1948 Winter Olympics, Organizing
They also had to increase the capacity of the city's sewers. All of the projects had to be approved by the Swiss government, and justified by its impact on the success of the Games. To aid the organizing committee the IOC demanded that all participating nations provide lists of their athletes several months prior to the Games. Consequently, the Swiss knew exactly how many athletes and officials to plan for.


1948 Winter Olympics, Politics
Since these Games were the first since World War II they were given the name "The Games of Renewal." Japan and Germany were not invited to these Games because they were still ostracized by the international community for their role in World War II. Their absence was short-lived though, as they returned to Olympic competition in 1952. The Soviet Union did not send athletes to the St. Moritz Games of 1948, but they did send ten delegates as observers of the Games to determine how successful the Soviet athletes would have been had they competed.


1948 Winter Olympics, Politics, Impact of World War II
Sapporo, Japan had been the choice for the 1940 Winter Games. In 1938, the Japanese decided to decline the invitation to host the Games claiming that preparations for the Olympic Games were draining the country's resources. The IOC turned to the host of the 1936 Games, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which would make it the only city to host consecutive Games. This became impractical when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939; subsequently Germany withdrew its bid to host the Games.


1948 Winter Olympics, Politics, Impact of World War II
Finland believed it could host the Games and extended an invitation to the IOC, but the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland ended all hope of an Olympic Games in 1940. The 1944 Winter Olympics had been awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy in 1939. As the war continued, this proved to be impractical and the second consecutive olympiad passed without a celebration of the Games. The IOC was presented with two possible host cities for the first post-war Games: Lake Placid, United States and St. Moritz, Switzerland. The IOC decided to award the Games to Switzerland, a neutral country, immediately following World War II, in order to avoid political posturing on the part of former combatants.


1948 Winter Olympics, Politics, Impact of World War II
The impact of World War II was still being felt in 1948. The lack of financial resources and human energy made the organization of the Games challenging. Athletes were also affected by a lack of resources. Many competitors arrived with little or no equipment. In one notable case, Norwegian skiers had to borrow skis from the American team in order to compete.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events
Medals were awarded in 22 events contested in 4 sports (9 disciplines).


1948 Winter Olympics, Events
There were also two demonstration sports, military patrol and the winter pentathlon.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Bobsled
Two sliding sports were contested at the 1948 Winter Games, the first was bobsled. A controversy erupted when it was alleged that the sleds of the United States team had been sabotaged. It was discovered that the steering wheels had been damaged. After news broke of the apparent improprieties a truck driver stepped forward and admitted to having accidentally backed into the shed housing the bobsleds. The accident however did not hinder the United States teams who won a bronze in the two-man event and a gold and a bronze in the four-man event. The Swiss two-man teams placed first and second, which is the best possible results for the event since only two teams were allowed to enter. The driver of the first place team, Felix Endrich, beat his coach, the driver of the second place team, Fritz Feierabend.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Ice Hockey
The ice hockey tournament was won by Canada, with Czechoslovakia second and Switzerland third. This was the fifth Olympic gold medal for Canada in hockey. The only team to beat Canada since hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics was Great Britain at the 1936 Winter Olympics. The tournament was almost cancelled when rival teams representing the United States arrived. An Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team was supported by the United States Olympic Committee (USOC), and an Amateur Hockey Association (AHA) team was supported by the Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG). The International Olympic Committee ruled that neither team could compete, but the Swiss organizing committee allowed the AAU team to march in the opening ceremony, and the AHA team to play unofficially, without being eligible for medals.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Figure skating
Barbara Ann Scott became the first and only Canadian woman to win an Olympic gold medal in figure skating, when she won the competition at St. Moritz. Despite the distraction caused by a low-flying airplane during her compulsory routine, she was able to muster the focus to place first entering the free skate. The ice had been shredded the night before the free skate by two ice hockey games (the ice resurfacer had not yet been invented); nonetheless she was able to adjust her routine to avoid the potholes and emerge victorious.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Figure skating
Eighteen-year-old American Dick Button completed the unprecedented North American sweep of the figure skating gold medals. He led the field after the compulsory skate and then won the gold medal by becoming the first person to ever complete a double Axel in competition. Later in the 1952 Olympics, Dick Button would win gold a second time. His victory came at the expense of Swiss world champion Hans Gerschwiler who fell during the free skate. Despite the mishap Gershwiler would win the silver medal.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Speed skating
The speed skating competition was held on the same rink that had hosted the events in 1928. At 1,856 m (6,089 ft) above sea level, the speed skating competition was held at the second highest altitude in Olympic history, only Squaw Valley in 1960 was higher. The competition was dominated by the Scandinavian countries of Norway and Sweden who won nine out of the twelve possible medals. Scandinavians had done poor in speed skating events up until the 1948 Games.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Speed skating
The reason for their success was that speed skating in Europe had come to a stand still during World War II. Only countries that were ancillary to the conflict had the resources to keep their speed skating programs intact. The 500 meter race was won by Finn Helgesen of Norway. There was a three-way tie for second place between Norwegian Thomas Byberg and Americans Robert Fitzgerald and Kenneth Bartholomew. All three had finished in exactly 43.2 seconds. Swede Åke Seyffarth won a gold medal in the 10,000 meter race and a silver medal in the 1,500 meter race. The 5,000 meter event was affected by weather. The twenty racers encountered both wind, sun, and snow in the course of the day's competition. Finally long-distance specialist Reidar Liaklev from Norway prevailed.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Alpine skiing
Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut at these Games. A few events had been held at the 1936 Games but the St. Moritz Games featured a full slate of three men's and three women's alpine events. Frenchman Henri Oreiller won a medal in all three Alpine events; gold in the downhill and combined, and bronze in the slalom. He was one of only two athletes to win two gold medals at the 1948 Games, and he was also the only athlete to win three or more medals.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Alpine skiing
Austria dominated the women's alpine events, winning five out of a possible nine medals. Trude Beiser was a double-medal winner, earning gold in the combined event and silver in the downhill. She was not the only female skier to win two medals though, United States skier Gretchen Fraser won gold in the slalom and took silver behind Beiser in the combined. Austrian Erika Mahringer earned two medals by winning bronze medals in both the slalom and the combined.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Cross-country skiing
In cross-country skiing a total of 106 skiers from 15 nations competed in three events. The events were the 50 kilometer race, the 18 kilometer race and the 4 x 10 kilometer relay. There were no women's events at the 1948 Games. Martin Lundström of Sweden was the other athlete to win two gold medals when he won the 18 kilometer race and participated on the winning cross-country relay team. Overall Sweden won seven out of a possible fifteen medals in the Nordic events, including all three gold medals and a sweep of the 18 kilometer race. All fifteen medals were won by either Sweden, Norway, or Finland.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Skeleton
Skeleton made its second appearance at the Olympics during these Games. It debuted at the 1928 Winter Olympics also held in St. Moritz. Skeleton was a form of luge, which had originally appeared in the St. Moritz region at the end of the 19th century. American John Heaton won his second Olympic medal in the skeleton, he won his first 20 years earlier when he was 19 years old. Italian slider Nino Bibbia won the gold medal. It was the first of his 231 career wins on the Cresta Boblsed track. One of the curves at Cesana Pariol, where the bobsled, luge, and skeleton events took place at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, was named after Bibbia.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Nordic combined
The Nordic combined event had been contested at each Winter Olympics since 1924. Nordic combined required athletes to first compete in the open 18 kilometer cross-country ski race alongside the other cross-country competitors. Their times would be assigned a point value. Two days later the athletes would take two jumps off the ski jump hill. The jumps would be given a point value and the longest jump would be combined with their cross-country time to create a score. Traditional Nordic combined power Norway was stunned at the 1948 Games when Finland's Heikki Hasu became the first non-Norwegian to win the event. In fact Norway did not even make the podium. Hasu's teammate Martti Huhtala took the silver and Sven Israelsson from Sweden won the bronze.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Ski jumping
The Norwegians swept the ski jumping event. Birger Ruud had won the gold medal in the ski jumping event at both the 1932 and 1936 Winter Games. The twelve-year hiatus due to World War II meant that Ruud was 36 years old in 1948. He had retired from competition and was coaching the Norwegian team. However, when he arrived at the Games he decided to come out of retirement and compete one last time. Despite not having competed for several years he earned a silver medal. Norwegian Petter Hugsted won the gold and teammate Thorleif Schjelderup won the bronze.


