1960 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1960 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1959–60 season, and the culmination of the 1960 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the four-time defending champion Montreal Canadiens, appearing in their tenth consecutive finals, and the Toronto Maple Leafs; it was a rematch of the previous year's finals. The Canadiens won the series, four games to none, for their fifth straight Cup victory, which stands as an NHL record.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the finals
Montreal swept the Chicago Black Hawks in four games to reach the Final. In the other semi-final, Toronto defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to two.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Montreal swept the Maple Leafs, outscoring them 15–5, en route to being the first team since the 1952 Detroit Red Wings to go without a loss in the playoffs, with Jean Beliveau scoring the game-winning goal in three of the matches. The Red Wings beat both the Leafs and Habs in the 1952 playoffs to set the record.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
After the series Rocket Richard retired. He went out with style, finishing with his 34th final-series goal in the third game.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
As of 2020, this is the last time a team from Toronto has lost a championship series in any of the "big four" major professional sports leagues. The Leafs would go on to appear in and win four Stanley Cup Finals in the 1960s, these being 1962, 1963, 1964 and their most recent Finals appearance and win in 1967. Since then, the Toronto Blue Jays (who joined Major League Baseball in 1977) have appeared in and won the World Series in 1992 and 1993, while the Toronto Raptors (who joined the National Basketball Association in 1995) appeared in and won the NBA Finals in 2019.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1960 Stanley Cup was presented to Canadiens captain Maurice Richard by NHL President Clarence Campbell following the Canadiens 4–0 win over the Maple Leafs in game four.


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Canadiens players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1960 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Members of Montreal Canadiens Five Straight Dynasty 1956 to 1960
Jean Beliveau, Bernie Geoffrion*, Doug Harvey*, Tom Johnson*, Don Marshall, Dickie Moore*, Jacques Plante*, Claude Provost, Henri Richard, Maurice Richard*, Jean-Guy Talbot, Bob Turner (twelve players), Frank Selke Sr*, Ken Reardon, Toe Blake, Hector Dubois* (four non-players).


1960 Stanley Cup playoffs
The 1960 Stanley Cup playoffs was the tournament to determine the 1960 Stanley Cup professional ice hockey championship of the National Hockey League (NHL)


1960 Stanley Cup playoffs
The momentum did not stop for the regular-season champion Montreal Canadiens as they played the minimum number of games to win the Stanley Cup. Montreal, in the process, became the last Cup winners in NHL history to go undefeated in the playoffs to date. After winning the Stanley Cup, Maurice Richard retired from the NHL as a champion.


1960 Stanley Cup playoffs, Semifinals
Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks had led the league in scoring, but the well-oiled machine called the Montreal Canadiens managed to hold him to only six goals as the Canadiens swept the Black Hawks in four. The Toronto Maple Leafs, though, had a slightly tougher time against the Gordie Howe led Detroit Red Wings as it took the Leafs 6 games, including one in triple overtime, to win the series.


1960 Stanley Cup playoffs, Leading scorers
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points


1960 Star World Championships
The 1960 Star World Championships were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1960.


1960 Star World Championships, Results
Legend: DNF – Did not finish; DSA – Disabled; DSQ – Disqualified; WDR – Withdrew;


1960 State of the Union Address
The 1960 State of the Union Address was given on Thursday, January 7, 1960, by Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States, to a joint session of the 86th United States Congress. He said, "We must strive to break the calamitous cycle of frustrations and crises which, if unchecked, could spiral into nuclear disaster; the ultimate insanity." It was the height of the Cold War, and both the Soviet Union and the United States had a responsibility to the world.


1960 State of the Union Address, Key statements
So dedicated, and with faith in the Almighty, humanity shall one day achieve the unity in freedom to which all men have aspired from the dawn of time.


1960 Sugar Bowl
The 1960 Sugar Bowl to the featured the second-ranked Ole Miss Rebels, and the third ranked LSU Tigers. LSU was the defending national champion, playing in its home state, but faced a rematch of a tough 7-3 win in a regular season game.


1960 Sugar Bowl
After a scoreless first quarter of play, Ole Miss scored on a 43-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Jake Gibbs to Cowboy Woodruff, as the Rebels took a 7–0 lead. In the third quarter, Bobby Franklin of Ole Miss threw an 18-yard touchdown pass to Larry Grantham as Ole Miss led 14–0. In the fourth quarter, Franklin threw a 9-yard touchdown pass to George Blair as Ole Miss led 21–0. They held on to win the game.


1960 Sugar Bowl
The story of the game was Ole Miss's relentless defense, that may have been one of the best in any bowl game's history. It held LSU to just 74 yards of total offense, including –15 rushing yards, and never let LSU inside the Ole Miss 38-yard line during the game. Bobby Franklin was named the game's MVP.


1960 Summer Olympics
The 1960 Summer Olympics (Italian: Giochi Olimpici estivi del 1960), officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: Giochi della XVII Olimpiade) and commonly known as Rome 1960 (Italian: Roma 1960), were an international multi-sport event held from 25 August to 11 September 1960 in Rome, Italy. Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics, but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, the city had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London. The Soviet Union won the most gold and overall medals at the 1960 Games.


1960 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
On 15 June 1955, at the 50th IOC Session in Paris, France, Rome won the rights to host the 1960 Games, having beaten Brussels, Mexico City, Tokyo, Detroit, Budapest and finally Lausanne. Tokyo and Mexico City would subsequently host the proceeding 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics respectively.


1960 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
Toronto was initially interested in the bidding, but appears to have dropped out during the final phase of the bid process. This was the first of five unsuccessful attempts by Toronto to secure the Summer Olympics from then until the 2008 games.


1960 Summer Olympics, Venues
1 New facilities constructed in preparation for the Olympic Games. 2 Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games.


1960 Summer Olympics, Games, Participating National Olympic Committees
A total of 83 nations participated at the Rome Games. Athletes from Morocco, San Marino, Sudan, and Tunisia competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago would represent the new (British) West Indies Federation, competing as "Antilles", but this nation would only exist for this single Olympiad. Athletes from Northern Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia competed under the Rhodesia name while representing the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Athletes from East Germany and West Germany would compete as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964. The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants that each country contributed.


1960 Summer Olympics, Games, Sports
The 1960 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 150 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1960 Summer Olympics, Games, Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1960 Games:


1960 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1960 Summer Olympics medal table is a list of National Olympic Committees ranked by the number of medals won during the 1960 Summer Olympics, held in Rome, Italy from August 25 to September 11, 1960.


1960 Summer Olympics medal table
A total of 5,338 athletes from 83 countries participated in these Games, competing in 150 events in 17 sports.


1960 Summer Olympics medal table
Athletes from 44 countries won at least one medal, leaving 39 countries in blank in the medal table. The Soviet Union won the most gold (43) and overall medals (103). British West Indies, Republic of China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iraq, Morocco, and Singapore  won the first medals in their Olympic history.


1960 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee, although that organization does not officially recognize global ranking per country.


1960 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
The countries are ranked by the number of gold medals won by the athletes of that country. If countries are tied, first the number of silver medals is taken into consideration and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.


1960 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
A total of 150 events in 17 sports were awarded in Rome. In gymnastics, two extra gold medals were awarded in the men's pommel horse and long horse vault events because of ties and one additional bronze medal was awarded in the Rings event. Because of this, two fewer silver medals were awarded, though an extra silver was awarded in the women's high jump. In the boxing events, two bronze medals were awarded in each weight class, so the total number of bronze medals is greater than the total number of gold and silver medals.


1960 Summer Paralympics
The 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, retroactively designated as the 1960 Summer Paralympics (Italian: Giochi paralimpici estivi del 1960), were the first international Paralympic Games, following on from the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1948 and 1952. They were organised under the aegis of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The term "Paralympic Games" was approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) first in 1984, while the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) was formed in 1989.


1960 Summer Paralympics
The Games were held in Rome, Italy from September 18 to 25, 1960, with the 1960 Summer Olympics. The only disability included in these Paralympics was spinal cord injury. There were 400 athletes from 23 countries.


1960 Summer Paralympics, Medal table
The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Italy, is highlighted.


1960 Summer Paralympics, Participating delegations
The number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC. A few NPC are missing to this list, as the IPC reports 23 delegations and about 400 participants (but only list those with medalists, reconstructing the history from collected archives from various external sources, including photos and videos).


1960 Summer Paralympics medal table
The 1960 Summer Paralympics medal table is a list of National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 1960 Summer Paralympics (the inaugural Paralympic Games), held in Rome, Italy, from September 18 to 25, 1960.


1960 Summer Paralympics medal table
Due to there being no more than three competitors per event, every participant was guaranteed a medal upon successful completion of his or her event.


1960 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code.


1960 Summer Paralympics medal table, Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the  icon next to the column title.


1960 Sun Bowl
The 1960 Sun Bowl featured the New Mexico State Aggies and the Utah State Aggies. This was the 27th Sun Bowl (26th held between college teams), and was played at Kidd Field in El Paso, Texas.


