1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season
The 1956–57 NCAA men's University Division basketball season began in December 1956, progressed through the regular season and conference tournaments, and concluded with the 1957 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament Championship Game on March 23, 1957, at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The North Carolina Tar Heels won their first NCAA national championship with a 54–53 triple-overtime victory over the Kansas Jayhawks.


1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season, Season outlook, Pre-season polls
The top 20 from the AP Poll and the UP Coaches Poll during the pre-season.


1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season, Post-Season Tournaments, NCAA Tournament
Frank McGuire brought the ACC its first National Championship as his undefeated North Carolina Tar Heels defeated Wilt Chamberlain and the Kansas Jayhawks in what is considered one of the best games in NCAA history – a 54–53 triple–overtime thriller. Chamberlain was named tournament Most Outstanding Player.


1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season, Post-Season Tournaments, National Invitation Tournament
Bradley won its first NIT title, defeating Memphis State in a one-point contest. Memphis State's Win Wilfong won the MVP in a losing cause as he poured in 89 points in the Tigers' four games, including 31 in the final.


1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season, Coaching changes
A number of teams changed coaches during the season and after it ended.


1956–57 NCAA football bowl games
The 1956–57 NCAA football bowl games were a series of post-season games played in December 1956 and January 1957 to end the 1956 NCAA University Division football season. A total of 7 team-competitive games, and two all-star games, were played. The post-season began with the Gator Bowl on December 29, 1956, and concluded on January 5, 1957, with the season-ending Senior Bowl.


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season
The 1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season began in November 1956 and concluded with the 1957 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament's championship game on March 16, 1957 at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs, Colorado. This was the 10th season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 62nd year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team.


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season, Regular season, Standings
When teams met each other four times, one point was awarded for a win, one-half point for a tie. Maximum 24 points available.


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Scoring leaders
The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the season.


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Scoring leaders
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Leading goaltenders
The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 33% of their team's total minutes.


1956–57 NCAA men's ice hockey season, Player stats, Leading goaltenders
GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average


1956–57 NHL season
The 1956–57 NHL season was the 40th season of the National Hockey League. Six teams each played 70 games. The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup for the second consecutive season, defeating the Boston Bruins four games to one in the best-of-seven final series. The final game was won with a clutch goal from Montreal defenceman Tom Johnson that clinched the Stanley Cup championship for the Canadiens 3-2.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
On October 1, it was announced that Dick Irvin had resigned as coach of Chicago due to ill health. He was suffering from bone cancer and had been ill for two years and had been hospitalized in Montreal. Irvin had been several days late to training camp. Tommy Ivan took over as coach. Later in the season, it was reported that Irvin had undergone minor surgery for anemia at Ross Memorial Hospital. Irvin died on May 15, 1957.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Ted Lindsay, Detroit's star left wing, became the fourth player to score 300 career goals on November 18, when he picked up two goals in an 8–3 pasting of the Montreal Canadiens. The other players to reach this prestigious mark were Nels Stewart, Maurice Richard and Gordie Howe (who played opposite Lindsay for most of the latter's career).


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
On January 5, the Rangers and the Black Hawks played an afternoon game at Madison Square Garden where the Rangers beat the Black Hawks 4–1. This game was broadcast on the Columbia Broadcast System network (CBS). Glen Skov spoiled Lorne "Gump" Worsley's would-be shutout with a goal in the third period.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Montreal beat Toronto 2–1 at the Forum in Montreal on January 10 and moved into first place. The game was hard-fought and referee Frank Udvari found it necessary to rule with an iron hand that angered the fans. Fans thought he was calling chippy penalties against the Habs and deliberately failing to call hooking and holding penalties by the Maple Leafs. The blow-off came in the last two minutes of the game. Maurice Richard received a high-sticking penalty. At 18:14, knowing his Maple Leafs were in danger, Toronto coach Howie Meeker pulled goaltender Ed Chadwick for six attackers.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Dick Duff scored the tying goal, and Richard went berserk and commenced a heated argument with Udvari, banging his stick on the ice. He might have attacked Udvari if his teammates had not restrained him. Fans threw programmes, paper cups, hats and other debris and the game was held up. When it did resume, Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion set up Don Marshall for the winning goal with a mere six seconds left to play. Although the fans were pleased with the outcome, an angry hum commenced as the players and officials left the ice.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Udvari had to be escorted to his dressing room by police and ushers. A large part of the crowd now directed its attention to NHL President Clarence Campbell seated in his box seat and he became the target of jeers and threats. The situation began to show some of the aspects of the Richard Riot of two years previous when Richard had been suspended for an attack on an official. It was at least 30 minutes before Campbell was able to leave under police protection.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Terry Sawchuk had been playing well and was a candidate for the Hart Trophy, when he came down with mononucleosis. He came back too soon and by January 16, he announced his retirement from hockey, a temporary one as he would be back in Detroit next season.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season
Glenn Hall was not as good as the previous season, but led the Detroit Red Wings to first place. Hall had played only two games prior to 1955–56, but had shown such promise Sawchuk was sent off.


1956–57 NHL season, Regular season, Rule changes
At the start of this season, the NHL changed the way power plays work. Prior to this season, a team could score as many goals as they were able to in a two-minute power play with the penalized player remaining in the penalty box. The NHL changed it so that when a goal is scored on a two-minute power play, the power play finished. The reason for this was because the Montreal Canadiens were so dominant on the power play, the NHL needed a way of ensuring parity. The previous season saw the Canadiens score 26% of all the league's power play goals. Oddly enough, the number of power play goals league-wide actually increased from 251 to 265 after the rule changed. Montreal, though, scored 10 fewer power play goals.


1956–57 NHL season, Player statistics, Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes


1956–57 NHL season, Player statistics, Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Min – Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts


1956–57 NHL season, Debuts
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1956–57 (listed with their first team, asterisk(*) marks debut in playoffs):


1956–57 NHL season, Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1956–57 (listed with their last team):


1956–57 National Football League (Ireland)
The 1956–57 National Football League was the 26th staging of the National Football League (NFL), an annual Gaelic football tournament for the Gaelic Athletic Association county teams of Ireland.


1956–57 National Football League (Ireland)
Galway beat Kerry in the final, which was remembered as one of the greatest games for years. Kerry lead 0-5 to 0-4 at half-time. The "goal of the century", created by Seán Purcell and scored by Frank Stockwell, secured victory.


1956–57 National Hurling League
The 1956–57 National Hurling League was the 26th season of the National Hurling League.


1956–57 National Hurling League, Division 1
Wexford came into the season as defending champions of the 1955-56 season. Antrim entered Division 1 as the promoted team from the previous season.


1956–57 National Hurling League, Division 1
On 12 May 1957, Tipperary won the title following a 3-11 to 2-7 win over Kilkenny in the final. It was their 7th league title overall and their first since 1954-55.


1956–57 Nationalliga A, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and BSC Young Boys won the championship. FC Zürich and FC Schaffhausen were both relegated down to the second division.


1956–57 Nationalliga A season
The 1956–57 Nationalliga A season was the 19th season of the Nationalliga A, the top level of ice hockey in Switzerland. Eight teams participated in the league, and EHC Arosa won the championship.


1956–57 New York Knicks season
The 1956–57 New York Knicks season was the 11th season for the team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). With a 36–36 record that placed them fourth in the Eastern Division, the Knicks failed to qualify for the NBA Playoffs.


1956–57 New York Knicks season, NBA Draft
Note: This is not an extensive list; it only covers the first and second rounds, and any other players picked by the franchise that played at least one game in the league.


1956–57 New York Rangers season
The 1956–57 New York Rangers season was the 31st season for the team in the National Hockey League.


1956–57 New York Rangers season, Player statistics
†Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Rangers. Stats reflect time with Rangers only. ‡Traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with Rangers only.


1956–57 Newport County A.F.C. season
The 1956–57 season was Newport County's 29th season in the Football League and 10th consecutive season in the Third Division South since relegation from the Second Division at the end of the 1946–47 season.


1956–57 Newport County A.F.C. season, League table
P = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GA = Goal average; Pts = Points


1956–57 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team
The 1956–57 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team (variously "North Carolina", "Carolina" or "Tar Heels") was the  varsity college basketball team to represent the University of North Carolina as a part of the Southern Conference for the NCAA season. The head coach was Frank McGuire. The team played its home games at Woollen Gymnasium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and was a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team was the second undefeated national champion in NCAA basketball history and was the first ACC team to win a title.


1956–57 North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball team, Season Summary
Hired away  from St. John’s in 1952 to make North Carolina basketball competitive with rival NC State, legendary coach Frank McGuire mined his native New York for talent and put together a team that won the national championship by slowing down dominating Kansas center Wilt Chamberlain. A veteran lineup led by star forward Lennie Rosenbluth, who averaged 28 points, finished the season a perfect 32-0.


1956–57 Northern Football League
The 1956–57 Northern Football League season was the 59th in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England.


1956–57 Northern Football League, Clubs
The league featured 14 clubs which competed in the last season, no new clubs joined the league this season.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season
The 1956–57 Rugby Football League season was the 62nd season of rugby league football.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Season summary
Oldham finished the regular season as the league leaders and then won their fourth Rugby Football League Championship when they beat Hull F.C. 15-14 in the play-off final.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Season summary
The Challenge Cup winners were Leeds who beat Barrow 9-7 in the final.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Season summary
Oldham won the Lancashire League, and Leeds won the Yorkshire League. Oldham beat St. Helens 10–3 to win the Lancashire County Cup, and Wakefield Trinity beat Hunslet 23–5 to win the Yorkshire County Cup.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Challenge Cup
Leeds beat Barrow 9-7 in the Challenge Cup Final played at Wembley Stadium before a crowd of 76,318.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Challenge Cup
This was Leeds’ eighth Challenge Cup Final win in ten Final appearances. Jeff Stevenson, their scrum half back, was awarded the Lance Todd Trophy for his man-of-the-match performance.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Kangaroo Tour
October until December also saw the appearance of the Australian team in England on their 1956–57 Kangaroo Tour. Other than the three test Ashes series against Great Britain (won 2–1 by Australia), The Kangaroos played 16 matches against club and county representative sides.


