1945 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1945 Dartmouth Indians football team represented Dartmouth College during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Delaware State Hornets football team
The 1945 Delaware State Hornets football team represented the State College for Colored Students—now known as Delaware State University—as a member of Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) in the 1945 college football season. The Hornets compiled a 4–3 record under coach Tom Conrad.


1945 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1945 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1945 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Cac Hubbard, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (4–1 against MSC opponents), won the conference championship, lost to New Mexico in the 1946 Sun Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 201 to 182.


1945 Detroit Lions season
The 1945 Detroit Lions season was their 16th in the league. The team improved on their previous season's output of 6–3–1, winning seven games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 10th consecutive season. Fullback Bob Westfall led the team in rushing and scoring and was selected by the Associated Press to the 1945 All-Pro team.


1945 Detroit Lions season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1945 Detroit Tigers season
The 1945 Detroit Tigers was the team's 45th since they entered the American League in 1901. The team won the American League pennant, then went on to win the 1945 World Series, defeating the Chicago Cubs 4 games to 3. It was the second World Series championship for the Tigers. Detroit pitcher Hal Newhouser was named the American League's Most Valuable Player for the second consecutive season.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Catchers: Swift and Richards
The catching duties were split between Bob Swift (94 games) and Paul Richards (83 games). Swift hit .233, and Richards .256. Richards got the nod as the starting catcher in the World Series. Swift took over as the Tigers' manager in 1965 after Chuck Dressen was felled by two heart attacks. Later that year, Swift was diagnosed with lung cancer and died in October at age 51. Richards went on to be a manager for the White Sox (1951–54), Orioles (1955–61), and Braves (1966–72).


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Infield: York, Mayo, Maier, and Webb
First baseman Rudy York was among the American League leaders in home runs for 11 consecutive seasons from 1937 to 1947, and his .503 slugging percentage as a Tiger ranks #4 in franchise history. In 1945, York hit .264 with 18 home runs and 87 RBIs. York had a poor World Series in 1945, playing in all seven games, but batting only .179 with no home runs.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Infield: York, Mayo, Maier, and Webb
Prior to 1944, second baseman Eddie Mayo had never hit for a batting average higher than .227. Yet in 1945, Mayo hit for a .285 average and .347 on base percentage with 24 doubles and a career-high 10 home runs. Mayo also won his second Gold Glove award in 1945 and led all American League second basemen with a .980 fielding percentage. Selected for the American League All-Star team, he had the highest batting average among Tigers players with at least 300 at bats. Hal Newhouser credited Mayo for sparking the Tigers' 1945 pennant drive, calling him the "take-charge guy in our infield." Mayo finished second to Newhouser in the AL MVP voting. Newhouser had 9 first place votes, and Mayo had 7.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Infield: York, Mayo, Maier, and Webb
Traded to the Tigers after the 1944 season, shortstop Skeeter Webb proved to be a liability at bat, as he hit only .199. Though he was a fine fielder, many believed he held onto the starting shortstop job despite his weak hitting because he was married to the daughter of Tigers' manager Steve O'Neill. In Game 7 of the World Series, Skeeter had his best performance, scoring two runs and fielding the final out of the Series.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Infield: York, Mayo, Maier, and Webb
Third baseman Bob Maier played only one season in the big leagues, but he spent that season on a championship team. Maier played in 132 games for the 1945 Tigers, batting .263 with 58 runs, 34 RBIs, 25 doubles, 7 triples, and 7 stolen bases. Though he was the starting third baseman during the regular season, the starting job went to Jimmy Outlaw in the World Series, as Outlaw moved from the outfield to third base to make room for Hank Greenberg who had returned from military service in July. Maier had a pinch-hit single Game 6 of the 1945 World Series, which turned to be his last major league at bat.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Outfield: Cullenbine, Cramer, Outlaw, and Greenberg
Jimmy Outlaw was the left fielder for the first half of the season, but he was replaced by Hank Greenberg when he returned from service in World War II in July. After Greenberg returned, Outlaw played 21 games at third base, 17 games in center field and 8 games in right field. Outlaw hit .271 in 132 games.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Outfield: Cullenbine, Cramer, Outlaw, and Greenberg
Greenberg had missed four seasons to military service, but rejoined the Tigers after his discharge on July 1, 1945. At age 34, Greenberg picked up where he left off, hitting a home run in his first game. Without the benefit of spring training, he returned to the Tigers, was again voted to the All-Star Team, and hit a dramatic pennant-clinching grand slam home run in the 9th inning on the last day of the regular season. He also set a major league record with 11 multi-homer games in 1945.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Outfield: Cullenbine, Cramer, Outlaw, and Greenberg
Center fielder Doc Cramer, nicknamed "Flit", was a veteran player who had been playing in the major leagues since 1929. He ended his career with 2,705 hits. In 1945, at age 40, he was the oldest player on an old team. He hit .275 with 58 RBIs in the regular season and led the team with a .379 batting average in the 1945 World Series, scoring seven runs and batting in four.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Outfield: Cullenbine, Cramer, Outlaw, and Greenberg
Shortly before the 1945 season started, right fielder Roy Cullenbine was traded by the Indians to the Tigers. Cullenbine was raised in Detroit and started his career as a Tiger but was declared a free agent by Judge Landis in 1940. In 1945, Cullenbine led the American League with 113 walks and was 2nd in the AL with a .402 on-base percentage.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Outfield: Cullenbine, Cramer, Outlaw, and Greenberg
He also hit for power in 1945, with 18 home runs (tied with Rudy York for 2nd in the AL), 93 RBIs (2nd in the AL), 51 extra base hits (4th in the AL), and a .444 slugging percentage (3rd in the AL). Despite batting only .227 in the Series, Cullenbine walked 8 times for a .433 on-base percentage and scored five runs.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
The starting pitchers were Hal Newhouser, Dizzy Trout, Al Benton, Stubby Overmire, and Les Mueller.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
Hal Newhouser, also known as "Prince Hal", won 25 games and was named the American League's Most Valuable Player for the second consecutive season. He was the first pitcher in the history of the American League to win the MVP for two consecutive seasons. Newhouser won the pitching triple crown, leading the American League in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212). He also led the league in innings pitched (313⅓), games started (36), complete games (29), and shutouts (8). Newhouser also won two games in the World Series, including the deciding seventh game. Newhouser and Greenberg were the only two players from the 1945 Tigers who were elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
Al Benton missed the 1943 and 1944 seasons while serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was discharged from the Navy in November 1944 and had his best year in 1945. He compiled a record of 13–8, a career-low 2.02 ERA, five shutouts, and 12 complete games in 191.2 innings. In a remarkable testament to the Tigers' pitching in 1945, Newhouser and Benton were No. 1 and No. 2 in ERA among AL pitchers. Newhouser's Adjusted ERA+ in 1945 was 195 and Benton's was 175. The Adjusted ERA+ figures posted by Newhouser and Benton in 1945 rank as the 1st and 5th best seasons all time for a Detroit Tigers pitcher with at least 150 innings pitched. (See Detroit Tigers team records)


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
After winning 20 games in 1943 and 27 games in 1944, Dizzy Trout won 18 games in 1945 and was a workhorse in the pennant drive. He pitched six games and won four over a nine-game late-season stretch. In Game 4 of the 1945 World Series, Trout beat the Cubs 4–1 on a five-hitter. Trout went 1–1 in the Series with an ERA of 0.66.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
The Tigers #4 starter in 1945 was Stubby Overmire. He won 9 games and started Game 3 of the 1945 World Series against the Chicago Cubs. Despite giving up only 2 runs in 6 innings, Overmire took the loss as the Tigers were shut out 3–0.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
After service in the Navy, Virgil Trucks returned to the Tigers on the last day of the regular season. He got the start in the final game (allowing 1 run in 5⅓ innings), in which the Tigers clinched the pennant. To help returning veterans, the Commissioner waived the rule requiring a player to be on the roster on September 1 to be eligible for World Series play. Trucks was the winning pitcher in Game 2 of the World Series.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
Though he had a record of 6–8, pitcher Les Mueller appeared in 26 games and played an important role in the 1945 Tigers season. After missing the 1942–1944 seasons to military service, Mueller gave up a single to Pete Gray, the St. Louis Browns' famous one-armed outfielder, in Gray's first major league game in April 1945. Three months later, on July 21, 1945, Mueller pitched the first 19⅔ innings for the Tigers and left having given up only 1 run. No pitcher has thrown as many innings in a major league game since Mueller's feat. The game lasted 4 hours and 48 minutes before the game was called due to darkness. Mueller also pitched 2 scoreless innings in Game 1 of the 1945 World Series.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Regular season, The players, Pitching: Newhouser, Trout, Benton, Overmire and Trucks
Relief pitching was split between George Caster (who was selected off waivers from the St. Louis Browns on August 8, 1945), Walter Wilson, Zeb Eaton, and Art Houtteman.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W= Wins; L= Losses; SV = Saves; GF = Games Finished; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
The 1945 World Series featured the Tigers and the Chicago Cubs, with the Tigers winning in seven games for their second championship in six World Series appearances. To minimize travel due to wartime restrictions, the first three games were played at Briggs Stadium in Detroit, and the remaining four games at Wrigley Field in Chicago.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
Because of the depleted talent pool resulting from many players being in the military, the Tigers and the Cubs both fielded teams which would have been considered mediocre before or after the war. Warren Brown, author of a 1946 history of the Cubs, commented on this by titling his chapter on the 1945 World Series, "World's Worst Series". Sportswriter Frank Graham jokingly called this Series "the fat men versus the tall men at the office picnic."


