1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Candidate selection, Liberals
It was initially thought unlikely that a Liberal candidate would stand in the byelection; the last time the Liberals had fought the seat was in 1929. At the end of August the Welsh Liberal Party decided to send an organiser to the constituency for a month to see if the party could win support. At the same time a willing potential candidate appeared: Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Lort-Phillips, (aged 49) who was a farmer, author and journalist and had twice previously campaigned in Gloucester. Although the national headquarters of the Liberal Party was still unsure, Lort-Phillips was eventually adopted on 10 October. At the 1960 Liberal Assembly held at the end of September, he caused a stir by moving an amendment calling for unilateral nuclear disarmament which was defeated by 607 votes to 78.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Candidate selection, Plaid Cymru and others
The Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru made it clear that it would stand in the byelection, and on 7 September the Ebbw Vale area committee of the party chose Emrys Roberts (aged 28) as their candidate. Roberts had fought two previous elections in Newport and Cardiff North, and was organising secretary of the party. No other candidate appeared by the time nominations closed on 7 November.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign
The party conference season intervened between candidate selection and the opening of the campaign; Michael Foot made a strong speech at the 1960 Labour Party conference supporting unilateral nuclear disarmament. Conference passed a unilateralist motion against the strong views of party leader Hugh Gaitskell. Foot was anxious to stress that he would not raise Gaitskell's leadership during the byelection campaign, pledging not to answer questions about it if he was asked, but he would campaign on the issue of nuclear arms. On 26 October, the Labour chief whip Herbert Bowden formally started the byelection by moving that a writ for electing a new member be issued. Nominations were to close on 7 November and polling day would be 17 November.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Unilateralism intrudes
Foot opened his campaign on 30 October with an attack on "the complacency, the corruption and the poltroonery of the Tory Government". He pointed to the two largest employers of the constituency, coal-mining and steel production, and asserted that the Conservatives were hacking away at both. The other parties attempted to make political capital out of the differences between Foot and the Labour leadership. Lort-Phillips claimed Gaitskell had "signed his political death warrant" by opting to fight against the conference decision to support unilateralism, and that an effective opposition was needed.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Unilateralism intrudes
There was speculation that Foot might lose 10,000 votes because of his stance on unilateralism, although The Times correspondent could not detect any sign of crisis among the electorate. Foot and his wife were also concerned that anger over the incompetence of Ebbw Vale council, run by Labour, would lead to abstentions.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Unilateralism intrudes
At a public meeting, one of the Labour canvassers asked Foot how to deal with those who disagreed with his stance on nuclear weapons, given Bevan's opposition to a unilateralist motion in 1957. Foot invited constituents to discuss the matter with him personally, and pointed out that the British government had abandoned attempts to produce its own delivery system for nuclear warheads. Rhys Williams concentrated his campaign on talking to voters individually in pubs and clubs, where he claimed to receive a friendly welcome. He invited Joan Vickers, who had defeated Foot in Plymouth in 1955, to speak for him.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Unilateralism intrudes
Lort-Phillips, who claimed to have "a secret league of potential Liberals" at Richard Thomas & Baldwins, invited his party leader Jo Grimond to speak for him; Grimond did not accept. His attitude was thought to be influenced by Lort-Phillips' stance on nuclear arms although late in the campaign he sent a very general letter of support.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Personal attacks
After some speculation over what the contents of such a message would be, Hugh Gaitskell sent his letter of support to Foot on 11 November. It wished Foot "all good luck", frankly accepting that they were not in agreement on defence and foreign policy, but asserting that any differences were "confined to a narrow field". Gaitskell highlighted the Government proposals to sell its shared in Richard Thomas & Baldwins, and the Rent Act 1957 as policies which the Labour Party would oppose. Foot's camp believed that, nevertheless, Gaitskell would have been pleased to see Foot obtain a poor result at the polls. During the last week, Foot attacked Rhys Williams for "imbecility" in suggesting that the west had been 'at war' with Russia since 1945.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Personal attacks
The tone degenerated further when Rhys Williams contrasted Bevan and Foot to Foot's disfavour as he "comes before the Welsh public with an uncongenial armoury of hatred and malicious propaganda". Foot replied denouncing Rhys Williams' "patronising snobbery and pin-headed intellectual capacity". In the late campaign, Rhys Williams frequently reminded voters that the electoral system was absolutely secret. Labour reported that its canvass returns indicated that Foot would get 75% of the vote and a 15,000 majority.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Campaign, Plaid campaign
Plaid Cymru entered the campaign with optimism, with Roberts declaring that it was "our great opportunity". He brought across an Irish economist, Tomás MacGabhann, who explained how small independent countries could be prosperous. His campaign was said to be the only one suffused with humour, as when he declared "If you think Wales is not a nation you must be Hitler's uncle"; he was reliably predicted to be bottom of the poll.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Result
A heavy downpour of rain on the days before the poll gave bad omens to Foot's wife Jill Craigie who blamed the rain for her husband's loss of Devonport in 1955. The votes were counted and the result declared on the day after the poll.


1960 Ebbw Vale by-election, Result
Foot hailed his win as being the product of a campaign "fought... on a clear policy of socialism and a demand for a new foreign policy which repudiates nuclear strategy altogether". That the result was seen as a good one for Foot and a problem for Gaitskell was shown by a cartoon by 'Vicky' which depicted Gaitskell reading the result and saying "Oh dear, we've won". Foot retained the seat, which was renamed Blaenau Gwent in 1983, until he retired from Parliament in 1992.


1960 Ecuadorian general election
General elections were held in Ecuador on 5 June 1960. The presidential election was won by José María Velasco Ibarra of the National Velasquista Federation, who received 48.2% of the vote. His fourth term of office began on 1 September.


1960 Edinburgh Corporation election
Elections to Edinburgh Corporation were held on 3 May 1960, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. Of the councils 69 seats, 24 were up for election, including two seats in Murrayfield-Cramond ward. However only 15 wards in 14 seats were contested, as councillors were returned unopposed in nine wards.


1960 Edinburgh Corporation election
No seats changed hands, and  Edinburgh Corporation remained composed of 39 Progressives, 28 Labour councillors, 1 Liberal, and 1 Protestant Action. The Progressives retained overall control of the council.


1960 Edinburgh Corporation election
Turnout in the 14 contested wards was 67,270 or 32.1%.


1960 Edinburgh North by-election
The Edinburgh North by-election was held on 19 May 1960. It was held due to the appointment of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Rankine Milligan to the Court of Session. The by-election was won by the Conservative candidate, John Douglas-Scott who would later become Duke of Buccleuch.


1960 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 1960 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 2nd place in the WIFU with a 10–6 record. They defeated the Calgary Stampeders in the Western Semi-Finals and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the Western Finals, and were defeated in the Grey Cup by the Ottawa Rough Riders.


1960 Edmonton municipal election
The 1960 Edmonton, Alberta municipal election was held October 19, 1960, to elect five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and three trustees to sit on each of the public and separate school boards. The electorate also decided eight plebiscite questions.


1960 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled: William Henning, Angus McGugan, Ed Leger, Gordon McClary, and McKim Ross were all elected to two-year terms in 1959 and were still in office.


1960 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Angus MacDonald, Edith Rogers, Vernon Johnson, and Douglas Thomson were elected to two-year terms in 1959 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board, where Joseph Moreau, Orest Demco, Catherine McGrath, and Henry Carrigan were continuing.


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 26009 ballots cast out of 158771 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 16.4%.


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, At-Large Elections
Are you in favour of changing the Election System for Alderman and Public School Board Members so that all such elected representatives are elected from the City at large without regard to whether they live North or South of the North Saskatchewan River or own fifty percent of their property North or South of this river?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Paving
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $450,000.00 for the City share of standard paving of arterial and residential streets?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Asphalt on Existing Gravel Streets
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $250,000.00 for the City share of asphalt paving on existing gravel arterial and residential streets?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Asphalt on New Gravel Streets
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $500,000.00 for the City share of asphalt paving on new gravel arterial and residential streets?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Traffic Lights
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $180,000.00 in order to purchase and locate traffic lights on certain highway intersections within the City?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Parks
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $600,000.00 for the purpose of constructing and improving parks and playgrounds?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Bridge
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $500,000.00 for the purpose of constructing a district bridge as part of the City's overall arterial road system?


1960 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Library
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $165,000.00 for the purpose of constructing a district library?


1960 Egypt Cup Final
1960 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of 1959–60 Egypt Cup, between Zamalek & El-Olympi, Zamalek won the match by 3–2.


1960 Eisenhower Trophy
The 1960 Eisenhower Trophy took place September 28 to October 1 at the Merion Golf Club in Ardmore, Pennsylvania. It was the second World Amateur Team Championship for the Eisenhower Trophy. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 32 four-man teams. The best three scores for each round counted towards the team total.


1960 Eisenhower Trophy
United States won the Eisenhower Trophy, finishing 42 strokes ahead of the silver medalists, Australia. Great Britain and Ireland finished five strokes behind Australia and took the bronze medal while South Africa finished fourth. Jack Nicklaus completed the four rounds in 269, 13 strokes better than anyone else and 19 strokes better than the best non-American, Bruce Devlin.


1960 Eisenhower Trophy, Teams
32 teams contested the event. Each team had four players with the exception of Ceylon and the United Arab Republic who were represented by only three players. Of the teams that competed in 1958, Iceland, Kenya and Spain were not represented. Ceylon, Denmark, Mexico, Peru, Rhodesia & Nyasaland and the United Arab Republic were represented for the first time.


