1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, CCF
It pledged to increase exemptions from income tax, to allow medical expenses to be considered deductions from income for tax purposes, and to eliminate sales tax on food, clothing, and other necessities of life. It also promised to raise taxes on the higher income brackets and to eliminate the favourable tax treatment of corporate dividends.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, CCF
The CCF represented many agricultural areas in the Commons, and it proposed several measures to assure financial security for farmers. It proposed national growers' cooperatives for agricultural products which were exported. It proposed cash advances for farm-stored wheat, short and long-term loans for farmers at low interest rates, and government support of prices, to assure the farmer a full income even in bad years. For the Atlantic fisherman, the CCF proposed cash advances at the start of the fishing season and government-owned depots which would sell fishing equipment and supplies to fishermen at much lower than market prices.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, CCF
Coldwell suffered from a heart condition, and undertook a much less ambitious schedule than the major party leaders. The party leader left Ottawa for his riding, Rosetown—Biggar in Saskatchewan, on April 26, and remained there until May 10. He spent three days campaigning in Ontario, then moved west to the major cities of the prairie provinces and British Columbia, before returning to his riding for the final days before the June 10 election. Other CCF leaders took charge of campaigning in Quebec and the Maritimes.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
By 1957, the Social Credit Party of Canada had moved far afield from the theories of social credit economics, which its candidates rarely mentioned. Canada's far-right party, the Socreds were led by Solon Low, though its Alberta leader, Premier Ernest Manning, was highly influential in the party. The Socreds' election programme was based on the demand "that Government get out of business and make way for private enterprise" and on their hatred of "all government-inspired schemes to degrade man and make him subservient to the state or any monopoly".


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
The Socreds proposed an increase in the old age pension to $100 per month. They called for the reversal of the government's tight money policies, and for low income loans for small business and farmers. It asked for income tax exemptions to be increased to meet the cost of living, and a national housing programme to make home ownership possible for every Canadian family. The party called for a national security policy based on the need for defence, rather than "aggression", and for a foreign policy which would include food aid to the less-developed nations.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
The Socreds also objected to the CBC and other spending in the arts and broadcasting. The party felt that the government should solve economic problems before spending money on the arts.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
Low challenged the Prime Minister over the Suez issue, accusing him of sending a threatening telegram that caused British Prime Minister Anthony Eden to back off the invasion and so gave the Soviets the opportunity for a military buildup in Egypt. St. Laurent angrily denied the charge and offered to open his correspondence to any of the fifty privy councillors who could then announce whether St. Laurent was telling the truth. Low took St. Laurent up on his challenge, and selected the only living former Prime Minister, Tory Arthur Meighen, but the matter was not resolved before the election, and Meighen was not called upon to examine the correspondence in the election's aftermath.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
The Social Credit Party was weakened by considerable conflict between its organizations in the two provinces it controlled, Alberta and British Columbia. It failed to establish a strong national office to run the campaign due to infighting between the two groups. However, it was better financed than the CCF, due to its popularity among business groups in the West.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Social Credit
The Socreds hoped to establish themselves in Ontario, and scheduled their opening rally for Massey Hall in Toronto. The rally was a failure, and even though it ran 40 candidates in Ontario (up from 9 in 1953), the party won no seats in the province.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Use of television
In 1957, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation gave the four recognized parties free air time for political statements. The television broadcast's audio tracks served also for use on radio. The three opposition parties gave their party leader all of the broadcast time, though Diefenbaker, who did not speak French well, played only a limited role in the Tories' French-language broadcasts. In one, he introduced party president Léon Balcer, a Quebecer, who gave the speech. Diefenbaker had no objection to makeup and, according to Meisel, was prepared to adopt any technique which would make his presentation more effective. A survey in populous southwestern Ontario showed that Diefenbaker made the strongest impression of the four leaders.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Use of television
According to Liberal minister Paul Martin Sr. (the father of the future Prime Minister), St. Laurent had the potential to be quite good on television, but disliked the medium. He was prejudiced against television appearances, considering such speeches the equivalent of carefully planned performances, such as stage shows. He refused to be made up for the telecasts, and insisted on reading his speech from a script. His advisers switched him to a teleprompter, but this failed to make his performances more relaxed. When reading, he would rarely look at the camera.


1957 Canadian federal election, Campaign, Use of television
However, St. Laurent made only occasional television appearances (three in each language), letting his ministers make the remainder. Only one cabinet member, Minister of National Defence Ralph Campney took advantage of the course in television techniques offered by the Liberal Party in a dummy studio in its Ottawa headquarters. This lack of preparation, according to Meisel, led to "a fiasco" during a television address by Minister of Justice Stuart Garson in early June when the teleprompter stopped working during the speech and Garson "was unable to cope effectively with the failure".


1957 Canadian federal election, Election
Most predictions had the Tories picking up seats, but the Liberals maintaining a majority. The New York Times reported that Liberals expected to lose a majority of Ontario's seats, but retain a narrow majority in the House of Commons. Time magazine predicted a Tory gain of 20 to 40 seats and stated that any result which denied the Liberals 133 seats and a majority "would rank as a major upset". Beck indicates that many journalists, including those sympathetic to the Tories, saw signs of the coming upset, but disregarded them, convinced that the government was invulnerable. Maclean's, which printed its postelection issue before the election to go on sale the morning after, ran an editorial noting that Canadians had freely chosen to reelect the Liberal Party.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election
On Election Night, the first returns came in from Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Usually a Liberal stronghold, the handful of residents there favoured the Tories by two votes. St. Laurent listened to the election returns on a radio in the living room of his home on Grande Allée in Quebec City, and when the radio broke, moved to an upstairs television set. Diefenbaker began the evening at his house in Prince Albert, and once his re-election to the Commons was certain, moved to his local campaign headquarters.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election
The Conservatives did well in Atlantic Canada, gaining two seats in Newfoundland and nine in Nova Scotia, and sweeping Prince Edward Island's four seats. However, in Quebec, they gained only five seats as the province returned 62 Liberals. The Tories gained 29 seats in Ontario. Howe was defeated by Fisher, and told the media that some strange disease was sweeping the country, but as for him, he was going to bed.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election
The Liberals still led by a narrow margin as the returns began to come in from Manitoba, and St. Laurent told Liberal minister Pickersgill that he hoped that the Tories would get at least one more seat than the Liberals so they could get out of an appalling situation. As the Tories forged ahead in Western Canada, Diefenbaker flew from Prince Albert to Regina to deliver a television address and shouted to Grosart as yet another cabinet minister was defeated, "Allister, how does the architect feel?" Late that evening, St. Laurent went to the Château Frontenac hotel for a televised speech, delivered before fifty supporters.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election
The Tories finished with 112 seats to the Liberals' 105, while both the CCF and Social Credit gained seats in Western Canada and finished with 25 and 19 seats respectively. Nine cabinet ministers, including Howe, Marler, Garson, Campney and Harris were defeated. Though the Liberals outpolled the Tories by over 100,000 votes, most of those votes were wasted running up huge margins in Quebec. St. Laurent could have constitutionally hung onto power until defeated in the House, but he chose not to, and John Diefenbaker took office as Prime Minister of Canada on June 21, 1957.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election, Irregularities
After the election, the Chief Electoral Officer reported to the Speaker of the House of Commons that "the general election appears to have been satisfactorily conducted in accordance with the procedure in the Canada Elections Act".


1957 Canadian federal election, Election, Irregularities
There were, however, a number of irregularities. In the Toronto riding of St. Paul's, four Liberal workers were convicted of various offences for adding almost five hundred names to the electoral register. One of the four was also convicted for two counts of perjury. While the unsuccessful Liberal candidate, former MP James Rooney, was not charged, Ontario Chief Justice James Chalmers McRuer, who investigated the matter, doubted that this could have been done without the candidate's knowledge.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election, Irregularities
Various violations of law, including illicitly opening ballot boxes, illegal possession of ballots, and adding names to the electoral register, took place in twelve Quebec ridings. The RCMP felt it had enough evidence to prosecute in five ridings, and a total of twelve people were convicted. The offences did not affect the outcome of any races.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election, Irregularities
The election of the Liberal candidate in Yukon was contested by the losing Tory candidate. After a trial before the Yukon Territorial Court, that court voided the election, holding that enough ineligible people had been permitted to vote to affect the outcome, though the court noted that it was not the fault of the Liberal candidate that these irregularities had occurred. The Tory, Erik Nielsen, won the new election in December 1957.