1956–57 Northern Rugby Football League season, Kangaroo Tour
The Kangaroos were captain-coached by St George Dragons hooker Ken Kearney.


1956–57 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season
The 1956–57 Norwegian 1. Divisjon season was the 18th season of ice hockey in Norway. Eight teams participated in the league, and Tigrene won the championship.


1956–57 Norwegian Main League
The 1956–1957 Hovedserien was the 13th completed season of top division football in Norway.


1956–57 Norwegian Main League, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Fredrikstad won the championship, their seventh league title. Sarpsborg FK was one of three teams to have appeared in all 12 completed editions of the top division, but was relegated at the end of the season.


1956–57 OB I bajnoksag season
The 1956–57 OB I bajnokság season was the 20th season of the OB I bajnokság, the top level of ice hockey in Hungary. Five teams participated in the league, and Voros Meteor Budapest won the championship.


1956–57 Oberliga
The 1956–57 Oberliga  was the twelfth season of the Oberliga, the first tier of the football league system in West Germany and the Saar Protectorate. The league operated in five regional divisions, Berlin, North, South, Southwest and West. The five league champions and the runners-up from the west, south, southwest and north then entered the 1957 German football championship which was won by Borussia Dortmund. It was Borussia Dortmund's second national championship, having won its first in the previous season and thereby becoming the first club to win back-to-back championships since Dresdner SC in 1943 and 1944.


1956–57 Oberliga
During the season, on 1 January 1957, the Saar Protectorate officially joined West Germany, ending the post-Second World War political separation of the territory from the other parts of Germany, which had also seen the Oberliga Südwest clubs from the Saarland, 1. FC Saarbrücken, Borussia Neunkirchen, Sportfreunde Saarbrücken, Saar 05 Saarbrücken and SV Röchling Völklingen, leave the German league system from 1948 to 1951.


1956–57 Oberliga
A similar-named league, the DDR-Oberliga, existed in East Germany, set at the first tier of the East German football league system. The 1957 DDR-Oberliga was won by SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt.


1956–57 Oberliga, Oberliga Nord
The 1956–57 season saw two new clubs in the league, Heider SV and Concordia Hamburg, both promoted from the Amateurliga. The league's top scorer was Uwe Seeler of Hamburger SV with 31 goals.


1956–57 Oberliga, Oberliga Berlin
The 1956–57 season saw two new clubs in the league, BFC Südring and Rapide Wedding, both promoted from the Amateurliga Berlin. The league's top scorer was Helmut Faeder of Hertha BSC Berlin with 18 goals.


1956–57 Oberliga, Oberliga West
The 1956–57 season saw two new clubs in the league, VfL Bochum and Meidericher SV, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga West. The league's top scorer was Alfred Kelbassa of Borussia Dortmund with 30 goals.


1956–57 Oberliga, Oberliga Südwest
The 1956–57 season saw two new clubs in the league, Sportfreunde Saarbrücken and FV Speyer, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga Südwest. The league's top scorer was Otto Hölzemann of TuS Neuendorf with 28 goals.


1956–57 Oberliga, Oberliga Süd
The 1956–57 season saw two new clubs in the league, Freiburger FC and FC Bayern Munich, both promoted from the 2. Oberliga Süd. The league's top scorer was Heinz Beck of Karlsruher SC with 34 goals, the highest total for any scorer in the five Oberligas in 1956–57.


1956–57 Oberliga, German championship
The 1957 German football championship was contested by the nine qualified Oberliga teams and won by Borussia Dortmund, defeating Hamburger SV in the final. The runners-up of the Oberliga Nord and Süd played a pre-qualifying match. The remaining eight clubs then played a single round of matches at neutral grounds in two groups of four. The two group winners then advanced to the final.


1956–57 Oberliga (ice hockey) season
The 1956-57 Oberliga season was the ninth season of the Oberliga, the top level of ice hockey in Germany. 11 teams participated in the league, and EV Füssen won the championship.


1956–57 Panhellenic Championship
The 1956–57 Panhellenic Championship was the 21st season of the highest football league of Greece and one of the most interesting championships in the 50s and also one of the most discussed due to the punishment of Ethnikos Piraeus from the HFF. Olympiacos won their 13th championship (4 consecutive) after an interesting race with Panathinaikos which ended in a tie and therefore the title was decided by a play-off round in which Olympiacos won. Compared to the previous season, the teams that participated in the final phase of the championship increased by 4 (10 out of 6) and resulted as follows:


1956–57 Panhellenic Championship
The qualifying round matches took place from 16 September 1956 to 11 January 1957, while the final phase took place from 13 January to 18 July 1957. The point system was: Win: 3 points - Draw: 2 points - Loss: 1 point.


1956–57 Philadelphia Warriors season
The 1956–57 NBA season was the Warriors' 11th season in the NBA.


1956–57 Polska Liga Hokejowa season
The 1956–57 Polska Liga Hokejowa season was the 22nd season of the Polska Liga Hokejowa, the top level of ice hockey in Poland. Eight teams participated in the league, and Legia Warszawa won the championship.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season
The 1956–57 season was Port Vale's 45th season of football in the English Football League, and their third successive season (thirty-second overall) in the Second Division. An unmitigated disaster from start to finish, they were relegated in bottom place with just 22 points from 42 games. It was the end of an era, as the reputation of 'the Steele Curtain' had taken a severe blow, and its architect Freddie Steele left the club in January. The season was considered to be one where the old guard 'cracked', and thus many loyal servants of the club were let go in the summer of 1957, including Ray King, Reg Potts, Stan Turner, Tommy Cheadle, and Stan Smith.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season
Three still-standing but unwanted club-records were set this season: a record 28 defeats in 42 matches, and a 22 game streak without a clean sheet (22 September 1956 to 23 February 1957), and a losing streak of nine straight games (9 March 1957 to 20 April 1957).


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
The pre-season saw the arrival of Harry Anders, a winger from Manchester City signed for 'a substantial fee'.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
The season started with Anders and Baily up front, a combination which failed during a goalless draw with Barnsley. Two losses followed in which eight goals were conceded. Harry Poole replaced Albert Leake in what was 'one of the few rays of sunlight in an otherwise gloomy beginning'. Vale then 'clicked into gear', picking up seven points out of a possible ten in September. This included a 4–2 win at Ewood Park, their last away win of the campaign.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Injuries then ravaged the squad as Vale went on a sequence of eight straight defeats to take them from fourteenth to second from bottom. These included losses at the City Ground, Victoria Ground (in the first ever floodlit game in the Potteries), and Anfield. In October, Baily was sold to Nottingham Forest for £7,000 – exactly what Vale had paid for him earlier in the year. Baily had failed to fit in with the team, and was seen as too individualist. The next month Steele bought experienced forward Billy Spurdle from Manchester City for £4,000. He scored on his debut in a 3–2 win over Bury, and two weeks later he scored a brace in a 4–2 win over Doncaster Rovers. This temporarily took them away from relegation worries before a streak of seven games without victory.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
On 15 January, Steele resigned, saying "I am quite prepared to face the consequences". On 2 February, Nottingham Forest travelled to Vale Park with Eddie Baily, and demolished Vale 7–1 in a record defeat for the club at the stadium. A week later, the "Valiants" put three past Fulham at Craven Cottage, but failed to pick up any points as Ray King conceded six goals despite a brilliant performance. On 18 February, 42-year-old Norman Low of Workington Town took the £2,000 a year job as Vale manager.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Low had no interest in the tactics of the opposition, and simply told his players to 'entertain the public'. He was confident the players at his disposal could reach safety, despite the difficult situation they found themselves in. His first match in charge saw a 3–0 win over Grimsby Town which took them out of the relegation zone. Yet what followed was a club-record nine game losing streak that doomed their season, five of which were played in Burslem.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
Low experimented with his team by dropping King and Roy Sproson (on a run of 128 consecutive appearances), but all that resulted was a 6–0 hammering from Sheffield United. However it was their 1–0 defeat at Gigg Lane to struggling Bury that did more damage to their prospects of survival. During this spell Reg Potts made his 166th consecutive appearance, though Low put young reserves into the fray after all seemed lost. After relegation was confirmed, Vale seemed to play better with the pressure lifted, and picked up five points in their last three games, including a 2–2 draw at home to rivals Stoke City. Low also announced his plans to rebuild the club, initiating a lengthy series of schoolboy trials.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Second Division
They finished bottom of the table with 22 points, losing 18 of their 21 away games. They were eight points short of third-from-bottom Notts County. Their 57 goals scored was greater only than Lincoln City, whilst 'the Steele Curtain' was broken, conceding 101 goals, fewer than only two Football League clubs (Charlton Athletic and Crewe Alexandra). Top scorer Cyril Done only score nine goals, as no consistent scorer emerged all season long.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Finances
On the financial side, 105,000 spectators had been lost from the previous season to an average of only 14,046, leaving an income from gate receipts of £40,717. Despite this a profit of £1,268 was recorded. This occurred because of a wage budget cut of around £8,000 to £20,684 and a transfer credit of £625. The club's debts were worrying however, causing the club's directors to funnel £2,500 of their own resources towards repaying this debt.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Finances
A clear-out of players was initiated for the first time in a good while, those departing included: Cyril Done (Winsford United); Ray King (sold to Boston United for £2,500); Reg Potts and Stan Turner (Worcester City); Tommy Cheadle, Stan Smith, and Derek Mountford (Crewe Alexandra); Len Stephenson and Billy Spurdle (Oldham Athletic); and Harry Anders (Accrington Stanley). Though many of these were some of the club's best players, many had also reached retirement age. Low admitted that he would have to buy young players to fill the vacancies in the first team.


