1960 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Palmer trailed leader Mike Souchak by eight strokes after 36 holes, and by seven shots after 54 holes. Almost everyone believed he was out of contention beginning the final round, tied for fifteenth place. Palmer drove the green on the par-4 1st to set up a two-putt birdie, then chipped in from 90 feet (27 m) for birdie at the second. After nearly making an eagle at 3 and tapping in for another birdie, he holed an 18-footer for birdie at 4 then made two more birdies at 6 and 7. He cooled off the rest of his round, finally carding a 65 (−6) for a 280 (−4) total.


1960 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
Twenty-year-old Jack Nicklaus, the reigning U.S. Amateur champion playing in his fourth Open, was also in contention during the final round, briefly holding the lead after making eagle at 5 and birdie at 9. Two three-putts on the back-nine dropped him to a 282 (−2) total, two strokes behind Palmer. His second-place finish was the best showing by an amateur at the U.S. Open since Johnny Goodman won in 1933. Aiming for a record fifth U.S. Open title at age 47, Ben Hogan was tied for the lead on the 71st tee, a par 5.


1960 U.S. Open (golf), Round summaries, Final round
On his third shot he hit a wedge on to the green but it spun back all the way off the green into the confines of the water hazard fronting the green and made bogey. Needing birdie to tie on 18, he again found water, triple-bogeyed, and finished in a tie for ninth place. Souchak shot a final round 75 on his way to a tie for third.


1960 U.S. Women's Open
The 1960 U.S. Women's Open was the 15th U.S. Women's Open, held July 21–23 at Worcester Country Club in Worcester, Massachusetts. It was the eighth conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA).


1960 U.S. Women's Open
Betsy Rawls won her fourth U.S. Women's Open, a stroke ahead of runner-up Joyce Ziske. Two-time defending champion Mickey Wright led by two strokes after 36 holes on Friday, but a difficult Saturday dropped her to fifth. She entered the championship with an ailing knee. It was the seventh of eight major championships for Rawls.


1960 U.S. Women's Open
The low amateur was also the youngest competitor: 15-year-old Judy Torluemke (later Rankin) finished at 326 (+38), in 24th place.


1960 U.S. Women's Open
The championship was held the same week as the PGA Championship, which concluded on Sunday.


1960 UC Davis Aggies football team
The 1960 UC Davis football team represented the University of California, Davis in the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. UC Davis competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The UC Davis sports teams were commonly called the “Cal Aggies” from 1924 until the mid 1970s.


1960 UC Davis Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by fifth-year head coach Will Lotter. They played home games at Aggie Field. The Aggies finished the season winless, with a record of zero wins, eight losses and one tie (0–8–1, 0–5 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 54–216 for the 1960 season, and scored a touchdown or less in six of their nine games.


1960 UC Davis Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No UC Davis Aggies players were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 UC Riverside Highlanders football team
The 1960 UC Riverside Highlanders football team represented UC Riverside during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season. The Highlanders competed as an independent in 1960.


1960 UC Riverside Highlanders football team
UC Riverside was led by second-year head coach Jim Whitley. They played home games at UCR Athletic Field in Riverside, California. The Highlanders finished the season undefeated, with a record of seven wins, no losses and one tie (7–0–1). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 144–75 for the season.


1960 UC Riverside Highlanders football team, Team players in the NFL
No UC Riverside players were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
The 1960 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team represented University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) during the 1960 NCAA College Division football season.


1960 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team
UCSB competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by first-year head coach Bill Hammer, and played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of two wins five losses and one tie (2–5–1, 1–3 CCAA). A game that had been scheduled to be played vs. Cal Poly was cancelled due to the plane crash involving the Cal Poly football team.


1960 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
No UC Santa Barbara Gaucho players were selected in the 1961 NFL Draft.


1960 UCI Road World Championships
The 1960 UCI Road World Championships took place on 14 August 1960 on the Sachsenring for the two men's races, and in Leipzig for the women's race, in East Germany.


1960 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1960 UCI Road World Championships was the 27th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 14 August 1960 in Hohenstein, East Germany. The race was won by Rik Van Looy of Belgium.


1960 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1960 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Leipzig and Chemnitz, East Germany from 3 to 14 August 1960. Eight events were contested, 6 for men (3 for professionals, 3 for amateurs) and 2 for women.


1960 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1960 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their third year under head coach Bill Barnes, the Bruins compiled a 7–2–1 record (2–2 conference) and finished in third place in the Athletic Association of Western Universities.


1960 UCLA Bruins football team
UCLA's offensive leaders in 1960 were quarterback Billy Kilmer with 1,086 passing yards each, Kilmer with 803 rushing yards, and Gene Gaines with 258 receiving yards.


1960 UEFA European Under-18 Championship
The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1960 Final Tournament was held in Austria.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 34th year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The National Greyhound Racing Club released the 1960 figures for their affiliated tracks, which showed that 14,243,808 paying customers attended 5,736 meetings. The totalisator turnover was £54,188,302 but government tote tax remained at 10% with track deductions remaining at 6%. Turnover and attendances remained stable but one piece of government legislation was about to have a dramatic impact on the industry. The Betting and Gaming Act 1960 was passed on 1 September 1960 and would come into effect four months later, on 1 January 1961.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Staines Greyhound Stadium closed, forcing Jack Walsh to open a bookmakers shop in Egham, Surrey, Walsh had been part owner with William Hill of the 1938 English Greyhound Derby winner Lone Keel.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Gerry Bailey and Jack Carter took over the lease at Rye House Stadium from the Lea Valley Regional Park Authority and immediately began to upgrade the facilities moving the greyhound track to the outside of the speedway track to form a 440-yard circumference. Racing was held on Wednesday and Saturday evenings and an 'Inside Sumner' system and photo finish was installed.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Mile Bush Pride reappeared after a remarkable 1959 and won the Wembley Spring Cup at his home track Wembley. His sire The Grand Champion was the leading sire in 1960. Scurry Gold Cup champion Gorey Airways ran a creditable second place behind Catch Cold in the Gold Collar at Catford Stadium.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Sprint champion Gorey Airways then became the first greyhound to successfully defend the Scurry Gold Cup, the Jimmy Jowett trained brindle ran out as easy five and a quarter length winner. The following month the Laurels at Wimbledon Stadium, attracted the usual strong entry and the £1,000 prize went to Dunstown Paddy with Gorey Airways finishing third and Clonalvy Pride fifth. The Derby champion Duleek Dandy broke a hock and could not contest any further races in 1960.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The Cesarewitch at West Ham Stadium was won by the Rostown Genius adding to his Scottish Greyhound Derby crown; Clonalvy Pride did win the Pall Mall Stakes and Select Stakes but finished his year underachieving after finishing fourth in the Cesarewitch final. He had been favourite for three classics and second favourite for the Derby and failed in all four attempts.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
A kennel block at Rochester Stadium suffered a terrible fire which resulted in the death of 24 greyhounds trained by Reg Morley. Morley and his head lad Mr Morton attempted to rescue them and both suffered injuries, Morley was brought out unconscious. Ken Appleton died and his West Ham Stadium kennels were taken over by his son Kenric Appleton.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
The Bord na gCon installed a new totalisator system at four tracks Harolds Cross, Shelbourne Park, Cork and Limerick, in addition to obtaining Clonmel from the Morris family headed by T.A.Morris the former secretary of the Irish Coursing Club.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
Dunmore Stadium in Belfast had sixty bookmakers operating on course, an unusually high amount but tote betting was still illegal in Northern Ireland despite the sport being more popular than in Southern Ireland.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
During the 1960 Irish Greyhound Derby second round action, a puppy called Palms Printer ran on the supporting card and won a graded race in a very fast time. The pup was sold at the Shelbourne Park sales in November and was eventually bought by Paddy McEvoy for £400. The Irish Derby winner Perrys Apple and two finalists Eccentric Sam and Kilmoney Tulip all found themselves at the Shelbourne sales and surprisingly all three failed to meet their reserves, the champion Perrys Apple only attracted a 750 guineas.


1960 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
The Irish Derby final was to be a final swansong for the great champion Pigalle Wonder, now aged four and a half years old, he was then retired. He would later become a prominent sire.


1960 UMass Redmen football team
The 1960 UMass Redmen football team represented the University of Massachusetts Amherst in the 1960 NCAA College Division football season as a member of the Yankee Conference. The team was coached by Chuck Studley and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. The 1960 season was Studley's first and only as coach of the Minutemen. It was also the team's first as conference champions. UMass finished the season with a record of 7–2 overall and 3–1 in conference play.