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 1, Detroit ace Hal Newhouser gave up four runs in the first inning and three more in the third. Pitching for the Cubs in his first of four games in the 1945 Series, Hank Borowy threw a six-hit shutout to defeat the Tigers, 9–0.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 2, Virgil Trucks got the start less than a week after his discharge from the U.S. Navy. Trucks held the Cubs to 1 run, and Hank Greenberg hit a three-run home run in the fifth inning. The Tigers won, 4–1, to even the Series.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 3, the Tigers were shut out by Cubs pitcher Claude Passeau. Passeau allowed only one hit—a single by Rudy York. The Tigers lost, 3–0.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 4, Dizzy Trout helped even the Series, allowing only 5 hits and 1 run. The Tigers won, 4–1.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 5, Hal Newhouser faced Hank Borowy. Newhouser struck out 9 Cubs, and Hank Greenberg hit three doubles off Borowy. The Tigers won 8–4.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 6, Hank Greenberg hit a home run in the eighth inning to tie the score, although the Cubs won, 8–7, in extra innings. The game ended in the 12th inning with a line drive by Stan Hack which took a bad hop past Greenberg in left field. Initially, Greenberg was charged with an error, but the call was reversed the next morning, and Hack was credited with a double. Game 6 is also remembered for Chuck Hostetler's baserunning blunder. The 42-year-old Hostetler had debuted the previous year as the oldest rookie in MLB history.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
He reached base in Game 6 on an error to start the 6th inning. He advanced to second with one out, and when Doc Cramer hit a single to left field, Hostetler ran through manager Steve O'Neill's stop sign at third base. He tried to put on his brakes half way home, lost his footing, fell to the ground, and was tagged out while scrambling around on all fours. The Tigers could have avoided extra innings and won the Series in Game 6 if Hostetler had held up, as he would have scored in the following rally.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
Hostetler did not appear in another major league game. Fifty years later, baseball writer Joe Falls recalled Hostetler's blunder in a column in the Detroit News, writing: "If anyone symbolized the futility of wartime baseball —both in Detroit and America — it was outfielder Chuck Hostetler of the Tigers, the man who fell on his face in the 1945 World Series."


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
In Game 7, Cubs' manager Charlie Grimm gave the start to Hank Borowy despite his having pitched in Games 1, 5, and 6. The Tigers scored five runs off Borowy in the 1st inning, while Hal Newhouser struck out 10 and held the Cubs to three runs. Doc Cramer went 3-for-5, and Paul Richards hit a bases-loaded double in the first inning to clear the bases and give Newhouser a lead. In all, Richards had two doubles and four RBIs to lead the Tigers in Game 7. The Tigers won the game, 9–3.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
The day after the Tigers' Game 7 victory, H. G. Salsinger wrote in the Detroit News that pitching was the key to the Tigers' success: "Detroit beat the Cubs with TNT, meaning Trucks, Newhouser, and Trout, and they beat them twice with 'N.'"


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, World Series summary
A little known fact about the 1945 World Series is teenage boys worked the games as ushers in the stands. With most able bodied men away at war, young teenage boys were allowed to work as ushers. The boys would line up at the gate outside Briggs Stadium before the game and would be selected in a fashion similar to how migrant workers are selected to work today. The boys would volunteer their services, but would receive tips.


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, Postseason player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Detroit Tigers season, 1945 World Series, Postseason player stats, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Detroit Tigers season, Awards and honors, Players ranking among top 100 of all time at position
The following members of the 1945 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 of all time at their position, as ranked by The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001:


1945 Detroit Titans football team
The 1945 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In their first season under head coach Chuck Baer, the Titans compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 193 to 114.


1945 Detroit Titans football team
The team's coaching staff consisted of Chuck Baer (head coach and line coach), Edmund Barbour (backfield coach), Lloyd Brazil (end coach, assistant backfield coach, and athletic director), and Dr. Raymond Forsyth (trainer). The team had game captains rather than selecting one or two players as the team captain or captains for the full season.


1945 Dissolution Honours
The 1945 Dissolution Honours List was issued on 7 June to mark the dissolution of the United Kingdom parliament prior to the 1945 general election.


1945 Dissolution Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1945 Dissolution Honours, Privy Councillor
The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:


1945 Drexel Dragons football team
1945 Drexel Dragons football team was head coached by Maury McMains.


1945 Drexel Dragons football team
On Friday October 26, Drexel played in its program's first night football game against West Chester.


1945 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1945 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Duke Blue Devils football team
Duke won the 1945 Southern Conference Championship, and finished the season ranked 13th in the final AP poll.


1945 Dunedin North by-election
The 1945 Dunedin North by-election was a by-election held during the 27th New Zealand Parliament in the Dunedin electorate of Dunedin North. The by-election occurred following the death of MP James W. Munro and was won by Robert Walls.


1945 Dunedin North by-election, Background
Munro, who was first elected to represent Dunedin North for the Labour Party in 1922, died on 27 May 1945. This triggered the Dunedin North by-election, which was contested by Robert Walls for Labour, and Norman Jones for National. Walls obtained 53.1% of the votes and was successful. Walls represented Dunedin North until his death in 1953, and the Labour Party would go on to hold the electorate until 1975.


1945 Dunedin North by-election, Background
There was talk of John A. Lee standing as a Democratic Labour (DLP) candidate as soon as the seat fell vacant, though no nomination either on his behalf or another DLP candidate was received before nominations closed.


1945 Dunedin North by-election, Background
It was the first time that Jones contested an election; he contested six more elections unsuccessfully before he was finally successful in the Invercargill electorate 30 years later.


1945 Dunedin North by-election, Background
The by-election was held soon after the 1945 Hamilton by-election, when National had campaigned on withdrawing New Zealand troops from Italy and restricting New Zealand's role in the Pacific War to food supply, though Labour wanted to keep New Zealand troops in the Pacific to "have a say" in the peace. But Peter Fraser wanted to contribute to a Commonwealth force against Japan. He met the Opposition leaders Sidney Holland and Adam Hamilton; noting the divisions in his own caucus. Holland agreed with Fraser not to refer to the matter (which was agitating the whole country) during the campaign. The government held the seat, and in a (non-broadcast) semi-secret session of the House on 2 August agreed to participate in a force against Japan "within the capacity of our remaining resources of manpower". And National's proposal to reduce the total armed forces to 55,000 was accepted.


1945 Dwars door België
The 1945 Dwars door België was the inaugural edition of the Dwars door Vlaanderen cycle race and was held on 30 and 31 August 1945. The first section of the race began in Brussels and ended in Sint-Truiden; while the second section began in Sint-Truiden and ended in Waregem. The race was won by Rik Van Steenbergen.


1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion
The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. Building 509 at Edgewood Arsenal in Harford County, Maryland was a production facility for the assembly of phosphorus igniter assemblies for incendiary bombs, employing a female staff of about 135 assemblers. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the initial blast, and three more died of their injuries.


1945 Edinburgh East by-election
A by-election for the constituency of Edinburgh East in the United Kingdom House of Commons was held on 3 October 1945, caused by the ennoblement of the incumbent Labour MP Frederick Pethick-Lawrence. The result was a hold for the Labour Party, with their candidate George Thomson.


1945 Edmonton municipal election
The 1945 municipal election was held November 7, 1945 to elect a mayor and five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council and five trustees to sit on the public school board, while four trustees were acclaimed to the separate school board.


1945 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled: Sidney Bowcott, Athelstan Bissett (SS), Sidney Parsons, James Ogilvie, Frederick John Mitchell were all elected to two-year terms in 1944 and were still in office.


