minimum pressure of 1000 mbar (hPa; 29.53 inHg) early on September 18, as reported by a hurricane reconnaissance flight. Shortly thereafter, the large tropical storm peaked with sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) as it made landfall to the southwest of Dulac, Louisiana. Esther weakened over land and later dissipated over the Mississippi Valley by 1200 UTC on September 19.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Esther
Like Tropical Storm Debbie, which had made landfall just a week prior in the same area, Esther's wind impacts were minimal. The strongest gust measured associated with the storm was 75 mph (121 km/h), as recorded at Pensacola International Airport. Other locations reported similar gusts and strong winds in squalls. Heavy rains persisted in the region well after Esther moved inland, resulting in high rainfall amounts. Rainfall peaked at 18.39 in (467 mm) in Quarantine, Louisiana, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The heavy rains breached several levees, resulting in severe flooding, particularly in Buras, Louisiana. Although rainfall was beneficial in many places due to an existing drought, cotton, pecan, and peanut crops were damaged by the floods. While crop damage amounted to $1 million, property damage amounted to $1.5 million. Esther also caused three indirect deaths, all of which were in Louisiana.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frieda
On September 20, a low pressure area developed within the same frontal boundary that had curved Hurricane Carrie towards the Azores. Rapidly developing, the system was classified as a tropical depression at 1200 UTC later that day, southwest of Bermuda. Initially, the depression was ill-defined and was slowly moving to the southwest. The following day, the attached cold front dissipated, allowing for the system to intensify. The system was subsequently upgraded a tropical storm by September 22, following a reconnaissance flight into the system which reported a minimum pressure of 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg).


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frieda
At the time, however, Frieda was a small system with minimal shower activity. Gradually strengthening, Frieda reached an initial peak intensity with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) later that day. Following the split of an upper-level ridge to the north, Frieda recurved towards the northeast the next day. As it sped to the northeast, a westerly shortwave progressed eastward, enhancing environmental conditions. As a result, the tropical storm began to quickly strengthen.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Frieda
By 1200 UTC on September 25, Frieda attained hurricane strength, and reached peak intensity with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 992 mbar (hPa; 29.30 inHg), as reported by the Canadian merchant ship Irvingbrook. However, a cold front associated with the shortwave encountered the hurricane, which caused it to transition into an extratropical cyclone on September 26. Frieda's extratropical remnants later passed over Newfoundland. Though Frieda remained far from any land masses, a peak rainfall amount of 3.26 in (83 mm) was measured in Bermuda.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
On October 22, an area of thunderstorm activity developed north of the Lesser Antilles, and barometric pressures fell throughout the region. The following day, a cut-off low developed and strengthened along the edge of a trough extending from Bermuda. This justified the classification of the system as a tropical depression on October 23, 500 mi (800 km) northeast of Puerto Rico. Moving towards the west, the depression attained tropical storm strength shortly after formation. A ship reported a minimum pressure of 999 mbar (hPa; 29.50 inHg) in the storm's vicinity.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
The large system gradually strengthened the following day, reaching its peak intensity by 1800 UTC on October 24. A ship reported a minimum pressure of 993 mbar (hPa; 29.33 inHg) early the next day, the lowest pressure measured in association with the tropical storm. At the same time, the tropical storm also recurved towards the northeast. Heading towards more northerly latitudes, a gradual weakening trend began, due to the presence of an extratropical system. The tropical storm was itself absorbed by the same system on October 27. This storm may not have been named operationally due to a lack of discernible tropical characteristics.


1957 Atlantic hurricane season, Storm names
The following names were used for tropical cyclones that reached at least tropical storm intensity in the North Atlantic in 1957. However, two of such storms, the first and last, went unnamed. The name Audrey would later be retired, only the seventh name to do so. Storms were named Audrey, Bertha, Carrie, Debbie, Esther, and Frieda for the first (and only, in the case of Audrey) time in 1957.


1957 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1957 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. It was the Tigers' 66th overall and 25th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Ralph "Shug" Jordan, in his seventh year, and played their home games at Cliff Hare Stadium in Auburn and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished their undefeated season (10–0 overall, 7–0 in the SEC) as SEC champion and national champion, as selected by NCAA-designated major selectors of Associated Press, Billingsley, Football Research, Helms, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), and Williamson.


1957 Auburn Tigers football team
Ohio State was named the national champion by the Coaches' Poll, despite having 1 loss. This has led to questions as to whom the championship should really go to. Most writers chose Ohio State due to their Rose Bowl win over Oregon. This was the first of only two times in the history of the AP championship that it was awarded to a team on probation not allowed to participate in a bowl game (it would occur again in 1974 with Oklahoma).


1957 Auckland City mayoral by-election
The 1957 Auckland City mayoral by-election was held to fill the vacant position of Mayor of Auckland. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1957 Auckland City mayoral by-election, Background
The by-election was triggered by the death of sitting Mayor Thomas Ashby. Five candidates put their names forward for the contest, with Deputy-Mayor Keith Buttle elected the new Mayor. Councillor Dove-Myer Robinson's United Independents (who had backed Ashby a year earlier) ticket chose to neither contest the election nor endorse a candidate.


1957 Australian Championships
The 1957 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club, Melbourne, Australia from 17 January to 27 January. It was the 45th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the 13th held in Melbourne, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were taken by Ashley Cooper and Shirley Fry.


1957 Australian Championships, Champions, Men's Doubles
Neale Fraser /  Lew Hoad defeated  Mal Anderson /  Ashley Cooper 6–3, 8–6, 6–4


1957 Australian Championships, Champions, Women's Doubles
Shirley Fry /  Althea Gibson defeated  Mary Bevis Hawton /  Fay Muller 6–2, 6–1


1957 Australian Championships, Champions, Mixed Doubles
Fay Muller  /  Mal Anderson defeated  Jill Langley /  Billy Knight 7–5, 3–6, 6–1


1957 Australian Championships – Men's Singles
Second-seeded Ashley Cooper defeated Neale Fraser 6–3, 9–11, 6–4, 6–2 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1957 Australian Championships.


1957 Australian Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Ashley Cooper is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. It was a difficult championship for everyone involved, widely regarded as one of the championships in all Australian history.


1957 Australian Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Shirley Fry defeated Althea Gibson 6–3, 6–4 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1957 Australian Championships and completed the career Grand Slam in singles.


1957 Australian Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Shirley Fry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1957 Australian Drivers' Championship
The 1957 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS-sanctioned Australian motor racing title for drivers of Formula Libre cars. The championship was contested over a nine race series with the winner awarded the 1957 CAMS Gold Star. It was the first Australian Drivers' Championship and the first motor racing title to be decided over a series of races at Australian circuits.


1957 Australian Drivers' Championship
The series was won by Victorian racer Lex Davison driving a Ferrari 500/625. Davison dominated the championship, winning six of the nine races, including the series-opening 1957 Australian Grand Prix, to finish 19 points ahead of Tom Hawkes (Cooper T23 Bristol). The other drivers to win races were Murray Trenberth (Vincent 1000), Arnold Glass (HWM Jaguar) and Stan Jones (Maserati 250F).


1957 Australian Drivers' Championship, Points system
Championship points were awarded on an 8-5-3-2-1 basis for the first five places at each race.


1957 Australian Drivers' Championship, Points table
At the Australian Grand Prix race at Caversham Lex Davison shared the winning car with Bill Patterson and championship points were allotted in proportion to the laps driven by each.


1957 Australian Drivers' Championship, Championship name
The championship was referred to by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport at the time simply as "The CAMS Gold Star". However the actual Gold Star medallion was inscribed with the words "Champion Australian Driver" and historical records published by CAMS use the term "Australian Drivers' Championship".


1957 Australian Grand Prix
The 1957 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula Libre motor race held at Caversham Circuit, Western Australia on 4 March 1957. The race had 24 starters.


1957 Australian Grand Prix
It was the twenty second Australian Grand Prix. Lex Davison won his second AGP a victory he shared after using Bill Patterson as a relief driver. The extreme heat of the Western Australian summer saw several teams use two drivers over the 245 kilometre race distance.


1957 Australian Grand Prix
The race was also the first ever round of an Australian Drivers' Championship, which was held for the first time in 1957.


1957 Austrian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Austria on 5 May 1957. There were only two candidates, with Adolf Schärf of the Socialist Party winning with 51.1% of the vote. Voter turnout was 97.2%.


1957 BC Lions season
The 1957 BC Lions finished the season in fourth place in the W.I.F.U. with a 4–11–1 record.


1957 BC Lions season
Before the season, many media sources predicted the Lions to be playoff bound, however, after going through six different quarterbacks and an eight-game losing streak, the Lions finished out of the playoffs yet again.


