1960 United States presidential election in North Carolina
The 1960 United States presidential election in North Carolina took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. North Carolina voters chose 14 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in North Carolina
North Carolina was won by Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 52.11 percent of the popular vote against incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 47.89 percent of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in North Dakota
The 1960 United States presidential election in North Dakota took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in North Dakota
North Dakota was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 55.42% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 44.52% of the popular vote, a 10.90% margin of victory.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio
The 1960 United States presidential election in Ohio of November 8, 1960 was part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose 25 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio
Ohio was won by Republican Party candidate, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon of California, with a 53.28% popular vote majority, defeating Democratic Party candidate and Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, who received 46.72% of the vote.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio
This was the second of two elections in the 20th century in which Ohio, an historical bellwether state, voted for the losing candidate, the first being 1944 when Thomas E. Dewey carried it over Franklin D. Roosevelt. It would not do so again until it backed Donald Trump over Joe Biden in 2020. In 1960 this anomaly was due to strong anti-Catholic voting amidst an overall nationwide pro-Democratic swing in the Appalachia-influenced and heavily Baptist southern and western parts of the state. This was also the last time until 2020 that Ottawa County voted for the losing candidate.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
Governor Michael DiSalle won the state's primary as a favorite son pledged to support Kennedy.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
Ohio was one of the largest states to hold a primary, with 64 delegates to the DNC. Its primary, held on May 3, coincided with that of neighboring Indiana.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
Kennedy had campaigned in Ohio numerous times in the two years prior to announcing his official candidacy. While his internal polling was positive, it also showed that he could still lose if a strong candidate launched a favorite son campaign against him. His campaign was particularly worried about Frank Lausche launching such a challenge. In November 1959 their polling showed a race between him and Kennedy resulting in a statistical tie. Those polls showed that Kennedy would win the race a race between him and DiSalle 62 to 38%.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
In 1959, during his many visits to the state, Kennedy won the backing of Cuyahoga County Democratic Party leader Ray T. Miller and Cleveland mayor Anthony J. Celebrezze.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
Kennedy felt that he could not compete in both Ohio and Wisconsin due to time limitations preventing him from being able to spend adequate time in both states. Kennedy saw Wisconsin as providing him an opportunity to potentially deliver an early and fatal blow to Hubert Humphrey's campaign. Thus, he chose to compete there instead of in Ohio.


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
Kennedy felt that he needed to secure DiSalle's endorsement ahead of declaring his candidacy in order to demonstrate appeal outside of New England. Thus, in December of 1959, Kennedy and DiSalle brokered an agreement in which DiSalle would run as a favorite son committed to Kennedy, and would endorse Kennedy and announce his intention to run as a favorite son to assist his candidacy in a January 6 press announcement (four days after Kennedy's formal announcement of his candidacy).


1960 United States presidential election in Ohio, Primaries, Democratic primary
DiSalle won with a wide margin against Albert S. Porter.


1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
The 1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
Oklahoma was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 59.02% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 40.98% of the popular vote. In the Electoral College, Nixon received seven of Oklahoma's eight electoral votes; the eighth was cast by a faithless elector for Harry F. Byrd of Virginia.


1960 United States presidential election in Oklahoma
With 59.02% of the popular vote, Oklahoma would prove to be Nixon's third strongest state in 1960 after Nebraska and Kansas.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon
The 1960 United States presidential election in Oregon took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose six representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon
Oregon was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 52.56% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 47.32% of the popular vote. As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Multnomah County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries
Candidates had no choice as to whether or not they would run in the Oregon primaries. Oregon had a unique law in which all individuals believed to be candidates (by the Attorney General) would be listed, whether or not they wanted to compete in the state's primary.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries, Democratic primary
Since at least 1957, Kennedy had been anticipating running in Oregon's primary due to the state's unique election laws, which would give him no choice as to whether or not he would be listed on the ballot.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries, Democratic primary
Oregon's primary came late, just prior to California's. Kennedy had made several appearances in Oregon in the spring of 1959, and was leading according to his campaign's internal polling against a plethora of prospective opponents. He garnered the support of figures such as Edith Green. By late 1959, however, Senator Wayne Morse launched a favorite son campaign, which posed a viable challenge to Kennedy's prospects of winning Oregon.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries, Democratic primary
Hubert Humphrey had been seen as having a realistic chance of winning the strongly liberal state electorate if he were to remain a viable candidate through late-May (when the primary was scheduled). However, Humphrey ultimately withdrew earlier on after losing the West Virginia primary.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries, Democratic primary
Kennedy's campaign worried about a potential active campaign effort by Adlai Stevenson II in the state, where many voters were still enamored with the two-time Democratic standard bearer. In a January 26, 1960 memo, campaign manager Robert Kennedy stated that it was important for the Kennedy campaign to try and stop Stevenson from becoming an active factor in the Oregon primary. Congressman Charles O. Porter was seen as being likely to lead any potential effort to support a Stevenson candidacy in Oregon, therefore, Robert considered persuading him that such an effort would hand the primary to Morse, whom Porter despised. However, by May this proved to be unneeded, as Kennedy had already cleared the field.


1960 United States presidential election in Oregon, Primaries, Democratic primary
While names of several other contenders appeared on the Oregon Democratic primary ballot, the only active opponent which Kennedy faced in the primary was Morse. Oregon was the only state in which Kennedy directly challenged a favorite son candidate. The Kennedy campaign saw the fiercely independent and progressive state electorate as challenging for them to maneuver. He defeated Morse 51 to 32%.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 8, 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose 32 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Background
Pennsylvania had historically been a powerfully Republican state that owing to industrialization had become Democratic-leaning following the New Deal: 1960 saw Democrats surpass Republicans in registration for the first time since the Civil War. However, the nomination of the second Catholic presidential candidate in John F. Kennedy complicated this issue because most of rural Pennsylvania was powerfully Appalachian and extremely hostile to voting for a Catholic, creating the potential for large anti-Democratic swings and trends in the northeastern non-Yankee Pocono Mountains. The non-Appalachian Pennsylvania Dutch Country had been similarly hostile to Catholicism throughout the state’s history, and owing to the opposition to Irish control of the Democratic Party most of the state’s urban Catholics would before the New Deal back dominant Republican machines in which they had no actual political power.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Background
However, in 1958 Pennsylvania – a state historically very reluctant to elect Catholics to major offices – had elected David L. Lawrence as governor. Nevertheless, his margin was much smaller than polls had previously predicted, with decreases vis-à-vis the 1954 gubernatorial election even in heavily Catholic urban counties. Massachusetts Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy had emerged as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination but Pennsylvania Democrats were reluctant to run his for fear of an anti-Catholic reaction in traditionally Democratic rural counties. However, lobbying by Boston Archbishop Richard Cushing meant Governor Lawrence released 64 of the state’s 81 delegates for Kennedy in a bid to stop Adlai Stevenson II from gaining a third nomination.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Primaries, Democratic primary
With 81 delegates to the 1960 Democratic National Convention, Pennsylvania was among the largest states to hold a primary. Pennsylvania's nonbinding Democratic primary did not list candidate's names. However,  write-in presidential preference votes were allowed. Delegates were elected directly.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Primaries, Democratic primary
By January 1960, the Kennedy campaign became aware of "non-partisan citizen committees" operating in support of Kennedy's candidacy in the state, without any direct connection to his official campaign. However, the state as a whole was still cold on Kennedy. Its liberals were fervent supporters of Adlai Stevenson II, and therefore hoped to see Stevenson nominated for a third time. Philadelphia's Democratic organization, which had a significant sway upon the state's Democratic establishment, was led by William J. Green Jr., who favored the prospective candidacy of Stuart Symington. As the year progressed, Green and other leaders were persuaded by polls to switch their allegiance to Kennedy. Liberal senator Joseph S. Clark Jr. even made it known that Kennedy ranked at least second (behind Stevenson) in his own preference.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Primaries, Democratic primary
However, despite others moving to embrace Kennedy, Governor David L. Lawrence withheld his own support from Kennedy, even as he picked up momentum in the state. Lawrence still reserved hope that Adlai Stevenson could be successfully nominated at the convention. An older Catholic Democrat, Lawrence was public in his belief that the country was still not ready to elect a Catholic president. Kennedy would tell reporters that inquired with him about Lawrence's frequent comments doubting the viability of a Catholic presidential nominee by stating that he was, "deeply disturbed" by them. Referencing Lawrence's own strong victory in the state's 1958 gubernatorial election, Kennedy commented that, "It still behooves him now to be urging that this same opportunity should be denied to others."