1957 Canadian federal election, Election, Irregularities
The election in one Ontario riding, Wellington South was postponed pursuant to statute after the death of the Liberal candidate and MP, Henry Alfred Hosking during the campaign. The Tory candidate, Alfred Hales, defeated Liberal David Tolton and CCF candidate Thomas Withers on July 15, 1957.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
The unexpected defeat of the Liberals was ascribed to various causes. The Ottawa Citizen stated that the defeat could be attributed to "the uneasy talk ... that the Liberals have been in too long." Tom Kent of the Winnipeg Free Press, a future Liberal deputy minister, wrote that though the Liberal record had been the best in the democratic world, the party had failed miserably to explain it.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
Author and political scientist H.S. Ferns disagreed with Kent, stating that Kent's view reflected the Liberal "assumption that 'Nobody's going to shoot Santa Claus'" and that Canadians in the 1957 election were motivated by things other than material interests. Peter Regenstreif cited the Progressive Conservative strategy in the 1957 and 1958 elections "as classics of ingenuity unequalled in Canadian political history. Much of the credit belongs to Diefenbaker himself; at least some must go to Allister Grosart". A survey taken of those who abandoned the Liberals in 1957 showed that 5.1% did so because of Suez, 38.2% because of the Pipeline Debate, 26.7% because of what they considered an inadequate increase in the old age pension, and 30% because it was time for a change.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
The results of the election surprised the civil service as much as it did the rest of the public. Civil servant and future Liberal minister Mitchell Sharp asked C.D. Howe's replacement as Minister of Trade and Commerce, Gordon Churchill, not to come to the Ministry's offices for several days as they were redecorating. Churchill later learned that the staff were moving files out. When Churchill finally came to the Ministry's offices, he was met with what he termed "the coldest reception that I have ever received in my life". The new Minister of Labour, Michael Starr, was ticketed three days in a row for parking in the minister's spot.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
St. Laurent resigned as leader of the Liberal Party on September 5, 1957, but agreed to stay on until a successor was elected. With a lame-duck leader, the Liberals were ineffective in opposition. Paul Martin stated that "I'm sure I never thought the day would come when [Diefenbaker] would ever be a member of a government, let alone head of it. When that happened, the world had come to an end as far as I was concerned." In January 1958, St. Laurent was succeeded by Lester Pearson.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
Even in reporting the election result, newspapers suggested that Diefenbaker would soon call another election and seek a majority. Quebec Tory MP William Hamilton (who would soon become Postmaster General under Diefenbaker) predicted on the evening of June 10 that there would soon be another election, in which the Tories would do much better in Quebec. The Tory government initially proved popular among the Canadian people, and shortly after Pearson became Liberal leader, Diefenbaker called a snap election. On March 31, 1958, the Tories won the greatest landslide in Canadian federal electoral history in terms of the percentage of seats, taking 208 seats (including fifty in Quebec) to the Liberals' 48, with the CCF winning eight and none for Social Credit.


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
Michael Bliss, who wrote a survey of the Canadian Prime Ministers, alluded to Howe's dismissive comments regarding the Tories as he summed up the 1957 election:


1957 Canadian federal election, Impact
The pipeline debate of 1956 sparked a dramatic opposition stand on the importance of free parliamentary debate. Their arrogance did the Grits [Liberals] enormous damage, contributing heavily to the government's problems in the 1957 general election. Under the glare of television cameras in that campaign, St. Laurent, Howe, and company now appeared to be a lot of wooden, tired old men who had lost touch with Canada. The voters decided to stop them.


1957 Cannes Film Festival
The 10th Cannes Film Festival was held from 2 to 17 May 1957.


1957 Cannes Film Festival
Nights of Cabiria by Federico Fellini, La casa del ángel by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, A Man Escaped by Robert Bresson, and The Seventh Seal by Ingmar Bergman were entered for the Palme d'Or. They lost to Friendly Persuasion by William Wyler. The festival opened with Around the World in 80 Days by Michael Anderson. During the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.


1957 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1957 competition:


1957 Cannes Film Festival, Out of competition
The following film was selected to be screened out of competition:


1957 Cannes Film Festival, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1957 Caribbean Series
The ninth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1957. It was held from February 9 through February 14, featuring the champion baseball teams of Cuba, Tigres de Marianao; Panama, Cerveza Balboa; Puerto Rico, Indios de Mayagüez, and Venezuela, Leones del Caracas. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice. The games were played at Estadio del Cerro in Havana, the Cuban capital. The first pitch was thrown by Ford Frick, by then the Commissioner of Major League Baseball.


1957 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Cuban team was managed by Napoleón Reyes and finished with a 5–1 mark, with their only loss coming to Puerto Rico. Marianao offensive was clearly guided by Series MVP outfielder Solly Drake, who won the batting title with a .500 batting average and also led in runs (9), hits (11) and stolen bases (4). Supporting him were fellow OF  Minnie Miñoso (.391, seven RBI, five runs) and catcher Hal Smith (.273, seven RBI). Pitcher Jim Bunning got two wins with a 0.61 ERA, including a seven-hit, one-run game and 5 2⁄3 scoreless innings of relief. Behind him were Mike Fornieles (1–0, 3.00), Bill Werle (1–1, 3.94) and Conrado Marrero (0–0, 2.70). Also in the roster were reliever Enrique Maroto and infielders Julio Bécquer, Harold Bevan and José Valdivielso.


1957 Caribbean Series, Summary
Panama, managed by catcher León Kellman, posted a 3–3 record for a surprising second-place finish. Balboa most prominent player was Winston Brown, who pitched a six-hit, one run complete game and a four-hit shutout, in both cases against Venezuela. Another gem game from George Brunet (1–1, 17 SO, 1.76 ERA), who pitched the first shutout for a Panamanian team in Series history, and also hit one of the club's two homers. 1B Harold Gordon led the attack with a .412 BA. Other roster members included 2B Héctor López and P Dutch Romberger.


1957 Caribbean Series, Summary
Puerto Rico tied with Venezuela for third place with a 2–4 mark. The Mayagüez team was piloted by Mickey Owen, while RF Canena Márquez provided the support attack (375, three HR, five runs, .792 SLG). The other major contributors were 1B Bob Speake (.391, one HR, five RBI, .652 SLG) and P José Santiago, who handed Marianao their only lost, throwing a three-hit shutout. Puerto Rico also featured 2B Bob Aspromonte, OF Bob Smith, and pitchers Herb Plews and Pete Wojey, among others.


1957 Caribbean Series, Summary
Venezuela, guided by Clay Bryant, included C John Roseboro (.376 BA, .556 SLG); IFs Rudy Regalado (.292 BA), Pompeyo Davalillo (.381, three SB, four runs), Chico Carrasquel (.292, HR, .458 SLG) and Luis García (2-for-13, 2B, RBI), as well as OFs Tom Burgess (4-for-24) and Bob Wilson (4-for-22). Caracas pitchers Babe Birrer (1–1, 2.60) and Julián Ladera (1–0, 2.25) collected the only wins for the team in complete-game efforts. Emilio Cueche took a complete-game loss after giving up two unearned runs in Game 5, and later hurled two scoreless innings of relief for a perfect 0.00 ERA, the best for the Series.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
The Carmarthen by-election of 1957 in Carmarthenshire, Wales, was notable for resulting in the nadir of the British Liberal Party.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
The seat became vacant as a result of the death of Sir Rhys Hopkin Morris on 22 November 1956. The Liberal Party was in a period of decline and Hopkin Morris had been one of only six Liberal Members of Parliament. Hopkin Morris's majorities had been narrow and it was recognised that a significant number of voters had favoured him personally and might not transfer their allegiance to a new Liberal candidate.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
Further distress for the Liberals was caused by the announcement that Lady Megan Lloyd George, a former Liberal MP with a national reputation, would be running as the Labour candidate. Previously selected prospective candidate for Labour, Brynley Thomas, stood down in her favour. The local Liberals created another dilemma by choosing John Morgan Davies as their candidate; the Liberals were seeking to challenge the ruling Conservatives over the ongoing Suez Crisis and Morgan Davies, like Hopkin Morris, had publicly taken a pro-government stand on the issue. Jo Grimond, who had assumed leadership of the Liberal Party only a few weeks before, had to choose whether to support or disown Morgan Davies. He chose to support him.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
The other candidate who ran for the seat was Jennie Eirian Davies of Plaid Cymru.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
The Conservatives did not run a candidate; they had not contested the seat since 1935, as one of several seats where the local Conservative and Liberal parties came to agreements where one party would not field a candidate, in order to avoid vote-splitting that could allow Labour to win. This was the second to last by-election in Great Britain, during the 20th Century, in which they did not stand, the last being the unusual circumstances of the 1963 Bristol South East by-election.


