1954 Campeonato Profesional
The 1954 Campeonato Profesional was the seventh season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 10 teams compete against one another and played each weekend. The tournament was notable for being the sixth and last year of El Dorado. Atlético Nacional won the league for 1st time in its history after getting 31 points. Millonarios, the defending champion, was 5th with 18 points.


1954 Campeonato Profesional, Background
The tournament was the sixth and last year of El Dorado. The Pacto de Lima with the FIFA forced the foreign players to return to their countries in October. It was a very irregular tournament in which four matches were not played and seven were suspended by walkover.


1954 Campeonato Profesional, Background
10 teams competed in the tournament, two less than the previous year: Atlético Bucaramanga, Cúcuta Deportivo, Deportivo Pereira and Junior withdrew due to financial problems, Sporting de Barranquilla was dissolved, while América de Cali and Independiente Medellín return to the tournament. Atlético Manizales come in as the only new team. Atlético Nacional won the championship for first time, losing only against Boca Juniors de Cali through the tournament.


1954 Campeonato Profesional, League system
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.


1954 Canada Cup
The 1954 Canada Cup took place August 20–22 at the Laval-sur-le-Lac Golf Club in Laval, Quebec, Canada. It was the second Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 25 teams. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results.18 holes were played on the first two days with 36 holes played on the final day. The Australian team of Kel Nagle and Peter Thomson won by four strokes over the Argentine team of Antonio Cerdá and Roberto De Vicenzo. Canadian Stan Leonard had the lowest individual score with 275, two strokes ahead of Peter Thomson.


1954 Canada Cup, Teams
The Scandinavian team consisted of a Dane, Carl Paulsen, and a Swede, Arne Werkell.


1954 Canada Cup, Scores
The leading individual scores were 275 by Stan Leonard and 277 by Peter Thomson.


1954 Cannes Film Festival
The 7th Cannes Film Festival was held from 25 March to 9 April 1954. With Jean Cocteau as President of the Jury, the Grand Prix went to the Gate of Hell by Teinosuke Kinugasa. The festival opened with Le Grand Jeu by Robert Siodmak. This was the last festival with a predominantly French jury.


1954 Cannes Film Festival
As the festival was becoming more and more a pole of showbiz attraction, scandals and romances of stars were appearing in the press. In 1954, the Simone Silva affair during the Cannes Festival ended up in the destruction of her career as an actor and her premature death, three years later.


1954 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1954 competition:


1954 Cannes Film Festival, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the various short film awards:


1954 Caribbean Series
The sixth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1954. It was held from February 18 through February 23, featuring the champion baseball teams from Cuba (Alacranes del Almendares), Panama (Carta Vieja Yankees), Puerto Rico ,(Criollos de Caguas) and Venezuela (Lácteos de Pastora). Lácteos de Pastora were the champion of the Liga Occidental de Béisbol Profesional rather than the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice. The games were played at Sixto Escobar Stadium in San Juan, P.R..


1954 Caribbean Series, Summary
Puerto Rico won the Series with a 4-2 record en route for a second straight championship (third overall). The Caguas club was managed by Mickey Owen and led by center fielder and Series MVP Jim Rivera, who posted a .400 batting average to lead the hitters. Caguas also received offensive support from 1B Víctor Pellot Power (.348) and 2B Jack Cassini (.333).


1954 Caribbean Series, Summary
Meanwhile, the pitching staff surrendered only 10 earned runs (2.00 ERA), being led by starters Corky Valentine (1-0, 1.00 ERA, five hits), Brooks Lawrence (1-0, 1.00, six hits) and Rubén Gómez (1-0, 2.00, five hits), while reliever Luis Arroyo added depth coming out of the bullpen (three appearances, 1-0, 0.00, 7⅓ innings). Puerto Rico also had Jack Sanford (P) in addition to Félix Mantilla (SS), Charlie Neal (IF) and Luis (Canena) Márquez.


1954 Caribbean Series, Summary
Cuba, piloted by Bobby Bragan, had a 3-3 record to tie the second place with Panama. The Cuban squad got fine work of P Conrado Marrero (1-0, five-hit shutout),  CF Sam Chapman (.391, homerun, .609 SLG) and RF Angel Scull (.391, .522 SLG). Other roster members included Julio Bécquer (1B), Joe Hatten (P), Cholly Naranjo (P) and Héctor Rodríguez (3B).


1954 Caribbean Series, Summary
Panama was managed by Al Kubski and received a heroic pitching effort by starter Victor Stryska (2-0), who allowed just one earned run in 18 innings pitched. The attack was guided by 3B Joe Tuminelli (.391) and LF Bobby Prescott (.381), in an anemic lineup who batted a collective .255 average and scored 17 runs (fewest in the Series).


1954 Caribbean Series, Summary
Venezuela was guided by Napoleón Reyes and finished in last place with a 2-4 record. Ramón Monzant (1-0, 3.00) and Ralph Beard (1-0, 7.20) got the victories, while Howie Fox collected a 2.58 ERA in two appearances but lose a decision. Bad luck starter Thornton Kipper dropped two decisions, losing his duels against Gómez (PR) and Stryska (PAN), while allowing four earned runs (2.12) in 17 innings. Besides, Emilio Cueche made two strong relief appearances and allowed just one earned run in 8⅔ innings of work. 3B Luis García provided the lone offensive threat with a .348 BA and a .563 SLG, including nine RBI to lead the Series hitters. Venezuela included Ed Bailey (C), Vernon Benson (SS), Tommy Byrne (P/1B), Wally Moon (CF), Johnny Temple and rookie Luis Aparicio (SS), among others.


1954 Carrera Panamericana
The 1954 Carrera Panamericana was the fifth and final running of the Carrera Panamericana Mexican sports car racing event, run from November 19-23, 1954. It was the sixth and final race of the 1954 World Sportscar Championship. The race was run from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, to Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, over 8 stages and 3,070 kilometres (1,910 mi). 150 cars started the race, and 85 finished all 8 stages. The race was won by Umberto Maglioli in an Erwin Goldschmidt-entered Ferrari 375 Plus. He finished the race in 17 hours, 40 minutes, and 26 seconds, averaging 173.69 kilometres per hour (107.93 mph).


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Pre-race
For 1954, the Touring classes were divided into three classes, over 3,500 cc (213.6 cu in), between 3,499 and 1,900 cc (213.5 and 115.9 cu in), and under 1,900 cc (115.9 cu in). The Sports classes were divided as before, over and under 1,500 cc (91.5 cu in). This was in order to accommodate the huge number of participants and the diverse breeds of cars within the race.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Pre-race
Going into the race, Ferrari had already won the championship, but victory would ensure the marque would score maximum points for the season. Although no works entries were sent from Italy, there was a number of top quality entrants from both Mexico and the United States, hoping the get that victory on behalf of the Maranello concern.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Pre-race
Heading into the event, pressure was mounting on Mexican government, as the annual death toll from the event caused the country to be shown in a negative light. This wasn't the kind of attention the locals wanted. It had been abundantly clear the days were numbered for the Carrera Panamericana. 1954 would be the last time the event was run in this format, although it did return as a revival event in 1988.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
The race was held in eight stages over a total distance of 3,070 km (1,910 miles). The race was won overall by Umberto Maglioli in a Ferrari 375 Plus. Maglioli finished the race in 17h 40' 26", his average speed of 173.7 kilometres per hour (107.93 mph) reflected the level of professionalism and technology that led the field: the inaugural 1950 event had been won in an average speed of 111 kilometres per hour (69 mph)- and the winner had taken 10 hours longer to complete the race distance.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
Phil Hill and Richie Ginther took second place in another Ferrari, over 24 minutes behind. The under-1500 sports car class winner Hans Herrmann finished third in his Porsche 550, a further 87 minutes behind the Americans. Ray Crawford and Enrique Iglesias won the over-3500 stock car class in a Lincoln, the European stock car class was won by Consalvo Sanesi and Giuseppe Cagna in an Alfa Romeo, and the small U.S. stock car class was won by Tommy Drisdale and Walter Krause, Jr. in a Dodge.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
A number of the sedans from the US failed to make it through the first stage of the race. The Austin-Healey 100S of Englishman, Lance Macklin struggled from ignition troubles and retired before completing the first stage. The Ferrari 375 Plus of Jack McAfee and Ford Robinson had an accident that provided the first fatality, with the death of Robinson. Sadly, there would be fatality, when Leopoldo Olvera Zabado died following an accident on the fifth stage.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
The Californian pairing of Hill and Ginther continued to look impressive, making it through the second stage in their Allen Guiberson-entered Ferrari 375 MM without incident and remaining close to the front of the overall standing. However, another American was not going so well: Carroll Shelby suffered an accident while driving his Austin-Healey 100S. Frustrated with his team-mate, Ray Jackson-Moore's slow pace, Shelby supposedly removed Jackson-Moore’s seat and took off on his own.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
As the event progressed, the list of cars remaining grew shorter and shorter. Many of the strong competitors were either out of the race, or behind the leading Ferraris of Maglioli and Hill/Ginther. The two Americans continued to chase hard to rein in solo-driving Maglioli. It was a 375 MM spyder chasing after a 375 Plus, with still a long way to go before anyone could celebrate. After 1,900 miles (3,100 km) there was very little time separating the two cars.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
Despite feeling the pressure, Maglioli  strengthened his grip and did not make any mistakes in the closing stages of the race, finishing nearly 25 minutes ahead of Hill and Ginther.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
Californian hot rodder Ak Miller became famous by finishing seventh overall, in his Oldsmobile-powered 1927 Ford.