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, Primaries, Republican primary
Nixon was the only candidate on the Republican primary ballot and won nearly all of the vote. However, thousands of write-in votes were cast for other individuals.


1960 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, General election
Pennsylvania narrowly voted for the Democratic nominee Senator Kennedy over the Republican nominee, Vice President Richard Nixon. Kennedy won Pennsylvania by a slim margin of 2.32%, being aided rather than hindered by his Catholic faith owing to the numerical power of his co-religionists in urban Philadelphia, Lackawanna County, and in the industrial areas around Lake Erie. This clearly outnumbered anti-Catholic sentiment in rural areas, which caused him to lose ground vis-à-vis Adlai Stevenson in 16 rural counties.


1960 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
The 1960 United States presidential election in Rhode Island took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all 50 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Rhode Island voted for the Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, over the Republican nominee, Vice President Richard Nixon of California. Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, while Nixon's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts.


1960 United States presidential election in Rhode Island
Kennedy carried Rhode Island by a margin of 27.27%, making it his strongest state.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina
The 1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. South Carolina voters chose 8 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Background
For six decades up to 1950 South Carolina was a one-party state dominated by the Democratic Party. The Republican Party had been moribund due to the disfranchisement of blacks and the complete absence of other support bases as the Palmetto State completely lacked upland or German refugee whites opposed to secession. Between 1900 and 1948, no Republican presidential candidate ever obtained more than seven percent of the total presidential vote – a vote which in 1924 reached as low as 6.6 percent of the total voting-age population (or approximately 15 percent of the voting-age white population).


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Background
Following Harry S. Truman’s To Secure These Rights in 1947, the following year South Carolina’s small electorate overwhelmingly rejected him in favour of state Governor Strom Thurmond, who won 71 percent of the state’s limited electorate and every county except poor white industrial Anderson and Spartanburg. During the 1950s, the state’s wealthier and more urbanized whites became extremely disenchanted with the national Democratic Party and to a lesser extent with the federal administration of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Background
However, the state’s abolition of its poll tax in 1950 allowed increasing white voter registration and the poor white upcountry provided enough support to national Democrat Adlai Stevenson II to, aided by substantial majorities amongst the small but increasing number of blacks able to vote, keep the state Democratic in the 1952 and 1956 elections.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Background
During the 1950s, wealthy textile mill owners in the upcountry developed a grassroots state Republican Party dedicated to the tenets of the John Birch Society. This group nominated the most conservative delegation at the party’s 1960 convention. These wealthy businessmen would merge with hardline segregationists to draft Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination in 1960, and at the same time, the “Independents” in the lowcountry moved to support GOP nominees Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge jr. as they had in 1952. At the same time, Protestant clergymen in the state were quite outspoken against the nomination of Catholic Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy by the Democratic Party.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Background
Both candidates toured the state in October, when James F. Byrnes, former governor, criticized severely the Kennedy platform as economically unaffordable and injurious to the states’ independence.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Vote
In September and October polls, the state was considered likely to go for Nixon, and even on election night Nixon was leading until quite late when Kennedy overtook him. Kennedy ultimately won the state by 2.48 percentage points, being aided by an exceptional turnout for him amongst the state’s seventy-five thousand or so black voters, and by the loyalty of the pro-Stevenson upcountry despite its distaste for his Catholicism. Nixon won a narrow majority of the state’s white voters, and a strong majority amongst the wealthier whites of the growing Columbia and Charleston metropolitan areas.


1960 United States presidential election in South Carolina, Vote
This was the second to last time South Carolina has voted Democratic. Had Gerald Ford won the state in 1976, the Palmetto State would have the nation's longest Republican streak.


1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota
The 1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota
South Dakota was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts, with 58.21% of the popular vote, against Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy (D), running with Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 41.79% of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which majority Native American Todd County voted for a Republican presidential candidate. With 58.21% of the popular vote, South Dakota would prove to be Nixon's fifth strongest state in the 1960 election after Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Vermont.


1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota, Primaries
Both the Republican and Democratic parties held primaries on June 7.


1960 United States presidential election in South Dakota, Primaries, Democratic primary
Hubert Humphrey was unopposed on the Democratic primary ballot. Kennedy had decided against competing in the state because he recognized that Humphrey, who had grown up in the state, had a distinct advantage there.


1960 United States presidential election in Tennessee
The 1960 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Tennessee voters chose 11 representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Tennessee
Tennessee was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 52.92% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 45.77% of the popular vote. Kennedy became the first Democrat to win without Tennessee since the creation of the Republican Party, and the only one until Barack Obama in 2008.


1960 United States presidential election in Texas
The 1960 United States presidential election in Texas was held on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. The Democratic Party candidate John F. Kennedy, narrowly won the state of Texas with 50.52 percent of the vote to the Republican candidate Vice President Richard Nixon's 48.52%, a margin of two percent, giving him the state's 24 electoral votes. Despite the presence of U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson on the Democratic ticket, the result made Texas the tenth closest state in the election. Nixon's strong performance in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Harris County, the Panhandle, and the Hill Country kept the race close.


1960 United States presidential election in Texas
Fears of anti-Catholic voting in West Texas, which had given Herbert Hoover a narrow win over Al Smith in 1928, were not entirely realized. It is notable that the sparsely populated rural Plains counties of Armstrong, Bailey, Childress, Collingsworth, Dallam, Dawson, Donley, Floyd, Gaines, Hale, Hardeman, Hartley, Moore, Motley, Parmer, Wheeler, Willbarger and Yoakum switched from Stevenson to Nixon, as did Wise County north of Fort Worth, while a further thirty-eight counties saw Kennedy fail to reach Stevenson's vote percentage. However, this was more than offset by Kennedy's gains in heavily Hispanic Catholic South Texas, where few Mexicans had voted in 1928. Anti -Catholic voting was also lessened by appeals from former President Harry S. Truman, who campaigned for Kennedy and Johnson.


1960 United States presidential election in Texas
Nixon himself later commented "we lost Texas...because of that asshole Congressman", referring to Bruce Alger. The only Republican congressman in Texas at the time, Alger had led protestors, many of them well-heeled conservative women, against Johnson's visit to Dallas on November 4th. One woman pulled his wife's gloves out of her hand, and her hat was knocked off by a protestor's placard. Nicknamed the "mink coat mob", the resulting press coverage was a humiliation for Texas Republicans and was blamed for damaging the party's electoral results in the South generally at a time when wives were regarded as sacrosanct.


1960 United States presidential election in Texas
Nixon would narrowly lose Texas again in 1968, although he did win the presidency that year. In 1972, he sought re-election and won Texas with an overwhelming sixty-six percent of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in Texas
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last time Glasscock County voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.