1957 BC Lions season
The biggest appointment during the 1957 season was the hiring of former Montreal Alouette Herb Capozzi as general manager. Over nine seasons, Capozzi would eventually build the expansion doormats into a powerhouse that would appear in the Grey Cup in 1963 and win it in 1964.


1957 BC Lions season
WIFU all-stars were running back By Bailey and Ed Sharkey at both offensive guard and linebacker.


1957 BRDC International Trophy
The 9th BRDC International Trophy was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 14 September 1957 at Silverstone Circuit, Northamptonshire. The race was run over two 15 lap heats and a 35 lap final, and was won by French driver Jean Behra in a BRM P25.


1957 BRDC International Trophy
The field also included several Formula Two cars, highest finisher being Roy Salvadori in a Cooper T43, finishing in eighth place overall.


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Entry list
Note: a blue background indicates a car running under Formula 2 regulations.


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Entry list
1Roy Salvadori drove the works' Cooper number 35, which had been entered for John Cooper, who did not take part.


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Entry list
2Jack Brabham drove car number 14 in place of Salvadori.


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Entry list
3Graham Hill drove car number 34 in place of Brabham.


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Heats
1 Tony Brooks took over Fairman's car in order to qualify for the final


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Heats
2 Cliff Allison took over Taylor's car in order to qualify for the final


1957 BRDC International Trophy, Results, Final
Note: a blue background indicates a car running under Formula 2 regulations.


1957 BYU Cougars football team
The 1957 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University in the Skyline Conference during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Hal Kopp, the Cougars compiled a 5–3–2 record (5–1–1 against Skyline opponents), finished second in the Skyline, and were outscored by a total of 138 to 134.


1957 BYU Cougars football team
The team's statistical leaders included Carroll Johnston with 447 passing yards, Weldon Jackson with 605 rushing yards and 605 yards of total offense, Steve Campora with 19 points, and R. K. Brown with 183 receiving yards.


1957 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1957 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State Teachers College (later renamed Ball State University) in the Indiana Collegiate Conference (ICC) during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. In its second season under head coach Jim Freeman, the team compiled a 2–5–1 record (2–3–1 against ICC opponents) and finished in fourth place out of seven teams in the ICC.


1957 Ballon d'Or
The 1957 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano on 17 December 1957.


1957 Baltimore Colts season
The 1957 Baltimore Colts season was the fifth season for the team in the National Football League. Under fourth-year head coach Weeb Ewbank, the Colts posted a record of 7 wins and 5 losses, third in the Western Conference, one game behind Detroit and San Francisco.


1957 Baltimore Colts season
With two games to play, Baltimore (7–3) was in first place with a one-game lead, but dropped their final two games on the West Coast.


1957 Baltimore Colts season
This was the first season in which the Colts wore their trademark "horseshoe" logo in the middle of their helmet. The team had experimented with placement of the logo on other parts of the helmet, but 1957 was the year in which they used the logo that the Colts franchise still uses.


1957 Baltimore Colts season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1957 Baltimore Orioles season
The 1957 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 5th in the American League with a record of 76 wins and 76 losses.


1957 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Baltimore Orioles season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Bandy World Championship
The 1957 Bandy World Championship was contested among three men's bandy playing nations and was the first ever Bandy World Championship. Norway declined to take part due to the Soviet invasion of Hungary the year before.


1957 Bandy World Championship
The championship was played in Finland from 28 February to 3 March 1957, as part of the fifty year anniversary celebrations for the Ball Association of Finland, which at the time was the governing body for bandy in Finland. The tournament was officially opened by President of the republic Urho Kekkonen. All games, which were only three, were played at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. The Soviet Union became champions.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal
The Bank Rate Tribunal was a 1957 United Kingdom tribunal established under the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 to inquire into the allegations that an increase in Official Bank Rate had been improperly discussed ahead of its public announcement by the Bank of England. Rumours and allegations had circulated that some financiers had taken advantage of their advance knowledge of a planned Bank rate rise, and so the inquiry primarily sought to establish whether there had been a form of insider trading.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal
The Tribunal took evidence in the winter of 1957, under the chairmanship of Lord Justice Parker, with Milner Holland CBE QC and Geoffrey de Paiva Veale QC. It reported on 21 January 1958. It ultimately concluded that there was "no justification for allegations that information about the raising of the Bank Rate was improperly disclosed to any person". The inquiry attracted some attention in the winter of 1957 as details of the interactions amongst financiers, and between bankers, Bank of England officials, and government figures became public, shining some light on how the City of London operated. The Report particularly attracted attention through a two-day debate in the House of Commons in February 1958, and the press reaction to the Report was "distinctly critical", with suggestions that the Report was a whitewash.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Background
The Bank Rate had been increased in September 1957, but rumours rapidly circulated around the City of London that some financiers - who simultaneously held positions within the Bank of England and within private financial companies - took advantage of advance warning of the rate rise to sell gilt-edged securities ahead of the public announcement.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Background
The rumours gained credibility when the diplomat Laurence Pumphrey reported a conversation concerning a possible leak of the proposed rate rise; his cousin, who worked as a secretary in Conservative Central Office, told him that the proposed rate rise was common knowledge in her office before the public announcement. In order to ensure that the matter was properly investigated, he reported the conversation to the Labour Opposition rather than to his superiors at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Background
The Shadow Chancellor Harold Wilson pushed hard for an independent inquiry, but the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was adamant than an inquiry be led by his Cabinet colleague the Lord Chancellor Viscount Kilmuir. Pressure continued to mount on the Government, and there was uproar in the House of Commons when Labour MP Leslie Plummer accused the Government of leaking the planned rate rise to The Daily Telegraph and the Financial Times. Macmillan agreed to have an independent inquiry under Lord Justice Parker.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, The tribunal
The inquiry heard evidence through the winter of 1957, and reported its findings on 21 January 1958. Much of the questioning was undertaken by the Attorney General Reginald Manningham-Buller. As a member of the Government, he directed the line of his questioning primarily at City of London financiers, rather than at the Government. This provoked consternation amongst many of the City's bankers, who believed that the Government was trying to avoid the inquiry's scrutiny, and some believed that Government sought to scapegoat them.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, The tribunal
Much of the questioning focused on two non-executive directors of the Bank of England who also held positions in private financial companies. One of these two non-executive directors (Hugh Kindersley) had interests in Lazard, Royal Exchange Assurance, and the British Match Company, which between them had sold £2.5 million of gilts in the two days before the official rate rise announcement. The sales were interpreted as a sharp change in the strategies of those businesses only days before the public announcement.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, The tribunal
The proceedings aroused a degree of public interest into what The New Yorker called "a revealing glimpse into a special, jealously guarded world" that involved euphemistic conversations on Scottish grouse moors during shooting parties, cabled messages to Hong Kong, and the casual movement of millions of pounds of securities. There was interest as to how efficiently and responsibly the Bank of England was managed, and speculation that its senior directors holding simultaneous positions in private financial firms constituted a conflict of interest.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, The report
Published on 21 January 1958, Lord Justice Parker's report found that there was "no justification for allegations that information about the raising of the Bank Rate was improperly disclosed to any person" and that "in every case the information disclosed was treated by the recipient as confidential and ... no use of such information was made for the purpose of private gain". The exoneration of everybody involved - government, Bank of England, and the individual financiers - attracted critical press comment, and has since been interpreted as a possible whitewash.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Aftermath
Although the inquiry exonerated all involved, the details of the interactions between private financial institutions, the Bank of England, and the government created quite a public stir. The economist and journalist Andrew Schonfield criticised the Bank of England as an outmoded and sluggishly amateurish operation, and Labour continued to criticise the Macmillan Government for its perceived cosiness with high finance.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Aftermath
The inquiry ran concurrent to the ongoing Committee on the Working of the Monetary System under the chairmanship of the esteemed Lord Radcliffe, which produced the Radcliffe Report in 1959. Although the extent of the report's impact is debated, it was a further focus of dissatisfaction with the monetary system as it was operating in the 1950s. The Radcliffe Report made several recommendations regarding reform of the Bank of England, particularly with regard as to how Official Bank Rate was to be set and how decisions in its changes were to be communicated.


1957 Bank Rate Tribunal, Aftermath
For example, part-time and non-executive directors of the Bank of England were to be excluded from discussions of Bank Rate. Although few of the recommendations of the Radcliffe Report were immediately implemented by government, the report's findings reinforced a discontent with the monetary system that had also been expressed throughout the proceedings of the Bank Rate Tribunal.


1957 Barbarians tour of Canada
The 1957 Barbarians tour of Canada was a series of matches played in April May 1957 in Canada by Barbarian F.C.


1957 Barbarians tour of Canada
It was an historical tour, the first outside Great Britain for the invitational club.


1957 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 1957 followed a system established after the 1956 election. The baseball writers would vote on recent players only in even-number years (until 1967). The Veterans Committee met in closed sessions to consider executives, managers, umpires, and earlier major league players. It selected outfielder Sam Crawford, who had 2961 hits from 1899 to 1917, and Joe McCarthy, who managed the New York Yankees to eight pennants in sixteen seasons, with seven World Series  titles including four consecutive championships (1936–1939). A formal induction ceremony was held in Cooperstown, New York, on July 22, 1957, with Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick presiding.