1957 Carmarthen by-election
The election was held on 28 February 1957. Lloyd George won the seat, swinging the district from Liberal to Labour and dropping the Liberal Party to their historic low of only five seats in Parliament.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash
On March 17, 1957, a C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft crashed on the slopes of Mount Manunggal on the island of Cebu in the Philippines. The crash killed 25 of the aircraft's 26 occupants, including the incumbent president of the Philippines, Ramon Magsaysay. Several high-ranking Philippine government ministers, military officials, and journalists were also among the dead. The sole survivor was a reporter for the Philippine Herald, Nestor Mata.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash
At the time of his death, President Magsaysay, a Nacionalista, was widely popular and was expected to easily win re-election in the presidential elections to be held in November 1957.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Aircraft and crew
The aircraft involved in the crash was a newly reconditioned twin engine C-47A-75-DL Skytrain, which was operated by the Philippine Air Force and served as the official presidential plane of Magsaysay. The plane had been newly purchased with less than 100 hours of logged flight. It had a crew of five, all officers of the Philippine Air Force led by the pilot, Major Florencio Pobre.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Aircraft and crew
The plane was named Mt. Pinatubo, after a long-inactive volcano then best known as the tallest mountain in Magsaysay's home province of Zambales. Mount Pinatubo, which had been dormant since the 14th century, later became active in 1991 and produced the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century, leaving over 800 people dead.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
On March 16, 1957, President Magsaysay arrived at Cebu City for a series of speaking engagements in the city later that day. He spoke at a convention of USAFFE veterans, at the University of the Visayas, the Southwestern College and at the University of San Carlos. In the evening, he attended a party at the home of Cebu City mayor Sergio Osmeña, Jr. He left for Lahug Airport and boarded his plane shortly before midnight, sent off at the airport by a group led by the mayor's father, former President Sergio Osmeña.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
The aircraft took off from Lahug Airport for Nichols Field, around 640 kilometers away near Manila, at 01:00 a.m., Sunday, March 17. The weather was fine and the ceiling unlimited with low broken clouds and a bright moon. Eyewitnesses on the ground observed that the airplane had not gained enough altitude as it approached the mountain ranges in Balamban. At 01:17 a.m., the plane radioed the official presidential home, Malacañang, to have the President fetched at Nichols Field at around 03:15 AM. This communication was the last ever conveyed by the plane.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
Concerns arose after Magsaysay's plane failed to arrive at Nichols Field on schedule. By breakfast time, First Lady Luz Magsaysay and the Magsaysay family were informed that the plane had gone missing. An all-out air and sea search was instituted by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, with the assistance of the United States Air Force and Navy. The search had initially focused on the sea, as much of the flight route was over the ocean. The news had also spread throughout Manila and the rest of the Philippines, people weeping openly upon hearing of the missing flight.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
In the mid-afternoon of March 17, a local town official in Cebu announced that the plane had crashed on the slopes of Mount Manunggal, in Balamban, Cebu, approximately 22 miles northwest of Cebu City. Several local residents had heard the crash and discovered the flaming wreckage of the plane on the morning of the 17th. They discovered one survivor, Nestor Mata, a reporter with the Philippine Herald newspaper, whom they transported down the mountain. Mata, who suffered second- and third-degree burns, estimated that the plane had crashed around 01:40 a.m. There were no other survivors.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
Military rescuers arrived at the crash site the following day, March 18. The body of President Magsaysay was identified by his brother through his wristwatch and later confirmed by dental records. It was determined that at the time of the crash, Magsaysay had been inside his special cabin, located just behind the cockpit.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Accident
Within hours after the official identification of President Magsaysay's body, Vice President Carlos P. Garcia was sworn in as the 8th President of the Philippines. At the time of the crash, Garcia had been in Australia, attending a conference of the SEATO.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Passengers
In addition to President Magsaysay and Mata, the plane carried 24 others, including former Senator Tomas Cabili, a hero of the guerrilla resistance movement during World War II; Secretary of Education; Representative Pedro Lopez (1915–1957) of the 2nd District of Cebu; and General Benito Ebuen (1912–1957), commanding general of the Philippine Air Force. Also on board was former Olympian Felipe Nunag, then serving as an aide-de-camp to Magsaysay. The other passengers included various civilian and military aides to the President and three journalists.


1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash, Investigation
There were initial speculations that sabotage had caused the plane crash. Magsaysay had first come into prominence when as Secretary of Defense during the Quirino administration, he had led the fight against the communist-inspired insurgency of the Hukbalahap movement. However, no evidence emerged to support the theory of sabotage. On April 27, 1957, the chief of the Philippine Constabulary, General Manuel F. Cabal, testified before a Senate committee that the crash had been caused by metal fatigue, which had broken a drive shaft that caused a power failure on board the plane shortly after takeoff. He added that while the plane was gaining altitude, the spindle drive shaft of the right engine  carburetor had snapped.


1957 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1957 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College, renamed Central Michigan University in 1959, in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. In their seventh season under head coach Kenneth "Bill" Kelly, the Chippewas compiled a 4–6 record (4–2 against IIAC opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 222 to 220.


1957 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The team's statistical leaders included Herb Kipke with 511 passing yards and Walter Beach with 1,084 rushing yards and 313 receiving yards. Guard Gordon Rinquist received the team's most valuable player award. Three Central Michigan players (Beach, Rinquist, and fullback Theo Winieckie) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team.


1957 Chadian Territorial Assembly election
Territorial Assembly elections were held in Chad on 31 March 1957. The result was a victory for the Entente alliance, led by the Chadian Progressive Party, which won 57 of the 65 seats.


1957 Chadian Territorial Assembly election, Campaign
The Entente and Chadian Social Action ran a single list in Ouaddaï, competing against the African Socialist Movement.


1957 Chadian Territorial Assembly election, Results
The Entente won 57 seats, of which the Chadian Progressive Party took 32 seats, the Grouping of Rural and Independent Chadians nine, the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance seven, Radicals and Radical Socialists seven, and the Independent Socialist Party of Chad one.


1957 Chadian Territorial Assembly election, Aftermath
Following the elections, the result in Chari-Baguirmi was annulled, with a by-election held on 1 June 1958. The 7-seat constituency had been won by the Entente, but the by-election saw a victory for the Chadian Socialist Union.


1957 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo
The 1957 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was the tenth edition of the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo. It included eleven races: all the races form the 1956 edition were retained with no additions. Fred De Bruyne won the second of his three individual championships while Belgium retained the nations championship.


1957 Chatham Cup
The 1957 Chatham Cup was the 30th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1957 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds. Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Eastern Suburbs (Auckland), Kawerau Town, Hamilton Technical Old Boys, Eastern Union (Gisborne), Moturoa, Colenso Athletic (Hawkes Bay), Wanganui Athletic, Masterton Athletic, Seatoun, Technical Old Boys (Christchurch), and Green Island.


1957 Chatham Cup, The 1957 final
In the final a young Seatoun side were too strong for Tech. Two goals in quick succession came for the Wellington side after about 15 minutes from Stanley Goddard and William Logan. Andy McAnulty reduced the deficit before the interval, but a second Logan strike just after the break took the score out of the Christchurch side's reach.


1957 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1957 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. In their 27th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record.


1957 Chevrolet
The 1957 Chevrolet is a car that was introduced by Chevrolet in September 1956 for the 1957 model year. It was available in three series models: the upscale Bel Air, the mid-range Two-Ten, and the One-Fifty. A two-door station wagon, the Nomad, was produced as a Bel Air model. An upscale trim option called the Delray was available for Two-Ten 2-door sedans. It is a popular and sought after classic car. These vehicles are often restored to their original condition and sometimes modified. The car's image has been frequently used in toys, graphics, music, movies, and television. The  '57 Chevy, as it is often known, is an auto icon.


1957 Chevrolet, History
Initially, General Motors executives wanted an entirely new car for 1957, but production delays necessitated the 1955–56 design for one more year. Ed Cole, chief engineer for Chevrolet, dictated a series of changes that significantly increased the cost of the car. These changes included a new dashboard, sealed cowl, and the relocation of air ducts to the headlight pods, which resulted in the distinctive chrome headlight that helped make the '57 Chevrolet a classic.


1957 Chevrolet, History
Fourteen-inch wheels replaced the fifteen-inch wheels from previous years to give the car a lower stance, and a wide grille was used to give the car a wider look from the front. The now famous '57 Chevrolet tailfins were designed to duplicate the wide look in the rear. Bel Air models, though maintaining the same chassis, powertrains, and body, were given upscale gold trim: the mesh grille insert and front fender chevrons, as well as the "Chevrolet" script on the hood and trunk, were all rendered in anodized gold. The 1957 Chevrolets did not have an oil pressure gauge or a voltmeter. The base engine was an inline 6-cylinder called the Blue Flame Six. The engine was smoother running than the V-8. Carburetion came from a single one-barrel carburetor.


1957 Chevrolet, History, "Tri-Five" 1955–1957 V8
The 1955 model year Chevrolet introduced its now-famous small-block V-8 — the first V-8 available in a Chevrolet since 1918. It has a displacement of 265 cu in (4,340 cc). Prior to 1955, Chevrolet offered a 235 cu in (3,850 cc) displacement in-line 6-cylinder engine only. The 1955 model, like its engine, was all new. The "shoebox" design, so named because it was the first Chevrolet to feature streamlined rear fenders, was a watershed for Chevrolet.


1957 Chevrolet, History, "Tri-Five" 1955–1957 V8
The lightweight car, coupled with a powerful overhead valve V-8, became a showroom draw, but also thrust the company into the arena of competitive motorsports. 1955 Chevrolets went on to dominate drag racing and became a formidable force in circle track racing. In 1956, the design was lengthened somewhat in front and given a more squarish treatment; under the hood, engine power increased and a Chevrolet Corvette engine was available for the first time in a full-size passenger car.