1960 USAC Championship Car season
The 1960 USAC Championship Car season consisted of 12 races, beginning in Trenton, New Jersey on April 10 and concluding in Phoenix, Arizona on November 20. There were also two non-championship events at Langhorne, Pennsylvania, and Pikes Peak, Colorado. This was the final year that the Indianapolis 500 was a part of the Formula One World Championship. The USAC National Champion was A. J. Foyt and the Indianapolis 500 winner was Jim Rathmann. Three time USAC/AAA National Champion (1954, 1956, 1957), and 1958 Indianapolis 500 winner Jimmy Bryan, was killed in an accident during the Langhorne 100 at Langhorne Speedway; he was 34 years old.


1960 USAC Road Racing Championship
The 1960 USAC Road Racing Championship season was the third season of the USAC Road Racing Championship. It began April 3rd, 1960, and ended October 23rd, 1960, after five races. Carroll Shelby won the season championship.


1960 USC Trojans baseball team
The 1960 USC Trojans baseball team represented the University of Southern California in the 1960 NCAA University Division baseball season. The Trojans played their home games at Bovard Field. The team was coached by Rod Dedeaux in his 19th season at USC.


1960 USC Trojans baseball team
The Trojans lost the College World Series, defeated by the Minnesota Golden Gophers in the championship game.


1960 USC Trojans football team
The 1960 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1960 NCAA University Division football season. In their first year under head coach John McKay, the Trojans compiled a 4–6 record (3–1 against conference opponents), finished in second place in the Athletic Association of Western Universities, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 152 to 95.


1960 USC Trojans football team
Bill Nelsen led the team in passing with 29 of 72 passes completed for 446 yards, three touchdowns and three interceptions. Marlin McKeever was the leading receiver with 15 catches for 218 yards. Hal Tobin was the leading rusher with 318 yard on 61 carries.


1960 USSR Chess Championship
The 1960 Soviet Chess Championship was the 27th edition of USSR Chess Championship. Held from 26 January to 27 February 1960 in Leningrad. The tournament was won by Viktor Korchnoi. The final were preceded by semifinals events at Cheliabinsk, Tallinn e Yerevan. Mikhail Tal was missing, preparing for his world title match against Botvinnik. Paul Keres was in Cuba as part of a cultural delegation from Estonia.


1960 USSR Chess Championship, Table and results
Mikhail Tal was missing, preparing for his world title match against Botvinnik. Paul Keres was in Cuba as part of a cultural delegation from Estonia. Spassky was in a moment of creative experimentation and got a bad place in the championship. He at this time was trying to play in a less academic style. As a result of his recent training period with Alexander Tolush, he often sacrificed material. The crowning moment for this attacking approach came in his winning against David Bronstein in the 16th round in a King's Gambit.


1960 USSR Chess Championship, Table and results
After 15 rounds the leaders were Petrosian and Korchnoi with 11 points, Geller 10½ and Polugayevsky, Taimanov and Krogius 9. In the 16th round both leaders suffered. Petrosian had been unwell and lost to Averbakh. Korchnoi had a promising position against Bagirov, but in a crucial position where he should have played Bc3xRe1, with good chances, he unaccountably touched his a6 bishop, intending to make the capture with it on el. Naturally, he resigned on the spot. It was one of the most incredible mistakes of his career, and so Korchnoi described the move:


1960 USSR Chess Championship, Table and results
My opponent had just taken of my rooks, and I was considering my reply. ' First', I thought, 'I'll take his rook with my bishop, on the next move I'll move my other bishop'. The two bishops stood side by side, and I picked up the wrong one, the one that was attacking nothing. Without completing the move, I left the hall, leaving a thousand fans, who were tensely following my game, in a state of bewilderment, which shortly turned to grief.


1960 USSR Chess Championship, Table and results
Such a blunder would have shattered a lesser man, but Korchnoi came back. He beat Krogius in the next round. The decisive game was an Alekhine's Defence in the 18th round encounter against Geller. Korchnoi with black pieces deferred development of his knight to c6, and outplayed Geller in complications to score a priceless victory.


1960 Uber Cup
The 1960 Uber Cup, held during the 1959-1960 badminton season, was the second edition of the women's international badminton championship. The ties (sets of matches) between zone winning nations took place in April 1960. Having won the previous tournament in 1957, the United States hosted the final round in Philadelphia.


1960 Uber Cup
In a repeat of the 1957 Uber Cup final, the United States were victorious over Denmark with Judy Devlin again victorious in all three of her matches.


1960 Uber Cup, Teams
As defending champion, United States skip through to the final.


1960 Ukrainian Class B
The 1960 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR (Class B) was the 30th season of association football competition of the Ukrainian SSR, which was part of the Ukrainian Class B. It was the eleventh in the Soviet Class B.


1960 Ukrainian Class B
The 1960 Football Championship of Ukrainian SSR (Class B) was won by FC Metalurh Zaporizhia.


1960 Ukrainian Class B, Format
In 1960 Class B football competitions were reorganized. Ukrainian teams of the 1959 Soviet Class B were filtered into a separate republican Class B football competitions that were administered by the Ukrainian sports organization (federation). The new competition obtained already existing member-clubs of the Class B that are based in Ukraine and almost the same number of clubs were added from regular republican competitions as part of expansion.


1960 Ukrainian Class B, Format
List of grandfathered clubs included 25 teams of masters, FC Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv (formerly Avanhard), FC Metalurh Dnipropetrovsk, FC Metalurh Zaporizhia, FC Spartak Kherson, FC Khimik Dniprodzerzhynsk, FC Kolhospnyk Cherkasy, FC Arsenal Kyiv, FC Zirka Kirovohrad, FC Polissya Zhytomyr (formerly Avanhard), FC Avanhard Kryvyi Rih (formerly Kryvyi Rih), FC Kolhospnyk Poltava, FC Lokomotyv Vinnytsia, SKA Odessa (formerly SKVO), FC Chornomorets Odesa, SKA Lviv (formerly SKVO), FC Spartak Uzhhorod, FC Kolhospnyk Rivno, SKCF Sevastopol, FC Avanhard Simferopol, FC Spartak Stanislav, FC Avanhard Ternopil, FC Trudovi Rezervy Luhansk, FC Lokomotyv Stalino, FC Shakhtar Kadiivka, and FC Shakhtar Horlivka. Some teams of masters had own amateur squad with the same names competing at republican competitions among which were SKA Odessa, Avanhard Mykolaiv and others.


1960 Ukrainian Class B, Format
They were joined by 11 more teams that obtained the teams of masters status, among which were newly created clubs FC Desna Chernihiv, FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi, and FC Volyn Lutsk as well as already existing clubs FC Avanhard Chernivtsi, FC Avanhard Zhdanov, FC Naftovyk Drohobych, FC Avanhard Zhovti Vody, FC Khimik Severodonetsk, FC Avanhard Sumy, FC Avanhard Kramatorsk, and FC Torpedo Kharkiv.


1960 Ulster Grand Prix
The 1960 Ulster Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 1960 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 6 August 1960 at the Dundrod Circuit.


1960 United States Grand Prix
The 1960 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on November 20, 1960, at Riverside International Raceway in Riverside, California. It was race 10 of 10 in the 1960 World Championship of Drivers and race 9 of 9 in the 1960 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
For whatever reason (unfamiliarity of the fans with open-wheeled cars and European drivers; media disapproval of Eastern promoters; lack of an ongoing championship battle), promoter Alec Ulmann had no more success drumming up support for the 1960 United States Grand Prix at Riverside International Raceway in California than he had the year before in Sebring, Florida.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Set in the desert near the Box Spring Mountain complex east of Los Angeles, the Riverside track featured a particularly demanding uphill esses section, just past the start-finish line. Riverside resident and local hero Dan Gurney headed the field as the natural favorite of the crowd, which numbered only about 25,000. Jack Brabham, who had already clinched his second consecutive World Championship a few weeks prior in Portugal, was back with teammate Bruce McLaren in the factory Cooper-Climaxes. Team Lotus had cars for Jim Clark, Innes Ireland and John Surtees, while Rob Walker entered a Scottish blue Lotus for Stirling Moss. BRM had three mid-engined P48s for Jo Bonnier, Graham Hill and Gurney.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
With the Championship chase over, Enzo Ferrari decided to keep his cars at home, believing his time and money would be better spent preparing for the new 1.5-liter Formula for 1961. The team's drivers, Phil Hill and Wolfgang von Trips, however, were allowed to enter the race with other teams. Hill particularly wanted to protect his third-place position in the Championship behind Cooper teammates Brabham and McLaren.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Moss won the pole battle, well ahead of Brabham and Gurney, who completed the front row. Phil Hill was astonished at the "incredible" difference in handling between the year-old, rear-engined green and red Cooper he was given for the race and the Monza winning Dino Ferrari he had been driving all season, but he managed to put it only thirteenth on the grid.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
On his way to the track in nearly perfect weather on Sunday morning, race promoter Ulmann realized that, indeed, he had bitten the hand that might have fed him. Following the rousing success of the Los Angeles Times-sponsored Sports Car Grand Prix that summer, where a crowd of 70,000 packed RIR, Ulmann said plainly that a genuine Formula One Grand Prix would surely do even better, since the Times race wasn't really a Grand Prix at all!


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Ulmann's words angered Times publisher Otis Chandler, and only Ulmann was surprised when the biggest daily paper in Los Angeles and most of the local media completely ignored the event.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
The small crowd of Riverside veterans who were on hand for the race, however, were stunned by the spectacle of the F1 cars. As Brabham took the early lead into Turn One, ahead of Gurney and Moss, the Riverside radio and PA announcer could only call their names and utter, "Wow." The Coopers of Phil Hill and Olivier Gendebien stalled on the grid, but were restarted and got under way. On lap 4, Surtees spun his Lotus in front of teammate Jim Clark, putting himself out, and causing the nosecone from his car to be used to replace the now-shattered one on Clark's.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Still leading, Brabham paid the price for over-reacting to last year's sputtering last lap at Sebring. Not wanting to run out of fuel again, he had overfilled his tanks, and excess fuel was spilling and being ignited by the heat of his exhaust. Two stops failed to find the source of the problem, or to assuage Brabham's concern over the noises and flames erupting from the back of the car.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
The Australian's troubles left Moss well in front, and when Gurney's BRM blew a core plug, Moss' teammate Bonnier took second, ahead of Ireland, Graham Hill and Texan Jim Hall, driving his first Grand Prix. Just before halfway through the 75-lap race, Graham Hill retired with a broken gearbox, and Bonnier began to drop back when a broken valve spring caused a misfire. Brabham had been charging up through the field since his pit stops, however, and eventually finished a battling fourth, behind teammate McLaren. Phil Hill ran fifth in the unfamiliar Cooper until a spin dropped him behind Bonnier, who got his ailing BRM home for two points.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Moss won the last race of the two-and-a-half liter era going away, and grabbed third in the Championship for the second year in a row. It was his fourteenth victory under the outgoing regulations, one less than five-time World Champion Juan Manuel Fangio.


1960 United States Grand Prix, Summary
Having failed to realize his dream for Formula One in the US a second time, Ulmann  nobly used his own money to pay prize and appearance fees. Winner Moss got a check for $7,500, a staggering amount for the time, and while suppliers had to wait a few months for theirs, they received every penny. Happily, the following year would see the United States Grand Prix finally settle into a regular home, with a loyal and appreciative crowd in Watkins Glen, New York. But a Formula One race would eventually return to California. In 1976, the United States Grand Prix West would come to Long Beach, only 60 miles away.


1960 United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico
The election for Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives took place on November 8, 1960, the same day as the larger Puerto Rican general election and the United States elections, 1960.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1960 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1960, which coincided with the election of President John F. Kennedy and was the first house election to feature all 50 current U.S. states.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections
There were 437 seats, the most in U.S. history: 435 from the reapportionment in accordance with the 1950 census, and one seat for each of the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections
Although Democrats retained control, it was the first time since 1908 that an incoming president's party lost seats in the House, which would not happen again until 1988.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1960 or before January 3, 1961; ordered by election date, then state, then district.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1960 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1960. Democrats and Republicans each swapped a seat, leaving the balance at 16 Democrats and 14 Republicans.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1960 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All six incumbents were re-elected without opposition and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert W. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1957, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.


1960 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1960 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 8, 1960 to determine who will represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had ten seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1950 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.


1960 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The men's 1960 United States Olympic Trials for track and field for men were held at the Stanford Stadium at Stanford University in California, between July 1-2. The 20 kilometer walk trials were held in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 17, and the 50 kilometer walk trials were held on July 3 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Two marathon trials were held between two races, the AAU National Championships in Yonkers, New York, on May 22 and the Boston Marathon in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 19. As it turned out, the three selectees were the top 3 at Yonkers, but that is because Gordon McKenzie was also the first American finisher at Boston.


1960 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The 10,000 meters was held during a heat wave in Bakersfield, California on July 24-25. Because of the temperatures, still 80°F at midnight, the race began at 11:58 p.m. on the 24th so the bulk of the race took place technically on the 25th. Several international athletes were allowed to participate in hopes of drawing the Americans to fast times, but the heat dashed those plans.


1960 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The decathlon was held a week after the trials, allowing athletes to make attempts at individual events. Rafer Johnson threw the javelin, Bob Gutowski tried to qualify in the pole vault, and Mike Herman attempted the long jump. While Herman failed to get a legal attempt in the long jump, a week later his World Decathlon Best 26'3" would have chased Ralph Boston and certainly would have been good enough to qualify. American resident, but Taiwanese citizen C. K. Yang was allowed to participate in the decathlon, where he pushed his college teammate Rafer Johnson to the world record, but his performance did not displace the American athletes in the trials. The process was organized by the AAU.


1960 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The Women's Olympic Trials were held separately in Abilene, Texas between July 15-6.


1960 United States Senate election in Alabama
The 1960 United States Senate election in Alabama was held on November 8, 1960.


1960 United States Senate election in Alabama
Incumbent Senator John Sparkman was re-elected to a third term in office over Republican Julian Elgin.


1960 United States Senate election in Alaska
The 1960 United States Senate election in Alaska was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Bartlett was re-elected to a full term in office, defeating Republican dentist Lee McKinley.


1960 United States Senate election in Arkansas
The 1960 United States Senate election in Arkansas took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John L. McClellan was re-elected to a fourth term in office.


1960 United States Senate election in Arkansas
Because McClellan faced only token in the general election, his victory in the July 26 primary was tantamount to election. McClellan was also unopposed in the primary.


1960 United States Senate election in Arkansas, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary election was held on July 26, 1960.


1960 United States Senate election in Arkansas, Bibliography
This Arkansas elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1960 United States Senate election in Colorado
The 1960 United States Senate election in Colorado took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Senator Gordon Allott was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating Democratic Lieutenant Governor Robert Lee Knous.


1960 United States Senate election in Delaware
The 1960 United States Senate election in Delaware took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator J. Allen Frear Jr. ran for re-election to a third term in office, but was narrowly defeated by Republican Governor of Delaware J. Caleb Boggs.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia
The 1960 United States Senate election in Georgia took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Richard Russell Jr. was re-elected to a fifth term in office.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia
As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran with no opposition in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary election was held on September 14, 1960. As Russell was unopposed, there was no run-off.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary, County unit system
From 1917 until 1962, the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Georgia used a voting system called the county unit system to determine victors in statewide primary elections.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary, County unit system
The system was ostensibly designed to function similarly to the Electoral College, but in practice the large ratio of unit votes for small, rural counties to unit votes for more populous urban areas provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary, County unit system
Under the county unit system, the 159 counties in Georgia were divided by population into three categories. The largest eight counties were classified as "Urban", the next-largest 30 counties were classified as "Town", and the remaining 121 counties were classified as "Rural". Urban counties were given 6 unit votes, Town counties were given 4 unit votes, and Rural counties were given 2 unit votes, for a total of 410 available unit votes. Each county's unit votes were awarded on a winner-take-all basis.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary, County unit system
Candidates were required to obtain a majority of unit votes (not necessarily a majority of the popular vote), or 206 total unit votes, to win the election. If no candidate received a majority in the initial primary, a runoff election was held between the top two candidates to determine a winner.


1960 United States Senate election in Georgia, Bibliography
This Georgia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1960 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1960 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic United States Senator Paul Douglas was reelected to a third term.


1960 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primary (held on April 12) and general election coincided with those for other federal offices (President and House) and those for state elections.


1960 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information, Turnout
Turnout in the primaries was 32.98%, with a total of 1,678,954 votes cast.


1960 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information, Turnout
Turnout during the general election was 84.24%, with 4,632,796 votes cast.


1960 United States Senate election in Illinois, Republican primary
Samuel W. Witwer won a crowded Republican primary. Witwer was an attorney known for his work on both state and federal constitutional reforms.


1960 United States Senate election in Iowa
The 1960 United States Senate election in Iowa took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Senator Thomas E. Martin did not run for re-election to a second term. Jack Miller won the open seat by defeating Democratic Governor Herschel Loveless.


1960 United States Senate election in Kentucky
The 1960 United States Senate election in Kentucky took place on November 6, 1960. Incumbent Republican Senator John Sherman Cooper, who won a 1956 special election to fill the vacant seat of Alben Barkley, was elected to a full term in office, defeating Democratic former Governor and Undersecretary of Labor Keen Johnson.