1957 Bay of Plenty by-election
The Bay of Plenty by-election 1957 was a by-election held in the Bay of Plenty electorate in the Bay of Plenty during the term of the 31st New Zealand Parliament on 6 April 1957.


1957 Bay of Plenty by-election
The by-election was caused by the resignation of incumbent MP Bill Sullivan of the National Party for personal reasons on 13 February 1957.


1957 Bay of Plenty by-election
The by-election was won by Percy Allen, also of the National Party. Both Donald C. Butler, Chairman of the Whakatane County Council, and Toby Gambrill, a Gisborne lawyer, unsuccessfully sought the National nomination.


1957 Baylor Bears football team
The 1957 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. The team finished with a record of 3-6-1. Clyde Letbetter (Guard) was chosen as an All-Southwest Conference player.


1957 Beckenham by-election
The Beckenham by-election was held on 21 March 1957. It was held when the incumbent Conservative MP, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn was elevated to a hereditary peerage. It was won by the Conservative candidate Philip Goodhart. Margaret Thatcher was one of the unsuccessful candidates for the Conservative nomination.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1957 Big Ten Conference football season was the 62nd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1957 NCAA University Division football season.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Woody Hayes, won the conference championship with a 7-0 conference record (9–1 record overall), was ranked No. 1 in the final Coaches' Poll, and defeated Oregon in the 1958 Rose Bowl. The Buckeyes were ranked No.2 in the final AP Poll, but were also declared national champion by the FWAA poll. Ohio State back Don Clark led the conference with 737 rushing yards. Guard Aurealius Thomas was a first-team All-American.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1957 Michigan State Spartans football team, under head coach Duffy Daugherty, compiled an 8–1 record and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP and UPI polls. Michigan State back Walt Kowalczyk and center Dan Currie were selected as consensus first-team All-Americans. Kowalczyk led the conference with 54 points scored, and Currie was selected as the team's most valuable player.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1957 Iowa Hawkeyes football team, under head coach Forest Evashevski, finished third in the Big Ten with a 7–1–1 record and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Iowa tackle Alex Karras was a consensus first-team All-American and won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in college football. Quarterback Randy Duncan led the Big Ten with 1,124 passing yards and 1,183 total yards.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season
Michigan halfback Jim Pace won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the conference's most valuable player.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyAP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1957 seasonAP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1957 seasonPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Passing yards
1. Randy Duncan, Iowa (1,124)2. Jim Ninowski, Michigan State (718)3. Tom Haller, Illinois	(675)4. Jim Van Pelt, Michigan (629)5. Tom McDonald, Indiana (544)


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Rushing yards
1. Don Clark, Ohio State (737)2. Jim Pace, Michigan (664)3. Bob White, Ohio State (645)4. Danny Lewis, Wisconsin (611)5. Walt Kowalczyk, Michigan State (545)


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Receiving yards
1. Jim Gibbons, Iowa (587)2. Dave Whitsell, Indiana (290)3. Dave Kaiser, Michigan State (267)4. Sam Williams, Michigan State (236)5. Gary Prahst, Michigan (233)


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Total yards
1. Randy Duncan, Iowa (1,183)2. Don Clark, Ohio State (788)3. Tom Haller, Illinois (724)4. Sidney Williams, Wisconsin (661)5. Jim Pace, Michigan (656)


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Statistical leaders, Point scored
1. Walt Kowalczyk, Michigan State (54)1. Jim Pace, Michigan (54)1. Don Clark, Ohio State (54)4. Frank Kremblas, Ohio State (48)4. Dick LeBeau, Ohio State (48)


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-Big Ten honors
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press (UP) as first-team players on the 1957 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
At the end of the 1957 season, Big Ten players secured three of the consensus first-team picks for the 1957 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-American was:


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, All-American honors
Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
Iowa tackle Alex Karras won the Outland Trophy as the best interior lineman in college football.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, Awards and honors, Other awards
The Heisman Trophy was awarded to John David Crow of Texas A&M. Three Big Ten players finished among the top 10 in the voting for the trophy. They were: defensive lineman Alex Karras of Iowa (second); running back Walt Kowalczyk of Michigan State; and offensive lineman Dan Currie of Michigan State.


1957 Big Ten Conference football season, 1958 NFL Draft
The following Big Ten players were among the first 100 picks in the 1958 NFL Draft:


1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Bihar Legislative Assembly were held on 25 February 1957. 1393 candidates contested for the 264 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 54 two-member constituencies and 210 single-member constituencies.


1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, State Reorganization
Bihar was reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal in 1956 under States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Hence the constituencies were reduced from 330 in 1951 to 318 in 1957 elections.


1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, By-elections
In 1958 a by-election was held for the Dhanbad seat. The election was won by the Indian National Congress candidate R. Chaudhury, who obtained 8,998 votes. His opponent, M. Desai, received 5,792 votes.


1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, By-elections
In 1959 a by-election was held for the Nawada seat. The election was won by the Indian National Congress candidate M. Ahmad, who obtained 10,236 votes. His opponent, T. N. Yadav, received 7,474 votes.


1957 Birthday Honours
The Queen's Birthday Honours 1957 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries.


1957 Birthday Honours
The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The Queen, and were published on 4 June 1957 for the United Kingdom and Colonies, Australia, New Zealand, and to members of the British Armed Forces in recognition of distinguished and gallant services in the Operations in the Near East, October–December 1956.


1957 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1957 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1957 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 13 June 1957.


1957 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident
The 1957 Blackbushe Viking accident occurred on 1 May 1957 when an Eagle Aviation twin-engined Vickers VC.1 Viking 1B registered G-AJBO named "John Benbow" crashed into trees near Blackbushe Airport, located in Hampshire, England, on approach following a suspected engine failure on take-off. All five crew and 29 of the 30 passengers were killed. The aircraft also carried the RAF serial number XF629 allotted to this aircraft for use during trooping flights only.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Accident
At 21:14 the Viking took off from Blackbushe Airport on an unscheduled passenger flight to RAF Idris in Libya. The aircraft on charter to the War Office had five crew, 25 soldiers from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, one soldier's wife, two children and two war department civilians. At 21:16 the pilot reported I have port engine failure, I am making a left-hand circuit to come in again. As the aircraft turned onto the approach to land, while still about 1200 yards (1,116 m) from the runway, the aircraft crashed into a wooded copse at Star Hill. Thirty-four of the 35 on board were killed.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Aftermath
The aircraft exploded and burst into flames when it hit the ground about 50 yards (46 m) from the A30 road. Passing lorry drivers were the first to help. Ambulances and six fire tenders from the airport were quickly on the scene. The airport fire tenders were soon joined by others from Surrey, Berkshire, Hampshire and United States Navy personnel temporarily based at Blackbushe.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Aftermath
The 29 bodies were recovered and four survivors were taken to Cambridge Military Hospital in Aldershot. Three of those in hospital subsequently died leaving only one survivor.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Investigation
A coroner's inquest was held at Aldershot on 5 June 1957 which returned a verdict of accidental death on the 34 who died.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Investigation
A public inquiry was opened in London on 23 July 1957. The inquiry report was published in November 1957 and determined that the loss was caused by an error of skill and judgement by the pilot. The report noted that although Captain Jones had flown over 6,800 hours of which 4,800 had been with the Viking he had not made a single-engined landing for at least two years. Because of the fire it was not possible to determine if the port engine had failed.


1957 Blackbushe Viking accident, Probable cause
The probable cause was the failure of the captain to maintain a safe altitude and airspeed when approaching to land on one engine after failure (or suspected failure) of the port engine.


1957 Bolivian Primera División
The 1957 Bolivian Primera División, the first division of Bolivian football (soccer), was played in two tournaments, The Torneo Integrado and Torneo Nacional Mixto. The champions were Always Ready and Jorge Wilstermann respectively.


1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Bombay Legislative Assembly were held on 25 February 1957. 1146 candidates contested for the 339 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 57 two-member constituencies and 282 single-member constituencies.


1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election, State reorganization
On 1 November 1956, under States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Bombay state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra state and Kutch state, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi speaking Marathwada region of Hyderabad. The state's southernmost Kannada-speaking districts of Dharwad, Bijapur, North Kannada and Belgaum (excluding the Chandgad taluka) were transferred to Mysore state, while Abu Road taluk of the Banaskantha district was transferred to Rajasthan. Hence the constituencies increased from 315 to 396 in 1957 elections.


1957 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1957 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College as an independent during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In its seventh season under head coach Mike Holovak, the team compiled a 7–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 158 to 129.