1957 Chevrolet, History, "Tri-Five" 1955–1957 V8
In 1957, the V-shaped trim on the tail fins was filled with a ribbed aluminum insert exclusive to the Bel Air's upgraded trim level. The fuel-injected engine represented the first time that an internal combustion gasoline engine in a passenger car reached an advertised one horsepower for each cubic inch benchmark, although the Chrysler 300B beat that by a year in its 355-horsepower, 354 c.i.d dual-carburetored engine, and the Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint was introduced a year earlier than that (1954), with a 79 cubic inch (1290cc) engine that produced 80 hp.


1957 Chevrolet, History, "Tri-Five" 1955–1957 V8
In NASCAR racing the 283 with its increased horsepower gave the '57 a dramatic advantage over the smaller 265 V8 the '55 and '56 had. NASCAR held the competition, especially the '55–'57 Chevrolet to a cubic inch restriction because of all the races the '57s were winning. This restriction stayed with the '55–'57 until they were grandfathered out of the lower NASCAR divisions in the 1970s as the '57 was still beating virtually all in their class.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Body styles
Unlike most competitors, the Chevrolet 4-door hardtop featured a reinforced rear roof structure that gave the car added rigidity and a unique appearance in silhouette. The 1957 Chevrolet was called by some a "Baby Cadillac", because of many styling cues similar to Cadillacs of the time. V8-optioned cars got a large "V" under the Chevrolet script on the hood and trunk lid; the "V: was gold for the Bel Air trim level, and silver-colored chrome for the 210 and 150 trim levels.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Body styles
The 2-door Bel Air Nomad station wagon had its own distinctive styling, mainly in the roof line and rear deck.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Engines
For 1957 there were four standard engine options, a 235.5 cu in (3,859 cc) inline 6-cylinder producing 140 hp (104 kW), a 265 cu in (4,340 cc) V8 "Turbo-Fire" producing 162 hp (121 kW), and two 283 cu in (4,640 cc) V8s: a "Turbo-Fire" twin-barrel carburetor producing 185 hp (138 kW) and a "Super "Turbo-Fire" four-barrel carburetor developing 220 hp (164 kW).


1957 Chevrolet, History, Engines
To help mechanics distinguish the 265 cu in V8 engine from the red 1956 and 1955 265 cu in V8 engines and the orange 1957 283 cu in V8s, the early 1957 265 cu in V8 engines with manual transmissions were painted a bright yellow-green chartreuse. After November 1956, the 1957 265 cu in V8 engines were painted the same orange as the 1957 283 cu in V8s.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Engines
Another optional engine was offered with two four barrel carburetors, the legendary "Duntov" cam and solid lifters. This engine produced 270hp. 1957 was the first year that Chevrolet ever offered fuel injection as an option. A 283 cu in (4,640 cc) engine fitted with solid lifters, the "Duntov" cam and fuel injection was rated at 283 hp (211 kW) and cost $500. This was the first time in history that a General Motors vehicle achieved 1-hp-per-cu-in in a production vehicle. Fuel injection continued as an option throughout the early 1960s. However, most mechanics of the time didn't have the experience to keep the units running properly. This prompted most buyers to opt for conventional carburetion.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Engines
In a 1957 survey of owners, Popular Mechanics reported that 16.9% of owners complained about the fuel economy, while 34.4% wanted fuel injection.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
There were many options available, most of which were designed to make the car more comfortable and luxurious. Air conditioning was offered though rarely ordered, as was a padded dash. Power steering and power brakes were available, as well as a signal-seeking AM radio and power antenna. Power windows and power seats were also available. A rear speaker could be purchased which required a separate volume knob to be installed in the dashboard, beside the radio — this rear speaker was touted as providing "surround" sound.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
An "Autronic eye" was offered; it was a device that bolted onto the dashboard and sensed the light from oncoming traffic, dimming the headlights automatically. One unique option was an electronic shaver, connected to the dashboard. The '57 radio used tubes that required only 12 volts of plate voltage and a transistor for the output stage. This lowered the power drain on the battery to an insignificant amount when the engine was off. Playing the radio with conventional tubes for extended periods occasionally drained the battery to the extent that it could not start the car. The clock was electrically self-wound and moving the hands to correct the time resulted in actually regulating the going rate. After a few corrections, the clock was remarkably accurate.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
Another dashboard-mounted item was the traffic-light viewer, a ribbed plastic visor that was installed just above the speedometer. Because the roof extends so far forward of the driver, it is hard to see overhead traffic lights. The traffic light viewer captured the reflection of overhead traffic lights so that the driver didn't have to lean forward to see past the edge of the roof. A/C was also an option.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
In 1957, Chevrolet started to add safety features such as "crash proof door locks "(first added in 1956), padded dash boards, safety-styled steering wheel with a recessed hub (though not as much as Ford's), seat belts(also first in 1956) and shoulder harnesses. However, unlike Ford, Chevrolet did not promote these safety features heavily.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
1957 was also Chevrolet's first offering of a turbine transmission, known as the Turboglide. It was a design concept that Buick had developed with their Dynaflow transmission. However, due to a reliability reputation caused by its complexity, most automatic transmission buyers shunned the Turboglide in favor of the two-speed Powerglide that had been offered since 1950. At the time the Turboglide casing was the largest cast aluminum component ever put into mass production, but it never recovered from the reputation in 1957 and the option was discontinued in 1961.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
Manual transmissions were limited to three-speed, column shifted units (with synchromesh in second and third gear only). The Powerglide's shifter went P N D L R while the Turboglide's was P R N D Hr (although the 'Hr' was changed early in the production series to 'Gr'-Grade Retarder because of drivers' mistaken belief that 'Hr' meant High Range instead of the correct Hill Retarder.) . An overdrive unit was available as an option on the three speed manually shifted transmission cars.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Options
Starting at the end of May 1957, a four speed manual transmission was also offered at an over-the-counter price of $188.00 but no installation kit (shifter and linkage) was ever offered by Chevrolet and, while an owner may have jury-rigged an installation in their own car, there is no evidence that any dealer ever actually installed the transmission in any car in 1957. A '57 equipped with this transmission mated to the 270 horsepower engine and limited slip differential was the one to beat on the drag strip and street into the early 1960s.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
From a numbers standpoint, the '57 Chevrolet wasn't as popular as General Motors had hoped. Despite its popularity, rival Ford outsold Chevrolet for the 1957 model year for the first time since 1935. The main cause of the sales shift to Ford was that the '57 Chevrolet had tubeless tires, the first car to have them. This scared away sales to Ford as many people did not initially trust the new tubeless design. Also Ford's introduction of an all-new body styling that was longer, lower, and wider than the previous year's offerings helped Ford sales.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
However, the 1957 Ford — with the exception of the rare retractable hardtop model — is not nearly as prized by collectors today as the 1957 Chevrolet. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the '57 Chevrolet was a popular used car and highly prized "street machine" or hot rod in 1957 terms. It was the final year of the "shoebox" Chevrolet, as 1958 saw the introduction of a much larger and heavier "X" framed Chevrolet. The ideal size of the '57, combined with its relatively light weight compared to newer full-sized cars, made it a favorite among drag racers.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
The engine bay was big enough to fit GM's big-block engines, first introduced in 1958 and popularized in the 1960s by the Beach Boys in the song "409". The relatively simple mechanical attributes of the car made it easy to maintain, customize, and upgrade with components such as disc brakes and air conditioning.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
The big block, however, was not what put the '57 on the map on the street scene; it was the introduction of the low-priced small-block, 365-horsepower 327 in 1962 that was the blockbuster that made both the '55 and '57 Chevrolet able to beat the Ford hotrods with their flathead V8s. This was a major turning point in American hot rodding: Chevrolet had claimed the street scene from Ford.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
The '57 Chevrolet also won 49 Grand National "cup" NASCAR races (the most of any car in NASCAR history), won the Southern 500 (in 1957, 1958, and 1959); becoming the only car to win the 500 three times. The earliest victory for a '57 Chevrolet in a titled NASCAR Grand National Series race was the 1957 Virginia 500.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
The '57 also won 26 NASCAR "convertible races," more than any make, and won all three possible driver's championships. The first in convertible class and winning car in the 1959 Daytona 500 was a '57 driven by Joe Lee Johnson. The convertibles started on the outside row and were approximately ten miles an hour slower than the hardtops and sedans because of their aerodynamics. No one figured that a convertible would win the race and they didn't but wonder who was driving the top finishing convertible.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
The 283 engine placed from the factory behind the centerline of the front wheels made the '57 a superior handling car on the short tracks and the dirt tracks as well. This mechanical advantage, coupled with the high revving and reliable 283, earned the '57 the nickname "king of the short tracks" With the fuel injected 283, the One-Fifty model two door sedan version, called the "black widow," was the first car outlawed (and quickly so) by NASCAR as it proved almost unbeatable on virtually all the NASCAR tracks in early 1957.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
After the '57 was grandfathered out from the now "cup" division in 1960 and relegated to the lower local track sportsman divisions, they were still the car to beat for years. The '57s subsequently were used up in stock car racing at a very high rate. Surprisingly enough, the '57 Chevrolet also won a disproportionate amount of demolition derbies as well:  With the radiator set back from the grille, the car was difficult to disable. The additional advantage of having the last double lined trunk, coupled with a strong frame, made it a surprisingly common winner in the demolition derbies during the late 1960s and early 1970s. By the 1970s, the '57 Chevrolet became a collector car.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
Companies such as Danchuk Manufacturing, Inc. and Classic Chevy Club International began selling reproduction and restoration parts. In the early 1990s, the value of a meticulously restored '57 Chevrolet convertible was as high as $100,000. Although those peaks gave way significantly after 1992, the '57 Chevrolet has held its value and is now poised to exceed the previous peak.