1954 Carrera Panamericana, Race
Only months after its introduction in Mexico, the local distributor entered seven Volkswagen Beetles in order to prove their reliability and to make the car known. To maintain the given time bracket, they were required to keep an average speed of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h), but had achieved 61 miles per hour (98 km/h) during the reconnaissance runs, so expectations to finish inside the time limits were high. As they were using standard Volkswagen engines, the cars were driving bumper-to-bumper in order reduce air resistance as available power was limited. By the time the event got to Ciudad Juárez, all seven Beetles were still within the given time limit, none was disqualified, with Alfonso de Hohenlohe and Alberto Álvarez coming home in 78th place overall (7th in class), albeit, the Beetles filled seven of the last eight finishing positions.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
The 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown happened on 23 July 1954, when a Cathay Pacific Airways C-54 Skymaster airliner was shot down by fighter planes of the People's Republic of China. The event occurred off the coast of Hainan Island, where the plane was en route from Bangkok to Hong Kong, killing 10 of 19 passengers and crew on board.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown
Although the four-engine propeller-driven Douglas (registered VR-HEU) was a C-54 Skymaster, the incident is known as "the DC-4 shootdown" because the C-54 is the military version of the Douglas DC-4, and the aircraft was flying a commercial passenger run. The crew of six was headed by British captain Phil Blown, and included three female flight attendants. In all, one flight crew member, two cabin crew members and seven of the thirteen passengers were killed in the attack and subsequent crash of the airliner.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aircraft
The aircraft, registered VR-HEU, was a four-engine, propeller-driven Douglas C-54A Skymaster airliner, the military version of the Douglas DC-4 converted for civilian use.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aircraft
VR-HEU had been manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company with construction number 10310 and delivered to the USAAF on 16 May 1944, where it served for less than two years. It was bought on 19 February 1946 by KLM and first operated by KLM West Indies before returning to KLM main line in February 1948. It was sold to Cathay Pacific in August 1949.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
On 22 July 1954, VR-HEU took off from Bangkok at 20:19 GMT after being delayed in Bangkok for an hour because of mechanical problems on its No. 2 engine. The flight was bound for Hong Kong. A previous flight had taken the plane from Singapore. For the next 4 hours and 25 minutes the routine flight proceeded as planned.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
At 23:40 GMT, when the DC-4 was cruising at 9,000 ft (2,700 m) and roughly 10 miles (16 km) east of the international air corridor line off Hainan Island and only 31 minutes from Hong Kong, two Lavochkin La-11 fighters of the 85th Fighter Regiment, People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), appeared behind VR-HEU, one above it on the DC-4's starboard rear side and the other on its port side. At approximately 23:44 GMT, the fighters opened fire and the two outboard engines (numbers 1 and 4) were hit and caught fire. The number 4 engine's auxiliary and main fuel tanks were also ablaze.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
While captain Phil Blown took evasive actions to avoid further damage, co-pilot Cedric Carlton issued blankets to passengers instructing them to place them on the back of their seats for protection against the bullets. Radio operator Stephen Wong made an initial distress call at 08:45 HKT (23:45 GMT): "Kai Tak Tower, Cathay XXX, Mayday! Mayday! Mayday! No . 1 port engine on fire, losing altitude, requesting all possible assistance." Wong made 10 mayday calls before VR-HEU ditched. Cathay Pacific engineer G. H. Cattanach, travelling as a passenger, tried to make the passengers comfortable when it became known that the plane was going to ditch.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
VR-HEU began losing altitude and at 5,000-foot (1,500 m), its rudder control was shot off. Travelling at 350 miles per hour (560 km/h), Blown tried his utmost to evade incendiary bullets coming from the fighters by turning the Skymaster left and right. At 2,000-foot (610 m), the right aileron was shot off and the plane began turning right on its own initiative.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
The captain then countered the increasing turn by shutting down the engines 1 and 2 and applying full power on engine 3. Approximately 2 minutes after the initial attack, unable to carry on a controlled levelled flight, Blown decided to ditch the Skymaster in rough open seas that included 15-foot (5 m) waves and a 25-knot (13 m/s) wind.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
The starboard wingtip was the first to hit the water, severing the right wing between the number 3 and 4 engines. The impact caused the tail to break off and float off 50 yards (46 m) from the main wreckage. The main fuselage now floated at an angle of 45 degrees with the rear open fuselage pointing towards the sky.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
After the plane ditched into the ocean, the attacking fighters, flying at around 1,000-foot (300 m), ceased firing at the Skymaster, made a turn around the wreckage, and headed towards Sanya. While ten passengers and crew were killed by bullets and the subsequent ditching, nine others survived and escaped from the sinking plane. Blown and his co-pilot escaped through a broken starboard sliding window, which had water coming in fast.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Flight and attack
With all survivors floating on the water with no life vests, co-pilot Carlton suddenly noticed that a Mrs Thorburn was hanging on to a raft still in its case. Fearing the bright yellow rubber raft might attract the attention of PLAAF fighters, it took Carlton twenty minutes to finally inflate the rubber dinghy and lift all nine passengers in. Once all were on the dinghy, concern remained that the attacking planes might return; some of the dazed, injured passengers, with their clothes in shreds, hid under a plastic sunshade covering the edges of the dinghy. Although Blown and passenger Peter Thacher kept watch, the attacking planes never returned.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
An Air Vietnam plane en route to Hong Kong from Hanoi, which had altered its course as a results of the calls, spotted the sinking plane and a dinghy one and a half miles from the Hainan coast. It circled for forty minutes before heading for Hong Kong.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
Thanks to those calls, the RAF in Hong Kong immediately redirected a Saigon-bound Vickers Valetta military transport and further despatched a Short Sunderland flying boat and an Avro York military transport, as well as two de Havilland Hornet fighters of 80 Squadron, from RAF Kai Tak to the reported position of the C-54. A fully armed French PB4Y-2 Privateer also took off from Tourane (Da Nang), French Indochina (now Vietnam) after intercepting the emergency radio call.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
Meanwhile, the civilian-operated Manila rescue control centre in the Philippines, on picking up the SOS call from Wong, alerted the 31st Air Rescue Squadron of the USAF at Clark Air Force Base. Captain Jack T. Woodyard, on first alert duty that day and about to depart on a routine training mission in his Grumman SA-16 Albatross, 51-009, immediately took off. A second Albatross followed Woodyard 35 minutes later.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
The Hornets were the first to arrive on the scene, followed by the Valetta, Sunderland, York and the Privateer. While the Hornets carried out a thorough search of the area for survivors, the French Privateer informed the Albatross, which was fifty miles away, "We have spotted the dinghy with survivors; looks like two of them from here." The British and American planes were not able to communicate with each other as they were on different radio frequencies.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
Captain Blown, on seeing the Sunderland arrive, tossed a packet of green sea dye overboard to make the dinghy easier to spot. The Sunderland acknowledged this by setting off a smoke flare but, unable to land in the atrocious conditions, had to circle helplessly for two hours until Woodyard's Albatross finally arrived; this too circled for an hour before landing on the calmer side of Dazhou Island, where it taxied towards the dinghy in rough water before pulling all survivors on board and taking off for Hong Kong, escorted by the Sunderland. AAP and Reuters reported at the time that three survivors were picked up by the Sunderland.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
The last passenger to be hoisted on board was the badly injured Rita Cheung, who had broken her left leg in two places and had suffered a deep gash on her forehead. She died aboard the rescue aircraft, ten minutes before the plane reached Kai Tak.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Rescue efforts
Radio operator Stephen Wong was also killed. It is believed his head was impaled on a drift meter during the ditching of the airliner.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Theories for the attack
The official line from Peking was that the Cathay Pacific airliner was mistaken as a Republic of China plane on a mission to raid a military base at Port Yulin on Hainan Island.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aftermath
On 26 July 1954, during the survivor search operation, two Douglas A-1 Skyraiders from the aircraft carriers USS Philippine Sea and USS Hornet shot down two PLAAF La-11s off the coast of Hainan Island. It is not known whether they were the same La-11s that had shot down VR-HEU.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aftermath
The shooting down of VR-HEU raised tension between the People's Republic of China and Britain and the US. The British Foreign Office, through its chargé d'affaires in Peking, Humphrey Trevelyan, delivered Britain's protest to Communist China two days later. The US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, issued a sharp statement condemning the attack, saying the United States took the gravest view of the act of further barbarity and that the Chinese Communist regime must be held responsible.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aftermath
The shootdown probably harmed the PRC's chances of admission into the United Nations. US Republican Senator H. Alexander Smith interrupted a marathon debate in the Senate over atomic legislation to read Mr. Dulles's statement before calling the situation "critical". Republican Representative Walter Judd, a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, expressed the view that the incident was another reason why Communist China must not be admitted to the United Nations.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aftermath
The PRC admitted responsibility three days later by apologising and making compensation to Cathay Pacific and the victims.