1957 Boston College Eagles football team
Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, was built prior to the 1957 season and was dedicated with the season opener on September 27. John F. Kennedy, then a U.S. Senator, arranged for the opening match-up against Navy. The Eagles' first victory in their new stadium came the following week against Florida State.


1957 Boston College Eagles football team
After losing the season opener, the team won seven consecutive games before losing the final game to rival Holy Cross. The Eagles tied a school record by losing eight fumbles in the loss to Holy Cross.


1957 Boston College Eagles football team
The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Don Allard with 910 passing yards, fullback Alan Miller with 484 rushing yards, and end Jim Colclough with 254 receiving yards and 42 points scored. Allard, Miller, and Colclough all went on to play in the American Football League or the National Football League. Guard Tom Meehan received the Thomas F. Scanlan Memorial Trophy as the senior player outstanding in scholarship, leadership, and athletic ability.


1957 Boston College Eagles football team
On October 19, the team set a single-game school record in limiting Villanova to 76 yards of total offense. That total remains tied for the fourth best single-game performance in school history.


1957 Boston Red Sox season
The 1957 Boston Red Sox season was the 57th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished third in the American League (AL) with a record of 82 wins and 72 losses, 16 games behind the New York Yankees.


1957 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1957 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1957 college football season. In its first season under head coach Steve Sinko, the team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 196 to 141.


1957 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1957 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In their third season under head coach Doyt Perry, the Falcons compiled a 6–1–2 record (3–1–2 against MAC opponents), held seven of nine opponents to seven or fewer points, finished in second place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 167 to 55.


1957 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The team's statistical leaders were Don Nehlen with 499 passing yards, Bob Ramlow with 492 rushing yards, and Ray Reese with 185 receiving yards. Linebacker Tim Murnen was the team captain; Murnen also received the team's Most Valuable Player award. The team tied a team record (set by the 1955 team) by allowing only eight touchdowns in the entire season.


1957 Bristol West by-election
The Bristol West byelection of 7 March 1957 was a by-election to the House of Commons which saw the constituency of Bristol West elect a new Conservative Party Member of Parliament to replace Sir Walter Monckton. Sir Walter had first been elected at a previous byelection in 1951.


1957 Bristol West by-election, Candidates
The Conservative Party chose Robert Cooke, a schoolteacher who was only 26 years old. Cooke had been President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1953, and was elected to Bristol City Council the next year; he had been the Conservative candidate for Bristol South East in the 1955 general election.


1957 Bristol West by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party chose William Rodgers, then General Secretary of the Fabian Society, who was 28 at the time. There was no Liberal Party candidate.


1957 Bristol West by-election, Results
Robert Cooke kept the seat in the Conservative column but suffered a substantial reduction in the majority, which fell from 22,001 to 14,162. Labour retained almost all of their 1955 vote. Cooke became the "Baby of the House" (youngest member), and kept the seat until he retired at the 1979 general election. William Rodgers was not disillusioned and later became Labour Member of Parliament for Stockton-on-Tees in a 1962 byelection.


1957 British Grand Prix
The 1957 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 20 July 1957 at the Aintree Circuit, near Liverpool. It was the tenth British Grand Prix and it was race 5 of 8 in the 1957 World Championship of Drivers. The race was won by Stirling Moss and Tony Brooks, who shared driving duties in a Vanwall. It was the third and final time that a Grand Prix had been won by two drivers in a shared car. This was the first occasion that a British-built car won a World Drivers' Championship race, a feat achieved with two British drivers at their home Grand Prix.


1957 British Guiana general election
General elections were held in British Guiana on 12 August 1957. The result was a victory for the faction of the People's Progressive Party led by Cheddi Jagan, who remained Prime Minister.


1957 British Guiana general election, Campaign
A total of 55 candidates contested the elections, including six independents. The National Labour Front was the only party to run a candidate in every Legislative Council seat, with the two factions of the PPP both contesting 13 seats. The United Democratic Party (UDP) contested eight seats and the Guiana National Party one.


1957 British Guiana general election, Aftermath
After the elections, the Burnhamite faction of the PPP merged with the UDP to form the People's National Congress.


1957 British Honduras general election
General elections were held in British Honduras on 20 March 1957. The ruling People's United Party won all nine seats contested. This was the first of two occasions they would sweep the House. It was the PUP's first election under the leadership of George Cadle Price. Price would lead the party until 1996.


1957 British Honduras general election
The Honduran Independence Party (HIP), a forerunner of the modern United Democratic Party, was founded the previous year by an anti-Price faction within the PUP led by former PUP leader Leigh Richardson. The party fielded five out of a possible nine candidates, but failed to win any seats.


1957 British Honduras general election
The elections were the last for the pro-colonial National Party. Charles Westby, the NP's only successful candidate in the 1954 election, ran as an independent. The HIP and NP merged in 1958 to form the National Independence Party.


1957 British Virgin Islands general election
General elections were held in the British Virgin Islands in 1957 for seats on the Legislative Council of the British Virgin Islands.


1957 British Virgin Islands general election
The 1957 election was the first election in which Lavity Stoutt stood and won. It would prove to be the first of eleven consecutive electoral victories for Stoutt (a record) and he would sit in the Legislature for over 38 years consecutively (also a record, since surpassed by Ralph O'Neal) until his death, and would serve as Chief Minister a record five times.


1957 British Virgin Islands general election, Results
The Territory was divided into five districts, the largest of which (the 2nd District - Road Town) would have two members. At the time candidates were not affiliated with political parties.


1957 British West Indies Championships
The 1957 British West Indies Championships was the first edition of the track and field competition between British colony nations in the Caribbean. Held in Kingston, Jamaica, it was supported by retired Olympic sprint medallist Herb McKenley. A total of eighteen events were contested, all of them by men – women's events were not added until two years later.


1957 British West Indies Championships
Two athletes completed individual doubles: Jamaica's Ernle Haisley won the high jump and pole vault, while George de Peana of British Guiana had a long-distance running double. Also among the medallists was Lester Bird of Antigua who would later go on to be the Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (succeeding his father, Vere Bird).


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season was overshadowed by Walter O'Malley's threat to move the Dodgers out of Brooklyn if the city did not build him a new stadium in that borough. When the best the mayor could promise was a stadium in Queens, O'Malley made good on his threats and moved the team to Los Angeles after the season ended. The Dodgers final game at Ebbets Field was on September 24 as they finished their 68th and last NL season, and their 75th overall, in Brooklyn in third place with an 84–70 record, eleven games behind the NL and World Series Champion Milwaukee Braves.


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
During the season, the Dodgers played eight home games at Roosevelt Stadium in Jersey City, New Jersey, as part of owner Walter O'Malley's continued attempts to pressure Brooklyn to allow him to build a new stadium in his preferred location at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues.


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
On July 20, 1957: Duke Snider hit the 300th home run of his career. The opposing pitcher was Dick Drott.


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
Danny McDevitt was the last pitcher to pitch for the Brooklyn Dodgers in a game at Ebbets Field. The game was contested on September 24, 1957, and McDevitt pitched a complete game. He had nine strikeouts while allowing only five hits.


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Brown Bears football team
The 1957 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University as a member of the Ivy League during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season.


1957 Brown Bears football team
In their seventh season under head coach Alva Kelley, the Bears compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents 154 to 125. Gil Robertshaw was the team captain.


1957 Brown Bears football team
The Bears' 3–4 conference record tied for fourth in the Ivy League. They were outscored by Ivy opponents, 111 to 100.


1957 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1957 Brownlow Medal
The 1957 Brownlow Medal was the 30th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Brian Gleeson of the St Kilda Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-four votes during the 1957 VFL season.


1957 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1957 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season.


1957 Bucknell Bison football team
In its 12th season under head coach Harry Lawrence, the team compiled a 3–6 record. Bob Fitzsimmons and Rogers Frassenei were the team captains.


1957 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1957 Buenos Aires Grand Prix
The 1957 Buenos Aires Grand Prix was a Formula Libre race held at Buenos Aires on 27 January 1957, at the Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez.


1957 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1957 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. In its third season under head coach Dick Offenhamer, the team compiled a 5–4 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1957 Bulgarian Cup
The 1957 Bulgarian Cup was the 17th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Spartak Pleven 2–1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.


1957 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1957 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 17th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Levski Sofia and Spartak Pleven on 7 November 1957 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. Levski won the final 2–1.


1957 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 22 December 1957. Voters were presented with a single list from the Fatherland Front, dominated by the Bulgarian Communist Party. As the Fatherland Front was the only organisation to contest the election and all candidate lists had to be approved by the Front, voters only had the option of voting for or against the Front list. Only 2,076 of the 5,206,103 valid votes were cast against. Voter turnout was reportedly 99.8%.