1957 Chevrolet, History, Post-production popularity
Although restored original examples are increasingly rare, modern customizers and restorers are creating fast, powerful, ultra-modern hot rods that are winning the '57 Chevy a whole new generation of fans. As original cars become harder to find, fiberglass and all-steel reproductions (EMI in Detroit, Michigan was the first to build restoration bodies using original firewalls with VIN numbers - the steel reproduction bodyshells are manufactured by Real Deal Steel in Sanford, Florida, using reproduction sheetmetal) are making it possible for future generations to enjoy the '57 Chevrolet.


1957 Chicago Bears season
The 1957 season was the Chicago Bears' 38th in the National Football League. The team failed to improve on their 9–2–1 record from 1956 and finished with a 5–7 record under second-year head coach Paddy Driscoll, one year after making the championship game. The 47–7 loss in that game, coupled with a 5–7 season, compelled owner George Halas to reassign Driscoll in February and return as head coach in 1958.


1957 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1957 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1957 Chicago Cardinals season was the team's 38th season in the National Football League. The Cardinals failed to improve on their previous year's record of 7–5, winning only three games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs (NFL title game) for the ninth consecutive season.


1957 Chicago Cardinals season, Schedule, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1957 Chicago Cubs season
The 1957 Chicago Cubs season was the 86th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 82nd in the National League and the 42nd at Wrigley Field. The Cubs tied with the Pittsburgh Pirates for seventh in the National League with a record of 62–92.


1957 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Chicago White Sox season
The 1957 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 57th season in the major leagues, and its 58th season overall. They finished with a record 90–64, good enough for second place in the American League, 8 games behind the first-place New York Yankees.


1957 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1957 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1957 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1957 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1957. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1957 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1957 Wildcats were led by fourth-year head coach Gus Manolis. Chico State finished the season with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2, 4–1 FWC). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 195–109 for the season. This was the last season coach Manolis was at the helm. In his four years, the Wildcats compiled a record of 23–12–1, a .653 winning percentage.


1957 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1958 NFL Draft.


1957 Chilean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Chile on 3 March 1957. The Radical Party emerged as the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, winning 36 of the 147 seats.


1957 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1957 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented the University of Cincinnati in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. The team was led by head coach George Blackburn.


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season
The 1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season consisted of the Redlegs finishing in fourth place in the National League, with a record of 80–74, 15 games behind the NL and World Series Champion Milwaukee Braves. The Redlegs were managed by Birdie Tebbetts and played their home games at Crosley Field, where they attracted 1,070,850 fans, fourth in the eight-team league.


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Farm system
LEAGUE CO-CHAMPIONS: GracevillePort Arthur franchise transferred to Temple, May 30, 1957, then folded, August 20; Clovis franchise folded, June 16; Hornell replaced disbanded Bradford franchise in mid-season and began play May 28


1957 Claxton Shield
The 1957 Claxton Shield was the 18th annual Claxton Shield, it was held in Perth, Western Australia. The participants were South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. The winners were the South Australian team, who won their first title since the 1936 Claxton Shield. The year marked the centenary celebrations for baseball in Victoria.


1957 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1957 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson College in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In its 18th season under head coach Frank Howard, the team compiled a 7–3 record (4–3 against conference opponents), tied for third place in the ACC, was ranked No. 18 in the final Coaches Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 216 to 78. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.


1957 Clemson Tigers football team
The annual "Big Thursday" game with South Carolina drew a crowd of 44,020, the largest crowd to see a football game up to that date in the State of South Carolina. Clemson played its last game against Presbyterian College; Presbyterian was Clemson's season-opening game from 1930 until 1957.


1957 Clemson Tigers football team
Guard John Grdijan and Leon Kaltenback were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Harvey White with 841 passing yards, fullback Bob Spooner with 358 rushing yards, and Spooner and halfback Bill Mathis with 30 points (five touchdowns) each.


1957 Clemson Tigers football team
John Grdijan and Harvey White were selected as first-team players by the 1957 All-Atlantic Coast Conference football team. Four Clemson players were also named to the 1957 All-South Carolina football team: Grdijan, White, end Ray Masneri, and center Donnie Bunton.


1957 Cleveland Browns season
The 1957 Cleveland Browns season was the team's eighth season with the National Football League. They were 9–2–1 in the regular season and won the Eastern Conference title, but lost the championship game to the Detroit Lions, 59–14.


1957 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
The Browns missed the playoffs the previous season, ending ten straight years of league championship game appearances. The Browns came storming back in 1957 to finish 9–2–1 and win the Eastern Conference title by a relatively healthy margin over the defending world champion New York Giants (7–5). The Browns took care of business against the Giants, "bookending," as it were, their arch rivals. They beat New York 6–3 in the season opener and then edged them again 34–28 in the finale. The Browns also posted two shutouts on the year, 24–0 over the Pittsburgh Steelers and 31–0 over the Chicago Cardinals.


1957 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
The Eastern foe the Browns had the most trouble with was fourth-place Washington (5–6–1). Cleveland edged the Redskins 21–17 and then had to settle for a 30–30 tie in the rematch. The Browns fell to Detroit 20–7, making them 0–3 against the Lions in the regular season since joining the NFL in 1950.


1957 Cleveland Browns season, Season summary
Although they had a rookie All-American running back out of Syracuse by the name of Jim Brown, the Browns were by no means an offensive juggernaut overall. The future Hall of Famer was outstanding, rushing for 942 yards and nine TDs, but he was the only real standout that year. Tommy O'Connell, who had taken over for retired Hall of Famer Otto Graham in 1956 and was the quarterback during the 5–7 finish that year, had the job for most of the way in 1957 as well. He and rookie Milt Plum combined for just 1,873 yards passing 12 touchdowns with 14 interceptions.


1957 Cleveland Browns season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1957 Cleveland Indians season
The 1957 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. The team finished sixth in the American League with a record of 76–77, 21½ games behind the New York Yankees


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Regular season
The Indians season was marked by change. Longtime Indians manager Al López took over as manager of the Chicago White Sox, and was replaced by Kerby Farrell, who had led the Indianapolis Indians to the 1956 Junior World Series crown. Eddie Stanky also became the Indians new infield coach.


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Regular season
Rookie Roger Maris, who was part of Farrell's Indianapolis team, joined the Indians as the team's starting center fielder. He made his major league debut against the Chicago White Sox on April 16. In 5 at bats, Maris had 3 hits. Two days later, Maris hit the first home run of his career, a grand slam off Tigers pitcher Jack Crimian at Briggs Stadium in Detroit.


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Regular season
In grimmer news, on May 7 Gil McDougald of the Yankees hit a pitch off Indians pitcher Herb Score in the first inning. The pitch would strike Score in the face.


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1957 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1957 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. Following the offseason departure of head coach Hal Lahar, the school promoted Fred Rice, its former backfield coach, who led the team to a 3–6 record. Ralph Antone was the team captain.


1957 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The team played its home games at Colgate Athletic Field in Hamilton, New York.


1957 College Baseball All-America Team
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.


1957 College Baseball All-America Team
From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.


1957 College Football All-America Team
The 1957 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1957. The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1957 season are (1) the Associated Press, (2) the United Press, (3) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), and (7) the Sporting News. The ESPN College Football Encyclopedia lists the All-America Board (AAB) as an eighth official selector.


1957 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1957, the NCAA awards guide lists seven published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The ESPN College Football Encyclopedia lists the All-America Board (AAB) as an eighth official selector. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1957 Colombian constitutional reform referendum
A referendum on the reform programme of the military junta was held in Colombia on 1 December 1957. Women were given the vote for the first time, and the programme was approved by 95% of voters.


1957 Colombian constitutional reform referendum, Background
After a coup d'état on 10 May 1957, the ruling military junta issued decree 0247, calling for a referendum on constitutional reforms and the election of a Constitutional Council on 16 March 1958, as well as allowing the Liberal Party and Conservative Party to form a provisional government.