1960 Sun Bowl, Background
This was the year to shine for teams named Aggies. New Mexico State had a 14-game winning streak and were ranked in the AP Poll for the first time ever while also being champions of the BIAA once again. This was their third Sun Bowl as they looked to be the first team to win consecutive Sun Bowls since the Texas Western Miners did it in 1954 and 1955. One notable player for New Mexico State was Bob Gaiters, who had 197 carries for 1,338 yards and 23 touchdowns, a record for New Mexico State that still stands today. Quarterback Charley Johnson was no slouch, either. He threw 109-of-199 for 1,511 yards, with 13 touchdowns and 6 interceptions.


1960 Sun Bowl, Background
The Utah State Aggies were co-champions of the Skyline Conference with Wyoming. Utah State won their first nine games of the season, beating opponents such as conference opponents New Mexico, Colorado State, BYU, and Wyoming. For two weeks, they were even ranked (#18 and #19, from 10/31 to 11/7). In their final game of the year, they were shut out 6-0 by Utah, but they were still champion of the conference. This was their first conference championship since winning the Big Seven Conference title in 1946. This was their first bowl game since 1947.


1960 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Charley Johnson won his second MVP by throwing two touchdowns for New Mexico State, who had trailed at halftime 13–7 due to Tom Larscheid and Dolph Camilli both having touchdown runs for Utah State. But Bob Gaiters had a touchdown run and Johnson threw his second touchdown pass as Utah State's Doug Mayberry was stopped short on fourth down late in the game, sealing the win for New Mexico State for their first (and so far only) perfect season. Johnson threw 18-of-26 for 190 yards and two touchdowns in an MVP effort.


1960 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
New Mexico State did not reach another bowl game for 57 years, which was the longest period of any FBS team without a bowl appearance. New Mexico State went 35–23–2 during the rest of Woodson's tenure before he was fired in 1967. Since then, the Aggies have won only the Missouri Valley Conference championship in 1976 and 1978. Gaiters and Johnson were named to the Sun Bowl Association 75th Anniversary Team in 2008. On February 14th, 2009 (Valentine's Day), the 1960 football team was inducted into the First Community Bank/NMSU Athletics Hall of Fame. In 2017, the Aggies were invited to the Arizona Bowl. Their opponent for the game is Utah State.


1960 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
Utah State went to the Gotham Bowl the following year. It took them 32 years to reach another bowl game.


1960 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1960 season.


1960 Swedish football Division 3
Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 for the 1960 season.


1960 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden on 18 September 1960. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 114 of the 232 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag.


1960 Swiss referendums
Two referendums were held in Switzerland in 1960. The first was held on 29 May on continuing with temporary price controls, and was approved by 77% of voters. The second was held on 4 December on economic and financial measures for the dairy farming industry, and was also approved by voters.


1960 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1960 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Orangemen were led by 12th-year head coach Ben Schwartzwalder and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse finished the regular season with a record of 7–2 and ranked 19th in the AP Poll. The university administration ruled against accepting a bowl invite saying that the "season was long enough". They were not invited to a bowl game.


1960 Syracuse Orangemen football team
Junior halfback Ernie Davis continued to garner national attention, earning consensus All-American honors while rushing for 877 yards and 8 touchdowns.


1960 São Paulo FC season
The 1960 football season was São Paulo's 31st season since club's existence.


1960 TANFL season
The 1960 Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart, Tasmania over eighteen (18) roster rounds and four (4) finals series matches between 9 April and 17 September 1960.


1960 TANFL season, Participating Clubs, TANFL Under-19's Grand Final
Note: Macalburn were affiliated to Hobart, Buckingham were affiliated to Glenorchy.


1960 TANFL season, Participating Clubs, State Preliminary Final
Note: Burnie (NWFU guernseys) and Hobart (TANFL guernseys) wore alternate strips due to a guernsey clash.


1960 TANFL season, 1960 TANFL Ladder, Round 1
(Saturday, 9 April. Saturday, 16 April & Monday, 18 April 1960)


1960 TANFL season, 1960 TANFL Ladder, Round 2
Note: This round was postponed by one week due to flooding in Southern Tasmania.


1960 TANFL season, 1960 TANFL Ladder, Grand Final
Source: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury and Saturday Evening Mercury (SEM) publications.


1960 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1960 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 4–4–2 overall and 3–3–1 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Abe Martin in his eighth year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1960 Taiwanese presidential election
Indirect elections were held for the presidency and vice-presidency of the government of the Republic of China on Taiwan on March 21, 1960. The vote took place at the Chung-Shan Hall in Taipei. Incumbent President Chiang Kai-shek and Vice-President Chen Cheng was re-elected.


1960 Taiwanese presidential election
Before the election, the National Assembly amended the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion which allowed the President and Vice-President to seek for third term, which superseded the Article 47 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, in order to make way for Chiang to be re-elected. As a result, Chiang received 1,481 votes of the 1,576 National Assembly members, while his running mate Chen Cheng was re-elected with 1,381 votes. The term began on May 20, 1960.


1960 Taiwanese presidential election, Electors
The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place Chung-Shan Hall in Taipei. According to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion, the term of the delegates who were elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election was extended indefinitely until "re-election is possible in their original electoral district". In total, there were 1,521 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this third session of the first National Assembly.


1960 Tampa Spartans football team
The 1960 Tampa Spartans football team represented the University of Tampa in the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. It was the Spartans' 24th season. The team was led by head coach Marcelino Huerta, in his ninth year, and played their home games at Phillips Field in Tampa, Florida. They finished with a record of two wins, seven losses and one tie (2–7–1).


1960 Tampa Spartans football team
After they opened the season at home with a 7–7 tie against Furman, the Spartans lost on the road at Western Carolina and Tennessee. After the Spartans won the first game of the season over Elon, they lost to both McNeese State and Southeastern Louisiana before they defeated Troy State on homecoming for their second win of the season. The Spartans then closed their season with three consecutive losses against McMurry and Alabama on the road and at home against Appalachian State.


1960 Tanganyikan general election
General elections were held in Tanganyika on 30 August 1960, following the agreement of the United Kingdom to establish internal self-government for the territory. The Tanganyika African National Union won 70 of the 71 elected seats, whilst the other went to a TANU member who had stood against the official TANU candidate, and immediately joined TANU faction after being elected.


1960 Tangerine Bowl (December)
The 1960 Tangerine Bowl (December) was an American college football bowl game played following the 1960 season, on December 30, at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The Citadel Bulldogs of the Southern Conference defeated the Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles of the Ohio Valley Conference by a score of 27–0. It was the second of two Tangerine Bowls played in calendar year 1960.


1960 Tangerine Bowl (December)
Heading into the game, The Citadel finished their regular season slate with a 7–2–1 record, finishing second in the Southern Conference behind VMI. This has been the only bowl appearance for The Citadel.


1960 Tangerine Bowl (December)
Tennessee Tech entered with an 8–2 record. They were Ohio Valley Conference champions after having finished 6–0 in conference play. They have appeared in only one bowl game since; the 1972 Grantland Rice Bowl, which they also lost.


1960 Tangerine Bowl (January)
The 1960 Tangerine Bowl (January) was an American college football bowl game played on January 1, 1960, at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders defeated the Presbyterian Blue Hose by a score of 21–12. It was the first of two Tangerine Bowls played in calendar year 1960.


1960 Targa Florio
The 44° Targa Florio took place on 8 May 1960, on the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, (Sicily, Italy). It was the third round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Entry
The event attracted more cars than in previous seasons, with 78 racing cars were registered for this event, instead of the 58 in 1959, of which 77 arrived for practice. Only these, 69 qualified for, and started the race.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Entry
Reigning World Champions, Ferrari had entered three of their latest 250 TR 60 and Dino 246 S for their squad of drivers; Phil Hill, Wolfgang von Trips, Richie Ginther, Willy Mairesse, Ludovico Scarfiotti and Cliff Allison.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Entry
As Aston Martin elected to miss the championship in concentrate on Formula One, there was no other factory entrants in the S3.0 class, therefore their main opposition would come from the works Porsches of Jo Bonnier, Hans Herrmann, Edgar Barth, Graham Hill and Olivier Gendebien, despite these were smaller engined cars and less powerful, the marque was victorious twelve months earlier and in the last round, 12 Hours of Sebring.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Race
Even before the race started, Ferrari had a frightening accident where Allisons’s 250 TR suffered a blown tyre, and was withdrawn from the event.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Race
At the start, the remaining three Scuderia Ferrari’s in the Sport category were the favourites. The cars of the Rodríguez brothers and that of Hill and von Trips, who were supposed to attack. Once von Trips has moved into the lead, it was decided they should continue to race flat-out, and not back off, to try and maintenance their advantage. In the fight for the victory, the Porsche of Bonnier/Herrmann moved ahead of the Ferraris, however it was the all Italian crew of Umberto Maglioli and Nino Vaccarella in their Maserati Tipo 61 who were on a charge.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Race
On lap five, Maglioli passed Hermann, only to ceded the leadership to Palermo-born Vaccarella who betrayed his audience: everyone looked at him with his breath a bit 'suspended, it did not seem possible; Nino completed the sixth lap slightly increasing the advantage of Hermann; the seventh his Maserati, the number 200, it did make the fastest lap and was passing with a lead over three minutes. On the seventh lap, Maglioli waiting for him to finish the race brilliantly, but did not reach Vaccarella: a stone had punctured the fuel tank.