1957 Burundian parliamentary election, Background
The Decree of 14 July 1952 by the Belgian authorities had introduced an element of democracy to the Burundian political system. A complicated electoral system was created, which involved seven stages of elections to eventually elect the National Superior Council (French: Superieur du Pays).


1957 Burundian parliamentary election, Background
The elections began in the sub-chiefdoms, then were held in the chiefdoms, then the territories, and finally at the national level.


1957 Burundian parliamentary election, Results
The elections in the sub-chiefdoms in 1956, with the elections to the Chiefdom Councils, Territorial Councils and the Superior Council following in 1957. The number of Tutsis elected to all bodies increased, whilst the number of elected Hutus decreased in comparison with the 1954 elections.


1957 Burwood state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Burwood on 16 February 1957 because of the death of Leslie Parr (Liberal).


1957 CCCF Championship
The 1957 CCCF Championship, the eighth edition of the CCCF Championship, was held in the Netherlands Antilles. Haiti won the tournament.


1957 CCCF Championship
Although the competition was hosted in the then newly constituted nation of Netherlands Antilles, the national team of the Netherlands Antilles never adopted the new nation's name until after the 1958 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, continuing to compete until then as Curaçao.


1957 Caen Grand Prix
The 1957 Caen Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 28 July 1957 at the Circuit de la Prairie, Caen. The race was run over 86 laps of the circuit, and was won by a lap by French driver Jean Behra in a BRM P25, the first Grand Prix win for the P25. Behra also set pole and fastest lap.


1957 Caen Grand Prix, Classification
1 Schell raced the spare BRM after his Maserati 250F broke a piston during practice.


1957 Cal Aggies football team
The 1957 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1957 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by third-year head coach Will Lotter. They played home games at Aggie Field. The Aggies finished the season with a record of five wins and four losses (1–7–1, 0–5 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 59–210 for the 1957 season, including being held to a touchdown or less in six of their nine games.


1957 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1958 NFL Draft.


1957 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1957 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1957 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by eighth-year head coach LeRoy Hughes and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished with the best record in the CCAA, but no champion was named. The team had a record of eight wins and one loss (8–1, 3–0 CCAA). In points, the Mustangs doubled up their opponents for the season, scoring 210 while giving up 108.


1957 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
The 1957 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team represented Cal Poly Kellogg-Voorhis Unit during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. Cal Poly Pomona played as an independent in 1957.


1957 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team
Cal Poly Pomona was led by first-year head coach Don Warhurst. They played home games on campus in Pomona, California. The Broncos finished the season with a record of seven wins, one loss and one tie (7–1–1). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 254–139 for the season.


1957 Cal Poly Pomona Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Pomona players were selected in the 1958 NFL Draft.


1957 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1957 Calgary Stampeders finished in 3rd place in the W.I.F.U. with a 6–10 record. They were defeated in the W.I.F.U. Semi-Finals by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.


1957 California Golden Bears baseball team
The 1957 California Golden Bears baseball team represented the University of California in the 1957 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Golden Bears played their home games at Evans Diamond. The team was coached by George Wolfman in his 3rd season at California.


1957 California Golden Bears baseball team
The Golden Bears won the College World Series, defeating the Penn State Nittany Lions in the championship game.


1957 California Golden Bears football team
The 1957 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In their first year under head coach Pete Elliott, the Golden Bears compiled a 1–9 record (1–6 in PCC, seventh), and were outscored 176 to 109.


1957 California Golden Bears football team
The team's statistical leaders included Joe Kapp with 580 passing yards and Jack Hart with 396 rushing yards and 276 receiving yards. Kapp was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1957 Cameroon by-election
A by-election to the French National Assembly was held in French Cameroons on 23 June 1957. The election was held after the resignation of Alexandre Douala Manga Bell, the holder of the second seat in the second college. Bell was re-elected with 33% of the vote.


1957 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The 1957 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by the selection of Capital that beat in the final the selection of Buenos Aires Province ("Provincia").


1957 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Provincia: J. Olazábal, R. Faldutti, J. Campos, J. Berro García, J. Ramallo, M. Guyot, E. Holmgren, J. Madero, E. Mitchelstein, R. Ochoa, E. Parola, R. Dell'Acqua, F. Tosato, R. Santángelo, C. Travaglini  La Plata: C. Sabalzagaray, E. Vergara, H. Tiribelli, E. Brea, H. Zapettini, N. Dutil, J. Dubarry, R. La Rosa, H. Carnicero, C. Sacerdote, J. Roan, C. Olivera, R. Giner, H. Dentone, L. Gorostiaga


1957 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Semifinals
Capital: J. Genoud, E. Horan, R. Raimundez, E. Fernández del Casal, A. Ricciardello, R. Bazán, P. Felisari, S. Hogg, A. Bublath, M. Azpiroz, J. Diez, A. Dillon, E. Gaviña, C. Ezcurra, E. Hirsch. Rosario: F. Cavallo, R. Abalos, G. Recagno, J. Arce, A. Drincovich, A. Robson, R. Conti, C. Kaden, J. Ramos, E. Celentano, A Colla, J. Silvetti, C. Silvestre, F. Alonso, R. Alonso


1957 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Final
Capital: J. Genoud, J. Ricciardello, R. Raimundez, E. Fernández del Casal, E. Horan, R. Bazán, P. Felisari, S. Hogg, A. Bublath, G. Schon, J. Diez, A. Dilon, E. Gaviña, C. Ezcurra, E. Hirsch Provincia: J. Olazábal, R. Faldutti, J. Campos, J. Berro García, C. Ra¬mallo, M. Guyot, E. Holmgren, J. Madero, E. Mitchelstein, R. Ochoa, E. Parola, R. Dell'Acqua, F. Tosato, R. Saitángelo, C. Travaglini.


1957 Campeonato Carioca
The 1957 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on July 21, 1957 and ended on December 22, 1957. It was organized by FMF (Federação Metropolitana de Futebol, or Metropolitan Football Federation). Twelve teams participated. Botafogo won the title for the 10th time. no teams were relegated.


1957 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1957 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol
The 1957 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol was the first time a football tournament was held to determine a national champion in Ecuador. Prior to this tournament, teams competed exclusively in one of two regional leagues, the Campeonato Profesional Interandinos (for clubs in Quito and Ambato) and the Campeonato Profesional de Fútbol de Guayaquil (for clubs in Guayaquil). Emelec from Guayaquil won the tournament and became the first Ecuadorian football champion.


1957 Campeonato Paulista
The 1957 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 56th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. São Paulo won the title for the 8th time. Linense was relegated and the top scorer was Santos's Pelé with 17 goals.


1957 Campeonato Profesional
The 1957 Campeonato Profesional was the tenth season of Colombia's top-flight football league. The tournament consisted of a First Stage, a cancelled Octagonal Stage and a two-groups Second Stage, therefore ending on 13 April 1958. 12 teams participated in the tournament. Independiente Medellín won the league for 2nd time in its history after defeating Cúcuta Deportivo in the Championship Playoff with an aggregate score of 8–3. Atlético Quindío, the defending champion, was 3rd in the First Stage with 24 points, but was eliminated in the Second Stage.


1957 Campeonato Profesional, Background
12 teams competed in the tournament. Libertad de Barranquilla was the only team from the previous season who did not participate.


1957 Campeonato Profesional, League system
Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. On the First Stage, every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away, and the first 8 teams qualified for the Octagonal Stage. From this stage, the team with most points would be the champion of the season, however the stage was cancelled after 8 matches due to claims from the teams eliminated in the First Stage. Then, a Second Stage was played, with two groups of six teams each. The champion of each group played a playoff, and the champion of it played a Champion Playoff against the champion of the First Stage.


1957 Campeonato Profesional, Second stage, Final
Cúcuta Deportivo qualified to Champion Playoff on coin toss. Because of this, a Runners-up Playoff was also played after the Champion Playoff.


1957 Campeón de Campeones
The 1957 Campeon de Campeones is the 16th Mexican Super Cup football one-leg  match, played on May 5, 1957. It was played by Primera División de México league winners C.D. Guadalajara and Copa México winners Zacatepec. The match was held at the Olympic Stadium of Mexico City.


1957 Canada Cup
The 1957 Canada Cup took place 24–27 October on the East Course at the Kasumigaseki Country Club in Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan. It was the fifth Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 30 teams. These were the same 29 teams that had competed in 1956 with the addition of Thailand. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results. The Japanese team of Torakichi Nakamura and Koichi Ono won by nine strokes over the American team of Jimmy Demaret and Sam Snead. The individual competition was won by Torakichi Nakamura, seven shots ahead of Gary Player, Sam Snead and Dave Thomas.


1957 Canada Cup, Scores
Harry Bradshaw of Ireland withdrew after 36 holes due to nose bleeding. Fernando Silva of Portugal withdrew after 54 holes.


1957 Canadian federal election
The 1957 Canadian federal election was held June 10, 1957, to select the 265 members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 23rd Parliament of Canada. In one of the greatest upsets in Canadian political history, the Progressive Conservative Party (also known as "PCs" or "Tories"), led by John Diefenbaker, brought an end to 22 years of Liberal rule, as the Tories were able to form a minority government despite losing the popular vote to the Liberals.


1957 Canadian federal election
The Liberal Party had governed Canada since 1935, winning five consecutive elections. Under Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent, the government gradually built a welfare state. During the Liberals' fifth term in office, the opposition parties depicted them as arrogant and unresponsive to Canadians' needs. Controversial events, such as the 1956 "Pipeline Debate" over the construction of the Trans-Canada Pipeline, had hurt the government. St. Laurent, nicknamed "Uncle Louis", remained popular, but exercised little supervision over his cabinet ministers.


1957 Canadian federal election
In 1956, Tory leader George A. Drew unexpectedly resigned due to ill health. In his place, the PC party elected the fiery and charismatic Diefenbaker. The Tories ran a campaign centred on their new leader, who attracted large crowds to rallies and made a strong impression on television. The Liberals ran a lacklustre campaign, and St. Laurent made few television appearances. Uncomfortable with the medium, the Prime Minister read his speeches from a script and refused to wear makeup.


1957 Canadian federal election
Abandoning their usual strategy of trying to make major inroads in Liberal-dominated Quebec, the Tories focused on winning seats in the other provinces. They were successful; though they gained few seats in Quebec, they won 112 seats overall to the Liberals' 105. With the remaining seats won by other parties, the PC party only had a plurality in the House of Commons, but the margin was sufficient to make John Diefenbaker Canada's first Tory Prime Minister since R. B. Bennett in 1935.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Liberal domination
The Tories had last governed Canada under R.B. Bennett, who had been elected in 1930. Bennett's government had limited success in dealing with the Depression, and was defeated in 1935, as Liberal William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had previously served two times as Prime Minister, was restored to power. The Liberals won five consecutive majorities between 1935 and 1953. The Liberals worked closely with the civil service (drawing several of their ministers from those ranks) and their years of dominance saw prosperity.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Liberal domination
When Mackenzie King retired in 1948, he was succeeded by his Minister of Justice, Louis St. Laurent, a bilingual Quebecer who took office at the age of 66. An adept politician, St. Laurent projected a gentle persona and was affectionately known to many Canadians as Uncle Louis (or, among francophones, Oncle Louis). In actuality, St. Laurent was uncomfortable away from Ottawa, was subject to fits of depression (especially after 1953), and on political trips was carefully managed by advertising men from the firm of Cockfield Brown. St. Laurent led the Liberals to an overwhelming triumph in the 1949 election, campaigning under the slogan "You never had it so good". The Liberals won a fifth successive mandate in 1953, with St. Laurent content to exercise a highly relaxed leadership style.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Liberal domination
With over twenty years of parliamentary majorities, Liberal ministers did as they wished with little regard for the opposition parties. The Mackenzie King and St. Laurent governments laid the groundwork for the welfare state, a development initially opposed by many Tories. C.D. Howe, considered one of the leading forces of the St. Laurent government, told his Tory opponents when they alleged that the Liberals would abolish tariffs if the people would let them, "Who would stop us? ... Don't take yourselves too seriously. If we wanted to get away with it, who would stop us?"


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Tory struggles
At the start of 1956, the Tories were led by former Ontario premier George A. Drew, who had been elected PC leader in 1948 over Saskatchewan MP John Diefenbaker. Drew was the fifth man to lead the Tories in their 21 years out of power. None had come close to defeating the Liberals; the best performance was in 1945, when John Bracken secured 67 seats for the Tories. The Liberals, though, had won 125 seats, and maintained their majority. In the 1953 election, the PC party won 51 seats out of the 265 in the House of Commons. Subsequently, the Tories picked up two seats from the Liberals in by-elections, and the Liberals (who had won 169 seats in 1953) lost an additional seat to the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF, the predecessor of the New Democratic Party (NDP)).


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Tory struggles
After over two decades in opposition, the Tories were closely associated with that role in the public eye. The Tories were seen as the party of the wealthy and of English-speaking Canada and drew about 30% of the vote in federal elections. The Tories had enjoyed little success in Quebec in the past forty years. By 1956, the Social Credit Party was becoming a potential rival to the Tories as Canada's main right-wing party. Canadian journalist and author Bruce Hutchison discussed the state of the Tories in 1956:


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Tory struggles
When a party calling itself Conservative can think of nothing better than to outbid the Government's election promises; when it demands economy in one breath and increased spending in the next; when it proposes an immediate tax cut regardless of inflationary results ... when in short, the Conservative party no longer gives us a conservative alternative after twenty-one years ... then our political system desperately requires an opposition prepared to stand for something more than the improbable chance of quick victory.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
In 1955, the Tories, through a determined filibuster, were able to force the government to withdraw amendments to the Defence Procurement Act, which would have made temporary, extraordinary powers granted to the government permanent. Drew led the Tories in a second battle with the government the following year: in the so-called "Pipeline Debate", the government invoked closure repeatedly in a weeks-long debate which ended with the Speaker ignoring points of order as he had the division bells rung. Both measures were closely associated with Howe, which, in combination with his earlier comments, led to Tory claims that Howe was indifferent to the democratic process.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
Tory preparations for an upcoming election campaign were thrown into disarray in August 1956 when Drew fell ill. Tory leaders felt that the party needed vigorous leadership with a federal election likely to be called within a year. In September, Drew resigned. Diefenbaker, who had failed in two prior bids for the leadership, announced his candidacy, as did Tory frontbenchers Davie Fulton and Donald Fleming. Diefenbaker, a criminal defence lawyer from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, was on the populist left of the PC party. Those Tory leaders who disliked Diefenbaker and his views, and hoped to find a candidate from Drew's conservative wing of the party, wooed University of Toronto president Sidney Smith as a candidate. However, Smith refused to run.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
Tory leaders scheduled a leadership convention for December. In early November, the Suez crisis erupted. Minister of External Affairs Lester Pearson played a major part in the settlement of that dispute, and was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role. Diefenbaker, as the Tories' foreign policy critic and as the favourite in the leadership race, gained considerable attention for his speeches on Suez.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
The Tories attacked Pearson for, as they said, being an errand boy for the United States government; he responded that it was better to be such a lackey than to be an obedient colonial doing Britain's will unquestioningly. While Suez would come to be regarded by many as one of the finest moments in Canadian foreign policy, at the time it cost the Liberals support outside of Quebec.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
Diefenbaker was the favourite throughout the leadership campaign. At the convention in Ottawa in December, he refused to abide by the custom of having a Quebecer be either the proposer or seconder of his candidacy, and instead selected an Easterner (from New Brunswick) and a Westerner to put his name in nomination. With most Quebec delegates backing his opponents, Diefenbaker felt that having a Quebecer as a nominator would not increase his support. Diefenbaker was elected on the first ballot, and a number of Quebec delegates walked out of the convention after his victory.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
Other Diefenbaker opponents, such as those who had urged Smith to run, believed that the 61-year-old Diefenbaker would be merely a caretaker, who would serve a few years and then step down in favour of a younger man, and that the upcoming election would be lost to the Liberals regardless of who led the Tories.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
When Parliament convened in January, the Liberals introduced no major proposals, and proposed nothing controversial. Diefenbaker turned over his parliamentary duties to British Columbia MP Howard Green and spent much of his time on the road making speeches across the country. Diefenbaker toured a nation in which Liberal support at the provincial level had slowly been eroding. When the Liberals gained Federal power in 1935, they controlled eight of the nine provincial governments, all except Alberta. By early 1957, the Liberals controlled the legislatures only in the tenth province, Newfoundland, and in Prince Edward Island and Manitoba.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
In March, Finance Minister Walter Harris, who was believed to be St. Laurent's heir apparent, introduced his budget. The budget anticipated a surplus of $258 million, of which $100 million was to be returned in the form of increased welfare payments, with an increase of $6 per month (to a total of $46) for old age pensioners—effective after the election. Harris indicated that no more could be returned for fear of increasing inflation. Diefenbaker attacked the budget, calling for higher old age pensions and welfare payments, more aid to the poorer provinces, and aid to farmers.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
St. Laurent had informed Diefenbaker that Parliament would be dissolved in April, for an election on June 10. A final parliamentary conflict was sparked by the suicide of Canadian Ambassador to Egypt E.H. Norman in the midst of allegations made by a United States Senate subcommittee that Norman had communist links. Pearson had defended Norman when the allegations became public, and defended him again after his death, suggesting to the Commons that the allegations were false.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
It quickly became apparent that the information released by the Americans might have come from Canadian intelligence sources, and after severe questioning of Pearson by Diefenbaker and the other parties' foreign policy critics, Pearson made a statement announcing that Norman had had communist associations in his youth, but had passed a security review. The minister evaded further questions regarding what information had been provided, and the discussion was cut short when Parliament was dissolved on April 12.