1945 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but two of the positions were already filled: George Cormie and Alex Gemeroy had been elected to two-year terms in 1944 and were still in office. Izena Ross had also been elected to a two-year term in 1944, but had resigned; accordingly, James MacDonald was elected to a one-year term.


1945 Edmonton municipal election
On the separate board, there were four vacancies out of seven seats, as Adrian Crowe (SS), Francis Killeen, and James O'Hara were continuing.


1945 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 19,600 ballots cast out of 69,730 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 28.0%.


1945 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Joseph Gallant, Thomas Malone, J O Pilon, and William Wilde (SS) were acclaimed.


1945 Egyptian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt in January 1945. Boycotted by the Wafd Party, they resulted in a victory for the Saadist Institutional Party, which won 125 of the 264 seats.


1945 El Teniente mining accident
The 1945 El Teniente mining accident, known locally as the Smoke Tragedy (Spanish: La tragedía del humo), is the largest mining accident in metal extraction in the history of Chile and, as of 2005, worldwide. It happened on June 19, 1945, in Chile's El Teniente mine in the Andes, which belonged to Braden Copper Company, a subsidiary of Kennecott Copper Corporation, both of the United States. A total of 355 men died, largely because of a nearby fire whose smoke trapped the workers in tunnels and resulted in carbon monoxide poisoning. Another 747 men were injured by the smoke.


1945 El Teniente mining accident, Description
Nearly 1,000 workers were underground in the pits on June 19, 1945, when a fire started at a nearby warehouse near "Teniente C" pike. It spread to oil drums and burned fiercely. Thick smoke was drawn into the pike and spread through the tunnels of the mine. The ventilation systems did not work adequately, and the smoke obscured the exits. Men near the pike were able to escape, but most of the others sought refuge in security corridors or at the bottom of the pikes. Emergency exits were improperly marked, hindering the escape of many until too late. Men began to succumb to carbon monoxide poisoning because of the smoke, which left them unconscious. Some 355 miners died; another 747 were injured.


1945 El Teniente mining accident, Description
Although the external fire was brought under control by that evening, rescue workers could not enter the tunnels until noon the next day. Rescuers spent 3 days trying to free the miners, but found hundreds already dead.


1945 El Teniente mining accident, Description
A mass was celebrated for the miners at the nearby camp in Sewell on June 20. The government declared three days of mourning, and businesses and schools closed in response to the national tragedy. Flags throughout the country were flown at half mast. The Mining Superintendent issued a report on the accident in the months afterward.


1945 El Teniente mining accident, Legacy
As there was no cemetery at Sewell, the company town on the mountain, all of the miners' bodies were taken to Rancagua in the valley for burial. In addition to compensating the families of the workers financially, Kennecott developed a community here, known as Las Viudas Population (The Widows Community), to provide housing for the many widows and their families. The workers were buried in graves marked by gravestones of the same design. (See image).


1945 El Teniente mining accident, Legacy
The disaster resulted in the adoption in Chile of occupational safety systems already in use in the US and Europe. In addition, their Congress passed legislation to reduce the independence of the company, and the Work Accident Law to support worker safety. The government established the Department of Mining Safety, stressing more communication with miners. El Teniente made such improvements to its operation that the mine won the international security award for 14 consecutive years.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash
On July 28, 1945, a B-25 Mitchell bomber of the United States Army Air Forces crashed into the Empire State Building in New York City, while flying in thick fog. The accident caused the death of fourteen people (three crewmen and eleven people in the building) and damage estimated at US$1 million (equivalent to about $14 million in 2020), although the building's structural integrity was not compromised.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, Details
On Saturday, July 28, 1945, Lieutenant Colonel William F. Smith Jr. was piloting a B-25 Mitchell bomber on a routine personnel transport mission from Bedford Army Air Field in Massachusetts to Newark Metropolitan Airport in New Jersey. Smith asked for clearance to land, but he was advised of zero visibility. Proceeding anyway, he became disoriented by the fog and turned right instead of left after passing the Chrysler Building.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, Details
At 9:40 a.m., the aircraft crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 78th and 80th floors, making an 18-by-20-foot (5.5 m × 6.1 m) hole in the building into the offices of the War Relief Services and the National Catholic Welfare Council. One engine shot through the south side opposite the impact and flew as far as the next block, dropping 900 feet (270 m) and landing on the roof of a nearby building and causing a fire that destroyed a penthouse art studio. The other engine and part of the landing gear fell down an elevator shaft. The resulting fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. The Empire State Building fire is the highest structural fire to be brought under control by firefighters.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, Details
Between 50 and 60 sightseers were on the 86th floor observation deck when the crash happened. Fourteen people were killed: Colonel Smith, Staff Sergeant Christopher Domitrovich, and Navy Aviation Machinist's Mate Albert Perna, who was hitching a ride, and eleven civilians in the building. Perna's body was not found until two days later, when search crews discovered that it had entered an elevator shaft and fallen to the bottom. The other two crewmen were burned beyond recognition. Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver was thrown from her elevator car on the 80th floor and suffered severe burns.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, Details
First aid workers placed her on another elevator car to transport her to the ground floor, but the cables supporting that elevator had been damaged in the incident, and it fell 75 stories, ending up in the basement. Oliver survived the fall but had a broken pelvis, back and neck when rescuers found her amongst the rubble. This remains the world record for the longest survived elevator fall.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, Details
Despite the damage and deaths, the building was open for business on many floors on the next Monday morning, less than 48 hours later. The crash spurred the passage of the long-pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the accident.


1945 Empire State Building B-25 crash, In popular culture
The events of the crash were the subject of an episode of the History channel documentary Disasters of the Century, entitled "It Came from the Sky". The documentary was made in 2001.


1945 English Greyhound Derby
The 1945 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 30 June 1945 at White City Stadium. The winner Ballyhennessy Seal received a first prize of £1,000.


1945 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distance
5, 1, 2, 2, 3 (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1927-1950 one length was equal to 0.06 of one second but race times are shown as 0.08 as per modern day calculations.


1945 English Greyhound Derby, Review
The Derby returned after a four-year absence with just three rounds and 24 greyhounds. Shannon Shore justified his price tag of 4-5f in the first heat but Ballyhennessy Seal only managed second place behind Magic Bohemian; priced at 4-5f, he missed the break and lost by 2 ½ lengths. Two 10-1 shots Celtic Chief and Rhynn Castle claimed the final heats and ante-post favourite Fish Hill was eliminated.


1945 English Greyhound Derby, Review
Ballyhennessy Seal completed a routine victory in the first semi-final running out a three length winner at odds of 4-5f, with the qualifying places going to Kilpeacon Bride and Duffys Arrival. The second semi-final was won by Tamarisk at 100-6 from Magic Bohemian and Celtic Chief.


1945 English Greyhound Derby, Review
Kilpeacon Pride came into season and was replaced by reserve Rhynn Castle for the final, watched by 58,000. Ballyhennessy Seal owned by Mrs. F.Stow and Mr E.Vivian led all the way with Rhynn Castle staying prominent throughout, Duffys Arrival and Celtic Chief impeded each other with Magic Bohemian finishing well to take third.


1945 English cricket season
With the end of the Second World War's European theatre in early May, it was possible to organise eleven first-class cricket matches, the first to be played in England since 1939, though none were part of any official competition.


1945 English cricket season
An Australian Services XI, which included Keith Miller, Lindsay Hassett and Cec Pepper, played five "Victory Tests" against England, plus a further game against Leveson-Gower's XI. England also played a Dominions team at Lord's. A New Zealand Services XI, including Martin Donnelly, played against Leveson-Gower's XI.


1945 English cricket season
Yorkshire hosted Lancashire at Bradford Park Avenue in a memorial match for Hedley Verity, who was killed in action two years earlier. The other two matches were Yorkshire against a very useful Royal Air Force XI at North Marine Road; and over-33s against under-33s at Lord's.


1945 English cricket season, Leading players
Leading batsmen in the 1945 season were Len Hutton, who made 782 runs at 48.87 with a highest score (HS) of 188; Keith Miller, 725 @ 72.50 (HS 185); Cyril Washbrook, Bill Edrich, Wally Hammond, Cec Pepper, Martin Donnelly and Lindsay Hassett.


1945 English cricket season, Leading players
The most successful bowler was Dick Pollard who took 28 wickets at 24.25 with a best bowling analysis (BB) of 6–75. Other leading bowlers were Pepper, who took 27 @ 27.29 (BB 4–57); Reg Ellis, Doug Wright, Bob Cristofani and George Pope.


1945 English cricket season, Debutants
First-class debutants in 1945 included Trevor Bailey and three other future England Test players: Donald Carr, Alec Coxon and John Dewes.


1945 English cricket season, Debutants
Players who made their final first-class appearances during the season included Herbert Sutcliffe, Learie Constantine and Jack Iddon. Iddon was killed in a motor accident shortly before the beginning of the 1946 season.


1945 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1945 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Tallinna Dünamo.


1945 Faroese general election
General elections were held in the Faroe Islands on 6 November 1945. The People's Party remained the largest in the Løgting, winning 11 of the 23 seats.


1945 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 17 and 18 March 1945. The broad-based centre-left government of Prime Minister Juho Kusti Paasikivi (National Coalition/Independent) remained in office after the elections.


1945 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The communists could, for the first time since 1929, freely present their candidates. Through the Finnish People's Democratic League (SKDL), they were able to win over a large section of Social Democratic voters. The Patriotic People's Movement (IKL) had been banned by the time of the election. Prime Minister Paasikivi urged in February 1945 Finnish voters to elect "new faces" to Parliament, which they certainly did:  almost half of the 200 deputies were new.


1945 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
Some wartime deputies, including Social Democrat Väinö Tanner and Agrarian Viljami Kalliokoski, decided voluntarily not to seek re-election, because under the new political climate (Finland's desire to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union), their wartime political activities, including their association with the informal Finnish-German military alliance, looked suspicious. The right-wing and centrist parties had to campaign carefully, so as not to appear anti-Soviet, while the Communists could loudly and vigorously accuse the right-wing and centrist parties of accepting their ban from open political activity, which had lasted from 1930 to 1944.


1945 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
One major economic issue in these elections was the continued scarcity of goods caused by the wartime rationing. Communists promised the impoverished voters a quick improvement in their living standards, and also other major parties promised more prosperity in the starting peacetime. These promises were made despite the still limited Finnish foreign trade - World War II would only end in Europe in May and in Asia in September - and the heavy burden which the Soviet Union's war reparations payments imposed on the Finnish economy.


1945 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
The 1945 Florida A&M Rattlers football team was an American football team that represented Florida A&M College as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) during the 1945 college football season. In their first season under head coach Jake Gaither, the Rattlers compiled a 9–1 record and won the SIAC championship. The team's sole loss was to undefeated black college national champion Wiley in the Orange Blossom Classic. The Rattlers played their home games at Sampson-Bragg Field in Tallahassee, Florida.


1945 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
After seven years as an assistant coach, Jake Gaither took over as head football coach prior to the 1945 season. It was during the 1945 season that Gaither first adopted the "blood, sweat and tears" motto for his team, taking the phrase from the famous words of Winston Churchill. Gaither's assistants in 1945 were Pete Griffin, M.L. Neeley, and Jess Ramsey.


1945 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
Four Florida A&M players were named to the All-SIAC football team selected by the conference coaches: quarterback Leroy Cromartie; halfback Ted Montgomery; end Nathaniel Powell; and tackle Bill Brewington. Two others received honorable mention honors: center Forrest McKinney and fullback Lernard Ingraham.


1945 Florida A&M Rattlers football team
At the team banquet following the season, college president, Dr. William H. Gray Jr., praised the work of his young coach: "Although I value a winning football team, I value Coach Gaither, not because he has coached a championship team, but because he has proved himself to be a great teacher of men, both by precept and by example. The lessons that our boys have learned under the direction of Coach Gaither, if applied throughout life, will bring victory to them, not only on the field of athletic endeavor but also in the greater field that lies ahead."


1945 Florida Gators football team
The 1945 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the  1945 college football season. The season was the fifth and last for Tom Lieb as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team. The 1945 backfield was made up entirely of freshmen.


1945 Florida Gators football team
Among the season's highlights was the Gators' 26–13 neutral site victory over the Ole Miss Rebels played in Jacksonville. The Gators also split a pair of games against teams from two U.S. military training bases. Lieb's 1945 Florida Gators finished with a 4–5–1 overall record and a 1–3–1 record in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), placing ninth among twelve SEC teams.


1945 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
After Lieb's coaching contract was not renewed, he became the track & field coach and an assistant football coach at the University of Alabama, where his old Notre Dame teammate Frank Thomas was the head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide.


1945 Florida State Road renumbering
On June 11, 1945, Florida's state roads were renumbered. The old system numbered routes in the order they were legislated, while the new system used a grid.


1945 Fremantle by-election
The 1945 Fremantle by-election was held in the Australian federal electorate of Fremantle in Western Australia on 18 August 1945. The by-election was triggered by the death of the sitting member, Prime Minister John Curtin, on 5 July 1945.


1945 French constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in France on 21 October 1945. Voters were asked whether they approved of the Assembly elected on the same day serving as a Constituent Assembly, and whether until a new constitution was approved, the country would be governed according to a proposed set of laws that appeared on the ballot paper. If the first proposal had not been approved, the Third Republic would have been restored, but its approval led to the creation of the Fourth Republic. Both were approved by wide margins with a turnout of 79.8%.


1945 French constitutional referendum, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Algeria
Member State of the African Union Member State of the Arab League


1945 French constitutional referendum in Algeria
The 1945 French constitutional referendum in Algeria was held in Algeria on 21 October 1945 as part of a wider French constitutional referendum.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Algeria
Both referendum questions were approved by voters, with a turnout of 68.3%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon
The 1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon was held in French Cameroons on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon
Both referendum questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 71.1%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Cameroon, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Chad–Ubangi-Shari
A constitutional referendum was held in Chad and Ubangi-Shari on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 83.5%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Chad–Ubangi-Shari, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Chad–Ubangi-Shari, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Dahomey and Togo
A constitutional referendum was held in French Dahomey and French Togoland on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. In the two territories both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 83.5%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Dahomey and Togo, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Dahomey and Togo, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Somaliland
The 1945 French constitutional referendum in French Somaliland was held in French Somaliland on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum.


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Somaliland
Both referendum questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 73.4%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Somaliland, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Somaliland, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Sudan−Niger
A constitutional referendum was held in French Sudan and Niger on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 97% of voters, whilst the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was approved by 86% of voters. Both proposals were also approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 79.3%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Sudan−Niger, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in French Sudan−Niger, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo
A constitutional referendum was held in Gabon and Moyen Congo on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 68.1%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Guinea
A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 73.5%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Guinea, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Guinea, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Ivory Coast
A constitutional referendum was held in Ivory Coast (which included Upper Volta at the time) on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Both questions were approved by large margins. Voter turnout was 74.9%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Ivory Coast, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Ivory Coast, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Mauritania−Senegal
A constitutional referendum was held in Mauritania and Senegal on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 99% of voters, but the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was rejected by 51% of voters. Both proposals were approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 60.4%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Mauritania−Senegal, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Mauritania−Senegal, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Tunisia
A constitutional referendum was held in Tunisia on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. The first question on the new French National Assembly serving as a constituent assembly was approved by 99% of voters, whilst the temporary constitution proposed in the second question was approved by 79% of voters. Both proposals were also approved in the overall vote. Voter turnout was 69.2%.


1945 French constitutional referendum in Tunisia, Results, Question I
Do you agree that the assembly now elected will serve as a constituent assembly?


1945 French constitutional referendum in Tunisia, Results, Question II
Do you agree that until the enforcement of a new Constitution, public affairs will be organised according to the proposal of the law which you find reproduced on the rear of the ballot?


1945 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 21 October 1945 to elect a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution for a Fourth French Republic. 79.83% of voters participated. Women and soldiers were allowed to vote. 522 seats were elected through proportional representation.


1945 French legislative election, Parties and issues
On 21 October 1945, the French voters were called to make two choices: the election of their deputies and a referendum in order to authorize the elected National Assembly to prepare a new constitutional text. De Gaulle and the "Three parties alliance" called for a "Yes" vote, whereas the Radicals and the Conservatives campaigned for a "No".


1945 French legislative election, Parties and issues
Symbol of the French Resistance to the German occupation and founder of the Free French Forces General Charles de Gaulle led a provisional government composed of the three main political forces of the Resistance: the French Communist Party (PCF), the French Section of the Workers' International (socialists, SFIO) and the Christian democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). It advocated an economic policy inspired by the programme of the National Council of Resistance: the creation of a Welfare State, and the nationalization of banks and major industrial companies (such as Renault). The opposition was composed of the parties which had dominated the pre-war governments of the Third Republic: the Radical Party and the classical Right.


1945 French legislative election, Results, Referendum
The "Yes" won by 96% of the votes. This result reflected the support for the provisional government and the popular will for change.


1945 French legislative election, Results, National Assembly
Unsurprisingly, the "Three-parties alliance" won a large majority in the National Assembly. The Radical Party, which had been the leading party of the left in the Third Republic, suffered a catastrophic result, and the right was equally destroyed (because of its support of Marshal Philippe Pétain). They appeared as being the forces of the past, as symbols of capitulation to Nazi Germany and the regime which collapsed in 1940. The French Communist Party, which had already doubled its score in the previous 1936 elections, came out on top with around 26% of votes and 159 seats. While the PCF and SFIO favored a unicameral parliamentary regime, the MRP favored a bicameral legislature. De Gaulle advocated a presidential government. He resigned in January 1946. The PCF and SFIO proposals were rejected in the 5 May 1946 referendum. This assembly was dissolved.


1945 French legislative election in Algeria
Elections to the National Assembly of France were held in Algeria on 21 October 1945. The election was held with two colleges, citizens and non-citizens.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in French Cameroons on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Louis-Paul Aujoulat and Alexandre Douala Manga Bell were elected.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon, Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon, Background
The relationship between the French and the African population of Cameroon were poor at the time of the election; the Africans were unenthusiastic about French colonialism and their economic situation. Although trade unions had been legalised in 1944, commercial interests had subsequently formed the Etats Généreaux de la Colonisation Française, which opposed abolishing forced labour. Announcements from the new body infuriated African workers, leading to the strikes starting on 24 September, which turned into full-scale riots. The violence led to the deaths of eight Africans and the secretary of the Chamber of Commerce.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon, Campaign
Alexandre Douala Manga Bell, chief of the Duala, ran for the second college, but was opposed by Governor Henri Pierre Nicolas. Although some of his supporters were jailed, this only served to increase his popularity.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon, Campaign
The first college election was a close race between Louis-Paul Aujoulat, a Catholic missionary, and the candidate representing commercial interests.


1945 French legislative election in Cameroon, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and both Aujoulat and Douala Manga Bell joined the Popular Republican Movement.


1945 French legislative election in Chad–Ubangi-Shari
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Chad and Ubangi-Shari on 21 October 1945. The territories elected two seats to the Assembly via two electoral colleges. René Malbrant was elected from the first college and Guy de Boissoudy in the second, both of whom were members of the Chadian Democratic Union.


1945 French legislative election in Chad–Ubangi-Shari, Campaign
World War II had seen Chad become a territory whose primary political sentiment was loyalty to Charles de Gaulle; it had been recognised with numerous accolades for being the first territory to respond to his Appeal of 18 June, and had also been used as a base for Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque's desert campaign. As a result, the Gaullist Chadian Democratic Union found it easy to recruit African members, despite its conservative views on African rights. The party put up European candidates for both college seats; Malbrant was a vet and de Boissoudy a colonel.


1945 French legislative election in Dahomey and Togo
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in French Dahomey and French Togoland on 21 October 1945. The territory elected two seats to the Assembly via two electoral colleges. French missionary Francis Aupiais of the Popular Republican Movement was elected from the first college and Sourou-Migan Apithy in the second, but Aupiais died before taking office.


1945 French legislative election in Dahomey and Togo, Background
Some residents of French Togoland opposed attempts to entrench French rule by allowing elections to the French National Assembly in what was a League of Nations mandate rather than a French colony. Petitions against French policy were sent to the United Nations by the Ewe, who sought to be reunited with their brethren in British Togoland.


1945 French legislative election in Dahomey and Togo, Campaign
Despite having left Dahomey seventeen years before the elections, Aupiais remained a popular figure in Dahomey, even amongst animists. His former pupil Sourou-Migan Apithy benefitted from his association with Aupiais, although he had also become an important figure in his own right through his work on the Monnerville Commission, which had reported on the future of the French colonies.


1945 French legislative election in Dahomey and Togo, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. Although the attempt failed, Apithy did sit with the SFIO.


1945 French legislative election in French Somaliland
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in French Somaliland on 21 October 1945, with a second round on 4 November as part of the wider parliamentary elections. René Bernard-Cothier was elected as the territory's MP.


1945 French legislative election in French Sudan−Niger
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in the constituency of French Sudan−Niger on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French elections. Two members were elected from two separate electoral colleges. A second round of voting was held for both colleges on 18 November as no candidate received over 50% of the vote in the first round. Maurice Kaouza and Fily Dabo Sissoko were elected.


1945 French legislative election in French Sudan−Niger, Campaign
An attempt to form a unified African bloc for the elections failed due to the number of people seeking to be candidates. Fily Dabo Sissoko became a well-known a writer, and was popular with chiefs, particularly those from animist groups. He campaigned on a platform of equal pay for Africans and Europeans, the abolishment of forced labour and the emancipation of women.


1945 French legislative election in French Sudan−Niger, Campaign
In the second round of the second college elections, opponents of Sissoko have their backing to Mamadou Konaté, a teacher who was well-respected amongst the local intelligentsia.


1945 French legislative election in French Sudan−Niger, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and Sissoko joined the MUR.


1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Gabon and French Congo on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Gabriel d'Arboussier and Jean-Félix Tchicaya were elected.


1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.


1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Campaign
The election campaign was largely a contest between three large ethnic groups; the Fang of Gabon, the Mbochi in the north of Congo and the Vili from the Pointe-Noire coastal area. One other large group, the Kongo, refused to vote or wrote the name of the religious figure André Matsoua (who had died in prison in 1942) on the ballot paper.


1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Campaign
The Fang candidate was Jean-Hilaire Aubame, whilst the Vili candidate was Jean-Félix Tchicaya.


1945 French legislative election in Gabon–Moyen Congo, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and although Tchicaya did sit with the SFIO, d'Arboussier joined the MUR.


1945 French legislative election in Guinea
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Guinea on 21 October 1945, with a second round of voting on 18 November. Maurice Chevrance-Bertin and Yacine Diallo were elected.


1945 French legislative election in Guinea, Electoral system
The two seats allocated to the constituency were elected on two separate electoral rolls; French citizens elected one MP from the first college, whilst non-citizens elected one MP in the second college.


1945 French legislative election in Guinea, Campaign
The elections were effectively a contest between the Fula and Mandinka. However, two Mandinka candidates stood, splitting their vote, whilst Yacine Diallo was the only Fula to stand.


1945 French legislative election in Guinea, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. Although, the attempt failed, Diallo did sit with the SFIO.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in the territory of Ivory Coast (which included Upper Volta at the time) on 21 October 1945, with a second round on 4 November as part of the wider parliamentary elections. Voting was carried out using separate electoral colleges for citizens and non-citizens. François Reste de Roca and Félix Houphouët-Boigny were elected.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Background
In September 1944 African planters formed the African Agricultural Union (SAA) as a result of government policy that allowed them to be drafted as forced labour and their plantations destroyed based on allegations of infections with plant disease (although the real reason was that they were competing too successfully for the liking of European plantation owners). The union was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and received support from the colony's administrators, resulting its members being exempted from forced labour. However, this went down badly with the European planters, who successfully lobbied the French government to remove Governor André Latrille and replace him with Henry Jean Marie de Mauduit, who was more sympathetic to their views.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Background
Ivory Coast's capital Abidjan had been given the status of "commune mixte of the second degree" in 1939, introducing elections for a town council. However, they were delayed due to World War II, and were held for the first time on 26 August 1945. Although not a political party, the SAA was the most prominent African organisation in the territory and an African Bloc was formed around it to contest the elections, putting forward an exclusively African candidate list. Despite attempts by Europeans to get the elections postponed or boycotted, the Bloc went on to win the elections, as no Africans were willing to stand against them.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Campaign
The Bloc sought to secure a similar outcome for the second college elections to the National Assembly, but could not agree on a candidate. Intellectuals in Abidjan supported Kouamé Binzème, whilst SAA members backed Houphouët-Boigny. Binzème eventually contested the elections with the support of the Patriotic Action Committee of Ivory Coast.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Campaign
Houphouët-Boigny attempted to court the support of Mogho Naba Saba II, king of the Mossi. However, the Mossi were keen to regain separate status for Upper Volta, which the French had merged into Ivory Coast in 1932. As a result, they formed the Voltaic Union under encouragement from Governor Mauduit, and possibly under pressure from the Governor, the Mogho Naba put forward his "Baloum Naba" (chief of the pages), Tenga Ouedraogo, as a candidate. However, Houphouët-Boigny did gain the support of the Bobo, who disliked the Mossi.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Campaign
As a result, Houphouët-Boigny drew most of his support from Ivory Coast, whilst Tenga Ouedraogo's support was concentrated in Upper Volta. Despite not being able to speak French, Tenga Ouedraogo's campaign received the full support of the colonial administration, who were seeking to prevent Houphouët-Boigny winning. However, it was claimed that Tenga Ouedraogo advised voters not to vote for him due to his lack of French education.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Results
Houphouët-Boigny won the second college vote largely due to the strong organisation of the SAA in the south of Ivory Coast and the support of the Bobo.


1945 French legislative election in Ivory Coast, Aftermath
Following the elections, Senegalese MP Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed, and Houphouët-Boigny joined the MUR.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in the constituency of Mauritania–Senegal on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider parliamentary elections. Two members were elected from the seat, with the winners being French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) candidates Lamine Guèye and Léopold Sédar Senghor.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Background
Senegal and Mauritania were grouped together to form a single constituency, but as Mauritania had so few qualified voters, it was effectively a double constituency for Senegal.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Background
Although relations between the French and Africans in Senegal had improved during World War II, the situation had worsened again towards the end of the conflict. In November 1944 a group of French African soldiers who had been captured by the Germans were returned to Senegal and housed in a base at Thiaroye. When they failed to receive their promised pay in arrears, the soldiers refused an order to board lorries heading for Bamako. As a result, officers opened fire, killing 40 soldiers. What became known as the Thiaroye Massacre was perceived as French ingratitude, and the situation was further inflamed when some of the survivors were sentenced to 10 years in prison by a military tribunal the following year.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Background
Further resentment was caused by a French government decree of 19 February 1945 that extended voting rights in Senegal to European women but not African women, which should not have been possible under the laws passed by Blaise Diagne in 1915 and 1916, which forbade racial differentiation.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Campaign
Following the death of Ngalandou Diouf in 1941, Lamine Guèye was the most experienced politician in France's African colonies. The leader of the Senegalese branch of the SFIO, he had represented the Thiaroye soldiers in court, and was elected mayor of Dakar in July 1945. He decided to forgo party politics during the election campaign, and formed a comité d'entente (committee of agreement) together with the Communists, Gaullists and other political organisations. An agreement was reached to contest the elections as an African Bloc, although this was effectively the other parties lending their support to the SFIO candidates.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Campaign
Léopold Sédar Senghor was the SFIO's surprise choice for the second college seat. He had lived abroad for several years and only joined the party 16 hours before being chosen as its candidate, largely due to the influence of Lamine Guèye. He was popular with war veterans as he had been a prisoner of war, and was also seen as a good choice as he was born in Senegal and spoke excellent French.


1945 French legislative election in Mauritania–Senegal, Aftermath
Following the elections, Lamine Guèye attempted to persuade all the African MPs to form an African Bloc, which would be affiliated with the SFIO. However, the attempt failed.


1945 French legislative election in Morocco
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Morocco on 21 October 1945 as part of wider French elections. Three seats were up for election, with three lists winning one seat each. Louis Dumat was elected on the Patriotic and Social Action list, Pierre Parent on the Anti- Fascist Democratic Union list and Jean Léonetti on the French Section of the Workers International list.


1945 French legislative election in Tunisia
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in Tunisia on 21 October 1945 as part of the wider French elections. Two members were elected from the territory, with both seats won by the French Rally, which was linked with the Rally of Left Republicans. The seats were taken by Louis Brunet and Antoine Colonna.


1945 French legislative election in the Comoros
Elections to the French National Assembly were held in the Comoros on 21 October 1945. The territory elected a single seat, won by Saïd Mohamed Cheikh.


1945 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1945 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
Fresno State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). However, due to the impact of World War II, the Bulldogs only played one conference game in 1945. There was no conference champion crowned in 1945. Since some colleges were still not playing football in 1945, the Bulldogs played the College of Pacific twice and Cal Poly twice.


1945 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Alvin Pierson and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins, six losses and two ties (4–6–2, 0–1 CCAA). The Bulldogs outscored their opponents 113–92 for the season, including shutting out their opponents five times and being shut out three times. At the end of the season, Fresno State was invited to the Raisin Bowl, where they were defeated by the Drake Bulldogs, 12–13.


1945 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Fresno State Bulldog players were selected in the 1946 NFL Draft.


1945 Generation
The 1945 Generation was a period in Indonesian literature. This generation of writers was born after the Japanese military occupation of Indonesia (then called the Dutch East Indies) in 1942-45. Their writing is considered to have been a rejection of the servile literature on the Japanese government in Indonesia and those few writers who were members of the Bunka Keimin Shidosho, considered by them to have been lackeys of Imperial Japan. A popular writer of the 1945 Generation was Chairil Anwar.


1945 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1945 Gent–Wevelgem was the seventh edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 29 July 1945. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Robert Van Eenaeme.


1945 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1945 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1945 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Governor General's Awards
The 1945 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the 10th rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1945 and were presented in 1946. There were no cash prizes.


1945 Governor General's Awards
As every year from 1942 to 1948, there two awards for non-fiction, and four awards in the three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.


1945 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
The 1945 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team represented the Great Lakes Navy Training Station during the 1945 college football season. The team compiled a 6–4–1 record, and outscored their opponents 221 to 164.


1945 Great Lakes Navy Bluejackets football team
Coached by the legendary Paul Brown, the Bluejackets started the season with a 0–4–1, suffering from a loss of talent as many players were shifted to the west coast to help close the pacific theater of World War II, but once the war ended many men from overseas returned to the boot camp, and the team managed to win their final six games, culminating in a 39–7 defeat of top 5 Notre Dame at home.


1945 Green Bay Packers season
The 1945 Green Bay Packers season was their 27th season overall and their 25th season in the National Football League. The team finished with a 6–4 record under coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a third-place finish in the Western Conference.


1945 Green Bay Packers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1945 Green Bay Packers season, Awards, records, and honors
Most points scored, quarter, 24, Don Hutson, October 7, 1945


1945 Hamilton by-election
The 1945 Hamilton by-election was a by-election held during the 27th New Zealand Parliament in the Waikato electorate of Hamilton. The by-election occurred following the death of MP Frank Findlay and was won by Hilda Ross, both of the National Party.


1945 Hamilton by-election, Background
Findlay, who was first elected to represent Hamilton in 1943, died on 31 March 1945. This triggered the Hamilton by-election, which was contested by four candidates.


1945 Hamilton by-election, Background
Hilda Ross contested the election for the National Party. She had served as a member of the Hospital Board and Council in Hamilton for several years and was at the time of the election the Deputy-Mayor. Former Hamilton MP Charles Barrell was selected as the Labour Party's nominee. He had been MP for Hamilton between 1935 and 1943, before losing his seat to Findlay. Leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP), John A. Lee was his party's candidate.


1945 Hamilton by-election, Background
Lee had lost his seat of Grey Lynn in 1943 following his split with the Labour Party in 1940 and contested the Hamilton seat in an attempt to re-enter Parliament, where the DLP no longer had any presence. The fourth person to put their name forward was independent candidate Douglas Seymour.


1945 Hamilton by-election, Background
The by-election was held soon after VE Day (which Walter Nash decided should be celebrated on 9 not 8 May), and a "badly-timed" gazette notice calling up more 18-year-olds for unspecified military service. The National Party proposed that New Zealand troops should be withdrawn from Italy and New Zealand's role in the Pacific restricted to food supply. The Australian High Commissioner Thomas d'Alton was not the only one to see the irony that Labour wanted to keep New Zealand troops overseas (to have a say in the peace) while National wanted to withdraw them. The government candidate lost by an increased margin.


1945 Hamilton by-election, Results
Ross won the election, and would win every subsequent general election until 1959, when she died in office. Her death caused the 1959 Hamilton by-election.


1945 Harbin Victory Day Parade
The 1945 Harbin Victory Day Parade (Russian: Парад Победы в Харбине) was a solemn military parade of troops from the Soviet Red Army in the Chinese city of Harbin on 16 September 1945. It took place over 2 weeks after the Surrender of Japan to the United States and allied forces on 2 September. The parade honored the Soviet victories over the Empire of Japan during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the larger Second World War. The main event was held on Cathedral Square while the parade passed through Vokzalny Avenue and Kitayskaya Street. Members of the Soviet government, Red Army officers and military officials from the Republic of China and the Northeast Anti- Japanese United Army attended the parade.


1945 Harbin Victory Day Parade
Colonel General Afanasy Beloborodov inspected and presided over the parade while Artillery General Konstantin Kazakov commanded it. Beloborodov was the commanding officer of the 1st Red Banner Army at the time. At 11:00 am, Beloborodov arrived on the square where the troops of the Harbin Garrison were assembled for the parade. After receiving a report from Kazakov, he inspected the troops before he extended his greetings in a speech. The columns of troops marching on the square included infantry, signalmen, sappers, mortar men. Major General Aleksandr Cherepanov led the first contingents on parade. In the mobile column, mortars and Katyusha rocket launcher passed through followed by the motorized infantry. The two hour parade concluded when tank engines finally went through the square and a military band departed as well.


1945 Harbin Victory Day Parade
The parade is notable in that it was the only one ever held in honor of Victory over Japan Day. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered that the country's only V-J Day parade not be held on Soviet territory, for reasons unknown to present. A parade that was held in the Belarusian capital of Minsk the same day was held separately in connection with the anniversary of the Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia. After the parade, a monument to Soviet soldiers who fell during the liberation of the city was erected on Cathedral Square.


1945 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1945 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1945 college football season. Head coach Dick Harlow returned for his ninth year, after a two-year gap while serving in the Navy. The team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored its opponents 161 to 80. Robert Cowen II was the team captain.


1945 Harvard Crimson football team
During Harlow's absence, Harvard played a shortened "informal" schedule in 1943 and 1944, lacking its traditional Ivy League opponents. Harlow's return from military service, as well as the renewal of ties with Ivy opponents Brown and Yale, made 1945 a transition year. The university's record book omits the "informal" designation for 1945, but contemporary press accounts describe that year's program as "informal" and preparing for a return to the top tier of college football in 1946.


1945 Harvard Crimson football team
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.


1945 Haverford Fords men's soccer team
The 1945 Haverford Fords men's soccer team represented Haverford College during the 1945 ISFL season. It was the Fords 10th season of existence.


1945 Haverford Fords men's soccer team
The Fords finished the 1945 with an undefeated 6-0 record, winning both the Middle Atlantic States Athletic Conference championship, and the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Soccer League championship. Due to World War II, there was no formal national champion declared by ISFA at this time, although the college, along with three other colleges (Army, Navy, and Yale) self-declared themselves as champions for the 1945 ISFA season. This has since been recognized by the American Soccer History Archives as a claimed national title. To date, this is the most recent year Haverford won a national soccer championship at any level.


1945 Haverford Fords men's soccer team
Ev Jones lead the Fords in scoring, scoring 13 goals in the six matches played during the regular season.


1945 Haverford Fords men's soccer team, Background
The Fords finished the 1944 season with a record of 5-2-2. The program scored 29 goals over the course of the nine-match season, and allowed 29 goals. Junior Paul Domincovich led Haverford in goals during the 1944 ISFA season, scoring nine goals in nine matches. Redshirt sophomore, Bob Clayton was second on the team with five goals.


1945 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1945 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 21st season in the Victorian Football League and 44th overall.


1945 Hazara Rebellion
The 1945 Hazara Rebellion was a rebellion by the Hazaras in the Kingdom of Afghanistan which occurred in 1945 and 1946. Its causes laid in the introduction of a new tax imposed only on the Hazaras. It began in November 1945, when Hazara Rebels under Ibrahim Khan, also known as "Bačča-Gāw-sawār" (Son of the cow rider) revolted against the local administration of Shahristan. After a siege lasting for about a week, the district, as well as arms and ammunition, fell into the hands of the rebels.


1945 Hazara Rebellion
There are two different accounts as to how the rebellion ended: According to Encyclopædia Iranica, the Afghan government sent a force to pacify the region and subsequently withdrew the tax. According to Niamatullah Ibrahimi, it ended In spring 1946, when Mohammed Zahir Shah sent a delegation to the rebels, offering to lift the tax if the rebels laid down their arms, which was accepted.


1945 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1945 Holy Cross Crusaders football team represented the College of the Holy Cross in the 1945 college football season. The Crusaders were led by first-year head coach John "Ox" DaGrosa and played their home games at Fitton Field in Worcester, Massachusetts. They finished the regular season with a record of 8–1, ranked 16th in the AP Poll. Holy Cross was invited to the Orange Bowl, played on New Year's Day, where they lost to the University of Miami, 6–13. This was the first and only bowl game in Holy Cross's history.


1945 Homestead hurricane
The 1945 Homestead hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone to strike the U.S. state of Florida since 1935. The ninth tropical storm, third hurricane, and third major hurricane of the season, it developed east-northeast of the Leeward Islands on September 12. Moving briskly west-northwestward, the storm became a major hurricane on September 13. The system moved over the Turks and Caicos Islands the following day and then Andros on September 15. Later that day, the storm peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). Late on September 15, the hurricane made landfall on Key Largo and then in southern Miami-Dade County, and across Homestead, FL where much damage was done and winds were clocked at Homestead Army Air Corps Base at 145 mph.


1945 Homestead hurricane
Thereafter, the hurricane began to weaken while moving across Florida, falling to Category 1 intensity only several hours after landfall late on September 15. Eventually, it curved north-northeastward and approached the east coast of Florida again. Late on September 16, the storm emerged into the Atlantic near St. Augustine and weakened to a tropical storm early on the following day. The cyclone made another landfall near the Georgia-South Carolina state line later on September 17. The system continued to weaken and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone near the border of North Carolina and Virginia early on September 18.


1945 Homestead hurricane
The storm caused significant damage and 22 deaths in the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Bahamas. In Florida, the hardest hit area was Miami-Dade County. Most of the city of Homestead was destroyed, while at the Richmond Naval Air Station, a fire ignited during the storm burned down three hangars worth $3 million (1945 USD) each. Throughout the state, the strong winds destroyed 1,632 residences and damaged 5,372 homes others. Four people died, including the fire chief of the Richmond station. Homestead Army Air Corps Base, to the east of Homestead was completely destroyed.


1945 Homestead hurricane
At the base, hurricane winds of "up to 145 miles per hour tore through the Air Field's buildings. Enlisted housing facilities, the nurses' dormitory, and the Base Exchange were all destroyed. The roof was ripped from what would later become building 741, the "Big Hangar". The base laundry and fire station were both declared total losses. The few remaining aircraft were tossed about like leaves."


1945 Homestead hurricane
In the Carolinas, the storm produced heavy rainfall, causing flash flooding, particularly along the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. Overall, the hurricane resulted in 26 fatalities and about $60 million in damage.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane was first observed on September 12 about 235 mi (380 km) east-northeast of Barbuda in the Lesser Antilles. Around that time, the winds were estimated at 75 mph (120 km/h), and later that day, the Hurricane Hunters recorded peripheral winds of 54 mph (87 km/h). Moving quickly to the west-northwest, the hurricane quickly intensified while passing north of Puerto Rico, reaching the equivalent of a modern-day major hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). The strength was based on another Hurricane Hunters mission reporting flight-level winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).


1945 Homestead hurricane, Meteorological history
After passing north of Hispaniola, the hurricane turned moved toward the Bahamas, approaching or passing over Grand Turk Island at 0530 UTC on September 14. A station on the island observed a barometric pressure of 977 mbar (28.9 inHg) during the passage, and nearby Clarence Town reported winds of 104 mph (168 km/h). While moving through the Bahamas, the hurricane turned more to the northwest. It was a smaller than average storm, and continued intensifying while moving toward southeastern Florida.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Meteorological history
At 1930 UTC on September 15, the hurricane made landfall on Key Largo, and about a half hour later struck the Florida mainland. The center passed very close to Homestead Air Reserve Base about an hour after landfall, where a central barometric pressure of 951 mbar (28.1 inHg) was recorded. The observation suggested a landfall pressure of 949 mbar (28.0 inHg), and based on its small size and peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h); equivalent to a Category 4 on the current Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Meteorological history
This estimate was backed up by gust of 138 mph (222 km/h) at Carysfort Reef Light. The hurricane weakened over Florida while curving to the north and north-northeast, although the proximity to water and the passage over the Everglades limited substantial weakening. Hurricane-force winds spread across much of Florida until the storm emerged into the western Atlantic near St. Augustine late on September 16. At around 0000 UTC the next day, the hurricane weakened to tropical storm status. About 11 hours later, it made another landfall near the border between Georgia and South Carolina with winds of 70 mph (120 km/h).


1945 Homestead hurricane, Meteorological history
After continuing through the southeast United States, the storm became extratropical near the border of North Carolina and Virginia midday on September 18. Although it initially maintained tropical storm-force winds, the former hurricane weakened below gale-force on September 19 while it was near Philadelphia. The storm continued rapidly to the northeast, moving through New England and along the coast of Maine before turning more to the east. Late on September 19, the storm moved across Nova Scotia, passing southeast of Newfoundland the next day. It was last observed late on September 20 dissipating to the east of Newfoundland.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Preparations
Although hurricane warnings were initially issued for the Leeward Islands, the cyclone passed north of the Lesser Antilles. In advance of the storm, aircraft were evacuated from the Naval Air Station in Miami, Florida, where hundreds of planes left vulnerable locations. Residents were advised to heed advisories in Florida, the Bahamas, and northern Cuba. On September 15, hurricane-force winds were expected to affect areas from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, through the Florida Keys, and hurricane warnings were accordingly released for this region. Storm warnings also extended north to Melbourne and Tampa.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Preparations
Military personnel sought shelter at Hialeah Race Track, while residents boarded homes and evacuated from coastal areas to public structures. Boats were utilized to transport people from barrier islands, and small watercraft were secured along the Miami River. However, Grady Norton, the head of the United States Weather Bureau, stated before the storm that Miami would "miss the worst of it". The American Red Cross reported that 25,000 people sought shelter within their services during the storm. Local officials from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Brunswick, Georgia, ordered evacuations for coastal locations.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
In the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, 22 people were killed. The hurricane demolished three-quarters of the structures on Grand Turk Island, while the remaining intact buildings were damaged. The cyclone also produced heavy damage on Long Island, though damages were not reported in Nassau. Peak gusts were estimated near 40 mph (65 km/h) in Nassau. After the storm, The Daily Gleaner initiated a fund to offer aid for residents in the Turks and Caicos Islands.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
In south Florida, peak gusts were estimated near 150 mph (240 km/h) at the Army Air Base in Homestead. The strong winds destroyed 1,632 residences across the state, while 5,372 homes received damages. In Miami, gusts reached 107 mph (170 km/h), and damages were minimal, mostly snapped power lines, compared to communities in southern Dade County. Nearly 200 people were injured at the Richmond Naval Air Station, when a fire ignited during the storm, affecting three hangars worth $3 million each and destroying 25 blimps, 366 planes, and 150 automobiles. Damages to the Miami area was estimated at $40 million.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
An additional fire also destroyed a furniture factory and a tile manufacturing plant in the northwestern portion of downtown Miami. One death was reported in the area, the fire chief of Richmond's fire department, and 26 required hospitalization. Another death was recorded after a schooner ran aground in present-day Bal Harbour, Florida, killing its chief engineer.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
Homestead was mostly flooded underwater, with the first floor of city hall and the fire department completely flooded and nearly all its residences destroyed. The historical Horde Hardware building collapsed while a local church was flatted by the winds. In the Florida Keys, hundreds of residences were damaged. The Florida East Coast Railway station at Goulds collapsed. Crop losses was estimated to be $4 million and most of its avocado harvest was destroyed. Four people died across the state.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
Minor reports of damage was reported in Central and Northern Florida, with St. Augustine reporting a 70 mph (110 km/h) wind gust. In Charleston, South Carolina, strong winds caused high waves, but the storm arrived at low tide and produced modest damage. Rainfall peaked at 8.0 inches (200 mm) at Belton, South Carolina. In Aiken, South Carolina, heavy precipitation caused damage to unpaved streets. Inland, the system produced heavy rainfall over North Carolina, peaking at 14.8 inches (380 mm) in Rockingham, North Carolina, in the period covering September 13 through September 18.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Impact
This rain led to saturated grounds, allowing new water to spill into streams. Many crop fields and dwellings were flooded near the Cape Fear River as levels rose to record heights. The towns of Moncure, Fayetteville, and Elizabethtown exceeded flood stage levels. Broken dams in Richmond County produced significant flash floods. Few deaths were reported, but economic losses were extensive. In Hopewell, New Jersey, the remnants of the system produced winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), though major damage was not reported.


1945 Homestead hurricane, Aftermath
In the aftermath of the storm, more than 1,000 Red Cross workers were activated in response to the cyclone. A force of 400 German prisoners of war and 200 Bahamian laborers participated in the cleanup process.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 4 November 1945. They came at a turbulent moment in the country's history: World War II had had a devastating impact; the Soviet Union was occupying it, with the Hungarian Communist Party growing in numbers; a land reform that March had radically altered the property structure; and inflation was rampant.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election
In what is generally reckoned as the first relatively free election in the country's history, the Independent Smallholders Party won a sweeping victory. However, the Smallholders' gains were gradually whittled away by Communist salami tactics, fulfilling the prediction of Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi that the defeat would "not play an important role in Communist plans".


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
Elections (which had not taken place since 1939) were required by the Yalta Agreement; moreover, the revolutionary social and political changes of 1945 were effected without popular consultation, and in view of the special ties developing that year between Moscow and Budapest (an agreement on close economic cooperation and the resumption of full diplomatic relations), the Western powers urged free elections and withheld acknowledging the Provisional Government until the Soviets agreed to hold them.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
The election, by secret ballot and without census or fraud, is reckoned as the first relatively democratic election ever held in Hungary, and was certainly the closest thing to an honest election held in the country until 1990. It was also one of only two remotely free elections ever held in what would become the Soviet bloc (the other being the 1946 elections in Czechoslovakia).


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
One author states it was "generally fair, but not entirely free", as only "democratic" parties were allowed to compete, meaning most of the pre-war right-wing parties were excluded, as well as those parties that did not participate in the Hungarian National Independence Front, a wartime anti-fascist alliance. Only the leaders of the dissolved rightist parties, SS volunteers and those interned or being prosecuted by the people's courts were barred from voting.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
The liberal electoral law was also supported by the Communists, who were not bothered by the failure of their proposal to field a single list of candidates on the part of the Communist-Social Democrat coalition parties, which would have ensured a majority for left-wing parties: intoxicated by their recruitment successes and misjudging the effect of the land reform on their appeal, they expected an "enthralling victory" (József Révai predicted winning as much as 70%).


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
To their bitter disappointment, the result was nearly the opposite: the Independent Smallholders Party, winning the contest in all 16 districts, won 57% of the vote, the Social Democrats won slightly above and the Communists slightly below 17%, and the National Peasant Party just 7% (the rest going to the Citizen Democrats' Party and the new Hungarian Radical Party of Oszkár Jászi's followers).


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
Of the many reasons for the success of the Smallholders and the failure of the Communists was the fact that Cardinal József Mindszenty, head of the Hungarian Catholic hierarchy, infuriated at the loss of the overwhelming majority of its property without compensation and at the clergy's being excluded from voting upon Communist initiative, condemned the "Marxist evil" in a pastoral letter and called on the faithful to support the Smallholders, who upheld traditional values.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
Also, in this, Hungary's first election under full universal suffrage, and its only one where men and women voted with different-coloured ballot papers, women surprised the Communists by generally backing the Smallholders; the former launched a propaganda campaign implying these women were easily deceived or ignorant. Still, the verdict of 4.8 million voters, 90% of the enfranchised, was clear in general terms: they preferred parliamentary democracy based on private property and a market economy to socialism with state economic management and planning.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Background
They hoped these preferences would prevail in spite of the presence of Soviet occupying forces, who were expected to leave once a peace treaty was signed. However, guided by the same expectation and wishing to avoid confrontation until then, the Smallholders yielded to Marshal Kliment Voroshilov (Chairman of the Allied Control Commission), who made it clear that a grand coalition in which the Communists preserved the gains already secured (that is, the Ministry of the Interior and control over the police) was the only kind of government acceptable to the Soviets.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Aftermath
After the election, on 9 November the four major parties divided the portfolios. The arrangement, in which the Smallholders took the Interior while the Communists obtained Finance, was rejected by Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, who instructed Voroshilov to renegotiate Interior and a deputy premier post for the Communists. A debate on the form of the state also ensued; Mindszenty led a vigorous monarchist campaign but despite some uncertainty among the Smallholders, a republic was chosen.


1945 Hungarian parliamentary election, Aftermath
The Smallholders' leader, Zoltán Tildy, was elected president on 1 February 1946, while Ferenc Nagy became Prime Minister of a government in which the Smallholders had half the portfolios. The Communists received the Interior (László Rajk) and Deputy Premier (Mátyás Rákosi) posts, as well as transport and social welfare. Control of the Interior Ministry and especially the security police helped the Communists marginalise political opponents one by one. Selected assassinations, sabotage of opposition parties' offices and the closure of Catholic youth organisations were among the methods employed.


1945 Icelandic presidential election
Presidential elections were scheduled to be held in Iceland in 1945. However, incumbent President Sveinn Björnsson was the only candidate, and the election was uncontested.


1945 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1945 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1945 college football season. The Vandals were led by first-year head coach James "Babe" Brown and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. Home games were played on campus at Neale Stadium in Moscow, with none held in Boise this season.