1952 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election, Results
Early returns, with around a third of the votes in, showed the URD on 147,065 votes, with the pro-junta FEI trailing with around 50,000 and COPEI finishing third. Pérez Jiménez ordered news coverage halted, and no further figures were announced until he declared final results on 2 December. Democratic Action in exile said that URD and COPEI had together won 1.6 million of 1.8 million votes cast, and 87 seats, and unofficial results published by Armando Veloz Mancera showed 1,198,000 votes for the URD, 403,000 for FEI and 306,000 for COPEI. Some details in state-level results support the charge of fraud. In some states the URD was entitled to one of two seats, based on its share of the official vote, but received none.


1952 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election, Aftermath
After the results were announced the ruling junta resigned and handed power to the military, who named Pérez Jiménez Provisional President. The URD and COPEI boycotted the assembly's first meeting on 3 February. As a result, with only FEI members present, the assembly ratified the election results and formally elected Pérez Jiménez as President of Venezuela. Ultimately, the Assembly drafted a new constitution, which was promulgated in April 1953 and vested the president with sweeping powers to act to protect national security, peace, and order. For all intents and purposes, the document transformed Pérez Jiménez's presidency into a legal dictatorship.


1952 Venezuelan Primera División season
The 1952 season of the Venezuelan Primera División, the top category of Venezuelan football, was played by 6 teams. The national champions were La Salle.


1952 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1952 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont in the Yankee Conference during the 1952 college football season. In their first year under head coach J. Edward Donnelly, the team compiled a 2–5 record.


1952 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1952 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1952. Incumbent Republican Lee E. Emerson ran successfully for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Democratic candidate Robert W. Larrow and write-in candidate Henry D. Vail.


1952 Victorian Legislative Council election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Victoria on Saturday 21 June 1952 to elect 17 of the 34 members of the state's Legislative Council for six year terms. MLCs were elected in single-member provinces using preferential voting.


1952 Victorian Legislative Council election
The election was the first following the abolition of property qualifications for voting in the Legislative Council, and saw a large increase in the number of Labor MLCs.


1952 Victorian Legislative Council election, Results, Legislative Council
Victorian Legislative Council election, 21 June 1952Legislative Council << 1949–1955 >>


1952 Victorian Legislative Council election, Candidates
Sitting members are shown in bold text. Successful candidates are highlighted in the relevant colour. Where there is possible confusion, an asterisk (*) is also used.


1952 Victorian state election
The 1952 Victorian state election was held in the Australian state of Victoria on Saturday 6 December 1952 to elect 65 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1952 Victorian state election, Results, Legislative Assembly
Victorian state election, 6 December 1952Legislative Assembly << 1950–1955 >>


1952 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1952 Villanova Wildcats football team represented the Villanova University during the 1952 college football season. The head coach was Art Raimo, coaching his second season with the Wildcats. The team played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning
"1952 Vincent Black Lightning" is a song by guitarist Richard Thompson from his 1991 album Rumor and Sigh. It tells the story of a thief named James and the girl Red Molly whom he charms with a ride on his 1952 Vincent Black Lightning motorcycle.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning
In 2011 Time magazine listed the song in its "All TIME 100 Songs", a list of "the most extraordinary English-language popular recordings since the beginning of TIME magazine in 1923," praising it as "a glorious example of what one guy can accomplish with just a guitar, a voice, an imagination and a set of astonishingly nimble fingers."


1952 Vincent Black Lightning
Despite not being issued as a single, the ballad became a fan favourite and is one of Thompson's most highly acclaimed solo compositions. A live version of the song appears on Thompson's album Two Letter Words: Live 1994.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning
The band Red Molly, who has covered the song, takes its name from the lead female character in the song.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning, The motorcycle
The song focuses on the main character's love for both his girlfriend and his 1952 Vincent Black Lightning, a rare British motorcycle of which perhaps 30 were made. The character James compares it to other cycles of the age in his dying speech:


1952 Vincent Black Lightning, The motorcycle
Says James, in my opinion, there's nothing in this worldBeats a '52 Vincent and a red headed girl. Now Nortons and Indians and Greeveses won't doThey don't have a soul like a Vincent '52.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning, The motorcycle
While most cover versions of this song by different artists remain with the original lyrics listing those same three makes of motorcycle (that "don't have a soul like a Vincent '52"), Thompson himself often varies the makes for live recordings, broadcasts and performances. He adds or replaces with the following makes: Triumph, Harley, Enfield, Douglas, Rudge, Matchless and Ducati.


1952 Vincent Black Lightning, The motorcycle
Interviewed in the 2003 BBC Four documentary Solitary Life, Thompson said: "When I was a kid, that was always the exotic bike, that was always the one, the one that you went "ooh, wow". I'd always been looking for English ideas that didn't sound corny, that had some romance to them, and around which you could pin a song. And this song started with a motorcycle, it started with the Vincent. It was a good lodestone around which the song could revolve".


1952 Vincent Black Lightning, Covers
American artists who cover the song frequently change the place reference, Box Hill to Knoxville.


1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Legislative Assembly of the Indian state of Vindhya Pradesh were held on March 26, 1952. 252 candidates contested for the 48 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 12 two-member constituencies and 36 single-member constituencies.


1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, State Reorganization and Merger
On 1 November 1956, Vindhya Pradesh was merged into Madhya Pradesh under States Reorganisation Act, 1956.


1952 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1952 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1952 college football season. The Cavaliers were led by seventh-year head coach Art Guepe and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They finished with 8 wins for the third consecutive year, but were not invited to a bowl game. After the season, Guepe left Virginia to accept the head coaching position at Vanderbilt. He had a record of 47–17–2 at Virginia, and his winning percentage of .727 remains the highest among Virginia head coaches that coached more than one year.


1952 Volta a Catalunya
The 1952 Volta a Catalunya was the 32nd edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 7 September to 14 September 1952. The race started in Montjuïc and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Miguel Poblet.


1952 WANFL season
The 1952 WANFL season was the 68th season of senior football in Perth, Western Australia.


1952 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1952 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1952 college football season. In their second season under head coach Tom Rogers, the Demon Deacons compiled a 5–4–1 record and finished in a tie for second place in the Southern Conference with a 5–1 record against conference opponents.


1952 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
End Jack Lewis was selected by the United Press as a first-team player on the 1952 All-Southern Conference football team.


1952 Washington Huskies football team
The 1952 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1952 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Howard Odell, the team compiled a 7–3 record, finished in third place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 248 to 201. Dick Sprague was the team captain.


1952 Washington Huskies football team, NFL Draft selections
Three University of Washington Huskies were selected in the 1953 NFL Draft, which lasted thirty rounds with 361 selections.


1952 Washington Redskins season
The 1952 Washington Redskins season was the franchise's 21st season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 15th in Washington, D.C..  the team failed to improve on their 5–7 record from 1951 and finished 4-8.


1952 Washington Redskins season, Schedule, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1952 Washington Redskins season, Schedule, Standings
This article relating to a Washington Football Team season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1952 Washington Senators season
The 1952 Washington Senators won 78 games, lost 76, and finished in fifth place in the American League. They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium.


1952 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1952 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1952 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1952 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1952 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1952 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1952 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College during the 1952 college football season. First-year head coach Al Kircher led the team to a 3–4 mark in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) and 4–6 overall.


1952 Washington State Cougars football team
Three home games were played on campus in Pullman at Rogers Field, and one in Spokane, the finale against rival Washington.


1952 Washington State Cougars football team
Kircher was previously the backfield coach under head coach Forest Evashevski, who left for Iowa in January, and he was promoted the following week.


1952 Washington gubernatorial election
The 1952 Washington gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1952, between incumbent governor Arthur B. Langlie of the Republican Party and U.S. Representative Hugh Mitchell of the Democratic Party. Langlie won the general election, becoming the first Washington state governor to be elected to a third term.


1952 Washington gubernatorial election, Primary election
Democratic U.S. Congressman Hugh Mitchell announced his candidacy for governor on March 22, seeking to fix an administration that was "falling apart at the seams". By May, Mitchell was joined by state senator Albert D. Rosellini of Seattle, State Treasurer Tom Martin, Speaker of the House Charles W. Hodde, and Charles C. Ralls in what The Seattle Times described as a "hard-to-predict contest" for the Democratic nomination. During various debates, Rosellini denounced Mitchell as a "left-winger", leaving doubts amidst the anti-communist wave of the era. Mitchell ultimately won the primary by a margin of 30,000 votes


1952 Washington gubernatorial election, Primary election
Incumbent Governor Arthur B. Langlie, who had been elected to two non-consecutive terms in 1940 and 1948, filed his intention to run for a third term on July 17 after returning from the 1952 Republican National Convention. Dr. John E. Lydon, a Seattle sanipractor, was the only Republican to run against Langlie and was not considered a serious contender for the party nomination.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident
The 1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, also known as the Washington flap, the Washington National Airport Sightings, or the Invasion of Washington, was a series of unidentified flying object reports from July 12 to July 29, 1952, over Washington, D.C. The most publicized sightings took place on consecutive weekends, July 19–20 and July 26–27. UFO historian Curtis Peebles called the incident "the climax of the 1952 (UFO) flap" - "Never before or after did Project Blue Book and the Air Force undergo such a tidal wave of (UFO) reports."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
At 11:40 p.m. on Saturday, July 19, 1952, Edward Nugent, an air traffic controller at Washington National Airport (today Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport), spotted seven objects on his radar. The objects were located 15 miles (24 km) south-southwest of the city; no known aircraft were in the area and the objects were not following any established flight paths. Nugent's superior, Harry Barnes, a senior air-traffic controller at the airport, watched the objects on Nugent's radarscope. He later wrote:


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
Barnes had two controllers check Nugent's radar; they found that it was working normally. Barnes then called National Airport's radar-equipped control tower; the controllers there, Howard Cocklin and Joe Zacko said that they also had unidentified blips on their radar screen, and saw a hovering "bright light" in the sky, which departed with incredible speed. Cocklin asked Zacko, "Did you see that? What the hell was that?"


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
At this point, other objects appeared in all sectors of the radarscope; when they moved over the White House and the United States Capitol, Barnes called Andrews Air Force Base, located 10 miles from National Airport. Although Andrews reported that they had no unusual objects on their radar, an airman  soon called the base's control tower to report the sighting of a strange object. Airman William Brady, who was in the tower, then saw an "object which appeared to be like an orange ball of fire, trailing a tail . . . [ it was] unlike anything I had ever seen before." As Brady tried to alert the other personnel in the tower, the strange object "took off at an unbelievable speed.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
On one of National Airport's runways, S.C. Pierman, a Capital Airlines pilot, was waiting in the cockpit of his DC-4 for permission to take off. After spotting what he believed to be a meteor, he was told that the control tower's radar had detected unknown objects closing in on his position. Pierman observed six objects — "white, tailless, fast-moving lights" — over a 14-minute period. Pierman was in radio contact with Barnes during his sighting, and Barnes later related that "each sighting coincided with a pip we could see near his plane. When he reported that the light streaked off at a high speed, it disappeared on our scope."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
Meanwhile, at Andrews Air Force Base, the control tower personnel were tracking on radar what some thought to be unknown objects, but others suspected, and in one instance were able to prove, were simply stars and meteors. However, Staff Sgt. Charles Davenport observed an orange-red light to the south; the light "would appear to stand still, then make an abrupt change in direction and altitude . . . this happened several times." At one point both radar centers at National Airport and the radar at Andrews Air Force Base were tracking an object hovering over a radio beacon. The object vanished in all three radar centers at the same time.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of November 16
At 3 a.m., shortly before two United States Air Force F-94 Starfire jet fighters from New Castle Air Force Base in Delaware arrived over Washington, all of the objects vanished from the radar at National Airport. However, when the jets ran low on fuel and left, the objects returned, which convinced Barnes that "the UFOs were monitoring radio traffic and behaving accordingly." The objects were last detected by radar at 5:30 a.m.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Publicity and Air Force reaction
The sightings of July 19–20, 1952, made front-page headlines in newspapers around the nation. A typical example was the headline from the Cedar Rapids Gazette in Iowa. It read "SAUCERS SWARM OVER CAPITAL" in large black type. By coincidence, USAF Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the supervisor of the Air Force's Project Blue Book investigation into UFO sightings, was in Washington at the time. However, he did not learn about the sightings until Monday, July 21, when he read the headlines in a Washington-area newspaper.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Publicity and Air Force reaction
After talking with intelligence officers at the Pentagon about the sightings, Ruppelt spent several hours trying to obtain a staff car so he could travel around Washington to investigate the sightings, but was refused as only generals and senior colonels could use staff cars. He was told that he could rent a taxicab with his own money; by this point Ruppelt was so frustrated that he left Washington and flew back to Blue Book's headquarters at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio. Upon returning to Dayton, Ruppelt spoke with an Air Force radar specialist, Captain Roy James, who felt that unusual weather conditions could have caused the unknown radar targets.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of July 26–27
At 8:15 p.m. on Saturday, July 26, 1952, a pilot and stewardess on a National Airlines flight into Washington observed some lights above their plane. Within minutes, both radar centers at National Airport, and the radar at Andrews AFB, were tracking more unknown objects. USAF master sergeant Charles E. Cummings visually observed the objects at Andrews, he later said that "these lights did not have the characteristics of shooting stars. There was [sic] no trails . . . they traveled faster than any shooting star I have ever seen."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of July 26–27
Meanwhile, Albert M. Chop, the press spokesman for Project Blue Book, arrived at National Airport and, due to security concerns, denied several reporters' requests to photograph the radar screens. He then joined the radar center personnel. By this time (9:30 p.m.) the radar center was detecting unknown objects in every sector. At times the objects traveled slowly; at other times they reversed direction and moved across the radarscope at speeds calculated at up to 7,000 mph (11,250 km/h). At 11:30 p.m., two U.S. Air Force F-94 Starfire jet fighters from New Castle Air Force Base in Delaware arrived over Washington.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of July 26–27
Captain John McHugo, the flight leader, was vectored towards the radar blips but saw nothing, despite repeated attempts. However, his wingman, Lieutenant William Patterson, did see four white "glows" and chased them. He told investigators said that "I tried to make contact with the bogies below 1,000 feet," and that "I was at my maximum speed but...I ceased chasing them because I saw no chance of overtaking them." According to Albert Chop, when ground control asked Patterson "if he saw anything", Patterson replied "'I see them now and they're all around me. What should I do? '... And nobody answered, because we didn't know what to tell him."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of July 26–27
After midnight on July 27, USAF Major Dewey Fournet, Project Blue Book's liaison at the Pentagon, and Lt. John Holcomb, a United States Navy radar specialist, arrived at the radar center at National Airport. During the night, Lieutenant Holcomb received a call from the Washington National Weather Station. They told him that a slight temperature inversion was present over the city, but Holcomb felt that the inversion was not "nearly strong enough to explain the 'good and solid' returns" on the radar scopes.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Events of July 26–27
Fournet relayed that all those present in the radar room were convinced that the targets were most likely caused by solid metallic objects. There had been weather targets on the scope too, he said, but this was a common occurrence and the controllers "were paying no attention to them,". Two more F-94s from New Castle Air Force Base were scrambled during the night. One pilot saw nothing unusual; the other pilot saw a white light which "vanished" when he moved towards it. Civilian aircraft also reported glowing objects that corresponded to radar blips seen by Andrews radar operators. As on July 20, the sightings and unknown radar returns ended at sunrise.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, White House concern and CIA interest
The sightings of July 26–27 also made front-page headlines, and led President Harry Truman to have his air force aide call Ruppelt and ask for an explanation of the sightings and unknown radar returns. Truman listened to the conversation between the two men on a separate phone, but did not ask questions himself. Ruppelt, remembering the conversation he had with Captain James, told the president's assistant that the sightings might have been caused by a temperature inversion, in which a layer of warm, moist air covers a layer of cool, dry air closer to the ground. This condition can cause radar signals to bend and give false returns. However, Ruppelt had not yet interviewed any of the witnesses or conducted a formal investigation.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, White House concern and CIA interest
CIA historian Gerald Haines, in his 1997 history of the CIA's involvement with UFOs, also mentions Truman's concern. "A massive buildup of sightings over the United States in 1952, especially in July, alarmed the Truman administration. On 19 and 20 July, radar scopes at Washington National Airport and Andrews Air Force Base tracked mysterious blips. On 27 July, the blips reappeared." The CIA would react to the 1952 wave of UFO reports by "forming a special study group within the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) and Office of Current Intelligence (OCI) to review the situation. Edward Tauss reported for the group that most UFO sightings could be easily explained. Nonetheless, he recommended that the Agency continue monitoring the problem." The CIA's concern with the issue would lead to the creation, in January 1953, of the Robertson Panel.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
Air Force Major Generals John Samford, USAF Director of Intelligence, and Roger Ramey, USAF Director of Operations, held a well-attended press conference at the Pentagon on July 29, 1952. At the event, Samford stated that the visual sightings over Washington could be explained as misidentified aerial phenomena such as stars or meteors, and unknown radar targets could be explained by temperature inversion, which was present in the air over Washington on both nights the radar returns were reported.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
In addition, Samford stated that the unknown radar contacts were not caused by solid material objects, and therefore posed no threat to national security. In response to a question as to whether the Air Force had recorded similar UFO radar contacts prior to the Washington incident, Samford said that there had been "hundreds" of such contacts where Air Force fighter interceptions had taken place, but stated they were all "fruitless." It was the largest Pentagon press conference since World War II. Press stories called Samford and Ramey the Air Force's two top UFO experts.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
Among the witnesses who supported Samford's explanation was the crew of a B-25 bomber, which had been flying over Washington during the sightings of July 26–27. The bomber was vectored several times by National Airport over unknown targets on the airport's radarscopes, yet the crew could see nothing unusual. Finally, as a crew member related, "the radar had a target which turned out to be the Wilson Lines steamboat trip to Mount Vernon... the radar was sure as hell picking up the steamboat."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
Air Force Captain Harold May was in the radar center at Andrews AFB during the sightings of July 19–20. Upon hearing that National Airport's radar had picked up an unknown object heading in his direction, May stepped outside and saw "a light that was changing from red to orange to green to red again...at times it dipped suddenly and appeared to lose altitude." However, May eventually concluded that he was simply seeing a star that was distorted by the atmosphere, and that its "movement" was an illusion.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
At 3 a.m. on July 27, an Eastern Airlines flight over Washington was told that an unknown object was in its vicinity; the crew could see nothing unusual. When they were told that the object had moved directly behind their plane, they began a sharp turn to try to see the object, but were told by National Airport's radar center that the object had "disappeared" when they began their turn.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
At the request of the Air Force, the CAA's Technical Development and Evaluation Center did an analysis of the radar sightings. Their conclusion was that "a temperature inversion had been indicated in almost every instance when the unidentified radar targets or visual objects had been reported." Project Blue Book would eventually label the unknown Washington radar blips as false images caused by temperature inversion, and the visual sightings as misidentified meteors, stars, and city lights.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Air Force explanation
In later years two prominent UFO skeptics, Dr. Donald Menzel, an astronomer at Harvard University, and Philip Klass, a senior editor for Aviation Week magazine, would also argue in favor of the temperature inversion/mirage hypothesis. In 2002 Klass told a reporter that "radar technology in 1952 wasn't sophisticated enough to filter out many ordinary objects, such as flocks of birds, weather balloons, or temperature inversions." The reporter added that "UFO proponents argue that even then seasoned controllers could differentiate between spurious targets and solid, metallic objects. Klass disagrees. It may be that 'we had two dumb controllers at National Airport on those nights'...[Klass] added that the introduction of digital filters in the 1970s led to a steep decline in UFO sightings on radar."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Criticisms of the Air Force explanation
In his book, The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, author Edward J. Ruppelt wrote that radar and control tower personnel he spoke to, as well as some Air Force officers, disagreed with the Air Force's explanation.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Criticisms of the Air Force explanation
Michael Wertheimer, a researcher for the government-funded Condon Report, investigated the case in 1966, and stated that radar witnesses still disputed the Air Force explanation.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, Criticisms of the Air Force explanation
Former radar controller Howard Cocklin told the Washington Post in 2002 that he was still convinced that he saw an object, which "I saw it on the [radar] screen and out the window" over Washington National Airport."


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, The Robertson Panel
The extremely high numbers of UFO reports in 1952 disturbed both the Air Force and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both groups felt that an enemy nation could deliberately flood the U.S. with false UFO reports, causing mass panic and allowing them to launch a sneak attack. On September 24, 1952, the CIA's Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI) sent a memorandum to Walter B. Smith, the CIA's Director. The memo stated that "the flying saucer situation . . . [ has] national security implications . . . [ in] the public concern with the phenomena . . .


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, The Robertson Panel
lies the potential for the touching-off of mass hysteria and panic." The result of this memorandum was the creation in January 1953 of the Robertson Panel. Dr. Howard P. Robertson, a physicist, chaired the panel, which consisted of prominent scientists and which spent four days examining the "best" UFO cases collected by Project Blue Book. The panel dismissed nearly all of the UFO cases it examined as not representing anything unusual or threatening to national security.


1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident, The Robertson Panel
In the panel's controversial estimate, the Air Force and Project Blue Book needed to spend less time analyzing and studying UFO reports and more time publicly debunking them. The panel recommended that the Air Force and Project Blue Book should take steps to "strip the Unidentified Flying Objects of the special status they have been given and the aura of mystery they have unfortunately acquired." Following the panel's recommendation, Project Blue Book would rarely publicize any UFO case that it had not labeled as "solved"; unsolved cases were rarely mentioned by the Air Force.


1952 Wayne Tartars football team
The 1952 Wayne Tartars football team was an American football team that represented Wayne University (later renamed Wayne State University) as an independent during the 1952 college football season. Under fourth-year head coach Louis F. Zarza, the team compiled a 4–4 record.


1952 Werriwa by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Werriwa on 29 November 1952. This was triggered by the death of Labor Party MP Bert Lazzarini.


1952 Werriwa by-election
The by-election was won by Labor Party candidate and future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam.


1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election
The  West Bengal State Assembly Election of 1952 was a part of the series of Legislative Assembly elections in 1952.


1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Alliances
On the political left, two alliances had emerged the United Socialist Organisation of India (an alliance between the Communist Party of India, the Socialist Republican Party and the Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)) and the People's United Socialist Front (comprising the Socialist Party, the Forward Bloc (Ruikar) and the Revolutionary Communist Party of India).


1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Results, Alliance wise result
The election was won by the Indian National Congress, who got a majority of its own in the assembly. The communists became the largest opposition party.


1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, State Reorganization
On 1 November 1956, under States Reorganisation Act, 1956, a portion of the Purnea district east of the river Mahananda and the Purulia sub-district of the Manbhum district in the south (except Char Thana) were transferred from Bihar to West Bengal. Thus, assembly constituencies in West Bengal increased from 187 (238 seats) to 195 (252 seats) during 1957 assembly elections.


1952 West Riding County Council election
The 1952 West Riding County Council election was held on Saturday, 5 April 1952. The election took place in the administrative county of the West Riding of Yorkshire, which excluded the county boroughs of Barnsley, Bradford, Dewsbury, Doncaster, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, Rotherham, Sheffield, Wakefield and York. The whole council of ninety-six members was up for election, with each county electoral division returning one councillor.


1952 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1952 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University in the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1952 college football season. In its third season under head coach Art Lewis, the team compiled a 7–2 record (5–1 against SoCon opponents), finished second in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 234 to 116. The team played its home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. Paul Bischoff was the team captain.


1952 West Virginia gubernatorial election
The 1952 West Virginia gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1952, to elect the governor of West Virginia.


1952 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team
The 1952 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team represented Western Kentucky State College in the 1952 college football season. They were coached by Jack Clayton and shared their first Ohio Valley Conference football championship as well as winning their first bowl game, the Refrigerator Bowl. The team was led by college division AP All-American and All-OVC Quarterback Jimmy Feix and matched the school record for most wins set in 1922. R.E. Simpson, Marvin Satterly, Gene McFadden, and Max Stevens were also named to the All-OVC team. Will Price and Willie Watson were team captains.


1952 Western Michigan Broncos baseball team
The 1952 Western Michigan Broncos baseball team represented Western Michigan College in the 1952 NCAA baseball season. The Broncos played their home games at Hyames Field. The team was coached by Charlie Maher in his 14th year at Western Michigan.


1952 Western Michigan Broncos baseball team
The Broncos won the District IV playoff to advanced to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Holy Cross Crusaders.


1952 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 1952 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan College of Education (later renamed Western Michigan University) in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1952 college football season. In their 11th and final season under head coach John Gill, the Broncos compiled a 4–4 record (1–4 against MAC opponents), finished in sixth place in the MAC, and were outscored by their opponents, 159 to 154. The team played its home games at Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


1952 Western Michigan Broncos football team
Quarterback Chuck Higgins was the team captain. Halfback Willard Brown received the team's most outstanding player award.


1952 Western Michigan Broncos football team
In December 1952, coach Gill became the school's associate athletic director; Jack Petoskey, who had been an assistant coach, became the school's new head football coach.


1952 Western Reserve Red Cats football team
The 1952 Western Reserve Red Cats football team represented the Western Reserve University in the American city of Cleveland, Ohio, now known as Case Western Reserve University, during the 1952 college football season. The Red Cats were a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC).


1952 Western Reserve Red Cats football team
The team was coached by Edward L. Finnigan and assisted by Wes Stevens and George Roman.


1952 Wichita Shockers football team
The 1952 Wichita Shockers football team, sometimes known as the Wheatshockers, was an American football team that represented Wichita  University (now known as Wichita State University) as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1952 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach Robert S. Carlson, the team compiled a 3–6–1 record (0–3 against conference opponents), finished last out of five teams in the MVC, and was outscored by a total of 235 to 159. The team played its home games at Veterans Field, now known as Cessna Stadium.


1952 Wightman Cup
The 1952 Wightman Cup was the 24th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London in England in the United Kingdom.


1952 Wilkes County 200
The 1952 Wilkes County 200 was a NASCAR Grand National Series event that was held on March 30, 1952, at North Wilkesboro Speedway in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina.


1952 Wilkes County 200
The race car drivers still had to commute to the races using the same stock cars that competed in a typical weekend's race through a policy of homologation (and under their own power). This policy was in effect until roughly 1975. By 1980, NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power anymore.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
Due to the lack of precision and accuracy of the NASCAR record keepers of the 1950s, only the most vital information of the race was not thrown away after the racing event was over. Only the first two starting positions, all of the finishing positions, and the racing numbers of the most notable drivers were kept. Dave Terrell would score his first of four top-5 finishes at this race. Herb Thomas would lead the race from green flag to checkered flag while this race become the first of four top 5s finishes for Dave Terrell.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
Harold Mays inflicted terminal vehicle damage on lap 1 while Dick Rathman's vehicle had a busted radiator on lap 20. A tie rod became a major problem for Jimmie Lewallen's vehicle on lap 26 along with Tim Flock's gasket. Curtis Turner's vehicle also had problems with its radiator on lap 35 while an accident took Perk Brown out of the race on lap 39. Frankie Schneider's vehicle would be rendered unworthy to race due to a crash on lap 40. A problem with the vehicle's battery forced Bobby Courtright out of the race on lap 47.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
Buck Baker would be forced out of the race due to radiator problems on lap 67. Charles Gattalia would overheat his vehicle on lap 69. Braking issues forced Shorty Gibbs out of the race on lap 76 while a missing rear end caused Leonard Tippett to go to the sidelines on lap 108. Joe Eubanks noticed that his vehicle's clutch stopped working on lap 122; forcing him out of the race. Problems with the vehicle's handling took Lee Petty out of the race on lap 142. An over-exhausted battery took Jim Paschal out of the contention on lap 164. The final DNF of the race came when Buddy Shuman noticed that his vehicle's shocks are acting abnormally on lap 175.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
Two hundred laps were done on a dirt oval track spanning 0.625 miles (1.006 km); making a grand total of 125 miles (201 km). The race took two hours and eight minutes to reach completion and twenty-four drivers competed. Out of these twenty-four drivers, only seven managed to complete the race. Herb Thomas managed to defeat Fonty Flock in the race by at least one lap in front of ten thousand people. A Hudson Hornet was used in order to win the race.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
The pole speed was 75.075 miles per hour (120.822 km/h) while the average speed was 58.597 miles per hour (94.303 km/h). Marshall Teague would run his only race at the North Wilkesboro Speedway; losing his life at a practice session for the 1959 Daytona 500 around seven years later. However, he would only run for 57 laps before withdrawing himself from the race due to reasons unknown.


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report
Julian Buesink, Doug Meeks and B.B. Blackburn were three of the most notable crew chiefs to participate in this event. Total winnings for the race was $3,550 USD ($34,179 when considering inflation).


1952 Wilkes County 200, Race report, Finishing order
* Driver failed to finish race † signifies that the driver is known to be deceased


1952 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1952 William & Mary Indians football team represented William & Mary during the 1952 college football season.


1952 Wimbledon Championships
The 1952 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 23 June until Saturday 5 July 1952. It was the 66th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1952. Frank Sedgman and Maureen Connolly won the singles titles.


1952 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Seniors, Men's Doubles
Ken McGregor /  Frank Sedgman defeated  Vic Seixas /  Eric Sturgess, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4


1952 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Seniors, Women's Doubles
Shirley Fry /  Doris Hart defeated  Louise Brough /  Maureen Connolly, 8–6, 6–3


1952 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Seniors, Mixed Doubles
Frank Sedgman /  Doris Hart defeated  Enrique Morea /  Thelma Long, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Boys' Singles
Bobby Wilson defeated Trevor Fancutt in the final, 6–3, 6–3 to win the Boys' Singles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' Singles
Fenny ten Bosch defeated Rita Davar in the final, 5–7, 6–1, 7–5 to win the Girls' Singles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman successfully defended their title, defeating Vic Seixas and Eric Sturgess in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championship.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
In the 1952 Wimbledon Championships – Gentlemen's Singles tennis competition, number one seed Frank Sedgman defeated number two seed Jaroslav Drobný in the final, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2 to win the title. Dick Savitt was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Mervyn Rose.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Progress of the tournament
Drobný was representing Egypt, having defected from Czechoslovakia in 1949 and been offered Egyptian citizenship in 1950. It was his second Wimbledon men's singles final, and he defected the number 5 and 6 seeds (Australia's Ken McGregor and the US's Herbie Flam) to get there. Another Australian, number 8 seed Mervyn Rose, having defeated Savitt, was beaten by the eventual champion, Sedgman, in the semifinals.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Frank Sedgman and Doris Hart successfully defended their title, defeating Enrique Morea and Thelma Long in the final, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Shirley Fry and Doris Hart successfully defended their title, defeating Louise Brough and Maureen Connolly in the final, 8–6, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Maureen Connolly defeated Louise Brough in the final, 7–5, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships. Doris Hart was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Pat Todd.


1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games (Norwegian: De 8. olympiske vinterleker; Nynorsk: Dei 8. olympiske vinterleikane) and commonly known as Oslo 1952, was a winter multi-sport event held from 14 to 25 February 1952 in Oslo, the capital of Norway.


1952 Winter Olympics
Discussions about Oslo hosting the Winter Olympic Games began as early as 1935; the city was keen to host the 1948 Winter Olympics, but that was made impossible by World War II. Instead, Oslo won the right to host the 1952 Games in a contest that included Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy and Lake Placid in the United States. All of the Olympic venues were in Oslo's metropolitan area, except for the alpine skiing events, which were held at Norefjell, 113 km (70 mi) from the capital. A new hotel was built for the press and dignitaries, along with three dormitories to house athletes and coaches, creating the first modern athlete's village. Oslo bore the financial burden of hosting the Games in return for the revenue they generated.


1952 Winter Olympics
The 1952 Winter Games attracted 694 athletes representing 30 countries, who participated in four sports and 22 events. Japan and Germany made their returns to Winter Olympic competition after being forced to miss the 1948 Games in the aftermath of World War II. Germany was represented solely by West German athletes after East Germany declined to compete as a unified team. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic debuts, and women were allowed to compete in cross-country skiing for the first time.


1952 Winter Olympics
Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of four speed skating events to become the most decorated athlete of the 1952 Winter Olympics. Germany resumed its former prominence in bobsleigh, with wins in the four- and two-man events. Dick Button of the United States performed the first triple jump in international competition to claim his second consecutive men's figure skating Olympic title. The popular Nordic sport bandy featured as a demonstration sport, but only three Nordic countries competed in the tournament. Norway dominated the overall medal count with 16 medals, including seven golds. The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed to the host city of the next Winter Olympics. The flag, which became known as the "Oslo flag", has been displayed in the host city during subsequent Winter Games.


1952 Winter Olympics, Host city selection
Oslo had unsuccessfully bid to host the 1936 Winter Olympics, losing to Germany, which had hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics. At that time, the nation that hosted the Summer Olympics also hosted the Winter Olympics. After the 1936 Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to award the Winter and Summer Games to different countries, but the Games were suspended during World War II. London hosted the first post-war Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, and recommended Oslo as the host city for the 1948 Winter Games, but the city council declined. Instead, the 1948 Winter Olympics were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland.


1952 Winter Olympics, Host city selection
Norwegians were undecided about hosting a Winter Olympics. Culturally, they were opposed to competitive winter sports, particularly skiing events, despite the success of Norwegian athletes at previous Winter Games. But the organizers believed the 1952 Games could be an opportunity to promote national unity and to show the world that Norway had recovered from the war. Vying with Oslo for the right to host the Games were Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, and Lake Placid, New York, United States. The IOC voted to award the 1952 Winter Games to Oslo on 21 June 1947 at the 40th IOC Session in Stockholm, Sweden. Later, Cortina d'Ampezzo was awarded the 1956 Games, and Lake Placid—which had hosted the 1932 Winter Olympics—was chosen to host the 1980 Winter Games. Norway became the first Scandinavian country to host a Winter Olympics, and the 1952 Winter Games were the first to be held in a nation's capital.


1952 Winter Olympics, Organization
A special committee was assigned to organize the 1952 Games, which consisted of four Norwegian sports officials and four representatives from the municipality of Oslo, including mayor Brynjulf Bull. The committee was in place by December 1947. The city of Oslo funded the Games entirely, in exchange for keeping all the revenue generated. To accommodate the influx of athletes and coaches, quarters for competitors and support staff were designed and constructed, with three new facilities (forerunners of the athlete's villages of later Games) built.


1952 Winter Olympics, Organization
The city of Oslo paid to have a new hotel constructed, the Viking, used for IOC delegates, out-of-town dignitaries, and as the communication hub of the Games. For the first time in a Winter Games, an indoor ice hockey arena was constructed, which hosted the eight-team tournament. Oslo's existing central arena, Bislett Stadium, was used for the opening and closing ceremonies, and for speed skating events. Improvements to the arena included better sound and lighting systems, remodeled club house and press rooms, and the addition of a medical center.


1952 Winter Olympics, Politics
In the aftermath of the German occupation of Norway during World War II, anti-German sentiment began to affect preparations for the 1952 Olympics. Discussions were held to consider whether Germany should be allowed to participate in the Games. When in 1950, the West German Olympic Committee requested recognition by the IOC, it raised the question of whether their participation would cause political boycotts in the upcoming Games. Once the IOC recognized the West German Olympic Committee, West Germany was then formally invited to compete at the 1952 Winter Games. East Germany was invited to participate with West Germany, as a unified team, but they declined.


1952 Winter Olympics, Politics
At first Norway was reluctant to welcome German athletes and others considered Nazi sympathizers. For example, Norwegian speed skater Finn Hodt was not allowed to compete in the Norwegian speed skating team because he collaborated with the Nazis during the war. Eventually, despite the concern, Norway agreed to allow German and Japanese athletes to compete. The Soviet Union sent no athletes to Oslo, despite being recognized by the IOC.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events
Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in four sports (eight disciplines).


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Opening ceremonies
The opening ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium on 15 February. King George VI of Great Britain had died on 6 February 1952 with his daughter Elizabeth II took the throne as queen, eight days before the start of the Games. As a result, all national flags were flown at half-mast, and Princess Ragnhild opened the Games in place of her grandfather, King Haakon VII, who was in London attending the funeral. This was the first time an Olympic Games had been declared open by a female official.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Opening ceremonies
The parade of nations was held according to tradition, with Greece first, the rest of the nations proceeding by Norwegian alphabetical order, with the host nation last. The British, Australian, Canadian and New Zealand teams all wore black arm bands at the opening ceremonies in memory of their monarch. After the parade of nations the Olympic flame was lit. On 13 February, at the start of the inaugural Winter Olympics torch relay, the torch was lit in the hearth of the Morgedal House, birthplace of skiing pioneer Sondre Norheim. The torch relay lasted two days and took place entirely on skis. At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer, Eigil Nansen, received the Olympic torch and skied to a flight of stairs where he removed his skis, ascended, and ignited the flame.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Opening ceremonies
The bobsleigh and alpine skiing events were held the day before the opening ceremonies. Competitors in these events were unable to attend the festivities in Oslo; consequently simple opening ceremonies were held at Frognerseteren, site of the bobsleigh events, and Norefjell, site of the alpine skiing events.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Bobsleigh
After a 16-year hiatus from the Olympics Germany made a triumphant return to the bobsleigh competition, winning the two- and four-man events. The results for both bobsleigh events were the same, with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze respectively. Fritz Feierabend from Switzerland competed in both the two- and four-man competitions. His two bronze medals were the fourth and fifth in an Olympic career that spanned 16 years and three Olympics.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Bobsleigh
There were no weight restrictions on the bobsleigh athletes, and the average weight for each member of the winning German four-man team was 117 kg (258 lb), which was more than the Olympic heavyweight boxing champion in 1952. Seeing the undue advantage overweight athletes brought to their teams, the International Federation for Bobsleigh and Toboganning instituted a weight limit for future Olympics.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Speed skating
All of the speed skating events were held at Bislett Stadium. Americans Ken Henry and Don McDermott placed first and second in the 500-meter race, but Norwegian truck driver Hjalmar Andersen electrified the partisan crowd by winning the 1,500, 5,000 and 10,000-meter events; his margins of victory were the largest in Olympic history. Dutchman Wim van der Voort placed second in the 1,500 meters and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second to Andersen in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races, becoming the first Olympic speed skating medalists from the Netherlands. Absent from the competition was former world champion Kornél Pajor. The Hungarian-born speed skater had won both long-distance races at the World Championships held in Oslo in 1949 and then defected to Sweden, but was unable to obtain Swedish citizenship in time to compete in 1952.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Alpine skiing
There were three alpine skiing events on the Olympic program: the slalom, giant slalom and downhill. Both men and women competed in all three events, held at Norefjell and Rødkleiva. The giant slalom made its Olympic debut at the 1952 Games. Austrian skiers dominated the competition, winning seven out of a possible 18 medals, including Othmar Schneider who won gold and silver in the men's slalom and downhill. Norwegian Stein Eriksen won gold in the men's giant slalom and silver in the slalom. Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards. American skier Andrea Mead Lawrence was the only double gold medalist, winning the giant slalom and the slalom. She was the first skier from the United States to win two alpine skiing gold medals.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Cross-country skiing
All the cross-country events were held next to the ski jump hill at Holmenkollbakken. As had been the case in 1948 there were three men's events: 18 kilometers, 50 kilometers, and a relay. Added to the Olympic program for the first time was a ten-kilometer race for women. All the cross-country medals were won by Nordic countries, and Finnish skiers won eight of the twelve possible. Lydia Wideman of Finland became the first female Olympic champion in cross-country skiing; her teammates Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen won silver and bronze respectively.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Cross-country skiing
Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold. Hallgeir Brenden won the 18-kilometer race and helped Norway take the silver in the 4 × 10-kilometer relay. Brenden went on to win another gold in the men's 15-kilometer race in 1956, and a silver in the relay in 1960.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Nordic combined
The nordic combined event was held at the cross-country and ski jump venues. For the first time, the ski jump part took place first with competitors taking three jumps from the Holmenkollbakken. The 18-km cross country skiing event took place the next day. Results were tallied by the best two marks were scored, along with the results of the cross-country race, to determine a winner. Norwegians Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won the gold and bronze respectively. Stenersen went on to win the gold at the 1956 Games in the same event. Heikki Hasu from Finland won the silver, preventing a Norwegian sweep of the medals.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Ski jumping
Crowds in excess of 100,000 greeted the ski jumpers as they competed at Holmenkollbakken. In 1952 there was only one event, the men's normal hill, which was held on 24 February. The King, Prince Harald, and Princess Ragnhild were in attendance. The Norwegian athletes did not disappoint the crowd, as Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second; Swedish jumper Karl Holmström took the bronze. Norwegian athletes won the ski jumping gold medal in every Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1952.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Figure skating
There were three events in the Olympic figure skating competition: men's singles, women's singles and mixed pairs. The events were held at Bislett Stadium on a rink constructed inside the speed skating track.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Figure skating
Dick Button of the United States won the men's singles event. Helmut Seibt of Austria took silver and James Grogan of the United States won bronze. Button became the first figure-skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate. British skater Jeannette Altwegg won the gold medal in the women's singles, the silver was won by American Tenley Albright, who went on to win gold at the 1956 Winter Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, and Jacqueline du Bief of France won the bronze. The German husband and wife pair of Ria and Paul Falk won the mixed pairs competition. They defeated Americans Karol and Peter Kennedy, who placed second, and Hungarian siblings Marianna and László Nagy, who won the bronze medal.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Ice hockey
A majority of the ice hockey matches took place at Jordal Amfi, a new hockey stadium built for the Olympics. Nine teams played in the tournament and Canada again won the gold medal. Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team began to compete and ended Canadian dominance. Canada was represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, an amateur hockey team sponsored by the owner of a Mercury automobile dealership. Canada played the United States to a three all tie on the final day to clinch the gold, and the Americans won silver.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Ice hockey
The official report of the USOC for the 1952 Olympics covers the game in great detail. According to the report, by the end of the game against Canada, the Americans were mentally and physically exhausted and after scoring the third goal and tying the game they decided to focus on defense in order not to lose silver. It is important to note that Canadians at the time were considered unbeatable and even tying that team was almost impossible.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Ice hockey
Sweden and Czechoslovakia ended up tied for third (Czechoslovakia defeated the Swedes in the head-to-head game, but according to the rules at the time they had to play a tiebreaker game because they were tied in points). Sweden won that game and avenged the loss in the round-robin. The Czechs believed they had already won the bronze when they defeated the Swedes in the round-robin, calling the decision to play a tie-breaking game a "plot of the capitalist countries". Canadian team was criticized for its rough play; although body checking was legal, it was not often used by European teams, and opponents and spectators alike took a dim view of that style of play.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Bandy
The IOC lobbied the organizing committee to host either military patrol or curling as a demonstration sport. The committee instead selected bandy, which had never been included in the Winter Games. Bandy, which is popular in Nordic countries, is played by teams of eleven on an outdoor soccer field-sized ice rink, using a small ball and sticks about 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long. As it was a demonstration sport, the players were ineligible for medals. Three nations participated: Finland, Norway and Sweden. Each of the three teams won one game and lost one game; with Sweden winning the competition based on number of goals scored, followed by Norway in second place, and Finland in third place. Two of the games were played at Dæhlenenga Stadium and one at Bislett Stadium.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Closing ceremonies
At the 1952 Winter Games, the closing ceremonies were a distinct program listing, unlike previous Winter Games when the closing ceremonies were held directly after the final event. The closing ceremonies were held in Bislett Stadium, on Monday evening, 25 February. The flag bearers entered the stadium in the same order they followed for the opening ceremonies. That evening four medal ceremonies were also held for the women's cross-country race, the men's cross-country relay, the ski jumping competition, and the ice hockey tournament.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Closing ceremonies
Since 1920, the "Antwerp flag" has been passed from host city to host city during closing ceremonies for the Summer Games. The city of Oslo gave an Olympic flag to establish the same tradition for the Winter Games. Brynjulf Bull, Oslo's mayor, passed the flag to the president of the IOC, Sigfrid Edström, who declared the flag was to pass from host city to host city for future Winter Games. The flag, which came to be known as the "Oslo Flag", has since been preserved in a display case, with the name of every Winter Olympics host city engraved on brass plaques, and is brought to each Winter Games to be displayed. A replica is used during the closing ceremonies.


1952 Winter Olympics, Events, Closing ceremonies
After the flag ceremony the Olympic flame was extinguished, a special speed skating race was held, and the figure skating competitors gave an exhibition, followed by 40 children dressed in national costumes performing an ice dance. For a finale, to the close the Games, the lights were extinguished and a 20-minute fireworks display lit up the night sky.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
With a seating capacity of 29,000, Bislett Stadium became the centrepiece of the Games. It was the venue for the speed skating events and the figure skating competition. Bislett was large enough for a 400 m (1,300 ft) speed skating track, and a figure skating ice-rink of 30 by 60 m (98 by 197 ft); a snow bank separated the track and the rink. Because Bislett was an outdoor arena, the organizing committee chose Tryvann Stadion and Hamar Stadion as secondary alternative skating venues to be used the case of bad weather. In 1994 Hamar became the venue for the speed skating events at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
The Oslo Winter Games were the first to feature an Olympic ice hockey tournament held on artificial ice. A new stadium was built for the hockey tournament in a residential area of eastern Oslo, called Jordal Amfi, which accommodated 10,000 spectators in stands rising steeply from the rink. 23 of the 36 hockey matches were played at Jordal Amfi, with the remaining matches played at Kadettangen, Dælenenga idrettspark, Lillestrøm Stadion and Marienlyst Stadion.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
The cross-country races and ski-jump competition were held at Holmenkollbakken, located roughly 8 km (5 mi) from the center of Oslo. The expected number of spectators caused concerns about traffic, so a new road was constructed and the existing thoroughfare widened. Holmenkollbakken was built in 1892 and improvements were needed to meet international standards. The original wood ski-jump was replaced with a concrete tower and jump that was 87 m (285 ft) long. New stands were built to seat 13,000 people, and an area was added at the base of the hill to accommodate 130,000 spectators.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
The hills and terrain in the surrounding area met the competitive demands for an elite cross-country ski event. A notice board was posted at the start and finish lines to help spectators monitor the progress of the competitors. The cross-country and nordic combined races began and ended at the base of the ski jump hill. The stands for the ski jump competition had to be removed during the cross-country races; spectators had only a small area from which to watch the races but were allowed on the course to cheer on the competitors.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
The alpine skiing events were split between Norefjell and Rødkleiva. The slalom courses were at Rødkleiva, located on the same mountain as Holmenkollen and Frognerseteren. The course had an elevation difference, from start to finish, of  200 m (660 ft) and was 480 m (1,570 ft) in length. A rope tow had to be built to bring the skiers from the bottom to the top of the hill.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
The downhill race and the giant slalom—which made its Olympic debut in 1952—were held at Norefjell, which was 113 km (70 mi) from Oslo and the only venue located away from the capital city. Work had to be done to make the area suitable for Olympic competition. A bridge across Lake Krøderen was built to help alleviate transportation congestion. A new hotel, two ski lifts, and a new road were also constructed.


1952 Winter Olympics, Venues
There was no permanent bobsleigh run in Norway. Instead the organizers built a temporary course out of snow and ice. This is often wrongly assumed to have been built at Korketrekkeren. From Frognerseteren a separate 1,508 m (4,948 ft) long, 13-turn course was designed and built. The bobsleigh run was first constructed and tested in 1951, then rebuilt for the Games in 1952. A car was used to return the bobsleighs to the start of the track.


1952 Winter Olympics, Participating nations
Thirty nations sent competitors, which was the highest number of participants at a Winter Games. New Zealand and Portugal took part in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned after a 16-year absence. South Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey competed in 1948 but did not participate in the 1952 Games.


1952 Winter Olympics, Calendar
The official opening ceremonies were held on 15 February, although two smaller ceremonies were held on 14 February to conform with competition schedules. From 15 February until 25 February, the day of the closing ceremonies, at least one event final was held each day.


1952 Winter Olympics, Medal count
These are the nations that topped the medal count at the 1952 Winter Games.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, took place in Oslo, Norway, from 14 to 25 February 1952. A total of 694 athletes representing 30 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Games, taking part in 22 events from 6 sports.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table
From the thirteen NOCs that collected at least one medal, eight secured at least one gold. Ten NOCs won more than one medal, and among these, Norway was the most successful with sixteen medals, including seven golds. The United States (eleven medals, four golds) and Finland (nine medals, three golds) finished second and third in the medal table, respectively.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table
Norway's Hjalmar Andersen and Germany's Mirl Buchner were the top medal winners, with three medals each. The Netherlands got its first Winter Olympics medals, when Kees Broekman and Wim van der Voort won three silver medals between them in speed skating. Portugal and New Zealand made their Winter Olympic Games debuts in Oslo, but neither nation won a medal.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Highlights
Oslo was the first Scandinavian city to host a Winter Olympics. Athletes from the host nation won more medals than any other nation. Truck driver Hjalmar Andersen won three out of the four speed skating events, and Simon Slåttvik and Sverre Stenersen won gold and bronze in nordic combined. Ski jumpers Arnfinn Bergmann and Torbjørn Falkanger placed first and second, and only Swedish jumper Karl Holmström prevented a Norwegian sweep.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Highlights
After a 16-year hiatus from Olympic competition Germany made a triumphant return, winning seven medals and three golds. They won gold medals in both two- and four-man bobsleigh events. The results for both events were identical with the United States and Switzerland taking silver and bronze. The other gold medal for Germany went to the husband and wife figure skating pair of Paul and Ria Falk, who won the mixed pairs competition. Mirl Buchner of Germany was the only other triple medalist when she won three medals in alpine skiing, placing second in the downhill and third in the slalom and giant slalom.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Highlights
Wim van der Voort from the Netherlands placed second in the 1,500 meter speed skating events and his countryman Kees Broekman placed second in the 5,000 and 10,000-meter races. These were the first-ever Dutch medals at the Winter Olympics. Great Britain's lone medal was won by Jeannette Altwegg, who became only the second British woman to win the ladies' figure skating competition. Dick Button and James Grogan of the United States won gold and bronze in the men's figure skating event. Button became the first figure skater to land a triple jump in competition when he performed the triple loop in the men's free skate program.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Highlights
Finnish athletes won nine medals and three golds at the Games. They dominated the cross-country events, winning eight out of a possible twelve medals. A women's race was added to the cross-country program for the first time and Finnish skiers Lydia Wideman, Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen swept the event. Veikko Hakulinen won the 50-kilometer men's race to begin an Olympic career that would culminate in seven medals, three of them gold.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Highlights
The ice hockey tournament was won by Canada. Their gold medal game against the United States ended in a tie, and  International rules at the time did not allow for overtime, so the gold medal was awarded to Canada on goal differential. Canada had won all but one Olympic hockey tournament thus far, but in 1956 the Soviet team entered the competition and ended Canadian dominance.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Medal table
The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.


1952 Winter Olympics medal table, Medal table
There was a tie for third place in the men's 500-metre event in speed skating, therefore two bronze medals were awarded.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay
The 1952 Winter Olympics torch relay was the first time that a flame was transported as part of the build-up to the Winter Olympics. While similar to the inaugural Summer Olympics torch relay of 1936 the Olympic Flame did not start in Olympia, instead the relay began in Morgedal, Norway, the birthplace of competitive skiing. Indeed, the Norwegian Olympic Committee were keen to stress that this was not the traditional transfer of the Olympic flame but a separate event that symbolised the use of torches while skiing in the dark. It was not until the 1964 Winter Olympics that the relay could be said to transport a true Olympic flame originating from Olympia.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Organization
Olav S. Bjaaland, a teacher in Morgedal, proposed the idea of a cross-country ski relay from Morgedal to Oslo in 1948. The process was seen as a good way to mark the commencement of the Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) agreed that the relay could go ahead, including winning support from the IOC president, but that this relay would not carry the true Olympic flame as had been established as protocol in the Summer Games since 1936. Instead this torch was passed in the same way that Norwegian skiers historically did while travelling in the dark.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Organization
Organisational duties were given to the committee for decorations and ceremonies. The flame would not be lit in Olympia, and a location would be chosen that symbolised the birthplace of skiing and Winter events. Since the 1964 relay the process has changed to bring the relay in line with the Summer Olympics and to officially carry the Olympic flame. While there were attempts to give the "Morgedal Flame" the same significance as the Olympic flame the IOC have insisted that all Olympic Games should use the symbolic fire lit in Olympia.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torch
The nine inch long torch was designed to cope with any weather condition that the relay team would face. Its cylindrical handle was topped off by a large, oval collar that depicted the Olympic rings, the year, and an arrow pointing from the start and end points of the relay (Morgedal and Oslo).


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torch-bearers
A total of 94 renowned skiers or their descendants participated in the relay, the names of whom remained secret until they began their leg of the journey.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route
The relay began on 13 February at the Morgedal home of Sondre Norheim, a pioneer in competitive skiing. The location was chosen to celebrate the birthplace of skiing and the origins of such sporting events. In 1868 Norheim had skied from Morgedal to Oslo to compete in a skiing competition that was being hosted in the city.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route
It would be fitting for a person of high regard to start the relay. Olav Bjaaland, the grandfather of the man who proposed the relay, was a member of the 1911 South Pole expedition. He was given the honour of kindling the fire, and did so by lighting a pine torch in the hearth of Norheim's home. He then passed the flame to the first relay skier. The torch relay then followed the route that Norheim is believed to have taken to Oslo.


1952 Winter Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Lighting of the cauldron
The final stretch of the relay to Bislett was undertaken by ski champion Lauritz Bergendahl on 15 February. On arrival at the Marathon Gate of the Stadium he passed the torch to the final torch-bearer, Eigil Nansen, grandson of explorer, winter event champion and Nobel Peace Prize-winning diplomat Fridtjof Nansen. Nansen skied with the torch around the snow embankment before walking up to and lighting the "Olympic Altar".


1952 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1952 Wisconsin Badgers football team represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1952 Big Ten Conference football season. The Badgers offense scored 228 points while the defense allowed 150 points.


1952 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1952 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 4, 1952.


1952 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Walter J. Kohler Jr. defeated Democratic nominee William Proxmire with 62.50% of the vote.


1952 Wisła Kraków season
The 1952 season was Wisła Kraków's 44th year as a club. Wisła was under the name of Gwardia Kraków.


1952 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1952 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Lansdowne Club in London from 9 December 1951 – 16 December 1951. Janet Morgan won her third consecutive title defeating Joan Curry once again in the final. The competition was held during 1951 but formed part of the 1951/1952 season.


1952 Women's British Open Squash Championship, Seeds
Sheila Speight  M E Gowthorpe  A V M Isaac  Marjorie Townsend  Pat Gotla née Cowney  Rachel Byrne


1952 Women's Western Open
The 1952 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Skokie Country Club, the 23rd edition of the event. Betsy Rawls won the championship in match play competition by defeating Betty Jameson in the final match, 1 up.


1952 World Archery Championships
The 1952 World Archery Championships was the 15th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Brussels, Belgium in July 1952 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).


1952 World Fencing Championships
The 1952 World Fencing Championships were held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The championships were for non-Olympic events only.


1952 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1952 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1952 competitions for men, ladies, pair skating, and ice dancing took place from February 27 to March 1 in Paris, France. The World Championships in ice dancing were the first of its kind.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship
The 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship was a  snooker tournament held from 12 November 1951 to 15 March 1952, with the final taking place at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England. Fred Davis won his fourth World title by defeating Walter Donaldson by 38 frames to 35 in the final. Davis recorded the highest break of the tournament, 140, a new championship record.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship
The event was created following a dispute between the Professional Billiard Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC). The BACC claimed that the championship was primarily about honour, and financial consideration should come behind this, whilst the PBPA members felt that the BACC was taking too large a share of the income from the events and established an alternative 'world championship' called the World Professional Match-play Championship, editions of which are now recognised as world championships.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
The World Snooker Championship, established in 1927, is a professional tournament and the official world championship of the game of snooker. The sport was developed in the late 19th century by British Army soldiers stationed in India. Professional English billiards player and billiard hall manager Joe Davis noticed the increasing popularity of snooker compared to billiards in the 1920s, and with Birmingham-based billiards equipment manager Bill Camkin, persuaded the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC) to recognise an official professional snooker championship in the 1926–27 season.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
In 1927, the final of the first professional snooker championship was held at Camkin's Hall; Davis won the tournament by beating Tom Dennis in the final. The annual competition was not titled the World Championship until 1935, but the 1927 tournament is now referred to as the first World Snooker Championship. Davis also won the title each year until 1940, when the contest was cancelled during World War II, and again when the championship resumed in 1946, accumulating a total of 15 titles before retiring from the event.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
In 1952, the World Professional Match-play Championship was created following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the BACC.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
In response to player complaints that the BACC was taking too large a percentage of income from the tournament, the BACC claimed that the championship "has always been, and in theory is to be, regarded as an affair of honour and a test of merit", and that "every effort is made to arrange terms advantageous to the professionals competing in the championship, compatible with securing an equitable return for the promoters of it, the B.A.& C.C." The PBPA members established an alternative competition called the World Professional Match-play Championship, perceived in general as the genuine title competition, and now recognised as world championships.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
Only two of the leading professional players, Horace Lindrum and Clark McConachy, had declined to join the PBPA, and they were the only two entrants to the BACC's 1952 World Snooker Championship. Lindrum won their match, and therefore the title, 94-49 after dead frames. The other professionals at the time, with the exception of Joe Davis who had retired from world title competitions, entered the PBPA's tournament.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Background
Ten players entered the PBPA's first World Professional Match-play Championship. The two finalists in the 1951 World Snooker Championship, Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson, were given byes to the semi-final stage in opposite halves of the draw. The remaining eight played two rounds to determine the other two semi-finalists.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, First round
Sydney Lee withdrew, granting Kingsley Kennerley a walkover into the quarter-finals. Jackie Rea defeated Jim Lees 33–28, Albert Brown scored a 33–28 win over John Pulman, and Alec Brown had achieved a winning margin at 33–17 before his last day's play against Rex Williams, finishing at 39–22. Williams had turned professional in 1951, the first player since Pulman and Brown in 1946. Snooker historian Clive Everton wrote that Williams was "hammered" by Brown, and that this demonstrated the gulf in ability between the top amateurs and the professionals of the time.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Quarter-finals
Kennerley took a 4–1 lead over Rea, who had won the first frame. At the end of the first day they were tied at 6–6. Rea then took ten of the next day's twelve frames to lead 16–8, and on subsequent days was 23–13, 25–17 and 29–19 ahead, eventually finishing the match at 35–26.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Quarter-finals
In the other quarter-final match, Albert Brown won six of the nine frames against Alec Brown on the first day. He won the opening six frames on the second day, and finished that day 18–6 ahead, maintaining a six frame lead at the end of the next day, which ended with him leading 24–12. Alec Brown reduced the deficit on the fourth day by winning eight of the twelve frames played, meaning Albert Brown led 28–20 going in to the last day. Albert Brown achieved a certain win at 31–22, and after the remaining scheduled frames were played, he was 36–25 ahead.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
The first semi-final, between Walter Donaldson and Albert Brown, was played in Scunthorpe from 21 to 25 January 1952. Donaldson held a 21–15 lead after three days. However, Brown reduced Donaldson's lead to two frames on the fourth day and the match ended 31–30.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Semi-finals
The second semi-final, between Fred Davis and Jackie Rea, was played at Wellington, Shropshire from 4 to 9 February 1952. After four days Davis led 29–11. Davis took a winning 34–16 lead on the fifth day and eventually won 38–23.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Final
The final started on 10 March 1952 and continued until 15 March. In advance of the match, Davis and Donaldson issued a challenge to Horace Lindrum, who had effectively won the BACC-recognised 1952 World Snooker Championship by taking an insurmountable lead on 6 March, that the winner of their match would play him for £500 and gate receipts.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Final
In the World Professional Match-play final, Davis won six of the eight frames in their first session, and each player won four frames in the second session, leaving the score at 7–5 to Davis after the first day. Donaldson had compiled a break of 104. Donaldson recorded another century break, 106, in the twentieth frame, but Davis increased his lead over Donaldson to 14–10 by the end of the second day. On the third day, Davis achieved a break of 140, a new world championship record, and Donaldson made a 111. Davis finished the day 21–15 ahead.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Summary, Final
After another day's play, Davis was 29–19 ahead, Donaldson won eight of the next twelve frames to reduce his arrears to six frames at 27–33. Davis won the title, finishing the last day at 38–35 after achieving a winning margin at 37–30. Davis was trailing by 8 points to 66 in the 67th frame, but compiled a clearance of 67 to take the frame and secure victory.


1952 World Professional Match-play Championship, Main draw
The result for the tournament are shown below. Players in bold denote match winners.


1952 World Series
The 1952 World Series featured the 3-time defending champions New York Yankees beating the Brooklyn Dodgers in seven games. The Yankees won their 4th consecutive title, tying the mark they set in 1936–1939 under manager Joe McCarthy, and Casey Stengel became the second manager in Major League history with 4 consecutive World Series championships. This was the Yankees' 15th World Series championship win, and the 3rd time they defeated the Dodgers in 6 years.


1952 World Series
In Game 7, the Yankees' second baseman Billy Martin made a great catch, preserving the Yankees' two-run lead. Also, the home run hit by Mickey Mantle during the 8th inning of Game 6 was significant because it was the first of his record 18 career World Series home runs.


1952 World Series, Summary
AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Brooklyn Dodgers (3)


1952 World Series, Matchups
In 1952 the Dodgers, led by manager Chuck Dressen, paced the NL in runs scored (775), home runs (153) and stolen bases (90). Duke Snider, Jackie Robinson and George Shuba batted over .300, while Roy Campanella (97) and Gil Hodges (102) paced the team in RBIs. The Dodgers had no dominant pitchers with Carl Erskine (2062⁄3) the lone pitcher with over 200 innings and rookie Joe Black leading the team with 15 wins. Manager Dressen used 14 starting pitchers on the year, but as a unit, the pitchers combined to finish second in the NL in team ERA. Defensively, the Dodgers led the NL with a .982 fielding percentage, and Campanella gunned down 29 of 52 (56%) would-be base stealers.


1952 World Series, Matchups
The Yankees, led by the effusive Casey Stengel, recovered from the retirement of Joe DiMaggio, and the loss of Bobby Brown, Jerry Coleman and Tom Morgan to the service. The Yankees matched the Dodgers in hitting as they finished first or second in the AL in runs scored, home runs, batting average, and slugging percentage. Mickey Mantle had a breakout season leading the Yankees in batting (.311), and slugging (.530). Yogi Berra led the Yanks in runs (97), HRs (30) and RBIs (98). The Yankees had a pitching staff that led the AL in ERA (3.14).