1960 United States presidential election in Utah
The 1960 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Utah
Utah was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 54.81 percent of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 45.17 percent of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
The 1960 United States presidential election in Vermont  took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election which was held throughout all 50 states. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont was won by the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon of California, and his running mate  Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts, defeating Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and his running mate Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Nixon took 58.65% of the vote to Kennedy’s 41.35%, a margin of 17.30%.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Vermont historically was a bastion of liberal Northeastern Republicanism, and by 1960 the Green Mountain State had gone Republican in every presidential election since the founding of the Republican Party. From 1856 to 1956, Vermont had had the longest streak of voting Republican of any state, having never voted Democratic before, and this tradition continued in 1960. This election would prove to be the conclusion of a 104-year winning streak, as Vermont would flip to the Democrats for the first time four years later in 1964.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
As Kennedy won a razor-thin victory over Nixon nationally, Vermont weighed in as about seventeen percent more Republican than the national average, and his 58.65% of the popular vote made the Green Mountain State the fourth most Republican state in the nation in the 1960 election after Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Kennedy, an Irish Catholic Democrat from neighboring Massachusetts, did however improve dramatically on the performance of Democrat Adlai Stevenson in Vermont in 1952 and 1956. In both of those years Stevenson had taken less than 30% of the vote against Republican Dwight Eisenhower, who had received more than 70% of the vote in Vermont and had swept every county in the state.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Nixon won 11 of the 14 counties in Vermont, losing 3 counties in the northwestern part of the state. The three northwestern counties of Vermont (Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle) had long been Democratic enclaves in an otherwise Republican state through the 1930s and 1940s, but had gone Republican in the 1950s for Eisenhower. Only the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party, Kennedy's appeal to Catholics and ethnic working class voters brought northwestern Vermont back into the Democratic column in 1960.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Kennedy won Chittenden County, the most populous county, home to the state's largest city, Burlington. Chittenden County had been the only county in Vermont to flip to the Democrats for the first Roman Catholic nominee Al Smith in 1928. Kennedy also won Franklin and Grand Isle Counties, which had joined Chittenden in voting Democratic for Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, even as the rest of the state remained reliably Republican. Thus the split between the northwest and the rest of the state was a familiar result typical of New Deal coalition era elections in Vermont.


1960 United States presidential election in Vermont
Richard Nixon would later win the Green Mountain State again against Hubert Humphrey in 1968 and then again against George McGovern in 1972.


1960 United States presidential election in Virginia
The 1960 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1960. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Virginia
Virginia voted for the Republican nominee, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, over the Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy. Kennedy ultimately won the national election with 49.72% of the vote. This is the first time a Democrat was elected president without carrying the state of Virginia.


1960 United States presidential election in Virginia
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last occasion when Appomattox County, Campbell County, Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County and Pittsylvania County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate.


1960 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
The 1960 United States presidential election in Washington took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose nine representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Washington (state)
Washington was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 50.68% of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 48.27% of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in West Virginia
The 1960 United States presidential election in West Virginia took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. West Virginia voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in West Virginia
West Virginia was won by Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 52.73% of the popular vote against incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 47.27% of the popular vote.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin
The 1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin was held on November 8, 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
Politics in Wisconsin since the Populist movement had been dominated by the Republican Party. The Democratic Party became uncompetitive away from the Lake Michigan coast as the upper classes, along with the majority of workers who followed them, fled from William Jennings Bryan’s agrarian and free silver sympathies. Although the state did develop a strong Socialist Party to provide opposition to the GOP, Wisconsin developed the direct Republican primary in 1903 and this ultimately created competition between the “League” under Robert M. La Follette, and the conservative “Regular” faction. This ultimately would develop into the Wisconsin Progressive Party in the late 1930s, which was opposed to the conservative German Democrats and to the national Republican Party, and allied with Franklin D. Roosevelt at the federal level.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
During the two wartime elections, the formerly Democratic German counties in the east of the state – which had been powerfully opposed to the Civil War because they saw it as a “Yankee” war and opposed the military draft instituted during it – viewed Communism as a much greater threat to America than Nazism and consequently opposed President Roosevelt’s war effort. Consequently, these historically Democratic counties became virtually the most Republican in the entire state, and became a major support base for populist conservative Senator Joe McCarthy, who became notorious for his investigations into Communists inside the American government. The state’s populace’s opposition to Communism and the Korean War turned Wisconsin strongly to Republican nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
The 1958 midterm elections, however, saw a major change in Wisconsin politics, as Gaylord A. Nelson became only the state’s second Democratic Governor since 1895, and the state also elected Democrats to the position of treasurer and Senator, besides that party gaining a majority in the State Assembly for only the second time since the middle 1890s.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Background
In the 1960 Democratic primaries, Wisconsin voted for Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy, due to strong support from Catholics who had recently supported Republican candidates, whilst Vice President Nixon was uncontested in the Republican primary.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Vote
In the spring, despite anti-Catholic suspicion, polls showed that Kennedy would defeat Nixon in Wisconsin.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Vote
During the fall campaign, polls at the end of September showed the Nixon had gained, due to the religion issue and Eisenhower’s success in achieving a level of peace with the Soviet Union. The state’s Republican Party stressed achievements in peacemaking, whilst Kennedy’s October visit to the state would stress failures in the farm sector during Eisenhower’s administration. In the November election, the state fluctuated before Nixon ultimately carried Wisconsin by a relatively comfortable 3.72 point margin.


1960 United States presidential election in Wisconsin, Vote
As of the 2020 presidential election, this was the last time a Democrat won the presidency without winning Wisconsin. This was also the last time Wisconsin would back the overall losing candidate in a presidential election until 1988, and later in 2000, along with 2004.


1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming
The 1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. State voters chose three representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming
Wyoming was won by incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon (R–California), running with United States Ambassador to the United Nations Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., with 55.01 percent of the popular vote, against Senator John F. Kennedy (D–Massachusetts), running with Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, with 44.99% of the popular vote. This was the last time a Democrat carried Laramie County without winning Wyoming. Kennedy's Vice President Johnson would go on to win Laramie County in 1964, but won Wyoming.


1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Campaign
At the Democratic National Convention the Wyoming delegation had the ceremonial role of giving Kennedy the minimum amount needed to win the Democratic presidential nomination with Teno Roncalio casting the votes although Tracy S. McCraken, Wyoming's national committeeman, was incorrectly stated to have been the one to cast the votes by Time magazine. Governor John J. Hickey stated that the issue over Kennedy's Catholicism would not be important in Wyoming due to Hickey, who was also a Catholic, having won in 1958. During the campaign Nixon conducted a fifty-state strategy and visited every state at least once including Wyoming.


1960 United States presidential election in Wyoming, Campaign
The Republican Party selected Harry B. Henderson, Mary Ellen Hinrichs, and James B. Griffith Sr. as their presidential electors.


1960 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
While the District of Columbia lacked any electoral votes in the 1960 presidential general election, it did hold primaries and sent delegations to both major party conventions.


1960 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia
This was the last presidential election in which the District of Columbia lacked any electoral votes.


1960 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, Primaries, Democratic primary
Among the reasons for which John F. Kennedy opted against competing in the D.C. primary was that he believed that Hubert Humphrey, a civil rights stalwart, would have a strong advantage with the district's predominantly African American electorate. Kennedy also viewed the District's primary as too inconsequential to allot resources to, as it had very few delegates to offer.


1960 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, Primaries, Democratic primary
Humphrey was challenged by Wayne Morse of Oregon, who saw the D.C. primary as a warm-up for the Oregon primary to be held later that month.


1960 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia, Primaries, Republican primary
No candidates ran in the Republican primary, resulting in all votes being awarded to unbound delegates.


1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election
The 1960 University of Oxford election for the position of Chancellor was called upon the death of the incumbent Chancellor, Lord Halifax on 23 December 1959. It was the first election for Oxford Chancellor to be contested since 1925.


1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, Electorate
The electorate consisted of all members of the University holding the rank of Master of Arts, of which there were around 30,000 at the time. Votes had to be cast in person at Oxford in academic dress. The election was by first past the post. To stand a candidate had to be nominated by two electors.


1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, Candidates
At first, the university authorities came up with only one candidate, the wealthy Chairman of Lloyds Bank and former British Ambassador to Washington Sir Oliver Franks.


1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, Candidates
However, Hugh Trevor-Roper, installed less than three years earlier as Regius Professor of Modern History by the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, proposed the Prime Minister as an alternative candidate.


1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, Course of the election
Trevor-Roper orchestrated the Macmillan campaign, writing to graduates to encourage them to travel to Oxford to vote for Macmillan.


1960 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Peñarol won the championship.


1960 Utah Redskins football team
The 1960 Utah Redskins football team represented the University of Utah during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Home games were played on campus in Salt Lake City at Ute Stadium.


1960 Utah Redskins football team
Under third-year head coach Ray Nagel, the Redskins were 7–3 overall and 5–1 in the Mountain States Conference (Skyline). They were led on the field by senior quarterback Terry Nofsinger.