1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, Aftermath
Blown, who had been in command of VR-HEU at the time it was shot down, was hailed as a hero. He continued flying for Cathay Pacific for three to four years after the incident, and then retired to New South Wales, Australia, where he died in a nursing home in September 2009, aged 96. Former Cathay Pacific director of flight operations, Nick Rhodes, has commented on the bravery shown by Captain Blown on that day, and commended him for the dedication he showed to ensuring the survival of his passengers.


1954 Central American and Caribbean Games
The 7th Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Mexico City, the capital city of Mexico. The games were held from the 5 March to the 20 March 1954, and included 1,356 athletes from twelve nations.


1954 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1954 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College of Education, renamed Central Michigan University in 1959, in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1954 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Kenneth "Bill" Kelly, the Chippewas compiled an 8–2 record (5–1 against IIAC opponents), tied for the IIAC championship, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 321 to 107.


1954 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The team's statistical leaders included Jim King with 399 passing yards, Jim Podoley with 1,079 rushing yards, and Jerry Thomas with 121 receiving yards. Center Dick Kackmeister received the team's most valuable player award. Four Central Michigan players (Podoley, Kackmeister, guard Ray Figg, and halfback LaVerne Wolf) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team.


1954 Challenge Cup
The 1954 Challenge Cup was the 53rd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup. It featured clubs from the 1953–54 Northern Rugby Football League season and is particularly notable for its Final, which had to be replayed at Odsal after a drawn match at Wembley, with the replay attracting possibly the largest ever crowd in world rugby league history.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final
Halifax and Warrington, the teams who had finished first and second respectively on the Championship ladder (separated by only one competition point), reached the Challenge Cup Final Saturday 24 April 1954. The game was played at Wembley and 81,841 spectators saw what turned out to be a comparatively lacklustre match.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final
After a couple of penalties, Halifax held a 4-0 lead at half time. In the second half Warrington drew level, also kicking two penalties. There was no further scoring and the match finished in a draw, at 4 - 4. This match remains the only occasion on which Wembley hasn't seen a single try scored on Cup Final day. The replay was initially scheduled for 5pm on Wednesday 5 May 1954 at Odsal Stadium, Bradford.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
Around 70,000 spectators were expected at Odsal for the replay, which was rescheduled for a 7pm kick-off in order to allow for rush hour traffic in Bradford. The twenty trains and fifty buses, specially arranged for the match, as well as the 100 gatesmen and 150 policemen on duty at the ground, were believed to be adequate to deal with the expected crowd.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
However, the competitive closeness with which the two teams were matched, together with the enticing prospect of the Challenge Cup decider coming north for the first time in a decade, seems to have generated far greater public interest than was supposed.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
People had started queuing outside the stadium a good hour before the shuttle buses started running from 4:25pm. The gates opened at 5.00pm, and by that time some people had already been queuing for an hour and a half. With over an hour remaining before kick off there were already an estimated 60,000 in the ground. The traffic on the roads in the surrounding area was at a standstill as more and more spectators converged on the stadium. Some squatted around the pitch, while others climbed onto rooftops for a better view. Fences around the ground had collapsed, as more people struggled to cram into the bowl of Odsal before the match started.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
The official attendance figure for the crowd was announced as 102,575  however it is widely believed that a more realistic figure for the number of spectators present is closer to 120,000.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
The match itself was another tense, low-scoring struggle, but an improvement on the first game. Jim Challinor opened the scoring with a try for Warrington after nine minutes. Half an hour later, Tyssul Griffiths kicked a penalty for the Halifax side, who had also had two tries disallowed. This meant a half time score of 3 - 2 in favour of Warrington.


1954 Challenge Cup, Final replay
The third quarter of the match saw additional goals kicked by both Griffiths and Harry Bath, bringing the score to 5 - 4, still just one point in favour of Warrington. Then Gerry Helme scored a try, which Bath couldn't convert, putting Warrington four points clear of Halifax, but still within a converted try. Controversy reared just before full-time, when Halifax had a third try disallowed by referee Ron Gelder. Warrington had claimed their 4th Challenge Cup, with Helme winning the Lance Todd Trophy for his match-winning performance, the first player to do so twice.


1954 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo
The 1954 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was the seventh edition of the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo. It included eleven races: all the races form the 1953 edition were retained with no additions. Ferdinand Kübler won his third individual championship (although he did not win any of the races) while Belgium won the nations championship.


1954 Chatham Cup
The 1954 Chatham Cup was the 27th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1954 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds.


1954 Chatham Cup
Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Onehunga (Auckland), Eastern Union (Gisborne), Moturoa (New Plymouth), Napier Rovers, (Hawkes Bay), Wanganui Settlers (Wanganui), Kiwi United (Manawatu), Stop Out (Lower Hutt/Wellington), Woodbourne (Marlborough), Western (Christchurch), Northern (Dunedin), Brigadiers (Southland), Mangakino (Waikato), Millerton Thistle (Buller/West Coast).


1954 Chatham Cup, Controversial refereeing
Referee Morrie Swain was involved in an incident in an early round of the competition held in Wellington between Apollon and Zealandia. His decisions incensed one of the teams so much that he was chased from the field and had to take shelter by locking himself in a dressing room.


1954 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1954 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1954 college football season. In their 24th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 6–4 record.


1954 Chicago Bears season
The 1954 season was the Chicago Bears' 35th in the National Football League. The team improved on their 3–8–1 record from 1953 and finished at 8–4 under head coach and owner George Halas, runner-up in the Western Conference.


1954 Chicago Bears season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1954 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1954 Chicago Cardinals season was the 35th season the team was in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 1–10–1, winning two games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. The Cardinals became the first NFL team in history to concede 30 or more points in each of its first five games in a season.


1954 Chicago Cardinals season, Schedule, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1954 Chicago Cubs season
The 1954 Chicago Cubs season was the 83rd season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 79th in the National League and the 39th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished seventh in the National League with a record of 64–90.


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Chicago Cubs season, Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Des Moines, BlackwellTar Heel League disbanded, June 21, 1954


1954 Chicago White Sox season
The 1954 Chicago White Sox season was the team's 54th season in the major leagues, and its 55th season overall. They finished with a record 94–60, good enough for third place in the American League, 17 games behind the first place Cleveland Indians.


1954 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1954 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1954 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1954 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1954 college football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1954. They played home games at Chico High School in Chico, California.


1954 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1954 Wildcats were led by first-year head coach Gus Manolis, who had previously spent four years as the head football coach at Yuba Junior College. The team operated from a "California T" formation and had between 18 and 20 returning lettermen, including end George Maderos and halfback Frank Ferraiuolo.


1954 Chico State Wildcats football team
Chico State finished the season with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2, 5–1 FWC). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 194–108 for the season.


1954 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Chico State players were selected in the 1955 NFL Draft.


1954 Chlef earthquake
The 1954 Chlef earthquake struck Chlef Province in Algeria on September 9 at 02:04:43 local time. The shock measured 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). It destroyed Chlef, then named Orléansville, leaving over 1,243 people dead and 5,000 injured. Damage was estimated at $6 million. It was followed by multiple aftershocks. Algeria faces annual earthquakes and has undergone several changes to its earthquake building codes since its first earthquake engineering regulations from 1717.


1954 Chlef earthquake, Geology
Powerful earthquakes strike Algeria annually, ranging in Mercalli intensity scale intensity from VI (Strong) to XI (Extreme). Chlef was hit by another major earthquake in 1980 which killed 3,500 people. The Atlas Mountains area faces aseismic deformation (change in shape not originating from movement of faults), with only marginal plate shifting each year. Both Chlef earthquakes originated from the same reverse fault zone.