1960 Targa Florio, Report, Race
The Porsche of Bonnier/Herrmann inherited the lead, to record their second straight win in Sicily, and their second consecutive win in the World Sportscar Champions. They took the victory, with their 718 RS 60 completing 10 laps, covering 447.388 miles in just over 7½ hours of racing, averaging a speed of 59.239 mph. Second place went to the works Ferrari of von Trips and Hill in a Dino 246 S, albeit over 6 mins adrift. The podium was complete by another works Porsche, of Olivier Gendebien and Herrmann who were further 2½ mins behind.


1960 Targa Florio, Standings after the race
Championship points were awarded for the first six places in each race in the order of 8-6-4-3-2-1. Manufacturers were only awarded points for their highest finishing car with no points awarded for positions filled by additional cars. Only the best 3 results out of the 5 races could be retained by each manufacturer. Points earned but not counted towards the championship totals are listed within brackets in the above table.


1960 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1960 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1959–60 Taça de Portugal, the 20th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 3 July 1960 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Belenenses and Sporting CP. Belenenses defeated Sporting CP 2–1 to claim the Taça de Portugal for a second time.


1960 Temora state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly seat of Temora on Saturday 8 October 1960 and was triggered by the death of Doug Dickson (Country), who had been Deputy Leader of the party until 1958.


1960 Temora state by-election
The Kurri Kurri by-election was held on the same day.


1960 Temple Owls football team
The 1960 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conference (MAC) during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. In its first season under head coach George Makris, the team compiled a 2–7 record (0–5 against MAC opponents) and finished seventh out of eight teams in the MAC's University Division. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1960 Temple Owls football team
Joe Nejman, Lou Paludi, and Wally Porter were assistant coaches.


1960 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1960 Tennessee Volunteers (variously "Tennessee", "UT" or the "Vols") represented the University of Tennessee in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Bowden Wyatt, in his sixth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of six wins, two losses and two ties (6–2–2 overall, 3–2–2 in the SEC).


1960 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1960 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC). The Aggies were led by head coach Jim Myers in his third season and finished with a record of one win, six losses and three ties (1–6–3 overall, 0–4–3 in the SWC).


1960 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1960 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season.


1960 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1960 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University in the Southwest Conference during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their tenth and final season under head coach DeWitt Weaver, the Red Raiders compiled a 3–6–1 record (1–5–1 against conference opponents), finished in sixth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 182 to 148. The team's statistical leaders included Glenn Amerson with 464 passing yards, Coolidge Hunt with 527 rushing yards, and Bake Turner with 173 receiving yards. The team played its home games at Clifford B. and Audrey Jones Stadium.


1960 Texas Western Miners football team
The 1960 Texas Western Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas Western College (now known as University of Texas at El Paso) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its fourth season under head coach Ben Collins, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (2–3 against Border Conference opponents), finished fourth in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 176 to 167.


1960 Texas gubernatorial election
The 1960 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1960, to elect the Governor of Texas. Incumbent Democratic Governor Price Daniel was easily reelected to a third term, winning 73% of the vote to Republican William Steger's 27%.


1960 Texas tropical storm
The 1960 Texas tropical storm brought severe but localized flooding to southeastern Texas in June 1960. The first tropical cyclone and first tropical storm of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season, this system developed from an area of showers and thunderstorms in the Bay of Campeche on June 22. Initially a  tropical depression, it strengthened and was estimated to have reached tropical storm status on June 23. Early on the following day, the storm peaked with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). Later that day, it made landfall near Corpus Christi, Texas, at the same intensity. The storm weakened slowly and moved across the Central United States, before dissipating over Illinois on June 28.


1960 Texas tropical storm
In Texas, the storm dropped up to 29.76 inches (756 mm) of precipitation in Port Lavaca. Thus considerable flooding occurred in some areas of south and eastern Texas. Throughout the state, more than 150 houses sustained flood damage in several counties. In addition, numerous major highways were closed, including portions of U.S. Routes 59, 87, 90, and then-185, and Texas State Highways 35 and 71. In Arkansas, a few buildings in Hot Springs were damaged from high winds. Flooding in that state resulted in three deaths from drowning.


1960 Texas tropical storm
Light to moderate rainfall was recorded in at least 11 other states, though damage was minimal. The storm was the rainiest tropical cyclone on record in the state of Kentucky, dropping 11.25 inches (286 mm) in Dunmor. Overall, 18 fatalities were attributed to the storm and $3.6 million (1960 USD) in damage was reported.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Meteorological history
In late June 1960, a large mass of deep convection developed in the Gulf of Mexico. A reconnaissance flight into the system on June 22 did not indicate a closed circulation. However, weather stations in Mexico reported a circulation and thus, it is estimated that the first tropical depression of the season developed at 0600 UTC on June 22. Early on June 23, barometric pressures in from Tampico, Tamaulipas to Brownsville, Texas had significantly decreased, which indicated that the tropical cyclone was moving generally northward. Shortly thereafter, another reconnaissance flight into the depression indicated winds of only 20 mph (30 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg). However, the plane may not have flown under the most intense convection.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Meteorological history
The depression gradually strengthened, and by 0600 UTC on June 23, it reached tropical storm status. Over Texas, airborne radars and the Dow Chemical Company radar in Freeport indicated curved convective banding associated with the storm. Though no wall cloud was reported, the Kelly Air Force Base reported a cloud center. The storm continued to intensify, peaking with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) by 0000 UTC on June 24. At 0400 UTC that day, the tropical storm made landfall near Corpus Christi, Texas. After moving inland, the storm quickly weakened back to a tropical depression. Over the following 24 hours, the depression executed a small cyclonic loop over southern Texas. On June 26, the depression accelerated to the north-northeast, and eventually dissipated over northern Illinois on June 29 at 0000 UTC.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Texas
Some towns in Texas considered it the worst disaster since a hurricane in 1945. In Copano Bay, waves produced by the storm damaged three fishing piers; a shrimp boat also capsized, killing three people. In addition, another ship was beached. However, the tides measured were only 3.5 feet (1.1 m) above mean water levels. In Rockport, sustained winds reached 40 mph (65 km/h) and gusts were up to 60 mph (95 km/h). Padre Island Park also reported tropical storm force winds, with sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and gusts reaching 60 mph (95 km/h).


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Texas
Heavy rainfall was reported, peaking at 29.76 inches (756 mm) in Port Lavaca. As a result, water 6 to 12 inches (150 to 300 mm) was reported in several homes and businesses in Port Lavaca. Two boys drowned in Port Lavaca after being swept by flood waters into the city harbor. Over 19 inches (480 mm) fell in Bay City. It was reported by the Bay City Tribune that all of Matagorda County was "under water". Due to large amounts of precipitation, portions of U.S. Routes 59, 87, 90, and then-185, and Texas State Highways 35 and 71.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Texas
Rainfall totals in the Houston area peaked at more than 17 inches (430 mm). At the height of the storm, about one-fourth of the streets in Houston were flooded. Three subdivisions of the city were significantly affected by flooding: Alameda Plaza, Pleasantville, and Sunnyside. Many shingles were blown off the roof of a house, and then water caused the roof to collapse into the dining room and living room. However, no one was injured or killed. Several hundred people were evacuated from places with poor drainage or low-lying areas. Between 150 and 200 houses were affected by flooding and damaged estimates reached $1.5 million in Harris County alone. In addition, three people drowned in the flood waters in Houston.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Texas
Following the storm, the town of Port Lavaca requested aid from the United States Navy and Fourth United States Army. Later, cots and blankets were sent by helicopters and trucks. Three schools were opened as shelters for flood refugees in Port Lavaca. The Texas Department of State Health Services sent water and sanitation teams to the areas affected by the storm, as well as 3,000 shots of typhoid vaccine. In addition, Calhoun County was declared a disaster area. Overall, the storm caused $3.6 million and 15 fatalities in the state of Texas.


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Elsewhere
Elsewhere along the Gulf Coast of the United States, light to moderate rainfall was reported in the states of Mississippi and Louisiana. In both states, affects were minimal, and rainfall was generally less than 5 inches (130 mm). To the north of Texas in the state of Oklahoma, precipitation was also light, peaking at 4.34 inches (110 mm) in Kiamichi. The storm brought moderate to heavy rainfall throughout Arkansas. Much of the state reported at least 3 inches (76 mm), while precipitation in some areas was more than 10 inches (250 mm). The Ouachita River reached flood stage at Arkadelphia. Three children drowned near Redfield after the car they were occupying was swept off U.S. Route 65 and fell into a ditch. Near Hot Springs, high winds damaged a few buildings. In Tennessee, much of the state reported precipitation, though it was generally no more than 5 inches (130 mm).


1960 Texas tropical storm, Impact, Elsewhere
Heavy rainfall was reported in Kentucky, peaking at 11.25 inches (286 mm) in Dunmor, making it the wettest tropical cyclone in the history of that state. Light precipitation was reported in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri; none of those states experienced more than 4 inches (100 mm) of rain. The storm dropped rainfall was far north as Michigan and Wisconsin. In those two states, precipitation was generally light, and did not exceed 3 inches (76 mm). Rainfall totals reached 2.83 inches (72 mm) and 2.28 inches (58 mm) in Wisconsin and Michigan, respectively.


1960 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1960 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1960 NCAA football season. The Bulldogs were led by fourth-year head coach Eddie Teague and played their home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. They played as members of the Southern Conference, as they have since 1936. In 1960, The Citadel won in its first and only bowl appearance in the Tangerine Bowl.