1948 Winter Olympics, Events, Demonstration sports
Two demonstration sports were held at the 1948 Games. Military patrol had been a demonstration sport at the 1924, 1928, and 1936 Winter Olympic Games. It entailed a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting at targets. Eventually the competition would be renamed Biathlon and was made an official Olympic medal sport at the 1960 Games in Squaw Valley, United States. Winter pentathlon involved five competitions: 10 kilometer cross-country ski race, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horseback riding. This was the first and last time the event was held. Fourteen competitors took part in the event.


1948 Winter Olympics, Calendar
The opening ceremonies were held at 10:00 am on January 30 along with the initial hockey games and the first two runs of the two-man bobsled. The closing ceremonies were held at 4:00 pm on February 8. All of the medals were awarded at the closing ceremonies rather than immediately after the event as current tradition dictates.


1948 Winter Olympics, Venues
The Stad Olympique (Olympic Stadium) hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The stadium was also used for speed skating, the figure skating competition and the medal games for ice hockey. Most of the ice hockey games were held at the Suvretta and Kulm stadiums in St. Moritz. Bobsled was held at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun. Skeleton was contested on the Cresta Run track. Olympia Bob Run was built in 1897 and modernized for the 1948 Games while the Cresta Run was first constructed in 1885. The ski jump competitions were held at Olympiaschanze ski jump hill in St. Moritz. It was built in 1927 for the 1928 Games, and remained in use until 2006. The alpine events were held on ski-runs in and around Piz Nair.


1948 Winter Olympics, Participating nations
28 nations competed in St. Moritz, the same number as the previous Winter Games in 1936. Chile, Denmark, Iceland, Korea, and Lebanon all made their Winter Olympic debut at these Games. Germany and Japan were not invited because of their involvement in World War II. Italy, despite being an Axis power originally, was allowed to send athletes after their defection to the Allies in 1943. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, and would not compete again as independent nations until 1992. Argentina returned to the Winter Games after missing the 1932 and 1936 Games, and Australia and Luxembourg did not compete in 1948, even though they had participated in 1936.


1948 Winter Olympics, Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1948 Winter Games.


1948 Winter Olympics medal table
This is the full table of the medal table of the 1948 Winter Olympics, which were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland. These rankings sort by the number of gold medals earned by a country. The number of silvers is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. This follows the system used by the IOC, IAAF and BBC. Medals for the two demonstration sports Military patrol and Winter pentathlon are not included in this summary, albeit they are listed in the official report of the Swiss Olympic Committee. Italy won its first Winter Olympic medal, a gold medal.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1948 Big Nine Conference football season. The team compiled a 2–7 record (1–5 against conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Big Nine Conference. Harry Stuhldreher was in his 13th and final year as Wisconsin's head coach. The team averaged 258.6 yards per game of total offense, 200.6 yards per game by rushing, and 58.0 yards by passing.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team's statistical leaders included Ben Bendrick with 327 rushing yards, Bob Petruska with 125 passing yards, Jim Embach with 92 receiving yards, and Wally Dreyer with 24 points scored. Center Red Wilson received the team's most valuable player award for the second consecutive year. Wilson also received second-team honors from the International News Service on the 1948 All-Big Nine Conference football team. Wally Dreyer was the team captain.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team
At the annual Minnesota–Wisconsin football rivalry game held on November 20, 1948, Paul Bunyan's Axe was introduced as a trophy to be awarded to the winner. Minnesota won the 1948 game, 16-0.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team
On December 11, 1948, four days before a student referendum on whether he should keep his job, and in the face of "Goodbye Harry" signs, Harry Stuhldreher resigned as Wisconsin's head football coach, though he retained his job as athletic director.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium. During the 1948 season, the average attendance at home games was 44,167.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On September 25, 1948, Indiana defeated Wisconsin, 35–7, before a crowd of 40,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. The game was the first for Clyde B. Smith as Indiana's head coach. Indiana halfback George Taliaferro scored three touchdowns and played 51 minutes.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 2, 1948, Wisconsin defeated Illinois, 20–16, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. Wisconsin halfback Clarence Self scored two touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown with less than three minutes left to play.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 9, 1948, Wisconsin lost to California, 40–14, before a crowd of 66,000 at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, California.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 16, 1948, Wisconsin lost to Yale, 17–7, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 23, 1948, Ohio State defeated Wisconsin, 34-32, before a crowd of 77,205 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. Ohio State rallied from behind twice, including deficits of 19-7 and 33-20, in a game that The Cincinnati Enquirer called "one of the most scintillating, hair-raising games ever staged in Buckeye Stadium". Each team scored five touchdowns, but Wisconsin was able to convert only two kicks for extra point. Wisconsin's line prevented Ohio State from advancing the ball on the ground, and the Buckeyes opened up a passing attack, led by Pandel Savic, that accounted for 211 yards and all five Ohio State touchdowns.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On October 30, 1948, Wisconsin lost to Iowa. After Wisconsin took a 13-0 lead, Iowa staged a comeback and won, 19-13, in Iowa City.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 6, 1948, Northwestern (ranked No. 10 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16-7, before a homecoming crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Northwestern led 2-0 at halftime, as the only points of the half came on a safety. Northwestern then added two touchdowns in the third quarter.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 13, 1948, Wisconsin shut out Marquette, 26-0, before a crowd of 43,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Wally Dreyer was the star for Wisconsin.


1948 Wisconsin Badgers football team, Game summaries
On November 20, 1948, in the annual Minnesota–Wisconsin football rivalry game, Minnesota (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16–0, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. Minnesota exceeded Wisconsin in total yards by a tally of 425 to 88.


1948 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1948 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948.


1948 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Incumbent Republican Governor Oscar Rennebohm defeated Democratic nominee Carl W. Thompson with 54.09% of the vote.


1948 Wisła Kraków season
The 1948 season was Wisła Kraków's 40th year as a club.


1948 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1948 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Lansdowne Club in London from 19–25 January 1948. Joan Curry won her second title defeating Janet Morgan in the final.


1948 Women's Western Open
The 1948 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Skycrest Country Club, which was the 19th edition of the event. Patty Berg won the championship in match play competition by defeating Babe Zaharias in the final match, 37 holes.


1948 World Archery Championships
The 1948 World Archery Championships was the 12th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in London, Great Britain in August 1948 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).


1948 World Fencing Championships
The 1948 World Fencing Championships were held in The Hague, Netherlands. The championships were for non-Olympic events only.


1948 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1948 World Figure Skating Championships
The 1948 competitions for men, ladies, and pair skating took place from February 11 to 15 in Davos, Switzerland. These were the second World Figure Skating Championships after World War II. Skaters from Germany and Japan were still not allowed to compete.


1948 World Series
The 1948 World Series saw the Cleveland Indians against the Boston Braves. The Braves had won the National League pennant for the first time since the "Miracle Braves" team of 1914, while the Indians had spoiled a chance for the only all-Boston World Series by winning a one-game playoff against the Boston Red Sox for the American League flag. Though superstar pitcher Bob Feller failed to win either of his two starts, the Indians won the Series in six games to capture their second championship and their first since 1920 (as well as their last to the present date).


1948 World Series
It was the first World Series to be televised beyond the previous year's limited New York-Schenectady-Philadelphia-Baltimore-Washington network and was announced by famed sportcasters Red Barber, Tom Hussey (in Boston) and Van Patrick (in Cleveland). This was the second appearance in the Fall Classic for both teams, with the Indians' lone previous appearance coming in a 1920 win against the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Braves' lone previous appearance coming in a 1914 win against the Philadelphia Athletics.


1948 World Series
Consequently, this was the first, and to date only, World Series in which both participating teams had previously played in, but not yet lost, a previous World Series. Currently, this phenomenon can only be repeated if the Miami Marlins, the Washington Nationals or the Arizona Diamondbacks play against either the Toronto Blue Jays or the Los Angeles Angels in a future World Series.