1960 Eisenhower Trophy, Individual leaders
There was no official recognition for the lowest individual scores.


1960 Ekstraklasa, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Ruch Chorzów won the championship.


1960 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Furukawa Electric won the championship.


1960 Emperor's Cup Final
1960 Emperor's Cup Final was the 40th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at Utsubo Football Stadium in Osaka on May 6, 1960. Furukawa Electric won the championship.


1960 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Furukawa Electric won their 1st title, by defeating Keio BRB 4–0.


1960 English Greyhound Derby
The 1960 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 25 June 1960 at White City Stadium. The winner Duleek Dandy received £2,000 for the husband and wife team of Bill Dash (trainer) and Vicki Dash (owner).


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances
2¼, 1, 1¼, 5¼, ¾ (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1950 one length was equal to 0.08 of one second.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The defending champion Mile Bush Pride topped the ante-post betting and started as the most likely greyhound to emulate Mick the Miller's achievement of two Derby wins.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The first round saw many favourites eliminated; 1958 champion Pigalle Wonder was the first to go out followed by Armed Escort, Wood Lane Stakes winner Long Story, Kilmoney Daffodil, Welcome Home and Varra Black Nose. Clonalvy Pride came to prominence by leading all the way from Dunstown Paddy with Mile Bush Pride qualifying in a lowly third place.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The second round restored normality as Mile Bush Pride recorded 28.63, the fastest time of the year at White City. Clonalvy Pride also progressed after overcoming serious trouble.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The semi-finals provided a piece of history because they were both won by litter brothers. The first was won by Clonalvy Pride taking advantage of a terrible draw and start for Mile Bush Pride who in turn overtook sprinter Gorey Airways to claim second place, Wheatfield Swan ran on for the remaining qualifying place. The second semi-final went to 8-1 shot Clonalvy Romance owned by Olympic athlete Brian Hewson.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
The draw for the final led to Mile Bush Pride gaining his favourite trap one draw but as the traps rose Clonalvy Romance broke well pursued by outsider Duleek Dandy. Mile Bush Pride remained in contention until the third bend when Duleek Dandy headed Clonalvy Romance for the first time. Mile Bush Pride tight on the rails was making a move but was forced to check behind Clonalvy Romance effectively ending the dream of a second Derby win. Duleek Dandy deservedly went on to win by two and a quarter lengths and become the biggest price winner of the Derby at odds of 25-1.


1960 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Duleek Dandy owned by Vicki Dash and trained by husband Bill had won the Trafalgar Cup in 1959 but following injuries had been forced to run a trial stake by Major Percy Brown to gain entry to the Derby. Luckily a short head win had resulted in Duleek Dandy claiming one of only twelve places available to greyhounds not selected by Brown. Incidentally it was the first time that only 36 of the 48 runners had been selected by Brown, the remaining twelve runners had to compete in trial stakes and included Clonavly Pride and Duleek Dandy as mentioned earlier.


1960 English cricket season
1960 was the 61st season of County Championship cricket in England. The County Championship was won by Yorkshire for the second successive year.


1960 English cricket season
South Africa toured England, playing a five match Test series which England won 3–0. During the series there was a throwing controversy which saw umpire Frank Lee call South African fast bowler Geoff Griffin for throwing in the Lord's Test. This led to umpire Syd Buller repeatedly calling the Griffin for throwing in the following tour match. This had the effect of ending Griffin's Test career and of bringing to a head worldwide discontent about throwing and "dragging" that had caused controversy for the previous two years.


1960 English cricket season, Test series
England defeated South Africa 3–0 in a five match Test series.


1960 English cricket season, County Championship
Yorkshire won the County Championship for the second successive year. Lancashire were runners-up.


1960 English cricket season, Leading players
Raman Subba Row topped the batting averages with 1,503 runs scored at an average of 55.66. Brian Statham topped the bowling averages with 135 wickets taken at 12.31 runs per wicket.


1960 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1960 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Baltic Fleet Tallinn.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt
A coup d'etat was attempted in Ethiopia on 13 December 1960. The Council of the Revolution, four conspirators led by brothers Germame Neway and Brigadier General Mengistu Neway, commander of the Kebur Zabangna (Imperial Bodyguard), sought to overthrow Emperor Haile Selassie during a state visit to Brazil in order to install a progressive government. The coup leaders declared the beginning of a new government under the rule of Haile Selassie's eldest son, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, that would address the numerous economic and social problems Ethiopia faced.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt
The Council gained control of most of the capital city, Addis Ababa, and took several ministers and other important people hostage. After its initial success, the majority of the military and populace quickly aligned against the coup, and by 17 December loyalists had regained control of Addis Ababa. At least 300 people were killed during the coup, including most of the conspirators.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt
The coup attempt is considered the most serious threat to Haile Selassie's rule between 1941 and his deposition in 1974 during the Ethiopian Revolution.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Background
Germame Neway, widely seen as the motivator of the coup, was a high-ranking civil servant who was serving as a district governor in Ethiopia's provinces. Germame was a progressive and activist governor who was frustrated in his attempts to improve the standard of living of the subjects in the districts he was assigned to govern, and grew to resent the absolutist and feudal central government under Emperor Haile Selassie. When Germame had attempted to encourage the Oromo inhabitants of Wellamu to build roads, bridges, and schools, he was opposed by the local landlords who agitated for his replacement.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Background
Germame was then reassigned to Jijiga, where he "was immediately confronted with the abject poverty and underdevelopment of the region and with obvious signs of official neglect." Concludes Bahru Zewde, "The obstruction he encountered even in these remote posts convinced him of the need for change, and he began to work with his brother to that end."


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Background
Germame then managed to persuade his brother, Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway, that a successful military coup against the current government was feasible. Mengistu was vital to the success of Germame's plan because he commanded the Kebur Zabangna, the Emperor's imperial guard whose members were expected to follow orders without question, and had connections throughout the Ethiopian armed forces. Two more important members, Colonel Warqenah Gabayahu, imperial Chief of Security, and Brigadier-General Tsege Dibu, the Commissioner of Police, were recruited to form a clandestine "Council of the Revolution", and the group began planning their move.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Background
According to Paul Henze, fearing that their plans had already leaked out, the conspirators rushed into action when the Emperor departed on a state visit to Brazil without sufficient planning. According to the memoirs of John H. Spencer, Makonnen Habte-Wold had been seriously suspicious of Colonel Warqenah's activities two years prior to the attempted coup, and only five months before the conspirators acted Makonnen confided his renewed suspicions about both the Colonel as well as Brigadier-General Tsege to Spencer.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
On the evening of Tuesday, 13 December 1960, the group duped several Ministers of the Imperial Crown and other important political personages into coming to Guenete Leul Palace in the imperial capital, Addis Ababa, for an emergency meeting where they were taken hostage. At the same time, followers of Colonel Warqenah occupied the central bank, the radio station, and the Ministry of Finance. The Kebur Zabangna surrounded the other army bases in and around the capital.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
The next morning, after the members of the coup had secured control of most of Addis Ababa, Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen, who is generally regarded as having acted under duress, read a proclamation. This proclamation attacked Ethiopia's economic backwardness in relation to other African countries, announced the formation of a new government under the Crown Prince, and promised the start of a new era. In response, the students of Haile Selassie University demonstrated in support of the new government.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
The leaders of the coup obviously expected this demonstration would convince the other branches of the military to join them. An uneasy 24 hours followed while the conspirators awaited developments. During this period Mangestu and his colleagues issued an 11-point programme of proposed reforms, and appointed as Prime Minister Ras Imru Haile Selassie and Major General Mulugeta Bulli, who was popular in the army, as Chief of Staff. Meanwhile, the loyalists within the military were able to come to a consensus on how to respond to this threat.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
(Clapham shows that the civilian leaders, who in previous coups that created new rulers of Ethiopia, had been effectively isolated from the military.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
Makonnen Habte-Wold, whose own intelligence network had uncovered this plot, was unable to do more than send frantic telegrams to his Emperor "until the coup took place and he was captured and shot.") Dejazmach Asrate Medhin Kassa, Major General Mared Mangesha, and the other loyalists spent their time more usefully; they secured the support of the tank squadron and the Imperial Ethiopian Air Force, both stationed within reach of the capital, and made up their initial shortage of troops by airlifting about 1,000 loyal soldiers in from outlying provinces; they also issued leaflets signed by the Abuna of the Ethiopian Church, which condemned the rebels as anti-religious traitors and called for loyalty to Haile Selassie. These leaflets are believed to have had a great effect on the uncommitted.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
Fighting broke out in the afternoon of the next day. Heavily outnumbered, the rebels were slowly driven back. Many ordinary soldiers of the Kebur Zabangna, once they learned they were fighting against the Emperor, lost heart as they had been given to understand that they were fighting for him. Once the fighting started, the inhabitants of the capital gave their support to the loyalists. Before abandoning the capital, Germame and the others turned their machine-guns on their hostages in Genetta Leul palace, killing 15 of them. The dead included not only Ras Abebe Aregai, the then Prime Minister, but also Makonnen Habte-Wold and Major General Mulugeta.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
General Tsege was killed in the fighting; Colonel Warqenah committed suicide. Mengistu and Germame evaded capture until 24 December 1960 when they were surrounded by the army near Mojo. Rather than face capture, Germame committed suicide; Mengistu surrendered. He was publicly hanged in a church square a few months later. Germame's body was brought to Addis Ababa and hanged as well, as a manner of demonstrating the Emperor's resolve.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Coup
Official casualty figures state that at least 300 people were killed, many of them civilians caught in the street fighting; Christopher Clapham considers them "likely to be underestimates", noting in a footnote that The East African Standard in Nairobi, in what was then Kenya Colony, estimated about 2,000 dead and wounded in its 20 December 1960 story.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
Although Paul Henze asks the relevant question, "Was the 1960 coup the harbinger of the revolution of 1974? ", he denies that there was a significant connection with his next sentence: "Only in a very general sense, if at all." Henze emphasises the inside nature of the coup, how much of the population of Ethiopia was illiterate and had little awareness of events in the capital city.