1960 Tibetan Parliament in Exile election
The first election for the then named Tibetan Assembly was held on September 2, 1960, as part of a process of democratization of the Tibetan community encourage by the Dalai Lama. The election for Parliament was announced by the Dalai Lama in a trip to Bodh Gaya on January of the same year. This was the first time in history that Tibetans could elect their political leaders and September 2 is currently celebrate among the Tibetan diaspora as “Democracy Day”. One of the first decisions of the Assembly was to abolish all hereditary titles and functions of the old aristocracy, Buddhist hierarchy and tribal leaders declaring the equality of all Tibetans. Since that, other 15 assemblies have been elected.


1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 70th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1960 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
On 16 October 1960, Toomevara won the championship after a 3-15 to 2-08 defeat of Thurles Sarsfields in the final. It was their 10th championship title overall and their first title since 1931.


1960 Titleholders Championship
The 1960 Titleholders Championship was the 21st Titleholders Championship, held March 10–14 at Augusta Country Club in Augusta, Georgia. Fay Crocker, age 45, led all four rounds and won the second of her two major titles, seven strokes ahead of runner-up Kathy Cornelius, with Mickey Wright a stroke back in third place.


1960 Titleholders Championship
It was the largest margin of victory at the Titleholders in a decade, since Babe Zaharias won by eight strokes in 1950.


1960 Titleholders Championship
A snowstorm on Friday postponed the second round until Saturday, and the final two rounds were played on Sunday and Monday.


1960 Tiverton by-election
The Tiverton by-election, 1960 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Tiverton on 16 November 1960.


1960 Tiverton by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation of the sitting Conservative MP, Rt Hon. Derick Heathcoat-Amory to the House of Lords on 1 September 1960. He had been MP here since holding the seat in 1945.


1960 Tiverton by-election, Election history
Tiverton had been won by the Conservatives at every election since 1924 when they gained the seat from the Liberals. The result at the last General Election was as follows;


1960 Tiverton by-election, Candidates
The Conservatives selected 29-year-old Robin Maxwell-Hyslop. He contested the Derby North constituency at the 1959 general election. He was Personal Assistant to the director and general manager of the aero engine division of Rolls-Royce from 1954 to 1960. Labour selected a new candidate in 35-year-old Raymond Dobson. At the last General election he was Labour candidate for Torrington. The Liberals re-selected 42-year-old James Collier who contested the constituency in 1959. He was a local farmer, his family had farmed in the parish of Culmstock since 1600.


1960 Tiverton by-election, Aftermath
Maxwell-Hyslop and Collier faced each other again at the following General Election while Dobson moved to contest Bristol North East, where he came second. The result at the 1964 general election;


1960 Tiverton by-election, Aftermath
Maxwell-Hyslop retained the seat until he retired at the 1992 general election.


1960 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1960 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their first season under head coach Clive Rush, the Rockets compiled a 2–7 record (0–6 against MAC opponents) and finished in seventh place in the MAC.


1960 Toledo Rockets football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jerry Stoltz with 277 passing yards, John Murray with 608 rushing yards, and Bob Smith with 268 receiving yards.


1960 Torneo di Viareggio
The 1960 winners of the Torneo di Viareggio (in English, the Viareggio Tournament, officially the Viareggio Cup World Football Tournament Coppa Carnevale), the annual youth football tournament held in Viareggio, Tuscany, are listed below.


1960 Torneo di Viareggio, Format
The 16 teams are organized in knockout rounds. The round of 16 are played in two-legs, while the rest of the rounds are single tie.


1960 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1960 Toronto Argonauts finished in first place in the Eastern Conference with a 10–4 record. Their first-place finish earned them a bye to the Eastern Finals. The Argonauts lost both games of the two-game, total point Finals to the eventual Grey Cup champion Ottawa Rough Riders.


1960 Toronto Argonauts season, Preseason
After playing (and losing to) the NFL Chicago Cardinals in 1959, the Argonauts hosted the NFL Pittsburgh Steelers at CNE Stadium on August 3 in the second of three interleague games hosted in Torontoand lost 43–16. Both teams used 12 players, with a handful of NFL rules (blocking, punt returns) blended into the Canadian game.


1960 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 5, 1960. Six-year incumbent mayor Nathan Phillips was challenged by former mayor Allan Lamport and Controller Jean Newman. Phillips was returned to office.


1960 Toronto municipal election
The City of Toronto also held a referendum on whether to remove the Blue Law banning films and concerts on Sunday evenings. The measure passed 94,000 votes to 58,003.


1960 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
Phillips had first been elected to city council in 1926 and was elected mayor in 1954 and was reelected in 1956 and 1958. He faced two prominent challengers in the 1960 race. Former mayor and Board of Control member Allan Lamport and Controller Jean Newman. Each of the three candidates had the endorsement of one of the city's newspapers. The right-wing Toronto Telegram backed Phillips, the centre-right The Globe and Mail backed Newman, and the centre-left Toronto Daily Star backed Lamport. One of the central issues was over the expansion of the Toronto subway system by building the Bloor-Danforth Line. All candidates supported it, but there was debate over how it should be paid for.


1960 Toronto municipal election, Plebiscite
A plebiscite was held on loosening Toronto's blue law to allow cinemas to open on Sundays.


1960 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
Top spot on the Board of Control, and the associated budget chief position, was contested between two incumbent conservatives Donald Summerville and William Allen with Summerville winning the top spot. Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member William Dennison was also reelected to the Board. The position left open by Newman's decision to run for mayor attracted three aldermen with Philip Givens narrowly beating CCF member Herbert Orliffe and Francis Chambers finishing further behind. A month later in January 1961 William Allen won the position of Metro Toronto Chairman and resigned from the board. Orliffe was appointed to replace him.


1960 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
The two Controllers with the most votes also sit on Metropolitan Toronto Council.


1960 Toronto municipal election, City council
Two aldermen were elected per Ward. The alderman with the most votes was declared Senior Alderman and sat on both Toronto City Council and Metro Council.


1960 Toronto municipal election, City council
In the elections for Toronto City Council, only one incumbent was defeated, May Birchard in Ward 2. In all but one ward where two incumbents were reelected two councillors switched position changing which would also represent the city on the board of Metro Toronto.


1960 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results are taken from the December 6, 1960 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1960 Toronto municipal election, Changes
Controller William Allen resigned upon being elected Metro Chairman on January 9, 1962. On January 15, 1962Controller William Dennison was appointed Metro Councillor and Herbert Orliffe was appointed Controller


1960 Toronto municipal election, Suburbs, Etobicoke
Source: "Waffle Easily Wins Etobicoke", Toronto Daily Star`` (1900-1971); Toronto, Ontario [Toronto, Ontario]06 Dec 1960: 9


1960 Toronto municipal election, Suburbs, Forest Hill
Source:  and "Simonsky Again Forest Hill Reeve", Toronto Daily Star (1900-1971); Toronto, Ontario [Toronto, Ontario]06 Dec 1960: 9


1960 Toronto municipal election, Suburbs, York
Taylor defeated Tonks who had been ensnared in a conflict-of-interest scandal. Source:


1960 Tour de France
The 1960 Tour de France was the 47th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 26 June and 17 July, with 21 stages covering a distance of 4,173 km (2,593 mi). The race featured 128 riders, of which 81 finished.


1960 Tour de France
Because Jacques Anquetil was absent after winning the 1960 Giro d'Italia, Roger Rivière became the main favourite. Halfway the race, Rivière was in second place behind Nencini, and with his specialty the time trial remaining, he was still favourite for the victory. When Rivière had a career-ending crash in the fourteenth stage, this changed, and Nencini won the Tour easily.


1960 Tour de France, Teams
The 1960 Tour de France was run in the national team format. The four most important cycling nations of the time, Spain, Belgium, France and Italy, each sent a national team with fourteen cyclists. There were also five smaller national teams: a combined Luxembourg/Swiss team, a Dutch team, a West German team, a British team, and a team of Internationals cyclists, all with eight cyclists. Finally, there were five regional teams, also of eight cyclists each. Altogether, 128 cyclists started the race. The West German team, that had been away from the Tour since 1938, was allowed to join again.


1960 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
Jacques Anquetil, the winner of the 1957 Tour de France, had won the 1960 Giro d'Italia earlier that year. Anquetil was tired, and skipped the Tour. This made Roger Rivière the French team leader, and the big favourite for the Tour victory.