1948 World Series
Television coverage of the World Series increased this year, but due to the medium still being in its infancy coverage was strictly regional. Games played in Boston could only be seen in the Northeast, while when the series shifted to Cleveland those games were the first to be aired in Chicago, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Detroit and Toledo.


1948 World Series
This was the only World Series from 1947 to 1958 not to feature a New York team, and also the last World Series until 1957 not won by a New York team (which the Braves won over the Yankees, after they had relocated to Milwaukee). The teams would meet again in the 1995 World Series won by the Braves—by then relocated to Atlanta. This was the first World Series and the last until 2016 where the series score was even.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Braves pitcher Johnny Sain and Indians pitcher Bob Feller were engaged in a scoreless pitchers' duel when the Braves came to bat in the bottom of the eighth inning. Feller walked Braves catcher Bill Salkeld to open the inning. Braves manager, Billy Southworth then replaced the slow-footed Salkeld with Phil Masi, who entered the game as a pinch runner. Mike McCormick followed with a sacrifice bunt, advancing Masi to second base. Feller issued an intentional walk to Eddie Stanky, who was replaced by Sibby Sisti. Feller then tried to pick off Masi at second base. Indians' shortstop Lou Boudreau appeared to tag Masi out, but umpire Bill Stewart called him safe. Tommy Holmes proceeded to hit a single that allowed Masi to score the only run of the game, giving the Braves a 1–0 victory.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The umpire's controversial ruling touched off heated debates among the media and fans, especially after Associated Press photographs of the play were published. Although Feller allowed only two hits, he took the loss in what would be the closest he came to winning a World Series game. Upon his death in 1990, Masi's will revealed that he really was out on the pick-off play.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The second game also made television history when a live broadcast of the Indians–Braves matchup was shown aboard the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Marylander passenger train travelling between Washington, D.C. and New York City, using a receiver operated by Bendix Corporation technicians. An Associated Press reporter observing the demonstration said, "Technically, it was surprisingly good." The Braves scored a run in the first off Bob Lemon on Bob Elliott's RBI single with two on, but Lemon held them scoreless for the rest of the game.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
After three shutout innings, Lou Boudreau hit a leadoff double in the fourth off Warren Spahn, then scored on Joe Gordon's single with Gordon advancing to second on the throw to home. One out later, Larry Doby's RBI single put the Indians up 2–1. Next inning, Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt and scored on Boudreau's single. The Indians scored one more run in the ninth off Nels Potter when Jim Hegan reached on an error, moved to third on two groundouts and scored on Bob Kennedy's single. The series was tied 1–1 heading to Cleveland.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
For the third straight game, no home runs were hit by either team. This would not happen again in a World Series until 2014. The game's two runs came on Larry Doby's groundout in the third after a double and walk and Jim Hegan's RBI single after a single and walk in the fourth, both off Vern Bickford. Gene Bearden pitched a complete shutout, allowing five hits while striking out four, as the Indians took a 2–1 series lead.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Steve Gromek of the Indians and Johnny Sain of the Braves pitched complete games each. The Indians struck first when Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff single in the first and scored on Lou Boudreau's double, then added to their lead on Larry Doby's home run in the third. Marv Rickert's leadoff home run in the seventh cut the Indians' lead to 2–1, but they held on to take a 3–1 series lead.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Satchel Paige appeared for the Indians, becoming the first black pitcher to take the mound in World Series history. The previous day's single-game attendance record was broken with 86,288 fans. After two leadoff singles, Bob Elliott's three-run home run in the first off Indians starter Bob Feller made it 3–0 Braves. Dale Mitchell's leadoff home run in the bottom half off Nels Potter put the Indians on the board.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Elliott's second home run of the game in the third made it 4–1 Braves, but in the fourth after a leadoff single and walk, Walt Judnich's RBI single made it 4–2 Braves, then one out later, Jim Hegan's three-run home run put the Indians in front 5–4 and knock Potter out of the game. Bill Salkeld's home run in the sixth tied the game. Next inning, Tommy Holmes hit a leadoff single, moved to second on a sacrifice bunt, and scored on Earl Torgeson's RBI single.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Ed Klieman relieved Feller and allowed a walk, two-runs single to Marv Rickert, and another walk. Russ Christopher then allowed RBI singles to Mike McCormick and Eddie Stanky. Warren Spahn's sacrifice fly off Paige capped the game's scoring at 11–5. Spahn pitched 5+2⁄3 shutout innings of relief for the win, forcing a Game 6 in Boston.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Indians struck first in Game 6 when Dale Mitchell hit a leadoff double in the third off Bill Voiselle and scored on Lou Boudreau's RBI double, but the Braves tied the game on Mike McCormick's RBI single with two on off Bob Lemon in the fourth. A walk loaded the bases, but Voiselle grounded out to end the inning. Joe Gordon's leadoff home in the sixth put the Indians back in front 2–1. After a one-out walk and single, Jim Hegan's RBI groundout extended their lead to 3–1.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Three straight singles in the eighth by Ken Keltner, Thurman Tucker and Eddie Robinson made it 4–1 Indians. In the bottom of the inning, the Braves loaded the bases off Lemon on a single, double and walk. Clint Conatser's sacrifice fly and Phil Masi's RBI double off Gene Bearden made it 4–3 Indians, but Bearden pitched a scoreless ninth for the save to give the Indians the championship, currently their last.


1948 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
With the death of Bobby Brown in 2021, this was the earliest World Series from which a player is still alive until October 4, 2021, when Eddie Robinson of the Indians died at age 100.


1948 World Series, Composite box
1948 World Series (4–2): Cleveland Indians (A.L.) over Boston Braves (N.L.)


1948 World Snooker Championship
The 1948 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. The final was held at the Leicester Square Hall in London, England, from 19 April to 1 May.


1948 World Snooker Championship
For the second year running the final was contested by Fred Davis and Walter Donaldson. Davis won his first World title by defeating Donaldson 84–61 in the final, although he reached the winning margin already at 73–52. Davis also made the highest break of the tournament with 109.


1948 World Snooker Championship, Qualifying
All qualifying matches were held at Burroughes Hall in London. The first-round matches were held from 1 to 13 December 1947. In the first match Sydney Lee conceded his match to John Pulman before the second day's play because of an abscess on his neck. Pulman was leading 8–2 after the first day. Only 10 frames had been played because of a power cut which curtailed the afternoon session to three frames. Conrad Stanbury comfortably won the second match, against Eric Newman, taking a 19–5 winning lead after the second day. The third match between Willie Leigh and Herbert Holt was very close. Leigh won the final frame 83–35 to win the match. The final first-round matches between John Barrie and Herbert Francis was also close. The match was 12–12 after two days. Barrie won the match 19–16.


1948 World Snooker Championship, Qualifying
The semi-finals were held from 5 to 10 January 1948. Pulman beat Stanbury in the first semi-final, taking a winning 18–15 lead on the final evening. In the second semi-final Leigh led 10–6 and won 21–14. Barrie made a break of 101 during the final evening session. In the final, played from 12 to 14 January, Leigh led 7–5 after the first day and 13–11 after two days. The match went to a final frame decider with Pulman winning 60–49, potting the last black.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Wembley from February 4 to February 11, 1948.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the 15th edition of the men's doubles championship. Bohumil Váňa and Ladislav Štípek won the title after defeating Adrian Haydon and Ferenc Soos in the final by three sets to nil.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the 15th edition of the men's singles championship.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Richard Bergmann defeated Bohumil Váňa in the final, winning three sets to two to secure the title.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the 15th edition of the men's team championship.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
Czechoslovakia won the gold medal defeating France 5-2 in the final.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the 15th edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
Dick Miles and Thelma Thall defeated Bohumil Váňa and Vlasta Pokorna-Depetrisová in the final by three sets to two.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the 14th edition of the women's doubles championship. Vera Thomas-Dace and Peggy Franks defeated Dora Beregi and Helen Elliot in the final by three sets to one.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the 15th edition of the women's singles championship. Gizi Farkas defeated Vera Thomas-Dace in the final by three sets to two, to win the title.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles, Results
+ Match replayed after time limit rule inconsistencies (original score was Farkas winning 13-21 9-21 21-9 21-18 29-27)


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
The 1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (Women's Team) was the eighth edition of the women's team championship.