1956–57 Port Vale F.C. season, Overview, Cup competitions
In the FA Cup, Vale drew 3–3 with Barnsley at Oakwell, before losing the replay 1–0.


1956–57 Primeira Divisão
The 1956–57 Primeira Divisão was the 23rd season of top-tier football in Portugal.


1956–57 Primeira Divisão, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and S.L. Benfica won the championship.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy
The 1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy was the third edition of the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, the domestic first-class cricket competition in Pakistan.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy
In a change from the first two editions, the 1956–57 competition was contested in four round-robin groups, with the top teams in each playing semi-finals and a final to determine the winner. Matches were played from 25 December 1956 to 8 March 1957, with the group stage matches played over three days, the semi-finals over five days, and the final over six days.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy
In the final, Punjab defeated the Karachi Whites by 43 runs, claiming their first title. Hanif Mohammad was the leading run-scorer in the competition, and Fazal Mahmood was the leading wicket-taker.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Group stage
The winner of each zone, marked in bold, qualified for the semi-finals.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Group stage
Position determined by total points; matches finishing in a draw or a tie were decided on first innings scores, with points awarded as follows:


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Statistics, Most runs
The top five run-scorers are included in this table, listed by runs scored and then by batting average.


1956–57 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, Statistics, Most wickets
The top five wicket-takers are listed in this table, listed by wickets taken and then by bowling average.


1956–57 RPI Green Devils men's basketball team
The 1956–57 RPI Green Devils men's basketball team represented the Richmond Professional Institute (now Virginia Commonwealth University) in NCAA men's basketball during the 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. The season was the first year in program history that the Green Devils posted a winning record. The Green Devils were coached by Ed Allen.


1956–57 Rangers F.C. season
The 1956–57 season is the 77th season of competitive football by Rangers.


1956–57 Rangers F.C. season, Overview
Rangers played a total of 46 competitive matches during the 1956–57 season.


1956–57 Ranji Trophy
The 1956–57 Ranji Trophy was the 23rd season of the Ranji Trophy. Bombay won the title defeating Services in the final.


1956–57 Real Madrid CF season
The 1956–57 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 54th season in existence and the club's 26th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football.


1956–57 Real Madrid CF season, Summary
The Spanish Federation lifted the ban on foreign player transfers allowing chairman Santiago Bernabéu to buy French playmaker Raymond Kopa from Stade de Reims to boost the midfield as a winger, in fact the trade was released days before the 1956 European Cup Final against the same French squad. Due to the rule of limited foreigners Kopa could not feature until October, when Di Stefano became a Spanish citizen. The team finished the League campaign 5 points above Sevilla and FC Barcelona, clinching its fifth League title ever. Also, Alfredo Di Stéfano won the top scorer trophy with 31 goals.


1956–57 Real Madrid CF season, Summary
Initially, due to the rule of not being a current league champion, the club would not compete in the continental tournament. However, chairman Santiago Bernabéu, also an organizer of the competition, allowed their entry as holders; the squad won its second consecutive European Cup in a close Final against Italian team Fiorentina. During June, the club reached the quarterfinals of Copa del Generalísimo defeated 1–6 by FC Barcelona. It would be the only trophy not conquered by the squad in the campaign. The team closed a superb season clinching its second Latin Cup winning the Final against Portuguese side Benfica.


1956–57 Real Madrid CF season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1956–57 Red Star Belgrade season
During the 1956–57 season, Red Star Belgrade participated in the 1956–57 Yugoslav First League, 1956–57 Yugoslav Cup, 1956 Mitropa Cup and 1956–57 European Cup.


1956–57 Red Star Belgrade season, Season summary
Red Star participated in the European Cup for the first time and were eliminated by Fiorentina in the semi-finals.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga
The 1956–57 Rheinlandliga was the fifth season of the highest amateur class of the Rhineland Football Association under the name of 1. Amateurliga Rheinland. It was a predecessor of today's Rheinlandliga. It was the first season in which the league played with two game divisions, East and West. The Rhineland champion was determined through a game between the division champions.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga
The 1. Amateurliga was below II. Division Southwest until 1963 and therefore the third-class in the hierarchy. In the seasons 1956–57 to 1962–63 the league was played in two divisions (East and West). The two division champions played to determine the Rhineland champion. With the introduction of the regional league Southwest as second highest class, starting in the 1963–64 season, the Amateur league Rheinland was again combined into one division.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga
Beginning in the 1974–75 season, the league played a role as a sub-team to the newly introduced 2. Bundesliga, where the Rhineland champion played in a relegation against the champion of the Verbandsliga Südwest and the Saarlandliga, for a position in the south divisions of the 2. Bundesliga. Starting from the 1978–79 season, the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar was introduced as the highest amateur class and this class was renamed to the "Verbandsliga Rheinland" and since then only fourth class.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga, Results
Rhineland champion was Germania Metternich through the victory against West division champion FC Bitburg. Subsequently, Germania Metternich managed a second place in the relegations rounds and moved up to the II. Division Southwest. TuS Diez, Sportsfreunde Herdorf II, SV Trier-West and TuS Konz had to descend, after this season, into the 2. Amateur League.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga, Results
For the following 1957–58 season, teams that moved up from the  2. Amateur League:


1956–57 Rheinlandliga, Results
For the following 1957–58 season, Sportsfreunde Herdorf came down from the II.Division into the East division.


1956–57 Rheinlandliga, Results
SC Moselweiß switched to the West division after the season.


1956–57 Rochdale A.F.C. season
The 1956–57 season saw Rochdale compete for their 29th season in the Football League Third Division North.


1956–57 Rochester Royals season
The 1956–57 NBA season was the Royals ninth season in the NBA.


1956–57 Rochester Royals season
It was also the franchise's final season in Rochester. The team relocated to Cincinnati during the offseason.


1956–57 Romanian Hockey League season
The 1956–57 Romanian Hockey League season was the 27th season of the Romanian Hockey League. Four teams participated in the league, and Recolta Miercurea Ciuc won the championship.


1956–57 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1956–57 Rugby Union County Championship was the 57th edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.


1956–57 Rugby Union County Championship
Devon won the competition for the seventh time (but first since 1912) after defeating Yorkshire in the final.


1956–57 SK Rapid Wien season
The 1956–57 SK Rapid Wien season was the 59th season in club history.


1956–57 SM-sarja season
The 1956–57 SM-sarja season was the 26th season of the SM-sarja, the top level of ice hockey in Finland. 10 teams participated in the league, and Ilves Tampere won the championship.


1956–57 San Francisco Dons men's basketball team
The 1956–57 San Francisco Dons men's basketball team represented the University of San Francisco as a member of the West Coast Athletic Conference during the 1956–57 NCAA men's basketball season. The Dons carried a 55-game unbeaten streak into the season, extending it to a then NCAA record 60-game winning streak. After falling out of the rankings, San Francisco battled back to finish the season with a 21–7 record (12–2 CBA) and reach their third consecutive Final Four. After losing to Kansas in the National Semifinals, USF defeated Michigan State in the Third Place Game.


1956–57 Scottish Cup
The 1956–57 Scottish Cup was the 72nd staging of Scotland's most prestigious football knockout competition. The Cup was won by Falkirk who defeated Kilmarnock in the replayed final.


1956–57 Scottish Division One
The 1956–57 Scottish Division One was won by Rangers by two points over nearest rival Heart of Midlothian. Dunfermline Athletic and Ayr United finished 17th and 18th respectively and were relegated to the 1957–58 Scottish Division Two.


1956–57 Scottish Division Two
The 1956–57 Scottish Second Division was won by Clyde who, along with second placed Third Lanark, were promoted to the First Division. East Stirlingshire finished bottom.


1956–57 Scottish Inter-District Championship
The 1956–57 Scottish Inter-District Championship was a  rugby union competition for Scotland's district teams.


1956–57 Scottish Inter-District Championship
A notable selection for Glasgow District this season was that of Noel Bowden, a capped All Black from New Zealand,


1956–57 Scottish Inter-District Championship
South and Edinburgh District won the competition with two wins and a loss each.


1956–57 Scottish League Cup
The 1956–57 Scottish League Cup was the 11th season of Scotland's second football knockout competition. The competition was won Celtic, who defeated Partick Thistle in the Final.


1956–57 Segunda División
The 1956–57 Segunda División season was the 26th since its establishment and was played between 8 September 1956 and 16 June 1957.


1956–57 Segunda División, Overview before the season
40 teams joined the league, including 4 relegated from the 1955–56 La Liga and 11 promoted from the 1955–56 Tercera División.


1956–57 Serie A (ice hockey) season
The 1956–57 Serie A season was the 23rd season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. Six teams participated in the league, and SG Cortina won the championship.


1956–57 Serie B
The Serie B 1956–57 was the twenty-fifth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.


1956–57 Serie B, Teams
Venezia and Sambenedettese had been promoted from Serie C, while Novara and Pro Patria had been relegated from Serie A.


1956–57 Serie C
The 1956–57 Serie C was the nineteenth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.


1956–57 Serie C
There were only three relegations because of the reform of the IV Serie.


1956–57 Sheffield Shield season
The 1956–57 Sheffield Shield season was the 55th season of the Sheffield Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition of Australia. New South Wales won the championship for the fourth consecutive year. All five teams played each other home and away for the first time.


1956–57 Southern Football League
The 1956–57 Southern Football League season was the 54th in the history of the league, an English football competition.


1956–57 Southern Football League
No new clubs had joined the league for this season so the league consisted of 22 clubs from previous season. Kettering Town were champions, winning their first Southern League title. Five Southern League clubs applied to join the Football League at the end of the season, but none were successful. At the end of the season Welsh FA refused to sanction Llanelly's stay in the Southern League, the club left the league after seven years and switched to the Welsh football pyramid.