1957 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1957 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. Head coach Dallas Ward led the team to a 3–3 mark in the Big Seven and 6–3–1 overall.


1957 Colorado State Bears baseball team
The 1957 Colorado State Bears baseball team represented Colorado State College in the 1957 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Bears played their home games at Jackson Field. The team was coached by Pete Butler in his 15th year at Colorado State.


1957 Colorado State Bears baseball team
The Bears won the District VII playoff to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Arizona Wildcats.


1957 Colorado State Rams football team
The 1957 Colorado State Rams football team represented Colorado State University in the Skyline Conference during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In their second season under head coach Don Mullison, the Rams compiled a 3–7 record (2–5 against Skyline opponents), tied for sixth place in the Skyline Conference, and were outscored by opponents by a total of 224 to 109.


1957 Colorado State Rams football team
The team's statistical leaders included Louie Long with 328 passing yards and Frank Gupton with 540 rushing yards and 162 receiving yards.


1957 Columbia Lions football team
The 1957 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as a member of the Ivy League during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season.


1957 Columbia Lions football team
In their first season under head coach Aldo "Buff" Donelli, the Lions compiled a 1–8 record and were outscored 214 to 54. George Pappas was the team captain.


1957 Columbia Lions football team
The Lions' 1–6 conference record finished last in the Ivy League. Columbia was outscored 148 to 41 by Ivy opponents.


1957 Columbia Lions football team
Columbia played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.


1957 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
The 1957 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference was the ninth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in the United Kingdom in June 1957, and was hosted by that country's Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan.


1957 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
The new Canadian prime minister, John Diefenbaker, proposes the intensification of trade relations within the Commonwealth. His call for an Empire Trade Conference were resisted by the British government which has an eye towards the UK developing stronger trade relations with Europe and the newly formed European Economic Community; the impact of the UK joining a European free trade area and its possible consequences on Commonwealth trade was a matter of concern. A Commonwealth Trade and Economic Conference is called for the next year.


1957 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
The aftermath of the Suez Crisis and invasion of Hungary of the previous year were also discussed with the Commonwealth leaders calling for the strengthening of the United Nations as an instrument of peace. The Suez Crisis had badly split the Commonwealth resulting in India, Pakistan and Ceylon considering leaving the organisation; Canadian External Affairs Minister Lester Pearson told the Canadian House of Commons that the Commonwealth faced dissolution over Suez. Multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations were also discussed.


1957 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
This was the first Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference attended by Ghana, which had attained independence in March 1957.


1957 Connecticut Huskies baseball team
The 1957 Connecticut Huskies baseball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1957 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Huskies were led by J. O. Christian in his 22nd year as head coach, and played as part of the Yankee Conference. Connecticut posted a 14–10 record and earned an invitation to the 1957 NCAA University Division Baseball Tournament. They won the District 1 playoffs over Springfield two games to one to earn a berth in the College World Series, their first appearance in the ultimate college baseball event. The Huskies lost their first game against Texas, defeated Florida State and were eliminated by Iowa State.


1957 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1957 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. The Huskies were led by sixth-year head coach Bob Ingalls, and completed the season with a record of 5–4–1.


1957 Copa Aldao
The 1957 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the 18th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final (held ten years after than its previous edition) was contested by Uruguayan club Nacional and Argentine side River Plate.


1957 Copa Aldao
In the first match, played at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, River Plate won 2–1 but the second leg, to be held in Buenos Aires, was never played. As the associations did not decide about the issue, no title was awarded.


1957 Copa Aldao, Match details, Second leg
As the second leg was never held, no champion was proclaimed.


1957 Copa del Generalísimo
The 1957 Copa del Generalísimo was the 55th staging of the Spanish Cup. The competition began on 28 April 1957 and concluded on 16 June 1957 with the final.


1957 Copa del Generalísimo Final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1957 Final was the 55th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Montjuic in Barcelona, on 16 June 1957, being won by CF Barcelona, who beat RCD Español 1–0.


1957 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil
The 1957 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil was the seventh staging of the tournament. The competition began on May 5, 1957, and ended on June 16, 1957, with the final.


1957 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1957 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 48th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909.


1957 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Glen Rovers won the championship following a 6-08 to 2-06 defeat of St. Finbarr's in the final. This was their fourth championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1957 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1957 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 69th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1957 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 25 November 1956, St. Finbarr's won the championship following an 0-08 to 0-05 defeat of Lees in a final replay. This was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1957 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1957 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 69th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The competition was held between 31 March and 15 September 1957.


1957 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Blackrock were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Glen Rovers in the second round.


1957 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 15 September 1957, Sarsfields won the championship following a 5-10 to 4-6 defeat of University College Cork in the final. It was their second championship title overall and their first title in six championship seasons.


1957 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1957 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University as a member of the Ivy League during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season.


1957 Cornell Big Red football team
In its 11th season under head coach George K. James, the team compiled a 3–6 record and was outscored 159 to 100. Gerald Knapp was the team captain.


1957 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell's 3–4 conference record tied for fourth place in the Ivy League. The Big Red were outscored 111 to 87 by Ivy opponents.


1957 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1957 Cotton Bowl Classic was the 21st edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, on Tuesday, January 1. Part of the 1956–57 bowl game season, it matched the independent and eighth-ranked Syracuse Orangemen and #14 TCU Horned Frogs of the Southwest Conference (SWC). Favored TCU held on to win by a point, 28–27.


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Syracuse
The Orangemen had just one loss (in September at Pittsburgh, who lost in the Gator Bowl), but they were ranked eighth, led by senior running back Jim Brown, a consensus All-American. This was the second bowl appearance for Syracuse; their first was four years earlier in the Orange Bowl.


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, TCU
TCU was runner-up in the Southwest Conference, but was invited due to first place Texas A&M being under NCAA sanctions. This was the Horned Frogs' fifth Cotton Bowl appearance; they won their first in 1937 (with quarterback Sammy Baugh), but dropped their next three (1945, 1952, 1956).


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
TCU had two 14-point leads, both near the end of the halves. John Nikkel started the scoring for TCU with a touchdown catch from Chuck Curtis, and in the second quarter, Jim Shofner caught a touchdown to make it 14–0. But Jim Brown ran for two touchdowns in a span of 6:52 to tie the game at halftime. Late in the third quarter after Brown fumbled the ball back to TCU, Curtis scored on a touchdown run to give TCU the lead back.


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
After another Brown fumble early in the fourth quarter, Jim Swink ran it in from three yards out to give TCU a 28–14 lead with under twelve minutes to go. Syracuse went 49 yards in 13 plays and scored on a Brown run, who lined up for his third PAT attempt of the day to narrow the lead to seven.


1957 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
TCU's Chico Mendoza blocked the extra point to keep the lead at eight points. Syracuse had one last drive in them, going 43 yards in three plays. Jim Ridlon caught a 27-yard touchdown pass from Charles Zimmerman with 1:16 left, and Brown's kick narrowed the lead to 28–27. (The two-point conversion was not introduced until the 1958 season.) Rather than attempt the expected onside kick, Syracuse opted to kick it deep, but TCU held on and did not give up the ball, in the Horned Frogs' last bowl win until 1998. Brown (back) and Norman Hamilton (line) were named the outstanding players of the game.


1957 County Championship
The 1957 County Championship was the 58th officially organised running of the County Championship. Surrey won the Championship title for the sixth successive year.


1957 County Championship
Changes were applied to the points system for the Championship as follows  -


1957 Coupe de France Final
The 1957 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on May 26, 1957, that saw Toulouse FC defeat Angers SCO 6–3 thanks to goals by René Dereuddre (2), Abdelhamid Bouchouk, Robert Bocchi, Eduardo Di Loreto and Said Brahimi. The referee of the match was Jack Clough, it is still the only time the final's referee was not French.


1957 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
The 1957 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré was the 11th edition of the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré cycle race and was held from 8 June to 16 June 1957. The race started in Saint-Étienne and finished in Grenoble. The race was won by Marcel Rohrbach.


1957 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR
The 1957 Ukrainian Cup was a football knockout competition conducting by the Football Federation of the Ukrainian SSR and was known as the Ukrainian Cup.


1957 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR, Teams, Tournament distribution
The competition was conducted among 23 clubs out of 80 participants of the 1957 Football Championship and 5 other non-"teams of masters" Chervonyi Prapor Lviv, Khimik Kalush, Spartak Bila Tserkva, Burevisnyk Chernivtsi, Naftovyk Drohobych.


1957 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR, Teams, Non-participating "teams of masters"
The Ukrainian teams of masters did not take part in the competition.


1957 Czechoslovak presidential election
The 1957 Czechoslovak presidential election took place on 19 November 1957. It was held due to the death of the incumbent president Antonín Zápotocký. Antonín Novotný was elected the new president.


1957 Czechoslovak presidential election, Background
Antonín Zápotocký died of heart attack in Fall 1957. The Prime Minister Viliam Široký was considered his successor. It was changed when the leader of Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev suggested Antonín Novotný.