1960 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1960 United States Senate election in Maine was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith was re-elected to a fourth term over Democratic State Senator Lucia Cormier.


1960 United States Senate election in Maine
This was the first election in U.S. Senate history in which all candidates or all major-party candidates were women.


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The United States Senate election of 1960 in Massachusetts was held on November 8, 1960 with Republican Incumbent Leverett Saltonstall defeating his challengers.


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Democratic primary, Campaign
Governor Foster Furcolo, who lost to Saltonstall in 1954, decided to run against him again in 1960.


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Democratic primary, Campaign
On June 15, 1960, Springfield Mayor Thomas J. O'Connor announced he would challenge Furcolo for the Democratic nomination. O'Connor received support from Democrats who were opposed to Furcolo's effort to enact a state sales tax. Edmund Dinis, District Attorney for the southern district, was briefly in the race, but dropped at the party convention to support O'Connor. In a show of unity, Furcolo was nominated at the convention by Massachusetts Senate President and political foe John E. Powers. Furcolo defeated O'Connor by a 3 to 1 margin at the Democratic State Convention, but O'Connor decided to remain in the race. In the primary, O'Connor upset Furcolo 48% to 39% with Southern Middlesex County Register of Deeds Edmund C. Buckley received the remaining 13%. O'Connor was able to sweep the western part of the state and top Furcolo by 10,000 in Boston.


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Campaign
During the general election, O'Connor contrasted his youth to Saltonstall's age, calling him "yesterday's senator" and "The Late George Apley of Massachusetts politics". O'Connor also attacked the senator for "fail[ing] to act for the working man" and for helping "big business brigands" destroy the state's textile industry.


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Campaign
Saltonstall ran on his long record of public service. He criticized O'Connor for stating that he would consider continue serving as Springfield mayor if elected to the Senate, arguing that Americans need "not part-time leadership but full leadership".


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Campaign
Saltonstall also criticized O'Connor's campaign for lacking substance. After refusing to debate O'Connor, Saltonstall stated "If my opponent would express his opinions of some of the vital national and international issues, I would then consider whether I would debate on these subjects or not".


1960 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, General election, Results
Saltonstall defeated O'Connor 1,358,556 votes to 1,050,725 to hold on to his Senate seat.


1960 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1960 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating U.S. Representative Alvin M. Bentley.


1960 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1960 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey defeated Republican Minneapolis Mayor P. Kenneth Peterson, to win a third term.


1960 United States Senate election in Mississippi
The 1960 United States Senate election in Mississippi was held on November 8, 1960.


1960 United States Senate election in Mississippi
Incumbent Senator James Eastland was re-elected to a fourth term in office against nominal opposition. The primary race attracted little attention and as was typical of elections in the South at this time, the general election was a foregone conclusion in favor of the Democratic candidate, Eastland.


1960 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1960 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, and 1954, declined to seek re-election, creating an open seat. United States Congressman Lee Metcalf won out in a crowded Democratic primary and faced off against former United States Congressman Orvin B. Fjare, who won in a similarly-crowded Republican primary. Following a close general election, Metcalf narrowly defeated Fjare to win his first term in the Senate.


1960 United States Senate election in Nebraska
The 1960 United States Senate election in Nebraska took place on November 8, 1960. The incumbent Republican Senator, Carl Curtis, was re-elected by a smaller margin than 1954. He defeated Democratic candidate Robert B. Conrad. His victory underperformed Richard Nixon, the Republican presidential nominee, who won Nebraska by 24% in the presidential election.


1960 United States Senate election in Nebraska, Democratic primary, Replacement of Brooks
The winner of the Democratic primary, Ralph G. Brooks, died on September 9, 1960. He was replaced on the ballot by Robert B. Conrad, Brooks's administrative assistant.


1960 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The 1960 United States Senate election in New Jersey was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Clifford P. Case defeated Democratic nominee Thorn Lord with 55.69% of the vote.


1960 United States Senate election in North Carolina
The 1960 United States Senate election in North Carolina was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic Senator B. Everett Jordan was re-elected to a full term in office, defeating Republican Wilkes County attorney R. Kyle Hayes.


1960 United States Senate election in North Carolina
The simultaneous victories of Jordan, gubernatorial nominee Terry Sanford and presidential nominee John F. Kennedy marked the last time Democrats won all three top contests in North Carolina on the same day until 2008.


1960 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 1960 United States Senate election in Oklahoma took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic Senator Robert S. Kerr ran for re-election to a third term. He won the Democratic primary in a landslide and then faced former U.S. Attorney B. Hayden Crawford, the Republican nominee, in the general election. Even as Vice President Richard Nixon was winning Oklahoma in a landslide over John F. Kennedy, Kerr was able to defeat Crawford by a wide margin, winning his third term. However, Kerr died just shy of two years into his third term, on January 1, 1963. He was replaced by Governor J. Howard Edmondson in the Senate and a special election was held in 1964.


1960 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 1960 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 8, 1960 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Popular incumbent Democratic Senator Strom Thurmond easily won the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.


1960 United States Senate election in South Carolina
This was Thurmond's last Senate race in which he ran as a Democrat. Four years later, he switched his affiliation to the Republican Party in opposition to the Democrats' support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In his next reelection bid for the Senate, he ran as a Republican. As of 2021, this is also the last time the Democrats won South Carolina's Class 2 Senate seat.


1960 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Herbert argued that Thurmond's means of opposing the civil rights legislation in the 1950s was unconstructive and instead if he were in the Senate he would express to the country how the blacks were benefited by white rule. Herbert's campaign was little more than token opposition as Thurmond racked up a huge victory and won another term because he did not have an opponent in the general election.


1960 United States Senate election in South Dakota
The 1960 United States Senate election in South Dakota took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Republican Senator Karl E. Mundt ran for re-election to his third term. He was challenged by Congressman George McGovern. Both Mundt and McGovern won their respective primaries unopposed and the long-awaited campaign between the two began. Despite the landslide victory for Vice-President Richard M. Nixon over John F. Kennedy, the race between Mundt and McGovern was quite close. However, the headwinds proved impossible for McGovern to overcome, and Mundt narrowly won re-election. However, McGovern would run for the U.S. Senate again in 1962, and he would serve alongside Mundt for a decade.


1960 United States Senate election in Tennessee
The 1960 United States Senate election in Tennessee took place on November 8, 1960, concurrently with the U.S. presidential election, as well as elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Democrat Estes Kefauver won re-election, he defeated Republican A. Bradley Frazier.


1960 United States Senate election in Texas
The 1960 United States Senate election in Texas was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Lyndon Baines Johnson, who was simultaneously running for Vice President of the United States, was re-elected to a third term in office. Johnson had Texas law changed to allow him to run for both offices at once. As of 2021, this is the last time the Democrats won the Class 2 Senate seat from Texas.


1960 United States Senate election in Texas
Johnson spent much of the year focused on his other campaigns. First, his unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic nomination for President ended in defeat at the hands of John F. Kennedy at the July Democratic National Convention. At the convention, Kennedy chose Johnson as his running mate.


1960 United States Senate election in Texas, General election, Results
Johnson carried his Senate seat quite easily, although in the presidential race, the Kennedy-Johnson ticket won the state over the Republican Nixon-Lodge ticket by only two percentage points.


1960 United States Senate election in Texas, General election, Results
Because the Kennedy-Johnson ticket was victorious in the presidential race, Johnson never took office for his third term. Instead, William Blakley was appointed to fill the vacancy and a special election was scheduled for May 1961. Johnson's opponent in this race, John Tower, went on to win the special election over Blakley.


1960 United States Senate election in Virginia
The 1960 United States Senate election in Virginia was held on November 8, 1960. Democratic incumbent Senator Absalom Willis Robertson defeated Independent Democrat Stuart Baker and Social Democrat Clarke Robb and was re-elected to a third term in office.


1960 United States Senate election in West Virginia
The 1960 United States Senate election in West Virginia was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Jennings Randolph won re-election to a full term.


1960 United States Senate election in West Virginia, Bibliography
This West Virginia elections-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1960 United States Senate election in Wyoming
The 1960 United States Senate election in Wyoming was held on November 8, 1960. Incumbent Democratic Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney was first appointed to the U.S. Senate from Wyoming's Class 1 Senate seat in 1934, and was re-elected in 1934, 1940, and 1946 before losing re-election in 1952. He was then elected to the Class 2 Senate seat in 1954. O'Mahoney, in failing health and increasingly limited in his mobility, declined to run for a fifth non-consecutive term in the Senate.


1960 United States Senate election in Wyoming
Accordingly, a competitive race for the open seat ensued. Congressman Keith Thomson won the Republican primary over former U.S. Senator and former Governor Frank A. Barrett, while 1958 Democratic congressional nominee Raymond B. Whitaker, the former Natrona County Prosecuting Attorney, beat out State Superintendent Velma Linford to win the Democratic nomination, queueing up a rematch between Thomson and Whitaker. Despite Democrats' recent history of winning competitive Senate elections in Wyoming, however, Thomson defeated Whitaker by a wide margin, closely matching Richard M. Nixon's margin over John F. Kennedy in the presidential election. However, Thomson died of a heart attack on December 9, 1960, prior to his assuming office, and Democratic Governor John J. Hickey appointed himself to fill the vacancy; Hickey would serve until his defeat in the 1962 special election.


1960 United States Senate elections
The 1960 United States Senate elections coincided with the election of John F. Kennedy as president on November 8, 1960. A special election was held on June 28, 1960 for a mid-term vacancy in North Dakota. The Republicans gained two seats at the expense of the Democrats. The Democrats nonetheless retained a commanding lead in the Senate with 64 seats to 36. As Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President, Mike Mansfield became the new Majority Leader.


1960 United States Senate elections, Other changes
The Republicans' gain of two seats from the November elections was reduced to one seat after the election:


1960 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 86th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1960 or before January 3, 1961; ordered by election date.


1960 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Elections leading to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1961; ordered by state.


1960 United States Senate elections, North Dakota (special)
A special election was held June 28, 1960, to fill the seat vacated by William Langer, who died November 8, 1959. Clarence Norman Brunsdale, a former Governor of North Dakota, was temporarily appointed to the seat on November 19 of that year until the special election was held. North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Quentin N. Burdick faced Republican John E. Davis for election to the seat. Davis had been serving as Governor of the state since 1957.


1960 United States Senate elections, Oregon
First-term Democrat Richard L. Neuberger had been diagnosed with testicular cancer in 1958 that became terminal by 1960 — but was kept from the public. Neuberger remained at home in early 1960, reportedly battling the flu. Though still publicly seeking re-election, he told his campaign chair, attorney Jack Beatty, "Remember, there's always another Neuberger," referring to his wife. The comment, combined with Neuberger's reluctance to meet in public and weak voice on the phone, led Beatty to believe that Neuberger's condition was grave, a suspicion confirmed by the Senator's physician shortly before Neuberger died at Good Samaritan Hospital on March 9, 1960.


1960 United States Senate elections, Oregon
Democratic Oregon Supreme Court judge Hall S. Lusk was appointed March 16, 1960 to continue the term, pending a special election in which he was not a candidate.


1960 United States Senate elections, Oregon
Primaries were held May 20, 1960, in which Newberger's widow, Democrat Maurine B. Neuberger and the Republican former-Governor of Oregon Elmo Smith easily won nomination.


1960 United States Senate elections, Oregon
Maurine Brown Neuberger was elected November 8, 1960 both to finish the term and to the next term.


1960 United States Senate elections, Oregon, Oregon (regular)
Maurine Brown Neuberger retired at the end of the term.


1960 United States Senate elections, Texas
Incumbent two-term Democrat Lyndon Johnson was easily re-elected, but he was also elected the same day as Vice President with John F. Kennedy being elected president. This was the last election in which a Democrat was selected to Texas's class 2 Senate seat.


1960 United States Senate elections, Texas
Johnson resigned January 3, 1961 — before the new Congress began — and former Democratic senator William A. Blakley was appointed to begin the term, pending a special election. Republican John Tower, who lost to Johnson here in 1960, would win that May 1961 special election.


1960 United States Senate special election in North Dakota
The 1960 Special U.S. Senate election in North Dakota was held June 28, 1960, to fill the United States Senate seat vacated by the late William Langer. Langer died in office on November 8, 1959, and Clarence Norman Brunsdale, a former Governor of North Dakota, was temporarily appointed to the seat on November 19 of that year until the special election was held. North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Quentin N. Burdick faced Republican John E. Davis for election to the seat. Davis had been serving as Governor of the state since 1957.


1960 United States Senate special election in North Dakota
Davis had been very popular during his tenure as Governor of the state, and Burdick had been serving in North Dakota's At-large congressional district for the past two years. His father, Usher L. Burdick, who represented North Dakota for twenty years in the United States House of Representatives, died during the campaign. This race between two popular candidates made for the second-closest race in the history of North Dakota's U.S. Senate elections, with Burdick being determined the winner by just over 1,100 votes.


1960 United States Senate special election in North Dakota
Two independent candidates, Eugene Van Der Hoeven and Clarence Haggard, also filed before the deadline and could have played a factor in determining the outcome since their total votes were more than double that of the 1,100 votes that made Burdick the winner. Haggard would later try again for one of the state's senate seats in 1976 (see election).


1960 United States census
The United States census of 1960, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 179,323,175, an increase of 18.5 percent over the 151,325,798 persons enumerated during the 1950 census. This was the first census in which all states recorded a population of over 200,000. This census's data determined the electoral votes for the 1964 and 1968 presidential elections. This is also the last census in which New York was the most populous state.


1960 United States census, Data availability
Microdata from the 1960 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2032.


1960 United States elections
The 1960 United States elections was held on November 8, and elected the members of the 87th United States Congress. The  Democratic Party retained control of Congress and won the presidency.


1960 United States elections
In the presidential election, Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts defeated sitting Republican Vice President Richard Nixon. Kennedy carried a mix of Southern, Midwestern, and Northeastern states, while Nixon dominated the West and won a majority of states. Fourteen unpledged electors from Alabama and Mississippi voted for Democratic Senator Harry F. Byrd from Virginia, as many Southern Democrats opposed the national party's stance on civil rights. Kennedy's popular vote margin of victory was the closest in any presidential election in the 20th century, with Kennedy garnering 0.17% more of the popular vote than his opponent.


1960 United States elections
Nixon, the first sitting vice president to win either party's nomination since John C. Breckinridge in 1860, easily won his party's nomination. Sitting Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president in American history to be legally ineligible for re-election, due to the 1951 ratification of the 22nd Amendment. Kennedy won the Democratic nomination on the first ballot, defeating Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson. Kennedy's general election victory made him the first Catholic president.


1960 United States elections
The Republican Party cut into the Democratic majority in both the House and the Senate, but Democrats retained a commanding majority in both chambers.


1960 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on 8 November 1960, in 27 states concurrent with the House, Senate elections and presidential election.


1960 United States gubernatorial elections
In Minnesota, this was the last election on a 2-year cycle, before switching to a 4-year term for governors.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team
The 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team competed in the Games of the XVII Olympiad, representing the United States of America. The USA team, coached by California Golden Bears head coach Pete Newell, dominated the competition, winning its games by an average of 42.4 points per game. The team is considered by many to be the best amateur level basketball team of all time, and was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit, in 2010.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Olympic trials
Trials for the team were held in March and April 1960, in Denver, at the Denver Coliseum. The trials were conducted in the form of an eight team tournament, including teams from the reigning NCAA National Champions, the Ohio State Buckeyes, a team of NCAA All-Stars featuring stars such as Jerry West and Oscar Robertson, an NAIA All-Star team, and the AAU Champions, the Peoria Caterpillar Cats. The NCAA All-Stars won the competition convincingly, and so Pete Newell was named the team's head coach, with Warren Womble as his assistant.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Olympic trials
The trials came at a time when the AAU and NCAA were wrestling for control of USA Basketball, and the make-up of the team represented that uneasy truce, as the team was made up of seven collegiate stars, four AAU players, and one representative of the US Armed Forces (guard Adrian Smith). This compromise meant that many top college players were left off the team, including Ohio State's John Havlicek and Providence guard Lenny Wilkens.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Olympic tournament
The team went 8–0 in the Olympic basketball tournament, held in Rome, averaging 101.9 points per game and holding their opponents to 59.5. Five Americans averaged double-figures in scoring - Oscar Robertson (17.3), Jerry Lucas (16.8), Jerry West (14.1), Terry Dischinger (11.3) and Adrian Smith (10.9). Lucas was the star of the medal round, as he scored 21 points in the gold medal game against Brazil, after having scored 26 points in the previous game against host Italy.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Legacy
The 1960 team is thought to be one of the best amateur sports teams in basketball history. Nine members of the squad went on to play in the NBA and four players from the team - Robertson, Lucas, West and Walt Bellamy, have individually been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as have head coach Pete Newell and Dutch Lonborg, who was on Newell's staff as team manager. Other career distinctions by team members include Robertson's League MVP Award in 1963-64.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Legacy
Dischinger's 1963 NBA Rookie of the Year Award (an award also received by Robertson (1961), Bellamy (1962), and Lucas(1964), Adrian Smith's NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1966, and West's NBA Finals MVP in 1969. Bob Boozer and Darrall Imhoff were also NBA All-Star Game participants during their careers. The team was elected to the US Olympic Hall of Fame in 1984.


1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team, Legacy
In 2010, along with the "Dream Team," the 1960 US Olympic men's basketball team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit. The election marks only the seventh and eighth teams so honored.


1960 United States presidential debates
The 1960 United States presidential debates were a series of debates held for the 1960 United States presidential election. Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy and Republican nominee Richard Nixon met the criteria for inclusion in the debates. Four Presidential debates were conducted for Presidential candidates, which was the first series of debates conducted for any presidential election. (The Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 had been the first for senators from Illinois). The next presidential debate would not occur until 1976, after which debates would become a regular feature of all presidential campaigns.


1960 United States presidential debates
The debates turned out to be the turning point of the campaign, as it was the first held on television, and thus attracted enormous publicity. Polls revealed that more than half of all voters had been influenced by the debates, while 6 percent claimed that the debates alone had decided their choice. It is widely believed that those who listened to the debate on radio thought that Nixon had won, while those who watched the debate on television thought that Kennedy had won.


1960 United States presidential debates, Background
In 1960, John F. Kennedy, a senator from Massachusetts was nominated by the Democratic party as their presidential nominee. He chose the Senate Democratic leader Lyndon B. Johnson as his running mate. The Republican party nominated the incumbent vice president Richard Nixon as their presidential nominee, with Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., the United States ambassador to the United Nations as his running mate. Most polls after the party conventions showed the Nixon–Lodge ticket having a six point lead over the Kennedy–Johnson ticket.


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, First presidential debate
The first presidential debate was held at WBBM-TV, Chicago on Monday September 26, 1960 between Vice President Richard Nixon and senator John F. Kennedy. Howard K. Smith moderated the debate with Sander Vanocur, Charles Warren and Stuart Novins as panelists. Questions were restricted to internal or domestic American matters. The format decided was:


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, First presidential debate
Nixon refused make-up for the first debate, and as a result his facial stubble showed prominently on the black-and-white TV screens at the time. During the debate, Nixon started sweating under the hot studio lights giving way to visible beads of perspiration. He had chosen a light gray suit which faded into the backdrop of the set and seemed to match his ashen skin tone. Reacting to this, his mother immediately called him to and asked whether he was sick. The Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley in an interview said:


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Second presidential debate
The second presidential debate was held at WRC-TV, Washington D.C. on Friday October 7, 1960 between Vice President Richard Nixon and senator John F. Kennedy. Frank McGee moderated the debate with Paul Niven, Edward P. Morgan, Alan Spivak and Harold R. Levy as panelists. Questions were related to internal American matters, foreign relations, economy, etc. The format decided was:


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Second presidential debate
After the first debate, for the remaining three debates, Nixon regained his lost weight, wore television makeup, and appeared more forceful than in his initial appearance. Polls showed that Nixon won the second and third debate, but Kennedy moved from a slight deficit into a slight lead over Nixon.


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Third presidential debate
The third presidential debate was held virtually at ABC studio, Los Angeles, California for Nixon and ABC studio, New York City, New York for Kennedy on Thursday October 13, 1960 between Vice President Richard Nixon and senator John F. Kennedy. Bill Shadel moderated the debate with Frank McGee, Charles Van Fremd, Douglass Cater and Roscoe Drummond as panelists. The main topic of this debate was whether military force should be used to prevent Quemoy and Matsu, two island archipelagos off the Chinese coast, from falling under Communist control. The format decided was:


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Third presidential debate
The third debate has been notable, as it brought about a change in the debate process. This debate was a monumental step for television. For the first time ever, split-screen technology was used to bring two people from opposite sides of the country together so they were able to converse in real time. Nixon was in Los Angeles while Kennedy was in New York. The men appeared to be in the same room, as a can of paint used for the backdrop in New York was flown overnight to Hollywood to match the background there. Both candidates had monitors in their respective studios containing the feed from the opposite studio so they could respond to questions. Bill Shadel moderated the debate from a different television studio in Los Angeles.


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Fourth presidential debate
The fourth presidential debate was held at ABC studio, New York City on Friday October 21, 1960 between Vice President Richard Nixon and senator John F. Kennedy. Quincy Howe moderated the debate with Frank Singiser, John Edwards, Walter Cronkite and John Chancellor as panelists. Questions were related to Foreign affairs. The format decided was:


1960 United States presidential debates, Debates, Fourth presidential debate
The fourth debate concluded the series of Presidential debates, and was generally seen as the strongest performance of both candidates.


1960 United States presidential election
The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election, Democratic United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican Party nominee. This was the first election in which fifty states participated and the last in which the District of Columbia  did not, marking the first participation of Alaska and Hawaii. This made it the only presidential election where the threshold for victory was 269 electoral votes. It was also the first election in which an incumbent president was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment.


1960 United States presidential election
Nixon faced little opposition in the Republican race to succeed popular incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kennedy, a junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, established himself as the Democratic front-runner with his strong performance in the 1960 Democratic primaries, including a key victory in West Virginia over United States Senator Hubert Humphrey. He defeated Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson on the first presidential ballot of the 1960 Democratic National Convention, and asked Johnson to serve as his running mate. The issue of the Cold War dominated the election, as tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union.


1960 United States presidential election
Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory and is generally considered to have won the national popular vote by 112,827, a margin of 0.17 percent. Fourteen unpledged electors from Mississippi and Alabama cast their vote for Senator Harry F. Byrd, as did a faithless elector from Oklahoma. The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, and this closeness can be explained by a number of factors. Kennedy benefited from the economic recession of 1957–58, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party, and he had the advantage of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans.


1960 United States presidential election
Furthermore, the new votes that Kennedy, the first Roman Catholic president, gained among Catholics almost neutralized the new votes Nixon gained among Protestants. Nixon's advantages came from Eisenhower's popularity, as well as the economic prosperity of the past eight years. Kennedy's campaigning skills decisively outmatched Nixon's, who exhausted time and resources campaigning in all fifty states while Kennedy focused on campaigning in populous swing states. Kennedy emphasized his youth, while Nixon focused heavily on his experience. Kennedy relied on Johnson to hold the South, and used television effectively. Despite this, Kennedy's popular vote margin was the narrowest in the 20th century.


1960 United States presidential election
This is the most recent election in which neither candidate carried every county in a single state.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic candidates
The major candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination were United States Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts, Governor Pat Brown of California, United States Senator Stuart Symington from Missouri, United States Senator Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas, former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, United States Senator Wayne Morse from Oregon, and United States Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota. Several other candidates sought support in their home state or region as "favorite son" candidates without any realistic chance of winning the nomination. Symington, Stevenson, and Johnson all declined to campaign in the presidential primaries. While this reduced their potential delegate count going into the Democratic National Convention, each of these three candidates hoped that the other leading contenders would stumble in the primaries, thus causing the convention's delegates to choose him as a "compromise" candidate acceptable to all factions of the party.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic candidates
Kennedy was initially dogged by suggestions from some Democratic Party elders (such as former United States President Harry S. Truman, who was supporting Symington) that he was too youthful and inexperienced to be president; these critics suggested that he should agree to be the running mate for another Democrat. Realizing that this was a strategy touted by his opponents to keep the public from taking him seriously, Kennedy stated frankly, "I'm not running for vice president, I'm running for president."


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic candidates
The next step was the primaries. Kennedy's Roman Catholic religion was an issue. Kennedy first challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey in the Wisconsin primary and defeated him. Kennedy's sisters, brothers, and wife Jacqueline combed the state looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he "felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store." However, some political experts argued that Kennedy's margin of victory had come almost entirely from Catholic areas, and thus Humphrey decided to continue the contest in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic candidates
The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia, and Kennedy outperformed Humphrey. Humphrey's campaign was low on funds and could not compete for advertising and other "get-out-the-vote" drives with Kennedy's well-financed and well-organized campaign. In the end, Kennedy defeated Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, and Humphrey ended his presidential campaign. West Virginia showed that Kennedy, a Catholic, could win in a heavily Protestant state. Although Kennedy had only competed in nine presidential primaries, Kennedy's rivals, Johnson and Symington, failed to campaign in any primaries.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic candidates
Even though Stevenson had twice been the Democratic Party's presidential candidate and retained a loyal following of liberals, his two landslide defeats to Republican United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower led most party leaders and delegates to search for a "fresh face" who could win a national election. Following the primaries, Kennedy traveled around the nation speaking to state delegations and their leaders. As the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California. In the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers when Lyndon B. Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson, the party's nominee in 1952 and 1956, officially announced their candidacies (they had both privately been working for the nomination for some time). However, neither Johnson nor Stevenson was a match for the talented and highly efficient Kennedy campaign team led by Robert F. Kennedy.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Johnson challenged Kennedy to a televised debate before a joint meeting of the Texas and Massachusetts delegations, to which Kennedy accepted. Most observers believed that Kennedy won the debate, and Johnson was unable to expand his delegate support beyond the South. Stevenson's failure to launch his candidacy publicly until the week of the convention meant that many liberal delegates who might have supported him were already pledged to Kennedy, and Stevenson—despite the energetic support of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt—could not break their allegiance. Kennedy won the nomination on the first ballot.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Then, in a move that surprised many, Kennedy asked Johnson to be his running mate. He realized that he could not be elected without the support of traditional Southern Democrats, most of whom had backed Johnson. He offered Johnson the vice presidential nomination at the Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel at 10:15 a.m. on July 14, 1960, the morning after being nominated for president.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Robert F. Kennedy, who hated Johnson for his attacks on the Kennedy family, and who favored labor leader Walter Reuther, later said that his brother offered the position to Johnson as a courtesy and did not predict him to accept it. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., and Seymour Hersh quoted Robert Kennedy's version of events, writing that John Kennedy "would have preferred Stuart Symington as his running-mate" and that Johnson teamed with House Speaker Sam Rayburn to "pressure Kennedy to offer the nomination".


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Hersh goes on to present an alternative version of events; he writes that Kennedy was essentially blackmailed into offering the vice presidency to Johnson. The same story was originally presented by Anthony Summers in his biography of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Evelyn Lincoln, Kennedy's personal secretary, told Summers in an interview that she was convinced in mid-1960 that J. Edgar Hoover and Johnson had conspired. Hoover was known to keep detailed files on the personal lives of many political figures and Kennedy was no exception.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Hoover obtained information about Kennedy's womanizing prior to the election from at least two different sources. In January 1942, while he was serving in the United States Navy, FBI surveillance records confirmed that he was having an affair with a woman named Inga Arvad; then, in 1958, a couple named Leonard and Florence Kater found out that their tenant, Pamela Turnure, a secretary in Kennedy's Senate office, had been having an affair with the soon-to-be president. The Katers rigged up a tape recorder to pick up the sounds of the couple's lovemaking and snapped a picture of Kennedy himself.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
The Katers sent this information to the newspapers and one company - Stearn Publications - passed it along to Hoover. Soon after, "he quietly obtained a copy of the compromising sex tapes and offered them to Lyndon Johnson as campaign ammunition." Lincoln said that Johnson "had been using all the information Hoover could find on Kennedy - during the campaign, even before the Convention. And Hoover was in on the pressure on Kennedy at the Convention."


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
A few days after the offer was made, Pierre Salinger, the campaign's press secretary, had asked Kennedy whether he really expected Johnson to accept the offer or if he was merely making a polite gesture. Kennedy responded cryptically: "The whole story will never be known. And it's just as well that it won't be." "The only people who were involved in the discussions were Jack and myself," said Robert Kennedy. "We both promised each other that we'd never tell what happened."


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Biographers Robert Caro and W. Marvin Watson offer a different perspective; they write that the Kennedy campaign was desperate to win what was forecast to be a very close race against Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.. Johnson was needed on the ticket to help carry votes from Texas and the Southern United States. Caro's research showed that on July 14, Kennedy started the process while Johnson was still asleep. At 6:30 a.m., Kennedy asked his brother to prepare an estimate of upcoming electoral votes, "including Texas." Robert Kennedy called Pierre Salinger and Kenneth O'Donnell to assist him.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Realizing the ramifications of counting Texas votes as their own, Salinger asked him whether he was considering a Kennedy-Johnson ticket, and Robert replied, "yes". Between 9 and 10 a.m., John Kennedy called Pennsylvania governor David L. Lawrence, a Johnson backer, to request that Lawrence nominate Johnson for vice president if Johnson were to accept the role and then went to Johnson's suite to discuss a mutual ticket at 10:15 a.m. John Kennedy then returned to his suite to announce the Kennedy-Johnson ticket to his closest supporters and Northern political bosses.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
He accepted the congratulations of Ohio Governor Michael DiSalle, Connecticut Governor Abraham A. Ribicoff, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, and New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr.. Lawrence said that "Johnson has the strength where you need it most"; he then left to begin writing the nomination speech. O'Donnell remembers being angry at what he considered a betrayal by John Kennedy, who had previously cast Johnson as anti-labor and anti-liberal.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Afterward, Robert Kennedy visited with labor leaders who were extremely unhappy with the choice of Johnson and after seeing the depth of labor opposition to Johnson, he ran messages between the hotel suites of his brother and Johnson, apparently trying to undermine the proposed ticket without John Kennedy's authorization and to get Johnson to agree to be the Democratic Party chairman rather than vice president. Johnson refused to accept a change in plans unless it came directly from John Kennedy.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Despite his brother's interference, John Kennedy was firm that Johnson was who he wanted as running mate and met with staffers such as Larry O'Brien, his national campaign manager, to say Johnson was to be vice president. O'Brien recalled later that John Kennedy's words were wholly unexpected, but that after a brief consideration of the electoral vote situation, he thought "it was a stroke of genius".


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Democratic Party, Democratic convention
Norman Mailer attended the convention and wrote a profile of Kennedy, "Superman Comes to the Supermart," published in Esquire.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party, Republican candidates
With the ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, President Dwight D. Eisenhower could not run for the office of president again; he had been elected in 1952 and 1956.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party, Republican candidates
In 1959, it looked as if Vice President Richard Nixon might face a serious challenge for the Republican nomination from New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican moderate-liberal wing. However, Rockefeller announced that he would not be a candidate for president after a national tour revealed that the great majority of Republicans favored Nixon.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party, Republican candidates
After Rockefeller's withdrawal, Nixon faced no significant opposition for the Republican nomination. At the 1960 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, Nixon was the overwhelming choice of the delegates, with conservative Senator Barry Goldwater from Arizona receiving 10 votes from conservative delegates. In earning the nomination, Nixon became the first sitting vice president to run for president since John C. Breckinridge exactly a century prior. Nixon then chose former Massachusetts Senator and United Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., as his vice presidential running mate.


1960 United States presidential election, Nominations, Republican Party, Republican candidates
Nixon chose Lodge because his foreign-policy credentials fit into Nixon's strategy to campaign more on foreign policy than domestic policy, which he believed favored the Democrats. Nixon had previously sought Rockefeller as his running mate, but the governor had no ambitions to be vice president. However, he later served as Gerald Ford's vice president from 1974 to 1977.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign promises
During the campaign, Kennedy charged that under Eisenhower and the Republicans the nation had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the Cold War, both militarily and economically, and that as president he would "get America moving again." The Eisenhower administration had established NASA in 1958, but Kennedy believed that the Republican Party had ignored the need to catch up to the Soviet Union in the Space Race. He promised that the new Democratic administration would fully appreciate the importance of space accomplishments for the national security and international prestige of the United States.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign promises
Nixon responded that, if elected, he would continue the "peace and prosperity" that Eisenhower had brought the nation in the 1950s. Nixon also argued that with the nation engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets, that Kennedy was too young and inexperienced to be trusted with the presidency. Had Nixon been elected, at 48 years, 11 days, he would have been the fourth-youngest president at the date of inauguration. Kennedy, by contrast, was 43 years, 236 days, on the date of his inauguration; the second-youngest man to begin a Presidency (at 42 Theodore Roosevelt, who assumed the Presidency upon the assassination of United States President William McKinley 60 years previously, was (and remains) the youngest).