1954 Chlef earthquake, Geology
The 1954 earthquake measured 6.7 on the moment magnitude scale according to the International Seismological Centre and had a depth of 15 km (9.3 mi). There is evidence of crustal shortening along a NW-SE trend near the epicenter, but the structure of any faults is poorly understood. Because Algeria has a thin shelf and a steep coastal slope, submarine landslides are quite common, especially during earthquakes. During the 1954 earthquake, five underwater telephone cables in the Mediterranean Sea were cut by an avalanche, three recording the exact time of impact.


1954 Chlef earthquake, Damage and casualties
Shaking extended west to Mostaganem, south to Tiaret, and east to Tizi Ouzou, and many aftershocks followed the earthquake, including a major tremor at 22:18 UTC on September 16 which further damaged Orleansville. The main shock ruptured 16 km (9.9 mi) of rock, ripping faults and creating visible fissures in the ground along the Dahra Massif. Survivors described a sensation of rotating along an axis and that the rubble reminded them of "bombed cities in Europe." The United States Geological Survey lists the 1954 quake among the deadliest earthquakes in history. Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that it was the worst earthquake in North African history.


1954 Chlef earthquake, Aftermath
Orléansville was devastated by the earthquake; a fifth of it wholly destroyed, it was rebuilt and renamed El Asnam and later Chlef. While Algeria had set earthquake resistance regulations as early as 1717, it was the 1954 earthquake that ushered in fully comprehensive reforms for seismic-resistant design.


1954 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1954 Cincinnati Bearcats football team represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1954 college football season. In their sixth and final season under head coach Sid Gillman, the Bearcats compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 249 to 107.


1954 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1953 team ended its season on a winning streak, and the 1954 team extended the streak to 16 games. The team reached No. 12 in the AP Poll before losing to Wichita on November 14, 1954.


1954 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
Joe Miller led the team with 717 rushing yards (an average of 7.54 yards per carry) and 66 points scored on 11 rushing touchdowns. The team's other statistical leaders included Mike Murphy with 764 passing yards and Ferd Maccioli with 179 receiving yards.


1954 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
In January 1955, the team's head coach, Sid Gillman, resigned to become the head coach of the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League. In six years at Cincinnati, Gillman compiled a 50–13–1 record.


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season
The 1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fifth in the National League with a record of 74–80, 23 games behind the New York Giants.


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Cincinnati Redlegs season, Farm system
Maryville-Alcoa franchise transferred to Morristown, June 19, 1954; Morristown club folded, July 7


1954 Claxton Shield
The 1954 Claxton Shield was the 15th annual Claxton Shield, and was held in Melbourne. The participants were South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland. The series was won by Victoria, defeating previous champions New South Wales 6–5, claiming their fourth Shield title.


1954 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1954 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson College in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1954 college football season. In its 15th season under head coach Frank Howard, the team compiled a 5–5 record (1–2 against conference opponents), finished fifth in the ACC, and outscored opponents by a total of 193 to 121. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.


1954 Clemson Tigers football team
Buck George, Scott Jackson, Mark Kane, and Clyde White were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Don King with 468 passing yards, halfback Joel Wells with 352 rushing yards, and halfback Jim Coleman with 31 points (5 touchdowns, 1 extra point).


1954 Clemson Tigers football team
Three Clemson players were also named to the 1954 All-South Carolina football team: back Don King, end Scott Jackson, and tackle Clyde White.


1954 Cleveland Browns season
The 1954 Cleveland Browns season was the team's fifth season with the National Football League. The Browns' defense became the first defense in the history of the NFL to lead the league in fewest rushing yards allowed, fewest passing yards allowed, and fewest total yards allowed.


1954 Cleveland Browns season
The Browns were 9–3 in the regular season and won the Eastern Conference. They hosted the NFL Championship Game, and met the two-time defending champion Detroit Lions for the third straight year. This year's result was different, as the Browns won with a 56–10 blowout.


1954 Cleveland Browns season
The teams had met on the same field the previous week, in a meaningless game won 14–10 by the Lions. Both teams had already clinched their respective conference titles; it was postponed from early October due to the World Series. After the win, Detroit was a slight favorite for the title game.


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason
Defensive Back Don Paul arrived via a trade with the Washington Redskins, who acquired him from the Chicago Cardinals. Upon his arrival in Washington, he fell in disfavor with George Preston Marshall of the Redskins.


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason
In January 1954, assistant coach Weeb Ewbank departed to become head coach of the Baltimore Colts.


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason, NFL Draft
The 1954 NFL Draft was one of the biggest busts in the team's history. With the first overall pick in the draft, the Browns selected quarterback Bobby Garrett out of Stanford University. The plan was that he would be the heir to Otto Graham. Garrett suffered from a stuttering problem which hindered his performance in the huddle. Eventually, Garrett was traded to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for Babe Parilli, although Parilli would not play for the Browns until 1956. Later in the first round, the club selected John Bauer, who never played for the Browns and only played in two NFL games in his career.


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
54 Tony Adamle (LB)38 Maurice Bassett (FB)46 Billy Reynolds (RB, DB)32 Fred Morrison44 Chet Hanulak


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
26 Ray Renfro56 Dante Lavelli40 Dub Jones (WB, DB, RB, KR)94 Don Phelps (KR, PR)


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
74 Mike McCormack LT (DL)76 Lou Groza RT (K) 64 Abe Gibron G/C65 Chuck Noll RG 52 Frank Gatski C 62 Herschel Forester78 John Sandusky60 Harold Bradley


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
82 Carlton Massey DE 70 Don Colo DE79 Bob Gain DL (T)83 Doug Atkins DE80 Len Ford DE79 Don King DL 72 John Kissell DE


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
65 Chuck Noll LB (G, C)54 Tom Catlin (C)34 Walt Michaels54 Tony Adamle


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
42 Tommy James 20 Don Paul22 Ken Konz DB15 Ken Gorgal DB


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Roster
76 Lou Groza K (RT) 84 Horace Gillom P (DE)


1954 Cleveland Browns season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire
The 1954 Cleveland Hill school fire was a fire and explosion that occurred on March 31, 1954 at the Cleveland Hill Union Free School District's elementary school facility annex in Cheektowaga, New York. The eight classroom wooden annex was added onto the existing brick school building to accommodate the influx of new students resulting from the "Baby Boom" following World War II.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire, Incident
There was a sixth grade music class being held in the annex at the time of the explosion and fire which claimed the lives of 15 sixth-grade students along with injuring 19 students, three teachers and the school's principal. A student survivor later recounted he remembered a loud noise, followed seconds later by a doorway full of raging flames and pure panic.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire, Incident
Many students perished because they were unable to open the windows that were either locked or stuck. When the glass was broken to provide an avenue of escape they were cut trying to fit through the small size of the window panes. The cause of the fire was never determined but it may have been caused by a defective furnace that had been leaking fumes or possibly spontaneous combustion inside a storage closet.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire, Victims
Of the 15 deceased victims, ten never made it out of the fire while the other five died due to their injuries.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire, Victims
Among those who survived but suffered severe burns was American folk musician Jackson C. Frank. The treatment of the burn victims from this fire was cited in later medical journals. Yet while many victims received high quality medical care, many highlighted how unprepared medical professionals, teachers, parents and friends were to deal with the tragedy and the magnitude of it and were often uncomfortable trying to discuss it.


1954 Cleveland Hill School District fire, Aftermath
The annex facility was made entirely of wood and following the disaster there was a movement to introduce building codes that prohibited wooden buildings from housing schools. Other changes that came about because of the fire were fire drills, rules regarding window type and size, school construction methods and school communications with fire departments.


1954 Cleveland Indians season
The 1954 Cleveland Indians advanced to the World Series for the first time in six years. It was the team's third American League championship in franchise history. The Indians' 111–43 record is the all-time record for winning percentage by an American League team (.721), as this was before 162 games were played in a season.


1954 Cleveland Indians season
For more than 60 years, Cleveland had been the only team in Major League Baseball to have compiled two different 11-game winning streaks within the same season, until the Toronto Blue Jays were able to accomplish the rare feat during the 2015 regular season.


1954 Cleveland Indians season
However, their great regular-season record would not be enough to win the World Series, as the Indians got swept in four games by the New York Giants, after which the Indians would not return to the Fall Classic until 1995.


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Cleveland Indians season, 1954 World Series
This was the first time (and only to date) that the Cleveland Indians were swept in a World Series. The only highlight for the Indians was that they kept the Yankees from winning their sixth straight series. The last time the Yankees had not won the series or pennant beforehand was 1948, when, again, the Indians kept them out (although that year, they won the Series). It was also the only World Series from 1949 to 1958 which did not feature the Yankees.


1954 Cleveland Indians season, 1954 World Series, Game 1
September 29, 1954, at the Polo Grounds in New York


1954 Cleveland Indians season, 1954 World Series, Game 2
September 30, 1954, at the Polo Grounds in New York


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Composite Box
1954 World Series (4–0): New York Giants (N.L.) over Cleveland Indians (A.L.)