1957 Czechoslovak presidential election, Voting
The election was held on 19 November 1957. Novotný received all 353 votes.


1957 DDR-Oberliga
The 1957 DDR-Oberliga was the ninth season of the DDR-Oberliga, the first tier of league football in East Germany. Rather than in the traditional autumn-spring format the Oberliga played for six seasons from 1955 to 1960 in the calendar year format, modelled on the system used in the Soviet Union. From 1961–62 onwards the league returned to its traditional format.


1957 DDR-Oberliga
The league was contested by fourteen teams. SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt, incidentally based at Aue and not Karl-Marx-Stadt, won the championship, the club's second consecutive one, having won the 1956 championship as well. On the strength of the 1957 title Wismut qualified for the 1958–59 European Cup where the club was knocked out by Young Boys Bern in the quarter finals.


1957 DDR-Oberliga
Heinz Kaulmann of ASK Vorwärts Berlin was the league's top scorer with 15 goals.


1957 DDR-Oberliga, Table
The 1957 season saw two newly promoted clubs, SC Motor Jena and SC Chemie Halle-Leuna.


1957 DFB-Pokal Final
The 1957 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1956–57 DFB-Pokal, the 14th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 29 December 1957 at the Rosenaustadion in Augsburg. Bayern Munich won the match 1–0 against Fortuna Düsseldorf, to claim their 1st cup title.


1957 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
The DFB-Pokal began with 5 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of two rounds leading up to the final. In the qualification round, all but two teams were given a bye. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.


1957 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1957 Dahomeyan Territorial Assembly election
Elections to the Territorial Assembly  were held in French Dahomey on 31 March 1957. The result was a victory for the Republican Party of Dahomey, which won 35 of the 60 seats.


1957 Dahomeyan Territorial Assembly election, Results
Figures for independent candidates include the Independents of the North.


1957 Danish general election
General elections were held in Denmark on 14 May 1957. The Social Democratic Party remained the largest in the Folketing, with 70 of the 179 seats. Voter turnout was 83.7% in Denmark proper, 37.6% in the Faroe Islands and 61.8% in Greenland (although only of its two constituencies was not contested as the incumbent was re-elected unopposed). The electoral threshold was 60,000 votes.


1957 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1957 Dartmouth Indians football team represented Dartmouth College during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season.


1957 Davis Cup
The 1957 Davis Cup was the 46th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 24 teams entered the Europe Zone, 7 teams entered the America Zone, and 5 teams entered the Eastern Zone. Malaya, Lebanon and Venezuela made their first appearances in the competition.


1957 Davis Cup
The United States defeated Brazil in the America Zone final, the Philippines defeated Japan in the Eastern Zone final, and Belgium defeated Italy in the Europe Zone final. In the Inter-Zonal Zone, the United States defeated the Philippines in the semifinal and then defeated Belgium in the final. In the Challenge Round the United States were defeated by defending champions Australia. The final was played at the Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia on 26–28 December.


1957 Davis Cup America Zone
The America Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1957 Davis Cup.


1957 Davis Cup America Zone
7 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the Eastern Zone and Europe Zone. The United States defeated Brazil in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1957 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
The Eastern Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1957 Davis Cup.


1957 Davis Cup Eastern Zone
5 teams entered the Eastern Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the America Zone and Europe Zone. The Philippines defeated Japan in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1957 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the three regional zones of the 1957 Davis Cup.


1957 Davis Cup Europe Zone
24 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Zone against the winners of the America Zone and Eastern Zone. Belgium defeated Italy in the final and progressed to the Inter-Zonal Zone.


1957 Defence White Paper
The 1957 White Paper on Defence (Cmnd. 124) was a British white paper issued in March 1957 setting forth the perceived future of the British military. It had profound effects on all aspects of the defence industry but probably the most affected was the British aircraft industry. Duncan Sandys, the recently appointed Minister of Defence, produced the paper. The decisions were influenced by two major factors: the finances of the country and the coming of the missile age.


1957 Defence White Paper
In the past, combat in the air would have been between aircraft, with high flying bombers carrying nuclear weapons and fast interceptor fighter aircraft trying to stop them. Now the ballistic missile could deliver these weapons with no possible defensive response. In this new environment, the interceptors and surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), along with their associated radar networks, seemed superfluous. Likewise, it appeared new manned aircraft of any sort would have little utility in airspace dominated by SAMs. Numerous ongoing projects were abandoned, leaving too little work for the large number of aircraft companies. The paper suggested that the companies join forces to rationalize their operations for a future in which there would be smaller numbers of military projects.


1957 Defence White Paper
Finally, the Army had a strong presence in Germany as a counter to Warsaw Pact forces, but ultimately its goal was simply to act as a tripwire force to deter an attack - the actual battle was assumed to be carried out by nuclear weapons. The size of the Army was far larger than it had to be for this role, and led to reductions in the Army's size. Only the Navy was left significantly unchanged, although it refocussed on force projection rather than all-out battle with a Soviet fleet.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
UK war plans of the 1950s were based on a "three-day war", in which the Warsaw Pact's forces would begin with a conventional attack in Europe, but the war would quickly progress to the use of tactical nuclear weapons. NATOs overwhelming air superiority would win the resulting battle. From that point, if the war continued, strategic weapons would be unleashed and the battle would be between the strategic bombers and the opposing defences. The massive superiority of the western air forces meant this battle would be short and largely one-sided, but the UK would have to survive at least one wave of Soviet attacks.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
To handle this attack, in the post-World War II era the Royal Air Force deployed the ROTOR radar network that covered the entire British Isles in order to attack any strategic bomber that might attempt to approach. The defensive weapons of the system included new jet-powered interceptor aircraft and, originally, reorganized anti-aircraft artillery with new tactical control radars. By the early 1950s, the increasing speeds and altitudes of bombers meant they could "toss" their weapons from ranges outside even the largest anti-aircraft artillery, and plans began to replace these weapons with surface-to-air missiles.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
By the mid-1950s, the USSR was known to be developing a variety of ballistic missiles able to deliver nuclear warheads. Split into classes based on their range, much of the attention internationally was on the longest-ranged intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). However, short-range missiles were both less expensive and easier to develop, and these had the performance needed to deliver a warhead to the UK from bases in East Germany. There was no defence from these medium range ballistic missiles and it appeared they would be widespread by the mid-1960s.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
The introduction of strategic missiles seriously upset the nature of the UK's defensive posture. While studying the issue, planners of an anti-ballistic missile system code-named Violet Friend ultimately concluded no effective defence against these weapons was possible. The only way to stop an attack would be to stop it from being launched, and the only way to do that was through deterrence. Although the survival of the V force was required even before this point, there was some expectation that it would survive direct air attack given the ROTOR defence. With missiles, there was no way to do this.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
Any sign of an attack would require the immediate launch of the V force to ensure its survival - even if bombers were detected, missiles were sure to follow anyway. In this case, there was no point trying to defend their airfields - they would either be empty or the war was already lost.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
In such a scenario the need for air defences was essentially eliminated. If an attack occurred, even the complete attrition of attacking bombers would have little to no effect on the ultimate outcome once the missiles arrived. Much more likely was the opposite scenario, a missile attack on the V-force with Soviet bombers arriving later to hit targets that would likely have already been destroyed. With no existing system for detecting missile launches at long range, this became the primary concern.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, The role of missiles
As a result, the White Paper cancelled many defensive systems, like the Blue Envoy SAM and Saunders-Roe SR.177 interceptor, and significantly reduced the scope and mission of the Linesman/Mediator radar network that was being planned to replace ROTOR. To provide an indication of such a missile attack, the UK arranged to have a US BMEWS radar sited in England. Linesman was now tasked mostly with intercepting aircraft carrying carcinotron jammers, which the Soviets might use to mask BMEWS.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Reduction in manned aircraft projects
With the development of missiles, those roles that missiles could cover meant that certain aircraft in development could be cancelled.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Reduction in manned aircraft projects
These included the next generation of supersonic interceptor for high flying bombers, the F.155 and the interim aircraft that would have covered it until its introduction in 1963, namely the Saunders-Roe SR.53 and Saunders-Roe SR.177. Sandys felt that the existing interceptor fleet would serve until the Bristol Bloodhound was in service, and after that point, a bomber attack was unlikely as the world increasingly switched to missiles. As such, even the Blue Envoy surface-to-air missile was also cancelled; although it offered much higher performance than Bloodhound, by the time it arrived in the mid-1960s it would have nothing to shoot at.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Reduction in manned aircraft projects
The RAF was especially critical of one part of Sandys' conclusions. They noted the introduction of the Tupolev Tu-22 and Myasishchev M-50 supersonic bombers would occur before Bloodhound was fully deployed, and that their existing interceptor aircraft like the Gloster Javelin were incapable of successfully attacking these aircraft. Sandys relented and allowed the English Electric P.1 (which would become the Lightning) to continue development, along with a new air-to-air missile to arm it, the Hawker Siddeley Red Top.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Reduction in manned aircraft projects
The Avro 730 supersonic light bomber was also cancelled, as was the Blue Rosette nuclear weapon to arm it.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Reduction in manned aircraft projects
The Royal Auxiliary Air Force's flying role was also brought to an end.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Aircraft industry reorganization
The paper stated that the aircraft industry should re-organise, with a number of smaller companies becoming a few larger ones. It was made clear that new contracts would only be given to such merged firms, including the only new aircraft project, which would become the TSR-2.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Aircraft industry reorganization
Under pressure, in 1960 English Electric, Bristol Aeroplane Company and Vickers-Armstrong merged to form the British Aircraft Corporation, or BAC. Hunting Aircraft soon joined the BAC group. In the same year, de Havilland, Blackburn Aircraft and Folland merged into Hawker Siddeley, which had already consisted of Armstrong Whitworth, Avro, Gloster and Hawker since 1935. Westland Aircraft took over all the helicopter manufacturers, including Saunders-Roe, Fairey Aviation and Bristol's helicopter work. Saunders-Roe's hovercraft work was spun off and merged with Vickers Supermarine as the British Hovercraft Corporation.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Aircraft industry reorganization
Very few companies were left independent after this wave of mergers, leaving only Handley Page as a major independent, along with the smaller companies like Auster, Boulton Paul, Miles Aircraft, Scottish Aviation and Short Brothers. Most of these disappeared by the 1970s. Scottish Aviation remained independent until 1977 and Shorts was purchased by Bombardier in 1989.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Aircraft industry reorganization
Engine companies were likewise "encouraged" to merge. In 1959 Armstrong Siddeley and Bristol's engine division merged to become Bristol Siddeley, but were shortly purchased by Rolls-Royce in 1966, leaving RR as the only major British aircraft engine manufacturer.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Restructuring of the British Army
The British Army was to be reduced in size and reorganised to reflect the ending of National Service and the change to a voluntary army, and to "keep the Army abreast of changing circumstances, policies, weapons and techniques of war". 51 major units and a large number of smaller ones were to be disbanded or amalgamated, leaving the army with a strength of 165,000 officers and men. The process was to be carried out in two phases, to be completed by the end of 1959 and 1962 respectively.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Restructuring of the British Army
The Royal Armoured Corps was to be reduced by the amalgamation of:


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Restructuring of the British Army, Infantry Changes
The infantry of the line was to undergo major changes. Existing regiments were to be grouped in "brigades". Each brigade was to have a single depot with those of the individual regiments being reduced to the status of regimental headquarters. There was to be a reduction in the number of regular infantry battalions from 64 to 49 by the merging of pairs of regiments. The brigades and regiments were to be (with changes to 1966):


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Restructuring of the British Army, Royal Artillery Changes
The Royal Artillery saw many changes, mostly in the way of AA units. When AA command was disbanded in 1955, many of the regular AA units were not disbanded like their Territorial counterparts, but disbanded in 1958/62.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Restructuring of the British Army, Royal Artillery Changes
The Royal Engineers would be reduced by approximately 15,000 officers and men, with divisional engineer regiments to be replaced by field squadrons. The Royal Signals was to lose 13,000 soldiers by reduction of second-line units. Some of the work of the Royal Army Service Corps was to pass to civilian contractors, allowing a loss of 18,000 men. The Royal Army Ordnance Corps was to lose 11,000 soldiers, and was to be organised more efficiently with a large number of depots closed. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers was to lose 23,000 soldiers. Other arms and services were to be reduced in proportion.


1957 Defence White Paper, Main aspects of paper, Ending of air branch RNVR
Since 1938 the Air Branch of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve had been contributing reservists for air operations. From 1947 it had been curtailed to anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and fighter units only — there being a large number of propeller aircraft still in use. The increasing complexity of weapons system and the use of helicopters for ASW was thought to be beyond what reservist training could manage. With the ending of the Air branch, the Short Seamew was no longer required and production was cancelled.


1957 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1957 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware as an independent during the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. In its seventh season under head coach David M. Nelson, the team compiled a 4–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 210 to 84. Joe Harvanik was the team captain.


1957 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
Delaware did not play its scheduled date with Lafayette on Oct. 12, as an outbreak of Asian flu affecting more than 20 of the Leopards' players prompted them to cancel the game.


1957 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The Blue Hens played their home games at Delaware Stadium on the university campus in Newark, Delaware.


1957 Delaware State Hornets football team
The 1957 Delaware State Hornets football team represented Delaware State College—now known as Delaware State University—as a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) in the 1957 NCAA College Division football season. Led by coach Bennie J. George in his second season, the Hornets compiled a 6–2 record.


1957 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1957 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the Skyline Conference during the 1957 NCAA University Division football season. In its third season under head coach John Roning, the team compiled a 6–4 record (5–2 against Skyline opponents), finished third in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 155 to 150.


1957 Detroit Lions season
The 1957 Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 28th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 24th as the Detroit Lions. The Lions won their fourth and most recent NFL championship.


1957 Detroit Lions season
In the penultimate regular season game with the Cleveland Browns on December 8, hall of fame quarterback Bobby Layne was lost for the season with a broken right ankle. With backup Tobin Rote in at quarterback in the second quarter, the Lions won that game and overcame a ten-point deficit at halftime the following week to defeat the Chicago Bears 21–13, whom they had lost to three weeks earlier at home. They ended the regular season with three consecutive wins and an 8–4 record. All four losses were within the Western Conference, splitting the two games with all but the Green Bay Packers, whom they swept.


1957 Detroit Lions season
Detroit tied with the San Francisco 49ers (8–4) for the conference title, which required a tiebreaker playoff game. Played at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco on December 22, the 49ers entered the game as three point favorites. Down by twenty points in the third quarter, Detroit  rallied with a 24–0 run to win 31–27.


1957 Detroit Lions season
The Lions were home underdogs for next week the NFL championship game on against Cleveland. Played on December 29 at Briggs Stadium in Detroit, the Lions led 17–0 after the first quarter and won in a rout, 59–14. Through the 2020 season, the Lions have yet to win, or even return to, another NFL title game (including the Super Bowl), an absence of more than sixty years. It is the fourth-longest drought in all four major sports, and the second-longest in the NFL, behind the Arizona Cardinals (1947, when the team was still based in Chicago), although the Cardinals, unlike the Lions, have subsequently appeared in the Super Bowl.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary
Between the 1956 and 1957 seasons, the Lions hired George Wilson as their new head coach.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary, Week 1: at Baltimore
On September 29, the Lions opened their 1957 regular-season schedule with a 34-14 loss to the Baltimore Colts in Baltimore. The Colts were led by Johnny Unitas who threw four touchdown passes and the Baltimore defense that held the Lions to 23 rushing yards and intercepted three of Bobby Layne's passes. Detroit's touchdowns were scored by Howard Cassady (a short run for his first NFL touchdown) and Jerry Reichow on a 32-yard pass from backup quarterback Tobin Rote.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary, Playoffs vs. San Francisco
On December 22, the Lions defeated the San Francisco 49ers, 31–27, in a Western Conference playoff game. The two teams had finished the regular season tied in the standings at 8–4, which called for a tiebreaker game.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary, Playoffs vs. San Francisco
The 49ers took a 24-7 lead at halftime, as Y. A. Tittle threw three touchdown passes in the first half. A field goal early in the third quarter extended the lead to 27–7, then the Lions responded with 24 unanswered points. Detroit's touchdowns were scored by Steve Junker on a four-yard pass from Tobin Rote, two runs by Tom Tracy (1-yard and 58-yard runs), and Gene Gedman on a two-yard run.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary, NFL Championship Game
On December 29, the Lions defeated the Cleveland Browns 59–14 in the NFL championship game. The Browns had been favored to win by three points. Tobin Rote, filling in at quarterback after Bobby Layne broke his ankle on December 8, was credited with "a brilliant performance" as he completed 12 of 19 passes for 280 yards and four touchdowns and rushed for a touchdown, leading the Lions to their greatest point total in history. The Lions capitalized on five interceptions and two fumble recoveries, including a 19-yard interception return for touchdown by Terry Barr, and held Cleveland star rookie Jim Brown to 69 rushing yards on 20 carries.


1957 Detroit Lions season, Season summary, NFL Championship Game
The longest pay of the game was a 78-yard touchdown pass from Rote to Jim Doran. Rookie Steve Junker was the Lions' leading scorer with 12 points on touchdown receptions covering 26 and 23 yards. Jim Martin followed with 11 points on eight extra point conversions and a 31-yard field goal. The victory gave the Lions their third NFL championship in six years. It was also referred to as "the perfect revenge" for the Browns' 56-10 defeat of the Lions in the 1954 NFL Championship Game.


1957 Detroit Tigers season
The 1957 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the American League with a record of 78–76, 20 games behind the New York Yankees. The team scored 614 runs and allowed 614 runs for a run differential of zero.


1957 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1957 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts