1951 Northern Illinois State Huskies football team
The 1951 Northern Illinois State Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College during the 1951 college football season. There were no divisions of college football during this time period and the Huskies competed in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. They were led by 23rd-year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus.


1951 Northwest Territories general election
The 1951 Northwest Territories general election was held on September 17, 1951  in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It was the territory's first general election since 1902. The election came about after The Northwest Territories Act was amended to permit three elected members from the Mackenzie District to join the five appointed members on the Executive Council of the Northwest Territories. The Council, which had met in Ottawa, Ontario, outside of the Northwest Territories, shortly after the election, the council began to alternate sittings between Ottawa and Northwest Territories communities.


1951 Northwest Territories general election, Background
The bill to re initiate territorial elections in the Northwest Territories was introduced in the Canadian House of Commons by Federal Resources Minister Robert Henry Winters.


1951 Northwest Territories general election, Aboriginal vote
The 1951 election was the first in the territory to allow aboriginal peoples to vote and stand for election. However the electoral districts created for the election included only the west portion of the territories thus disenfranchising the prominently aboriginal eastern portion of the territory. When the nominations closed on August 20, 1951 no aboriginals stood for office.


1951 Northwest Territories general election, Female suffrage
Unlike the small elections in the Territories prior to the first general election in 1888, this was considered a general election, since it was based on the dissolution of the previous legislature. It was the smallest general election in Northwest Territories history.


1951 Northwest Territories general election, Female suffrage
This was the first election in the Northwest Territories in which women had the right to vote. Female suffrage was permitted under the Northwest Territories Elections Ordinance of 1951, this was the last jurisdiction in Canada to grant voting rights to women. The first woman candidate in the territory's history also ran in this election: Vivian Roberts from Aklavik.


1951 Northwest Territories general election, Female suffrage
The writ for the election was dropped on July 3, 1951 and the nominations closed on August 20, 1951.


1951 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1951 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1951 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fifth year under head coach Bob Voigts, the Wildcats compiled a 5–4 record (2–4 in Big Ten, sixth), and were outscored 124 to 112.


1951 Northwestern Wildcats football team
Against Navy on October 20, Charlie Hren rushed for 218 yards to set a school record. It stood for eighteen years, until Mike Adamle shattered it with 316 yards against Wisconsin in 1969.


1951 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1951 Norwegian Football Cup was the 46th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo on 21 October 1951, and was contested by five-time former winners Sarpsborg and Asker, who made their first appearance in the cup final. Sarpsborg won the final 3-2, after extra time, and secured their sixth title. Fredrikstad were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Vålerengen in the quarter-final.


1951 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1951 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1951 college football season.


1951 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, Team players drafted into the NFL
The following players were drafted into professional football following the season.


1951 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1951 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1951 college football season. In their third season under head coach Carroll Widdoes, the Bobcats compiled a 5–4–1 record (2–2 against MAC opponents), finished in fourth place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 167 to 141.


1951 Ohio Bobcats football team
The team's statistical leaders included Ed Roberts with 564 rushing yards, Larry Lawrence with 407 passing yards, and Gene Nuxhall with 236 receiving yards. Offensive tackle Al Scheide was named to the Little All-America Team.


1951 Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team
The 1951 Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team represented the Ohio State University in the 1951 NCAA baseball season. The head coach was Marty Karow, serving his 1st year.


1951 Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team
The Buckeyes lost in the College World Series, defeated by the Texas A&M Aggies.


1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1951 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 4–3–2 record in their first season with Woody Hayes as head coach. The Buckeyes outscored their opponents, 109–104, but fell to Michigan, 7–0, in the season finale.


1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, Game summaries, SMU
The only score in Woody Hayes' debut as Ohio State's head coach came in the second quarter on a 21-yard scoring pass.


1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, Game summaries, Iowa
Tony Curcillo threw four touchdown passes and ran for two more to give Woody Hayes his first conference victory. Curcillo finished 10 of 14 for 292 yards.


1951 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The 1951 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College (later renamed Oklahoma State University–Stillwater) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1951 college football season. In their second season under head coach Whitworth, the Cowboys compiled a 3–7 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 251 to 168.


1951 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
On offense, the 1951 team averaged 16.8 points, 171.0 rushing yards, and 159.7 passing yards per game. On defense, the team allowed an average of 25.1 points, 213.8 rushing yards and 131.4 passing yards per game. The team's statistical leaders included Ron Bennett with 385 rushing yards, Don Babers with 1,352 passing yards, George Wooden with 502 receiving yards, Roy Seeman with 48 points scored, and Bill Bredde with six interceptions.


1951 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The team played its home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma.


1951 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team, After the season
The 1952 NFL Draft was held on January 17, 1952. The following Cowboys were selected.


1951 Oklahoma Sooners baseball team
The 1951 Oklahoma Sooners baseball team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1951 NCAA baseball season. The team was coached by Jack Baer in his 7th season at Oklahoma.


1951 Oklahoma Sooners baseball team
The Sooners won the College World Series, defeating the Tennessee Volunteers in the championship game.


1951 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1951 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma during the 1951 college football season. They played their home games at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium and competed as members of the Big Seven Conference. They were coached by head coach Bud Wilkinson.


1951 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1951 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1951 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1951 college football season.


1951 Omloop Het Volk
The 1951 Omloop Het Volk was the seventh edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 11 March 1951. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by Jean Bogaerts.


1951 Ontario general election
The 1951 Ontario general election was held on November 22, 1951, to elect the 90 members of the 24th Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or "MPPs") of the Province of Ontario.


1951 Ontario general election
The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by Leslie Frost, won a fourth consecutive term in office, increasing its caucus in the legislature from 53 in the previous election to 79—a solid majority.


1951 Ontario general election
The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Walter Thomson, lost six seats, but regained the role of official opposition because of the collapse of the CCF vote. Albert Wren was elected as a Liberal-Labour candidate and sat with the Liberal caucus.


1951 Ontario general election
The social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), led by Ted Jolliffe, lost all but two of its previous 21 seats with Jolliffe himself being defeated in the riding of York South.


1951 Ontario general election
One seat was won by J.B. Salsberg of the Labor-Progressive Party (which was the Communist Party of Ontario). LPP leader A.A. MacLeod lost his downtown Toronto seat of Bellwoods in this election and three other LPP candidates were also defeated.


1951 Open Championship
The 1951 Open Championship was the 80th Open Championship, held 4–6 July at Royal Portrush Golf Club in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Until 2019, it was the only time the championship was played outside England or Scotland. In it, Max Faulkner won his only major title, two strokes ahead of the runner-up, Antonio Cerdá, in the rain. Two-time defending champion Bobby Locke finished eight strokes back, in a tie for sixth.


1951 Open Championship
The maximum number of players making the cut after 36 holes was increased from 40 to 50, and ties for 50th place did not make the cut. With potentially an extra 10 players making the cut and getting £20 prize money the total purse increased from £1,500 to £1,700. The other prizes remained unchanged, with £300 for the winner.


1951 Open Championship
Only 148 players entered, the lowest since 1904. Qualifying took place on 2–3 July, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes on the Championship course at Portrush and 18 holes at Portstewart Golf Club. The number of qualifiers was limited to a maximum of 100, and ties for 100th place did not qualify. Cerdá led at 138 with Tom Haliburton, Bobby Locke, and Norman Von Nida a stroke behind. The qualifying score was 155 and 98 advanced. Peter Alliss qualified comfortably, following up a first round 76 at Portstewart with an impressive 69 at Portrush.


1951 Open Championship
Jimmy Adams and Von Nida shared the lead after the first round on Wednesday with 68, the only sub-70 rounds in the championship. In the second round on Thursday, Faulkner shot 70 to take a two-stroke lead over Norman Sutton, with Fred Daly, and Harry Weetman a further shot behind. After his 69 in qualifying, Alliss scored 79 and 80 and missed the cut.


1951 Open Championship
In the third round on Friday morning, Faulkner posted another 70 and stretched the 54-hole lead to six over Sutton and Cerdá. In the final round that afternoon, Faulkner finished 5-5-4-5 for 74 and 285. Cerdá was the only player still on the course with a chance to tie. Going out in 34, he reached the 16th needing to play the last three holes in twelve shots. His challenge ended when his drive ended up against some steps straddling a barbed wire fence and he took six. He finished on 287, two shots behind Faulkner.


1951 Open Championship
Faulkner was the last Englishman to win the Open for 18 years, until Tony Jacklin in 1969. Frank Stranahan tied for twelfth and was the low amateur for the third straight year, one of two Americans to make the cut. Two Australians made their Open Championship debuts: future five-time champion Peter Thomson, age 21, finished in sixth place, while 1960 champion Kel Nagle was 19th.


1951 Open Championship
The PGA Championship at Oakmont near Pittsburgh concluded on Tuesday, 3 July. This was the second day of the Open Championship qualification, making it impossible to play in the final two majors and resulted in very few Americans in the field. Sam Snead, the Open champion in 1946, won the final match at Oakmont for his third title in that championship.