1957 Canadian federal election, Background, Run-up to the campaign
Peter Regenstreif, who studied the four elections between 1957 and 1963, wrote of the situation at the start of the election campaign, "In 1957, there was no tangible indication that the Liberals would be beaten or, even in the opposition's darkest moment of reflection, could be. All the hindsight and post hoc gazing at entrails cannot change that objective fact."


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
The Liberals and PC party differed considerably on fiscal and tax policies. In his opening campaign speech at Massey Hall in Toronto, Diefenbaker contended that Canadians were overtaxed in the amount of $120 per family of four. Diefenbaker pledged to reduce taxes and castigated the Liberals for not reducing taxes despite the government surplus. St. Laurent also addressed tax policy in his opening speech, in Winnipeg. St. Laurent noted that since 1953, tax rates had declined, as had the national debt, and that Canada had a reputation as a good place for investments. The Prime Minister argued that the cost of campaign promises made by the Progressive Conservatives would inevitably drive up the tax rate. Diefenbaker also assailed tight-money monetary policies which kept interest rates high, complaining that they were hitting Atlantic and Western Canada hard.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
The Tories promised changes in agricultural policies. Many Canadian farmers were unable to find buyers for their wheat; the PC party promised generous cash advances on unsold wheat and promised a protectionist policy regarding foreign agricultural products. The Liberals argued that such tariffs were not worth the loss of bargaining position in efforts to seek foreign markets for Canadian agricultural products.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
The institution of the welfare state was by 1957 accepted by both major parties. Diefenbaker promised to expand the national health insurance scheme to cover tubercular and mental health patients. He characterized the old age pension increase which the Liberal government was instituting as a mere pittance, not even enough to keep up with the cost of living. Diefenbaker noted that the increase only amounted to twenty cents a day, using that figure to ridicule Liberal contentions that an increase would add to the rate of inflation. All three opposition parties promised to increase the pension, with the Social Crediters and CCF even stating the specific amounts it would be raised by.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
The Liberals were content to rest on their record in foreign affairs, and doubted that the Tories could better them. In a radio address on May 30, Minister of Transport George Marler commented, "You will wonder as I do who in the Conservative Party would take the place of the Honourable Lester Pearson, whose knowledge and experience of world affairs has been put to such good use in recent years." Diefenbaker, however, refused to concede the point and in a televised address stated that Canadians were "asking Pearson to explain his bumbling of External Affairs". Though they were reluctant to discuss the Norman affair, the Tories suggested that the government had irresponsibly allowed gossip to be transmitted to United States congressional committees. They also attacked the government over Pearson's role in the Suez settlement, suggesting that Canada had let Britain down.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
Some members of the Tories' campaign committee had urged Diefenbaker not to build his campaign around the Pipeline Debate, contending that the episode was now a year in the past and forgotten by the voters, who did not particularly care what went on in Parliament anyway. Diefenbaker replied, "That's the issue, and I'm making it." Diefenbaker referred to the conduct of the government in the Pipeline Debate more frequently than he did any other issue during the campaign.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
St. Laurent initially dealt with the question flippantly, suggesting in his opening campaign address that the debate had been "nearly as long as the pipeline itself and quite as full of another kind of natural gas". As the issue gained resonance with the voters, the Liberals devoted more time to it, and St. Laurent devoted a major part of his final English television address to the question. The Liberals defended their conduct, and contended that a minority should not be allowed to impose its will on an elected majority. St. Laurent suggested that the Tories had performed badly as an opposition in the debate, and suggested that the public give them more practice at being an opposition.


1957 Canadian federal election, Issues
Finally, the Tories contended that the Liberals had been in power too long, and that it was time for a change. The PC party stated that the Liberals were arrogant, inflexible, and not capable of looking at problems from a new point of view. Liberals responded that with the country prosperous, there was no point to a change.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
In 1953, almost half of the Tories' campaign funds were spent in Quebec, a province in which the party won only four of seventy-five seats. After the 1953 election, Tory MP Gordon Churchill studied the Canadian federal elections since Confederation. He concluded that the Progressive Conservatives were ill-advised to continue pouring money into Quebec in an effort to win seats in the province; the Tories could win at least a minority government by maximizing their opportunities in English-speaking Canada, and if the party could also manage to win twenty seats in Quebec, it could attain a majority. Churchill's conclusions were ignored by most leading Tories—except Diefenbaker.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Diefenbaker's successful leadership race had been run by Allister Grosart, an executive for McKim Advertising Ltd. Soon after taking the leadership, Diefenbaker got Grosart to help out at Tory headquarters, and soon appointed him national director of the party and national campaign manager. Grosart appointed a national campaign committee, something which had not been done previously by the Tories, but which, according to Grosart, provided the organizational key to success in 1957. The party was ill-financed, having only $1,000,000 to wage the campaign—half what it had in 1953. Grosart divided most of that money equally by constituency, to the disgruntlement of Quebec Tories, who were used to receiving a disproportionate share of the national party's financing.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
The Tory campaign opened at Massey Hall in Toronto on April 25, where Diefenbaker addressed a crowd of 2,600, about 200 short of capacity. At the Massey Hall rally, a large banner hung behind Diefenbaker, which did not mention the name of his party, but which instead stated, "It's Time for a Diefenbaker Government." The slogan, coined by Grosart, sought to blur Canadian memories of the old Tory party of Bennett and Drew and instead focus attention on the party's new leader.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Posters for election rallies contained Diefenbaker's name in large type; only the small print contained the name of the party. When St. Laurent complained that the Tories were not campaigning under their own name, Grosart sent copies of the Prime Minister's remarks in a plain envelope to every Liberal candidate, and was gratified when they began inserting the allegation into their own speeches.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
According to Professor J. Murray Beck in his history of Canadian general elections, "His political enemies were led to make the very point he was striving to drive home: Diefenbaker was, in effect, leading a new party, not an old one with a repellent image." Grosart later stated that he structured the entire campaign around the personality of John Diefenbaker, and threw away the Tory party and its policies.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Diefenbaker began his campaign with a week of local campaigning in his riding, after which he went to Toronto for the Massey Hall speech. After two days in Ontario, he spoke at a rally in Quebec City, before spending the remainder of the first week in the Maritimes. The next week saw Diefenbaker spend two days in Quebec, after which he campaigned in Ontario. The next two weeks included a Western tour, with brief returns to Ontario, the most populous province.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
The final two weeks saw Diefenbaker spend much of the time in Ontario, though with brief journeys east to the Maritimes and Quebec and twice west to Saskatchewan. He returned to his riding for the final weekend before the Monday election. He spent 39 days on the campaign trail, eleven more than the Prime Minister.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
According to Professor John Meisel, who wrote a book about the 1957 campaign, Diefenbaker's speaking style was "reminiscent of the fiery orators so popular in the nineteenth century. Indeed, Mr. Diefenbaker's oratory has been likened to that of the revivalist preacher." As a new face on the national scene given to outspoken attacks on the government, he began to attract unexpectedly large crowds early in the campaign. When reduced to the written word, however, Diefenbaker's rhetoric sometimes proved to be without much meaning. According to journalist and author Peter C. Newman, "On the printed page, it makes little sense. But from the platform, its effect was far different." Both Newman and Meisel cite as an example of this the conclusion to the leader's Massey Hall speech:


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
If we are dedicated to this—and to this we are—you, my fellow Canadians, will require all the wisdom, all the power that comes from those spiritual springs that make freedom possible—all the wisdom, all the faith and all the vision which the Conservative Party gave but yesterday under Macdonald, change to meet changing conditions, today having the responsibility of this party to lay the foundations of this nation for a great and glorious future.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Diefenbaker's speeches contained words which evoked powerful emotions in his listeners. His theme was that Canada was on the edge of greatness—if it could only get rid of its incompetent and arrogant government. He stressed that the only alternative to the Liberals was a "Diefenbaker government". According to Newman, Diefenbaker successfully drew on the discontent both of those who had prospered in the 1950s, and sought some deeper personal and national purpose, as well as those who had been left out of the prosperity. However, Diefenbaker spoke French badly and the excitement generated by his campaign had little effect in francophone Quebec, where apathy prevailed and Le Devoir spoke of "une campaigne électorale au chloroforme".


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
The Tories had performed badly in British Columbia in 1953, finishing a weak fourth. However, the province responded to Diefenbaker, and 3,800 turned out for his Victoria speech on May 21, his largest crowd yet. This was bettered two days later in Vancouver with a crowd of 6,000, with even the street outside the Georgia Street Auditorium packed with Tory partisans. Diefenbaker responded to this by delivering what Dick Spencer (who wrote a book on Diefenbaker's campaigns) considered his greatest speech of the 1957 race, and which Newman considered the turning point of Diefenbaker's campaign.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Diefenbaker stated, "I give this assurance to Canadians—that the government shall be the servant and not the master of the people ... The road of the Liberal party, unless it is stopped—and Howe has said, 'Who's going to stop us? ' —will lead to the virtual extinction of parliamentary government. You will have the form, but the substance will be gone."