1960 Tour de France, Route and stages
The 1960 Tour de France started on 26 June in Mulhouse, and had one rest day, in Millau. In previous years, the location of the stage finish and the next stage start had always been close together. In 1960, this changed, when cyclists had to take the train to get from Bordeaux to Mont de Marsan after the ninth stage. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,360 m (7,740 ft) at the summit of the Col d'Izoard mountain pass on stage 16.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
The first stage was split in two parts. In the first part, a group of fourteen cyclists cleared from the rest, and won with a margin of over two minutes. In the second part, an individual time trial, Roger Rivière won. The lead in the general classification transferred to Nencini, who had been part of the group of fourteen cyclists. Federico Bahamontes, winner of the 1959 Tour, became ill and left the race in the second stage.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
Nencini lost the lead in the third stage to Joseph Groussard. In the fourth stage, a group including Henri Anglade escaped, and Anglade became the new leader. Anglade had already finished in second placed in 1959, and expected to be the team leader now.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
In the sixth stage, Rivière attacked. Only Nencini, Hans Junkermann and Jan Adriaensens could follow. Anglade asked his team manager Marcel Bidot to instruct Rivière to stop his attack, because Nencini and Adriaensens were dangerous opponents. Rivière ignored this, and continued. They beat the rest by almost fifteen minutes, and Adriaensens took over the lead in the general classification. After the stage, Anglade said that the French team lost the Tour in that stage. Anglade knew that Rivière would try to stay close to Nencini in the mountains, and warned that Rivière would regret staying close to Nencini downhill.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
The first mountains were climbed in the tenth stage. Nencini won time in the descent from the Col d'Aubisque, where Adriaensens could not follow. After the Aubisque, Adriaensens worked together with his teammate Jef Planckaert to win back time, but Nencini was able to stay away from them, and became the new leader, with Rivière in second place, only 32 seconds behind. Nencini gained one minute on Rivière in the eleventh stage, but Rivière knew he had the stronger team. Moreover, Rivière was at that moment the holder of the hour record, and knew he would win back enough time in the time trial in stage 19.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourteenth stage, descending the Col de Perjuret, Rivière followed Nencini, considered one of the best descenders in the  peloton  but misjudged a turn and went off a cliff. Rivière broke his back in the fall, and never raced again.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
Because of this, Jan Adriaensens climbed to the second place in the general classification, and he now was the main competitor for Nencini. Adriaensens lost time in the Pyrenees, and the Italians were able to put Graziano Battistini in second place. In the last stages, there was no competition for the overall victory, because it was clear that Nencini's advantage was too large. Therefore, all cyclists put their energy to win the remaining stages. For the points classification, Jean Graczyk had built a large lead, but the mountains classification was only clinched by Imerio Massignan in the final mountain stage.


1960 Tour de France, Race overview
In the twentieth stage, news came that Charles de Gaulle, the president, would be by the route at Colombey-les-deux-Églises, where he lived. The organisers, Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan asked the French national champion, Henry Anglade, if the riders would be willing to stop. Anglade agreed and the news was spread through the race. One rider, Pierre Beuffeuil had stopped to repair a tyre and knew nothing of the plan, being three minutes behind the race. When he reached Colombey, he found the race halted in front of him. He decided to pass all the waiting cyclists and continued alone, and won the stage alone on the boulevard Jules-Guesde by 49 seconds. "I voted for de Gaulle", he said.


1960 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There were several classifications in the 1960 Tour de France, two of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification; it was calculated by adding for each cyclist he times that he required to finish each stage. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1960 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The points classification was calculated differently than in the years before. The top six cyclists of each stage received points; the winner 10 points, down to 1 point for the 6th cyclist. Because only a few cyclists received points, in the first stages of the Tour de lead was shared by up to 5 cyclists. In stage 4, when Jean Graczyk won the stage, he took the leading, having finished second in the stage 2. Graczyk remained leader for the rest of the race. The leader of the points classification was identified by the green jersey.


1960 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The mountains classification was calculated by adding the points given to cyclists for reaching the highest point in a climb first. There was no jersey associated to this classification in 1960.


1960 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Finally, the team classification was calculated as the sum of the daily team classifications, and the daily team classification was calculated by adding the times in the stage result of the best three cyclists per team. It was won by the French team. For the smaller teams (made of 8 cyclists), a separate classification was made, here the Dutch team won. The Great Britain team and the Internationals did not finish with three cyclists, so were not included in the team classification.


1960 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
In addition, there was a combativity award, in which a jury composed of journalists gave points after each stage to the cyclist they considered most combative. The split stages each had a combined winner. At the conclusion of the Tour, Jean Graczyk won the overall super-combativity award, also decided by journalists. The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Lautaret on stage 17. This prize was won by Graczyk.


1960 Tour de France, Aftermath
Rivière survived the crash, but his career as a professional cyclist was over. The drug palfium was found in his pockets, and it was thought that it had so numbed Riviere's fingers so that he couldn't feel the brake levers. Nencini had his bouquet of flowers given to Rivière.


1960 Tour de Romandie
The 1960 Tour de Romandie was the 14th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 12 May to 15 May 1960. The race started and finished in Nyon. The race was won by Louis Rostollan.


1960 Tour de Suisse
The 1960 Tour de Suisse was the 24th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 16 June to 22 June 1960. The race started in Zürich and finished in Basel. The race was won by Alfred Rüegg of the Liberia team.


1960 Tour of Flanders
The 44th running of the Tour of Flanders cycling classic was held on Sunday, 3 April 1960. Arthur De Cabooter won the race in the sprint of a group of 16 ahead of Jean Graczyk and Rik Van Looy. 72 of 164 riders finished.


1960 Tour of Flanders, Route
The race started in Ghent and finished in Wetteren – totaling 227 km. The course featured five categorized climbs:


1960 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
The Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election of 1960 took place on 6 November 1960.


1960 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election
Following inter-ethnic tensions, the German minority refused to join the administration, and the Christian Democracy formed a classic centrist majority with the Democratic Socialists and the Liberals.


1960 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1960 Tulane Green Wave football team was an American football team that represented Tulane University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season as a member of the Southeastern Conference. In their seventh year under head coach Andy Pilney, the team compiled a 3–6–1 record.


1960 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1960 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth year under head coach Bobby Dodds, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 5–5 record (2–1 against Missouri Valley Conference opponents) and finished in second place in the conference. The team's statistical leaders included Jerry Keeling with 1,018 passing yards, David White with 444 rushing yards, and Jim Furlong with 209 receiving yards.


1960 Turkish coup d'état
The 1960 Turkish coup d'état (Turkish: 27 Mayıs Darbesi) was the first coup d'état in the Republic of Turkey. It took place on May 27, 1960. The coup was staged by a group of 38 young Turkish military officers, acting outside the military chain of command. The officers were de facto led by Cemal Madanoğlu until the actual coup date. After a threat by Ragıp Gümüşpala that he would move to quell the coup unless it is led by someone with a higher military rank than himself, the officers brought in General Cemal Gürsel as their leader. The coup was carried out against the democratically elected government of the Democrat Party, and ultimately resulted in the execution of its prime minister, Adnan Menderes, alongside two of his ministers, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Background
The incident took place at a time of both socio-political turmoil and economic hardship, as US aid from the Truman doctrine and the Marshall Plan was running out and so Prime Minister Adnan Menderes planned to visit Moscow in the hope of establishing alternative lines of credit.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Coup
Colonel Alparslan Türkeş was among the officers who led the coup. He was a member of the junta (National Unity Committee) and had been among the first 16 officers trained by the United States in 1948 to form a stay-behind counter-guerrilla. As such, he explicitly stated his anticommunism and his faith and allegiance to NATO and CENTO in his short address to nation, but he remained vague on the reasons of the coup. On the morning of May 27, Türkeş declared the coup over radio, which ultimately announced "the end of one period in Turkish history, and usher in a new one":


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Coup
The Great Turkish Nation: Starting at 3:00 am on the 27th of May, the Turkish armed forces have taken over administration throughout the entire country. This operation, thanks to the close cooperation of all our citizens and security forces, has succeeded without loss of life. Until further notice, a curfew has been imposed, exempt only to members of the armed forces. We request our citizens to facilitate the duty of our armed forces, and assist in reestablishing the nationally desired democratic regime.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Coup
In a press conference on the following day, Cemal Gürsel emphasized that the "purpose and the aim of the coup is to bring the country with all speed to a fair, clean and solid democracy.... I want to transfer power and the administration of the nation to the free choice of the people" However, a younger group  within the junta around Türkeş supported a steadfast military leadership, an authoritarian rule similar as it was in Ottoman times or during Mustafa Kemal Atatürks Government. This group then attempted to discharge from their offices 147 University teachers. This then led to a reaction from the officers within the junta who demanded a return to democracy and a multiparty system, following which Türkeş and his group were sent abroad.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Purge
The junta forced 235 generals and more than 3,000 other commissioned officers into retirement; purged more than 500 judges and public prosecutors and 1400 university faculty members and put the chief of the General Staff, the president, the prime minister and other members of the administration under arrest. It followed by the appointment of the commander of the army General Cemal Gürsel, as the provisional head of state, prime minister and the minister of defense.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Yassıada trials
The minister of the interior, Namık Gedik, committed suicide while he was detained in the Turkish Military Academy. President Celal Bayar, prime minister Adnan Menderes and several other members of the administration were put on trial before a court appointed by the junta on the island Yassıada in the Sea of Marmara. The politicians were charged with high treason, misuse of public funds and abrogation of the constitution.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Yassıada trials
The tribunals ended with the execution of Adnan Menderes, Minister of Foreign Affairs Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Minister of Finance Hasan Polatkan on İmralı island on 16 September 1961. Celal Bayar was not hanged, but imprisoned on İmralı prison.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Aftermath
Constitutional referendum was held on 9 July 1961. A new constitution was drawn up to replace the one from 1924. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with an 81.0% turnout.


1960 Turkish coup d'état, Aftermath
A month after the execution of Menderes and other members of the Turkish government, general elections were held on 15 October 1961. The administrative authority was returned to civilians, but the military continued to dominate the political scene until October 1965. İsmet İnönü held the office of Prime Minister for the third time from 1961 to 1965. Turkish Army Colonel Talat Aydemir organised two failed coups d'état in February 1962 and May 1963. In the first free elections after the coup, in 1965, Süleyman Demirel was elected and held the office until 1971, when he was removed by another coup.