1954 Cleveland Indians season, Farm system
The 1954 Indianapolis Indians featured Herb Score and Rocky Colavito. Colavito hit 38 home runs and accumulated 116 RBIs.


1954 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1954 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1954 college football season. In its third season under head coach Hal Lahar, the team compiled a 5–2–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 141 to 117. Richard Lalla was the team captain. The team played its home games at Colgate Athletic Field in Hamilton, New York.


1954 College Baseball All-America Team
An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position—who in turn are given the honorific "All-America" and typically referred to as "All-American athletes", or simply "All-Americans". Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889.


1954 College Baseball All-America Team
From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.


1954 College Football All-America Team
The 1954 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1954. The eight selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1954 season are (1) the All-America Board (AAB), (2) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (3) the Associated Press (AP), (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (7) the Sporting News (SN), and (8) the United Press (UP).


1954 College Football All-America Team
Wisconsin's fullback Alan Ameche won the Heisman Trophy in 1954 as the best player in college football and was a unanimous first-team selection by all eight official selectors. Three other players were unanimous choices among the official selectors: Notre Dame's quarterback Ralph Guglielmi; Ohio State's halfback Howard "Hopalong" Cassady; and Arkansas' guard Bud Brooks.


1954 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1954, the NCAA recognizes eight published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1954 Colorado A&M Aggies football team
The 1954 Colorado A&M Aggies football team represented Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the Skyline Conference during the 1954 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Bob Davis, the Aggies compiled a 3–7 record (3–4 against Skyline opponents), finished sixth in the Skyline Conference, and were outscored by opponents by a total of 248 to 93.


1954 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1954 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1954 college football season. Head coach Dallas Ward led the team to a 3–2–1 mark in the "Big 7" and 7–2–1 overall.


1954 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1954 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1954. Democratic nominee Edwin C. Johnson defeated Republican nominee Donald G. Brotzman with 53.56% of the vote.


1954 Columbia Lions football team
The 1954 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1954 college football season.


1954 Columbia Lions football team
In their 25th season under head coach Lou Little, the Lions compiled a 1–8 record, and were outscored 306 to 71. Neil Opdyke was the team captain.


1954 Columbia Lions football team
Columbia played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan, in New York City.


1954 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1954 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1954 college football season. The Huskies were led by third year head coach Bob Ingalls, and completed the season with a record of 1–8.


1954 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1954 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1954. Democratic nominee Abraham Ribicoff narrowly defeated incumbent Republican John Davis Lodge with 49.50% of the vote.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China
The 1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted and enacted on September 20, 1954, through the first session of the First National People’s Congress in Beijing.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Introduction
This constitution was published based upon 2 documents: one is “The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPCPCC)”, and the other one is “The Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China”. The Constitution of 1954 was the first constitution of socialism in China.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Introduction
In the constitution of 1954, it includes the Preamble, four chapters, 106 articles, and it defines “the national flag of People’s Republic of China is a red flag with 5 stars” (Art 104); “the national emblem of the People’s Republic of China is: in the centre, Tien An Men under the light of five stars, and encircled by ears of grain and a cogwheel.” (Art 105); and “the capital of People’s Republic of China is Peking.” (Art 106). During the development of socialism, the Constitution of 1954 stipulated the task for the ongoing Chinese Communist state. Compared with the Constitution of 1949, the constitution of 1954 narrowed the definition of the regime in China. Under this situation, China finally became a Communist country.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Introduction
On the eve of the Cultural Revolution, Liu Shaoqi, then the PRC President, fell victim to the Constitution itself. Although constitutionally Liu could not be removed, the force of the dawning Cultural Revolution was too great, and Liu had to leave the Presidency behind.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Introduction
The 1954 Constitution was replaced in the midst of the Cultural Revolution by the 1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Books published in the PRC since the 1980s regarded the 1975 and 1978 promulgations of the Constitutions as ones with "serious errors". In the 1954 Constitution, the President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) could convene Supreme National Meetings—emergency meetings. This Presidential right was never seen again in later promulgations of the Chinese constitution.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Summary of the constitution of 1954
The first chapter in the Constitution of 1954 includes 20 articles and it deals with the general issue of defining social and economic structure. In the first chapter, it gave the primary definition of “the nature of regime, the structure of ownership, people’s property rights and so on.” Heavily considering the state of the country at the time, the first part of the constitution emphasized the equality between the Han nationality and the other fifty-six minority nationalities.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Summary of the constitution of 1954
The second chapter consists of 64 articles; this part stipulated the relationship between “the national people’s congress (NPC), Chairman of China, State Council, and the local people’s congress, the local people’s councils” with “the Organs of self-government of National Autonomous Areas, the people’s courts and the people’s Procuratorates”.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Summary of the constitution of 1954
The third chapter indicates rights and duties of the country’s citizen. It guarantees the equality of each citizen and it prohibits racial discrimination and oppression. This chapter consists of 19 articles and it protects a citizen’s customs, habits and religious beliefs.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Summary of the constitution of 1954
The last chapter, which is the fourth chapter, stipulates the national flag, the national emblem and the capital of PRC.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Comments, Positive
The Constitution of 1954 concluded the historical experience that was obtained from the Chinese revolution and it fully reflects the situation of Chinese history and the feature of the transition period. The enactment of the constitution set the initial foundation of developing the Democratic socialism and the socialist legal system.


1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Comments, Negative
The Constitution of 1954, while it helps China take a good step forward, it has fatal flaws at a conceptual level and eventually began to hinder China’s growth. The principle of “Control from the top” was extending the supervisory system and enhancing the government’s authority and power. To some aspects, it limits citizen’s freedom.


1954 Convention travel document
A 1954 Convention travel document is a travel document, unlike a Stateless travel document (stateless person by a signatory to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons), issued to a person in circumstances of any difficulties in gaining a travel document from their country of origin. The cover bears the words travel document in English and French (and often in the language of the issuing state) along with the date of the convention, but does not bear the two stripes appearing in the upper right corner of the front cover of refugee travel documents. However, some countries such as Australia and Japan issues stateless persons travel documents with other names such as Certificate of Identity or Re-entry Permit, etc., regardless of whether the country is a contracting state of 1954 Convention.


1954 Copa México Final
The 1954 Copa México Final was the final match of the 1953–54 Copa México. It was played at Estadio Olímpico de la Ciudad de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico, on May 12 1954. América beat Guadalajara 3–2 on penalties after the match finished 1–1 after extra time.


1954 Copa México Final
This was the first cup title for América in the professional era of Mexican football. The match is considered as a very important moment in the history of the América-Guadalajara rivalry, since it was the first cup final contested by both sides.


1954 Copa México Final, Background
The 1953–54 Copa México was played in two stages: the group stage with three groups of four teams each, each group winner would qualify to the final stage, where the three group winners would play one match against each other to define the champion.


1954 Copa México Final, Background
Atlante, América and Guadalajara won their groups and advanced to the final stage, played at the Estadio Olímpico de la Ciudad de los Deportes in Mexico City. América and Guadalajara defeated Atlante in their respective matches. The game between América and Guadalajara was a tie, therefore, both teams ended with three points each (one win and one draw), and since the two squads had the same goal difference, it was decided that a playoff match would take place to define the champion.


1954 Copa México Final, Match, Summary
The game ended in a tie after 90 minutes of regular time with no goals for any side. The most relevant incident was a brawl between América's goalkeeper Manuel Camacho and Guadalajara's midfielder Javier de la Torre that resulted in Camacho being sent off. Since rules did not observe substitutions at the time, America's striker Eduardo González Palmer replaced Camacho.


1954 Copa México Final, Match, Summary
At the end of regulation, two periods of overtime, each one of 15 minutes, where played. Just two minutes in overtime, Guadalajara's Arellano scored the first goal for his team. With 10 minutes remaining, José Santiago tied the game for América after scoring a penalty provoked by defender Pedro Nuño, who touched the ball with his hands inside the penalty area.


1954 Copa México Final, Match, Summary
With the game tied again, two more periods of overtime, each one of 10 minutes, were played. No squad was able to score and with the score still tied, a series of penalties was kicked.


1954 Copa México Final, Match, Summary
Each team had to choose only one player to kick three penalties. América picked Argentine striker Emilio Fizel and Juan Jasso was the striker for Guadalajara. Fizel scored all the three penalties. Jasso scored his first and third shots, but missed the second penalty, that was stopped by the game's hero, Eduardo González Palmer.


1954 Copa del Generalísimo
The 1954 Copa del Generalísimo was the 52nd staging of the Spanish Cup. The competition began on 2 May 1954 and concluded on 20 June 1954 with the final.


1954 Copa del Generalísimo Final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1954 Final was the 52nd final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Estadio Chamartín in Madrid, on 20 June 1954, being won by Valencia CF, who beat CF Barcelona 3-0.