1956–57 Southern Football League, Football League elections
Five Southern League clubs applied for election to the Football League. However, none were successful as all four League clubs were re-elected.


1956–57 Soviet League season
The 1956–57 Soviet Championship League season was the 11th season of the Soviet Championship League, the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union. 16 teams participated in the league, and Krylya Sovetov Moscow won the championship.


1956–57 Spartan League
The 1956–57 Spartan League season was the 39th in the history of Spartan League, an association football league in London and the adjoining counties. The league consisted of 14 teams.


1956–57 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team
The 1956–1957 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 1956–57 NCAA men's basketball season. The team was coached by Daniel Lynch, who was in his ninth year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers. The team was a member of the Metropolitan New York Conference and played their home games at the II Corps Artillery Armory in Park Slope, Brooklyn.


1956–57 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team
Before the season, Walter Adamushko was named team captain by Coach Lynch. Also prior to the season, Lynch was interviewed by the New York Times and he expressed pessimism about the teams progress, since he lost several players to graduation. Last year, Lynch's Terriers were nationally ranked and made it to the NIT semifinals.


1956–57 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team
The Terriers participated in the 3rd Annual NAIA Tip-Off Tournament, which took place in Omaha, Nebraska. They defeated Eau Claire State in the first round, Gustavus Adolphus in the second round, but lost to Texas Southern in the Championship game.


1956–57 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team, NBA Draft
At the end of the season Walter Adamushko was selected with the 42nd overall pick by the Detroit Pistons.


1956–57 St. Louis Hawks season
The 1956–57 St. Louis Hawks season was the 11th season for the franchise and eighth in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Prior to the start of the season, the Hawks made one of the biggest draft-day deals in NBA history. The Hawks sent 2nd overall pick Bill Russell to the Boston Celtics for Cliff Hagan and second-year star Ed Macauley. Macauley had been a popular player at St. Louis University. The Hawks struggled for most of the season and coach Red Holzman was fired midway through the season.


1956–57 St. Louis Hawks season
The new head coach was Slater Martin, who led the Hawks to a 5–3 record. Martin did not want the added responsibility of head coach, so Alex Hannum took over for the rest of the season. Despite a 34–38 record, the Hawks claimed the Western Division by a tiebreaker and earned a bye into the Western Finals, where the Hawks swept the Minneapolis Lakers in three straight games. The Hawks met the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals. The Hawks won Game 1 in double overtime, 125–123 in Boston.


1956–57 St. Louis Hawks season
The Celtics took Game 2 and the Hawks took Game 3 at home by 2 points. After losing Game 5 in Boston, the Hawks needed another victory at home to force a decisive seventh game. Game 7 in Boston went into double overtime and the Celtics emerged victorious, winning by 2 points.


1956–57 Stoke City F.C. season
The 1956–57 season was Stoke City's 50th season in the Football League and the 17th in the Second Division.


1956–57 Stoke City F.C. season
With Stoke now entering a fourth season of Second tier football there was much pressure placed on both manager Frank Taylor and the squad for 1956–57. And Stoke made a great effort in an attempt to gain promotion with a fine home record and new floodlights which saw Lincoln City beaten 8–0 with Neville Coleman scoring 7. However, after this Stoke bizarrely failed to find the back of the net in six straight defeats and this poor run of form cost Stoke promotion and in the end they finished in 5th position with 48 points.


1956–57 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League
In the 1956–57 season, with the pressure on both the manager and players, Stoke made a great effort at winning promotion back to the First Division. A string of fine home results over Notts County (6–0), Leyton Orient (7–1) and Rotherham United (6–0) raised the fans hopes. Floodlights were installed in October 1956 and the first match under the lights was in the Potteries derby against Port Vale. A crowd of 38,729 turned up to see Stoke win 3–1 to maintain their good form.


1956–57 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, League
Neville Coleman was getting the bulk of Stoke goals which accumulated on 23 February 1957 when Lincoln City arrived at the Victoria Ground. That day Stoke hammered luckless Lincoln 8–0 with Coleman scoring a record seven of the goals. At this stage of the season promotion looked like it could be achieved but all of a sudden Stoke's form completely dropped, after a 1–1 draw with Sheffield United Stoke lost their next six matches and failed to score in any of them and their hopes of promotion died.


1956–57 Stoke City F.C. season, Season review, FA Cup
Stoke were drawn away at First Division side Arsenal in the third round and were beaten 4–2 by the "Gunners".


1956–57 Sussex County Football League
The 1956–57 Sussex County Football League season was the 32nd in the history of the competition.


1956–57 Sussex County Football League
Division 1 was reduced to sixteen teams as Eastbourne United left the league and Rye United being promoted from Division 2. Division 2 now featured fifteen teams from which the winner would be promoted into Division 1.


1956–57 Sussex County Football League, Division One
The division featured 16 clubs, 15 which competed in the last season, along with one new club:


1956–57 Sussex County Football League, Division Two
The division featured 15 clubs, 12 which competed in the last season, along with three new clubs:


1956–57 Swedish Division I season
The 1956–57 Swedish Division I season was the 13th season of Swedish Division I. Gävle GIK won the league title by finishing first in the final round.


1956–57 Swedish football Division 2
Statistics of Swedish football Division 2 for the 1956–57 season.


1956–57 Swedish football Division 3
Statistics of Swedish football Division 3 for the 1956–57 season.


1956–57 Syracuse Nationals season
The 1956–57 NBA season was the Nationals' 8th season in the NBA.


1956–57 Tennessee A&I State Tigers basketball team
The 1956–57 Tennessee A&I State Tigers basketball team represented Tennessee A&I State College (now called Tennessee State University) in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) men's basketball during the 1956–57 season. Coached by third-year head coach John McLendon, the Tigers finished the season with a 31–4 record and were crowned NAIA national champions by winning the 1957 NAIA Tournament. This marked the first of three consecutive national championships, a feat that no other team at any level of college basketball had previously accomplished. In addition, the 1956–57 team became the first historically black college to win a national basketball title. In 2019, all three national championship teams were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.


1956–57 Tercera División
The 1956–57 Tercera División season was the 21st since its establishment.


1956–57 Toronto Maple Leafs season
The 1956–57 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 40th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).


1956–57 Tunisian National Championship
The 1956–57 Tunisian National Championship was the 31st season of football in Tunisia, and the first to start after the country's independence in March 1956.


1956–57 Tweede Divisie
The Dutch Tweede Divisie in the 1956–57 season was contested by 30 teams, divided in two groups. It was the first season of the new lowest tier of Dutch professional football, organised by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB). Teams could not be relegated to amateur football. RBC and Leeuwarden won the championship and were promoted to the Eerste Divisie.


1956–57 Tweede Divisie
The composition of the league was based on the results of the previous season. The teams that had finished lowest in the Dutch amateur Eerste Klasse would play in this new league. Teams that finished higher, would start in the Eerste Divisie.


1956–57 Tweede Divisie
The league had been divided in two, with a Tweede Divisie A and a Tweede Divisie B, each comprising 15 teams. Teams from the Tweede Divisie A were roughly from the north and east of the Netherlands, teams from the Tweede Divisie B roughly from the west and south.


1956–57 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team
The 1956–57 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. The Bruins were led by ninth year head coach John Wooden. They finished the regular season with a record of 22–4 and finished second in the PCC with a record of 13–3.


1956–57 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team, Previous season
The Bruins finished the regular season with a record of 22–6 and won the PCC regular season championship with a record of 16–0. UCLA lost to the San Francisco Dons in the NCAA regional semifinals and defeated the Seattle Chieftains in the regional consolation game. The victory over Seattle was UCLA's first victory in the NCAA tournament.


1956–57 United States network television schedule
The following is the 1956–57 network television schedule for the three major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 1956 through March 1957. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 1955–56 season.


1956–57 United States network television schedule
The 1956–57 network television schedule continued the trend of the previous season, with two of the three major U.S. television networks (ABC and CBS) scheduling more and more westerns and adventure series during prime time. In addition to its current stable of Westerns, which included Cheyenne, The Lone Ranger, and The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, ABC scheduled two new Western TV series: Broken Arrow and The Adventures of Jim Bowie, while CBS added Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater to its line-up, which already included Gunsmoke and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon. Castleman and Podrazik (1984) called the rush to schedule Western series on network television during this era "a virtual stampede".


1956–57 United States network television schedule
CBS "inherited Sunday afternoon NFL contests from the defunct DuMont network in the fall of 1956". Accordingly, "the expansion into Sunday sports by CBS (and NBC) meant that the traditional afternoon 'egghead' slots for highbrow programming had to be broken up, pushing those shows into the few odd spots still open in the day, or eliminating them completely. This reflected the networks' shift in emphasis during the mid-1950s, slanting television much more toward broad-based popular entertainment. Increasingly, this meant television programming produced in Hollywood [...] In 1957, the amount of prime time programming originating on the West Coast jumped from 40% to 71%."


1956–57 United States network television schedule
NBC, behind CBS in the network Nielsen ratings, hired Robert Kintner to revamp NBC's schedule. According to Castleman and Podrazik (1982), NBC's plan was to launch a program which would compete directly with CBS's second most popular series, The Ed Sullivan Show, on Sunday, the most heavily viewed TV night: "Sullivan's show was popular enough to boost the ratings of the programs on both before and after his; as a result, CBS had a chain of hits to begin the evening." NBC's strategy was designed to weaken CBS's Sunday night line-up.


1956–57 United States network television schedule
NBC's new program, The Steve Allen Show, debuted in the summer to get a head start on the competition. Although the two programs enjoyed a fierce rivalry, Sullivan's program would remain wildly popular, finishing second among all TV programs in the ratings that year, while Allen's show missed the top 30. Beginning this season, NBC had at least one show in color for every day of the week.