1960 Utah Redskins football team
Conference foe New Mexico was not played in 1960, so Utah finished a half game behind co-champions Utah State and Wyoming in the standings. The Redskins denied the undefeated Aggies an outright title and a perfect regular season with a 6–0 shutout in the conference finale on November 19 in Salt Lake City.


1960 Utah Redskins football team
For the second straight year, Utah did not face longtime rival Colorado; the teams met in 1961 and 1962, then the series went on hiatus until 2011, when both schools joined the Pac-12 Conference.


1960 Utah Redskins football team, NFL draft
Utah had two players selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1960 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State University in the Skyline Conference (Skyline) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach John Ralston, the Aggies compiled a 9–2 record (6–1 against Skyline opponents), tied for the Skyline championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 274 to 85.


1960 Utah gubernatorial election
The 1960 Utah gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1960. Republican incumbent George Dewey Clyde defeated Democratic nominee William Arthur Barlocker with 52.66% of the vote.


1960 Utah gubernatorial election
This was the last time until 1984 that Utah would elect a Republican governor.


1960 VFA season
The 1960 Victorian Football Association season was the 79th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Oakleigh Football Club, after it defeated Sandringham in the Grand Final on 1 October by 60 points. It was Oakleigh's fifth premiership.


1960 VFA season
The season was the first in which Association premiership matches were played on Sunday afternoons, a change which dramatically increased the Association's popularity over the following decades.


1960 VFA season, Association membership
The Prahran Football Club was re-admitted to the Association in 1960, bringing the number of teams to seventeen. Prahran had been expelled in 1959 when the Prahran Council leased Toorak Park to the Victorian Rugby Union on alternate Saturdays, leaving the football club unable to meet the Association's minimum home ground requirements, but the club was re-admitted once it had secured a winter-long lease for the ground.


1960 VFA season, Association membership
It was speculated that the Association would admit an eighteenth team to avoid the need for a bye in the fixture, and because it had previously announced its strategic intention to expand to twenty teams. Several groups interested in applying for the Association were mentioned in the press during 1959, including the North Geelong Football Club, the Altona City Council and a group of locals from Broadmeadows; but, ultimately the Association did not find a club with suitable facilities, so the membership remained at seventeen clubs.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
On 1 April 1960, the Association approved for the first time the playing of VFA premiership matches on Sunday afternoons. Amateur football and charity and practice matches had been played on Sundays in Melbourne before, but top level commercial senior football had not.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Playing on Sunday had long been seen as a strong opportunity for the Association to improve its popularity, as it would not be competing for gate takings with the Victorian Football League, which was played entirely on Saturdays; however, Sunday trading was still decades away from being legal, and neither councils nor communities widely approved of playing professional and commercial sport on Sundays. The Association had formally considered and rejected playing on Sundays twice before, most recently in 1957 (when night football was introduced as an alternative timeslot in which the Association would not be competing with League matches).


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Although the Association approved Sunday matches, it did not formally schedule any to be played. Instead, clubs were given free rein to move any Saturday game to Sunday, provided there was mutual agreement between the clubs involved, and it was approved by the grounds management committee and the local council; additionally, the Association committed to donating 25% of Sunday gates to charity. The number of games on any given Sunday in 1960 varied from none to as many as three.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
The first Sunday game was played on 24 April between Brunswick and Coburg; the match, which also happened to the Brunswick's first match back at Brunswick Oval after its redevelopment in 1959, drew a crowd of 17,000, Brunswick's highest home crowd since the 1930s; Coburg 12.17 (89) defeated Brunswick 9.17 (71).


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Other Sunday matches drew huge crowds: on 15 May, Northcote drew a larger crowd to a rain-affected Sunday match than it had drawn to any dry weather Saturday match for more than five years; and on 17 July, a Sunday game between ladder-leaders Oakleigh and winless Prahran, which would normally have roused little interest due to its one-sided nature, drew a gate of £310, compared with the combined gate of £391 for all seven of that weekend's Saturday games.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Despite the successful crowds, the matches were not universally accepted in 1960. Nine of the seventeen councils had approved Sunday matches within six weeks of the VFA announcing them, but some councils were slower to move – the Box Hill council, for example, did not approve Sunday matches until 1969. The Sandringham Football Club committee voted not to play any matches on Sundays during 1960.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Yarraville played before large Sunday crowds early in the season, but refused requests and opted for smaller Saturday crowds later in the year because one of its star players, Geoff Williams, was unavailable to play on Sundays and it didn't want to jeopardise its premiership chances by playing without him. Another consequence of the Association playing on Sundays was a significant reduction in attendances at amateur games, which had previously been the highest level of football played on Sunday.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
Sunday football went on to provide the most significant and lasting popularity boost to the Association since the throw-pass era in the 1930s and 1940s. By the early 1970s, almost all Association matches were played on Sunday, and the State Government refused to allow the League to play its matches on Sunday, meaning that the two competitions were no longer competing for the same gate.


1960 VFA season, Sunday football
This fixturing segregation between the competitions continued until 1979, when the VFL began playing occasional televised matches in Sydney on Sundays; this was followed by the South Melbourne Football Club moving permanently Sydney in 1982 and playing all home games on Sunday, followed by progressively introducing Sunday VFL matches in Victoria through the mid-1980s.


1960 VFA season, Premiership
With seventeen teams, the format of the season changed from previous years. The home-and-home season lasted for twenty weeks, arranged as nineteen rounds with one of those rounds split across two weekends. Each team played eighteen home-and-home matches with one bye – except for Prahran and Brighton, who each had two byes, but played an extra match (against each other) during the split round.


1960 VFA season, Premiership
The top six teams then qualified for the finals series; in all previous years since the introduction of finals in 1903, four teams had played finals. Under the new final six system, used only in this season:


1960 VFA season, Notable events, 1960 Minor States Carnival
As a result of finishing last in the 1958 Melbourne Carnival, the Association was relegated to Division 2 of the ANFC championships. The 1960 Minor States Carnival was held in Sydney during 1960, with the winner then playing off a month later against the Australian Amateurs, winners of the Division 2 competition in 1958, in Canberra for promotion to Division 1. Matches were played with the national standard eighteen players per team, rather than the sixteen players used under Association rules. Brunswick's Jim Whiley captained the VFA team.


1960 VFA season, Notable events, 1960 Minor States Carnival
The Association team dominated the Sydney Carnival, winning all three games by more than 100 points; it then defeated the Amateurs by 26 points in the playoff match.


1960 VFL Grand Final
The 1960 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Melbourne Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1960 in extremely wet conditions due to persistent rain during the previous week. It was the 64th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1960 VFL season. The match, attended despite the conditions by 97,457 spectators, was won by Melbourne by a margin of 48 points, marking that club's 11th premiership victory.


1960 VFL Grand Final
Collingwood's score stands as the lowest it has kicked since the sixth round of 1900, and its sixth-lowest ever. Their four scoring shots is the second-lowest by any team since the tenth round of 1908, with only Fitzroy against Footscray in 1953 having fewer. Even the two goals the Magpies did score were regarded as very lucky. One was from a long kick that just made the distance, and the other was after an easy mark by Melbourne full back Tassie Johnson was dropped in the goal square.


1960 VFL Grand Final
This was Melbourne's seventh premiership appearance in successive seasons, having won all these contests except the 1954 VFL Grand Final and 1958 VFL Grand Final.


1960 VFL season
The 1960 Victorian Football League season was the 64th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1960 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1960, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus two substitute players, known as the 19th man and the 20th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1960 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds; matches 12 to 18 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 7.


1960 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1960 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.


1960 VFL season, Premiership season, Alterations to 1960 match fixtures
Round 1 of the 1960 competition was played over Easter long weekend, with three matches on Easter Saturday (16 April) and three matches on Easter Monday (18 April). Round 2 of the competition was also scheduled for a long weekend, with four matches scheduled for the Saturday (23 April) and two for the Monday (Anzac Day, 25 April).


1960 VFL season, Premiership season, Alterations to 1960 match fixtures
The four matches on Saturday 23 April were postponed because of the extremely wet conditions. Despite pressure from the Victorian Premier, Henry Bolte, the VFL refused to play the four postponed matches on Anzac Day (which, by custom, would have contributed to patriotic funds), and scheduled the postponed matches for the following Saturday (30 April). As a consequence of this delay all of the season's matches from Round 3 to the Grand Final were played a week later than had been originally scheduled.