1951 Orange Bowl
The 1951 Orange Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Miami Hurricanes and the Clemson Tigers played on January 1, 1951. Played in Miami at Burdine Stadium, it was the 17th edition of the annual Orange Bowl.


1951 Orange Bowl, Background
Although they finished second in the Southern Conference, the Clemson Tigers were undefeated—they had won eight games, and tied South Carolina—en route to their first Orange Bowl appearance. Similarly, the Miami Hurricanes were undefeated, with nine wins and a tie (against Louisville), and were playing in their third Orange Bowl, having lost the 1935 edition and having won the 1946 edition. The teams had only met once before, a 7–6 win by Miami in 1945.


1951 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Fred Cone gave Clemson a 7–0 lead on his one-yard touchdown run that culminated a 76-yard drive, which proved to be the halftime lead as the Hurricanes mustered just one first down in the first half. Six plays after Clemson received the opening kickoff in the second half, Glenn Smith caught a pass from Billy Hair for a touchdown. However, the extra point attempt was wide, making it a 13–0 lead for Clemson.


1951 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Miami retaliated with a touchdown run by Harry Mallios that had been set up by a Smith run of 45 yards. Minutes later, Jim Dooley intercepted a pass from Hair, which Miami took advantage of by scoring on a 95-yard touchdown drive to lead, 14–13.


1951 Orange Bowl, Game summary
With six minutes to go in the game, Mallios returned a punt that seemed to be a 79-yard touchdown run to put the game out of reach. However, a clipping penalty was called on Miami, putting them back at their own five-yard-line. Two additional gains by Miami were also nullified by penalties. On a play from the four-yard-line, Miami halfback Frank Smith was tackled by Clemson lineman Sterling Smith behind the goal line for a safety, giving Clemson a 15–14 lead and ultimately the win.


1951 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
Though Miami made five bowl games in the next 16 years, they did not reach an Orange Bowl again until 1984. Clemson played in the Orange Bowl six years later, in 1957, though they did not win one until 1982.


1951 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1951 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State College in the 1951 NCAA college football season. The Beavers ended this season with four wins and six losses. The Beavers scored 204 points and allowed 180 points. The team was led by head coach Kip Taylor.


1951 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1951 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1951 college football season. In their first season under head coach Len Casanova, the Webfoots compiled a 2–8 record (1–6 against PCC opponents), finished in eighth place in the PCC, and were outscored by their opponents, 317 to 130. The team played its home games at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon.


1951 Ormskirk by-election
The Ormskirk by-election of 5 April 1951 was held after the appointment of Conservative MP Ronald Cross as Governor of Tasmania.


1951 Ormskirk by-election
The seat was safe, having been won at the 1950 United Kingdom general election by over 14,000 votes


1951 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1951 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 45th water polo championship in Hungary. There were ten teams who played two-round match for the title.


1951 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1951 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), 2. Class
Qualification-Relegation play-offs: 1. Bp. Vörös Meteor 9, 2. Tatabányai Bányász 8, 3. Vasas Csepel Autó 6, 4. Szegedi Petőfi 5, 5. Tolnai Vörös Lobogó 2, 6. Miskolci Bástya 0 point.


1951 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), 2. Class
Budapest: 1. Bp. Vörös Meteor 23, 2. Vasas MÁVAG 13, 3. Előre MÁVAUT 12, 4. Bp. Vörös Lobogó 11 (2), 5. Szikra Tipográfia 8 (2), 6. Bp. Haladás 8 (2), 7. Gyárépítés 1 point (2). In parentheses number of matches is missed.


1951 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1951 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 7–5 record and won the Grey Cup.


1951 PGA Championship
The 1951 PGA Championship was the 33rd PGA Championship, held June 27 to July 3 at Oakmont Country Club in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, a suburb northeast of Pittsburgh. Sam Snead won the match play championship, 7 & 6 over Walter Burkemo in the Tuesday final; the winner's share was $3,500 and the runner-up's was $1,500.


1951 PGA Championship
It marked the first time the PGA Championship returned to a venue; Oakmont had hosted in 1922 (at the time, it had also hosted two U.S. Opens and three U.S. Amateurs). It was the third and final win for Snead in the PGA Championship, and the fifth of his seven major titles. At age 39, he was the oldest at the time to win the PGA Championship, passing his old record of two years earlier. Burkemo won the title in 1953 and was runner-up again in 1954.


1951 PGA Championship
Defending champion Chandler Harper lost in the first round to Jim Turnesa in a match that went to 23 holes. Turnesa, the runner-up to Snead back in 1942, won the title following year in 1952, and displaced Snead as the oldest champion by a few months.


1951 PGA Championship
Snead's win was the last by a former champion for twenty years, until Jack Nicklaus won his second PGA Championship in 1971.


1951 PGA Championship
Claude Harmon, Lloyd Mangrum, and Pete Cooper tied for the lowest score in the stroke play qualifier at 142 (−2). Harmon won the $250 medalist prize on the third hole of a sudden-death playoff.


1951 PGA Championship
The British Open in 1951 was held in the first week of July in Northern Ireland. Its mandatory two-day qualifier was held the same days as the PGA's semifinals and finals, which prevented participation in both events.


1951 PGA Championship, Format
The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1951 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days:


1951 PGA Championship, Past champions in the field, Failed to qualify
Runyan did not advance in the six-way playoff for the one final spot in the match play field. Source:


1951 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1951 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific during the 1951 college football season. Pacific played home games in Pacific Memorial Stadium in Stockton, California.


1951 Pacific Tigers football team
Pacific competed as an independent in 1951. In their first season under head coach Ernie Jorge, the Tigers finished the regular season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4) and were ranked as high as #16 during the season. At the end of the season, Pacific was invited to a New Years Day bowl game for the second time in their history (also at the end of the 1946 season). On January 1, 1952, they played Texas Tech in the Sun Bowl, losing 25–14. That brought their record to six wins and five losses (6–5). For the season they outscored their opponents 275–216.


1951 Pacific Tigers football team, Team players in the NFL
The following College of the Pacific players were selected in the 1952 NFL Draft.


1951 Pacific hurricane season
The 1951 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1951. Nine tropical systems were observed during the season.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm One
A tropical storm hit near Acapulco early in the season in May.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Two
A hurricane hit near Acapulco early in the season in June.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
Tropical Storm Four existed from July 5 to July 6.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
Tropical Storm Five existed from August 3 to August 10.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
On August 24, a tropical storm was first observed south of Mexico. It paralleled the coastline, and moved northward into Baja California on the 28th. It dissipated the next day, and caused moderate flooding in southern California.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
Tropical Storm Seven existed from September 11 to September 15.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
The final tropical cyclone of the season existed from November 27 to November 30.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Other Systems, March Kona storm
A warm-core kona storm transitioned into a tropical cyclone at 0000 UTC on March 21, west of the Necker Island. At that time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking the storm with winds of 30 mph (50 km/h), or tropical depression strength. The system began traveling eastward, and later to the northeast on March 22. Then, it turned sharply southward towards Hawaii on the same day. The system turned southwest toward the Hawaiian Islands at 0600 UTC of March 25, making its first landfall near Hauula on Oahu at 1200 UTC that day.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Other Systems, March Kona storm
The system weakened below tropical storm intensity as it passed through the island of Oahu. By six hours later, the system left the island and continued southward. Then, the system slowed down and curved back north toward Oahu. The system made a second landfall on Oahu near Mākaha, just past 0000 UTC on March 28. Later, the system scrapped the northwestern coast of the island. It re-entered the Pacific six hours later and turned west. The system then sped up and made its last landfall near Kealia, just past 0000 UTC on March 29. The storm moved quickly across the island, and it left the island about six hours later. The JTWC stopped tracking the system east of the island of Nihoa eighteen hours later, after it had started to move across the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.


1951 Pacific hurricane season, Other Systems, March Kona storm
The system has been considered a tropical or an extratropical cyclone. The JTWC and the American Meteorological Society (AMS) both consider the storm to be a tropical cyclone. However, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for the eastern north Pacific, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) do not include the system in their archives. Due to this, the system was not considered tropical or subtropical officially. On March 25, tropical storm warnings were posted for the Hawaiian Islands. Winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) were reported in Oahu as the storm came near the island. In Honolulu, six inches (15 cm) of rain was reported. The system contributed to the already above-average rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands. The rainfall amount for March 1951 was nearly 200 to 700 percent above normal. The rainfall set records for that month, but they were later broken in 2006.


1951 Pacific typhoon season
The 1951 Pacific typhoon season was a generally below average season with multiple tropical cyclones striking the Philippines. With the exception of January, each month saw at least one tropical system develop; October was the most active month with four tropical cyclones forming. Overall, there were 21 tropical depressions, of which 17 became named storms; of those, there were 16 typhoons.


1951 Pacific typhoon season
The season began with the formation of a short-lived unnamed tropical storm on February 19, well east of the Philippines; Typhoon Georgia became the season's first named storm and typhoon after first developing in the open Pacific on March 20. In April, Typhoon Iris developed before intensifying into a super typhoon the following month; Iris was the first recorded instance of a Category 5-equivalent typhoon in the western Pacific. The final typhoon and storm of the year was Typhoon Babs, which remained at sea before dissipating on December 17.


1951 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1951 Pacific hurricane season. At the time, tropical storms that formed within this region of the western Pacific were named and identified by the Fleet Weather Center in Guam. However, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which was established five years later, identified four additional tropical cyclones during the season not tracked by the Fleet Weather Center; these analyzed systems did not receive names.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Georgia
A persistent low-pressure area south of Kusaie was first noted on March 14. The origins of the cyclonic circulation remain disputed, with one hypothesis indicating initial development south of Nauru and another suggesting that the system originated from a minor tropical wave east of the Marshall Islands. Nonetheless, southeasterly flow associated with an unusually strong high pressure area positioned over northeastern Australia aided the tropical cyclogenesis of the disturbance, and at 1200 UTC on March 18, the circulation developed into a tropical depression.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Georgia
In its initial stages, the disturbance steadily intensified as it moved in a northeasterly direction, attaining tropical storm strength by 1800 UTC the next day. At 0600 UTC on March 20, Georgia reached typhoon intensity; however, the Guam Fleet Warning Center only issued its first typhoon bulletin on the tropical cyclone at 0600 UTC the following day, by which time Georgia already had winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. At the same time, the typhoon began to develop an eye.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Georgia
Subsequently, Georgia attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph), equivalent to a modern-day Category 4 hurricane. Afterwards, the intense typhoon began to quickly lose organization and strength, and degenerated into a remnant low after 0600 UTC on March 25, coinciding with the last typhoon bulletin issued by the Guam Fleet Warning Center. The remnants tracked westward before dissipating after 0600 UTC on March 28.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Georgia
As a developing tropical system, the precursor to Georgia and resultant tropical depression moved near Kusaie, producing a peak rainfall total of 137 mm (5.31 in) over a three-day period and gusts in excess of 95 km/h (55 mph). On March 20, Georgia passed to the south of Kwajalein. As such, the island's station observed "strong surface winds" and 236 mm (9.28 in) of rain in an eighteen-hour period. As a weakening tropical cyclone, Georgia threatened Wake Island and Eniwetok Atoll; the latter of which was expected to be the site of American nuclear testing operations.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Georgia
Though both islands were warned of by the Guam Fleet Weather Center, however, the typhoon had weakened considerably before reaching them, and effects remained marginal. Nonetheless, 52 mm (2.03 in) of rain was reported on a weather station in Eniwetok. The nuclear testing operation, termed Operation George, remained unaffected, though the first test was detonated on July 4, well after Georgia dissipated.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hope
In early April, several cyclonic vortices were noted south of the Marshall Islands. One of these circulation centers tracked westward and later developed into a tropical depression near Micronesia early on April 15. Steadily intensifying, the disturbance intensified into a tropical storm by 1800 UTC the next day. At roughly the same time, Hope began to curve slightly to the north.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hope
The Guam Fleet Warning Center estimated that the tropical storm intensified into a typhoon by 1800 UTC on April 17, before strengthening further to reach its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 130 km/h (80 mph) at 0000 UTC. At the same time, the weather center at Andersen Air Force Base in Guam began issuing bulletins on the storm. Shortly after, Hope executed a small anticyclonic loop, which resulted in the tropical cyclone tracking westward. After this loop was completed, however, the typhoon began to weaken.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Hope
This weakening trend continued, and the Guam Fleet Warning Center ceased the issuance of bulletins at 1200 UTC on April 20, by which time Hope was deemed too weak to be classified as a tropical cyclone. However, the China Meteorological Agency (CMA), in analysis of the system, determined that Hope had persisted up until late on April 23 before dissipating.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Iris
In late April, a well-developed tropical wave began developing east of Chuuk Lagoon. Tracking westward, the easterly wave was analyzed to have organized into a tropical depression by 0000 UTC on April 29. Twelve hours later, Iris was estimated to have strengthened into a tropical storm. At roughly the same time, a vessel in the vicinity of the storm reported winds in excess of 65 km/h (40 mph), prompting the Guam Fleet Weather Center to initiate reconnaissance flights into the cyclone.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Iris
Midday on April 30, Iris intensified into the equivalent of a modern-day typhoon as it moved in a slightly oscillatory path towards the Philippines. After a slight fluctuation in intensity during the overnight hours of May 1, Iris rapidly intensified to reach its peak intensity with a minimum pressure of 909 mbar (hPa; 26.85 inHg) and maximum sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph) early on May 4, making it the equivalent of a Category 5 super typhoon; at the time this was the first confirmed instance of a typhoon reaching such intensities. Afterwards, Iris weakened slightly before making landfall on South Luzon around 1800 UTC the following day.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Iris
After passing and weakening through the Philippines, Iris emerged into the South China Sea on May 6 as a tropical storm. At the same time, it began to recurve towards the northeast. On May 9, Iris reached a secondary peak intensity south of the Ryukyu Islands with winds of 160 km/h (100 mph), before subsequently weakening. Afterwards, the tropical cyclone underwent extratropical transition, though the timing of such an event is disputed between the JMA and the CMA, with the former indicating that such a transition occurred on May 11, and the latter indicating a transition on May 14.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Iris
Nonetheless, Iris made an anticyclonic loop beginning on May 11, before accelerating northeastward and dissipating entirely on May 15. Upon its dissipation, Iris set Guam Fleet Weather Center records for number of tropical cyclone bulletins issued, at 50, and number of reconnaissance fixes, at 54. At its landfall in the Philippines, the typhoon caused nine fatalities and injured an additional 39 people. Rainfall peaked at 484.4 mm (19.07 in) in Gandara, Samar, with observed winds peaking at 155 km/h (95 mph) in nearby Catbalogan. Damage to highways, bridges, and crops was estimated at ₱19.2 million (US$9.5 million).


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Joan
A stationary trough of low pressure persisted near Nauru towards the end of April and into early May, producing heavy rains; a station on the island received 8.16 in (207 mm) in a 24-hour period from the system. An interaction between the trough and a passing tropical wave resulted in the formation of an organized disturbance on May 2 that tracked initially northwestward before taking a more westerly course. According to the JTWC, the system became sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical cyclone on May 3, though the JMA indicates cyclogenesis three days later.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Joan
After some fluctuations in its strength in its nascent stages, Joan curved towards the northeast and strengthened into a typhoon on May 8, peaking that day with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) and a minimum pressure of 980 mbar (hPa; 28.93 inHg). Concurrently, the typhoon stalled and traced out a clockwise loop for roughly a day before resuming a course towards the northwest. Gradual weakening ensued, and the system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone after May 12; the system would dissipate three days later.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kate
A disturbance was first noted in the vicinity of Micronesia on June 17 approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of Guam. Aircraft traversing between Guam and the Philippines eventually confirmed the presence of a developing tropical depression by June 25, tracking towards the west. By the following day, the system had strengthened into a tropical storm. The system curved towards the north by June 28 and had begun to trend towards the northeast thereafter, gradually strengthening to a typhoon by 18:00 UTC that day.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kate
The storm continued to accelerate towards the northeast, passing just east of the Ryukyu Islands on June 30 before reaching peak intensity offshore Kyushu with maximum sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a central pressure estimated at 975 mbar (hPa; 28.79 inHg). Kate weakened slightly before making landfall the following day on Shikoku with winds of 170 km/h (105 mph). The typhoon curved eastward and continued to weaken, tracking through Sagami Bay and emerging over the Pacific Ocean on July 2 as a tropical storm. Kate transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and would later dissipate the following day.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Kate
Thirteen lives were lost on Kyushu. Heavy rains flooded 2,000 houses and inundated 8,000 acres of farmland in Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Louise
The westerly-tracking tropical wave that would develop into Typhoon Louise was closely monitored as it passed Guam on July 25. Strong winds and falling pressures documented in Ulithi strongly suggested that a tropical cyclone was developing in the vicinity. The CMA analyzed the system promptly developing as a strong tropical storm early on July 25; however, the JTWC would not begin issuing bulletins on Louise until reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the presence of an already stout typhoon the following day with winds of 145 km/h (90 mph).


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Louise
Tracking towards the west-northwest, the storm steadily strengthened, reaching its peak intensity on July 29 east of Luzon with winds peaking at 220 km/h (140 mph) and the central pressure bottoming out at 904 mbar (hPa; 26.65 inHg). Typhoon-strength winds began to rake the Filipino province of Isabela that day, ahead of Louise's eventual landfall on July 30 with winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). The mountainous terrain weakened the storm significantly, and Louise remained weakened system as it traversed the South China Sea before tracking over Wuchuan, Guangdong as a minimal tropical storm on August 2. The tropical cyclone degenerated into a remnant low inland the following day before dissipating entirely on August 5.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Louise
Communications were cut in Cagayan on the northeastern portions of Luzon as strong winds felled antennas. In Tuguegarao, 300 homes were blown down by winds estimated at 145& km/h (90 mph), with similar destruction wrought to homes on the coastal city of Vigan. The typhoon brought copious amounts of rainfall to Luzon, peaking at 483 mm (19 in) in a 24-hour period in Baguio; this total nearly set an all-time daily rainfall record for the city. There were six fatalities and ten people were injured. Damage was estimated at ₱5.5 million (US$2.7 million).


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marge
Typhoon Marge originated as a tropical storm southeast of Guam on August 10. Tracking towards the northwest, the strengthening system passed just south of the island the following day as a typhoon. On August 13, the storm began taking a more northwesterly path as it continued to intensify, reaching its peak intensity two days with maximum winds estimated at 185 km/h (115 mph) and a remarkably low pressure of 886 mbar (hPa; 26.16 inHg).


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marge
Fluctuating in strength over the following days, Marge passed over the Amami Islands on August 18 before a more steadily weakening trend took hold as the typhoon moved into the East China Sea. The storm passed just offshore Shanghai before curving sharply towards the northeast into the Yellow Sea on August 21. Marge weakened to a tropical storm the next day after spending 11 continuous days as a typhoon. The cyclone made landfall near Boryeong, South Korea on August 23 and accelerated northeastwards across the Korean peninsula, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone over far-northeastern Manchuria before dissipating after August 24.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marge
Marge was the largest tropical cyclone ever observed to date, with a wind circulation extending 1160 km (720 mi) in diameter; this record stood until it was eclipsed by Typhoon Tip in 1979. Meteorologist Robert Simpson flew on board a reconnaissance mission that flew into Marge near its peak strength and documented the eye's visual and sampled characteristics. The flight was an atypical departure from normal reconnaissance missions due to secondary—albeit procedurally constrained—storm-research objectives. Publishing his findings in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society in 1952, his work would be instrumental in the understanding of tropical cyclone structure.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marge
United Nations naval vessels and United States Navy armaments responding to the Korean War were evacuated from the western coast of the Korean peninsula in advance of the approaching typhoon. Gusts as high as 180 km/h (112 mph) were reported in Okinawa in what was considered the island's most impactful typhoon since U.S. military occupation in 1945. Although damage was minimal to U.S. military installations, crop damage was extensive in other parts of Okinawa and several roads and highways were washed out by the heavy rains and surf.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Marge
Impacts were more extensive further north of Kyushu, where rainfall totals as high as 400 mm (16 in) produced widespread flooding that flooded rice paddies and over a thousand homes, prompting the evacuation of 11,943 people. Offshore, twelve fishing boats capsized in the rough surf, and storm surge killed four in the Kyushu village of Yoshikawa. Across southern Japan, there were 12 deaths and 53 injuries caused by Marge. In South Korea, the Busan area was particularly hard hit, with coastal flooding displacing 550 people from their destroyed wooden homes. A half-mile segment of railroad between Yeosu and Daejeon was also washed out.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Nora
Nora produced "some damage" over a sparsely populated region of northern Luzon and caused communications outages. In Hainan, 800 homes were destroyed along with 53 fishing boats. Two people were killed and fifteen were injured in Haikou.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Pat
Yap International Airport recorded 182.6 mm (7.19 in) of rain from Pat.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruth
Storm warnings were issued for southern Japan on October 13. Planes in Tokyo were grounded and courier service to Korea was suspended. Ruth impacted Japan between October 13–15, killing 572 people and injuring another 2,644; 371 people were left unaccounted for. Many of these deaths arose from river flooding triggered Ruth. The storm damaged 221,118 homes and 9,596 ships, as well as some 3.5 million bushels of rice. Due to Ruth's large size, much of the country was affected by the typhoon's winds and rains.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ruth
A peak wind gust of 195 km/h (121 mph) and a rainfall total of 639.3 mm (25.17 in) was recorded Kamiyaku, Kagoshima; both of these values were the highest recorded in Japan from Ruth. Yamaguchi Prefecture was most severely impacted by the typhoon. Coastal areas were inundated and communications were disrupted. Winds reaching 150 km/h (95 mph) and waves 13.5 m (44 ft) high struck Sasebo, Nagasaki, sinking ships and damaging others in the harbor; among them were warships deployed for the Korean War. American military installations throughout Japan incurred over US$1 million in damage. Overall property damage in Japan was estimated at US$25 million, affecting an estimated 123,773 people; total damage to property, crops, and forests reached US$55 million.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Thelma
Thelma formed as a Tropical Storm on October 27 and strengthened to category 4 status with 145 mph winds. Thelma later curved away without affecting land at all before it dissipated on October 2. It did not affect land. It was one of the strongest of the season, however damage was minimal, and no deaths were reported.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Vera
Vera remained at Tropical Storm status and did not affect land at all, thus being a minimal storm


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Wanda
On November 21, Typhoon Wanda moved across the Visayas and southern Luzon. The storm impacts fatally injured 82 people and displaced 213,242 others from their homes.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Amy
On December 3, an area of low pressure first noted near the Kwajalein Atoll developed into a tropical cyclone. Tracking in a general westward direction, the storm quickly intensified to reach typhoon intensity the next day. However, the typhoon's asymmetricity resulted in a fluctuation of intensity over the following few days. Afterwards, Amy was able to intensify to reach its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar (hPa; 28.05 inHg) on December 8.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Amy
Over the ensuing two days, Amy moved over several islands in the central Philippines before emerging in the South China Sea on December 11 as the equivalent of a minimal typhoon. Shortly after, the tropical cyclone executed a tight anticyclonic loop while oscillating in strength several times before eventually weakening and dissipating on December 17, just east of Vietnam.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Amy
In the Philippines, Amy was considered one of the worst typhoons to strike the island chain on record. Making its initial landfall along with the concurrent eruption of Mount Hibok-Hibok on Camiguin, the typhoon disrupted volcanic relief operations and forced the displacement of victims already displaced by the volcano. Cebu City suffered the worst impacts of Amy – most of the city's buildings were heavily damaged, and 29 people died in the city. Strong winds and rainfall in the city associated with Amy also set records which still remain unbroken today. Damage there was estimated at ₱560 million.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Amy
Along the east coast of Leyte, where Amy initially struck, ninety percent of homes were destroyed, and a large swath of coconut plantations were wiped out. In Panay, located on the western side of the Philippines, at least a thousand homes were destroyed in 41 towns. Overall, Amy caused $30 million in damage, and at least 556 fatalities, though the final death toll may have been as high as 991, making the typhoon one of the deadliest in modern Philippine history. An additional 50,000 people were displaced by the storm.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Unnamed systems
In addition to the 17 named storms monitored by the JTWC throughout the year, 14 other cyclones were analyzed by various agencies across East Asia, some of which were estimated to have reached tropical storm strength. Furthermore, disagreement on the intensity of these storms exists between the warnings centers. The table below lists the maximum intensity reported by any one agency for the sake of completeness. However, any tropical storms listed here are not considered official and thus are excluded from the season total.


1951 Pacific typhoon season, Season effects
The following table lists all of the tropical cyclones that formed during the 1951 Pacific typhoon season, including their names, duration, intensities, damages, and death totals. Damage and deaths include totals for storms before tropical cyclogenesis and after extratropical transition. The duration of storms is based on data provided from the China Meteorological Administration, while maximum sustained wind data is provided by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pressure data is provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency.


1951 Palanca Awards
The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1951 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author). Open only in English and Tagalog Short Story, these are the first recipient winners of the Awards.


1951 Pan American Games
The 1951 Pan American Games (the I Pan American Games) were held in Buenos Aires, Argentina between February 25 and March 9, 1951. The Pan American Games' origins were at the Games of the X Olympiad in Los Angeles, United States, where officials representing the National Olympic Committees of the Americas discussed the staging of an Olympic-style regional athletic competition for the athletes of the Americas.


1951 Pan American Games
During the Pan-American Exposition at Dallas in 1937, a limited sports program was staged. These included Athletics, Boxing, and Wrestling among others. This program was considered a success and a meeting of Olympic officials from the Americas was held.


1951 Pan American Games
At the Pan American Sports Conference held in 1940, it was decided to hold the 1st Pan American Games at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1942. The Pan American Sports Committee was formed to govern the games. Avery Brundage was elected as the first President. However, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brought much of the Americas into World War II, thus forcing the cancellation of the 1942 games.


1951 Pan American Games
A second conference was held in 1948. Avery Brundage was re-elected as the President of the PASC. It was decided that Buenos Aires would still host the 1st Pan American Games, this time in 1951.


1951 Pan American Games, Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony took place at the Racing Club Stadium, which had been recently inaugurated. The Greek athlete Aristeidis Roubanis lit the pebble for the first time, while local athlete Delfo Cabrera was the bearer of the Argentine flag.


1951 Pan American Games, Opening ceremony
The inauguration event was attended by the Argentine President Juan Perón and the member of the Pan-American Games Commission, Avery Brundage.


1951 Pan American Games medal table
The 1951 Pan American Games, officially known as the I Pan American Games, were a continental multi-sport event held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from February 5 to March 9, 1951. At the Games, 2,513 athletes selected from 21 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in events in 18 sports. Seventeen nations earned medals during the competition, and ten won at least one gold medal.


1951 Pan American Games medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on medal counts published by several media organizations. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals won by the athletes representing a nation. (In this context, a nation is an entity represented by a NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code.


1951 Pan American Games medal table, Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the  icon next to the column title.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election
General elections were held in Papua and New Guinea for the first time on 10 November 1951.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council was formed following the amalgamation of the Territory of Papua and the Territory of New Guinea after World War II. The bill passed by the Australian parliament provided for a 29-member Council consisting of the Administrator, 16 civil servants, nine members appointed by the Administrator (three representatives of the indigenous population, three representing European settlers and three representing missionaries) and three elected Europeans. The Administrator served as presiding officer of the legislature.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Electoral system
Voting was restricted to residents aged 21 or over who had lived in the territory for the last 12 months prior to registering to vote and were not classed as a native or alien. The Chinese community were also given the right to vote alongside Europeans. Candidates had to have lived continuously in the territory for the three years prior to submitting their nomination paper and not be a public employee.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Electoral system
The three elected members were elected from three single-member constituencies, New Guinea Islands, New Guinea Mainland and Papua by preferential voting.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Aftermath
The new Legislative Council met for the first time in Port Moresby on 26 November.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Aftermath
In February 1952 Steven Lonergan (Government Secretary) and R.E.P. Dwyer (Director of Agriculture) replaced Claude Champion and Colin Marr, who had been acting in their positions at the time the council was appointed. Thomas Byrne died in February 1952 and was temporarily replaced by Acting Chief Collector of Customs Thomas Grahamslaw until Frank Lee was appointed as Byrne's permanent replacement later in the year.


1951 Papua New Guinean general election, Aftermath
Bert Jones was replaced by the new Director of Native Affairs Alan Roberts in November 1953. C.D. Bates (District Commissioner for Morobe) and Douglas Macinnis (Secretary of Lands, Surveys and Mines) also joined the Council during its term.


1951 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1951 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 11 teams. The national champions were Sportivo Luqueño.


1951 Paris–Nice
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Cewbot (talk | contribs) at 22:08, 11 September 2020 (bot: Convert Albert Dubuisson to wikilink). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.


1951 Paris–Nice
The 1951 Paris–Nice was the ninth edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 13 March to 17 March 1951. The race started in Paris and finished in Nice. The race was won by Roger Decock.


1951 Paris–Roubaix
The 1951 Paris–Roubaix was the 49th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 8 April 1951 and stretched 247 km (153 mi) from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome. The winner was Antonio Bevilacqua from Italy.


1951 Paris–Tours
The 1951 Paris–Tours was the 45th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 7 October 1951. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Jacques Dupont.


1951 Pau Grand Prix
The 1951 Pau Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 26 March 1951 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Luigi Villoresi, driving the Ferrari 375. Louis Rosier finished second and Giuseppe Farina third.


1951 Penn Quakers football team
The 1951 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1951 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach George Munger, the Quakers compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents 121 to 117. Harry Warren was the team captain.


1951 Penn Quakers football team
Penn played its home games at Franklin Field adjacent to the university's campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


1951 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1951 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1951 college football season. The team was coached by Rip Engle and played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1951 Pepperdine Waves football team
The 1951 Pepperdine Waves football team represented George Pepperdine College as a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) during the 1951 college football season. The team was led by first-year head coach Duck Dowell and played home games at El Camino Stadium on the campus of El Camino College in Torrance, California. They finished the season with an overall record of 5–4–1 and a mark of 2–1–1 in conference play, tying for second in the CCAA.


1951 Pepperdine Waves football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Pepperdine players were selected in the 1952 NFL Draft.


1951 Peruvian Primera División
The 1951 season of the Primera División Peruana, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Sport Boys.


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1951 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing sixth in the American League with a record of 70 wins and 84 losses.


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Regular season
Ferris Fain won the American League batting championship with a .344 batting average.


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1951 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 19th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 6–6, winning only four games. The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second consecutive season.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season
The Eagle hired Bo McMillin who took on the challenge of returning the Philadelphia Eagles to their previous glory was hired on February 8, 1951. However, after just two games (both wins), McMillin underwent surgery for what was believed to be ulcer troubles. The verdict was far worse: stomach cancer, which ended his coaching career. Assistant coach Wayne Miller took over as head coach for the rest of the year. He would resign weeks before the 1952 season citing health as the reason for stepping down.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The 1951 NFL Draft was held on January 18–19, 1951. This draft would be for players coming out of college and because Baltimore Colts folded after the 1950 season. The NFL placed their players in the 1951 NFL draft. The draft was 30 rounds with eleven teams picking. There was a total of 362 players drafted. 27 former Colts players were drafted including Y. A. Tittle by San Francisco 49ers.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The Eagles would rotate getting the 5th, 6th and 7th picks through the rounds as a results of their 6–6 record in 1950, tying them with Pittsburgh and Detroit.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
With the lottery bonus pick as the #1 pick of the draft, the New York Giants choose Kyle Rote a Halfback from Southern Methodist University The 2nd pick in the draft was made by the Chicago Bears. This was the Baltimore Colts 1st round pick that would have had, that was earlier traded to Chicago. With this pick they choose Bob Williams a Quarterback from the Notre Dame.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
With their 1st pick as the 7th selection in the 1st round the Eagles choose, Ebert Van Buren, brother of Steve Van Buren, a Fullback/Halfback out of LSU.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, Player selections
The table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Game recaps, Week 12 vs Cleve Browns
The Eagles lost for the 4th time to the former AAFC member. They were out played by the American Conference champions Cleveland Browns, as they could only manage a net passing yard total of 8 yards for the game on 9 completions. The Eagles forced the Browns to turn the ball over 4 times, and sacked Otto Graham in the end zone for a safety as the only bright points of the game for the Eagles.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Playoffs
The Philadelphia eagles finished with a 4–8–0 record and failed to make it to the 1951 NFL Championship Game. The game was played between the Cleveland Browns and Los Angeles Rams in Los Angeles on December 23, 1951, with an attendance of 59,475.


1951 Philadelphia Eagles season, Roster
(All time List of Philadelphia Eagles players in franchise history)


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1951 Philadelphia Phillies finished in fifth place. The team had won the 1950 National League pennant but in the United Press' annual preseason poll of sportswriters, only 18 out of 168 writers picked the team to repeat as pennant winners; the Giants received 81 votes and the Dodgers 55. Those two teams wound up tied, with the Phillies 23 games behind.


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Regular season, All-Star Game
The 1951 All-Star Game was originally awarded to the Philadelphia Phillies. The City of Detroit was celebrating the 250th anniversary of its founding in 1701 and requested to host the year's All-Star Game. Although the National League was scheduled to host the game in '51, the game was moved to Detroit's Briggs Stadium to coincide with the city's celebration. The Phillies instead hosted the 1952 All-Star Game at Shibe Park.


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Philadelphia municipal election
Philadelphia's municipal election held on November 6, 1951, was the first under the city's new charter, which had been approved by the voters in April, and the first Democratic victory in the city in more than a half-century. The positions contested were those of mayor and district attorney, and all seventeen city council seats. There was also a referendum on whether to consolidate the city and county governments. Citywide, the Democrats took majorities of over 100,000 votes, breaking a 67-year Republican hold on city government.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election
Joseph S. Clark Jr. and Richardson Dilworth, two of the main movers for the charter reform, were elected mayor and district attorney, respectively. Led by local party chairman James A. Finnegan, the Democrats also took fourteen of seventeen city council seats, and all of the citywide offices on the ballot. A referendum on city-county consolidation passed by a wide margin. The election marked the beginning of Democratic dominance of Philadelphia city politics, which continues today.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Background
In the 1940s, Philadelphia was the last major city in the United States to have nearly all of its political offices occupied by Republicans. Mayor Bernard Samuel and sheriff Austin Meehan led the Republican organization and were supported by many of the city's business interests. In 1947, city voters had elected Republicans to the mayor's office and to every seat on the city council. Over the next few years, cracks in the Republican wall began to emerge as independent voters and reform-minded Republicans began to join with Democrats in opposing what they saw as shortcomings of the Republican political machine. Some in the Democratic coalition objected to making common cause with the reformers, but Democratic City Committee chairman James A. Finnegan saw it as a chance to revitalize his moribund party, saying "good government is good politics."


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Background
In 1949, that coalition scored a victory in the election for "row offices" (minor citywide offices including treasurer, coroner, and controller), and the reformers used their new platforms to expose corruption in city government. A bipartisan commission of reformers proposed a new city charter in 1950. The new scheme would shift power away from city council to a strong mayor, something they believed would produce a system that would be more efficient and less susceptible to corruption. It also included provisions for civil service reform, requiring that city jobs be filled by merit selection rather than patronage.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Background
The higher-ranking executive branch positions in city government would almost all be filled by the mayor directly without council approval, which was intended to encourage the appointment of independent experts instead of distributing jobs as reward for political service. Voters approved the charter overwhelmingly in an April 1951 referendum, setting up a showdown in November for election to the revised city government.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
Samuel did not run for re-election as mayor, leaving an open seat to be contested by the Republican nominee, Daniel A. Poling, and the Democrat, Joseph S. Clark Jr. Clark was a lawyer and United States Army officer who had served in World War II. Raised in an upper-class Republican family, he switched his party affiliation to the Democrats in 1928. After several unsuccessful attempts at public office in Philadelphia, he served as a Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Clark was known as a reformer, having been elected city controller two years earlier in 1949 on a platform of cleaning up corruption in the city. Despite being slandered as a communist for his membership in the Americans for Democratic Action, a left-wing group, Clark was victorious.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
In those two years, Clark probed graft and theft in the Samuel administration and reported his findings to the voters. Many of those accused of crimes were convicted, and several committed suicide. Clark continued his push for reform by urging adoption of the new city charter. He campaigned for mayor with the promise of a "clean sweep of City Hall". He won the support of party Democrats in part by announcing his intention to run whether they backed him or not. In the July primary election, he triumphed easily over former City Solicitor Joseph Sharfsin by an eight-to-one margin.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
The Republican nominee, Poling, was a Baptist preacher with a national reputation for integrity who GOP leaders hoped would help deflect the corruption charges leveled against the machine. Poling had worked for various charitable organizations and managed the Christian Herald. His son, Clark V. Poling, was one of the Four Chaplains lost aboard the SS Dorchester in World War II, and Poling served as pastor at the chapel erected in their memory. Poling was challenged in the primary by Walter P. Miller, a businessman who had the backing of independent Republicans. The ward leaders swung their support to Poling, who won by a six-to-one margin.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
As in 1947 and 1949, Clark focused his campaign on the corruption of the Republican organization, calling it "the most corrupt political machine in the United States". Poling admitted that corruption existed, but pledged to root it out himself if elected. Philadelphia's two newspapers, the Inquirer and the Bulletin, had traditionally endorsed Republicans, but in 1951 favored the Democrats. Poling's association with the Republican party bosses clinched the Inquirer's endorsement for Clark; in an editorial, the editors said "the only way Philadelphia can get a change at City Hall is by throwing out the Republican ward-boss clique".


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
Clark and his running mate, district attorney candidate Richardson Dilworth, bought radio time and made street-corner speeches. In one speech, Dilworth called the Republican leadership "political hogs and extremely avaricious gentlemen". In a broadcast, Clark called his non-politician opponent the ignorant tool of corrupt interests, saying "he can know nothing about the subject personally for he has not been in politics in Philadelphia long enough to find out." Poling campaigned vigorously with the full support of his party organization, but the effort fell short.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
The general election was a landslide for Clark, who won by more than 120,000 votes. With 58% of the vote, the Democrats had gained nearly 215,000 votes over the last election, in which they had been defeated. The Democrats' greatest gains were in the so-called "independent wards", where middle-class voters were more likely to split their tickets in pursuit of good government, and in the majority-black wards in North and West Philadelphia, where Clark's promise of civil service reform gained the confidence of black voters, who had traditionally been left out of the patronage system. As the result became apparent, he told reporters that it was a "great victory for the thinking people of Philadelphia and it ends a long hard fight."


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Mayor
This was the first time since 1881 (70 years) that a Democrat won the mayoralty, and the first time since 1911 (40 years) that a Republican nominee lost the mayoralty. It ushered a period of Democratic control of the mayoralty which continues to this day.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, District Attorney
Philadelphia elects a district attorney independently of the mayor, in a system that predates the charter change. Since 1957, district attorney elections have followed mayoral and city council elections by two years, but in 1951 both offices were up for election in the same year.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, District Attorney
As in the mayor's race, the contest for district attorney pitted a Democratic reformer, Richardson Dilworth, against a representative of the Republican machine, Michael A. Foley. Dilworth, like Clark, was a former Republican who had been advocating reform for several years. He had run for mayor unsuccessfully in 1947, with Clark as his campaign manager. In 1949, he was elected City Treasurer. Democratic Party leaders had intended Dilworth to be their candidate for mayor again in 1951, but when Clark announced his candidacy, Dilworth agreed to run for district attorney instead.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, District Attorney
Foley, an attorney for the Insurance Company of North America, had organization backing in the primary but had no success against the Democratic wave in the general election. Dilworth was unopposed in the primary. In November, Dilworth won by almost as large a margin as Clark, taking just shy of 58% of the vote. He told reporters that the victory had a "sobering effect", adding: "the bigger the victory, the bigger the responsibility".


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City Council
Under the new charter, Philadelphians elected a seventeen-member city council in 1951, with ten members representing districts of the city, and the remaining seven being elected at-large. By the rules of the limited voting system for the at-large seats, each political party could nominate five candidates and voters could only vote for five, with the result that the majority party could only take five of the seven seats, leaving two for the minority party. The Democrats' citywide triumph continued into the city council races, as they took nine of ten districts and five of seven at-large seats.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City Council
Constance Dallas, the first woman to win election to City Council, was elected in a close vote in the 8th district (covering Chestnut Hill, Germantown, and Roxborough) over incumbent councilman Robert S. Hamilton. In the 1st district, which took in South Philadelphia, attorney Thomas I. Guerin defeated Dominic J. Colubiale. In the 2nd, the Republicans' lone district-level victory came as electrical equipment salesman William M. Phillips bested Louis Vignola, a labor union official.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City Council
In the 3rd district, made up of the southern half of West Philadelphia, incumbent Harry Norwitch defeated another incumbent from the old city council, George Maxman, who had held office since 1936. In the 4th, which covered the northern half of West Philadelphia, state representative Samuel Rose defeated incumbent James G. Clark.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City Council
In the city's 5th district in North Philadelphia, another incumbent, Eugene J. Sullivan, was defeated by Raymond Pace Alexander, a local attorney and African American civil rights leader. In the 6th district, covering Kensington and Frankford, plumbers' union official Michael J. Towey won over William J. Glowacz. In the 7th, James Hugh Joseph Tate defeated Joseph A. Ferko, a local Mummers string band leader. Insurance broker Charles M. Finley defeated incumbent councilman William A. Kelley in the 9th district, which covered Oak Lane, Olney, and Logan. In Northeast Philadelphia's 10th district, incumbent Clarence K. Crossan, who had held office since 1925, went down to defeat against real estate broker John F. Byrne Sr.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City Council
In the at-large races, all five Democrats were elected, including city party chairman James A. Finnegan, former registration commissioner Victor E. Moore, Charter Commission secretary Lewis M. Stevens, attorney (and future district attorney of Philadelphia) Victor H. Blanc, and magistrate Paul D'Ortona. The Republican slate ran more than 100,000 votes behind the Democrats, with incumbent councilman Louis Schwartz and state senator John W. Lord Jr. narrowly edging out labor leader John B. Backhus, assistant district attorney Colbert C. McClain, and clergyman Irwin W. Underhill for the two minority party slots on the council. The Progressive Party, a left-wing party founded in 1948 around Henry A. Wallace's presidential bid, ran two candidates who took less than one percent of the vote.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, City commissioners
In the race for city commissioners, each party nominates two candidates and the top three are elected. The office was a county office, a holdover from the time before consolidation of the townships in Philadelphia County into one city. The most important of the remaining duties of the commissioners in Philadelphia was the conduct of the city's elections; they also had responsibility for regulating weights and measures. As in the other races, the Democrats triumphed, electing both Maurice S. Osser and Thomas P. McHenry. McHenry was an incumbent who had served as commissioner since 1945, while Osser was new to the office, having previously worked as a lawyer and as the leader of the 16th ward. The Republican spot on the county commission went to Walter I. Davidson, a sales executive.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Row offices and judges
The Democrats' success continued down the ballot. The incumbent sheriff, Austin Meehan, did not run for re-election, and the race for county sheriff pitted two incumbent city councilmen against each other for the job: Democrat William M. Lennox and Republican Cornelius S. Deegan Jr. The office of sheriff was another holdover county office. The sheriff, whose job differed from that of the chief of police, was the chief law enforcement officer of the court. Lennox came out ahead, and would hold the job for the next twenty years.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Row offices and judges
Democrat Joseph A. Scanlon was elected over Republican Edward W. Furia for clerk of courts, an officer charged with the collection and disbursement of payments ordered by the courts. Scanlon, a former state legislator, served as clerk until 1957, when he died in office. For recorder of deeds, another county administrative office, Democrat Marshall L. Shepard was elected. Shepard was a Baptist minister who had also served as recorder of deeds in Washington, D.C. Two years later, the office was folded into the city government and converted to a civil service position.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Row offices and judges
Most of the common pleas court judges up for re-election were endorsed by both parties, but in the one contested race, Democrat John Morgan Davis defeated incumbent Republican Thomas Bluett. The Democrats also took eight of the fourteen magisterial district judge positions (a local court, the duties of which are now performed by the Philadelphia Municipal Court).


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Referendum
A statewide referendum on the ballot that day continued the work begun by the new city charter in asking voters to consolidate the city and county governments in Philadelphia. In 1854, all of the municipalities in Philadelphia County had been consolidated into one city, but many county offices still existed, duplicating the efforts of city officials. The merger would also bring county offices under the civil service protections of the new city charter. Merging the city and county governments had been defeated in a 1937 referendum, but in 1951 the question was overwhelmingly approved. Two other ballot proposals authorized the city to borrow $17 million for municipal improvements and $14 million for the gas works; both passed by a five-to-one margin.


1951 Philadelphia municipal election, Aftermath
The 1951 election was the final blow to Philadelphia's once-dominant Republican machine. After winning some minor offices in 1953, the Republican organization quickly declined again. Since that time, the Democratic Party has dominated the city's politics, with no other party electing a mayor or a majority of the city council. With Republicans no longer playing a significant role in Philadelphia's government, the main battle in city politics came to be between the Democratic Party's reformers and its organization stalwarts. By 1965, with most reformers out of government, the ascendant political culture in the city returned to what the Philadelphia Bulletin called "the old, narrow partisan view, the aroma of inside deals, back-scratching, and City Hall favoritism ... crass political bidding for favor at taxpayers' expense."


1951 Philippine Senate election
A senatorial election was held in the Philippines on November 13, 1951. The election was known as a midterm election as the date when elected candidates take office falls halfway through President Elpidio Quirino's four-year term.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Summary
As the Hukbalahap insurgency raged in Central Luzon, Filipinos trooped to the polling booths for the 1951 midterm elections—a referendum on President Quirino, who had won the presidency in his own right two years prior. Despite the political remarriage of the two factions of the Liberal Party, the Quirinistas and Avelinistas, the Quirino administration was still far from popular and had gained notoriety for its inability to rein in corruption and its ineffectual attempts to police lawlessness in the countryside. The Nacionalistas took advantage of the situation and mounted an active campaign to wrest back the Senate from the LP.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Led by former President Jose P. Laurel, Quirino’s chief adversary in the 1949 presidential polls, the NP swept all eight Senate seats in contention, the first total victory of the opposition in the Senate. So strong was the rejection of the Quirino administration in 1951 that even LP top honcho, Senate President Mariano Jesus Cuenco, lost his seat. Laurel received the highest number of votes, which was seen as his political rehabilitation and which made him the first and only president, thus far, to have served in the Senate after his presidency.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Felisberto Verano, also a Nacionalista, won the special elections held on the same day to fill the Senate seat vacated by Vice-President Fernando Lopez.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Block voting, established in 1941, was abolished in 1951 with Republic Act No. 599. This would later lead to more fragmented results in most national elections.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results
The Nacionalista Party won all eight seats contested in the general election, and the seat contested in the special election.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results
Former Senate President Mariano Jesús Cuenco was the sole incumbent defeated, while Carlos P. Garcia successfully defended his seat.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results
Six winners are neophyte Nacionalista senators: Manuel Briones, Francisco Afan Delgado, Jose Locsin, Cipriano Primicias Sr., Gil Puyat and Jose Zulueta.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results
Nacionalista Jose P. Laurel returned to the Senate after serving from 1925 to 1931.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results, Per party
The seat vacated by Vicente Yap Sotto (Popular Front), who died in 1950, was one of the seats up for election. This also includes the result of the concurrent special election for the seat vacated by Vice President Fernando Lopez in 1949.


1951 Philippine Senate election, Results, Special election
To serve the unexpired term of Fernando Lopez until December 30, 1953.


1951 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1951 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1951 college football season. The team compiled a 3–7 record under head coach Tom Hamilton.


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 70th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 65th in the National League. The Pirates finished seventh in the league standings with a record of 64–90.


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1951 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1951 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 19th in the National Football League.


1951 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
The 1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange or Polish–Soviet border adjustment treaty of 1951 was a border adjustment signed in Moscow between the Soviet-imposed People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union regarding roughly 480 km2 (185 sq mi) of land, along their mutual border. The agreement was signed on February 15, 1951, and ratified by People's Republic of Poland on May 28, 1951, and USSR May 31, 1951. It modified the border treaty of August 16, 1945 and entered into force on June 5, 1951.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
The exchange was made to the decisive economic benefit of the Soviet Union due to rich deposits of coal given up by Poland; these deposits were discovered well before World War II. Within eight years following the agreement, the Soviets built four large coal mines there with a total annual mining capacity of 15 million tons. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic government had no say in this process.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
In exchange, the Soviet Union ceded part of the Ukrainian SSR's Drohobych Oblast (1939–1959): the city of Ustrzyki Dolne and the villages of Czarna (Ukrainian: Чорна Chorna), Shevchenko (whose name was restored to prewar Polish name Lutowiska in 1957), Krościenko, Bandrów Narodowy, Bystre and Liskowate. All of this territory became part of the Krosno Voivodeship in 1975, and of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship on 1 January 1999. It was a stretch of Ustrzyki deposits of oil.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
Poland gave up part of the Lublin Voivodship, with the cities of Bełz (Ukrainian: Белз Belz), Uhnów (Угнів Uhniv), Krystynopol (Червоноград Chervonohrad) and Waręż (Варяж, Varyazh). All of this territory is now part of the Sokal Raion (Сокальський район), Ukraine.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
After World War II, the territory of Poland changed dramatically, moving westwards. Poland gained the former German provinces of Silesia and Pomerania, with the eastern part of Brandenburg and the southern part of East Prussia. The eastern border of the country was established roughly along the Curzon Line, leaving Białystok in Poland and Lviv in the Soviet Ukraine.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange
The border of Poland and the Soviet Union, delimited on the 1945 agreement remained almost unchanged until the early 1950s (with a minor correction in 1948, when the village of Medyka near Przemyśl was transferred to Poland). Then, rich deposits of coal were confirmed in the so-called Bug River knee – Polish postwar territory between the upper Bug and the Sołokija River. The Soviet government decided to gain control over this land, which possessed not only coal but also fertile black soil.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Negotiations
The Government of the People's Republic of Poland formally asked the government of the USSR to exchange a small border section of Poland with an equivalent border section of the territory of the USSR.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Negotiations
In the political conditions of the time, the USSR's indication of the areas on the Bug and Solokiya was a wish that should have been accepted without discussion. During the negotiations held in Moscow in January and February 1951, both delegations tried to increase the value of the territory as much as possible. Initially, the Russians proposed to replace almost the entire Tomaszowski and Hrubieszowski Poviats along with the bend, remembering the rich forests and oil in the Bieszczady Mountains.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Negotiations
The deputy minister of foreign affairs at the time was the well-known geographer Stanisław Leszczycki, who discreetly advised against such an exchange, reminiscent of a bazaar "machniom" rather than a fair transaction. Thus, the Poles rejected the original version of the agreement and, although Leszczycki was dismissed from his post at the end of 1950, the deal was to concern only the knee of the Bug in exchange, for which Poland was about to receive a piece of the Bieszczady Mountains with the only "metropolis" Ustrzyki Dolne. The Soviet Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Lavrentev constantly emphasized that the USSR is giving Poland lands of great natural wealth. He also diminished the significance for the USSR-Ukraine of the railway line from Kovel to Lviv.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Negotiations
To the opinion of Polish negotiators about coal resources in this area, the Ukrainian deputy prime minister Korniyets, participating in the talks, replied that the research done at the border gave very poor results. And yet coal was known before the war. Initially, it was established that Poland should pay the difference resulting from a higher valuation of the territory surrendered by the USSR. Polish negotiators did not agree to such a solution, they were faced with the fact that it meant Poland's resignation from Niżankowice, Dobromyl and Chyrów. To Zawadzki's remark that this would cause that the railway line leading to Ustrzyki Dolne, which would be in Poland, would run through the territory of Ukrainian SSR, the Soviet Union did not react at all.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Agreement concerning the exchange
On 15 February 1951, the governments of the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union signed a bill that ratified the change of the eastern border of Poland. According to the agreement, Poland transferred to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 480 km2 (185 sq mi) of territory located west of the town of Sokal, which had been located in the Hrubieszów county of the Lublin Voivodeship (together with the towns of Bełz, Krystynopol and Uhnów as well as the rail line Rawa Ruska - Krystynopol). These towns are now located in the Sokal Raion of the Lviv Oblast. Several coal mines have been constructed there, and the former town of Krystynopol is now known as Chervonohrad.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Agreement concerning the exchange
According to the agreement, all real estate left behind in the exchanged territories, such as infrastructure, buildings, farms, and rail lines, were automatically transferred to the new owner and both sides relinquished all future claims. Moveable goods were allowed to be kept by private individuals under the condition that the owners had to take them when they left. The Polish population of the Sokal area was transferred in May 1951, mainly to the Recovered Territories. The inhabitants of the town of Belz (now, Western Ukraine) settled in Ustrzyki Dolne.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Agreement concerning the exchange
Officially, the Polish side declared that the exchange took place on Warsaw's initiative. However, in the early 1950s, Poland was de facto ruled by the Soviet Union and all pertinent decisions were made by Joseph Stalin.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Results
As a result of the exchange on the railway route from Zagórz to Przemyśl, PKP trains passed through the territory of the USSR-Ukraine. They were closed and escorted by commuters inside with dogs and border guards standing on the steps of the wagons. The idea of obtaining oil resources in that area was quite doubtful. Polish geologists were well aware that the offer referred to small pond resources similar to those in the vicinity of Krosno, Jasło and Gorlice. They were described quite accurately on geological maps, and production at 85 tons per day did not have a significant impact on the volume of Polish imports of this raw material.