1960 U-2 incident
On 1 May 1960, a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces while performing photographic aerial reconnaissance deep inside Soviet territory. The single-seat aircraft, flown by pilot Francis Gary Powers, was hit by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile and crashed near Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg). Powers parachuted safely and was captured.


1960 U-2 incident
Initially, the US authorities acknowledged the incident as the loss of a civilian weather research aircraft operated by NASA, but were forced to admit the mission's true purpose when a few days later the Soviet government produced the captured pilot and parts of the U-2's surveillance equipment, including photographs of Soviet military bases taken during the mission.


1960 U-2 incident
The incident occurred during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the premiership of Nikita Khrushchev, around two weeks before the scheduled opening of an east–west summit in Paris. Krushchev and Eisenhower had met face-to-face at Camp David in Maryland in September 1959, and the seeming thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations had led people around the world to hope for a peaceful resolution to the ongoing Cold War. The U2 incident caused great embarrassment to the United States, and shattered the amiable "Spirit of Camp David" that had prevailed for eight months, prompting the cancellation of the planned Paris summit.


1960 U-2 incident
Powers was convicted of espionage and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of hard labour, but was released two years later in February 1962 in a prisoner exchange for Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel.


1960 U-2 incident, Background
In July 1958, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower requested permission from the Pakistani prime minister Feroze Khan Noon for the U.S. to establish a secret intelligence facility in Pakistan and for the U-2 spyplane to fly from Pakistan. The U-2 flew at altitudes that could not be reached by Soviet fighter jets of the era; it was believed to be beyond the reach of Soviet missiles as well. A facility established in Badaber (Peshawar Air Station), 10 miles (16 km) from Peshawar, was a cover for a major communications intercept operation run by the United States National Security Agency (NSA).


1960 U-2 incident, Background
Badaber was an excellent location because of its proximity to Soviet central Asia. This enabled the monitoring of missile test sites, key infrastructure and communications. The U-2 "spy-in-the-sky" was allowed to use the Pakistan Air Force section of Peshawar Airport to gain vital photo intelligence in an era before satellite observation.


1960 U-2 incident, Background
President Eisenhower did not want to fly American U-2 pilots over the Soviet Union because he felt that if one of these pilots were to be shot down or captured, it could be seen as an act of aggression. At a time like the Cold War, any act of aggression could spark open conflict between the two countries. In order to ease the burden of flying Americans into Soviet airspace the idea developed to have British pilots from the Royal Air Force fly these missions in place of the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).


1960 U-2 incident, Background
With the United Kingdom still reeling from the aftermath of the Suez Crisis and in no position to snub American requests, the British government was amenable to the proposal. Using British pilots allowed Eisenhower to be able to use the U-2 aircraft to spy for American interests in the Soviet Union, while still being able to plausibly deny any affiliation if a mission became compromised.


1960 U-2 incident, Background
After the success of the first two British pilots and because of pressure to determine the number of Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles more accurately, Eisenhower allowed the flying of two more missions before the Four Power Paris Summit, scheduled for 16 May. The final two missions before the summit were to be flown by American pilots.


1960 U-2 incident, Background
On 9 April 1960, a U-2C spyplane of the special CIA unit "10-10", piloted by Bob Ericson, crossed the southern national boundary of the Soviet Union in the area of Pamir Mountains and flew over four Soviet top secret military objects: the Semipalatinsk Test Site, the Dolon Air Base where Tu-95 strategic bombers were stationed, the surface-to-air missile (SAM) test site of the Soviet Air Defence Forces near Saryshagan, and the Tyuratam missile range (Baikonur Cosmodrome).


1960 U-2 incident, Background
The aircraft was detected by the Soviet Air Defense Forces when it had flown more than 250 kilometres (155 mi) over the Soviet national boundary and avoided several attempts at interception by a MiG-19 and a Su-9 during the flight. The U-2 left Soviet air space and landed at an Iranian airstrip at Zahedan. It was clear that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had successfully performed an extraordinarily dangerous but productive intelligence operation. The next flight of the U-2 spyplane from Peshawar airport was planned for late April.


1960 U-2 incident, Event
On 28 April 1960, a U.S. Lockheed U-2C spy plane, Article 358, was ferried from Incirlik Air Base in Turkey to the US base at Peshawar airport by pilot Glen Dunaway. Fuel for the aircraft had been ferried to Peshawar the previous day in a US Air Force C-124 transport. A US Air Force C-130 followed, carrying the ground crew, mission pilot Francis Powers, and the backup pilot, Bob Ericson. On the morning of 29 April, the crew in Badaber was informed that the mission had been delayed one day. As a result, Bob Ericson flew Article 358 back to Incirlik and John Shinn ferried another U-2C, Article 360, from Incirlik to Peshawar. On 30 April, the mission was delayed one day further because of bad weather over the Soviet Union.


1960 U-2 incident, Event
The weather improved and on 1 May, 15 days before the scheduled opening of the east–west summit conference in Paris, Captain Powers, flying Article 360, 56–6693 left the base in Peshawar on a mission with the operations code word GRAND SLAM to overfly the Soviet Union, photographing targets including the ICBM sites at the Baikonur Cosmodrome and Plesetsk Cosmodrome, then land at Bodø in Norway. At the time, the USSR had six ICBM launch pads, two at Baikonur and four at Plesetsk. Mayak, then named Chelyabinsk-65, an important industrial center of plutonium processing, was another of the targets that Powers was to photograph. A close study of Powers's account of the flight shows that one of the last targets he overflew, before being shot down, was the Chelyabinsk-65 plutonium production facility.


1960 U-2 incident, Event
The U-2 flight was expected, and all units of the Soviet Air Defence Forces in the Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Ural, and later in the USSR European Region and Extreme North, were placed on red alert. Soon after the aircraft was detected, Lieutenant General of the Air Force Yevgeniy Savitskiy ordered the air-unit commanders "to attack the violator by all alert flights located in the area of foreign plane's course, and to ram if necessary".


1960 U-2 incident, Event
Because of the U-2's extreme operating altitude, Soviet attempts to intercept the aircraft using fighter aircraft failed. The U-2's course was out of range of several of the nearest SAM sites, and one SAM site even failed to engage the aircraft since it was not on duty that day. The U-2 was shot down near Kosulino, Ural Region, by the first of three SA-2 Guideline (S-75 Dvina) surface-to-air missiles fired by a battery commanded by Mikhail Voronov. The SA-2 site had been supposedly identified previously by the CIA, using photos taken during Vice President Richard Nixon's visit to Sverdlovsk the previous summer.


1960 U-2 incident, Event
Powers bailed out but neglected to disconnect his oxygen hose first and struggled with it until it broke, enabling him to separate from the aircraft. After parachuting safely down onto Soviet soil, Powers was quickly captured. Powers carried with him a modified silver dollar which contained a lethal, shellfish-derived saxitoxin-tipped needle, but he did not use it.


1960 U-2 incident, Event
The SAM command center was unaware that the aircraft was destroyed for more than 30 minutes. One of the Soviet MiG-19 fighters pursuing Powers was also destroyed in the missile salvo, and the pilot, Sergei Safronov, was killed. The MiGs' IFF transponders were not yet switched to the new May codes because of the 1 May holiday.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Four days after Powers's disappearance, NASA issued a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. The press release speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, even falsely claiming that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties". To bolster this, a U-2 was quickly painted in NASA colors and shown to the media. Under the impression that the pilot had died and that the plane had been destroyed, the Americans had decided to use the NASA cover-up plan. Nikita Khrushchev used the American misstep to embarrass President Eisenhower and his administration.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
That same day on 5 May, the Senate made its first comments on the U-2 incident and began a domestic political controversy for Eisenhower. Mike Mansfield, the Senate Majority Whip, stated, "First reports indicate that the President had no knowledge of the plane incident. If that is the case, we have got to ask whether or not this administration has any real control over the federal bureaucracy." Mansfield, more than any other person, highlighted the dilemma Eisenhower faced—Eisenhower could admit responsibility for the U-2 flight, and likely ruin any chances for détente at the Paris Summit, or he could continue to deny knowledge and indicate that he did not control his own administration.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
After Khrushchev found out about America's NASA cover story, he developed a political trap for Eisenhower. His plan began with the release of information to the world that a spy plane had been shot down in Soviet territory, but he did not reveal that the pilot of this aircraft had also been found and that he was alive. With the information that Khrushchev released, the Americans believed that they would be able to continue with their cover story that the crashed U-2 was a weather research aircraft and not a military spy plane.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
The cover-up said that the pilot of the U-2 weather aircraft had radioed in that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties while flying over Turkey. From there they claimed that the aircraft could have continued on its path because of auto-pilot, and that this could be the U-2 that crashed in the Soviet Union.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
The final attempt to make the cover story seem as real as possible was the grounding of all U-2 aircraft for mandatory inspection of oxygen systems in order to make sure that no other "weather missions" would have the same result as the one that was lost and possibly crashed in the Soviet Union.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well ... and now just look how many silly things the Americans have said.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Also, because of the release of some photographs of the aircraft, there was evidence that most of the covert U-2 technologies had survived the crash. From this Khrushchev was able to openly embarrass the Eisenhower administration by exposing the attempted cover-up.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Khrushchev still attempted to allow Eisenhower to save face, possibly to salvage the peace summit to some degree, by specifically laying the blame not on Eisenhower himself, but on Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles and the CIA: Khrushchev said that anyone wishing to understand the U-2's mission should "seek a reply from Allen Dulles, at whose instructions the American aircraft flew over the Soviet Union". On 9 May, the Soviet premier told US ambassador Thompson that he "could not help but suspect that someone had launched this operation with the deliberate intent of spoiling the summit meeting". Thompson also wrote in his diplomatic cable that Khrushchev suspected it was Allen Dulles, and that Khrushchev had heard about Senator Mansfield's remarks that Eisenhower did not control his own administration.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Upon receiving this cable, Eisenhower, who frequently was very animated, was quiet and depressed. The only words he said to his secretary were, "I would like to resign." Meanwhile, the domestic pressure continued to mount. Eisenhower then accepted Dulles's argument that the congressional leadership needed to be briefed on the U-2 missions from the last four years. Dulles told the legislature that all U-2 flights were used for aerial espionage and had been flown pursuant to "presidential directives". Still, Dulles played down Eisenhower's direct role in approving every previous U-2 flight.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
The next day on 10 May, without consulting with any agency heads, House Appropriations Chair Clarence Cannon received considerable press attention when he, not President Eisenhower, revealed the true nature of the U-2 mission. He said to an open session of the House of Representatives that the U-2 was a CIA aircraft engaged in aerial espionage over the Soviet Union. Cannon said,