1954 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil
The 1954 Copa del Generalísimo Juvenil was the fourth staging of the tournament. The competition began on May 9, 1954, and ended on June 20, 1954, with the final.


1954 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1954 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 45th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909.


1954 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Glen Rovers won the championship following a 4-07 to 4-02 defeat of Ballymartle in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1925.


1954 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1954 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 66th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1954 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 3 October 1954, St. Nicholas' won the championship following a 2-11 to 0-03 defeat of Clonakilty in the final. This was their third championship title and their first title since 1941.


1954 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1954 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 66th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round of the championship took place at the Cork Convention on 24 January 1954. The championship began on 28 March 1954 and ended on 26 September 1954.


1954 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 26 September 1954, Glen Rovers won the championship following a 3-7 to 3-2 defeat of Blackrock in the final. This was their 15th championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1954 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1954 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University as an independent during the 1954 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach George K. James, the team compiled a 5–4 record and outscored its opponents 194 to 153. Guy Bedrossian was the team captain.


1954 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1953 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1954, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC) as conference champions, and the Rice Owls, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC) as conference co-champions. Rice won the game 28–6, but its victory was overshadowed by Alabama's Tommy Lewis and his "12th man tackle" of Rice running back Dicky Moegle in the second quarter.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Alabama
The 1953 Alabama squad won only six games all year, and only four of seven conference games. However, the other three conference games were ties, and a 4–0–3 record was good enough to win Alabama the SEC title. It was 'Bama's first conference championship since 1945 and last until 1961. Following their victory over Auburn in the Iron Bowl to clinch the conference championship, Alabama accepted an invitation to play in the Cotton Bowl on New Year's Day. The appearance was the second for Alabama in the Cotton Bowl, as they defeated Texas A&M 29–21 in the 1942 game.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Rice
Rice accepted a bid for the Cotton Bowl following their 41–19 victory over Baylor to clinch a share of the conference championship with Texas. The appearance marked the third for Rice in the Cotton Bowl, as they defeated Colorado 28–14 in the 1938 game and North Carolina 27–13 in the 1950 game.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
After trading punts on the opening pair of offensive possessions, midway through the first quarter Alabama's Bart Starr intercepted a LeRoy Fenstemaker pass and returned it to the Rice 48-yard line. On the ensuing possession, Alabama scored its only points of the contest after Tommy Lewis capped the drive with a two-yard touchdown run and a 6–0 lead. Rice responded with a trio of long touchdown runs by Dicky Moegle to take a 21–6 lead into the fourth quarter. Moegle's first score came on a 79-yard run on the first play of the second quarter.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Midway through the second, Moegle was awarded a touchdown on one of the more infamous plays in college football history. After taking the handoff from quarterback LeRoy Fenstemaker, Moegle broke free for what was to be a deemed 95-yard touchdown run. In what was dubbed the "12th man tackle," Alabama running back Tommy Lewis left the Alabama bench, entered the field of play and tackled Moegle at the Alabama 42-yard line, apparently believing that even if the 5-yard penalty for illegal participation were enforced, his illegal move would have still stopped the score.


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
However, referee Cliff Shaw instead awarded Moegle a 95-yard touchdown on the play under the palpably unfair act rule, which accounts for situations when a flagrant rule violation prevents a player from scoring by awarding the score anyway. As humorously reported in the Reading Eagle, "The incident became the first in bowl game history where a man on the bench tackled a runner, and also the first where a runner received credit for a touchdown while flat on his back 38 [sic] yards from the goal line."


1954 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
Moegle's final touchdown came in the third quarter on a 37-yard run to cap a 67-yard drive for the Owls. For the game, Moegle rushed for 265 yards on 11 carries for an average of 24.1 yards per attempt. Rice scored the final points of the game early in the fourth quarter when Buddy Grantham rushed 7-yards for a touchdown to cap a 75-yard drive and bring the final score to 28–6.


1954 County Championship
The 1954 County Championship was the 55th officially organised running of the County Championship. Surrey won the Championship title for the third successive year.


1954 Coupe de France Final
The 1954 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on May 23, 1954, that saw OGC Nice defeat Olympique de Marseille 2–1 thanks to goals by Victor Nuremberg and Luis Carniglia.


1954 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
The 1954 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré was the 8th edition of the cycle race and was held from 12 June to 20 June 1954. The race started and finished in Grenoble. The race was won by Nello Lauredi.


1954 Croydon East by-election
The Croydon East by-election  was held on 30 September 1954 after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Herbert Williams. It was won by the Conservative candidate John Hughes-Hallett.


1954 Cuban general election
General elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1954. Fulgencio Batista won the presidential election running under the National Progressive Coalition banner, whilst the main opposition candidate, Ramón Grau, withdrew his candidacy before election day. Progressive Action Party emerged as the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 60 of the 130 seats. Voter turnout was 52.4%.


1954 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR
The 1954 Ukrainian Cup was a football knockout competition conducting by the Football Federation of the Ukrainian SSR and was known as the Ukrainian Cup.


1954 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR, Teams, Non-participating teams
The Ukrainian teams of masters did not take part in the competition.


1954 Cupa României
The 1954 Cupa României was the 17th edition of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.


1954 Cupa României
The trophy was won by Metalul Reșița for the first time in history. It was also the first time when a team from the second division of Romanian football won the trophy.


1954 Cupa României, Format
In the first round proper, two pots were made, first pot with Divizia A teams and other teams till 16 and the second pot with the rest of teams qualified in this phase. First pot teams will play away. Each tie is played as a single leg.


1954 Cupa României, Format
If a match is drawn after 90 minutes, the game goes in extra time, and if the scored is still tight after 120 minutes, the team who plays away will qualify.


1954 Cupa României, Format
In case the teams are from same city, there a replay will be played.


1954 Cupa României, Format
In case the teams play in the final, there a replay will be played.


1954 Cupa României, Format
From the first edition, the teams from Divizia A entered in competition in sixteen finals, rule which remained till today.


1954 Cupa României, Divizia A Teams
The following list represent the teams who played in 1954 Divizia A, which qualified directly in sixteen finals or first round proper.


1954 Cupa României, Divizia A Teams
Flamura Roşie Arad CCA București Dinamo București Locomotiva Timişoara Ştiinţa Cluj Știința Timișoara Flacăra Ploieşti


1954 Cupa României, Divizia A Teams
Dinamo Oraşul Stalin Minerul Petroşani Locomotiva Târgu Mureş Metalul Hunedoara Locomotiva București Metalul Câmpia Turzii Progresul Oradea


1954 Cupa României Final
The 1954 Cupa României Final was the 17th final of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition.


1954 Cupa României Final
FC Dinamo București attacked furiously in the first half-hour but missed many chances before Metalul Reșița's striker Ștefan Szeleș scored twice ('30, '40), following two fast counterattacks. Dinamo tried to come back, but were unable as Metalul's players held their ground and marched to a legendary victory.


1954 Cupa României Final
Republicii Stadium was the place of the final which was later demolished by Nicolae Ceaușescu to make room for the Palace of the Parliament.


1954 Cupa României Final
Metalul Reșița become the first club representing Divizia B which won the Romanian Cup final.


1954 Currie Cup
The 1954 Currie Cup was the 25th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier domestic rugby union competition in South Africa.


1954 Currie Cup
The tournament was won by  Western Province for the 18th time; they beat  Northern Transvaal 11–8 in the final in Cape Town.


1954 Czechoslovak First League, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Spartak Praha Sokolovo won the championship. Jiří Pešek was the league's top scorer with 15 goals.


1954 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Czechoslovakia on 28 November 1954. Voters were presented with a single list from the National Front, dominated by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ).


1954 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
According to official figures, 99.2 percent of eligible voters turned out to vote, and 97.9 percent approved the National Front list. Within the Front, the Communists had a large majority of 262 seats–172 for the main party and 90 for the Slovak branch.


1954 Czechoslovak parliamentary election
Non -Communist members appeared on the National Front list in order to keep up the appearance of pluralism. However, seats were allocated in accordance with a set percentage, and no party could take part in the political process without KSČ approval.


1954 DFB-Pokal Final
The 1954 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 1953–54 DFB-Pokal, the 11th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 17 April 1954 at the Südweststadion in Ludwigshafen. VfB Stuttgart won the match 1–0 after extra time against 1. FC Köln, to claim their 1st cup title.


1954 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
The DFB-Pokal began with 8 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of two rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.


1954 DFB-Pokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1954 Danish local elections
The Danish regional elections of 1954 were held on 2 March 1954. 11505 municipal council members were elected, as well as 299 members of the amts of Denmark.


1954 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1954 Dartmouth Indians football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1954 college football season. In their 12th and final season under head coach Tuss McLaughry, the Indians compiled a 3–6 record, and were outscored 250 to 121. Louis Turner was the team captain.