1960 VFL season, Consolation Night Series Competition
The night series were held under the floodlights at Lake Oval, South Melbourne, for the teams (5th to 12th on ladder) out of the finals at the end of the season.


1960 VI South African Grand Prix
The 6th South African Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula Libre rules, held on 1 January 1960 in East London. The race was run over 60 laps of the circuit, and was won by Belgian driver Paul Frère, his second Grand Prix victory following the 1952 Grand Prix des Frontières. Stirling Moss finished second and also set the fastest lap of the race. Local driver Syd van der Vyver finished in third place.


1960 VI South African Grand Prix
The race was the first of two South African Grands Prix in 1960, with the 7th South African Grand Prix to be held on 27 December 1960.


1960 VII South African Grand Prix
The 7th South African Grand Prix was a motor race, run to Formula Libre rules, held on 27 December in East London. The race was run over 80 laps of the circuit, and was dominated by British driver Stirling Moss who took pole and came home in first place. Jo Bonnier finished second and also set the fastest lap of the race. The 1960 Formula One World Champion Jack Brabham finished third.


1960 VII South African Grand Prix
The race was the second South African Grand Prix to be held in 1960, with the 6th South African Grand Prix having been held on 1 January 1960.


1960 VMI Keydets football team
The 1960 VMI Keydets football team represented the Virginia Military Institute during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The team won the Southern Conference championship.


1960 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1960 VPI Gobblers football team represented the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season.


1960 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1960 football team according to the roster published in the 1961 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1960 Valdivia earthquake
The 1960 Valdivia earthquake (Spanish: Terremoto de Valdivia) or the Great Chilean earthquake (Gran terremoto de Chile) on 22 May 1960 was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. Various studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), and lasted for approximately 10 minutes. The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands.


1960 Valdivia earthquake
The epicenter of this megathrust earthquake was near Lumaco, approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) south of Santiago, with Valdivia being the most affected city. The tremor caused localised tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 metres (82 ft). The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, where waves as high as 10.7 metres (35 ft) were recorded over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from the epicenter.


1960 Valdivia earthquake
The death toll and monetary losses arising from this widespread disaster are not certain. Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published, ranging between 1,000 and 6,000 killed. Different sources have estimated the monetary cost ranged from US$400 million to $800 million (or $3.5 billion to $7 billion in 2020, adjusted for inflation).


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Concepción earthquakes
The 1960 Chilean earthquakes were a sequence of strong earthquakes that affected Chile between 21 May and 6 June 1960, centered in the Araucanía, Aysén, and Bío Bío regions of the country. The first three quakes, all registering in the planet's top 10 by magnitude for 1960, are grouped together as the 1960 Concepción earthquakes. The first of these was the 8.1 Mw Concepción earthquake at 06:02 UTC-4 on 21 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Curanilahue.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Concepción earthquakes
Telecommunications to southern Chile were cut off and President Jorge Alessandri cancelled the traditional ceremony of the Battle of Iquique memorial holiday to oversee the emergency assistance efforts. The second and third Concepción earthquakes occurred the next day at 06:32 UTC-4 (7.1 Mw) and 14:55 UTC-4 (7.8 Mw) on 22 May. These earthquakes formed a southward migrating foreshock sequence to the main Valdivia shock, which occurred just 15 minutes after the third event.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Concepción earthquakes
The earthquake interrupted and effectively ended Lota's coal miners' march on Concepción as they demanded higher salaries.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
The Valdivia earthquake occurred at 15:11 UTC-4 on 22 May, and affected all of Chile between Talca and Chiloé Island, more than 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi). Coastal villages, such as Toltén, were struck. At Corral, the main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 4 m (13 ft) before it began to recede. At 16:20 UTC-4, a wave of 8 m (26 ft) struck the Chilean coast, mainly between Concepción and Chiloé. Another wave measuring 10 m (33 ft) was reported ten minutes later.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
Hundreds of people were already reported dead by the time the tsunami struck. One ship, Canelos, starting at the mouth of the Valdivia River, sank after being moved 1.5 km (0.93 mi) backward and forward in the river; as of 2005, its mast was still visible from the road to Niebla.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
The Valdivian Fort System from the Spanish colonial period were completely destroyed. Soil subsidence also destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers, and created wetlands in such places as the Río Cruces and Chorocomayo, a new aquatic park north of the city. Extensive areas of the city were flooded. The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. Witnesses reported underground water flowing up through the soil. Despite the heavy rains of 21 May, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The lack of potable water became a serious problem in one of Chile's rainiest regions.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength; measured with the Mercalli scale, tectonically depressed areas suffered heavier damage. The two most affected areas were Valdivia and Puerto Octay, near the northwest corner of Llanquihue Lake. Puerto Octay was the center of a north–south elliptical area in the Central Valley, where the intensity was at the highest outside the Valdivia Basin. East of Puerto Octay, in a hotel in Todos los Santos Lake, stacked plates were reported to have remained in place.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
Excepting poor building sites, the zone of Mercalli scales intensities of VII or more all lay west of the Andes in a strip running from Lota (37° S) southwards. The area of intensities of VII or more did not penetrate into the Central Valley north of Lleulleu Lake (38° S) and south of Castro (42.5° S).


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Valdivia earthquake
Two days after the earthquake Cordón Caulle, a volcanic vent close to Puyehue volcano, erupted. Other volcanoes may also have erupted, but none were recorded because of the lack of communication in Chile at the time. The relatively low death toll in Chile (5,700) is explained in part by the low population density in the region, and by building practices that took into account the area's high geological activity.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Aftershocks
One of the main aftershocks occurred on 6 June in Aysén Region. This earthquake probably occurred along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault, meaning in this case that the fault would have moved as a consequence of the 22 May Valdivia earthquake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Tectonic interpretation
The earthquake was a megathrust earthquake resulting from the release of mechanical stress between the subducting Nazca Plate and the South American Plate, on the Peru–Chile Trench. The focus was relatively shallow at 33 km (21 mi), considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of 70 km (43 mi).