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
However, Henze admits that the threat to his rule caused a change in the Emperor's behaviour: after reorganising his government and appointing the Tsehafi Taezaz ('Minister of the Pen'), Aklilu Habte-Wold, as Prime Minister, Haile Selassie "gave less attention to domestic affairs and devoted more time to foreign affairs, making a place for himself in the Pan-African movement and championing decolonization. ... Not to be overshadowed by many of the new personalities on the African scene – Nkrumah, Sekou Toure, Kenyatta, Nyerere – he continued to take a leading role in Pan-African politics."


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
In contrast, Ethiopian historian Bahru Zewde finds a very clear chain of connection between the two events. First, in his history of modern Ethiopia, Bahru points out an ironic element in this event: "By his colleagues he [Mulugeti Bulli] was more than half-expected to emulate the Egyptian colonel, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who staged a coup in 1952 that overthrew the dynasty, a century and a half old, of Mohammed Ali." Yet Professor Bahru draws an even more apparent connection between the two, in a strikingly elegiac passage:


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
Edmond Keller adds that following the coup, "rather than being able to dictate comfortably the rate and direction of change, the emperor was placed ever more on the defensive, having to work harder to mediate the demands of increasingly politically significant social groupings."


1960 Ethiopian coup d'état attempt, Aftermath
Keller also disagrees with the assertion that the leaders of the coup were the only organised group critical of the imperial monarchy and its policies, pointing to nationalist organisations coalescing among the Oromo, Somali, Eritreans, and Tigreans, noting that "these pockets of opposition might never have emerged if the emperor's policies had been more sensitively directed at building legitimacy among the masses rather than simply at securing compliance or acquiescence to laws and policies."


1960 European Baseball Championship
The 1960 European Baseball Championship was held in Spain and was won by the Netherlands for the fourth time in a row. Italy finished as runner-up.


1960 European Cup Final
The 1960 European Cup Final was the fifth final in the history of the European Cup, and was contested by Real Madrid of Spain and Eintracht Frankfurt of West Germany. Real won 7–3 in front of a crowd of over 127,000 people at Glasgow's Hampden Park stadium, still the highest attendance for a European Cup final. There were an estimated 70 million television viewers around Europe. Widely regarded as one of the greatest football matches ever played, it also currently remains the highest-scoring final in the history of the competition.


1960 European Cup Final
Frankfurt reached the final through an impressive 12–4 aggregate victory over Scottish champions Rangers, whereas Madrid overcame their bitter rivals Barcelona 6–2 over two legs.


1960 European Cup Final
The match was initially in doubt as the German Football Association had banned their clubs from taking part in matches with any team containing Ferenc Puskás after the Hungarian had alleged the West German team had used drugs in 1954. Puskás had to make a formal written apology before the match could take place.


1960 European Cup Final
Puskás and Di Stefano are two of only three players to have scored a hat-trick in a European Cup final (Puskas being the only one to ever score four goals), with the other being Pierino Prati for Milan in their 4–1 victory over Ajax in the 1969 European Cup Final. Puskás repeated the feat in the 1962 European Cup Final.


1960 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1960 European Figure Skating Championships was a figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The competitions took place from February 4 to 7, 1960 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany.


1960 European Nations' Cup
The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the first edition of the UEFA European Championship, held every four years and organised by UEFA. The first tournament was held in France. It was won by the Soviet Union, who beat Yugoslavia 2–1 in Paris after extra time.


1960 European Nations' Cup
The tournament was a knockout competition; just 17 teams entered with some notable absences, West Germany, Italy and England among them. The teams would play home-and-away matches until the semi-finals; the final four teams would then move on to the final tournament, whose host was selected after the teams became known.


1960 European Nations' Cup
In the quarter-finals, Spain, who were under Francoist rule, refused to travel to the Soviet Union for political reasons. Proposals to play the tie in a one-legged format at a neutral venue were rejected by the Soviets. Spain were disqualified and, accordingly, three of the final four teams were from communist countries: USSR, Czechoslovakia, and SFR Yugoslavia, to go with hosts France.


1960 European Nations' Cup
In the semi-finals, the Soviets made easy work of the Czechoslovaks in Marseille, beating them 3–0. The other match saw a nine-goal thriller as Yugoslavia came on top 5–4 after coming back from a two-goal deficit twice. Czechoslovakia beat the demoralised French 2–0 for third place.


1960 European Nations' Cup
In the final, Yugoslavia scored first, but the Soviet Union, led by legendary goalkeeper Lev Yashin, equalised in the 49th minute. After 90 minutes the score was 1–1, and Viktor Ponedelnik scored with seven minutes left in extra time to give the Soviets the inaugural European Championship.


1960 European Nations' Cup, Final tournament
In all matches but the final, extra time and a coin toss were used to decide the winner if necessary. If the final remained level after extra time, a replay would be used to determine the winner.


1960 European Nations' Cup, Statistics, Goalscorers
There were 17 goals scored in 4 matches, for an average of 4.25 goals per match.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final
The 1960 European Nations' Cup Final was a football match at the Parc des Princes, Paris, on 10 July 1960, to determine the winner of the 1960 European Nations' Cup. It was the first UEFA European Football Championship final, UEFA's top football competition for national teams. The match was contested by the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. En route to the final, the Soviet Union defeated Hungary over a two-legged tie before receiving a walkover in the quarter-final after Spain withdrew from the tournament. In the semi-final, the Soviet Union won 3–0 against Czechoslovakia. Yugoslavia defeated Bulgaria, Portugal and France, the host nation for the finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final
The referee for the final, played in front of 17,966 spectators in rainy conditions, was Arthur Ellis from England. Yugoslavia took the lead in the 43rd minute with  a goal credited to Milan Galić after dominating the early stages of the match. The Soviet Union equalised shortly after half-time through Slava Metreveli and the match ended 1–1 in regular time, meaning extra time was required to determine the outcome. Dražan Jerković's header was high for Yugoslavia in the first period of additional time but with seven minutes remaining, Viktor Ponedelnik scored with a  header from a Valentin Ivanov cross to give the Soviet Union a 2–1 victory.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final
Yugoslavia went on to qualify for the 1962 FIFA World Cup where they finished second in Group 1 behind the Soviet Union against whom they had lost 2–0, before defeating West Germany in the quarter-final. They were knocked out in the semi-final by Czechoslovakia and lost to Chile, who had beaten the Soviet Union in the quarter-final, in the third place play-off.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Background
The 1960 European Nations' Cup was the first edition of the UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA's football competition for national teams. Opening rounds were played on a home-and-away basis before the semi-finals and final taking place in France, between 6 and 10 July 1960. A third-place play-off match took place the day before the final.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Background
The Soviet Union had made their international football tournament debut in the 1958 FIFA World Cup where they were beaten 2–0 at the quarter-final stage by hosts Sweden. Yugoslavia also played at the World Cup two years before and had similarly been knocked out in the quarter-finals, by West Germany. The last meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia was in the 1956 Summer Olympics where the Soviet Union won 1–0 in the final.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
The Soviet Union started their inaugural European Nations Cup campaign in the round of 16 where they faced Hungary in a two-legged tie. The first match was held at the Central Lenin Stadium in Moscow on 28 September 1958 in front of a crowd of 100,572. Anatoli Ilyin gave the Soviet Union an early lead when he scored the first European Championship goal in the fourth minute. He dispossessed the sweeper Ferenc Sipos inside the Hungary penalty area before shooting past the goalkeeper Béla Bakó.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
Slava Metreveli doubled the lead in the 20th minute before Valentin Ivanov scored twelve minutes later to make it 3–0 at half-time. Hungary's János Göröcs scored with six minutes remaining to reduce the deficit and the match ended 3–1. The second leg of the round of 16 match took place almost one year later, at the Népstadion in Budapest on 27 September 1959 with an attendance of 78,481. A second-half goal from Yuriy Voynov saw the match end 1–0 to the Soviet Union who progressed to the quarter-final with a 4–1 aggregate victory.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
In the quarter-final, the Soviet Union were drawn against Spain but the country's dictatorial leader Francisco Franco ordered the Royal Spanish Football Federation president Alfonso de la Fuente to withdraw the side from the tournament. UEFA penalised Spain financially and awarded the Soviet Union a walkover into the semi-final. There they faced Czechoslovakia at the Stade Vélodrome in Marseille on 6 July 1960 in front of 25,184 spectators.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Soviet Union
Viktor Ponedelnik went close to scoring for the Soviet Union in the 24th minute but it was Ivanov who gave his side a 1–0 lead with a low left-footed strike from inside the Czechoslovakia penalty area. He doubled his tally and his side's lead eleven minutes after half time with another close range strike. Ponedelnik then scored midway through the second half with a right-footed shot from the edge of the six-yard box. No further goals were scored and the Soviet Union progressed to the inaugural European Nations Cup final with a 3–0 victory.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia's first European Nations Cup tournament began with a two-legged tie against Bulgaria, the first match of which took place at the Stadion JNA in Belgrade on 31 May 1959. The home side took an early lead through Milan Galić who scored in the first minute. Lazar Tasić then doubled Yugoslavia's lead with three minutes to go to secure a 2–0 victory. The second leg was played at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia on 25 October 1959.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Yugoslavia
After a goalless first half, Todor Diev gave Bulgaria the lead five minutes after the interval but Muhamed Mujić equalised for Yugoslavia six minutes later. No further goals were scored and the game ended 1–1, with Yugoslavia progressing to the quarter-final with a 3–1 aggregate win. There they faced Portugal with the first leg being hosted at the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon on 8 May 1960. Although Yugoslavia dominated the match, Portugal took a 2–0 lead with goals from Santana and Matateu. With less than ten minutes remaining, Bora Kostić halved the deficit and the match ended 2–1 to Portugal.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Yugoslavia
The second leg took place on 22 May 1960 at Stadion JNA in Belgrade. Dragoslav Šekularac gave Yugoslavia an early lead when he scored in the eighth minute. Domiciano Cavém equalised for Portugal 21 minutes later but Zvezdan Čebinac restored Yugoslavia's lead just before half-time. Two second-half goals from Bora Kostić and one from Galić secured a 5–1 win for Yugoslavia and a 6–3 aggregate victory.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Yugoslavia
The semi-final saw Yugoslavia face hosts France at the Parc des Princes on 6 July 1960. Eleven minutes into the game, Galić struck the ball from outside the France penalty area and into the top corner of the goal past goalkeeper Georges Lamia. Jean Vincent levelled the match a minute later with a curling shot. François Heutte then gave France a half-time lead with a 43rd-minute strike. Maryan Wisniewski made it 3–1 to France eight minutes after the interval before Ante Žanetić beat Lamia at the near post to reduce Yugoslavia's deficit.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Road to the final, Yugoslavia
Midway through the second half, Heutte restored France's two-goal lead despite Yugoslavia's players' appeals for offside. With 15 minutes remaining, Tomislav Knez made it 4–3 before Dražan Jerković scored twice within a minute, capitalising  on errors from Lamia, to secure a 5–4 victory for Yugoslavia and qualification for the inaugural final. As of 2021, the semi-final remains the highest-scoring game in the finals in European Championship history.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Pre-match
The match was televised live and was played in poor weather conditions. Yugoslavia, managed by a committee, elected to change their goalkeeper, bringing in Blagoje Vidinić in place of Milutin Šoškić who was suffering from an eye problem. They also included debutant Željko Matuš in their starting eleven. The referee for the match was Englishman Arthur Ellis, who had previously officiated the inaugural European Cup Final in 1956 at the Parc des Princes, between Real Madrid and Reims.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
The final was played on 10 July 1960 at the Parc des Princes in front of a crowd of 17,966. Yugoslavia dominated the early stages of the match and Soviet Union goalkeeper Lev Yashin was forced to save two free kicks from Kostić. Šekularac's shot then passed just wide with Yashin static. Two minutes before half-time, Yugoslavia took the lead. Jerković played in a low cross which was deflected into the goal past Yashin.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
Analysis of video of the match is inconclusive: the goal was either scored by Galić or diverted into his own net by the Soviet Union's Igor Netto who was marking the Yugoslavian player. However, historically Galić is credited with the goal. During the interval, former Soviet Union player Boris Kuznetsov who was with the squad, added spikes to his side's boots to cope with the wet conditions underfoot. Four minutes after half-time, the Soviet Union equalised: Valentin Bubukin struck a left-footed shot from around 25 yards (23 m) which was mishandled by Vidinić and Metreveli scored from close range. Late in the match, Metreveli's cross-shot passed across the goalmouth and was missed by Ponedelnik before Ivanov struck it wide from close range. Regular time ended 1–1 and the match went into extra time.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Match, Summary
During the additional period, Yashin came out to clear a corner, but Jerković's header went wide. Early in the second half, Žanetić played in a low cross but Galić missed the opportunity to score. In the 113th minute of the final, Ivanov played a cross to Ponedelnik who headed it across the goal and into the corner of the net to give the Soviet Union the lead. Despite a late goalmouth scramble in the Soviet Union penalty area, Ellis blew the whistle to end the match 2–1: the Soviet Union were inaugural winners of the European Nations' Cup.