1948 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
England won the gold medal defeating Hungary 3-1 in the final. Czechoslovakia and Romania won bronze medals after finishing second in their respective groups.


1948 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1948 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the Skyline Six Conference (Skyline Six) during the 1948 college football season. In their second season under head coach Bowden Wyatt, the Cowboys compiled a 4–5 record (0–5 against Skyline Six opponents), finished sixth in the conference, and outscored all opponents by a total of 270 to 145.


1948 Wyoming Cowboys football team
Eddie Talboom played in the backfield. He later became the first Wyoming player to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. Head coach Bowden Wyatt was also inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1997.


1948 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The 1948 Yale Bulldogs baseball team represented the Yale University in the 1948 NCAA baseball season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Yale Field. The team was coached by Ethan Allen in his 3rd season at Yale.


1948 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The Bulldogs advanced to the College World Series, falling to the USC Trojans two games to one in the best of three series.


1948 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1948 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1948 college football season. The Bulldogs were led by first year head coach Herman Hickman, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished the season with a 4–5 record.


1948 Yugoslav First Basketball League
The 1948 Yugoslav First Basketball League season is the 4th season of the Yugoslav First Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in SFR Yugoslavia.


1948 Yugoslav First Basketball League
The competition was held as a six-team tournament held in Belgrade.


1948 Yugoslav Women's Basketball League
The 1948 Yugoslav Women's Basketball League is the 4th season of the Yugoslav Women's Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in Yugoslavia for women's. Championships is played in 1948 in Belgrade and played six teams. Champion for this season is Crvena zvezda.


1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix
The 1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix, sometimes known as the 1948 Dutch Grand Prix, was a non-championship Formula One race held on 7 August 1948 at Circuit Zandvoort.


1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix, Report
The event consisted of two 24-lap heats and a 40-lap final. The cars were split based on their racing numbers, the lower numbers competing in Heat 1 and the higher numbers in Heat 2. A qualifying session determined the grid for each heat. Bob Gerard did not start the event; it is unclear whether he competed in his heat.


1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix, Report
Cuth Harrison secured pole position for Heat 1 at 2:03.8, but retired with a broken half-shaft and the heat went to Reg Parnell from Tony Rolt and John Bolster, Bolster setting the fastest lap at 1:57.9. George Abecassis retired with valve trouble.


1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix, Report
Prince Bira secured pole position for Heat 2 at 2:00.2. He won with the fastest lap at 1:53.6, the fastest time of the weekend, with David Hampshire second and Duncan Hamilton third. Peter Walker retired with gearbox issues, while Leslie Johnson was a non-starter due to shock absorber trouble and getting sand in his supercharger.


1948 Zandvoort Grand Prix, Report
In the final, Rolt led into the first corner but Bira assumed the lead by lap 3. Bira's engine was not 100% fit, preventing him from pushing hard. Rolt applied intense pressure, closing the gap consistently throughout the race but lacking the pace advantage to make an overtake. The two were separated by a single car length at the chequered flag, Bira's engine screaming as he did not want to risk losing ground with a gear change. Leslie Brooke ran third before stopping for oil and going on to finish 6th. Kenneth Hutchinson was 10th despite only having top gear for most of the race. Michael Chorlton, whose car struggled with carburation issues all day, reached the finish albeit nine laps down.


1948 and After
1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians is a collection of essays by the Israeli historian Benny Morris. The book was first published in hardcover in 1990. It was revised and expanded, (largely on the basis on newly available material) and published by Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1994, ISBN 0-19-827929-9.


1948 and After
The expanded 1994 edition contained a complete new chapter (ch. 5): Yosef Nahmani and the Arab Question in 1948. Chapters 1 (The new historiography: Israel and its past) and chapter 10 (The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950) were substantially expanded.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The new historiography: Israel and its past
In the first chapter, Morris outlines his refutation of the single-cause thesis to the Palestinian exodus. On p. 31, he writes: "In refuting Teveth's single-cause ("Arab orders") explanation of the exodus up to 15 May, I pointed out that there is simply no evidence to support it, and that the single document Teveth is able to cite, the Haganah report of 24 April, refers explicitly to "rumours" and to an order to "several localities" (rather than a blanket order to "the Arabs of Palestine").


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The new historiography: Israel and its past
Moreover, neither these "rumours" nor the purported order were referred to again in any subsequent Haganah intelligence report (which surely would have been the case had these "rumours" been confirmed and had an actual order been picked up).


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The new historiography: Israel and its past
The fact is that the opposite occurred: Haganah intelligence and Western diplomatic missions in the Middle East at the time, around 5–6 May 1948, picked up, recorded and quoted from Arab orders and appeals (by King Abdullah I, Arab Liberation Army Commander Fawzi Qawuqji, and Damascus Radio) to the Arabs of Palestine to stay put in their homes or, if already in exile, to return to Palestine. Not evidence of "Arab orders" to flee but of orders to stay put during those crucial pre-invasion weeks. It flies in the face of the chronology, which there is no getting around. There was an almost universal one-to-one correspondence between Jewish attacks in specific localities and on specific towns and Arab flight from these localities and towns;


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The new historiography: Israel and its past
(p.32): "What this means is that Haganah / Irgun / IDF attack was usually the principal and final precipitant of Arab flight.... For if the Arab order/orders had been issued on 10 April, why did the inhabitants of Haifa wait a fortnight, and those of Safad or Eastern Galilee a month or more to depart? And if the order was issued, say, on 25 April, why did the inhabitants of Tiberias depart three days before; or those of Safad wait a further fortnight before leaving?"


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948
Here Morris examines the evolving attitudes to "the Arab problem" as it appeared in the two dominant parties, Mapam and Mapai in 1948. Of the minor parties only the Revisionists spoke with a clear voice. (p.  51:) On 13 May LHI declared:


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948
A strong attack on the centres of the Arab population will intensify the movement of refugees and all the roads in the direction of Transjordan and the neighbouring countries will be filled with panic-stricken masses and [this] will hamper the [enemy's] military movement, as happened during the collapse of France [in World War II] ... A great opportunity has been given us.... The whole of this land is ours....


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 53:) Mapai
Morris examines the "paper trail" on the "Arab question", and writes that the most striking thing about Mapai is that the party—according to the "paper trail"—hardly ever discussed it. The first to break the silence was Golda Meir, who, after a visit to the deserted Arab quarters of Haifa argued on 11 May that the party now had to determine Israeli behaviour towards the Arabs that remained. Her calls for a full-scale party debate on the issue was not heeded. Morris writes (p. 55): "It was as if a large stone had been thrown into a pool—but had caused no ripple at all." The only full-scale Mapai party debate in 1948 took place 24 July. Some quotes from that debate:


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 53:) Mapai
(p. 57) According to David Ben-Gurion, two things had surprised him during the war: the Arab flight and Jewish looting. "It emerged that most of the Jews are thieves". Everyone stole and looted, including "the men of the [Jezreel] Valley, the cream of the pioneers, the parents of the Palmah [fighters]".