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Tectonic interpretation
Subduction zones are known to produce the strongest earthquakes on earth, as their particular structure allows more stress to build up before energy is released. Geophysicists consider it a matter of time before this earthquake will be surpassed in magnitude by another. The earthquake's rupture zone was 800 km (500 mi) long, stretching from Arauco (37° S) to Chiloé Archipelago (43° S). Rupture velocity, the speed at which a rupture front expands across the surface of the fault, has been estimated as 3.5 km (2.2 mi) per second. The average slip across all 27 Nazca subfaults was estimated to be 11 m, with 25–30 m of slip 200–500 km south of the epicenter on offshore subfaults.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Earthquake sequence, Tectonic interpretation
While the Valdivia earthquake was extraordinarily large, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake hints that it did not release all the potential slip in that segment of the plate interface.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
Earthquake-induced tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Some localized tsunamis severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 m (82 ft). The main tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean at a speed of several hundred km/h and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, killing 61 people. Most of the tsunami-related deaths in Japan occurred in the northeast Sanriku region of Honshu.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
The Chilean coast was devastated by a tsunami from Mocha Island (38° S) to Aysén Region (45° S). Across southern Chile, the tsunami caused huge loss of life, damage to port infrastructure, and the loss of many small boats. Further north, the port of Talcahuano did not suffer any major damage, only some flooding. Some tugboats and small sailboats were stranded on Rocuant Island near Talcahuano.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
After the 21 May Concepción earthquake, people in Ancud sought refuge in boats. A carabinero (police) boat, Gloria, was towing a few of these boats when the second earthquake struck on 22 May. As the sea regressed Gloria became stranded between Cerro Guaiguén and Cochinos Island. The stranded boat was wrecked when a tsunami wave engulfed it.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
All the new infrastructure of the small port of Bahía Mansa was destroyed by the tsunami, that reached heights of up to 10 metres above sea level there. The boat Isabella in Bahía Mansa quickly left the port but lost its anchors.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
In the Valdivia River and Corral Bay, several vessels were wrecked by the earthquake, among them Argentina, Canelos, Carlos Haverbeck, Melita, and the salvaged remnants of Penco. Canelos was anchored at Corral when the quake struck, filling a cargo of wood and other products destined for northern Chile. The engine of Canelos was warmed up after the earthquake. After hours of drifting around in Corral Bay and Valdivia River, the ship was wrecked and subsequently abandoned by its crew at 18.00 PM. Two men on board Canelos died in the incident. As of 2000, the remnants of Canelos were still visible.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
Santiago, another ship anchored at Corral at the time of the quake, managed to leave Corral in a bad state but was wrecked off the coast of Mocha Island on 24 May. The schooner La Milagrosa departed from Queule on 22 May to load a cargo of Fitzroya wood shingles in a small port south of Corral. La Milagrosa was battered by the currents and waves of the tsunami for four days while moving south. Outside Corral the crew rescued six nearly unconscious and dehydrated children on board two boats. The boats found were used to navigate in Valdivia River and Corral Bay but had drifted into the high sea.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Tsunamis
At the coastal town of Queule, a carabinero reported hundreds of people dead or missing some days after the tsunami. Historians Yoselin Jaramillo and Ismael Basso report that people in Queule decades later know about 50 people to have died because of the earthquake and tsunami.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Landslides
The earthquake triggered numerous landslides, mainly in the steep glacial valleys of the southern Andes. Within the Andes, most landslides occurred on forested mountain slopes around the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault. Some of these areas remain sparsely vegetated while others have naturally developed more or less pure stands of Nothofagus dombeyi. These landslides did not cause many fatalities nor significant economic losses because most of the areas were uninhabited, with only minor roads.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Landslides
One landslide caused destruction and alarm following its blockage of the outflow of Riñihue Lake (see "Riñihuazo" section below). About 100 km (62 mi) south of Riñihue Lake, landslides in the mountains around Golgol River caused the river to dam up; when it burst through the earthen dam, it created a flood down to Puyehue Lake. The Golgol landslides destroyed parts of international Route 215-CH, which connects to Bariloche in Argentina through Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Landslides
While most landslides clustered around north–south strips in the Andes, other areas that were affected by large numbers of landslides were the coast, mainly the foot of the Chilean Coast Range, and the shores of Llanquihue Lake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Seiches
A seiche of more than 1 meter was observed on Panguipulli Lake following the earthquake. On 22 May, a seiche occurred also in Nahuel Huapi Lake, on the Argentine side of the Andes, more than 200 km away from Valdivia. The wave, most likely produced by an earthquake-triggered sediment slide at the lake bottom, killed two people and destroyed a pier in San Carlos de Bariloche city.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Riñihue Lake's flood
During the Great Chilean earthquake, several landslides west of Tralcán Mountain blocked the outflow of Riñihue Lake. Riñihue Lake is the lowest of the Seven Lakes chain and receives a constant inflow from the Enco River. The blocked San Pedro River, which drains the lake, passes through several towns before reaching the city of Valdivia near the coast.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Riñihue Lake's flood
As the San Pedro River was blocked, the water level of Riñihue Lake started to rise quickly. Each meter the water level rose was equivalent to 20 million cubic meters, which meant that 480 million cubic meters of water would release into the San Pedro River (easily overpowering its flow capacity of 400 cubic metres (14,000 cu ft) per second if it rose above the final, 24-meter-high dam. This potential disaster would have violently flooded all the settlements along the course of the river in less than five hours, with more dire consequences if the dam suddenly broke.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Riñihue Lake's flood
About 100,000 people lived in the affected zone. Plans were made to evacuate Valdivia, and many people left. To avoid the destruction of the city, several military units and hundreds of workers from ENDESA, CORFO, and MOP started an effort to control the lake. Twenty-seven bulldozers were put into service, but they had severe difficulties moving in the mud near the dams, so dykes had to be constructed with shovels from June onwards. The work was not restricted to the lake; drainages from other parts of the Seven Lakes were dammed to minimize additional flow into Riñihue Lake. These dams were removed later, with the exception of Calafquén Lake, which still retains its dam.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Riñihue Lake's flood
By 23 June, the main dam had been lowered from 24 to 15 m (79 to 49 ft), allowing 3 billion cubic metres of water to leave the lake gradually, but still with considerable destructive power. The team was led by ENDESA engineer Raúl Sáez.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Cordón Caulle eruption
On 24 May, 38 hours after the main shock of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Cordón Caulle volcano erupted. The eruption was believed to have been triggered by the earthquake. Between two sparsely populated and isolated Andean valleys, the eruption had few eyewitnesses and received little attention by local media, which was preoccupied with the severe and widespread damage and losses caused by the earthquake. The eruption was first noticed and reported as an explosion by the crew of a United States Air Force plane that was heading to Santiago from Puerto Montt.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Cordón Caulle eruption
The eruption fed a 5.5 km long fissure on 135° heading where 21 individual vents have been found. These vents produced an output of about 0.25 km3 DRE both in form of lava flows and tephra. The eruption ended on 22 July, 59 days later.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Natural disasters, Cordón Caulle eruption
As a result of an evacuation plan, there were no reported human deaths associated with the eruption.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
The levels of material damage were relatively low given the high magnitude of the earthquake. Part of the reason behind this was the limited infrastructure development of the region next to the rupture zone. Structures that had been designed to resist earthquakes performed well during the earthquake, chiefly suffering damage when affected by soil subsidence or small fault movements. Houses built by their owners fared badly. In the regions of Maule and Bío Bío, houses built from adobe and masonry proved weak, while from Araucanía to the south weak houses were mainly those built with inappropriate wood that had decayed over time.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
It has been estimated that about 40 percent of the houses in Valdivia were destroyed, leaving 20,000 people homeless. The most affected structures were those built of concrete, which in some cases collapsed completely, because they were not built using modern earthquake engineering. Traditional wooden houses fared better; although many were uninhabitable if they did not collapse. Houses built upon elevated areas suffered considerably less damage compared to those on the lowlands, which absorbed great amounts of energy. Many city blocks with destroyed buildings in the city center remained empty until the 1990s and 2000s, with some of them still used as parking lots. Before the earthquake, some of these blocks had modern concrete buildings built after the Great Valdivia fire of 1909.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
Valdivia's bridges suffered only minor damage. Land subsidence in Corral Bay improved navigability as shoal banks, produced earlier by sediments from Madre de Dios and other nearby gold mines, sank and were compacted. As the earthquake destroyed Valdivia's flood barriers, general land subsidence exposed new areas to flooding.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
The United States quickly set up a field hospital following the earthquake. Aided by the United States, a geological survey of Valdivia was done following the earthquake and resulted in the city's first geological map. Mexico built and donated the public school Escuela México after the earthquake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
The earthquakes damaged an area that had suffered a long period of economic decline, which began with shifts in trade routes due to the expansion of railroads in southern Chile and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
Unlike Valdivia, Osorno was saved from major destruction. In Osorno only about 20 houses were totally destroyed, although many firewalls and chimneys collapsed.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Urban impact
Puerto Montt, a major city today, had in the early 1960s about 49,500 inhabitants. The bulk of the damage in Puerto Montt was located in the neighborhood of Barrio Modelo and the northern part of Bahía Angelmó, where artificial fills subsided. Angelmó and other coastal areas of Puerto Montt were among the few urban areas that suffered "total destruction" by the earthquake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Impact in the countryside
The tsunami that struck the coast of southern Chile destroyed seaside farms, killing numerous livestock and people. Barns and industrial structures were destroyed by the quake. The dairy industry was among the few industries of the affected zone that received subsidies and investment after the earthquake. It received state support through a long-term policy after the earthquake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Impact in the countryside
As a result of the earthquake, an international technological cooperation programme was established in the dairy sector. More specifically, the German and Danish governments helped to create the Centro Tecnológico de la Leche (the Milk Technological Centre) in the Southern University of Chile. The scholar Erik Dahmén believes that the earthquake resulted in a "creative destruction" for farmers of Southern Chile.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Impact in the countryside
The economy of the coastal town of Queule had during the 1950s developed significantly. Its economy based on fishing, agriculture and industry had grown. Queule was connected by road in 1957 to the rest of the country and the town had developed into a balneario. This era of prosperity ended with the 1960 earthquake.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Impact in the countryside
Further north the earthquake destroyed numerous houses in the coal-mining town of Lebu.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Creation of emergency committee
After the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, a committee was formed to solve problems caused by the earthquake. It continued to operate, to develop approaches for national emergencies. In 1974, after the 1971 eruption of Villarrica volcano, the committee was officially founded as ONEMI (Spanish acronym for Ministry of Interior National Emergency Office) when it was authorized by law as an independent governmental office.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Human sacrifice
In the coastal village Collileufu (La Araucanía Region), native Lafkenches carried out a human sacrifice during the days following the main earthquake. Collileufu is located in the Budi Lake area, south of Puerto Saavedra, which was highly isolated in 1960. The Mapuche spoke primarily Mapudungun. The community had gathered in Cerro La Mesa, while the lowlands were struck by successive tsunamis. Juana Namuncura Añen, a local machi, demanded the sacrifice of the grandson of Juan Painecur, a neighbor, in order to calm the earth and the ocean. The victim was 5-year-old José Luis Painecur, an "orphan" (huacho) whose mother had gone to work as a domestic worker in Santiago and left her son under the care of his father.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Consequences and response, Human sacrifice
The sacrifice was learned about by authorities after a boy in the commune of Nueva Imperial denounced to local leaders the theft of two horses; these were allegedly eaten during the sacrifice ritual. Two men were charged with the crime of murder and confessed, but later recanted. They were released from prison after two years. A judge ruled that those involved had "acted without free will, driven by an irresistible natural force of ancestral tradition". The story was mentioned in a Time magazine article, although with little detail.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Previous and subsequent earthquakes
There is evidence that a similar earthquake and landslide occurred in 1575 in Valdivia. This earthquake was of similar strength and also caused a Riñihuazo. According to the chronicle of Mariño de Lobera, corregidor of Valdivia in 1575, a landslide blocked the outflow of the lagoon of Renigua. Several months later in April, it caused a flood. He said that the Spanish settlers had evacuated and waited on high ground until after the dam burst, but many aboriginals died in the flood waters. While the 1575 earthquake is considered the one most similar to that of 1960, it differed in not having caused any tsunami in Japan.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Previous and subsequent earthquakes
Other lesser earthquakes that preceded the 1960 event occurred in 1737 and 1837.