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
The winning goalscorer Ponedelnik later said: "The Soviet national team became the first ever European champions. No one can forget such moments of glory. As for myself, that 113th-minute winner was the most important of my whole career. That was the star moment of my life". All but two of UEFA's team of the tournament had featured in the final, including five Soviet Union and four Yugoslavia players. They celebrated until dawn in Paris, Voynov recalling "... to sit in a Paris cafe with a glass of wine was enough. We didn't drink much. We were drunk on victory."


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
Each of the winning players received $200 in prize money and were celebrated the day after the final at a reception held at the Eiffel Tower. Upon their return  to Moscow, they were lauded by more than 100,000 people at a victory parade held in the Central Lenin Stadium. Speaking later, of the sparse attendance, Šekularac suggested that "crowds in France wanted western European glamour, not mysterious teams from the other side of Europe".


1960 European Nations' Cup Final, Post-match
Yugoslavia qualified for the 1962 FIFA World Cup where they finished second in Group 1 behind the Soviet Union against whom they had lost 2–0, before defeating West Germany in the quarter-final. They were knocked out in the semi-final by Czechoslovakia and lost to Chile, who had beaten the Soviet Union in the quarter-final, in the third place play-off.


1960 European Nations' Cup final tournament
The final tournament of the 1960 European Nations' Cup was a single-elimination tournament involving the four teams that qualified from the quarter-finals. There were two rounds of matches: a semi-final stage leading to the final to decide the champions. The final tournament began with the semi-finals on 6 July and ended with the final on 10 July at the Parc des Princes in Paris. The Soviet Union won the tournament with a 2–1 victory over Yugoslavia.


1960 European Nations' Cup final tournament, Format
Any game in the final tournament that was undecided by the end of the regular 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time (two 15-minute halves). If scores were still level, a coin toss would be used in all matches but the final. If the final finished level after extra time, a replay would take place at a later date to decide the winner.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying
This article describes the qualifying procedure for the 1960 European Nations' Cup, the inaugural edition of the European Nations' Cup tournament, now known as the UEFA European Championship.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Format
The qualification was a knockout tournament where the teams would play a two-legged tie on a home-and-away basis. If the aggregate scores were level at the end of the tie, a third leg was played at a neutral venue to decide the winners. It consisted of a preliminary round, a round of 16, and a quarter-final round. The four quarter-final winners would qualify for the tournament proper; one of those four countries would then be chosen to host it.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Format
17 teams entered the competition; notable absences included West Germany, Italy, England and the Netherlands. Two of the entrants, Czechoslovakia and the Republic of Ireland, were selected to play the preliminary round. The winner of that fixture would join the remaining 15 teams in the round of 16.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Format
In fact, a few matches of the round of 16 took place before the preliminary round matches. The first European Nations' Cup qualifying match was played on 28 September 1958 between the Soviet Union and Hungary. The first goal was scored by Anatoli Ilyin of the Soviet Union four minutes into that game. On 3 December 1958, Greece became the first team to be eliminated from the European Nations' Cup after losing 8–2 on aggregate to France.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Preliminary round
Czechoslovakia and the Republic of Ireland were randomly selected to face each other in the preliminary round. The other 15 countries received byes to the round of 16.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying, Goalscorers
There were 91 goals scored in 24 matches, for an average of 3.79 goals per match.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round
The 1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round was the first round of the qualifying competition for the 1960 European Nations' Cup. The tie was played over two legs, home and away, in April and May 1959 and was contested by the Republic of Ireland and Czechoslovakia, as they were randomly selected to play each other. The winner on aggregate would advance to the round of 16.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round
The first leg was played on 5 April 1959, and won by the Republic of Ireland 2–0. Czechoslovakia won the return leg 4–0 on 10 May 1959, and therefore Czechoslovakia won 4–2 on aggregate. As winners, Czechoslovakia entered the round of 16 with the fifteen nations that had received a bye.


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round
Because some of the matches of the round of 16 had already taken place when the matches of the preliminary round did, Republic of Ireland vs Czechoslovakia was not actually the first ever European Championship match (Soviet Union vs Hungary was), nor was the Republic of Ireland the first team to ever be eliminated from a European Championship (Greece was).


1960 European Nations' Cup qualifying preliminary round, Goalscorers
There were 6 goals scored in 2 matches, for an average of 3 goals per match.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals
The 1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals was the third round of the qualifying competition for the 1960 European Nations' Cup. It was contested by the eight winners from the round of 16. The winners of each of four home-and-away ties entered the final tournament. The matches were played in 1959 and 1960.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Qualification
Each tie winner progressed to the quarter-finals. The quarter-finals were played in two legs on a home-and-away basis. The winners of the quarter-finals would go through to the final tournament.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
The eight matches took place over two legs, taking place in 1959 and 1960. All times are CET (UTC+1).


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
France won 9–4 on aggregate and qualified for the 1960 European Nations' Cup.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Yugoslavia won 6–3 on aggregate and qualified for the 1960 European Nations' Cup.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Czechoslovakia won 5–0 on aggregate and qualified for the 1960 European Nations' Cup.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Matches
Spain withdrew. Soviet Union won on walkover and qualified for the 1960 European Nations' Cup.


1960 European Nations' Cup quarter-finals, Goalscorers
There were 27 goals scored in 6 matches, for an average of 4.5 goals per match.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16
The 1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16 was the second round of the qualifying competition for the 1960 European Nations' Cup. It was contested by Czechoslovakia, the preliminary round winners, along with fifteen other countries that had received a bye. The winners of each of eight home and away ties entered the quarter-finals. The matches were played in 1958 and 1959.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Qualification
The Republic of Ireland and Czechoslovakia faced each other in a two-legged tie, with Czechoslovakia winning and progressing to the round of 16.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
The eight matches took place over two legs, taking place in 1958 and 1959. All times are CET (UTC+1).