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 53:) Mapai
Shlomo Lavi, a veteran of the kibbutz movement said: "the.. . transfer out of the country in my eyes is one of the most just, moral and correct things that can be done. I have thought this ... for many years."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 53:) Mapai
(p. 57–58:) Avraham Katznelson endorsed the view: there is nothing "more moral, from the viewpoint of universal human ethics, than the emptying of the Jewish State of the Arabs and their transfer elsewhere.... This requires [the use of] force."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 53:) Mapai
During that meeting Shertok stated: "It is desirable for us that the Arabs do not return, if it is at all possible ... [ This has] historical justification.' It is best for Israel and the Arab states in the long run that Israel should not have internal problems stemming from the existence of a large Arab minority, he implied. Shertok said, however, that he did not think the hour was ripe for this position 'to be formulated outwardly [that is, publicly]'. (p. 58)


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 58): Mapam
(p. 59–61): Aharon Cohen, leader of the Mapam's Arab department wrote a memorandum called: "Our Arab Policy in the Midst of the War", 10 May. In his notes for the memorandum, penned 6 May 1948, he wrote: "a deliberate eviction [of the Arabs] is taking place.... Others may rejoice—I, as a socialist, am ashamed and afraid.... To win the war and lose the peace ... the state [of Israel], when it arises, will live on its sword." In the memorandum, he wrote: "... out of certain political goals and not only out of military necessity' the Arabs were driven out.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 58): Mapam
"In practice, a ... "transfer" of the Arabs out of the area of the Jewish state was being carried out', and this would eventually redound against the Yishuv, both militarily (by increasing pan-Arab anger) and politically. (p. 66): Cohen had charged that "it had depended on us whether the Arabs stayed or fled ... [ They had fled] and this was [the implementation of] Ben-Gurion's line in which our comrades are [also] active"" (p.64): Ya'acov Hazan, a Kibbutz Artzi leader specifically denounced the way the Haganah had treated the Arabs who had stayed put.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab problem in 1948, (p. 58): Mapam
In Abu Shusha, a village near his home kibbutz, the Haganah had completely bulldozed the village, instead of distinguishing between houses belonging to friends and houses belonging to foes of the Yishuv. He spoke of Haganah "killing, robbery, rape. I don't think our army should be like any army." (p. 65): Mapam co-leader Ya'ari, 14 June: "In truth, thousands [of Palestinians] did flee, but not always of their own will. There were shameful episodes.... There was no necessity for all the villages to be emptied..." "


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948
This article was first published in Middle Eastern Studies, January 1986.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948
Much of this article deals with Morris' explication and interpretation of a document found in 1985 in the papers of Aharon Cohen called "The Emigration of the Arabs of Palestine in the Period 1/12/1947 – 1/6/1948" that had been produced by Israeli Defence Forces Intelligence Service sometime during the first truce.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948
The report is dated June 30, 1948, and consists of two parts: a 9-page text and a 15-page appendix. Morris explains that the details in the appendix serve as a basis for the statistical breakdown in the text.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948
The author is assumed to be Moshe Sasson, assistant to the director of the Arab Department in the Intelligence Service. (He was later Israel's ambassador to Italy and Egypt.)


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
According to the report, Morris tells that, on the eve of the UN Partition Plan Resolution of 29 November 1947, there were 219 Arab villages and four Arab, or partly Arab, towns in the areas earmarked by the Resolution to be part of the Jewish state, with a total Arab population of 342,000. By 1 June 1948, 180 of these villages and towns had been evacuated, with 239,000 Arabs fleeing the areas of the Jewish state.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
In addition, 152,000 Arabs had fled from areas that had been designated for Palestinian Arab statehood by the Partition Plan. According to the report, the total number of refugees was 391,000 by 1 June 1948, plus or minus 10–15%. Some 103,000 Arabs were said to have remained in the area designated for Jewish statehood.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
The report identifies four stages in the exodus, of which stage four, in May 1948, was defined as the 'main and decisive stage in the emigration movement of the Arabs of Palestine. A psychosis of emigration began to develop, a crisis in confidence in Arab strength."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
According to Morris, the report "outlines what IDF Intelligence Branch regards, in June 1948, as the factors which precipitated the exodus, citing them 'in order of importance'":


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
The report concludes: "It is possible to say that at least 55% of the total of the exodus was caused by our [Haganah / IDF] operations and by their influence". In addition, "the effects of the operations of dissident Jewish organizations 'directly [caused] some 15 percent ... of the emigration'.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
Morris notes that the report points out that where there was a "strong Arab military force" the villagers did not evacuate "readily." He notes that the report says that the "Arab institutions attempted to struggle against the phenomenon of flight and evacuation, and to curb the waves of emigration.... Especially, they tried to prevent the exodus of youngsters of military age.... But all these actions completely failed because no positive action was taken which could have curbed the factors pushing toward emigration."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
"...the reports goes out of its way to stress that the exodus was contrary to the political-strategic desires of both the Arab Higher Committee and the governments of the neighbouring Arab states" [] "...the report makes no mention of any blanket order issued over Arab radio stations or through other means to Palestinians to evacuate their homes or villages. Had such an order been issued, it would without doubt have been mentioned or cited in this document; the Haganah intelligence service and the IDF intelligence branch closely monitored Arab radio transmissions and the Arabic press.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
... from it [the report] emerges a very definite impression that the depopulation of the villages and towns was an unexpected outcome of operations the purpose of which was wholly or primarily the conquest of military positions and strategic sites in the course of a life-and-death struggle. Jewish military operations indeed accounted for 70 percent of the Arab exodus; but the depopulation of the villages in most cases was an incidental, if favourably regarded, side-effect of these operations, not their aim....


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Service Analysis of June 1948, Content
But for an understanding of the Palestinian exodus until 1 June, one must, according to IDF Intelligence Branch, reach mainly for the vast middle ground between preplanned, outright IDF expulsion and Arab-engineered, Machiavellian flight. There, amid the frightening, threatening boom of guns, the loss of confidence in Arab might, the flight of relatives and friends, the abandonment of nearby towns, and a general, vast fear of the uncharted future, one will find the bulk of the pre-June Palestinian refugees."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, Yosef Weitz and the Transfer Committees, 1948–1949
This article was first published in Middle Eastern Studies in 1986. Yosef Weitz was the director of Jewish National Fund's Land Department, who from the 1930s was responsible for land acquisition (mostly from Arabs) for the Yishuv. He was instrumental in establishing the "Transfer Committees".


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Abu Ghosh
The villagers of Abu Ghosh had first been expelled in 1948, but the bulk of the inhabitants "infiltrated" back home in the following months and years. In the second half of 1949, the IDF and police started to descend on Abu Ghosh in a series of more or less brutal search-and-expel operations, where they rounded up the most recent "infiltrators" and pushed them over the border into Jordan. (p. 267–268): Following one such round-up, in early 1950, the inhabitants of Abu Gosh sent off an "open letter", to Knesset members and journalists, writing that the Israelis had repeatedly


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Abu Ghosh
"surrounded our village, and taken our women, children and old folk, and thrown them over the border and into the Negev Desert, and many of them died in consequence, when they were shot [trying to make their way back across] the borders".


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Abu Ghosh
"But we cannot remain silent in face of the latest incident last Friday, when we woke up to the shouts blaring over the loudspeaker announcing that the village was surrounded and anyone trying to get out would be shot.... The police and military forces then began to enter the houses and conduct meticulous searches, but no contraband was found. In the end, using force and blows, they gathered up our women, and old folk and children, the sick and the blind and pregnant women. These shouted for help but there was no saviour. And we looked on and were powerless to do anything save beg for mercy. Alas, our pleas were of no avail... They then took the prisoners, who were weeping and screaming, to an unknown place, and we still do not know what befellthem."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Abu Ghosh
Partly due to public outcry, most of the inhabitants were allowed home. Morris writes (p. 269): In the end only several dozen Abu Gosh families remained in exile, as refugees, in the Ramallah area in the West Bank.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Beit Naqquba
About Beit Naqquba, Morris writes (p. 263): "It is possible that the inhabitants of Beit Naqquba had received both an order to evacuate from Arab military commanders in Ein Karim and "strong advice" to the same effect from Lisser and Navon. But it is likely that the "advice" given in the name of the Harel Brigade, which physically controlled the area, was the more potent of the two factors in precipitating the evacuation."


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Beit Naqquba
Between 1948 and 1964 the (by then former) inhabitants of Bayt Naqquba at first lived at Sataf, "under trees, because the Arabs had not allowed them to come over their lines, out of distrust and revenge" (quoted in Morris, p. 264). Afterwards they were allowed to stay temporarily in Abu Ghosh.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Beit Naqquba
(p. 266): The reason given for why they were not allowed to return was given as "security" by the local kibbutz Kiryat Anavim. However, Kiryat Anavim's opposition to the return of Beit Naqquba refugees to their village was only in part based on "security" considerations. The kibbutz also wanted Beit Naqquba's land. The problem was that the handful of Beit Naqquba refugees now living in Abu Gosh continued to cultivate their lands, "and it is to be assumed that they look forward to the day on which they will be able to return to their homes.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Beit Naqquba
It seems that as long as the Beit Naqquba inhabitants remain near their abandoned village, they will continue to maintain contact with the village, and the members of Kiryat Anavim will not be able to take over and cultivate the village lands." Reporting this, (on 16 March 1949), the Interior Ministry official responsible for the Jerusalem District recommended that the Beit Naqquba villagers residing in Abu Ghosh be moved "somewhere ... far away".