1956–57 United States network television schedule
New fall series are highlighted in bold, while shows ending their runs are highlighted in italics.


1956–57 United States network television schedule
Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Sunday
Notes: On NBC, Hallmark Hall of Fame (Color) aired as a monthly series, 7:30–9 p.m.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Sunday
On CBS, Air Power, narrated by Walter Cronkite, aired from 6:30 to 7:30 p.m. on November 11, 1956, and from 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. from November 18, 1956 to May 5, 1957.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Monday
On NBC, Producers' Showcase (Color) aired as a monthly series, from 8–9:30 p.m. On CBS, in some areas, Douglas Edwards with the News aired at 6:45 p.m.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Monday
On March 18, 1957, the popular Western series Tales of Wells Fargo debuted, replacing Stanley Monday nights on NBC at 8:30 PM EST.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Monday
From July 1 to September 23, 1957, the summer series Richard Diamond, Private Detective, starring David Janssen, aired on CBS at 8:30-9 p.m. It returned for a second irregular season on the CBS Thursday schedule from January 2 to June 26, 1958.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Tuesday
NOTE: On March 5, 1957, the suspense drama Panic! replaced Noah's Ark, a Jack Webb production, on the NBC schedule.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Wednesday
Note: On CBS, Pick the Winner aired as an interim U.S. election coverage series in September and October from 7:30 to 8 p.m. It previously had aired in 1952.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Thursday
Note: On ABC, Compass and Industries for America shared the 9:30–10:00 p.m. time slot from June to July 1957. Compass aired only in markets where the local affiliate did not choose to air local programming. Industries for America continued to air in the time slot until September 1957.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Friday
Note: On CBS, Mr. Adams and Eve premiered on January 4, 1957.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, Saturday
Notes: On NBC, Saturday Color Carnival (Color) aired as a monthly series, 9:00–10:30 p.m. The 1957 version of the NBC summer series Encore Theatre consisted of reruns of episodes of Ford Theatre.


1956–57 United States network television schedule, By network, NBC
Note: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.


1956–57 United States network television schedule (daytime)
The 1956–57 daytime network television schedule for the three major English-language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers the weekday daytime hours from September 1956 to August 1957.


1956–57 United States network television schedule (daytime)
Talk shows are highlighted in yellow, local programming is white, reruns of prime-time programming are orange, game shows are pink, soap operas are chartreuse, news programs are gold and all others are light blue. New series are highlighted in bold.


1956–57 United States network television schedule (late night)
These are the late night Monday-Friday schedules on all three networks for each calendar season beginning September 1956. All times are Eastern and Pacific.


1956–57 United States network television schedule (late night)
Talk shows are highlighted in yellow, local programming is white.


1956–57 WHL season
The 1956–57 WHL season was the fifth season of the Western Hockey League. The Brandon Regals were the President's Cup champions as they beat the New Westminster Royals in four games in the final series.


1956–57 WHL season, Playoffs
The Brandon Regals win the President's Cup 4 games to 0.


1956–57 WIHL season
1956–57 was the 11th season of the Western International Hockey League.


1956–57 WIHL season, Semi finals
Trail Smoke Eaters beat Nelson Maple Leafs 4 wins to 1.


1956–57 WIHL season, Final
Spokane Flyers beat Trail Smoke Eaters 4 wins to none.


1956–57 WIHL season, Final
Spokane Flyers advanced to the 1956-57 British Columbia Senior Playoffs.


1956–57 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The 1956–57 Washington Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Washington for the 1956–57 NCAA college basketball season. Led by seventh-year head coach Tippy Dye, the Huskies were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus at Hec Edmundson Pavilion in Seattle, Washington.


1956–57 Washington Huskies men's basketball team
The Huskies were 17–9 overall in the regular season and 13–3 in conference play, tied for second in the standings.


1956–57 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The 1956–57 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team represented Washington State College for the 1956–57 college basketball season. Led by 29th-year head coach Jack Friel, the Cougars were members of the Pacific Coast Conference and played their home games on campus at Bohler Gymnasium in Pullman, Washington.


1956–57 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team
The Cougars were 8–18 overall in the regular season and 4–12 in conference play, tied for seventh in all of the standings.


1956–57 Welsh Cup
The 1956–57 FAW Welsh Cup is the 70th season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales.


1956–57 Welsh Cup, Fifth round
Ten winners from the Fourth round and six new clubs.


1956–57 Welsh Cup, Semifinal
Swansea Town and Newport County played both matches at Cardiff, Wrexham and Chester played at Rhyl.


1956–57 West Ham United F.C. season
The 1956–57 season was West Ham's seventeenth season in the Second Division since their relegation in season 1931–32. The club were managed by Ted Fenton and the team captain was Noel Cantwell.


1956–57 West Ham United F.C. season, Season summary
West Ham finished eighth and were at no time in either of the top two, promotion places. John Dick was the top scorer with 13 goals in all competitions. Top scorers in the league were Billy Dare and Eddie Lewis with eight goals. Malcolm Musgrove made the most appearances; 44 in all competitions. West Ham made the fourth round of the FA Cup before being eliminated by Everton.


1956–57 West Ham United F.C. season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1956–57 Western Football League
The 1956–57 season was the 55th in the history of the Western Football League.


1956–57 Western Football League
The champions for the first time in their history were Poole Town, and the winners of Division Two were Cinderford Town.


1956–57 Western Football League, Final tables, Division One
Division One was increased from seventeen to nineteen clubs after no clubs were relegated the previous season. Two clubs joined:


1956–57 Western Football League, Final tables, Division Two
Division Two was reduced from twenty to eighteen clubs after Taunton Town and Torquay United Reserves were promoted to Division One, Chippenham Town Reserves and Frome Town Reserves left the league, and no clubs were relegated from Division One. Two new clubs joined:


1956–57 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball team
The 1956–57 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers men's basketball team represented Western Kentucky State College during the 1956-57 NCAA University Division Basketball season. The Hilltoppers were led by future Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame coach Edgar Diddle. One of the highlights of the season was a victory over 2nd ranked San Francisco at the newly opened Freedom Hall dedication. Western finished tied for the Ohio Valley Conference championship, however, the NCAA tournament bid went to co-champion, Morehead State. Ralph Crosthwaite and Owen Lawson were named to the All-Conference Team.


1956–57 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by PrimeBOT (talk | contribs) at 23:38, 20 June 2020 (→Schedule: Task 30 - remove deprecated parameter in Template:CBB schedule entry). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1956–57 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The 1956–57 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team represented the College of William & Mary in intercollegiate basketball during the 1956–57 NCAA University Division men's basketball season. Under the fifth, and final, year of head coach Boydson Baird, the team finished the season 9–18, 7–11 in the Southern Conference. This was the 52nd season of the collegiate basketball program at William & Mary, whose nickname is now the Tribe. William & Mary played its home games at Blow Gymnasium.


1956–57 William & Mary Indians men's basketball team
The Indians finished in 6th place in the conference and qualified for the 1957 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, held at the Richmond Arena. However, William & Mary fell to VPI in the quarterfinals.


1956–57 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team
The 1956–1957 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was Harold E. Foster, coaching his twentythird season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.


1956–57 York City F.C. season
The 1956–57 season was the 34th season of competitive association football and 27th season in the Football League played by York City Football Club, a professional football club based in York, Yorkshire, England. They finished in seventh position in the 24-team 1956–57 Football League Third Division North. They entered the 1956–57 FA Cup in the first round and lost in the second to Hull City.


1956–57 York City F.C. season
21 players made at least one appearance in nationally organised first-team competition, and there were nine different goalscorers. Goalkeeper Tommy Forgan and forward Peter Wragg played in all 49 first-team matches over the season. Arthur Bottom finished as leading goalscorer with 22 goals, of which 21 came in league competition and one came in the FA Cup.


1956–57 Yugoslav Cup
The 1956–57 Yugoslav Cup was the 10th season of the top football knockout competition in SFR Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav Cup (Serbo-Croatian: Kup Jugoslavije), also known as the "Marshal Tito Cup" (Kup Maršala Tita), since its establishment in 1946.


1956–57 Yugoslav Cup, Round of 16
In the following tables winning teams are marked in bold; teams from outside top level are marked in italic script.


1956–57 Yugoslav First League
The 1956–57 Yugoslav First League season was the 11th season of the First Federal League (Serbo-Croatian: Prva savezna liga), the top level association football league of SFR Yugoslavia, since its establishment in 1946. Fourteen teams contested the competition, with Red Star winning their fourth title.


1956–57 Yugoslav First League
The season featured an unusually long four-month winter break — from 28 October 1956 until 3 March 1957 — during which the Yugoslav Olympic national team, which entirely consisted of players from the Yugoslav First League, participated at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and won the silver medal.


1956–57 Yugoslav First League, Teams
At the end of the previous season Željezničar and Proleter Osijek were relegated from top level. They were replaced by Lokomotiva and Vardar.


1956–57 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season
The 1956–57 Yugoslav Ice Hockey League season was the 15th season of the Yugoslav Ice Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Yugoslavia. Five teams participated in the league, and Jesenice have won the championship.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt
The 1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt was the exodus and expulsion of Egypt's Mutamassirun, which began during the latter stages of the Suez Crisis in Nasserist Egypt.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Background
The exodus of the Mutamassirun ("Egyptianized"), which included the British and French colonial powers as well as Jews, Greeks, Italians, Syrians, Armenians, began following the First World War, and by the end of the 1960s the exodus of the foreign population was effectively complete. According to Andrew Gorman, this was primarily a result of the "decolonization process and the rise of Egyptian nationalism". In addition, there was an indigenous Jewish population, although most Jews in Egypt in the early twentieth century were recent immigrants to the country, who did not share the Arabic language and culture. Until the late 1930s, the foreign minorities, including both indigenous and recent immigrant Jews, tended to apply for dual-citizenship in addition to their Egyptian birth citizenship order to benefit from a foreign protection.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Background
In October 1956, following the invasion by Britain, France and Israel in the Suez Crisis, President Gamal Abdel Nasser brought in a set of sweeping regulations abolishing civil liberties and allowing the state to stage mass arrests without charge and strip away Egyptian citizenship from any group it desired. Some lawyers, engineers, doctors and teachers were not allowed to work in their professions. As part of its new policy, 1,000 Jews were arrested and 500 Jewish businesses were seized by the government. Jewish bank accounts were confiscated and many Jews lost their jobs.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Expulsion
The actions taken to encourage emigration or expel the foreign minorities applied to the whole Mutamassirun population, and after 1956 a large majority of Greeks, Italians, Belgians, French, and British, including Jews, left the country. The decree was also relevant to Egyptian Jews suspected as Zionist agents, especially those with free professions and relatives in Israel.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Expulsion
The expellees were allowed to take only one suitcase and a small sum of cash, and forced to sign declarations "donating" their property to the Egyptian government.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Expulsion
Foreign observers reported that some members of Jewish families were taken hostage, apparently to ensure that those forced to leave did not speak out against the Egyptian government. Some 23,000—25,000 Jews out of 60,000 in Egypt left, mainly for Israel, Europe, the United States and South America. Many were forced to sign declarations that they were voluntarily emigrating and agreed to the confiscation of their assets. Similar measures were enacted against British and French nationals in retaliation for the invasion. By 1957 the Jewish population of Egypt had fallen to 15,000.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Expulsion
The Guardian correspondent Michael Adams noted in 1958 that the Egyptian government ultimately expelled a minority of the Jewish population of Egypt, though many Jews left as a result of increasing pressure. This is supported by Laskier who claims: "It is estimated that as early as the end of November 1956 at least 500 Egyptian and stateless Jews had been expelled from Egypt". In contrast, Max Elstein Keisler claims that "around 25 000 Jews were expelled that year (1956)", equivalent to all of the Jews who left Egypt in 1956.


1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt, Expulsion
On December 9, 1956, Egyptian Interior Minister Zakaria Mohieddin stated that of Egypt's 18,000 British and French citizens, 1,452 had been ordered to be expelled.


1956–57 in Belgian football
The 1956–57 season was the 54th season of competitive football in Belgium. R Antwerp FC won their 4th Division I title. RSC Anderlechtois also entered the 1956–57 European Champion Clubs' Cup as Belgian title holder. The Belgium national football team started their 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign, losing to France and winning against Iceland.


1956–57 in Belgian football, Overview
At the end of the season, K Beeringen FC and R Charleroi SC were relegated to Division II and were replaced in Division I by K Waterschei SV Thor and K Sint-Truidense VV from Division II. The bottom 2 clubs in Division II (RC Tirlemont and RRC de Bruxelles) were relegated to Division III while both Division III winners (KFC Diest and KSC Eendracht Aalst) qualified for Division II. The bottom 2 clubs of each Division III league SRU Verviers, Mol Sport, FC Vigor Hamme and RUS Tournaisienne were relegated to the Promotion, to be replaced by Overpeltse VV, RCS Brainois, Aarschot Sport and RC Lokeren from Promotion.


1956–57 in Belgian football, European competitions
RSC Anderlecht lost in the first round of the 1956–57 European Champion Clubs' Cup to Manchester United of England (defeat 0-2 at home and defeat 10-0 away).


1956–57 in English football
The 1956–57 season was the 77th season of competitive football in England.


1956–57 in English football
Manchester United won the First Division to become English football champions for the fifth time. Tottenham Hotspur were runners-up. In the Second Division it was Leicester City who finished in top spot, ahead of East Midlands rivals, Nottingham Forest. Hartlepools United finished as runners-up to Derby County in Third Division North, while in the Third Division South, Ipswich Town won the title ahead of Torquay United.


1956–57 in English football
Aston Villa won a record seventh FA Cup,  beating Manchester United in the final and denying their opponents the chance of being the first double winners of the 20th century. The Charity Shield featured a Manchester derby, with United defeating City in the match.


1956–57 in English football
The England national team won the British Home Championship, with Scotland the runners-up.


1956–57 in English football, Honours
Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition


1956–57 in English football, FA Cup
Aston Villa won the FA Cup for a then record seventh time.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, First Division
Manchester United's young team dominated the English game once again, retaining the First Division title and also becoming England's first representatives in the European Cup, reaching the semi-finals, and also finishing runners-up in the FA Cup to an Aston Villa side who won the trophy for a record seventh time. Tottenham Hotspur finished runners-up, while Tom Finney's influence at Preston helped the Deepdale side finish third, while another veteran winger, Stanley Matthews, helped his own side finish fourth. Leeds United enjoyed possibly their best season to date by finishing eighth, but their hopes of further achievements in the immediate future were then hit by the news that star striker John Charles would be on his way to Juventus of Italy in a transfer worth £65,000.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, First Division
Charlton Athletic and Cardiff City went down to the Second Division.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, Second Division
It was an East Midlands promotion double in the Second Division as Leicester City won the title by a comfortable margin, and were joined on the way upwards by runners-up and local rivals Nottingham Forest. Liverpool missed out on promotion by a single point under the management of their former player Phil Taylor, while Blackburn Rovers fell two points short of promotion.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, Second Division
Bury and Port Vale went down from the Second Division.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, Third Division North
Derby County, who had declined sharply since their 1946 FA Cup triumph, finally enjoyed some long-awaited success by winning the Third Division North title and promotion to the Second Division.


1956–57 in English football, Football League, Third Division South
Alf Ramsey, the former Tottenham and England player, guided Ipswich Town to title glory in the Third Division South, securing their promotion to the Second Division ahead of a Torquay side who had yet to play Second Division football. The leading pair finished a single point ahead of Colchester United, one of the Football League's newest members.


1956–57 in English football, Notable debutants
6 October 1956: Bobby Charlton, five days short of his 19th birthday, scores twice on his debut for Manchester United in a 4-2 home win over Charlton Athletic in the First Division.


1956–57 in English football, Notable debutants
24 October 1956: David Gaskell, 16-year-old goalkeeper, keeps goal for Manchester United in their Charity Shield match against Manchester City due to an injury to regular goalkeeper Ray Wood.


1956–57 in English football, Notable debutants
24 December 1956: Denis Law, 16-year-old Scottish forward, makes his debut for Huddersfield Town against Notts County in the Second Division.


1956–57 in English football, Europe
League champions Manchester United became the first English side to enter the European Cup, now in its second season. They began on a high note by eliminating Belgian champions Anderlecht, confirming qualification for the first knockout round by beating the Belgian side 10-0 in the preliminary round second leg at Maine Road. They reached the semi-finals, narrowly being beaten by defending European champions Real Madrid of Spain, who went on to retain the trophy.


1956–57 in Israeli football
The 1956–57 season was the 9th season of competitive football in Israel and the 31st season under the Israeli Football Association, established in 1928, during the British Mandate.


1956–57 in Israeli football, Review and Events
In September 1956, the national team participated in the inaugural AFC Asian Cup competition, finishing as runners-up.


1956–57 in Israeli football, Review and Events
In the penultimate round of Liga Alef, Hapoel Kfar Saba, who were leading the table, scored a 12–0 victory against Hapoel Nahariya, while its rival for promotion, Maccabi Rehovot score an 11–0 victory against local rival Maccabi Sha'arayim. The IFA set up a committee, headed by the IFA president, Yosef-Michael Lamm to investigate the results. After the investigation the committee decided to set promotion play-offs for the five teams involved in promotion battles. The play-offs were held after the summer break, at the beginning of the next season.


1956–57 in Israeli football, Review and Events
At the end of the league season, the top division was re-expanded to 12 teams. No club was relegated from Liga Leumit, while two teams were promoted (after the completion of the special promotion play-offs). The bottom club in Liga Leumit, Maccabi Jaffa entered a promotion/relegation play-offs again the third-placed club from 1956–57 Liga Alef. As Hapoel Jerusalem finished third in Liga Alef, prior to the committee's decision to hold the promotion play-offs, Maccabi Jaffa and Hapoel Jerusalem played the first match, resulting in a 1–1 draw. The second match was delayed and then cancelled as the committee ordered the play-offs.


1956–57 in Israeli football, Domestic leagues, Promotion and relegation
The following promotions and relegations took place at the end of the season (including the Liga Alef promotion play-offs, played at the beginning of the next season):


1956–57 in Israeli football, Domestic leagues, Promotion and relegation
1. Hapoel Balfouria merged with Hapoel Afula. The merged team, although at times appearing as Hapoel Balfouria or Hapoel Afula/Balfouria, eventually retained the name Hapoel Afula and played with this name since.


1956–57 in Scottish football
The 1956–57 season was the 84th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 60th season of the Scottish Football League.


1956–59 Nordic Football Championship
The 1956–59 Nordic Football Championship was the seventh tournament staged. Four Nordic countries participated: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Sweden won the tournament, its fifth Nordic Championship win.


1956–59 Nordic Football Championship, Table
'Two points for a victory, one point for a draw, no points for a loss.


1956−57 Nigerian regional elections
Regional elections were held in Nigeria in 1956 and 1957. Members of the Western Region Legislative Assembly were elected on 26 May 1956, in eighty districts using the single-member plurality system. Members of the Eastern Region Legislative Assembly were elected on 15 March 1957, in twenty-seven districts using the multiple non-transferable vote.


1957
1957 (MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 957th  year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th  year of the 20th century, and the  8th   year of the 1950s decade.