1952 World Series, Matchups
Allie Reynolds led the team with 20 wins and led the league with 2.08 ERA. Casey Stengel rotated his pitchers all year with seven having at least 12 starts, but none working more than 35 games. Defensive standout Phil Rizzuto led AL shortstops with 458 assists and made only 19 errors.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Joe Black pitched a complete game and became the first African-American pitcher to win a World Series game. Jackie Robinson's lead off home run in the second off of Allie Reynolds put the Dodgers up 1–0, but Gil McDougald tied the game with a lead off home run of his own in the third. Duke Snider's two-run home run in the sixth put the Dodgers back in front 3–1.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Yankees cut the lead to 3–2 on a Gene Woodling triple and Hank Bauer sacrifice fly in the top of the eighth, but Pee Wee Reese gave the Dodgers that run back with a two-out home run in the eighth off of Ray Scarborough as Brooklyn won 4–2 to take a 1–0 series lead.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Vic Raschi's complete-game three-hitter and nine strikeouts dominated this game. He was behind 1–0 after a Roy Campanella RBI single in the third, but the Yankees in the fourth tied it when Mickey Mantle doubled, took third on a groundout and scored on a Yogi Berra sacrifice fly off of Carl Erskine. Next inning, Gil McDougald drew a leadoff walk, stole second and scored on Billy Martin's single to put the Yankees up 2–1. A five-run Yankee sixth broke it open. Two singles and a walk loaded the bases before Billy Loes relieved Erskine and allowed an RBI groundout to Joe Collins, RBI single to McDougald, and three-run home run to Martin to put the Yankees up 7–1. The series was tied 1–1 shifting to the Bronx.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In Game 3, the Yankees struck first in the second on Eddie Lopat's RBI single with two on off of Preacher Roe, but the Dodgers tied the game off of Lopat in the third on Jackie Robinson's sacrifice fly with two on. In the fifth, Billy Cox singled, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and scored on Pee Wee Reese's RBI single. In the eighth, after two leadoff singles, Andy Pafko's sacrifice fly made it 3–1 Dodgers.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Yogi Berra's home run in the bottom of the inning cut the lead to 3–2, but in the ninth, Reese and Robinson singled, then (after Lopat was relieved by Tom Gorman) did a double steal. A passed ball allowed both to score to make it 5–2 Dodgers. Johnny Mize's home run in the bottom of the inning made it 5–3 Dodgers, but Roe retired the next two men to end the game and give the Dodgers a 2–1 series lead.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
In Game 4, the score was 1–0 in the eighth, a Johnny Mize home run in the fourth off of Joe Black being the difference, when Dodgers reliever Johnny Rutherford came into the game. The first batter he faced was Mickey Mantle, who tripled to deep left-center, then kept coming home when the throw to third got away, scoring a key insurance run for the Yankees. Both sides got just four hits in the contest. Allie Reynolds pitched a complete game shutout as the Yankees 2–0 win tied the series at two games apiece.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The Dodgers struck first in the second off of Ewell Blackwell on Andy Pafko's RBI single with two on. In the fourth, with runners on second and third, Pee Wee Reese's sacrifice fly made it 2–0 Dodgers, then Duke Snider's two-run home run extended their lead to 4–0. Carl Erskine pitched four shutout innings before the Yankees torched him in the fifth. After a walk and single, Irv Noren's RBI single and Gil McDougald's forceout scored a run each. After a single and pop out, Johnny Mize's three-run home run put the Yankees ahead 5–4.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
In the seventh, Billy Cox singled, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on Snider's RBI single, tying the game off of Johnny Sain. The game went into extra innings and in the top of the 11th, Billy Cox got his third hit of the game, moved up on a Pee Wee Reese hit and scored on Duke Snider's double off reliever Johnny Sain for what turned out to be the winning run. Erskine pitched all 11 innings for Brooklyn, retiring the last 19 batters he faced, closing it out by retiring future Hall of Famers Mickey Mantle, Johnny Mize and Yogi Berra 1-2-3. The Dodgers were one win away from a championship as the series returned to Brooklyn.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In Game 6, with a 3–2 Series lead and the final two at Ebbets Field, the Dodgers looked to chase away the demons of 1951. Billy Loes (13–8) faced Vic Raschi (16–6). Dodger Manager Chuck Dressen made a curious lineup change with George Shuba batting fifth, replacing Andy Pafko. Dressen placed Roy Campanella in the sixth spot and left Gil Hodges to bat seventh.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In the Dodger half of the first inning, with Duke Snider on second and Jackie Robinson on first, Shuba grounded out to Billy Martin to end the inning. In the Yankee fourth, Yogi Berra reached second base when Pee Wee Reese uncorked a wild throw on a double-play attempt, but the Yankees could not capitalize. In the fifth inning, the Dodgers turned a remarkable double play. Yankee Irv Noren led off with a single, followed by a Vic Raschi bunt.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Gil Hodges picked up the bunt, turned and fired to Reese at second, who in lightning succession fired to Robinson covering first just in time to retire Raschi. In the Dodger sixth, Snider sent Raschi's first pitch over the 40 feet (12 m) of screen in back of right field and onto Bedford Avenue for 1–0 lead. In the top of the seventh, Yogi Berra matched Snider's home run with one of his own, again onto Bedford Avenue. Gene Woodling followed with a single and Dodger pitcher Billy Loes balked him to second.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Raschi then made up for his bunt-turned-double-play by getting a hit, literally off Loes. The ball ricocheted off Loes and into right field bringing Woodling home for a 2–1 lead. In another curious move Dressen allowed pitcher Billy Loes to hit for himself in the seventh. Loes singled and promptly stole second. But Raschi struck out Billy Cox to end the inning. Mantle led off the Yankee eighth inning with the first of his 18 World Series home runs. Mantle's shot set a record for home runs by one team and for both teams in a single Series at 13.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Snider continued the home run fest by launching another one in the bottom of the eighth. Jackie Robinson then sent left fielder Gene Woodling to the wall for an out and Shuba doubled to send Raschi to the showers. Allie Reynolds relieved and quickly ended the Dodger eighth. Reynolds, known as "The Chief", again made quick work of the Dodgers in the ninth including striking out Rocky Nelson, who had pinch-hit for Hodges, preserving the 3–2 win.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Game 7 pitted Joe Black (15–4) vs Eddie Lopat (10–5). Black, who came out of the Negro leagues and was not even on the Dodgers spring training roster, had already pitched a complete game win in Game 1 of the Series, pitched seven innings in a 2–0 loss in Game 4 and would be starting his third game in seven days. At that time there were no days off between games as both teams played in New York. For the Yankees, Billy Martin continued his solid play. Martin sat on the bench for most of the season's first two months and took over second base duties when Casey Stengel moved Gil McDougald from second to third base to replace military-bound Bobby Brown.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Phil Rizzuto led off the Yankee fourth with a double and Johnny Mize singled him home for a 1–0 lead. In the Dodger fourth, a single by Duke Snider followed by two consecutive sacrifice attempts by Jackie Robinson and Roy Campanella, intended to move runners over, loaded the bases instead. Allie Reynolds replaced Lopat and retired Gil Hodges with a fly to left that scored Snider. Reynolds struck out George Shuba, then induced Carl Furillo to ground out, leaving Robinson at third and the game tied 1–1.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
In the fifth inning, Gene Woodling homered for the Yankees, and the Dodgers' Billy Cox doubled followed by a Pee Wee Reese single tied the game at 2–2. Mickey Mantle demonstrated his penchant for coming up big in World Series play with a home run in the sixth inning and RBI single in the seventh (off of Preacher Roe) to give the Bronx Bombers a 4–2 lead. The Brooklyn boys loaded the bases again in the seventh, when Vic Raschi walked Furillo, Cox singled and Reese walked.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
Stengel called on Bob Kuzava, who retired Snider, setting the stage for Billy Martin. With two out and the runners moving, Jackie Robinson popped-up to the right of the mound. Kuzava hesitated, looking to his fielders. Martin charged hard from his position deep at second and caught the ball off his shoetops, to end the inning and save as many as 3 runs. Kuzava then quickly put the Dodgers down in the eighth and ninth to give the Yankees their fourth consecutive World Championship.


1952 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
The Yankees batted .216 and the Dodgers only .215 in this tightly contested series.


1952 World Series, Composite line score
1952 World Series (4–3): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Brooklyn Dodgers (N.L.)


1952 World Snooker Championship
The 1952 World Snooker Championship was a snooker tournament held between 25 February and 8 March 1952 at Houldsworth Hall, in Manchester, England. The event featured only two entrants – Australian Horace Lindrum and New Zealander Clark McConachy. Due to a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BACC), most players withdrew from the event. The BACC thought the championship was primarily about honour, and financial consideration should come second, whilst the PBPA disagreed. The PBPA established an alternative 'world championship' called the PBPA Snooker Championship which would later become the official world championship as the World Professional Match-play Championship.


1952 World Snooker Championship
The competition was played as one continual match, held over 145 frames. Lindrum won the match, taking a winning 73–37 lead early on the 10th day and won 94–49. In winning the event, Lindrum became the first player from outside the British Isles to gain victory in the tournament, and the only one of two players to do so, with Neil Robertson in 2010. The status of the event is debated, with some historians only counting Robertson's win due to the field of just two players.