1954 Dartmouth Indians football team
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1954 Davis Cup
The 1954 Davis Cup was the 43rd edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 23 teams entered the Europe Zone and 7 teams entered the America Zone. The Eastern Zone was abandoned for this year and India, the sole competing country, was moved to the Europe Zone.


1954 Davis Cup
The United States defeated Mexico in the America Zone final, and Sweden defeated France in the Europe Zone final. The United States defeated Sweden in the Inter-Zonal Final, and then defeated the defending champions Australia in the Challenge Round, ending Australia's four-year championship run. The final was played at White City Stadium in Sydney, Australia on 27–29 December.


1954 Davis Cup America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1954 Davis Cup.


1954 Davis Cup America Zone
7 teams entered the America Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the Europe Zone. The United States defeated Mexico in the final, and went on to face Sweden in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1954 Davis Cup Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1954 Davis Cup.


1954 Davis Cup Europe Zone
23 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone. Sweden defeated France in the final, and went on to face the United States in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1954 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1954 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware as an independent during the 1954 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach David M. Nelson, the team compiled an 8–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 265 to 81. Dan Ford was the team captain. The team played its home games at Delaware Stadium in Newark, Delaware.


1954 Delaware State Hornets football team
The 1954 Delaware State Hornets football team represented Delaware State College—now known as Delaware State University—as a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) in the 1954 college football season. Led by coach Edward Jackson, the Hornets compiled a 7–1 record, just two seasons after posting a 1–7 record. They shut out their first four opponents, only allowing Lincoln, St. Paul's, and St. Augustine's to score any points. They maintained a perfect record until the final game of the season, losing 6–12 vs. St. Augustine's. The team had 40 members, a fifth of the entire 1954 enrollment at DSU.


1954 Delaware State Hornets football team, Further reading
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1954 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1954 Denver Pioneers football team represented the University of Denver in the Skyline Conference during the 1954 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bob Blackman, the Pioneers compiled a 9–1 record (6–1 against Skyline opponents), won the Skyline championship, were ranked No. 18 in the final AP Poll, and outscored all opponents by a total of 298 to 96.


1954 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1954 team was inducted as a group into the University of Denver Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007. At the time, the group was "widely considered the greatest in DU history".


1954 Detroit Lions season
The 1954 Detroit Lions season was their 25th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 10–2, winning only nine games. They qualified for the championship game for the third consecutive season.


1954 Detroit Lions season, Offseason, NFL Draft
The Lions drafted 32 players in the 1954 NFL Draft. Their first-round pick was Dick Chapman, an All-American defensive tackle out of Rice. Chapman never played a snap for the Lions, electing to return to Rice and finish his degree in physics. Their second-round pick, Michigan State center Jim Neal, also never played a snap after "marr[ying] a girl whose religion prohibited him to play football on Sundays."


1954 Detroit Lions season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1954 Detroit Red Wings prison game
The 1954 Detroit Red Wings prison game was an exhibition ice hockey game played on February 2, 1954. The exhibition was played outdoors at the Marquette Branch Prison between the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) and a team put together by the inmates of the prison. It was the first ever outdoor game played by the Detroit Red Wings. After the first period the Red Wings were winning 18–0, and the scores for the remainder of the match were not kept.


1954 Detroit Red Wings prison game
The original planning for the game began in June 1953 when the general manager for the Red Wings, Jack Adams, visited the prison while doing a promotional tour for Stroh’s beer. There, the warden asked Adams if the Red Wings would come play the prison. Adams agreed, but only because he never expected the game to ever actually happen. Some say that Adams also agreed as a favor to two inmates he knew, Harry Keywell and Ray Bernstein, who were both members of the notorious Purple Gang.


1954 Detroit Tigers season
The 1954 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fifth in the American League with a record of 68–86, 43 games behind the Cleveland Indians.


1954 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1954 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1954 Detroit Titans football team
The 1954 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1954 college football season. In their first season under head coach Wally Fromhart, the Titans compiled a 2–7 record (1–3 against conference opponents), finished fourth in the MVC, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 158 to 107.


1954 Divizia A
The 1954 Divizia A was the thirty-seventh season of Divizia A, the top-level football league of Romania.


1954 Divizia A, Champion squad
Goalkeepers: Francisc Kiss (19 / 0); Iosif Fuleiter (7 / 0). Defenders: Gavril Szücs (21 / 0); Radin Dușan (23 / 0); Zoltan Farmati (23 / 0); Gheorghe Lupeș (9 / 0); Ladislau Sereș (4 / 0). Midfielders: Iosif Kapas (26 / 0); Gavril Serfözö (21 / 4). Forwards: Toma Jurcă (13 / 1); Ilie Don (21 / 3); Gheorghe Váczi (26 / 13); Andrei Mercea (24 / 1); Nicolae Dumitrescu (23 / 4); Iosif Szakács (7 / 0); Nicolae Popa (14 / 0); Ion Manole (10 / 2); Vichentie Birău (17 / 7). (league appearances and goals listed in brackets)


1954 Divizia B
The 1954 Divizia B was the 15th season of the second tier of the Romanian football league system.


1954 Divizia B
The format has been changed to three series, each of them having 13 teams. At the end of the season the winners of the series promoted to Divizia A and last two places from each series relegated to District Championship. This was the fifth season played in the spring-autumn system, a system imposed by the new leadership of the country which were in close ties with the Soviet Union.


1954 Divizia B, Team changes, Excluded teams
CA Câmpulung Moldovenesc, CA Cluj and CA Craiova were excluded from the championship. The army teams (CA) were abolished in the summer of 1953, except for CCA București.


1954 Divizia B, Team changes, Enrolled teams
Voința București, which was in fact, the Romania national youth team, was enrolled directly in the second division.


1954 Divizia B, Team changes, Other teams
Dinamo Turnu Măgurele was moved from Turnu Măgurele to Bârlad and renamed as Dinamo Bârlad.


1954 Dominican general election
General elections were held in Dominica on 19 August 1954. No political parties contested the elections and all candidates ran as independents. Voter turnout was 70.3%.


1954 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1954 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute of Technology (renamed Drexel University in 1970) as an independent during the 1954 college football season. Eddie Allen was the team's head coach.


1954 Duggirala by-election
In June 1954 a by-election was held in for the Duggirala seat of the Legislative Assembly of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The by-election was called after the death of the sitting MLA A. Rami Reddi. The election was won by the Indian National Congress candidate Meduri Nageswara Rao, won obtained 21,913 votes (45%). L.B.G. Rao of the Communist Party of India finished in second place with 20,644 votes (42.5%). Ancha Venkateswarlu of the Krishikar Lok Party obtained 5,735 votes (11.7%). There was also an independent candidate in the election, M.R. Rao, who obtained 395 votes (0.8%).


1954 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1954 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke University as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1954 college football season. Duke won the ACC title and finished the season ranked 14th in the final AP Poll.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election
Legislative elections were held in East Bengal between 8 and 12 March 1954, the first since Pakistan became an independent country in 1947. The opposition United Front led by the Awami League and Krishak Sramik Party won a landslide victory with 223 of the 309 seats. The Muslim League Chief Minister of East Pakistan Nurul Amin was defeated in his own constituency by Khaleque Nawaz Khan by over 7,000 votes, with all the Muslim League ministers losing their seats.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Background
The Bengal Assembly had been elected as part of the provincial elections in British India in 1946. Its term was extended several times, with around 34 seats left vacant as by-elections were not held.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Electoral system
The East Bengal Legislative Assembly consisted of 309 seats, of which 228 were reserved for Muslims, 36 for scheduled castes, 12 for women (nine Muslims, one general and two scheduled caste), two for Buddhists and one for Christians. There were also 30 general seats.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Electoral system
A total of 19,541,563 voters were registered for the elections, of which 9,239,720 were women. Of the total voters, 15,159,825 were able to vote in the Muslim seats, 2,303,578 in the scheduled caste seats, 2,095,355 in the general seats, 136,417 in the Buddhist seats and 43,911 for the Christian seat.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Campaign
The Muslim League published its manifesto on 13 December 1953, calling for Bengali to be made an official state language, reform in agricultural and education and improvements in healthcare, and began its campaign in January 1954. The Awami League published a 41-point manifesto focusing on autonomy, political reform and nationalisation. The Communists published a 22-point manifesto on 2 December, calling for them to be the leading party in a united front against the Muslim League, as well as promoting autonomy and the recognition of Bengali.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Campaign
Several opposition parties called for a creation of an opposition front, with agreement reached between the Awami League and the Krishak Sramik Party on 4 December. The Front was later joined by the Nizam-e-Islam Party and Ganatantri Dal.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Campaign
A total of 1,285 candidates contested the elections; 986 for the 228 Muslim seats, 151 for the 36 scheduled caste seats, 103 for the 30 general seats, 37 for the women's seats and twelve for the two Buddhist seats. The Christian seat had only one candidate, as did the Women's general and one of the scheduled caste seats. Two general seats also had one candidate who was returned unopposed. The Muslim League and United Front ran candidates in all 237 Muslim seats.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Results
The results of 1954 elections in East Pakistan were conclusive. The United Front won 210 of the 237 Muslim seats in the provincial assembly and obtained nearly 64% of the votes. In contrast the Muslim League won only 9 seats and secured less than 27% of the votes polled in the contested constituencies. Among the most exciting aspects of the election was the defeat of several ministers including Nurul Amin, the Muslim League Chief Minister. A. K. Fazlul Huq was elected in two constituencies, forcing a by-election in one of them.