1957 (album)
1957 is the eighth studio album by the experimental band Soul-Junk. It was released on November 5, 2002 through Sounds Familyre Records.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires
The 1957 1000 km Buenos Aires took place on 20 January, on the Circuito de la Costanera Norte, (Buenos Aires, Argentina). It was the fourth running of the race, and once again, it was opening round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. For this event, was moved from its previous venue, the Autódromo Municipal-Avenida Paz, only to return to the Autódromo in 1958.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Entry
A grand total of 30 racing cars were registered for this event, of which all 30 arrived for practice and 24 for qualifying for the race. Although this was the first major sports car race of the year, as in previous years, the race was poorly supported by the work of teams. Again, only Ferrari and Maserati sent cars from Europe. Both teams were represented by multiple cars in the race.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Entry
Ferrari send two Ferrari 290 S and a single Ferrari 290 MM, but also loaned works driver to the Americans entered 290 MM of Scuderia Temple Buell during the meeting. Meanwhile, Officine Alfieri Maserati was represented a four different cars, across five entries. The remaining bulk of the field, were cars from South American teams.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Entry
Unlike the previous 1000 km Buenos Aires races, the Automóvil Club Argentino decided the race should take place at a different venue, instead of the Autódromo Municipal-Avenida Paz. They choose the Circuito de la Costanera Norte, which used the wide service roads of the Aeroparque Jorge Newbery. The reason for the change was that need to move to a “safer” track.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Qualifying
After a three-hour qualifying session held on the prior to the race, the local hero, Juan Manuel Fangio took pole position for Officine Alfieri Maserati, in their Maserati 450S.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Race
The race was held over 98 laps of the 6.350 mile, Circuito de la Costanera Norte, giving a distance of 622.281 miles (1,001.462 km). in front of an estimated crowd of 100,000, it was the winner of the 1956 race, Stirling Moss, Fangio’s team-mate, who took an early lead from the entire fleet of Ferraris, piloted by Eugenio Castellotti, Peter Collins, Alfonso de Portago and Masten Gregory in the Temple Buell Ferrari. Jean Behra appears next in sixth. At the end of lap one, Castellotti pits with differential problems and loses more than seven minutes, and hands the car over to Luigi Musso. During the second lap, the Maserati 300S of Oscar Cabalén skidded off the track and into the crowd, causing numerous injuries.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Race
At the end of the third lap, Collins retired his Ferrari 290 S with dangerously low oil pressure, meanwhile, Moss was marching way at the head of field, now being followed by Gregory, de Portago and Behra. Lap after lap, Moss continued to pull away from the field. On lap 24, he set the fastest lap of the race, before handing the car over to Fangio, who drove at the same feverish pace, increasing their advantage and wreaking havoc among his followers. Lap 56, was the Ferrari of Musso abandon the race with an ignition fault, meanwhile a lap later, Fangio heads into the pits with insurmountable problems with the differential.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Race
Brought about by the numerous retirements and changes in the composition of the works Italian teams, as a result of the withdrawal of the Moss/Fangio Maserati, the Temple Buell Ferrari lead the Ferrari of de Portago/Collins and the Maserati of Behra/Carlos Menditéguy. This Maserati pairing are joined by Moss. Taking all conceivable risks, Moss is able to relive the second Ferrari, now being driven by Castellotti, of second place on lap 88.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Race
At every turn, Moss reduces the lead, but the partnership of Gregory/Castellotti/Musso hold to take the spoils, winning in a time of 6hrs 10:29.9 mins., averaging a speed of 100.775 mph. In second was the sole remaining Officine Alfieri Maserati of Behra/ Menditéguy/Moss, albeit 83.5 seconds drift. The podium was complete by the Scuderia Ferrari, of de Portago/Collins/Castellotti, who were a 66.2 seconds back.


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Report, Race
As a result of Fangio’s retirement, Moss and Menditéguy in car number 31, took an impressive victory,


1957 1000 km Buenos Aires, Standings after the race
Championship points were awarded for the first six places in each race in the order of 8-6-4-3-2-1. Manufacturers were only awarded points for their highest finishing car with no points awarded for positions filled by additional cars. Only the best 4 results out of the 7 races could be retained by each manufacturer. Points earned but not counted towards the championship totals are listed within brackets in the above table.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring
The 3. Internationales ADAC 1000 Kilometer Rennen auf dem Nürburgring  took place on 26 May 1957, on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, (West Germany). It was also the fourth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. This would the first championship since the dreadful events in the Mille Miglia, Italy just a fortnight ago, where Alfonso de Portago crashed killing himself, his co-driver and nine spectators.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Entry
A grand total 79 racing cars were registered for this event, of which 74 arrived for practice and qualifying. Fresh from their sad domination on the Mille Miglia, came two work teams of Scuderia Ferrari, and Officine Alfieri Maserati. The team from Maranello arrived with two cars, a Ferrari 335 S and a Ferrari 315 S. The former was to be driven by Peter Collins and Olivier Gendebien with the older car for Mike Hawthorn and Maurice Trintignant. In the Grand Touring class, one of the works driver, Wolfgang von Trips had an accident in the challenging Breidscheid section, following a change in a pedal layout in his Ferrari 250 GT. He was admitted to hospital with cuts and bruises and was unable to participate in the race.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Entry
Their Modenese rivals, who were just 2 points behind Ferrari going into the meeting, arrived with three cars, two 450Ss, plus a 300s. Their stars drivers, included Juan Manuel Fangio and Stirling Moss. With Porsche KG send two car to chase one of the less classes, it was left the semi-works Jaguar D-Types from Ecurie Ecosse and David Brown’s Aston Martin DBR1/300 to challenge the Italian marques.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Qualifying
Qualifying was held over three sessions for a total of 1,590 minutes over the three days prior to the race. The Maserati 450S of Fangio took pole position, averaging a speed of 87.446 mph around the 14.173 mile circuit. The ’53 and ‘56 pole winner was on pole yet again, having given everyone a lesson on how to drive the 174 corners of the ‘Ring. When the session had finished, Maserati had secured the first two places. The Aston Martin of Tony Brooks, secured third ahead of the Scuderia Ferraris.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Race
The day of the race would be warm and dry, but windy, with a crowd of approximately 120,000 in attendance. Although the Maserati 450S's had been expected to dominate, Brooks led from the start until passed by Moss after 8 laps who then led until on the 10th lap his 450S lost a rear wheel. The team then switched both Moss and Fangio into Harry Schell’s car, leaving Hans Herrmann without a drive, but this car had an oil leak which caused it to make a premature stop and retire by lap 19. Francisco Godia-Sales then offered his older 300S to the works team, who placed both Moss and Fangio in the car and with him and his regular co-driver Horace Gould brought the car home in fifth place, securing Maserati two championship points.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Race
As for victory in the race, this did not go to Scuderia Ferrari, as they were beaten by more than four minutes by the Aston Martin DBR1/300 of Brooks and Noël Cunningham-Reid who gained the marque their first points of the season and their first World Championship victory since the Tourist Trophy of 1953. The partnership, won in a time of 7hr 33:38.2 mins., averaging a speed of 82.485mph. The margin of triumph over the Ferrari of Collins/Gendebien was 4 min 13.7s, who were followed home by their team-mates Hawthorn/Trintignant who were a further 1 min 35.3s adrift.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Report, Race
Porsche snatched fourth place with Umberto Maglioli/Edgar Barth, but their 550A RS finished almost 17 minutes adrift of the winners. The Aston’s pace was so quick that it lapped even the fifth placed Maserati 300S of Moss/Fangio/Godia-Sales/Gould. The race did not end when Brooks crossed the finishing line, but continued for another hour to allow the other classes/division to try and complete the full 1000 km.