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Soviet Union won 4–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
France won 8–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Romania won 3–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Austria won 6–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Yugoslavia won 3–1 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Portugal won 5–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Spain won 7–2 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Matches
Czechoslovakia won 7–3 on aggregate and advanced to the quarter-finals.


1960 European Nations' Cup round of 16, Goalscorers
There were 58 goals scored in 16 matches, for an average of 3.62 goals per match.


1960 European Nations' Cup squads
Here are the squads for the 1960 European Nations' Cup in France, which took place from 6 to 10 July 1960.


1960 European Rowing Championships
The 1960 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Welsh Harp Reservoir in the London suburb of Willesden in England. This edition of the European Rowing Championships was for women only and was held from 12 to 14 August. Twelve countries contested five boat classes (W1x, W2x, W4x+, W4+, W8+). Men would compete later that month in Italy for the 1960 Summer Olympics.


1960 European Rowing Championships, German participation
Neither FISA, the International Rowing Federation, nor the International Olympic Committee recognised East Germany as a country and insisted on one German team per boat class. The two German rowing associations first met at the Café Warsaw in East Berlin in January 1960 and agreed that qualification races would be held for both the European Championships and the Olympic Games, with the details to be agreed on at a further meeting in March. Further negotiations in Hanover during April were difficult, with West German representatives rejecting suggestions by East German delegates.


1960 European Rowing Championships, German participation
At further negotiations in Berlin in Mai, it was agreed that qualification races for the European Championships and the Olympic Games would be dealt with separately. In the end, the West German view of having a single regatta decide the representation prevailed, and Olympic qualifications were decided on 6 August on the Wedau Regatta Course in Duisburg. The qualifications for the European Championships were held at the same weekend, but it is not clear from media reporting whether this happened at the same venue. With East German women dominant in rowing, the West Germans contested the double scull boat class only, but that race was won by East Germany. Thus, all German representatives in London were from East Germany.


1960 FA Charity Shield
The 1960 FA Charity Shield was the 38th FA Charity Shield, a  football match between the winners of the previous season's First Division and FA Cup titles. The match was contested by league champions Burnley and FA Cup winners Wolverhampton Wanderers.


1960 FA Charity Shield
The two clubs had been the main challengers for the league title the previous season, with Burnley pipping Wolves by just a single point. This denied the Midlands club a third successive league championship, and the first 'double' of the 20th Century.


1960 FA Charity Shield
The match was staged at Burnley's home ground, Turf Moor. The game ended a 2–2 draw, meaning the Shield was shared.


1960 FA Cup Final
The 1960 FA Cup Final was the 79th final of the world's oldest domestic football cup competition, the FA Cup. It took place on 7 May 1960 at Wembley Stadium in London. The match was contested by Blackburn Rovers and Wolverhampton Wanderers.


1960 FA Cup Final
Wolves won the game and the cup after a 3–0 victory, with a Norman Deeley double after Blackburn defender Mick McGrath had scored an own goal. This was Wolves' fourth and most recent FA Cup success.


1960 FA Cup Final
This was the first time the FA Cup winners would be given a berth for European competition, into the newly formed Cup Winners' Cup.


1960 FA Cup Final, Background
Wolverhampton Wanderers were clear favourites going into the match, having won the league title in the previous three seasons and only being denied a third successive championship during this season, after being pipped by just a single point by Burnley. Blackburn Rovers, on the other hand, had not had a great season, finishing in 17th place in only their second season back in top flight football. Both league games between the two during the season had been won by Wolves (3–1 and 1–0).


1960 FA Cup Final, Background
If current form favoured Wolves, Blackburn had the better FA Cup pedigree historically, with six triumphs already to their name, compared to Wolves' three. They had already displayed their cup strength by eliminating three of the top four clubs that season en route to the final – Burnley, Tottenham Hotspur and Sheffield Wednesday.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, First half
The match was one of the warmest cup finals recorded, with many spectators having to be treated for fainting, leading to the game being played at a very sedate pace throughout. The opening 15 minutes set the tone for the contest in both pace and with both teams ruthlessly applying the offside trap to nullify their opponent (leading the TV commentator to eventually dub it 'The Offside Final').


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, First half
As the half progressed Wolves began to gain control and seemed most likely to open the scoring, with Jimmy Murray mis-hitting with the goal before him. Despite this it was Blackburn who eventually had the most dangerous shot on target when Peter Dobing jinked through Wolves defence to fire at goal, but goalkeeper Malcolm Finlayson was able to block the shot.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, First half
Failing to take that opportunity soon proved costly for Blackburn when they suffered a disastrous few minutes. A low cross driven in by Stobart was deflected past Blackburn's goalkeeper by his own unfortunate defender, Mick McGrath to break the deadlock on 41 minutes. Then, two minutes later Blackburn's woes heightened as full-back Dave Whelan fractured his leg in a challenge with Norman Deeley. Though initially overlooked by the referee who allowed play to continue, both men needed substantial treatment. Whelan was eventually stretchered off, and, without the use of substitutes, left his team to complete the game with only 10 men.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, Second half
When the team re-emerged after the interval, Deeley was still labouring and showing signs of discomfort from his clash with Whelan. The continued use of the offside trap, crude and poorly organised by modern standards but largely effective, saved Blackburn falling further behind in the 50th minute when Murray slotted home after Blackburn goalkeeper Harry Leyland fumbled a low Des Horne cross only for Barry Stobart – in modern terms not interfering with play – to be flagged.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, Second half
Murray came close to getting himself a legitimate goal on 68 minutes when he was left free on the edge of the penalty area, only for Leyland to block his swivelling shot with his legs. From the resulting corner Wolves worked the ball for Horne to pass across the face of the goal, finding Deeley at the far post who drove the ball in to all but seal victory. Wolves then had the ball in the net for fourth time seven minutes later when Ron Flowers tapped-in which was again flagged offside.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, Second half
Blackburn offered little resistance and failed to create any goalscoring opportunities throughout the second half leaving Wolves to complete the scoring two minutes from time when the Blackburn defence was hesitant in clearing the ball, allowing Deeley to shoot high into the top corner from five yards.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, Second half
Bill Slater then led the Wolves players up the famous Wembley steps to be presented with the trophy by The Duchess of Gloucester, and the Cup was heading back to Molineux for a fourth time (as of 2020) and last time.


1960 FA Cup Final, Match, Summary, Second half
After the death of Gerry Harris in July 2020 Ron Flowers is the only remaining survivor from the winning team. Dave Whelan, Mick McGrath, Louis Bimpson, Peter Dobing and Bryan Douglas are the remaining players from the Rovers team in the 1960 FA Cup Final.


1960 FA Cup Final, Coverage
The game was broadcast live on television on the BBC Grandstand programme (12:45pm to 5pm) with commentary by Kenneth Wolstenholme. Only four cameras used for the entire broadcast while use of on-screen score captions, which had been adopted for the first time the previous year was dropped. Wolstenholme described the game early on as 'The White Shirt Final' due to the breathless heat within Wembley Stadium, which led the vast majority of spectators to remove their jackets. As it was still the custom to attend the cup final in 'Sunday best' this led to an arena dominated by white shirted spectators.


1960 FA Cup Final, Coverage
The press dubbed the game 'The Dustbin Final' due in part to the feeling that the game had been "rubbish" but also for the bad reaction by Blackburn fans to the victorious Wolves team as they paraded the cup being pelted with match programmes, paper cups and other rubbish accumulated in the stands during the game.


1960 FA Cup Final, Coverage
As well as television the game was also broadcast live on BBC Radio while black and white newsreel footage from both Pathé and Movietone was screened in cinemas that evening.


1960 FAMAS Awards
The 8th Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences Awards Night was held on March 5, 1960, for the Outstanding Achievements for the year 1959.


1960 FAMAS Awards
Biyaya ng Lupa of LVN Pictures was the most nominated film of the year with 12 nominations. However, it only manages to win 2 awards including the most coveted FAMAS Award for Best Picture. Kamandag of Sampaguita Pictures won the most awards (7 wins), including best actor (Van de Leon), Best director (Jose De Villa) and Best Supporting Actress (Marlene Dauden).


1960 FAMAS Awards
Biyaya ng Lupa was also screened and nominated for Golden Bear at the 10th Berlin International Film Festival


1960 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship
The 1960 FIVB Men's World Championship was the fourth edition of the tournament, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held from 28 October to 11 November 1960 in Brazil.


1960 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, Results, Final round
The results and the points of the matches between the same teams that were already played during the first round are taken into account for the final round.


1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship
The 1960 FIVB Women's World Championship was the third edition of the tournament, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held from 29 October to 13 November 1960 in Brazil.


1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Format
The tournament was played in two different stages (first and final rounds). In the First round, the 10 participants were divided in three groups (one group of four teams and two groups of three teams). A single round-robin format was played within each group to determine the teams group position, all teams progressed to the next round.


1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Format
In the Final round, two groups were created (1st-6th and 7th-10th), teams were allocated to a group according to their First round group position (best two teams of each group going to 1st-6th and the remaining teams to 7th-10th). A single round-robin format was played within each group with matches already played between teams in the First round also counted in this round.


1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Results, Final round
The results and the points of the matches between the same teams that were already played during the first round are taken into account for the final round.