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained, Beit Naqquba
Starting in 1964, the former Bayt Naqquba residents started moving to a new site, called "Ein Naqquba", located on some of their land south of the Jerusalem–Tel Aviv highway.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
Morris examined previously unpublished reports and memorandums pertaining to the transfer of Majdal's Arabs to Gaza in 1950. The reports/memorandums were mostly in the Israel State Archive, Foreign Ministry (=ISA, FM) and the Labour Archives (Histadrut), Lavon Institute, Tel Aviv (=LA).


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
(p. 337–338): "At the beginning of September, Major V. H. Loriaux, a UN truce-observer and sometime acting chairman of the Israel–Egypt MAC (=Mixed Armistice Commission), interviewed some of the evacuees shortly after they reached the Gaza strip. He was told the Majdal Arabs, soon after being warned that they would shortly have to leave the town, were charged '1,650 Israeli pound[s] for drinking water (it was free of charge previously)'. Loriaux was also told of 'delays'—before September—in the distribution of rations. The Arabs [...] had been penned in their ghetto, behind barbed wire and military checkpoints, and were rarely allowed out." (ISA-FM 2436/5bet.) Loriaux [...] complained that there had been cases were Arabs who had refused to move to Gaza being jailed. Israel denied this. (ISA FM 2436/5bet.)


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
(p. 338): UNTSO chairman General William Riley wrote [...]:"A. Since occupation of Majdal by Israel, Arabs are kept in special quarters. B. Shopkeepers are not allowed to renew stock. C. Proprietors are not allowed to enter their houses, lands or groves. D. Arab rations are inferior to Israeli rations. E. Rumours are spread among Arabs that Majdal will become military [i.e. war] zone. F. Many Arabs wished to stay, but found living conditions impossible through continuous vexations' (see UN Archives, New York), (DAG-1/2.2.5.2.0-1, 13 Sept. 1950)


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
(p. 441): UNTSO chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General William Riley, United States Marine Corps, on 21 September issued an unusual public condemnation of the ongoing expulsion of Majdals Arabs and the simultaneous expulsion of members (4000 according to the UN) of the Azazme beduin tribe from the Negev into Sinai. Israel reacted by denying both counts. On 17 November 1950 the Security Council condemned Israel on both counts ()and on 30 May 1951 the MAC called on Israel to repatriate the 1950 Majdal transferees. Israel rejected the decision and denied the charge.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
(p. 345) Morris concludes: "Majdal officially became Ashkelon in 1956, after passing through some nominal stations—Migdal-Gad and Migdal-Ashkelon. The three-sided (Israel, Egypt and UN) debate over whether the Arab departure had been "voluntary" or "coerced" by then was something of an irrelevance. The UN calls for a return 1950 was never heeded and the Majdal transferees were fated to linger on, for decades, indefinitely, in Gaza's grim, grimy refugee camps.


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
What is clear is that after a year and a half of bureaucratic foot-dragging, the IDF in 1950 wanted this last concentration of Arabs in the southern coastal plain to leave, and engineered their departure.. The Majdal Arabs' own uneasiness at life as a ghettoized minority, under military rule, hemmed in by barbed wire and a pass system, dependent on Israeli handouts, largely unemployed and destitute, cut off from their relatives in Gaza and from the Arab world in general, served as a preparatory background. [


1948 and After, Detailed synopsis, The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950
...] When these [methods] proved insufficient with the remaining hard-core Histadrut-protected inhabitants, the army availed itself, in September and early October, of cruder methods—shooting in the night, threatening behaviour by the soldiery, unpleasant early-hour-of-the-morning visitations, frequent summons, and occasional arrests. The use of these methods was hidden from the Israeli public and, probably, lacked Cabinet authorization. To sweeten the pill, the military government offered some fulsome carrots in the form of financial incentives [...] Until Israel's Defence Ministry and Cabinet records are opened, the exact decision-making processes behind the Majdal transfer will remain unclear."


1948 college football season
The 1948 college football season finished with two unbeaten and untied teams; Michigan and Clemson. Michigan was the first place choice for the majority (192 of the 333) voters in the AP Poll, but didn't play in the postseason because of a no-repeat rule for Big Nine schools. Notre Dame, second in the AP Poll, tied USC 14–14 at the end of the regular season, but did not participate in any bowl per university policy at the time. Northwestern beat California 20–14 in the Rose Bowl, and Clemson defeated Missouri by a point in the Gator Bowl.


1948 college football season
Air travel to away games (as opposed to rail travel) became increasingly popular with college football programs in the late 1940s.


1948 college football season
The NCAA began permitting the use of small 1-inch rubber "tees" (not the same tee used for kickoffs) for extra point and field goal attempts beginning this year; they were outlawed in 1989.


1948 college football season, September
The Associated Press did not poll the writers until the fourth week of the season. Among the five teams that had been ranked highest in 1947, Notre Dame, Michigan, SMU, Penn State, Texas began play on September 25. Notre Dame edged Purdue 28–27, Michigan won at Michigan State, 13–7,  and SMU won at Pittsburgh, 33–14. The Texas Longhorns lost at North Carolina, 34–7. Northwestern beat UCLA, in Los Angeles, 19–0. In Baltimore, California beat Navy, 21–7. Army beat visiting Villanova 28–0.


1948 college football season, October
On October 2 In Pittsburgh, Notre Dame shut out Pitt, 40–0, while in Dallas, SMU defeated Texas Tech 41–6. Penn State beat Bucknell 35–0, Michigan beat Oregon 14–0. North Carolina won at Georgia 21–14. Army beat Lafayette 54–7. Northwestern beat Purdue 21–0. When the first poll was issued, Notre Dame had fewer first place votes than North Carolina (50 vs. 55), but ten more points overall (1,200 to 1,190)  Northwestern was third, followed by SMU and Army. Though unbeaten, Michigan was ranked 7th, after Georgia Tech.


1948 college football season, October
On October 9 No. 1 Notre Dame beat Michigan State 26–7. No. 2 North Carolina won at Wake Forest, 28–6, and was ranked first in the next poll. No. 3 Northwestern beat No. 8 Minnesota 19–16. No. 4 SMU lost at Missouri, 20–14. No. 5 Army won at Illinois, 26–21. No. 7 Michigan, which had won at No. 15 Purdue, 40–0, rose to 4th.


1948 college football season, October
October 16 No. 1 North Carolina beat N.C. State 14–0, but dropped to third in the next poll. No. 2 Notre Dame won at Nebraska 44–13. In Ann Arbor, Michigan, No. 3 Northwestern faced Big Nine rival No. 4 Michigan, and the home team Wolverines won 28–0. No. 5 Army defeated Harvard 20–7. Michigan moved up to first place in the next poll, and No. 6 California (which beat Oregon State 42–0) replaced Northwestern in the Top Five.


1948 college football season, October
October 23 In Minneapolis, No. 1 Michigan beat No. 13 Minnesota 27–14, and No. 2 Notre Dame won at Iowa 27–12. No. 3 North Carolina beat visiting LSU 34–7. In Seattle, No. 4 California blanked Washington 21–0, and No. 5 Army won at No. 12 Cornell 27–6.


1948 college football season, October
October 30 No. 1 Michigan beat Illinois 28–20, while in Baltimore, No. 2 Notre Dame beat Navy 41–7. No. 3 North Carolina won at Tennessee 14–7. In Los Angeles, No. 4 California beat USC, 13–7. No. 5 Army beat Virginia Tech 49–7. In the next poll, Notre Dame was ranked at the new number one.


1948 college football season, November
November 6 No. 1 Notre Dame won at Indiana 42–6. No. 2 Michigan beat visiting Navy 35–0. No. 3 North Carolina was tied by William & Mary, 7–7. No. 4 Army defeated Stanford at Yankee Stadium in New York, 43–0, while  No. 5 California beat visiting UCLA 28–13. Replacing North Carolina in the Top Five was No. 14 Penn State, which had shut out Penn in Philadelphia, 13–0.


1948 college football season, November
November 13 No. 1 Michigan beat Indiana 54–0. No. 2 Notre Dame beat No. 8 Northwestern 12–7. No. 3 Army won at Pennsylvania 26–20. No. 4 California beat Washington State 44–14. No. 5 Penn State beat Temple 47–0, but still dropped in the next poll. It was replaced by No. 6 North Carolina, which returned after a win at Maryland 49–20.


1948 college football season, November
November 20No. 1 Michigan closed its season with a 13–3 win at No. 18 Ohio State. No. 2 Notre Dame and No. 3 Army were both idle. No. 4 California beat Stanford 7–6. No. 5 North Carolina beat Duke 20–0.


1948 college football season, November
November 27 No. 1 Michigan, which had completed its season, had 105 of 190 first place votes. No. 2 Notre Dame defeated Washington 46–0. The annual Army–Navy Game in Philadelphia pitted unbeaten (8–0–0) and No. 3 Army against winless (0–8–0) Navy, and 102,000 fans turned out to watch the mismatch, including President Truman. It was a surprise when the Midshipmen scored first, but Army went ahead 21–14 after three quarters. In the fourth quarter, Navy pushed the Cadets back to their own goal line, and took the punt at midfield.


1948 college football season, November
In six plays, Navy drove down to the four yard line, and Bill Hawkins crashed into the end zone to make it 21–20. Roger Drew added the point after to ruin Army's perfect record, 21–21. No. 4 North Carolina won at Virginia 34–12, and No. 5 California had finished its season. The final poll was released on November 29, although some colleges had not completed their schedules.


1948 college football season, November
On December 4, No. 2 Notre Dame‘s perfect record was compromised in Los Angeles with a 14–14 tie against unranked USC.


1948 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Afghanistan.


1948 in Afghanistan
Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan are peaceful and formally correct. The unsettled relations between Pakistan and India, however, interfere with the Afghan foreign trade which for decades had gone mostly by the Khyber Pass. Another reason for the not too favourable balance of trade is the falling price of karakul lambskins, the most valuable of the country's exports. Three new motor roads are under construction in 1948: Kabul to Mazar, Kabul to Khyber Pass, and the Badakhshan road from Kabul toward Sinkiang province, China.


1948 in Afghanistan, March 29, 1948
It is announced that the British legation at Kabul and the Afghan legation in London are to be raised to the status of embassies. On June 5 a similar step is taken between the US and Afghanistan.


1948 in All-Palestine (Gaza)
1948 in All-Palestine (Gaza) refers to the events, within the jurisdiction of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza Strip under Egyptian protection.


1948 in All-Palestine (Gaza), Events, December
Israeli forces capture Beersheba during the Battle of Beersheba, October 21, 1948


1948 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Australia.


1948 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1948.


1948 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1948 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1948 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1948 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1948 in Belgium
The following events happened during 1948 in the Kingdom of Belgium.


1948 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1948 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 47th season of competitive football in the country.


1948 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1948.


1948 in British music
This is a summary of 1948 in music in the United Kingdom.


1948 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1948.


1948 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1948.


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"A common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" - UN proclaims Universal Declaration of Human Rights


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Parliamentary committee studying draft UN human rights declaration speaks to global variety of rights interpretations


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Canadian children "had no idea what to do with us" - Holocaust orphan arrives in Canada and settles in Regina


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"Fitting together the scattered jigsaw-puzzle pieces of their lives" - Japanese Canadians move on, and why they have to


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Ottawa-Quebec politics rule out Black U.S. troops in Quebec, where their presence "might be misunderstood and misrepresented"


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"Maximum dramatic appeal" and "simplicity" of secret U.S.A.-Canada free-trade proposal encourage optimism for success


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Lester Pearson says "the world needs the textiles which Japan" would produce if it received Most favoured nation trade status


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Ambassador to China keen to see Canadian presence (banks, Canadian Pacific ships and planes, TCA and Navy) in southeast Asia


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
U.S.A. to hold multi-party talks on North Atlantic security matters, including Soviet intentions and U.S. commitment


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Canada wants North Atlantic security organization to involve foreign ministry consultation and economic and social collaboration


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Kinks in Canada-U.S. joint defence arrangements, including roles, responsibilities and functions, need to be worked out


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Canada seeks to know U.S. policy on partition of Palestine, especially regarding possibility of UN Security Council authorizing force


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Cabinet decides not to support UN membership for Israel before it recognizes Israel's provisional government


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
With Nationalist forces "off balance and low in morale" in Chinese Civil War, Canada plans evacuations


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
South African ambassador seeks Canada's support for white supremacy policy to block communism and Indians "swamping" whites


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Cabinet seeks better ways to exclude from Canada top leaders of "unions known to be communist dominated" and fellow travellers


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Cabinet Defence Committee sees need for Arctic icebreaker to support government stations and wartime amphibious operations


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"Frenzied," "shrill" and "a pitch of hysteria which could scarcely be raised" - anti-U.S. Soviet propaganda assessed


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Given CBC cooperation and with policy "guidance notes," Pearson ponders propaganda broadcasts to communist controlled countries


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Newfoundland must be independent because England couldn't help if it wanted to and confederation means federal government rule


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"I fear the return of Responsible Government" - Newfoundlander dreads days of privation recurring if Canada is rejected


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Refus Global calls Quebeckers to free themselves from past fears and anguish at nauseating recent evils with passion and unity


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
CBC Radio interview with figure skating champion Barbara Ann Scott after she won gold medal at Winter Olympics in St. Moritz


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Photo: Calgary Stampeders' Norman L. Kwong runs into opposing team's defence in football game


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Kate Aitken talks about women of the year, including Princess Elizabeth, Barbara Ann Scott and Henrietta Banting, on her radio show


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
CBC radio play from "series of dramatized programmes on human relation" involving National Committee for Mental Hygiene of Canada


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
"Absolute and undying ambition to succeed" - CBC network announcer Elwood Glover's memories of his early radio career


1948 in Canada, Historical Documents
Ducks Unlimited naturalist says prairie drought can seem catastrophic, but only cover 1% of waterfowl breeding territory


1948 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1948
The WIFU increased their games from 8 to 12 games per team.


1948 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1948
The Hamilton Tigers, formerly of the IRFU joined the ORFU, and the Hamilton Wildcats joined the IRFU on Friday, April 9.


1948 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1948
The Regina/Saskatchewan Roughriders and the Calgary Stampeders changed their team colours. The Roughriders adopted green and white and the Stampeders reverted to red and white.


1948 in Canadian football, Canadian Football News in 1948
In the Grey Cup game, the Stampeders introduced pageantry with saddle horses and chuck wagons as they defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders 12–7 to win their first Grey Cup.


1948 in Canadian football, Regular season, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1948 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
36th Annual Grey Cup Game: Varsity Stadium – Toronto, Ontario


1948 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
It was the first Grey Cup win for Calgary after the team became the first (and still only) team to go undefeated in the regular season and playoffs.


1948 in Canadian football, 1948 Eastern (Interprovincial Rugby Football Union) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1948 in Canadian football, 1948 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1948 in Canadian football, 1948 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1948 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Cape Verde.


1948 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Chile.


1948 in El Salvador
The following lists events that happened in 1948 in El Salvador.


1948 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1948 in Estonia.


1948 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1948 in Iceland.


1948 in Indonesia
Events in the year 1948 in Indonesia. The country had an estimated population of   72,979,300.


1948 in Israel, Events
The State of Israel was declared after the end of the civil war, which was raging for six months in Palestine after the vote by the United Nation to partition Palestine between Palestinian Jews and Arabs.


1948 in Israel, Events
The strategically important airport at Lydda following its capture by the Israel Defense Forces in July 1948


1948 in Israel, Events
Israeli Jewish female soldiers training at Mishmar HaEmek during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 1948


1948 in Israel, Events
Israeli forces capture Beersheba during the Battle of Beersheba, October 21, 1948


1948 in Jordan
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.


1948 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1948 in Malaya
This article lists important figures and events in Malayan public affairs during the year 1948, together with births and deaths of significant Malayans. Malaya left the British colonial Malayan Union; the Federation of Malaya took place on 1 February.