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Mr. Chairman, on May 1 the Soviet Government captured, 1300 miles inside the boundaries of the Russian Empire, an American plane, operated by an American pilot, under the direction and control of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, and is now holding both the plane and the pilot. The plane was on an espionage mission ... the activity ... [ was] under the aegis of the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, for whom all members of the subcommittee have the highest regard and in whose military capacity they have the utmost confidence.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
At the end of Cannon's speech, Democrats and Republicans uncharacteristically rose to their feet to applaud.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Still, Eisenhower faced criticism in the press for not controlling his own administration, as Cannon's speech only said the mission was "under the aegis of" the president, not "directed by". Press reports were creating a belief in the public that Eisenhower had lost control, which Eisenhower would not let stand. Knowing that he was jeopardizing the Paris Peace Summit, Eisenhower decided to reveal the aerial espionage program and his direct role in it, an unprecedented move for a U.S. president.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
His speech on 11 May revolved around four main points: the need for intelligence gathering activities; the nature of intelligence gathering activities; how intelligence activities should be viewed (as distasteful, but vital); and finally that Americans should not be distracted from the real problems of the day. Eisenhower closed passionately by reacting to the Soviet claim that the US acted provocatively and said: "They had better look at their own [espionage] record." As he finished, he told reporters he was still going to the Paris Peace Summit.


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
From the Congressional Research Service report "Covert Action: An Effective Instrument of U.S. Foreign Policy? ", dated 21 October 1996, released by Wikileaks: "Many observers believed that when President Eisenhower in 1960 accepted responsibility for U-2 overflights of the Soviet Union, he made reaching agreements with Moscow much more difficult; had he blamed the flights on the Pentagon or the CIA, Khrushchev arguably might not have felt forced to react so strongly even though he might not believe the denials. Such reasoning, while constrained, is hardly unusual. It is easier for a President to deal with foreign leaders who are known to have committed violent acts, but have never admitted having done so, than to meet formally with those who have acknowledged 'unacceptable' behavior."


1960 U-2 incident, American cover-up and exposure
Today a large part of the wreck as well as many items from Powers's survival pack are on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. A small piece of the U-2 was returned to the United States and is on display at the National Cryptologic Museum.


1960 U-2 incident, Intelligence
Already from 1948, Norwegian Selmer Nilsen had been recruited by the Soviet intelligence organization GRU, amongst other foreigners, to spy on allied activity in NATO countries. Nilsen was assigned to watch allied military activity in northern Norway. The U-2 operations were linked with the airport Bodø, which was one of its permanent stations. Selmer Nilsen recorded U-2 activity in Bodø and forwarded much military information to the Soviet Union. He was convicted for espionage in 1968 in a closed trial in Norway, with a penalty of seven years and six months' imprisonment. He was released after three years.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
The Summit was attended by Eisenhower, Khrushchev, French President Charles de Gaulle, and British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. It was the first conference to be attended by both Soviet and western leaders in five years. However, prospects for constructive dialogue were dashed by the explosive controversy surrounding the U-2 flight over Soviet territory.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
Although the Four Powers Summit was the first meeting between western and Soviet leaders in five years when it was held, the mood was optimistic that there could be an easing of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. In an effort to present a less hostile, more cordial Soviet Union, Khrushchev publicly advocated a policy of "peaceful coexistence with the United States". The May Day celebrations on 1 May of that year were marked by this newfound cooperative spirit. Absent were the militarized symbols of previous parades, such as artillery and armor. Instead, there were children, white doves, and athletes. But the reaction of the Soviet government to the spy plane incident and the response from the United States doomed any potential meaningful peace agreement.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
In the days directly leading up to the conference, tensions increased dramatically between the United States and the Soviet Union over the U-2 incident. At this point in the negotiations, the hardliners of the Soviet government were applying heavy pressure to Khrushchev. In the weeks leading up to the summit there had been a revitalization of anti-American sentiment within the Kremlin, with the Soviets blocking a planned trip to Washington D.C. of a Soviet air marshal, inviting Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong to Moscow, and launching an anti-American press campaign designed to critique "American aggression". At this time east and west were divided about how to move forward in Berlin, and the American press characterized Khrushchev's decision to emphasize the U-2 incident at the summit as an attempt to gain leverage on this issue.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
The summit itself did not last long, with talks only beginning on 15 May and ending on 16 May. Both Eisenhower and Khrushchev gave statements on the 16th. Khrushchev blasted the United States on the U-2 incident. He pointed out that the policy of secret spying was one of mistrust and that the incident had doomed the summit before it even began. He expected the United States and Eisenhower to condemn the spying and pledge to end further reconnaissance missions.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
At the summit, after Khrushchev had blown Eisenhower's cover, Eisenhower did not deny that the aircraft had been spying on Soviet military installations but contended that the action was not aggressive but defensive. He argued that the current state of international relations was not one in which peaceful coexistence was an already established fact. The policy of the United States towards the Soviet Union at that time was defensive and cautionary.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
Eisenhower also made the point that dialogue at the Four Powers Summit was the type of international negotiation that could lead to a relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union where there would be no need to spy on each other. Eisenhower also laid out a plan for an international agreement that authorized the U.N. to "inspect" any nations willing to submit to its authority for signs of increased militarization and aggressive action. He stated that the United States would be more than willing to submit to such an inspection by the U.N. and that he hoped to circumvent the spying controversy with this alternative international surveillance agreement.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
The meeting during which both parties made their statements lasted just over three hours. During this time Khrushchev rescinded an invitation he had earlier given to Eisenhower to visit the Soviet Union.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Contemporary reactions to the U-2 incident and effect on the Four Powers Summit
According to American broadcast journalist Walter Cronkite, Khrushchev would go on to say that this incident was the beginning of his decline in power as party chairman, perhaps because he seemed unable to negotiate the international arena and the communist hardliners at home. The collapse of the summit also saw an increased tension between the Soviets and the Americans in the years to come. After this debacle, the arms race accelerated and any considerations for negotiations were dashed for the immediate future.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Consequences of the failed summit
As a result of the spy plane incident and the attempted cover-up, the Four Power Paris Summit was not completed. At the beginning of the talks on 16 May, there was still hope that the two sides could come together even after the events that took place earlier in May, but Eisenhower refused to apologize and Khrushchev left the summit one day after it had begun. Some public opinion was that Khrushchev had overreacted to the event in an attempt to strengthen his own position, and for that, he was the one to blame for the collapse of the Four Power Paris Summit.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Consequences of the failed summit
Before the U-2 incident Khrushchev and Eisenhower had been getting along well and the summit was going to be an opportunity for the two sides to come together. Also, Eisenhower had been looking forward to a visit to the Soviet Union and was very upset when his invitation was retracted. The two sides were going to discuss topics such as nuclear arms reduction and also how to deal with increasing tensions surrounding Berlin. According to Eisenhower, had it not been for the U-2 incident, the summit and his visit to the Soviet Union could have greatly helped Soviet and American relations.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Consequences of the failed summit
The Soviet Union convened a meeting of the United Nations Security Council on 23 May to tell their side of the story. The meetings continued for four days with other allegations of spying being exchanged, as well as recriminations over the Paris Summit, and a US offer of an "open skies" proposal to allow reciprocal flights over one another's territory, at the end of which the Soviet Union overwhelmingly lost a vote on a concise resolution which would have condemned the incursions and requested the US to prevent their recurrence.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Consequences of the failed summit
The U-2 incident severely compromised Pakistan's security and worsened relations with the United States. After the incident, Nikita Khrushchev warned Pakistan that it had become a target of Soviet nuclear forces. General Khalid Mahmud Arif of the Pakistan Army stated that "Pakistan felt deceived because the US had kept her in the dark about such clandestine spy operations launched from Pakistan's territory." The communications wing at Badaber was formally closed down on 7 January 1970. Further, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a lengthy inquiry into the U-2 incident.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Consequences of the failed summit
The incident also reverberated around the world. For example in Japan, the incident contributed to the growth of the ongoing Anpo protests against the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty (known as "Anpo" in Japanese) which allowed the United States to maintain military bases on Japanese soil. The Japanese government was forced to admit that U-2 planes were also based at U.S. bases in Japan, which meant that Japan might be subject to attack should a war break out between the United States and the Soviet Union. Accordingly, when the U2 revelations came to light, Japanese protesters felt added urgency in their drive to eliminate the treaty and rid Japan of U.S. military bases.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, Pilot fate
Upon his capture, Gary Powers told his Soviet captors what his mission had been and why he had been in Soviet airspace. He did this in accordance with orders that he had received before he went on his mission. Powers pleaded guilty and was convicted of espionage on 19 August and sentenced to three years imprisonment and seven years of hard labor. He served one year and nine months of the sentence before being exchanged for Rudolf Abel on 10 February 1962. The exchange occurred on the Glienicke Bridge connecting Potsdam, East Germany, to West Berlin.