1960 Falkland Islands general election
The Falkland Islands general election of 1960 was held on 24 and 25 March 1960 to elect members to the Legislative Council. Four out of the twelve Councillors were elected through universal suffrage, two from Stanley and one each from East Falkland and West Falkland. The Legislative Council was intended to be dissolved on 29 February 1960 but to suit farming arrangements it was dissolved almost two months early, on 2 January.


1960 Falkland Islands general election, Results
Candidates in bold were elected. Candidates in italic were incumbents.


1960 Five Nations Championship
The 1960 Five Nations Championship was the thirty-first series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the sixty-sixth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 9 January and 9 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1960 Five Nations Championship
The championship was jointly won by England and France. Both teams beat Ireland, Scotland and Wales and the France-England game was drawn 3-3, giving both teams a total of 7 points in the final table. There was no tie-break in the Five Nations at the time and the championship was shared. England's three wins gave them the Triple Crown for the fourteenth time; they would not win it again until the 1980 Five Nations Championship.


1960 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The 1960 Florida A&M Rattlers football team was an American football team that represented Florida A&M University as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) during the 1960 NCAA College  Division football season. In their 16th season under head coach Jake Gaither, the Rattlers compiled a 9–1 record, including a victory over Langston in the Orange Blossom Classic. The team was ranked No. 5 in the final 1960 UPI coaches small college poll. The team played its home games at Bragg Memorial Stadium in Tallahassee, Florida.


1960 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The team's 97 points and 14 touchdowns against Bethune–Cookman remain school records. The 1960 Rattlers also broke an NAIA scoring record with 475 points in nine regular season games (52.7 points per game).


1960 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
Scatback Clarence Childs was selected as the captain of the All-SIAC team. Other key players included quarterback Emory Collier, halfback Robert Paremore, fullback Hewritt Dixon, and center Curt Miranda.


1960 Florida Gators football team
The 1960 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. The season was Ray Graves' first of ten and one of his three most successful as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. Graves' 1960 Florida Gators finished with a 9–2 overall record a 5–1 record in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), placing second among the twelve SEC teams—their best-ever SEC finish to date.


1960 Florida Gators football team, Before the season
Graves was a former Tennessee Volunteers lineman and assistant under coach Robert Neyland, and became a long-time Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets defensive assistant for coach Bobby Dodd. Graves' arrival in Gainesville heralded a change in the Gators' football outlook: no longer would the Gators espouse Bob Woodruff's conservative, ball control, "go for the tie" philosophy.


1960 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
The Gators capped their first-ever nine-win season with a hard-fought 13–12 victory over the twelfth-ranked Baylor Bears in the Gator Bowl on New Year's Eve 1960. In the Gator Bowl, the Gators defense halted a 75-yard drive by Baylor on the half-yard line in the first quarter, then set the stage for two second quarter touchdowns. Baylor dropped a pass for the two-point conversion and the win, and quarterback Libertore was voted game MVP.


1960 Florida State Seminoles football team
The 1960 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In 1960, Bill Peterson became head coach, and he coached 11 seasons, and compiled a 62–42–11 record.


1960 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1960 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1960. Democratic nominee C. Farris Bryant defeated Republican nominee George C. Petersen with 59.85% of the vote.


1960 Football Cup of Ukrainian SSR among KFK
The 1960 Football Cup of Ukrainian SSR among KFK  was the annual season of Ukraine's football knockout competition for amateur football teams.


1960 Force Publique mutiny
On 5 July 1960, soldiers of the garrisons of Léopoldville and Thysville of the Force Publique, the army of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) mutinied against their white officers. The revolt quickly spread throughout the Lower Congo and engulfed the country in disorder, beginning the Congo Crisis.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Background
The Force Publique was long characterised by repressive police actions and entrenched racial segregation. With the exception of 10 adjutants appointed shortly before independence, no Congolese soldier was able to advance past the rank of sergeant. Many hoped that independence would result in immediate promotions and material gains, but were disappointed by Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba's slow pace of reform. The rank-and-file felt that the Congolese political class—particularly ministers in the new government—were enriching themselves while failing to improve the troops' situation.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Background
There was dissatisfaction that Lumumba had appointed an unpopular colonel, van Hoorebeke, to a high post in the Ministry of Defence, and the troops from Équateur and southern Kasai were additionally upset that Jean Bolikango and Albert Kalonji were not included in the new government. Many of the soldiers were also fatigued from maintaining order during the elections and participating in independence celebrations.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Background
On 27 June the Lumumba Government established a committee to draft a Treaty of Friendship, Assistance, and Co-operation to be signed with Belgium. It stipulated that the Belgian civil servants in the Congo and the Belgian officers of the Force Publique would remain at their posts and receive compensation from the Belgian government. It also allowed for Belgian metropolitan troops to continue to garrison the bases of Kitona and Kamina until another agreement could arrange the installations' handover to the Congolese government. The text of the treaty was hurriedly finished and on 29 June the agreement was signed by Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens, Belgian Foreign Minister Pierre Wigny, Lumumba, and Congolese Minister of Foreign Affairs Justin Bomboko.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Background
Independence Day, 30 June 1960, was a Thursday. It was followed by a long weekend of festivities that occurred in relative calm across the country. In Léopoldville, the capital, sporadic fighting took place between factions that were dissatisfied by the result of presidential election. On the morning of 4 July workers in Coquilhatville, the capital of Équateur Province, began striking. The Force Publique was called into service and opened fire on the crowds, killing nine. The strikebreaking action was the last official undertaking of the Force before the mutiny began. That same day the Congolese cabinet convened to discuss reforming the national institutions. They resolved to establish a committee to examine reorganisation of the army, paying special attention to eliminating racial discrimination.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Background
Meanwhile, at Camp Léopold II, the chief military installation in Léopoldville, officers observed a high level of excitement among the Congolese ranks. One non-commissioned officer began telling his fellow soldiers that since the Congo was independent they were not required to adhere to the Belgians' orders. At 17:00 General Émile Janssens, commander-in-chief of the Force Publique, arrived and personally demoted him. Three undisciplined soldiers were placed in a holding cell, though two were provisionally released to Secretary of State for National Defence Albert Nyembo, who was informed of the incident. In the evening Janssens heard on a radio broadcast of the government's intent to set up a committee to reorganise the army. He was outraged that he had not been consulted.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny
On the morning of 5 July General Janssens, in response to increasing unrest among the Congolese ranks, summoned all troops on duty at Camp Léopold II. He demanded that the army maintain its discipline and wrote "before independence = after independence" on a black board to emphasise that the situation would not change. That evening the Congolese sacked the canteen in protest of Janssens. He alerted the reserve garrison of Camp Hardy, 95 miles away in Thysville. The officers tried organising a convoy to send to Camp Léopold II to restore order, but the men mutinied and seized the armoury. The "Congo Crisis" which followed would come to dominate the tenure of the Lumumba Government.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny
The following morning some groups of soldiers drove from Thysville to Inkisi, Madimba, and Mbanza-Boma, spreading the mutiny and raping two women. Meanwhile, Janssens finalised plans to attack Camp Hardy and had alerted the commander of the Belgian metropolitan troops in the Congo. The government countermanded his order and instead dispatched Mobutu, Charles Kisolokele, and the Vice President of Léopoldville Province to negotiate with the mutineers. They succeeded in releasing the captive Europeans and began evacuating them to the capital.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny
Bands of angry soldiers roamed the capital, and Lumumba interrupted a cabinet meeting at his residence to invite one group to share its grievances. In an attempt to placate the mutinous troops, he dismissed Janssens and promoted every soldier by one grade. He also dismissed the Belgian officer in charge of the Sûreté and forced him into exile, precipitating a collapse of the organisation completed by the departure of most other Belgian personnel. In Léopoldville, several Congolese soldiers had been convinced that Lumumba had brought Soviet troops into the country to disarm the Force Publique.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny
Angered by this, they stormed the hotel rooms of the Soviet delegation (which had been present for the independence celebrations). Upon hearing what had occurred, Lumumba directed Bomboko to assume responsibility of the security of all foreign delegations present in the Congo and ensure that the Soviets could safely leave the country. Bomboko ordered Minister-Delegate to the United Nations Thomas Kanza to escort the delegation to N'djili Airport where they both convinced the Congolese soldiers to allow the Soviets to depart in peace.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny
On 7 July formal negotiations between the mutineers and the government on the reorganisation of army began. A delegation of Congolese soldiers met with Lumumba to demand immediate wage increases, promotions, and the dismissal of their white officers. The government became even more concerned about the situation when a ministerial car was stoned. Though the situation in the capital was relatively calm, anxiety grew among the European community, which began to arms itself with weapons from illegal stockpiles. Belgian civilians began seeking passage to the French Congo or refuge in the Belgian embassy to await repatriation. Bomboko and Minister Resident in Belgium Albert Delvaux devoted much of their time to assisting them. The provincial presidents, who had been summoned to the capital, met with the Council of Ministers to discuss domestic security in the context of the mutiny.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
On 8 July the full Council of Ministers convened in an extraordinary session under the chairmanship of Kasa-Vubu at Camp Léopold II in Léopoldville to address the task of Africanising the garrison. By then the severity of the mutiny had convinced the ministers that radical reform was necessary in order to maintain the army's discipline. The soldiers on guard prevented them from leaving until they had decided upon their course of action. The Council first heard soldier delegations' grievances; the root cause of their dissatisfaction was that the army's leadership was wholly European despite independence from Belgium.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
After allowing for the election of a new commandant for the garrison, the ministers debated over who would make a suitable army chief of staff. The two main candidates for the post were Maurice Mpolo and Mobutu. The former had shown some influence over the mutinying troops, but Kasa-Vubu and the Bakongo ministers feared that he would enact a coup d'état if he were given power. The latter was perceived as calmer and more thoughtful.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
Lumumba saw Mpolo as courageous, but favored Mobutu's prudence. As the discussions continued, the cabinet began to divide themselves according to who they preferred to serve as chief of staff. Lumumba wanted to keep both men in his government and wished to avoid upsetting one of their camps of supporters. During a break he asked Thomas Kanza whether he thought his father, Daniel Kanza, might ultimately make an optimal chief of staff. Though Thomas Kanza told him that Kasa-Vubu and the Bakongo ministers would never accept such a proposal, Lumumba introduced the idea when the ministers reconvened.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
Kasa-Vubu received the idea in silence, implying his deep displeasure, and Bomboko, Jacques Lumbala, and Delvaux all continuously pushed for Mobutu to be made chief of staff. In the end Mobutu was given the role and awarded the rank of colonel. The ministers then decided that the Minister of Defence should appoint a Congolese sergeant major to replace Janssens as commander-in-chief of the army with the rank of general. Lumumba, at the suggestion of Rémy Mwamba, selected Victor Lundula for the role.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
In addition to the appointments a state committee for the army—officially renamed the Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)—was formed and put under the charge of a Congolese officer. It was further determined that the President would ex officio be the supreme commander of the military, the Prime Minister and Minister of Defence would control the army in a structure approved by Parliament, and all army units would be placed under the command of Congolese officers. Delegations were to be dispatched across the country to implement the latter reform. The ministers resolved to retain all Belgian officers "prepared to serve the Congo loyally" and guarantee the security of their income, families, and property so they could act as advisers to their successors.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
The ministers decided it would be best to publicise their decisions as soon as possible. Immediately after the Council adjourned the garrison of Camp Léopold II was summoned to the barrack square. Lumumba, acting in his capacity as Minister of Defence, announced the actions the government was taking to address the army's grievances. A communique was distributed by the secretariat of the Council of Ministers to the press and radio, summarising the government's decisions. The Congolese soldiers were satisfied with them and tensions relaxed. Nevertheless, European civilians continued to try and flee the country.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
On 9 July the government delegations left the capital to oversee the Africanisation of the ANC. Mobutu traveled to Équateur and while he was there Mpolo acted as ANC Chief of Staff. Kasa-Vubu and Lumumba went directly to Matadi where tensions were quickly worsening. From that point until later in the month the two worked closely with one another and made most major decisions together. After appointing a new garrison commander, supervising the election of other officers, and securing the release of captive Europeans, the pair left the city to inspect other units throughout the Lower Congo.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, The mutiny, Government response
European officers handed over control to the Congolese in Kivu and Orientale without incident (the smooth transfer of power in the former owing to good co-ordination between the officers there and Provincial President Jean Miruho), but the military situation in Kasai and Katanga remained tense and was marked by violence. The government's decision to Africanise the army caused anxiety in the civilian populace of the latter province, which feared such a reform would result in the collapse of domestic security. The provincial government refused to support Africanisation and appealed directly to Belgium to intervene to resolve the situation. The troops subsequently mutinied, both in an attempt to dislodge their officers and to try and ensure that the Katangese provincial government could not effect a secession.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Meanwhile in Brussels, news of conflict and abuses against Europeans brought public pressure against the Belgian government to take action. Walter Ganshof van der Meersch and August de Schryver were sent to Léopoldville with an ultimatum for Lumumba: either a formal request for Belgian military assistance could be made or metropolitan troops would act on their own initiative to protect Belgian citizens. The Belgian ambassador, Jean van den Bosch, urged his government to avoid the latter at all costs.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
As Lumumba was not in the capital, Ganshof and de Schryver met with other ministers in an attempt to persuade them to agree to a military intervention. Discussions continued late into the evening and though some members of cabinet appeared receptive, Deputy Prime Minister Gizenga was obstinately opposed to such action and ultimately refused to consent. Overnight orders to intervene were delivered several times to the Belgian troops at Kamina base only to be repeatedly countermanded by the government. Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu were informed of the planned intervention and, though initially receptive to the idea, were disturbed that the Belgian government would not make guarantees regarding respect for Congolese sovereignty and subsequently asked that all Belgian troops be withdrawn from Congolese soil.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Regardless, the Belgians' decision to intervene ultimately prevailed and at 06:00 on 10 July metropolitan troops from Kamina flew into Élisabethville, the capital of Katanga Province, and occupied the local airport. Later that morning Bomboko met with fleeing Belgians at N'djili Airport. While there he declared that the Belgian intervention had been made at his request, though this was most likely untrue and probably only said to ease tensions. In the afternoon Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu returned to the capital having successfully quelled the unrest in the Lower Congo and convinced that negotiation could resolve the situation.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Later they decided to solicit aid from the UN in restructuring the Force Publique. Ministers of the cabinet met with UN representative Ralph Bunche to discuss what technical assistance the UN could offer to the Congolese administration. Bunche shortly thereafter informed Hammarskjöld of the Congolese government's intended request. By evening Lumumba had learned of the Belgian intervention in Élisabethville. He was furious that the Belgians had acted contrary to the Treaty of Friendship and delivered a response over radio:


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
We have just learnt that the Belgian government has sent troops to the Congo and that they have intervened. The responsibility of Belgium is great. We protest bitterly against these measures which prejudice good relations between our countries. We appeal to all Congolese to defend our Republic against those who threaten it.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Extract from Lumumba's letter to the Belgian consul-general, 11 July 1960


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
At the same time the Belgians launched a second intervention in Luluabourg. On 11 July Lumumba and Kasa-Vubu flew to the town. After overseeing the election of new officers for the garrison, Lumumba joined Kasa-Vubu in admonishing the Europeans to stay. Most refused to do so unless they had the protection of the Belgian troops. After lengthy negotiation Lumumba agreed to the condition and communicated to the Belgian consul-general that the force could remain in the province of Kasaï for two months.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Back in Léopoldville, Ganshof and de Schryver continued to meet with the ministers with the hopes of establishing a mutual guarantee of security for both Europeans and Africans. Then, for reasons not entirely clear, Belgian units intervened in Matadi. Fighting broke out and 12 Congolese were killed. News of the conflict (along with exaggerated casualty reports) spread to other army camps across the country, resulting in a wave of renewed mutinies and anti-Belgian hostility.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Belgian intervention
Between 10 and 18 July, Belgian forces intervened 28 times in Congolese localities. With the exception of the Luluabourg authorisation, the Belgian troops never acted with the permission of the government. Order was ultimately restored largely through the use of the gendarmerie, a more wieldy and reliable institution than the army.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Aftermath and effects
The Force Publique mutiny increased the unpopularity of the army and cost the government a significant amount of support in rural areas. The insecurity they caused also impeded economic production and the distribution of goods and distracted the leadership from addressing other problems facing the administration.


1960 Force Publique mutiny, Aftermath and effects
The revolt was the first of many army mutinies that occurred in African states in the 1960s. In the Congo itself, Colonel Mobutu would go on to seize power later in 1960 in a coup d'état, establishing the College of Commissioners-General, which ran the government in 1960-61 under his authority. Five years later Mobutu seized power for a second time, ushering in first quasi-military but then a civilian government. His rule lasted until 1997.


1960 Ford
The mainstream full-sized Ford line of cars from 1960 to 1964 was now complemented by a variety of other Fords, including the Thunderbird and compact Falcon, and from 1962 the midsized Fairlane. So the mainline car grew even more, now riding on a 119 in (3023 mm) wheelbase. The engines were carried over from the 1959 Ford, as was the basic chassis design, but the sheetmetal was modern. The retracting Skyliner hardtop was gone, though the Sunliner convertible remained, and the Fairlane name would last only two years before migrating to a new midsize model.


1960 Ford, 1960
The 1960 Ford looked all-new with twin headlights riding in a scalloped-square front clip. The Fairlane was now the base model in the full-sized lineup, along with the Fairlane 500, Galaxie and range-topping Starliner. The Station Wagon Series continued with Ranch Wagon, Country Sedan and Country Squire models. The elegant Starliner 2-door hardtop was Ford's choice for NASCAR racing. The 1960 fullsize Fords abandoned the ostentatious ornamentation of the 1950s for a futuristic, sleek look. Round taillights were replaced by half-moon shaped taillights for 1960 only.


1960 Ford, 1960
There were tailfins still, but smaller ones – the focus of Ford's stylists abandoning, as did the rest of the industry, the aviation influences of the previous decade and instead capturing the new obsession – the Space Race. The Galaxie name was particularly appealing to this trend, it seems. Windshield wipers were extended to cover more of the windshield. Ford also introduced the center rear fuel door lid. Engines offered for 1960 were the 223 cubic inch six and 292 & 352 V8s.


1960 Ford, 1960
With the change in dimensions from 1959, the New York Times described the 1960 full-size Ford as the "longest, lowest, and widest in the fifty-six year history of the Ford Motor Company." The car ran afoul of regulations in many states, where vehicles wider than eighty inches were typically trucks, which had lighting requirements not mandated for passenger cars.


1960 Ford, 1961
The scalloped hood was gone for 1961, as the sheetmetal was revised for a cleaner look. This time, the tailfins were almost gone; replacing them, two giant circular taillights at each rear corner, glowing like an afterburner. Ford was definitely going with the space and science-fiction theme, and with successful results; this style of Galaxie is widely regarded as a classic. A new 390 CID (6.4 L) FE V8 was added with a claimed 401 hp (298 kW) gross output in triple-two-barrel carburetor form. A trunk release button was optional.