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign promises
During Kennedy's campaign he relied on his youth and promised to bring about change. Kennedy had a slogan emphasizing his youth reading, "who's seasoned through and through/but not so dog-gone seasoned that he won't try something new." He was also endorsed by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Henry Fonda, and Harry Belafonte. Nixon asserted that his experience in politics made him more qualified to hold the office of president. He wanted voters to know that he had the abilities to take on Communist threats.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
Kennedy and Nixon both drew large and enthusiastic crowds throughout the campaign. In August 1960, most polls gave Nixon a slim lead over Kennedy, and many political pundits regarded him as the favorite to win. However, Nixon was plagued by bad luck throughout the fall campaign. In August, President Eisenhower, who had long been ambivalent about Nixon, held a televised press conference in which a reporter, Charles Mohr of Time, mentioned Nixon's claims that he had been a valuable administration insider and adviser.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
Mohr asked Eisenhower if he could give an example of a major idea of Nixon's that he had heeded. Eisenhower responded with the flip comment, "If you give me a week, I might think of one." Although both Eisenhower and Nixon later claimed that he was merely joking with the reporter, the remark hurt Nixon, as it undercut his claims of having greater decision-making experience than Kennedy. The remark proved so damaging to Nixon that the Democrats turned Eisenhower's statement into a television commercial.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
At the Republican National Convention, Nixon had pledged to campaign in all fifty states. This pledge backfired when, in August, Nixon injured his knee on a car door while campaigning in North Carolina. The knee became infected and Nixon had to cease campaigning for two weeks while the infection was treated with antibiotics.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
When he left Walter Reed Hospital, Nixon refused to abandon his pledge to visit every state; he thus wound up wasting valuable time visiting states that he had no chance of winning, or that had few electoral votes and would be of little help at the election, or states that he would almost certainly win regardless. In his effort to visit all 50 states, Nixon spent the vital weekend before the election campaigning in Alaska, which had only three electoral votes, while Kennedy campaigned in more populous states, such as New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
Nixon visited Atlanta, Georgia on August 26 and acquired a very large turnout to his event. Nixon rode through a parade in Atlanta and was greeted by 150,000 people. Nixon mentioned in his speech in Atlanta, "in the last quarter of a century there hasn't been a Democratic candidate for President that has bothered to campaign in the State of Georgia." However, Kennedy would not let Nixon take the Democratic states that easily. Kennedy would change that statistic and visit some surprising states, including Georgia.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
Senator Kennedy visited the cities of Columbus, Warm Springs, and Lagrange on his campaign trail in Georgia. In his visit to Warm Springs, state troopers tried to keep Kennedy from an immense crowd, however Kennedy reached out to shake hands of those who were sick with polio. He also visited small towns across Georgia on his trip and saw a mass of 100,000 people during the entire visit. Kennedy spoke at a rehabilitation facility in Warm Springs. Warm Springs was near and dear to Kennedy's heart due to the effects the facility had on Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt spent time at the rehabilitation facility and died there in 1945.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
In Warm Springs, Kennedy spoke to supporters at the facility and mentioned Roosevelt in his speech. He admired Roosevelt and commended him for sticking up for the farmers, workers, small towns, big cities, those in poverty, and those who were sick. He said Roosevelt had a "spirit of strength and progress to get America moving." Kennedy discussed his six-point plan for healthcare. He wanted a medical program set up for retirement and federal funding for the construction of medical schools and hospitals.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
He also planned for the government to loan students money to attend medical school and provide grants to renovate old hospitals. He called for more money to be spent on medical research and finally, expand effort for rehabilitation and come up with new ways to assist those in need. Many Republicans disapproved Kennedy's plans and described them as an "appeal to socialism". People around Warm Springs were supportive of Kennedy. Women were wearing hats reading, "Kennedy and Johnson". Signs around the town read, "Douglas County For Kennedy Except 17 Republicans 6 Old Grouches". Joe O. Butts, the mayor of Warm Springs during Kennedy's visit, said, "He must've shaken hands with everybody within two miles of him, and he was smiling all the time."


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
Despite the reservations Robert F. Kennedy had about Johnson's nomination, choosing Johnson as Kennedy's running mate proved to be a masterstroke. Johnson vigorously campaigned for Kennedy and was instrumental in helping the Democrats to carry several Southern states skeptical of him, especially Johnson's home state of Texas. Johnson made a "last-minute change of plans and scheduled two 12-minute whistlestop speeches in Georgia". One of these visits included stopping in Atlanta to speak from the rear of a train at Terminal Station.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign events
On the other hand, Ambassador Lodge, Nixon's running mate, ran a lethargic campaign and made several mistakes that hurt Nixon. Among them was a pledge, made without approval, that if elected, Nixon would name at least one African American to a Cabinet post. Nixon was furious at Lodge, and accused him of spending too much time campaigning with minority groups, instead of the white majority.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
There were four presidential debates and no vice presidential debates during the 1960 general election.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
The key turning point of the campaign came with the four Kennedy-Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates ever (The Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 had been the first for senators from Illinois), also the first held on television, and thus attracted enormous publicity. Nixon insisted on campaigning until just a few hours before the first debate started. He had not completely recovered from his stay in hospital and thus looked pale, sickly, underweight, and tired. His eyes moved across the room during the debate, and at various moments sweat was visible on his face.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
He also refused make-up for the first debate, and as a result his facial stubble showed prominently on the black-and-white TV screens at the time. Furthermore, the debate set appeared darker once the paint dried up, causing Nixon's suit color to blend in with the background which reduced his stature. Nixon's poor appearance on television in the first debate is reflected by the fact that his mother called him immediately following the debate to ask if he was sick. Kennedy, by contrast, rested and prepared extensively beforehand, appearing tanned, confident, and relaxed during the debate. An estimated 70 million viewers watched the first debate.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
It is often claimed that people who watched the debate on television overwhelmingly believed Kennedy had won, while radio listeners (a smaller audience) thought Nixon had ended up defeating him. However, that has been disputed. Indeed, one study has speculated that the viewer/listener disagreement could be due to sample bias in that those without TV could be a skewed subset of the population:


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
Evidence in support of this belief [i.e., that Kennedy's physical appearance overshadowed his performance during the first debate] is mainly limited to sketchy reports about a market survey conducted by Sindlinger & Company in which 49% of those who listened to the debates on radio said Nixon had won compared to 21% naming Kennedy, while 30% of those who watched the debates on television said Kennedy had won compared to 29% naming Nixon. Contrary to popular belief, the Sindlinger evidence suggests not that Kennedy won on television but that the candidates tied on television while Nixon won on radio.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
However, no details about the sample have ever been reported, and it is unclear whether the survey results can be generalized to a larger population. Moreover, since 87% of American households had a television in 1960 [and that the] fraction of Americans lacking access to television in 1960 was concentrated in rural areas and particularly in southern and western states, places that were unlikely to hold significant proportions of Catholic voters.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
After the first debate, polls showed Kennedy moving from a slight deficit into a slight lead over Nixon. For the remaining three debates, Nixon regained his lost weight, wore television makeup, and appeared more forceful than in his initial appearance.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
However, up to 20 million fewer viewers watched the three remaining debates than the first. Political observers at the time felt that Kennedy won the first debate, Nixon won the second and third debates, while the fourth debate, which was seen as the strongest performance by both men, was a draw.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Debates
The third debate has been noted, as it brought about a change in the debate process. This debate was a monumental step for television. For the first time ever, split-screen technology was used to bring two people from opposite sides of the country together so they were able to converse in real time. Nixon was in Los Angeles while Kennedy was in New York. The men appeared to be in the same room, thanks to identical sets. Both candidates had monitors in their respective studios containing the feed from the opposite studio so they could respond to questions. Bill Shadel moderated the debate from a different television studio in Los Angeles. The main topic of this debate was whether military force should be used to prevent Quemoy and Matsu, two island archipelagos off the Chinese coast, from falling under Communist control.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign issues
A key concern in Kennedy's campaign was the widespread skepticism among Protestants about his Roman Catholic religion. Some Protestants, especially Southern Baptists and Lutherans, feared that having a Catholic in the White House would give undue influence to the Pope in the nation's affairs. Radio evangelists such as G. E. Lowman wrote that, "Each person has the right to their own religious belief ... [ but] ... the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical system demands the first allegiance of every true member and says in a conflict between church and state, the church must prevail". The religious issue was so significant that Kennedy made a speech before the nation's newspaper editors in which he criticized the prominence they gave to the religious issue over other topics – especially in foreign policy – that he felt were of greater importance.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign issues
To address fears among Protestants that his Roman Catholicism would impact his decision-making, Kennedy told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for president. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for president who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters – and the Church does not speak for me." He promised to respect the separation of church and state and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy to him. Kennedy also raised the question of whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Roman Catholic. Kennedy would become the first Roman Catholic to be elected president - it would be 60 years before another Roman Catholic, Joe Biden, was elected.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign issues
Kennedy's campaign took advantage of an opening when Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., the civil-rights leader, was arrested in Georgia while taking part in a sit-in. Nixon asked President Dwight D. Eisenhower to pardon King, but the President declined to do so. Nixon refused to take further action, but Kennedy placed calls to local political authorities to get King released from jail, and he also called King's father and wife. As a result, King's father endorsed Kennedy, and he received much favorable publicity among the black electorate.


1960 United States presidential election, General election, Campaign issues
A letter to the Governor of Georgia regarding Martin Luther King Jr.'s arrest also helped Kennedy garner many African American votes. John F. Kennedy asked Governor Ernest Vandiver to look into the harsh sentencing and stated his claim that he did not want to have to get involved in Georgia's justice system.