1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt via Kempe's Buttress
Kempe's Buttress flanks the eastern side of an icefall that descends Kangchenjunga from about 23,500 feet (7,200 m) to the glacier at 18,000 feet (5,500 m). The top of the buttress is at 19,500 feet (5,900 m) and from there Kempe had thought there might be a feasible way further up the icefall. From the top of the Buttress, however, Band and Hardie took two days trying to get onto the icefall itself. Evans and Jackson joined the effort and although they then managed to get onto the icefall they could make no further progress. Band, who had climbed Everest's Khumbu Icefall,  wrote:


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt via Kempe's Buttress
We spent two days of the most exhilarating ice-climbing of our lives, trying to find a route through ... it made the Khumbu Icefall look like a children’s playground … Were we to be defeated so soon?


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt via Kempe's Buttress
Fortunately, Hardie spotted a small glacier descending the Western Buttress – the wall on the far side of the glacier – and the small glacier reached down from a location they called the "Hump" to a point on the icefall roughly level with their vantage point. So, they decided to abandon their present attempt and try all over again hoping to reach the western side of the icefall. The intention was to climb up to the Hump along the western side of the Western Buttress and to achieve this involved moving base camp.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower slopes
As it happens the location of the second base camp was where, on Crowley's 1905 expedition, Alexis Pache and three porters were laid to rest after they had been killed in an avalanche. The wooden cross and gravestone still stood there. Kempe's team had investigated the area the previous year but considered it would tend to lead towards the subsidiary peak Kangchenjunga West leaving a difficult traverse to the main summit. Also, the route was vulnerable to avalanches.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower slopes
Evans' plan was to climb to the Hump and then drop down to the Lower Icefall. They would then attempt the short climb to the top of the Lower Icefall to reach a plateau at the foot of the Upper Icefall. From there the Great Shelf – a snow shelf cutting across the Yalung Face from about 23,500 feet (7,200 m) in the southeast to 25,500 feet (7,800 m) in the northwest – should lead to a dark rock cirque, the "Sickle", beside a steep snow gangway leading to within striking distance of the summit. The rocks of the Sickle were the first outcrop to be reached after the Hump.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower and upper icefall
By 26 April Band and Hardie had pitched Camp 1 two-thirds of the way up the very steep snow slopes on the western side of the Western Buttress. To go higher involved crossing a crevasse 20 feet (6.1 m) wide which was eventually made suitable for Sherpas with a ladder and 200 feet (61 m) of ropes. Up to the Hump and down the ramp on the other side the slopes were about 40° and the descent to the icefall was a drop of some 400 feet (120 m).


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower and upper icefall
They struggled up the edge of the icefall to reach the spacious avalanche-free plateau between the Upper and Lower Icefall. The Plateau was an excellent location for Camp 2 which was soon established by Evans and Brown. For three weeks without a single day being missed, supplies were ferried between Base Camp and Camp 2, stopping overnight at Camp 1 on the way up.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower and upper icefall
On 29 April Evans and Brown were close to the eventual site of Camp 3 but that night a storm hit. When they tried to descend to Camp 1 the depth of snow and the severe avalanches meant they had to go back to Camp 2 where there was a shortage of food. It was only on 4 May they could reach the site for Camp 3 – by 9 May it was fully equipped as Advance Base Camp at 21,800 feet (6,600 m) by teams of Sherpas and climbers ferrying up and down the mountain.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Lower and upper icefall
On 12 May Evans and Hardie set up Camp 4 and next day they were able to attain the Great Shelf where there were good snow conditions and they went on to find a suitable location for Camp 5, sheltered by an ice cliff at 25,300 feet (7,700 m), the greatest height ever reached on the mountain.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Upper camps
Streather, Mather and their Sherpas started stocking Camp 4 while the rest of the climbers returned to recuperate at Base Camp. When there, Evans announced the detailed plans for the next few days – the reconnaissance had turned into a bid for the summit. Jackson, McKinnon and theirSherpas would stock Camp 5. Brown and Band, the first summit pair, supported by Evans, Mather and four Sherpas would follow a day later. The supporting climbers would establish Camp 6 as near to the top of the Gangway as possible. Hardie and Streather would be a second assault team, supported by two Sherpas and moving up a day later still.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Upper camps
Things did not get off to a good start. Streather became snowblind and was unable to get above Camp 4 and many of the supplies had to be dumped below Camp 5. Jackson and McKinnon were unable to descend to Camp 3 so had to stay at Camp 4 with Brown and Band. That night a blizzard developed and it seemed the monsoon might be imminent. However, Jackson and McKinnon were able to descend to Camp 3.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Upper camps
On the third day the storm conditions abated so Evans, Mather, Brown, Band and three Sherpas set off for Camp 5 only to find an avalanche has swept away many of the supplies that had been dumped there. After a day of unscheduled rest at Camp 5 they then made good progress but when they reached a rocky outcrop at the planned height for Camp 6, 26,900 feet (8,200 m), there was nowhere at all suitable.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Attempt from Pache's grave, Upper camps
They had to dig a ledge out of the 45° snow slope where, after two hours work, they created a ledge 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m) wide for a tent 5 feet (1.5 m) wide. Despite the conditions they had an evening meal of asparagus soup, lambs' tongues and drinking chocolate. Band and Brown remained at Camp 6 for the night of 24 May, wearing all their clothes, including boots, inside their sleeping bags and using a low flow of supplemental oxygen.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 25 May 1955 – Brown and Band
At 05:00 a fine day beckoned and by 08:15 Brown and Band were ready to set off up the Gangway where they found very good snow conditions. Going to the top of the Gangway would have led to an awkward lengthy route along the west ridge to the summit so their plan was to veer to the right off the Gangway onto the southwest face and so reach the ridge quite close to the summit. A suitable line had been spotted from below but it was unclear where to actually turn off the Gangway.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 25 May 1955 – Brown and Band
In the event they turned too soon and had to backtrack, so wasting 1½ hours. The next stage involved rock climbing and then there was a 60° snow slope. They could only afford to use a low rate of oxygen (two litres a minute each) and this seemed to sustain Brown better than Band so they stopped alternating the lead climbing and Brown stayed going first. After over five hours of continuous climbing they reached the ridge and the summit pyramid could be seen 400 feet (120 m) above.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 25 May 1955 – Brown and Band
They took a brief rest and a snack until 14:00 when they had two hours of oxygen left – they had to reach the summit by 15:00 to avoid an emergency bivouac on the way down. Brown led a final rock climb up a 20-foot (6 m) tall crack with a slight overhang at the top (grade about "very difficult" ignoring the altitude ).


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 25 May 1955 – Brown and Band
This required oxygen at six litres a minute and the climb led to a stance from where, to their surprise, the actual summit was just 20 feet (6 m) away and five feet (1.5 m) higher up. It was 14:45 on 25 May 1955. Even though this was the first ascent of the mountain, as agreed they did not go up onto the summit itself. There was a layer of cloud at 20,000 feet (6,100 m) so they could only see the highest peaks – Makalu, Lhotse and Everest, 80 miles (130 km) away to the west.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 25 May 1955 – Brown and Band
They started the descent, discarding their oxygen sets when they were empty after one hour. As it got dark they reached their tent to be greeted by Hardie and Streather who had arrived there to make a second attempt if the first had failed. Band and Brown thought it was too dangerous to continue straight down to Camp 5 so that night four men had to survive in the small two-man tent that jutted out over the edge of the narrow ledge cut into the steep slope. Brown was in great pain through the night suffering from snowblindness.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 26 May 1955 – Hardie and Streather
Next morning Hardie and Streather decided a second summit attempt was worthwhile so they set off along the same route but avoiding the previous pair's detour. At the rock wall immediately before the summit Brown and Band had left a sling hanging to help them climb but Hardie and Streather continued further around the base of the wall and found an easy snow slope up to just below the summit which they reached at 12:15. They spent an hour at the top before descending successfully.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Summit attempts, 26 May 1955 – Hardie and Streather
Hardie and Streather had carried 2400 litres of oxygen each compared to Band and Brown's 1600 litres but unfortunately a couple of mishaps led to about half of it leaking away and Streather ended up having to descend without supplementary oxygen. They stayed at Camp 6 overnight and next day continued down to Camp 5 to be met by Evans and Dawa Tensing who had been waiting there to support both pairs of climbers attempting the summit.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Departure
Pemi Dorje, one of the Sherpas and Dawa Tenzing's brother-in-law, died at base camp on 26 May. On 19 May he had fallen into a crevasse and become exhausted helping with the carry to Camp 5 and, although he got safely down to base camp and initially appeared to be recovering, he sadly died. As the various parties started to come down the mountain snow and ice were rapidly melting leaving some snow bridges and ladders in an increasingly dangerous state. Evans decided to leave the mountain quickly only taking equipment that could be readily carried and abandoning the rest. By 28 May the expedition had left the mountain.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Departure
On the initial march-in, to avoid high passes that might be snowbound, they had left the Singalila Ridge quite far south at Phulat to head down into the jungle of Nepal. On the return march in heavy rain they went up onto the ridge further north, after Ramser, and followed along the crest to avoid leeches infesting the valleys at the time of the monsoon. On 13 June they were back at Darjeeling


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
In a 1956 American Alpine Journal editorial Francis Farquhar said


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
The ascent of Kangchenjunga last year by the party led by Charles Evans deserves a good deal more acclaim than seems to have been accorded it. In several respects it was a greatermountaineering achievement than the ascent of Everest. Although not quite the highest mountain in the world it is so close to it as to be definitely in the same pre-eminent class. But in sheer magnitude, in the vastness of its quadruple system of glaciers, in its enormous cliffs, and in its interminable ridges, it is unequalled on the earth’s surface. Moreover, until Evans undertook to solve its problems last year it seemed as if it might be the one great mountain in the world that could not be climbed.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
Over fifty years later Doug Scott, who had climbed Mount Everest and Kangchenjunga, wrote it was


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
... a remarkable climb and one of the finest achievements in the annals of British mountaineering. ... The first ascent of Everest was a remarkable achievement but what made the climbing of Kangchenjunga even more impressive was that on Everest only 900 ft of the ascent route remained unexplored since the Swiss had got so high the year before. On Kangchenjunga there was 9000 ft of untested ground to negotiate and this was found to be more technically difficult than on Everest, with most of the difficulties near the summit.


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
The expedition was little reported on in the newspapers and none of the team received national honours at the time. Evans' and Band's publications did not encourage any of the usual nationalist feelings: their reports made no mention of flags placed on the summit. In 2005 Ed Douglas wrote for the British Mountaineering Council: "In 1955 British climbers made the first ascent of Kangchenjunga, a mountain with an even more formidable reputation than Everest. The nation may have forgotten a unique sporting achievement ...".


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
Right back in 1956 Evans was prescient when he wrote of the Sherpas he so much admired:


1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition, Assessment
It would be naive to suppose that they can never change. Except those of the strongest character, it is unlikely that they can be proof against the great growth of Himalayan travel, and the penetration into the remotest places of caravans whose assumption is that it is money that matters. We are lucky to have enjoyed their friendship in days when they have not yet been much exposed to the chance of harm.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
In 1955 the British Lions rugby union team toured Southern and Eastern Africa. The Lions drew the test series against South Africa, each team winning two of the four matches. They won the first test by a single point and the third by three points and lost the second and fourth matches by wider margins. As well as South Africa, the tour included a match against South West Africa (later to become Namibia), two games against Rhodesia (later to become Zimbabwe) and one versus East Africa.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
Overall the tourists played twenty-five matches winning nineteen, losing five and drawing one. The Lions lost their opening fixture against Western Transvaal and were also beaten by Eastern Province and Border later in the tour. They drew with Eastern Transvaal.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
It was the Lions' second tour after World War II and the first to South Africa after that war.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
The touring party was captained by Robin Thompson of Ireland. The manager was Jack A. E. Siggins and the assistant manager was D. E. Davies.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa
Jack Siggins had the honour of being invited, by the Rugby Football Union of East Africa (RFUEA), officially to open the newly constructed RFUEA Ground at Ngong Road in Nairobi just prior to the Lions last match of that tour against East Africa.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa, Squad, Forwards
Dickie Jeeps later played for England but was uncapped at the time of the 1955 tour.


1955 British Lions tour to South Africa, Squad, The Idi Amin myth
There is a frequently repeated urban legend that Idi Amin (later to become the infamous military dictator of Uganda) was selected as a replacement by East Africa for their match against the 1955 British Lions. The story is entirely unfounded, he does not appear on the team photograph or on the official team list and replacements were not allowed in international rugby until 13 years after this event is supposed to have taken place.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season
In 1955, the Brooklyn Dodgers finally fulfilled the promise of many previous Dodger teams. Although the club had won several pennants in the past, and had won as many as 105 games in 1953, it had never won a World Series. This team finished 13.5 games ahead in the National League pennant race, leading the league in both runs scored and fewest runs allowed. In the 1955 World Series, they finally beat their crosstown rivals, the New York Yankees. It was the Dodgers first and only World Series championship won while located in Brooklyn.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
This season was basically a culmination of the careers of many legendary Dodger players. Catcher Roy Campanella won the 1955 National League Most Valuable Player award, his third in five years. Center fielder Duke Snider led the league in runs batted in and was second in the MVP voting. He also hit his 200th career home run on May 10. Jackie Robinson and Pee Wee Reese, both 36 years old, could still play. Gil Hodges, 31, hit 27 home runs (and drove in both Dodger runs in the seventh game of the Series), while Carl Furillo, 33, hit 26 home runs with a .314 batting average.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
The pitching staff was anchored by Don Newcombe, who was 20–5. It was the first time a black pitcher had won 20 games in a season. The 22-year-old Johnny Podres was only 9–10 but became the hero of the 1955 World Series by shutting out the Yankees in the seventh game.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season, MVP controversy
Duke Snider finished second to teammate Campanella in the MVP voting by just five points, 226–221, with each man receiving eight first place votes. The voting then as now was conducted by the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Each voting member, one from each major league city, filled out a ballot selecting ten men. A player receiving a first place vote got 14 points, then values of 9–8–7–6–5–4–3–2–1 for those in places 2 through 10.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season, MVP controversy
A writer from Philadelphia who was sick and who had become hospitalized had turned in a ballot with Campanella listed in position number 1 as well as position number 5. The assumption had been that the writer had meant to write Snider's name into one of those slots. Unable to get a clarification from the ill writer the BBWAA, after considering disallowing the ballot, decided to accept it, count the first place vote for Campanella and count the fifth place vote as though it were left blank.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season, MVP controversy
Had the ballot been disallowed, the vote would have been won by Snider by three points. Had Snider gotten the fifth place vote, the final vote would have favored Snider 227–226. Duke did, however, win the Sporting News National League Player of the Year Award for 1955 and the Sid Mercer Award.


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, 1955 World Series, Game 3
September 30, 1955, at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, 1955 World Series, Game 4
October 1, 1955, at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York


1955 Brooklyn Dodgers season, 1955 World Series, Game 5
October 2, 1955, at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York


1955 Brown Bears football team
The 1955 Brown Bears football team was an American football team that represented Brown University as an independent during the 1955 college football season.


1955 Brown Bears football team
In their fifth season under head coach Alva Kelley, the Bears compiled a 2–7 record, and were outscored 139 to 88. J. McGuinness was the team captain.


1955 Brown Bears football team
This would be Brown's final year as a football independent, as the Ivy League, which Brown had helped co-found in 1954, began football competition in 1956. Six of the nine opponents on Brown's 1955 schedule were Ivy League members (with Penn the only Ivy not scheduled); for decades, (future) Ivy members had comprised about half of Brown's opponents annually.


1955 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1955 Brownlow Medal
The 1955 Brownlow Medal was the 28th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Fred Goldsmith of the South Melbourne Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-one votes during the 1955 VFL season.


1955 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1955 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1955 college football season.


1955 Bucknell Bison football team
In its ninth season under head coach Harry Lawrence, the team compiled a 2–6–1 record. Bob Sierer and Jim Kozlowski were the team captains.


1955 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1955 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1955 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1955 college football season. In its first season under head coach Dick Offenhamer, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1955 Bulgarian Cup
The 1955 Bulgarian Cup was the 15th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). The tournament started on 16 October 1955 and ended on 11 December with the final. CSKA Sofia won the competition, beating Spartak Plovdiv 5–2 after extra time in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia.


1955 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1955 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 15th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between CSKA Sofia and Spartak Plovdiv on 11 December 1955 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. CSKA won the final 5–2 after extra time.


1955 Bulli state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Bulli on 9 July 1955 because of the death of Laurie Kelly (Labor).


1955 CCCF Championship
The seventh edition of the CCCF Championship was held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Costa Rica won the tournament.


1955 Cal Aggies football team
The 1955 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1955 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1955 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by head coach Ted Forbes in his sixth and last season as head coach. This was his second tenure as head coach, having previously been at the helm from 1949 to 1953. They played home games at Aggie Field. The Aggies finished the season with a record of five wins, three losses and one tie (5–3–1, 3–1–1 FWC). They outscored their opponents 128–79 for the 1955 season.


1955 Cal Aggies football team
In six years under coach Forbes, Northern Branch compiled a record of 21–29–2 (15–5–2 FWC). That's an overall winning percentage of .423. His teams won the FWC conference title in 1949 and 1951 and appeared in a post-season bowl game both times.


1955 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1956 NFL Draft.


1955 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1955 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1955 college football season. Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1955 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by sixth-year head coach LeRoy Hughes and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of seven wins and three losses (7–3, 2–1 CCAA). The Mustangs scored 225 points while giving up 126 in the 1955 season.


1955 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team
The 1955 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team represented Cal Poly Voorhis Unit during the 1955 college football season. Cal Poly played as an independent in 1955.


1955 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team
Cal Poly San Dimas was led by third-year head coach Staley Pitts. The Broncos finished the season with a record of four wins and three losses (4–3). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 102–120 for the season.


1955 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly San Dimas players were selected in the 1956 NFL Draft.


1955 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1955 Calgary Stampeders finished in 5th place in the W.I.F.U. with a 4–12 record and failed to make the playoffs.


1955 California Golden Bears football team
The 1955 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1955 college football season. Under head coach Pappy Waldorf, the team compiled an overall record of 2–7–1 and 1–5–1 in conference.


1955 Cambodian Geneva Conference referendum
A referendum on the initiatives of King Norodom Sihanouk at the Geneva Conference was held in Cambodia on 7 February 1955. It was approved by 99.8% of voters.


1955 Cambodian general election
General elections were held in Cambodia on 9 June 1955. The elections were held following the peace established at the 1954 Geneva Conference and the independence of the country. The election were postponed to September 1955. The result was a landslide victory for the Sangkum party, which won all 91 seats. The election was marked by widespread voter fraud and intimidation. This began a period of one-party dominance of Prince Sihanouk's Sangkum until the coup of 1970.


1955 Cambodian general election, Accusations of fraud
Afterwards, accusations of massive electoral fraud arose. Kiernan (1985) notes that there were constituencies where the communists were judged to have strong popular support in which the Pracheachon candidates didn't obtain a single vote. In Memot, where communist guerrillas had been strong during the war and where there was a strong leftist following amongst rubber plantation workers, official figures gave 6149 votes for Sangkum, 99 for the Democrats and 0 votes for the Pracheachon candidate Sok Saphai.


1955 Cambodian general election, Accusations of fraud
Sihanouk himself implicitly admitted the fraud in a 1958 publication. He mentions 39 districts of the country as 'red' or 'pink', based on the 1955 voting. Several of the district he points out as communist strongholds in the 1955 elections, were constituencies where Pracheachon candidates officially had obtained few votes or none at all.


1955 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The  1955 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by the selection of Capital that beat in the final the selection of Buenos Aires Province ("Provincia").


1955 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Knock out stages
The championship suffer a lot of trouble due to the political situazion in the country with the deposing of Juan Domingo Perón during the Revolución Libertadora.


1955 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby, Knock out stages
The selection of Río Paranà didn't participate and the selection of San Juan withdraws from Quarters of finals after the delay of the match scheduled for 19 September, refusing to play on 2 October.


1955 Campeonato Carioca
The 1955 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on August 7, 1955 and ended on April 4, 1956. It was organized by FMF (Federação Metropolitana de Futebol, or Metropolitan Football Federation). Twelve teams participated. Flamengo won the title for the 13th time. no teams were relegated.


1955 Campeonato Paulista
The 1955 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 54th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Santos won the title for the second time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was Santos's Del Vecchio with 23 goals.


1955 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1955 Campeonato Profesional
The 1955 Campeonato Profesional was the eighth season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 10 teams compete against one another and played each weekend. Independiente Medellín won the league for 1st time in its history after getting 44 points. Atlético Nacional, the defending champion, was 2nd with 39 points.


1955 Campeonato Profesional, Background
10 teams competed in the tournament: Atlético Manizales was dissolved and Unión Magdalena was penalized for withdrawing the previous championship, while Cúcuta Deportivo return to the tournament and Deportes Tolima debuted. Independiente Medellín won the championship for first time.


1955 Campeonato Profesional, League system
Every team played three games against each other team, one at home, one away and the other one at the stadium of the team that was economically worse. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.


1955 Campeón de Campeones
The 1955 Campeon de Campeones was the 14th Mexican Super Cup football one-leg match played on 3 March 1955.


1955 Canada Cup
The 1955 Canada Cup took place June 9–12 at the Columbia Country Club in Chevy Chase, Maryland, a suburb northwest of Washington, D.C., United States. It was the third Canada Cup event, which became the World Cup in 1967. The tournament was a 72-hole stroke play team event with 25 teams; the same teams that had contested the 1954 event. Each team consisted of two players from a country. The combined score of each team determined the team results.


1955 Canada Cup
The American team of Ed Furgol and Chick Harbert won by nine strokes over the Australian team of Kel Nagle and Peter Thomson. For the first time there was an official competition for the leading individual score. This was won by Ed Furgol, who beat Peter Thomson and Flory Van Donck in a sudden-death playoff.


1955 Canada Cup, Teams
The Scandinavian team consisted of a Dane, Carl Paulsen, and a Swede, Arne Werkell.


1955 Canada Cup, Scores
Furgol, Thomson and Van Donck contested a sudden-death playoff. Van Donck dropped out after a bogey at the second extra hole. Thomson took a bogey at the third hole which gave Furgol the victory after his par. Thomson took the second prize and Van Donck the third prize.


1955 Canada Cup, Scores
There were additional prizes of $100 each day for the lowest team and individual scores, additional prize money of $800. The team prizes were won the Australia (day 1), Ireland (day 2), the United States and Australia (day 3) and the United States (day 4). The individual prizes went to Peter Thomson (day 1), Harry Bradshaw and Flory Van Donck (day 2), Peter Thomson (day 3) and Ed Furgol (day 4).


1955 Cannes Film Festival
The 8th Cannes Film Festival was held from 26 April to 10 May 1955. The Golden Palm went to the US film Marty by Delbert Mann. The festival opened with Du rififi chez les hommes by Jules Dassin and closed with Carmen Jones by Otto Preminger.


1955 Cannes Film Festival
Until the 1954 Festival, the whimsical way various prizes were being awarded had drawn much criticism. In answer to this, from 1955 onwards, the Jury was composed of foreign celebrities from the film industry. In 1955, the first Palme d'Or was awarded, as the highest prize of the Festival.


1955 Cannes Film Festival, Jury
The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1955 competition:


1955 Cannes Film Festival, Films out of competition
The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:


1955 Cannes Film Festival, Short film competition
The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:


1955 Caribbean Series
The seventh edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1955. It was held from February 10 through February 15, featuring the champion baseball teams from Cuba, Alacranes de Almendares; Panama, Carta Vieja Yankees; Puerto Rico, Cangrejeros de Santurce, and Venezuela, Navegantes del Magallanes. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice. The games were played at Estadio Universitario in Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela, which boosted capacity to 22,690 seats, while the ceremonial first pitch was thrown by Marcos Pérez Jiménez, by then the President of Venezuela.


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
Puerto Rico won the Series with a 5–1 record en route for a third straight championship. The Cangrejeros club was managed by Herman Franks and led by the dynamic shortstop Don Zimmer, who posted a .400 batting average (8-for-20) with a .950 slugging and led the hitters with three home runs. Santurce also received a considerable support from outfielders Willie Mays (two HR, nine RBI, six runs, 885 SLG), Roberto Clemente (one HR, .577 SLG, seven runs) and Bob Thurman (.318). Also helping out were catcher Harry Chiti (.333, one HR, .667 SLG) and third baseman Buster Clarkson (.313).


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
Bill Greason (2–0, 2.00 ERA), Sad Sam Jones (1–0, 1.50) and Rubén Gómez (1–0) led the pitching staff, while Zimmer claimed Most Valuable Player honors. Puerto Rico also had veteran OF Luis Rodríguez Olmo in addition to Tite Arroyo (P) and George Crowe (1B). Mays, after going 0-for-13 in the Series, hit a two-out, two-run walk-off homer in the 11th inning of Game 6. Then, he went 11-for-13 in the next three games to finish with a second-best average of .462 (12-for-26) and leading the series in RBI.


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
The Venezuelan team finished in second place with a 4–2 record and was managed by Lázaro Salazar. Magallanes was responsible for the only defeat suffered by Santurce, 7–2 in the closing game, and previously had been beaten by Cuba 1–0 in a pitching duel and by Puerto Rico, 4–2 in an extrainning game. It was the best performance by a Venezuelan team to that point. The offensive was led by part-time OF Pablo García, who hit .500 (6-for-12), including three runs, six RBI and a .917 SLG.


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
Other contributions came from 2B Jack Lohrke (.348, four runs, .478 SLG), 1B Bob Skinner (.280. two HR, four RBI), RF George Wilson (.381, five RBI, .762 SLG), 3B Luis García (6-for-21, two runs, two RBI) and Chico Carrasquel (five runs, four RBI). José Bracho (2–0, 0.53 ERA) led a pitching staff that included Emilio Cueche (1–1, 2.00), Joe Margoneri (1–0, 2.00), Ramón Monzant (0–1, 3.27) and reliever Bill Kennedy (1–0), 0.00). Also in the roster were outfielders Bob Lennon (5-for-19) and Dalmiro Finol (2-for-13).


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
Guided by Bobby Bragan, Almendares finished 2–4 for the worst record ever by a Cuban team in the Series. A one-man offensive attack, 1B Rocky Nelson led the Series hitters with a .471 average (8-for-18) and collected a .647 SLG. Other support came from C Gus Triandos (.263, two HRs, seven RBI, .579 SLG). The starting staff was composed by Cholly Naranjo (1–0, 2.00 ERA), Joe Hatten (1–1, 3.00), Red Munger (0–1, 7.50) and Roger Bowman (0–1, 5.00). Other players for Cuba included Ps Lino Donoso, Al Lyons and Conrado Marrero; IFs Willy Miranda, Héctor Rodríguez and José Valdivielso, as well as OFs Román Mejías, Carlos Paula, Earl Rapp and Lee Walls.


1955 Caribbean Series, Summary
For last place Panama, managed by Al Kubski, the top player was LF  Guilford Dickens, who batted .364 with a .682 SLG and hit both of the team's home runs. SP Humberto Robinson (1–0, 12 SO, 1.64 ERA) recorded the only victory for Carta Vieja, while Bill Harris and Ernie Lawrence both finished 0–2. Other players included Milt Graff (IF), John Fitzgerald (P), Fred Marolewski (IF) and Spider Wilhelm (IF)


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election
An election to the Carmarthenshire County Council was held in April 1955. It was preceded by the 1952 election and followed, by the 1958 election.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Overview of the result
After six years under Labour control, the election produced a very close result with 29 Labour candidates, 28 Independents and 2 Plaid Cymru candidates being returned after the contested elections. With the support of the two Plaid Cymru members, the Independents then proceeded to take seven of the eight aldermanic vacancies and to offer the other to the President of Plaid Cymru, Gwynfor Evans with the result that the Independent group regained control of the authority.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Retiring aldermen
A number of retiring councilors stood down to allow retiring aldermen to be returned unopposed. These included the members for Kidwelly, Llanelly Division 2, 6 and 7, Pontyberem and Westfa. Four of these members would not be returned to the new council the aldermen were not re-elected. At Llansawel, Alderman David Thomas withdrew rather than face a contest.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Unopposed returns
39 members were returned unopposed, an increase of five compared with 1955.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
20 seats were contested. Labour defeats at St Ishmaels and one of the Llanelli wards, to Independents, and at Ammanford, to Plaid Cymru, led to their losing their majority of elected councillors.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Contested elections
A number of retiring aldermen stood as candidates and were returned unopposed.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This section summarises the detailed results which are noted in the following sections.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Summary of results
This table summarises the result of the elections in all wards. 59 councillors were elected.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, Election of aldermen
In addition to the 59 councillors the council consisted of 19 county aldermen. Aldermen were elected by the council, and served a six-year term. Following the elections, seven of the ten aldermanic vacancies were taken by the Independents and an eighth by Gwynfor Evans of Plaid Cymru, whose two representatives aligned with the Independents to guarantee their majority.


1955 Carmarthenshire County Council election, By-elections
Following the selection of aldermen the following by-elections were held.


1955 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1955 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College, renamed Central Michigan University in 1959, in the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1955 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Kenneth "Bill" Kelly, the Chippewas compiled an 8–1 record (5–1 against IIAC opponents), tied for the IIAC championship shut out three of nine opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 327 to 79.


1955 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The team's statistical leaders included Mike Sweeney with 302 passing yards, Bernie Raterink with 1,044 rushing yards, and Ray Sine with 140 receiving yards. Raterink received the team's most valuable player award. Four Central Michigan players (Raterink, guard Ray Figg, center Dick Kackmeister, and end Jarv Walz) received first-team honors on the All-IIAC team. Raterink was also named most valuable player in the IIAC.


1955 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo
The 1955 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was the eighth edition of the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo. It included eleven races: all the races form the 1954 edition were retained with no additions. Stan Ockers won the individual championship while Belgium retained the nations championship.


1955 Chatham Cup
The 1955 Chatham Cup was the 28th annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1955 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds.


1955 Chatham Cup
Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Eastern Suburbs (Auckland), Huntly Thistle, Eastern Union (Gisborne), New Plymouth Old Boys, Napier Rovers, Wanganui Athletic, Kiwi United (Manawatu), Masterton Athletic, Victoria University, Western (Christchurch), and Roslyn-Wakari (Dunedin).


1955 Chatham Cup, The 1955 final
In the final, winger Peter Saunderson became the seventh player to score a finals hat-trick. Western's total of six goals equalled Waterside's tally from the 1940 final, and the aggregate of eight goals also equalled the record set in that final. The game was played in a howling Wellington southerly, and Western made full use of it in the first half, rattling in four goals. John White and Alex Davis had both scored in the opening dozen minutes, and these were added to by both Saunderson and Stan Ralph. In the second half Anderson and King reduced the deficit to two before Saunderson scored a further brace to seal the win for the southerners. King's goal was his sixth in Chatham Cup finals, after a hat-trick in the 1951 Final and two more in 1953.


1955 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1955 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) during the 1955 college football season. In their 25th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 5–4–1 record.


1955 Chevrolet
The 1955 Chevrolet (sometimes referred to as '55 Chevy) is an automobile which was introduced by Chevrolet in Autumn 1954 for the 1955 model year. It is considered a huge turning point for the manufacturer and a major success. It was available in three models: the 150, 210, and Bel Air.


1955 Chevrolet
The '55 Chevrolet was the first successful Chevrolet with an optional V8 engine. Chevrolet had produced an earlier car with a V8 in 1918 (Chevrolet Series D), which used a 36-horsepower overhead valve 288-cubic-inch V8, but it remained in production for only a year. In 1955, Chevrolet decided to fit its new car with an overhead valve V8 engine design, which was similar to the 1949 Oldsmobile "Rocket 88" V8 engine which was an earlier GM success. Chevrolet's new 265-cubic-inch overhead valve V8 was designed to be smaller, lighter, and more powerful than previous V8s in the auto industry, and would come to be known as the "Chevy small block".


1955 Chevrolet
However, the new small block engine in the '55 Chevrolet had some early teething issues. Some problems existed with cracked pistons, there was no integrated oil filter, so an external bypass filter was offered as a factory or dealer option. Those who did not order the engine with the "oil filter option" dealt with a high frequency of oil changes. Even with the oil filter option, only part of the oil was actually filtered (the oil going through the thermostat). This issue was corrected for the next year when a full flow oil filter system was added to the engine.


1955 Chevrolet
Additionally, to keep performance and mileage levels high required spark plug and ignition points to be replaced on a regular basis. But other than those issues it was an easy to maintain engine. The small block Chevrolet V8 became so popular that Chevrolet still sells it today as an over the counter replacement engine or better known as a "crate engine". There have been various changes made to the engine to modernize it since its introduction in 1954 however the basic design of the original 265 remains in place.


1955 Chevrolet, Body design
Additionally, Chevrolet drastically changed its body design. The 1955 Chevrolet had smooth straight panels on the sides and hood. This was a major departure from previous years for Chevrolet. Although Ford introduced what would be the first "shoe box" body design in 1949, GM and Chrysler were slow to catch on, only slowly replacing some of their bubble-like hood and side panels with flatter ones each year, without achieving a full shoebox look by 1954. But in 1955, Chevrolet designed the entire car with the full shoebox look. Along with the flatter straighter panels, the '55 also had modern cues like wrap-around glass on the windshield, and triangular tail lights that jutted outward. This new look, combined with new power and engineering, made the '55 an instant hit with the buying public and a critical success.


1955 Chevrolet, Body design
The car's popular "shoe-box" body style and chassis were carried over to 1956 (with changes to some of the front and rear aesthetics and bottom body line), and then carried over to 1957 (where the body was lengthened several inches in the rear and more drastic aesthetic changes were made).


1955 Chevrolet, Body design
The '55, '56 and '57 Chevrolets are sought after by collectors, enthusiasts and hot rodders, and the three model years are often referred to by the given nickname of the "tri-fives." Collectors will pay a premium for two-door models, and even more for the Bel Air version, especially the two-door hardtop (two-door, no side post). Today, 1955 Chevrolet two door hard tops command top dollar.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
The 1955 Chevrolet also offered many other firsts for Chevrolet, including changing from a 6-volt to a 12-volt electrical system. The '55 offered new options like air conditioning, power windows, power seats, power steering and power brakes. Other options included automatic light dimmers, door handle protectors, bumper protectors and "wonder-bar" radios. So many new options were available that some referred to the car as "Chevy's little Cadillac." Never before had so many options been offered for a car in the low-price field.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
The '55's top trim offering was the Bel-Air, which had more chrome than the 150 or 210. The Bel-Air, 210 and 150 model could be bought as a four-door, or could be bought as a two door with a post between the front and rear passenger windows, known as the two-door sedan.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
The Bel-Air or 210 model could also be had as a two door with no post between the side windows. This was known as the sport coupe, or better known by collectors as "the two door hardtop". Since this model had no post between the two side windows, it had a shorter roof and longer rear deck than the two door sedan had. Chevrolet also offered a convertible, with the same shorter roof and longer rear deck as the sport coupe, and it was offered in Bel-Air trim only.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
1955 also saw the introduction of the Bel Air Nomad, a sporty two-door station wagon which featured frameless door glass and elongated side windows. The unique roof design of the Nomad came directly from the 1954 Corvette Nomad, a "dream car" designed to be shown at auto shows as a concept sport wagon. Although regarded as one of the most beautiful station wagon designs of Fifties, the Nomad sold poorly, partly due to its price tag (one of the most expensive models in the Bel Air lineup) as well as its lack of four doors. Also the Nomad's two-piece tailgate design was prone to let excess rainwater leak through to the interior.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
The '55 offered a wide array of colors. One solid color, which was standard for the 150, could be had for the 210 or Bel Air...or nineteen different two-tone color combinations were also available.


1955 Chevrolet, Options and trim
Along with a standard column-mounted three speed synchro-mesh transmission, the buyer of a '55 Chevrolet could specify an optional overdrive unit to go with it, or the fully automatic two-speed Powerglide transmission. Although most everything was new in 1955 for Chevrolet, the reliable Powerglide was mostly unchanged from '54.


1955 Chevrolet, Models
There were nine different variations of the three models made in 1955, with differences in body, roof type, number of doors, and available equipment, but not all possible combinations were sold.


1955 Chevrolet, Engines
The 265 was new for 1955, and it was the first V8 available in a Chevrolet since 1918 Model "D" was offered. That car did not sell well due to its price during an oncoming recession throughout World War-I, so Chevrolet reverted to OHV inline 4-cylinder engines until 1929 when Chevrolet switched to an inline 6-cylinder engine. This reliable six cylinder would power Chevrolet cars until 1963 and was known as the "stove-bolt six". However, the new 265 V-8 in 1955 offered more power than the six, and weighed 100 pounds less.


1955 Chevrolet, Engines
The 265 was a big success, and was fitted to the majority of Chevrolet cars for decades in various cubic inch displacements. It is commonly referred to as the "Small Block Chevy" motor.


1955 Chevrolet, Transmissions
The car contained one of three transmission types, all with the shifter on the column:


1955 Chicago Bears season
The 1955 season was the Chicago Bears' 36th in the National Football League. The team matched on their 8–4 record from 1954 under head coach George Halas, repeating as the runner-up in the NFL's Western Conference. Chicago opened the season with three losses, then won eight of nine.


1955 Chicago Bears season
During the season, owner Halas announced that he was stepping down as head coach, ending his third ten-year tenure as coach. Longtime assistant Paddy Driscoll, age 61, was promoted in early February, led the team for two seasons, then was reassigned when Halas returned as head coach in 1958.


1955 Chicago Bears season, Regular season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1955 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1955 Chicago Cardinals season was the 36th season the team was in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 2–10, winning four games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season.


1955 Chicago Cardinals season, Schedule, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.