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Results
Although the territory ceded to Poland was roughly as large as the territory transferred to the Soviet Union, the land around Ustrzyki Dolne lacked industry, natural resources and fertile soil. On top of that, it was already depopulated during the 1947 Polish-Soviet Operation Vistula. In 1968–69, the Polish government of Władysław Gomułka completed the hydro-electric Solina Dam, 664 m (2,178 ft) long, and 81 m (266 ft) high, on the San river, which created Lake Solina. The territory is now part of Bieszczady County (Subcarpathian Voivodeship).


1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange, Plans of next exchange
In November 1952, the Soviet Union wanted to incorporate a larger territory, 1,300 km2 (502 sq mi) in size, and inhabited by more than 100,000 people to accommodate Soviet plans to expand its coal industry. Poland would have lost large parts of Hrubieszów and Tomaszów counties with town Hrubieszów and would receive part of Drohobych Oblast with town Khyriv (Chyrów) and whole railway Przemyśl-Zagórz, separated by Polish-Soviet border in 1945. The second exchange was abandoned due to Stalin's death on March 5, 1953, and never realized.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
The 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, also known as Le Pain Maudit, was a mass poisoning on 15 August 1951, in the small town of Pont-Saint-Esprit in southern France. More than 250 people were involved, including 50 people interned in asylums and 7 deaths. A foodborne illness was suspected, and among these it was originally believed to be a case of "cursed bread" (pain maudit).


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning
A majority of academic sources accept ergot poisoning as the cause of the epidemic, while a few theorize other causes such as poisoning by mercury, mycotoxins, or nitrogen trichloride.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background
During the Vichy government, the supply of grains from field to mill to bakery was directed by the government's grain control board, the Office National Interprofessionnel des Céréales (ONIC), and later the Union Meuniere. Essentially, this created a government monopoly on the sale of flour, allowing the government a measure of control over wartime supply shortages. This also meant that flour would be purchased directly from ONIC, and delivered to the baker for a set price, without the baker being able to have any control on quality.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background
Following the end of the second world war, this system was relaxed, allowing for bakers to have some choice over their flour supply. ONIC retained its monopoly on inter-departmental exportation and importation. By this system, millers in departments with more supply than demand could sell the excess to ONIC. In practice, this meant that the higher-quality flour would be delivered to local bakers and lower-quality flour would be exported to other departments. Thus, departments with net flour deficits, like the Gard department in which Pont-Saint-Esprit was located, would be supplied with lower-quality flour from other departments via ONIC, with the bakers having virtually no choice of the provenance or quality of their flour.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background, Previous sanitary events
In the weeks preceding the outbreak, several villages near Pont-Saint-Esprit reported outbreaks of food poisoning via bread. These outbreaks were all linked to bakeries that made their bread with most if not all of their flour supplied by the mill of Maurice Maillet, in Saint-Martin-la-Riviere. The symptoms reported were milder than those reported in Pont-Saint-Esprit.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background, Previous sanitary events
At Issirac, at least 20 people reported cutaneous eruptions, diarrhea, vomiting and headaches. Similar symptoms were reported in Laval-Saint-Roman. Multiple families were reported sick in Goudargues and Lamotte-du-Rhone.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background, Previous sanitary events
In Connaux, the town’s baker received reports from his clients that they believed his bread was causing violent diarrhea. He reported that his family, as well as himself, were all suffering from the same afflictions. The baker was quick to blame his flour, which he described as “bad, forming a sticky dough with acid fermentation” and which made gray and sticky bread.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background, Previous sanitary events
In Saint-Genies-de-Comolas, the town’s mayor was alerted by one of the town’s two bakers that he received flour that was gray and full of worms. The mayor banned making bread with that flour, and referred the situation to the region's prefect, as well as to the driver that delivered the flour.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Background, Previous sanitary events
The delivery driver, Jean Bousquet, sent the prefect a copy of a remark made to his employer, the miller’s union in Nimes, on 9 August. The note said that “almost every baker of Centre de Bagnols/Cèze has complained of the quality of the flour provided by Mr. Maillet”. Following the incident at Connaux, Bousquet requested immediate written instructions from his employer regarding the situation. On the 13th of August, he requested that samples be taken to determine if the flour was contaminated. During this period, 42 bakers complained of the flour delivered by Bousquet.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Mass poisoning
On 16 August 1951, the local offices of the town's two doctors filled with patients reporting similar food poisoning symptoms; nausea, vomiting, cold chills, heat waves. These symptoms eventually worsened, with added hallucinatory crises and convulsions. The situation in the town deteriorated in the following days. On the night of 24 August, a man believed himself to be an airplane and died by jumping from a second-story window and across town, an 11-year old boy tried to strangle his mother. One of the town's two doctors would name the night nuit d'apocalypse; apocalyptic night.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Mass poisoning, Epidemiological investigation
Doctors Vieu and Gabbai investigated the epidemiology of the disease. On 19 August, they came to the conclusion that bread was to blame; all patients interrogated had purchased their bread at the Briand bakery in Pont-Saint-Esprit. In a family from a neighboring village four of whose nine members fell ill, all members who ate bread from the Briand bakery fell ill, whereas none of the others who ate bread from another bakery did. Another family shared a loaf of Briand’s bread among five of its seven members, the others preferring biscottes, with only the five falling ill.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Mass poisoning, Epidemiological investigation
On the morning of the 20th, the health service, the prefecture, the prosecutor of the Republic and the police were notified. Roch Briand was interrogated, and the sickness in the town was blamed on his bread.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation
The police investigation would eventually center on the second of three batches of bread made at Briand's bakery on the day of 16 August. The flour composition of each batch varied, as having run out of flour during the preparation of the second batch, Briand had borrowed flour from two other local bakers, Jaussent and Fallavet. Briand’s assistant stated that when he picked up flour from Jaussent, the baker was out ill, and that he took the flour from his assistant instead.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation
Both Briand and his assistant agreed that the first batch was constituted of the previous day’s flour mixed with flour borrowed from Jaussent. They disagreed on the second and third batches. Whereas Briand stated that the second was made with Jaussent’s flour and the third with Fallavet’s flour, the assistant stated that both latter batches were made with a mix of the two.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation
The investigation led police to interrogate many of the town’s residents, who gave inconsistent ratings of Briand’s tainted batch. Some reported that the taste was perfectly normal, while others reported chemical smells (one described an odor of gasoline, another of bleach). Some reported that the bread looked normal, while others stated that its appearance was grayish.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation, Inquiry
On the 23rd of August, a judge of inquiry opened a formal investigation, and tasked commissaire Georges Sigaud with finding the cause of the mass poisoning event.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation, Inquiry
The tainted bread made by Briand was made with only four ingredients: flour, yeast, water and salt. All of the ingredients but the flour could be easily discounted as sources of the illness. The water used to make the bread was from a municipal source, the same that also supplied the rest of the village. Both the salt and the yeast used by Briand were sourced from the same suppliers as all other bakers in the region, and subsequent testing of the supplies found no toxicity.


1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, Criminal investigation, Inquiry
The investigation of the provenance of the flour led Sigaud to the UM-Gard flour distribution centre, in Bagnols-sur-Cèze. The chief of the distribution network, Jean Bousquet, stated that since the end of July, the vast majority of the flour supplying the region was from two mills; one in Châtillon-sur-Indre, and the other being the mill of Maurice Maillet in Saint-Martin-la-Rivière, the latter of which was the subject of numerous complaints about the quality of its flour.