1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Aftermath
Following the elections, independent Assembly member Fazlal Qadir Chowdhury joined the Muslim League to give them ten seats, allowing the party to form a parliamentary group.


1954 East Carolina Pirates football team
The 1954 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented represented East Carolina College (now known as East Carolina University) as a member of the North State Conference during the 1954 college football season. In their third season under head coach Jack Boone, the team compiled a 5–4–1 record.


1954 East German general election
General elections were held in East Germany on 17 October 1954. It was the second election to the Volkskammer, which had 466 deputies, 66 of whom represented East Berlin and were not directly elected) in total; due to the four-power status of the city of Berlin, the city's deputies were indirectly appointed by the East Berlin magistrate.


1954 East German general election
As the country was a de facto one-party state, voters were presented with a single-list of candidates from the National Front, dominated by the Communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany, which they could vote for or against. The election did not affect the strength of the factions, whose size was determined in advance. The election count was nominally allowed to be publicly monitored, but in practice this did not happen for fear of repression.


1954 East German general election
The list received the approval of 99.46% of voters, with turnout reported to be 98.5%.


1954 East German referendum
A referendum on a peace treaty was held in East Germany on 29 June 1954. Voters were asked "Are you for a peace treaty and the withdrawal of occupying troops, or for the European Defence Community, the General Treaty and keeping the occupying troops for 50 years?" The first option was approved by 93.46% of voters.


1954 Eastern Suburbs season
Eastern Suburbs (now known as the Sydney Roosters) competed in the New South Wales Rugby League(NSWRL) premiership in 1954.


1954 Ecuadorian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Ecuador on 6 June 1954.


1954 Edinburgh East by-election
The 1954 Edinburgh East by-election was held on 8 April 1954. It was held due to the judge appointment to the Court of Session of the incumbent Labour MP, John Thomas Wheatley. It was retained by the Labour candidate, George Willis.


1954 Edmonton Eskimos season
The 1954 Edmonton Eskimos finished in 1st place in the Western Interprovincial Football Union with an 11–5 record and won the 42nd Grey Cup, the first championship in franchise history.


1954 Edmonton municipal election
The 1954 municipal election was held October 13, 1954 to elect five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and three trustees each to sit on the public and separate school boards. The electorate also decided seven plebiscite questions. No election was held for mayor, as William Hawrelak was one year into a two-year term.


1954 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled:Harold Tanner (SS), Rupert Clare, Abe Miller, Charles Simmonds, and Cliffard Roy (SS) were all elected to two-year terms in 1953 and were still in office.


1954 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Mary Butterworth (ss), William Cowley, James Falconer, and John Thorogood (SS) had been acclaimed to two-year terms in 1953 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board, where Andre Dechene, Amby Lenon (SS), Catherine McGrath, and William Sereda were continuing.


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 20,866 ballots cast out of 123,040 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 17.0%.


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Paving
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $550,000 for the City share of standard paving of arterial and residential streets?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Asphalt Surfacing I
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $450,000 for the City share of paving means of asphalt surfacing on gravel?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Asphalt Surfacing II
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $150,000 for the City share of paving by means of asphalt surfacing on gravel?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Parks
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $100,000 for the rehabilitation and development of parks including new trees, new roads, sewers, drains, fences and general rebuilding?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Neighbourhood Beautification
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $91,500 for the completion of neighborhood beautification areas in various parts of the City including the beautification of small parcels of land owned within the City?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Playgrounds
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $61,000 for the improvement of playgrounds and the construction of playground shelters and wading pools and the erection of fencing at various City playgrounds?


1954 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Plebiscites, Health Clinic
Shall Council pass a bylaw creating a debenture debt in the sum of $60,000 for the purpose of a health clinic to look after inoculations, also the supervision of babies and pre-school children and preventative dental services?


1954 Ekstraklasa, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Polonia Bytom won the championship.


1954 Emperor's Cup, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Keio BRB won the championship.


1954 Emperor's Cup Final
1954 Emperor's Cup Final was the 34th final of the Emperor's Cup competition. The final was played at Yamanashi Prefectural Stadium in Yamanashi on May 25, 1954. Keio BRB won the championship.


1954 Emperor's Cup Final, Overview
Keio BRB won the championship, by defeating Toyo Industries 5–3.


1954 English Greyhound Derby
The 1954 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 25 June 1954 at White City Stadium. The winner was Pauls Fun and the winning owner Mr Thomas Henry Watford received £1,500.


1954 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances
3¼, 1¾, 5, ¾, Dis (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1950 one length was equal to 0.08 of one second.


1954 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Pauls Fun was bought by Mr Thomas Watford for £1,750 and put with Wembley trainer Leslie Reynolds in 1953 after he recorded the fastest ever time at Dunmore Park for a puppy. He was immediately installed as one of the favourites for the 1954 Derby and following a winters rest he opened up at 7-4f which was the shortest price ever recorded Derby ante-post price to date. During the first round heats a deluge of rain made the track very heavy and the best time recorded that night was 29.37 by Pauls Fun; next best was 29.67 by Title Role, thirty spots slower.


1954 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
A tough second round draw pitted Barrowside trained by Jack Harvey alongside Pauls Fun; Barrowside a leading hurdler had gained entry into the Derby after winning the last trial stake. The race caused a surprise when Pauls Fun missed the break and Barrowside won comfortably. After the race Leslie Reynolds announced that Pauls Fun has tweaked a muscle and it would be a race against time to be fit for the semi-finals to be held just two days later.


1954 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Pauls Fun took his place in the semi-finals and won comfortably by six and a half-lengths setting a new track record of 28.64 in the process. Barrowside in the same heat failed to progress finishing in fourth place. Title Role at odds of 4-11 could only manage third after a crowded second semi-final race won by Ashcroft Boy.


1954 English Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
Wembley once again accounted for five of the six finalists with just one hound from Catford, Ardskeagh Ville, the Gold Collar champion. The final proved to be a formality for Pauls Fun because a gap opened on the run up after Ashcott Boy drifted wide and he took advantage of it running out an easy victor. Ashcott Boy fell at the first bend and trailed in last. Leslie Reynolds had won a record fifth Derby, a feat not emulated until 57 years later.


1954 English cricket season
1954 was the 55th season of County Championship cricket in England. Pakistan toured England for the first time and drew the series of four Test matches. Surrey won the County Championship for the third successive year.


1954 English cricket season, Test series
England could only draw the series with Pakistan 1–1, with the other two matches badly affected by the poor weather of the summer and left drawn. Pakistan won the final Test to square the series thanks to a marvellous seam bowling performance by Fazal Mahmood, who took 6-53 and 6-46 at The Oval.


1954 English cricket season, Leading batsmen
Denis Compton topped the averages with 1524 runs @ 58.62


1954 English cricket season, Leading bowlers
Brian Statham topped the averages with 92 wickets @ 14.13


1954 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1954 Estonian SSR Football Championship season was won by Tallinna Dünamo.


1954 European Aquatics Championships
The 1954 LEN European Aquatics Championships were held 31 August – 5 September in Turin, Italy. In swimming, butterfly events were contested for the first time; 100 m for women and 200 m for men.


1954 European Athletics Championships
The 5th European Athletics Championships were held at Stadion Neufeld from 25–29 August 1954 in the Swiss capital Bern. Contemporaneous reports on the event were given in the Glasgow Herald.


1954 European Athletics Championships, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 689 athletes from 28 countries participated in the event, three athletes more than the official number of 686 as published.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres
The men's 10,000 metres at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld on 25 August 1954.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 23 athletes from 17 countries participated in the event.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres track walk
The men's 10,000 metres track walk at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres track walk, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 16 athletes from 9 countries participated in the event.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld on 25 and 26 August 1954.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 100 metres, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 35 athletes from 20 countries participated in the event.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles
The men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld on 25, 26, and 29 August 1954.


1954 European Athletics Championships – Men's 110 metres hurdles, Participation
According to an unofficial count, 22 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.