1960 U-2 incident, Aftermath, New tactics and technology
The incident showed that even high-altitude aircraft were vulnerable to Soviet surface-to-air missiles. As a result, the United States began emphasizing high-speed, low-level flights for its previously high altitude B-47, B-52 and B-58 bombers, and began developing the supersonic F-111, which would include an FB-111A variant for the Strategic Air Command. The Corona spy satellite project was accelerated. The CIA also accelerated the development of the Lockheed A-12 OXCART supersonic spyplane that first flew in 1962 and later began developing the Lockheed D-21 unmanned drone.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions
The original consensus about the cause of the U-2 incident was that the spy plane had been shot down by one of a salvo of 14 Soviet SA-2 missiles. This story was originated by Oleg Penkovsky, a GRU agent who spied for MI6. In 2010, CIA documents were released indicating that "top US officials never believed Powers's account of his fateful flight because it appeared to be directly contradicted by a report from the National Security Agency" which alleged that the U-2 had descended from 65,000 to 34,000 feet (19,812 to 10,363 m) before changing course and disappearing from radar. One contemporary reading of the NSA's story is that they mistakenly tracked the descent of a MiG-19 piloted by Sr. Lt . Sergei Safronov.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions, Igor Mentyukov
In 1996, Soviet pilot Captain Igor Mentyukov claimed that, at 65,000 feet (19,800 m) altitude, under orders to ram the intruder, he had caught the U-2 in the slipstream of his unarmed Sukhoi Su-9, causing the U-2 to flip over and break its wings. The salvo of missiles had indeed scored a hit, downing a pursuing MiG-19, not the U-2. Mentyukov said that if a missile had hit the U-2, its pilot would not have lived.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions, Igor Mentyukov
Though the normal Su-9 service ceiling was 55,000 feet (16,800 m), Mentyukov's aircraft had been modified to achieve higher altitudes, having its weapons removed. With no weapons, the only attack option open to him was aerial ramming. Mentyukov asserted that Soviet generals concealed these facts to avoid challenging Nikita Khrushchev's faith in the efficiency of Soviet air defenses.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions, Sergei Khrushchev
In 2000, Sergei Khrushchev wrote about the experience of his father, Nikita Khrushchev, in the incident. He described how Mentyukov attempted to intercept the U-2, but failed to gain visual contact. Major Mikhail Voronov, in control of a battery of anti-aircraft missiles, fired three SA-2s at the radar contact but only one ignited. It quickly rose toward the target and exploded in the air behind the U-2 but near enough to violently shake the aircraft, tearing off its long wings. At a lower altitude, Powers climbed out of the falling fuselage and parachuted to the ground.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions, Sergei Khrushchev
Uncertainty about the initial shootdown success resulted in 13 further anti-aircraft missiles being fired by neighboring batteries, but the later missiles only hit a pursuing MiG-19 piloted by Sr. Lt . Sergei Safronov, mortally wounding him. This account of the events that occurred during the mission matches the details that were given to the CIA by Gary Powers. According to Powers, a missile exploded behind him and after this occurred his U-2 began to nosedive. It is at this point that Powers began to make all of the preparations to eject. Powers landed safely and tried to hide in the Soviet countryside until he could get help. His attempts to do this failed and he was captured. Sergei Safronov was posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner.


1960 U-2 incident, Later versions, Selmer Nilsen
In 1981, Selmer Nilsen, a Norwegian convicted for spying for the Soviet Union, claimed in his book 'I Was a Russian Spy' that Powers's U-2 had actually been sabotaged. He alleged that a bomb had been placed in the tail of the aircraft by two Soviet spies disguised as mechanics at a Turkish airfield. He claimed to have been told this by Soviet officials shortly after the incident.


1960 U-2 incident, Film
In 2015 the Steven Spielberg feature film Bridge of Spies was released, which dramatized James B. Donovan (Tom Hanks)'s negotiations for Powers's release, but took certain liberties with what really happened. For instance, Powers is shown being tortured by the Soviets, when in reality he was treated well by his captors and spent much of his time doing handicrafts.


1960 U-2 incident, Film
In January 2016, the BBC magazine produced photographs from the time and an interview with Powers's son.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The 1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships was held at the Civic Ice Arena in Seattle from January 27 through 30, 1960. Medals were awarded in three colors: gold (first), silver (second), and bronze (third) in four disciplines – men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing – across three levels: senior, junior, and novice.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
The event determined the U.S. teams for the 1960 Winter Olympics and 1960 World Championships.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results
In the men's, ladies', and pairs' divisions, the competitions were won by the defending champions, while the vacant dance title was won by the previous year's silver medalists.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Men
Tim Brown won the compulsory figures competition over David Jenkins, but Jenkins responded with a superior free skating that included two triple jumps. He received no mark lower than 5.8 for this performance and won the title on a 4-1 ordinal decision.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Ladies
Carol Heiss built up a large lead in the compulsory figures which meant her title was never in serious doubt. However, Barbara Ann Roles captured the audience with an outstanding free skating performance.


1960 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, Senior results, Ladies
Heiss went on to capture gold medal in the 1960 Winter Olympics, while Roles won bronze medal at the Games. At the 1960 World Championships, Heiss finished first and Roles came in third.


1960 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1960 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor grass courts at two locations in the United States. The men's and women's singles as well as the mixed doubles were played from September 2 through September 17 at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, while the men's and women's doubles were held at the Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts from August 21 through August 28, 1960. It was the 80th staging of the U.S. National Championships, and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of 1960. Neale Fraser and Darlene Hard won the singles titles.


1960 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Neale Fraser /  Roy Emerson defeated  Rod Laver /  Bob Mark 9–7, 6–2, 6–4


1960 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Maria Bueno /  Darlene Hard defeated  Ann Haydon /  Deidre Catt 6–1, 6–1


1960 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed doubles
Margaret Osborne duPont /   Neale Fraser defeated  Maria Bueno /  Antonio Palafox 6–3, 6–2


1960 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Neale Fraser defeated Rod Laver 6–4, 6–4, 10–8 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1960 U.S. National Championships.


1960 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Neale Fraser is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1960 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Fourth-seeded Darlene Hard defeated first-seeded Maria Bueno 6–4, 10–12, 6–4 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1960 U.S. National Championships. The tournament was played on outdoor grass courts and held from September 2 through September 17, 1960 at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York.


1960 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
The draw consisted of 64 players of which eight were seeded.


1960 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Darlene Hard is the champion; others show in brackets the round in which they were eliminated.


1960 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1960 U.S. Open was the 60th U.S. Open, held June 16–18 at Cherry Hills Country Club in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado, a suburb of Denver. Arnold Palmer staged the greatest comeback in U.S. Open history, erasing a seven-stroke deficit during the final round to win his only U.S. Open title. It is remembered as a crossroads for the three primary contenders in the final round: Palmer, Ben Hogan, and amateur Jack Nicklaus, three of the greatest players in the history of golf.


1960 U.S. Open (golf)
Having already won the Masters, Palmer was half-way to the single-season Grand Slam with his win at Cherry Hills. His quest ended three weeks later at the British Open, when he lost to Kel Nagle by one stroke at St Andrews. Two weeks later, he finished five strokes back in a tie for seventh at the PGA Championship, the only major that eluded him for his career. This was Palmer's only victory at the U.S. Open; he finished second four times, including three losses in playoffs in 1962, 1963, and 1966.


1960 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the third major championship at Cherry Hills, which previously hosted the U.S. Open in 1938 and the PGA Championship in 1941. The U.S. Open returned in 1978 and the PGA Championship in 1985. The average elevation of the course exceeds 5,300 feet (1,620 m) above sea level.


1960 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Second round
Amateurs: Cherry (-1), Nicklaus (E), Beman (+6), Fowler (+6), Courtney (+7), Coody (+8), Kocsis (+8), Carmichael (+9), Chapman (+11), Schmidt (+12), Wright (+12), Donohue (+13), Weber (+13), English (+14), Konsek (+14), Moore (+15), Welauffer (+15), Gardner (+16), Rose (+17), Eisinger Jr (+19), Hane (+20).