1957 1000km of Nürburgring, Standings after the race
Championship points were awarded for the first six places in each race in the order of 8-6-4-3-2-1. Manufacturers were only awarded points for their highest finishing car with no points awarded for positions filled by additional cars. Only the best 4 results out of the 6 races could be retained by each manufacturer. Points earned but not counted towards the championship totals are listed within brackets in the above table.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring
The 1957 12-Hour Florida International Grand Prix of Endurance for The Amoco Trophy took place on 23 March, on the Sebring International Raceway, (Florida, United States). It was the second round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. This was sixth running of the 12-hour race, and with the growing popularity of sports car racing in post World War II America, the event was finally coming into its own since its creation in 1952.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring
Besides the governor of Florida, LeRoy Collins, who proclaimed March 18–23, 1957 as International Sports Car Race Week, thus gaining additional media attention for the event, the people of New York and Detroit were well aware of the significance of this race. For weeks leading up to the event, national newspapers and magazines who fed the public's interest by reporting on the international celebrities who would drive in it, like Marquis de Portago of Spain and Count Wolfgang von Trips of Germany.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring
Just days before the race, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile issued an appendix to its rules concerning the race, mandating that during the first tyre change, the team had to use the spare tyre that all the cars were required to carry. While this did not affect the Corvette and some other cars, but for the Ferrari and Maserati, it was a major problem, as on their cars, the wheel on the front and rear of the cars were of different sizes.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring
Ferrari's Peter Collins, a representative from Maserati and the organiser, Alec Ulmann then met with the FIA to discuss this problem. Collins told the press that these changes were in violation of FIA's own rules concerning how such changes were adopted. Supposedly any rule changes had to be unanimously approved by all the competitors or it is rejected. It is assumed that this argument carried the day with the FIA, and the race saved. The even-vocal Collins also had a few words to say about the use of 55-gallon oil drums outlining the track. Despite the Englishman protested that their use was "very, very dangerous..." and that they should be "banned", Sebring continued to use them for several more years.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Entry
A massive total of 86 racing cars were registered for this event, of which 76 arrived for practice. Only these, 66 qualified for, and started the race. Of the several media stories circulating about this race was that Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company would challenge the European dominance by entering four Corvette sport cars. One of these would be a radically new car, the magnesium-alloy bodied Corvette SS, with its 4,638 c.c. engine complete with lightweight aluminum cylinder heads.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Entry
In addition to this elegant metallic-blue SS, there was an SS development mule, equipped with a standard Corvette engine and a plastic body. Despite looking shabby, it was very fast and in the days prior to the event, other race drivers were constantly asking Chevy competition director, Zora Arkus-Duntov for a chance to drive one of the SS's. He would only a selected few to drive one of these. After finishing practice in their Maseratis, both Juan Manuel Fangio and Stirling Moss were allowed by Duntov to take a courtesy run in the practice car. Within two laps, Fangio broke the course lap record.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Entry
The other story ahead of Sebring, was the defection of Fangio to Officine Alfieri Maserati from the Scuderia Ferrari. Fangio had won this event for Ferrari in 1956. In their attempt to lure Fangio from Ferrari, Maserati offered to supply him with no less than six brand new race cars for testing. He picked a 450S for the race, which he eventually drove to victory at Sebring. Meanwhile, back at Maranello, the burden for winning for Ferrari at Sebring fell on the shoulders of Eugenio Castellotti, who partnered Fangio in 1956. However, on 14 March, Castellotti was testing a Formula One Ferrari at the Aerautodromo di Modena when he was crashed heavily, dying instantly from his injuries.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Entry
Prior to the race, a small crowd of photographers was snapping away at the Renault Company pits. It seemed that Gilberte Thirion and Nadège Ferrier, who were scheduled to drive an 845cc Renault Dauphine, were posing for the press, while only few photographers were seen elsewhere down the pit lane. Perhaps, the likes of Fangio and Collins, were not as pretty as these female drivers.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Entry
Meanwhile, Lotus Cars had brought four Lotus Elevens over from Norfolk. Their designer and founder, Colin Chapman had an innovative way of financing the works team effort at Sebring. All four entries were pre-sold to American customers. If you purchased an Eleven, you got to drive it in the race, but you couldn't take possession of the car until after the race. Therefore, during the race it was a Factory Lotus, however afterwards, the car was yours, or what's left of it was yours.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Qualifying
Because they was no qualifying sessions to set the grid, the starting positions were decided according to engine size with the 4.6 litre Corvette of John Fitch and Piero Taruffi in first place. Next was another Lindsay Hopkins entered Corvette of Paul O’Shea and Pete Lovely. In fact Corvette's held the first four places. Next in line were the two 450S Maseratis, followed by a half dozen Jaguar D-types.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
Collins, in a Ferrari 315 S was the first away with Moss not far behind, but the engine in Moss's Maserati 300S sputtered for a brief moment, handing Collins a commanding lead. The rest of the field followed with the small Dauphines bringing up the rear. By the end of lap one, Collins was already ten seconds clear of Moss, with the Maserati 450S of Behra not far behind.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
Within the first 60 minutes, the new Corvette SS began to experience brake troubles and pitted to have these checked, while there also changed their tyres. The Briggs Cunningham Jaguar D-Type, driven by Bill Lloyd was the first the retire with engine problems, as Collins continued to lead with Behra now in second, just a few seconds down on Collins. Moss was now running in third, with Portago fourth in his Ferrari 315 S. Masten Gregory and Phil Hill rounded out the top six, in their Ferraris.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
As the cars moved into the second hour, the heat started to take its toll on both the cars and the drivers alike. The Maserati 150S of Lloyd Ruby blew its engine and retires. Behra moved into the lead, now ahead of Collins by over a minute at the two-hour mark, with Portago, Moss, and Gregory completed the top five.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
During the third hour tragedy struck, when Bob Goldich, driving an Arnolt Bolide, crashed at the Esses, flipped his car several times. He died instantly of a fractured skull and broken neck. When news of Goldich's death reached Stanley Arnolt, he withdrew the rest of his team. This marked the first death of a driver in the history of the Sebring race.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
At 13:15 Behra pitted and handed to 450S over to Fangio. During his spell, Behra had broken the lap record several times, and at this point, had a fairly large lead over teammate Moss. The Ferraris of Collins and Portago were third and fourth with Carroll Shelby now in fifth in a Maserati.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
By 15:00, the Corvette SS was listed amongst the retirements. Word from the pit lane, was that persistent overheating problems led to the withdrawal, although the official classifications show the cause to be failed rear suspension. Fangio was still leading and Moss finally decided to hand his car over to his co-driver, Harry Schell. At 15:19, Portago brought his Ferrari with serious brake trouble. The mechanics couldn't seem to remedy the problem and let the car back onto the track with Luigi Musso behind the wheel. Portago reported that the car had "no brakes". By the end of the hour, Mike Hawthorn brought his Jaguar D-Type for a brake change.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
At the half-way point, Maserati Factory team had Fangio leading the race, but a major mistake by the team, led to a disqualification. It seemed that Fangio and Shelby were running low on fuel. Shelby brought his 250S and had begun refuelling when he was told to get back on the track because Fangio was due in. After Fangio was serviced and cleared the pits, Shelby returned to the pits for the remainder of his fuel, but was immediately disqualified. There was a FIA rule, that stated you had to drive at least 20 laps before you can come in for more fuel, and the Maserati team had forgotten  this rule.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
After 10 hours of racing, Fangio was still leading with Hawthorn, Portago and Schell following. That order hadn't changed in over an hour. The Ferrari of Portago had to pit because of a problem with his fuel pump, which cost him 30 minutes. Moss continued to gain on the leaders. By 21:00, Fangio was still at the wheel of his car and was now four laps ahead. Because of pit stops and driver changes Moss was now in second with Hawthorn dropping to third, Gregory fourth and Walt Hansgen now in fifth. In the factory Ferrari, Collins was way off the pace due to failing brakes. The small but reliable Porsche 550s were now in 8th, 9th and 10th position.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
With just 30 minutes to go, there was some commotion in the Maserati pits. It seemed that during the scheduled final pit stop a mechanic had spilled a large quantity of fuel on Fangio's seat. In typical Italian fashion there was a lot of yelling and hand gestures, meanwhile, the team manager went off to find a replacement seat. They found one and Fangio returned to the race with his lead reduced. With less than half-hour to go and everyone in the Maserati pits was holding his breath.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
At 10 p.m. fireworks appeared over the track. This signalled the end of the race and a tremendous victory for Maserati. Coming home in first were Fangio and Behra at the wheel of their Maserati 450S with the Moss/Schell Maserati 300S in second, having reduced the lead down to just two laps. The podium was complete by the Jaguar D-Type of Hawthorn, co-driven by Ivor Bueb, the English pairing salvaging some honour for the Coventry marque. In fourth, Gregory and Lou Brero, who had earlier collapse due to heat exhaustion, were the first Ferrari to finish.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
Hansgen and Russ Boss were fifth in a Cunningham Jaguar D-Type, Collins and Maurice Trintignant were sixth in the first of the factory Ferrari 315 S, Portago and Luigi Musso were seventh in the other factory Ferrari 315 S, Art Bunker and Charles Wallace were eighth in a Porsche 550 RS, Jean Pierre Kunstle and Ken Miles were ninth in another Porsche 550 RS. Howard Hively and Richie Ginther rounded out the top ten in their Ferrari 500 TRC. Bunker and Wallace also came away with a first in the Index of Performance which rated cars according to performance.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Report, Race
It was later revealed that Fangio had to get medical attention for painful burn blisters, from his waist down to his knees on his right side. It seems that the insulation that surrounded the exhaust pipes, which ran along the driver's side of the car, had worn away, leaving Fangio's lower body exposed to very, hot temperatures.


1957 12 Hours of Sebring, Standings after the race
Championship points were awarded for the first six places in each race in the order of 8-6-4-3-2-1. Manufacturers were only awarded points for their highest finishing car with no points awarded for positions filled by additional cars. Only the best 4 results out of the 7 races could be retained by each manufacturer. Points earned but not counted towards the championship totals are listed within brackets in the above table.


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans
The 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 25th running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 22 and 23 June 1957, on the Circuit de la Sarthe. It was also the fifth round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. Some 250,000 spectators had gathered for Europe's classic sports car race, around an 8.38-mile course. The prospect of an exciting duel between Ferrari, Maserati, Jaguar, Aston Martin and Porsche was enough to draw large crowds to the 24 Hours race, now back at its usual date and reintegrated into the World Championship.


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans
Never before had a single nation swept the board so completely as Britain did in 1957. The great success of the Jaguars in taking the first four and sixth places became all the more significant when it is considered that all of the cars were privately entered (albeit with some factory support), and matched against the works entries of some of the greatest sport car manufacturers.


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
After the major changes in the previous year, the ACO relented on its engine-size limitation – prototypes were again an open limit. They did, however, address body-shape requirements: the token second seat. Cars now had to have at least two doors and both seats had to be the same size, in a cockpit a minimum 1.2m wide. The minimum windscreen height was reduced from 20 to 15 cm, maximum fuel-tank size was 120 litres, and the total fuel usage restrictions were removed a year after they were imposed. One of the oldest regulations was removed – of having to carry all spares and tools on the car, allowing them to be left in the pits.


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
This all re-aligned with the FIA/CSI, who themselves issued a major new Appendix C to the Sports Car regulations based closely on the 1956 ACO regulations. Therefore, the Le Mans race was drafted back into the World Sportscar Championship.


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
The number of starters was fixed at 55. The maximum drive time stayed at 14 hours, but drivers were now limited to a maximum single stint of 36 laps, down from the previous year's 72 laps. The interval between refuelling was reduced for the first time, down to 30 laps from 34 laps. This year, for the Index of Performance, the target distances for nominal engine sizes were set as follows (according to a specific formula):


1957 24 Hours of Le Mans, Regulations
The Hors Course rule was revised: there would be systematic disqualification after every 6 hours (rather than previous 12 hours) of cars that had fallen more than 20% below its nominal Index of Performance at that time. Finally, the ACO formalised a ban on female drivers, after the death of Annie Bousquet in the 1956 12 Hours of Reims