1960 Ford, 1962
With the Fairlane and Fairlane 500 names shifted to a new intermediate-sized model range for 1962, the full-size Ford lineup consisted of the Galaxie, new Galaxie 500 and Galaxie 500XL models and the Station Wagon Series. Also new was a 406 CID (6.7 L) version of Ford's FE mid-sized V8 rated at 405 hp (302 kW). Bucket seats were everywhere in 1962 – sold as "The Lively Ones", the XL series added buckets to the Sunliner convertible and hardtop coupe.


1960 Ford, 1962
The slow-selling Starliner semi-hardtop coupe was cancelled, leaving Ford no choice than to compete in stock car racing with the Club Victoria, which had a formal roofline. Their top speed was lower than the 1961s because of the inferior aerodynamics. Trying to come up with a quick solution, Ford attempted to enter the Starlift, which was a Sunliner convertible with a removable roof with a curved roofline similar to the 1960–61 Starliner. NASCAR banned the Starlift from competition, and few if any were actually produced. It is said that the windows could not be rolled up on the Starlift when the top was on, as the windows were the stock Sunliner windows which did not fit the roofline.


1960 Ford, 1963
Ford rolled into 1963 with a NASCAR-winning Galaxie and a 427 CID (7 L) FE V8 sporting either 410 hp (306 kW) or 425 hp (317 kW). A new hardtop coupe body was added to the Galaxie range, and the base model became known as the 300.


1960 Ford, 1963
The hardtop coupe sported a lower, fastback roofline and was added mid year to improve looks and make the big cars more competitive on the NASCAR tracks. This 63½ model was called the "Sports Roof" hardtop.


1960 Ford, 1963
Ford took the 427 CID (7.0 L) equipped Galaxie to the dragstrip in serious fashion beginning in 1963, building a number of lightweight cars just for that purpose. They featured fiberglass fenders, doors, trunklid and aluminum bumpers. Rated conservatively at 425 hp (317 kW), this engine also featured in Carroll Shelby's final incarnation of the AC Cobra.


1960 Ford, 1963
The Ranch Wagon name was transferred to the Ford Fairlane range for 1963, leaving only the Country Sedan and Country Squire models in the full-size Ford Station Wagon Series.


1960 Ford, 1964
The final year of the 1960 full-size Fords was 1964, with the 300 base model again using the Custom name. The base Galaxie was now called "Custom 500." The Sports Roof was continued for all hardtop coupes. In addition, new sloped rooflines were introduced for all non-wagon '64 big Fords. Interior trim was new, including new thin-shell bucket seats for all XL models. The instrument panel remained the same, except for the ignition switch, which was moved from left of the steering column, to the right. External styling was once again refreshed, with a more sculptured body that was supposed to reduce drag at high speeds, no doubt done for NASCAR.


1960 Ford, 1964
Under the hood, the 427 CID (7.0 L) engine carried on the high performance duties. Ford again took the 427-equipped Galaxie to the racetracks in serious fashion in 1964, building a number of lightweight, fiberglass equipped cars just for that purpose. These competed with success not only in North America but also in the United Kingdom. Initial doubts as to their competitiveness in Britain were short-lived; despite their great size and weight compared to the opposition, the Ford 427 engine gave them a competitive power-to-weight ratio and the handling was better than might have been supposed. They were raced in Europe reasonably successfully.


1960 Ford, 1964
Late in the year Ford introduced their new engine challenger, the SOHC 427 Cammer, Though it is not documented it is believed a few may have found their way onto the street. (This engine was only available to racers through the dealer network or from the manufacturer, none were ever factory installed)  Rated at over 600 hp (447 kW), this is possibly the most powerful engine ever fitted to a production car by an American manufacturer.


1960 Ford, 1964
NASCAR changed the rules, however, requiring (instead of hundreds) thousands of production examples in service to qualify for the next season, and Ford decided against producing the Cammer in that quantity. Fears of liability concerns and the bad publicity possibilities in giving the public a car that was so dangerously powerful are often cited as reasons, but it might simply have been that Ford doubted that an engine so unsuited to street use could sell in such numbers.


1960 Ford, 1964
The 1964s represent a high point in early 1960s Ford quality, durability, and styling. They were not only enormously popular, but proved to be so durable that many continued to run well past the 100,000 mile mark without a major overhaul. Holman & Moody continued to supply high-performance equipment for the big '64 Fords, giving them wins at NASCAR.


1960 Formula One season
The 1960 Formula One season was the 14th season of the FIA's Formula One motor racing. It featured the 11th FIA World Championship of Drivers, the third International Cup for F1 Manufacturers and numerous non-championship Formula One races. The World Championship commenced on 7 February and ended on 20 November after ten races. Jack Brabham won his second consecutive title with his Cooper team defending its constructors' title.


1960 Formula One season, Season summary
The last year of the 2.5 litre formula produced repeat victories for Jack Brabham and Cooper, and saw Lotus, Porsche, and BRM campaigning rear-engined cars. Lance Reventlow's Scarabs, like the Aston Martins, were front-engined and outclassed. Stirling Moss' Rob Walker Lotus gave Colin Chapman his first Grand Prix win at Monaco and followed it with a victory in the USA. All other Grands Prix went to Cooper, except for the Italian which was boycotted by the British constructors since the Italians were using Monza's banked circuit.


1960 Formula One season, Season summary
The points-scoring system was changed with the point for fastest lap being dropped and a point given for sixth place. The best six scores counted towards the championship, increased from five from the previous season.


1960 Formula One season, Season summary
It was the last World Championship to include the Indianapolis 500, and the last season which saw a victory for a front-engined car in a World Championship race.


1960 Formula One season, Season summary
Three drivers died in this season of Grand Prix racing. American Harry Schell in a non-championship race at Silverstone, and Britons Chris Bristow & Alan Stacey, both killed at the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps. Stirling Moss was severely injured in a practice accident at this event and did not compete for most of the season.


1960 Formula One season, Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1960 FIA World Championship.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The Argentine Grand Prix returned to the calendar for 1960, the 1959 race was cancelled because of heroes such as Juan Manuel Fangio and Jose Froilan Gonzalez having retired plus there was no local interest in the race.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The Belgian Grand Prix returned to the calendar for 1960, the 1959 race was cancelled because of a dispute over start money.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The British Grand Prix was moved from Aintree to Silverstone, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The Portuguese Grand Prix was moved from Circuito de Monsanto to Circuito da Boavista, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The United States Grand Prix was moved from Sebring International Raceway to Riverside International Raceway due to the promoters at Sebring barely broke even in profits.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The German Grand Prix was run as a Formula Two race at the Nürburgring on the Südschleife layout.


1960 Formula One season, Calendar, Calendar Changes
The Moroccan Grand Prix was originally scheduled for 1 October but it was cancelled because of monetary reasons.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 1: Argentina
The teams came down to Argentina from Europe in February to start the 1960 season having competed at the last round of the 1959 championship in Sebring, Florida in the United States only 2 months previously. Stirling Moss was on pole position in Buenos Aires in his Rob Walker Cooper-Climax with Team Lotus driver Innes Ireland alongside, although he had been 1.6 seconds slower in qualifying. Completing the four-man front row were the BRMs of Hill and Jo Bonnier. The Lotus team had come out with an all-new mid-engined car, the 18, and were expected to be competitive.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 1: Argentina
At the start, Ireland made a fantastic start and had a good lead at the end of the first lap over Bonnier, Graham Hill and Phil Hill (no relation to Graham), who had started from the second row in his Ferrari Dino 246. Moss made a poor start and was eighth at the end of the first lap.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 1: Argentina
On the second lap, Ireland spun, and as he was doing this Moss was driving a blinding lap, passing the Cooper of Carlos Menditeguy, Froilan Gonzalez's Ferrari, Jack Brabham's Cooper, Phil Hill's Ferrari and Ireland's Lotus to run third behind Graham Hill and Bonnier. Moss passed Hill on lap 10 and took the lead from Bonnier five laps later. The recovering Ireland also made dramatic progress, passing Brabham and Graham Hill to run third on lap 18. Bonnier attacked Moss for the lead and retook it on lap 21 but 15 laps later Stirling was back ahead. On lap 42.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 1: Argentina
he went out with a broken suspension. Bonnier was left nearly a lap ahead of everyone. Ireland was promoted to second but both Graham Hill and Brabham retired and so Bruce McLaren was third. With 12 laps. to go Bonnier suffered engine trouble and Ireland went into the lead only to have his gear-linkage jam and so he too slipped back leaving McLaren to win. Cliff Allison was second for Ferrari while Moss took over Maurice Trintigant's car to take third.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 2: Monaco
There had been a non-championship round at the Goodwood circuit near the southern English coast, the Glover Trophy; which was won by Innes Ireland in a Lotus. During this time. most drivers were competing in sportscar races, such as the 12 Hours of Sebring in March; and the Targa Florio and the Nurburgring 1000km in May.


1960 Formula One season, Season Review, Race 2: Monaco
Moss took pole by a second with Jack Brabham's Cooper and Chris Bristow's BRP Cooper alongside, while Jo Bonnier shared the second row with Tony Brooks's BRP Cooper. At the start. Bonnier took the lead with Brabham second and Moss third ahead of Brooks and Bristow in the BRP Coopers. Moss took Brabham on lap 5 and then shadowed Bonnier until lap 17 when he took the lead. Further back Bristow went out with gearbox trouble. Brabham passed Bonnier on lap 20 but the Swede fought back and on lap 27 retook the position.