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
The Liberal-leaning Winnipeg Free Press, writing shortly after Diefenbaker's speeches in British Columbia, commented on them:


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Facts were overwhelmed with sound, passion substituted for arithmetic, moral indignation pumped up to the bursting point. But Mr. Diefenbaker provided the liveliest show of the election ... and many listeners undoubtedly failed to notice that he was saying even less than the Prime Minister, though saying it more shrilly and with evangelistic fervour ... Mr. Diefenbaker has chosen instead to cast himself as the humble man in a mood of protest, the common Canadian outraged by Liberal prosperity, the little guy fighting for his rights. So far as the crowds mean anything, that posture is a brilliant success at one-night stands.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
On June 6, the two major party campaigns crossed paths in Woodstock, Ontario. Speaking in the afternoon, St. Laurent drew a crowd of 200. To the shock of St. Laurent staffers, who remained for the Diefenbaker appearance, the PC leader drew an overflow crowd of over a thousand that evening, even though he was an hour late, with announcements made to the excited crowd that he was slowed by voters who wanted only to see him or shake his hand.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Progressive Conservative
Diefenbaker's intensive campaign exhausted the handful of national reporters who followed him. Clark Davey of The Globe and Mail stated, "We did not know how he did it." Reporters thought the Progressive Conservatives might, at best, gain 30 or 35 seats over the 53 they had at dissolution, and when Diefenbaker, off the record, told the reporters that the Tories would win 97 seats (which would still allow the Liberals to form the government), they concluded he was guilty of wishful thinking. Diefenbaker was even more confident in public; after he concluded his national tour and returned to his constituency, he addressed his final rally in Nipawin, Saskatchewan: "On Monday, I'll be Prime Minister."


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
St. Laurent was utterly confident of an election victory, so much so that he did not even bother to fill the sixteen vacancies in the Senate. He had been confident of re-election when Drew led the Tories, and, according to Liberal minister Lionel Chevrier, Diefenbaker's victory in the party leadership race increased his confidence by a factor of ten. At his press conference detailing his election tour, St. Laurent stated, "I have no doubt about the election outcome."


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
He indicated that his campaign would open April 29 in Winnipeg, and that the Prime Minister would spend ten days in Western Canada before moving east. However, he indicated he would first go home to Quebec City for several days around Easter (April 21 in 1957). This break kept him out of the limelight for ten days at a time when Diefenbaker was already actively campaigning and making daily headlines. At a campaign stop in Jarvis, Ontario, St. Laurent told an aide that he was afraid the right-wing, anti-Catholic Social Credit Party would be the next Opposition. St. Laurent denied Opposition claims that he would resign after an election victory, and the 75-year-old indicated that he planned to run again in 1961, if he was still around.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
The Liberals made no new, radical proposals during their campaign, but instead ran a quiet campaign with occasional attacks on the opposition parties. They were convinced that the public still supported their party, and that no expensive promises need be made to voters. St. Laurent was made the image of the nation's prosperity, and the Liberals refused to admit any reason for discontent existed. When Minister of Finance Harris proposed raising the upcoming increase in old age pension by an additional four dollars a month, St. Laurent refused to consider it, feeling that the increase had been calculated on the basis of the available facts, and those facts had not changed.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
During the Prime Minister's Western swing, St. Laurent made formal speeches only in major cities. In contrast to Diefenbaker's whistle-stop train touring, with a hasty speech in each town as the train passed through, the Liberals allowed ample time for "Uncle Louis" to shake hands with voters, pat their children on the head, and kiss their babies. In British Columbia, St. Laurent took the position that there were hardly any national issues worth discussing—the Liberals had brought Canada prosperity and all that was needed for more of the same was to return the party to office.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
After touring Western Canada, St. Laurent spent the remainder of the second week of the campaign returning to, and in, Ottawa. The third week opened with a major speech in Quebec City, followed by intensive campaigning in Ontario. The fifth week was devoted to the Maritime provinces and Eastern Quebec. The sixth week opened with a major rally in Ottawa, before St. Laurent returned to the Maritimes and Quebec, and the final week was spent in Ontario before St. Laurent returned to his hometown of Quebec City for the election.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
St. Laurent tried to project an image as a family man, and to that end often addressed schoolchildren. As he had in previous elections, he spoke to small groups of children regarding Canadian history or civics. The strategy backfired while addressing children in Port Hope, Ontario. With the children inattentive, some playing tag or sticking cameras in his face, St. Laurent angrily told them that it was their loss if they did not pay attention, as the country would be theirs to worry about far longer than it would be his.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
St. Laurent and the Liberals suffered other problems during the campaign. According to Newman, St. Laurent sometimes seemed unaware of what was happening around him, and at one campaign stop, shook hands with the reporters who were following him, under the apparent impression they were local voters. On the evening of Diefenbaker's Vancouver speech, St. Laurent drew 400 voters to a rally in Sherbrooke, Quebec, where he had once lived. C.D. Howe, under heavy pressure from the campaign of CCF candidate Doug Fisher in his Ontario riding, intimated that Fisher had communist links.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
At a rally in Manitoba, Howe offended a voter who told him the farmers were starving to death, poking the voter in the stomach and saying "Looks like you've been eating pretty well under a Liberal government." At another rally, Howe dismissed a persistent Liberal questioner, saying "Look here, my good man, when the election comes, why don't you just go away and vote for the party you support? In fact, why don't you just go away?"


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
The Liberals concluded their campaign with a large rally at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens on June 7. Entertainment at the event was provided by the Leslie Bell singers, and according to Grosart, many in the audience were Tory supporters who had turned out to hear them. St. Laurent's speech at the rally was interrupted when William Hatton, a 15-year-old boy from Malton, Ontario, climbed onto the platform. Hatton carried a banner reading, "This Can't Be Canada" with a Liberal placard bearing St. Laurent's photograph, and moved to face the Prime Minister.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
Meisel describes Hatton as an "otherwise politically apathetic boy who ... slowly and deliberately tore up a photograph of the Prime Minister as the latter was speaking" and states that Hatton engaged in "intensely provocative behavior". Liberal partisans interceded, and in the ensuing fracas, Hatton fell from the platform, audibly hitting his head on the concrete floor. St. Laurent watched in apparent shock, according to his biographer Dale Tompson, as officials aided the boy and took him from the hall.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
According to Tompson, the crowd "turned its indignation on the men on the platform" and spent the remainder of the evening wondering about the boy's possible injuries rather than listening to the Prime Minister's speech. Hatton was not seriously injured, but, according to Newman, "the accident added to the image of the Liberal Party as an unrepentant arrogant group of old men, willing to ride roughshod over voters". Grosart later described the incident as "the turning point" of the campaign.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
Professor Meisel speculated that the Hatton incident might have been part of an organized campaign to annoy St. Laurent out of his pleasant "Uncle Louis" persona, and Grosart later related that Liberal frontbencher Jack Pickersgill always accused him of being behind the boy's actions, but that the incident was "a sheer accident". Hatton's mother described his actions as "[j]ust a schoolboy prank," and a reaction to reading an article about how the art of heckling was dying.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Liberal
According to public relations executive J.G. Johnston in a letter to Diefenbaker on June 10, Hatton had come to the rally with several other boys, including Johnston's son, but had gone off on his own while the other boys paraded with Diefenbaker posters which had been smuggled inside. According to Johnston, Hatton was caught on CBC tape saying to St. Laurent, "I can no longer stand your hypocrisy, Sir" before tearing the St. Laurent poster. Attempts by Johnston to have the Liberal activist who pushed Hatton off the platform arrested failed, according to Johnston, on the ground that the police could find no witnesses.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, CCF
The CCF was a socialist party, which had much of its strength in Saskatchewan, though it ran candidates in several other provinces. At Parliament's dissolution in April 1957, it had 23 MPs, from five different provinces. Aside from the Liberals and the Tories, it was the only party to nominate a candidate in a majority of the ridings. In 1957, the party was led by Saskatchewan MP M.J. Coldwell.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, CCF
In 1956, the party adopted the Winnipeg Declaration, a far more moderate proposal than its previous governing document, the 1933 Regina Manifesto. For example, the Regina Manifesto pledged the CCF to the eradication of capitalism; the Winnipeg Declaration recognized the utility of private ownership of business, and stated that the government should own business only when it was in the public interest. In its election campaign, the CCF did not promise to nationalize any industries. It promised changes in the tax code in order to increase the redistribution of wealth in Canada.