1960 Valdivia earthquake, Previous and subsequent earthquakes
On 27 February 2010 at 03:34 local time, an 8.8 magnitude earthquake occurred just to the north (off the coast of the Maule region of Chile, between Concepción and Santiago). This quake was reported to be centered approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) deep and several miles off shore. It may have been related or consequential to the 1960 tremor.


1960 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1960 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Commodores were led by head coach Art Guepe in his eighth season and finished the season with a record of three wins and seven losses (3–7 overall, 0–7 in the SEC).


1960 Venezuelan Primera División season
The 1960 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 4 teams. The national champions were Portugués.


1960 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1960 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont in the Yankee Conference during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach J. Edward Donnelly, the team compiled a 1–6 record.


1960 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1960 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont. Republican candidate F. Ray Keyser, Jr. defeated Democratic candidate Russell F. Niquette to succeed him.


1960 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1960 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The head coach was Alexander F. Bell, coaching his first season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1960 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1960 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The Cavaliers were led by third-year head coach Dick Voris and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as members of the Atlantic Coast Conference, finishing in last. Virginia finished without a win for the second consecutive year and extended their losing streak to 28 games, tying the NCAA record set between 1945 and 1948 by the Kansas State Wildcats. Voris, who managed just one win in three seasons at Virginia, resigned as head coach at the end of the season.


1960 Volta a Catalunya
The 1960 Volta a Catalunya was the 40th edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 4 September to 11 September 1960. The race started in Montjuïc and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Miguel Poblet.


1960 Vuelta a España
The 15th Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 29 April to 15 May 1960. It consisted of 17 stages covering a total of 3,567 km (2,216 mi), and was won by Franz De Mulder of the Groene Leeuw cycling team. Arthur De Cabooter won the points classification and Antonio Karmany won the mountains classification.


1960 WANFL season
The 1960 WANFL season was the 76th season of the various incarnations of the Western Australian National Football League.


1960 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
The 1960 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 1st conference playoff in league history. Additionally it is the first conference tournament ever held for an American college ice hockey conference. The tournament was played between March 11 and March 12, 1960. All games were played at home team campus sites. By being declared as co-champions, both Michigan Tech and Denver were invited to participate in the 1960 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.


1960 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament
Though not official designations, Michigan Tech is considered as the East Regional Champion† and Denver as the West Regional Champion‡.


1960 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format
The top four teams in the WCHA, based upon the conference regular season standings, were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 4 . In the first round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds were matched in two-game series where the team with the higher number of goals scored was declared the winner. Rather than decide upon a single tournament champion, the WCHA declared the winners of the two series as co-tournament champions.


1960 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament, Format, Conference Standings
Note: GP = Games Played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PCT = Winning Percentage; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against


1960 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1960 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Bill Hildebrand, the team compiled a 2–8 record and finished in seventh place in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).


1960 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
Quarterback Norm Snead was selected by the United Press International as a first-team player on the 1960 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team. Snead later played 16 seasons in the NFL and was a four-time All-Pro selection.


1960 Washington Huskies football team
The 1960 Washington Huskies football team represented the University of Washington during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. Home games were played on campus in Seattle at Husky Stadium. Under fourth-year head coach Jim Owens, Washington was 9–1 in the regular season, 4–0 in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), defeated top-ranked Minnesota in the Rose Bowl, and outscored its opponents 272 to 107. The Helms Athletic Foundation, which included bowl games in their calculus, awarded the Huskies the National Championship.


1960 Washington Huskies football team, Season
Led on the field by senior quarterback Bob Schloredt, an All-American the previous year, the Huskies started the season ranked third. Schloredt broke his collarbone in the fifth game, against UCLA, and did not play again in the regular season. Bob Hivner took over as quarterback and won the game plus the next five.


1960 Washington Huskies football team, Season
A one-point loss on a last-minute field goal by Orange Bowl-bound Navy two weeks earlier in Seattle was the season's only blemish. The Huskies returned to the Rose Bowl to meet the top-ranked Minnesota Golden Gophers of the Big Ten Conference on January 2. A seven-point underdog, sixth-ranked Washington upset Minnesota 17–7 for consecutive Rose Bowl wins. Schloredt returned at quarterback and was the player of the game for a second straight year.


1960 Washington Huskies football team, Season
The final rankings in this era were released at the end of the regular season (in late November), prior to the bowl games. Washington was ranked fifth and sixth in the respective polls.


1960 Washington Huskies football team, Professional football draft selections
Six University of Washington Huskies were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft, which lasted 20 rounds with 280 selections. Four Huskies were selected in the 1961 AFL Draft, which lasted 30 rounds with 240 selections; three of the four were also selected in the NFL draft.


1960 Washington Redskins season
The 1960 Washington Redskins season was the franchise's 29th season in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their 3–9 record from 1959 and finished last-place in the NFL Eastern Conference, with a 1–9–2 record under second-year head coach Mike Nixon. The Redskins' only win that season was a 26–14 victory against the first-year expansionists Dallas Cowboys team on October 9 in Washington.


1960 Washington Redskins season
This season was also the last one in their old stadium, Griffith Stadium. Following the season, the Redskins fired Mike Nixon, and replaced him with Bill McPeak.


1960 Washington Redskins season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1960 Washington Senators season
The 1960 Washington Senators won 73 games, lost 81, and finished in fifth place in the American League. They were managed by Cookie Lavagetto and played home games at Griffith Stadium, where they drew 743,404 fans in 1960, last in the eight-team league but an increase of almost 25 percent over 1959. This was the "original" Senators' 60th and final season in Washington, as they moved to Minnesota and became the Twins in 1961, which they have been named ever since. Griffith Stadium was demolished after the second Washington Senators franchise played its inaugural season there.


1960 Washington Senators season, Regular season, Relocation to Minnesota
After an early flirtation with San Francisco, by 1957 Calvin Griffith was courting Minneapolis-St. Paul, a prolonged process that resulted in him rejecting the Twin Cities' first offer before agreeing to relocate. The American League opposed the move at first, but in 1960 a deal was reached: The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961. The old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins.


1960 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1960 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1960 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1960 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University as an independent during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their fifth season under head coach Jim Sutherland, the Cougars compiled a 4–5–1 record and outscored their opponents 210 to 161.


1960 Washington State Cougars football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mel Melin with 1,638 passing yards, Keith Lincoln with 543 rushing yards, and Hugh Campbell with 881 receiving yards.


1960 Washington State Cougars football team, NFL Draft
One Cougar was selected in the 1961 NFL Draft, which was twenty rounds (280 selections).


1960 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1960 Washington gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1960, between incumbent Democratic governor Albert Rosellini and State Superintendent of Public Instruction Lloyd J. Andrews, nominated by the Republican Party.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election
Rosellini was re-elected to a second term as Governor of Washington, in a close race with Andrews. The election was the first in Washington state history to feature televised gubernatorial debates.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
Republican challengers to incumbent Governor Rosellini began announcing their bids for the office in early 1960. State representative and Republican house minority leader Newman H. Clark of the 43rd district announced his bid on January 23 at a Republican Party committee meeting. State Superintendent of Public Instruction Lloyd J. Andrews announced his bid on March 1, promising to improve the fiscal outlook for Washington's public schools while also criticizing Rosellini for his heavy spending and creation of a large tax burden. Republican chairman William C. Goodloe was a favorite to run, but announced in May that he would not run in the election.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
Rosellini announced his re-election bid on May 21, at a Democratic rally in Seattle's Civic Auditorium. Touting his accomplishments during his term in office, Rosellini promised to "continue the job of progress in the State of Washington." Two Democratic candidates, Snohomish writer John Patric and Tacoma used cars salesman Bruce M. Sigman, both entered the race in July to challenge Rosellini, but did not make much headway.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
The Republican primary campaign, pitting Andrews and Clark, was described as "rigorous contest" between the two. Andrews centered his campaign on attacking Rosellini and his administration, while Clark criticized both Rosellini and Andrews for their fiscal positions and proposed tax hikes. Early polls put Andrews as the clear frontrunner in the Republican race, with strong support from his native Eastern Washington, leading Rosellini's campaign to begin attacking Andrews and his record in the state senate, sensing a close general election.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
During the September 13 primary, Rosellini defeated Patric and Sigman with a landslide victory, while Andrews defeated Clark by a comfortable margin. High voter turnout for Andrews, and low turnout for Rosellini, led The Seattle Times to declare that Rosellini "faces trouble" in the general contest.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
Two smaller parties, the Socialist Labor Party of America and Socialist Workers Party, also nominated candidates in the election.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
On November 8, Rosellini defeated Andrews by a narrow margin of 17,865 votes (1.4 percent) in the general election, the smallest margin since the 1940 election. Rosellini, a Democrat, was re-elected despite Washington voters rejecting Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy in favor of Republican Richard M. Nixon in the concurrent presidential race. The initial returns led Andrews to delay conceding to Rosellini until November 17, after the final absentee ballots were tallied; Andrews had a brief lead in absentee ballots, but fell short of the margin needed to overtake Rosellini.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events
The Seattle Times noted similarities between the 1956 and 1960 elections, especially in the preliminary stages, with an early Republican frontrunner deterring strong opponents from entering the race, only to be defeated by Rosellini.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events, Debates
The 1960 election featured the first televised debates in Washington gubernatorial history. KING-TV, based in Seattle, broadcast two of the debates between Rosellini and Andrews along with sister stations KREM-TV in Spokane and KPQ-TV in Wenatchee.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events, Debates
The first debate, on September 28, came two days after presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy debated for the first time on national television. The Seattle Times called the first gubernatorial debate "more entertaining than informative", noting that candidates "didn't bother to wait for recognition by the moderator [or each other]." Rosellini showed "flashes of hot temper", while Andrews accused the incumbent governor of never attempting to balance the budget despite claims of effort.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events, Debates
Both candidates addressed the state's troubled public school system and budgetary problems, the latter of which Andrews argued was caused by Rosellini's spending, as well as pay increases for teachers. After the debate, Andrews criticized the debate's format and rules, and asked that candidates be asked the same questions and limit rebuttals.


1960 Washington gubernatorial election, Description and events, Debates
The second televised debate, on October 25, focused on taxation and fixing issues with the state-built Hood Canal Bridge. In a more subdued affair, candidates had limited rebuttals but continued to attack and denounce each other. Rosellini was accused by Andrews of attacking him directly after quoting Andrews' Republican primary opponent Newman H. Clark.


1960 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1960 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 60th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1960 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
On 9 October 1960, Mount Sion won the championship after a 5-09 to 2-05 defeat of Erin's Own in the final. This was their 16th championship title overall and their eighth title in succession.


1960 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1960 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season.


1960 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1960 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1960, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1960 Western Australian Legislative Council election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Western Australia on 30 April 1960 to elect 10 of the 30 members of the state's Legislative Council.


1960 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 1960 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their fourth season under head coach Merle Schlosser, the Broncos compiled a 4–4–1 record (2–4 against MAC opponents), finished in fifth place in the MAC, and were outscored by their opponents, 173 to 106. The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


1960 Western Michigan Broncos football team
Center Leroy Repischak was the team captain. Offensive tackle Jim Habel received the team's most outstanding player award.


1960 Western Region legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Western Region in Nigeria in July 1960. The result was a victory for Action Group, which won 79 of the 122 seats.


1960 Western Samoan Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Western Samoa on 23 July 1960.


1960 Western Samoan Constitutional Assembly election, Background
In preparation for independence on 1 January 1962, a Constitutional Assembly was called to write a constitution for the soon-to-be independent country. The Assembly was to include the 46 members of the Legislative Assembly elected in 1957 (41 Samoans and 5 Europeans), the Fautua (the two paramount chiefs of Samoa, Malietoa Tanumafili II and Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole), Tama-a-Aiga Tuiaana Tuimaleali'ifano Suatipatipa II, 123 elected chiefs (three elected from each of the 41 Samoan Legislative Assembly constituencies) and 10 elected Europeans.


1960 Western Samoan Constitutional Assembly election, Background
In order to vote in the elections, European residents were required to take Samoan citizenship. However, only 500 of the 1,500 eligible Europeans did so, with some arguing that they should not have to renounce their nationality at a time when the Samoan state did not exist.


1960 Western Samoan Constitutional Assembly election, Campaign
In the 41 Samoan constituencies, only twelve had more than three candidates and required a vote to take place. All candidates were matais. Only five Europeans were nominated for the ten seats, all of whom were returned unopposed.


1960 Wichita Shockers football team
The 1960 Wichita Shockers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wichita (now known as Wichita State University) as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In its first season under head coach Hank Foldberg, the team compiled an 8–2 record (3–0 against MVC opponents), won the MVC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 211 to 145. The team played its home games at Veterans Field, now known as Cessna Stadium.


1960 Wightman Cup
The 1960 Wightman Cup was the 32nd edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom.


1960 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1960 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season.


1960 Wimbledon Championships
The 1960 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament ran from Monday 20 June until Saturday 2 July 1960. It was the 74th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1960. Neale Fraser and Maria Bueno won the singles titles.


1960 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Rafael Osuna /  Dennis Ralston defeated  Mike Davies /  Bobby Wilson, 7–5, 6–3, 10–8


1960 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Maria Bueno /  Darlene Hard defeated  Sandra Reynolds /  Renée Schuurman, 6–4, 6–0


1960 Wimbledon Championships, Champions, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Rod Laver /  Darlene Hard defeated  Robert Howe /  Maria Bueno, 13–11, 3–6, 8–6


1960 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles
Rod Mandelstam defeated Jaidip Mukerjea in the final, 1–6, 8–6, 6–4 to win the Boys' Singles tennis title at the 1960 Wimbledon Championships.