1948 in Mandatory Palestine
Events in the year 1948 in the British Mandate of Palestine.


1948 in Mandatory Palestine, Bibliography
Morris, Benny, (2003). The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. I.B.Tauris . ISBN 978-1-86064-989-9


1948 in Michigan, Top stories
The Associated Press polled editors of its member newspapers in Michigan and ranked the state's top news stories of 1948 as follows:


1948 in Michigan, Population
In the 1940 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 5,256,106, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1950, Michigan's population had increased by 21.2% to 6,371,766.


1948 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 20,000 based on 1940 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1930 and 1950 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1948 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 75,000 based on 1940 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1930 and 1950 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1948 in Michigan, Companies
The following is a list of major companies based in Michigan in 1948.


1948 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in New Zealand.


1948 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 28th New Zealand Parliament continued, with the Labour Party in government.


1948 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1948 film awards, 1948 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1948 films


1948 in New Zealand, Sport, Archery
The national championships are held at a single venue for the first time replacing the previous postal shoot.


1948 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Dunedin.


1948 in North Korea
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.


1948 in Norwegian football, Norgesserien 1947–48
Because of World War II, local qualifying leagues were organized in the 1946–47 season in order to determine the teams participating in Norgesserien 1947–48. No national league Championship was held in 1947 though.


1948 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1948 in Norwegian music.


1948 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in South Africa.


1948 in Southern Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Southern Rhodesia.


1948 in Sri Lanka
1948 in Sri Lanka marks the turn from the British Ceylon period to independent modern Sri Lanka. The year saw Sri Lanka, then British Ceylon, regain its independence becoming the Dominion of Ceylon.


1948 in Sri Lanka, Births
23 October - M. H. M. Ashraff, 51 (d. 2000), (lawyer, politician)


1948 in Taiwan
Events in the year 1948 in Taiwan, Republic of China.


1948 in Thailand
The year 1948 was the 167th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the third year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2491 in the Buddhist Era.


1948 in Venezuela, Deaths
This Venezuela-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1948 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1948 to Wales and its people.


1948 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1948 throughout the world.


1948 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1948  throughout the world.


1948 in comics
Notable events of 1948 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1948 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1948.


1948 in film, Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1948 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1948 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1948 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian fine arts.


1948 in jazz, 1948 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1948.


1948 in jazz, 1948 in jazz
The Nice Jazz Festival held annually since February 25, 1948 in Nice, on the French Riviera. Also in 1948, Louis Armstrong formed the first version of the Jazz All Stars with Jack Teagarden on trombone, Barney Bigard on clarinet, Dick Carey on piano, Sid Catlett on drums and Arvell Shaw on bass. Their music fits in with New Orleans revival. Louis Armstrong performed at the Jazz festival in 1948, where Suzy Delair sang "C'est si bon" by Henri Betti and André Hornez for the first time in public.


1948 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1948.


1948 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1948 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1948 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had own significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1948 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1948.


1948 in music, Biggest hit singles
The following singles achieved the highest  in the limited set of charts available for 1948.


1948 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1948.


1948 in paleontology, Synapsids, Non-mammalian
For a time considered a junior synonym, its validity was reinstated in 2015.


1948 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1948 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1948 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1948 in poetry, Works published in other languages, India
In each section, listed in alphabetical order by first name:


1948 in professional wrestling
1948 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1948 in radio
The year 1948 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting.


1948 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1948.


1948 in rail transport
In 1948, 14 railroads in North America owned more than 1,000 steam locomotives each. See also: Historical sizes of railroads


1948 in science
The year 1948 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1948 in sports
1948 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1948 in sports, Athletics
33 athletics events were contested at the Olympic Games in London, including debuts for the men's 10 km walk; and the women's 200 metres, long jump and shot put. Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands captured four gold medals.


1948 in television
The year 1948 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1948.


1948 in the Belgian Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Belgian Congo.


1948 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1948 in the United Kingdom
Events from the year 1948 in the United Kingdom. The Olympics are held in London and some of the government's key social legislation takes effect.


1948 in the environment
This is a list of notable events relating to the environment in 1948. They relate to environmental law, conservation, environmentalism and environmental issues.


1948 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1948 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the seventh census of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia conducted a population census on 15 March 1948. On the territory of Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,565,277 persons lived.


1948 Ålandic legislative election
Legislative elections were held in the Åland Islands on 15 June 1948.


1948 Úrvalsdeild
The 1948 Úrvalsdeild is an season of top-flight Icelandic football.


1948 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 4 teams, and KR won the championship. KR's Ólafur Hannesson was the top scorer with 4 goals.


1948/49 NTFL season
The 1948/49 NTFL season was the 28th season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL).


1948/49 NTFL season
Buffaloes have won their ninth premiership title while defeating the Wanderers in the grand final by 46 points.


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War
1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War is a non-fiction work written by Israeli historian Benny Morris. It was published by Yale University Press in 2008. The author is otherwise known for multiple other books such as Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem and Righteous Victims, being a member of the group called the 'new historians' and the individual who most popularized the term.


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Background and contents
The author remarked in an interview, "The left wing and the right wing will both find things to attack in the book". He added, "Anyone who wants can find things to bash the Arabs with" and "anyone who wants can find things to bash the Jews with" given that the "book has everything in it, because that's the nature of history: it is really quite intricate."


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Background and contents
The book details the 1947–1949 Palestine war from a primarily military perspective, though wading into the numerous complex cultural, political, and social issues involved. The 1948 Palestinian exodus from various areas as well as the latter Arab–Israeli conflict are delved into in the context of the initial fighting. Morris describes a multi-faceted struggle in which numerous war crimes occur, many committed by Jewish forces despite later apologia attempting to minimize such events. He writes, "In truth ... the Jews committed far more atrocities than the Arabs and killed far more civilians and PoWs in deliberate acts of brutality in the course of 1948."


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Background and contents
The character of the Arabic forces assaulting the Jewish communities is also described as having a highly ideological, Islamist nature. Morris views the 1948 bloodshed as having a broader sense of having a conflict between civilizations, with many soldiers seeing themselves as engaging in 'jihad'. However, he states that the disorganized, divided leadership of the Arabic forces provided military opportunities from their own ineptness that the Jewish militants seized; a simplistic 'David versus Goliath' narrative does not fit.


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
The Guardian published a supportive review by fellow historian Avi Shlaim. He wrote, "Morris subjects the conflicting national narratives of the 1948 war to rigorous scrutiny in the light of the evidence and he discards all the notions, however deeply cherished, that do not stand up to such scrutiny." While criticizing some of Morris' arguments, Shlaim praised the book as an "impressive achievement of original research and synthesis" and concluded that it provided a historical account "presented in a fluent and readable style".


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
An article published in the Middle East Quarterly interviewing the author and discussing the work stated that in 1948: History of the First Arab–Israeli War "even when difficult facts come up, Morris tries to preserve balance and composure."


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
The Independent published a review by Stephen Howe, a historian and frequent reviewer, that observed a marked change in Morris’ perspective starting at the beginning of the 2000s. While calling the book an "impressively exhaustive narrative of the war's military campaigns and political backdrop," Howe also observes that Morris's attitude toward the Palestinians is considerably more negative, and is also critical of Morris's attribution of a "'jihadist' mentality" to the Palestinians without his providing sufficient historical evidence to support this view.


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
Motti Golan, professor of Jewish History at The Zvi Yavetz School of Historical Studies at the University of Tel Aviv, published a review in The Journal of Israeli History that praised Morris's book as "an important contribution to the literature on the history of the 1948 war and is an essential source for students, instructors, and researchers alike"; among several more modest criticisms, Golan took issue with Morris's claims about the importance of the Islamic principle of Jihad to the Arab side of the war, claims Golan views as anachronistic and misguided.


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
Writing in Haaretz, a fellow 'new historian', Tom Segev, gave Morris’ work a highly critical review, noting a particular lack of humanism displayed in the book's treatment of the Palestinian perspective:


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
“Morris’ obliviousness to the story of the people behind the documents he quotes is also revealed by an almost complete avoidance of describing the suffering of the refugees. It seems that in his opinion at least some of them, especially the residents of Lyd and Ramleh, should have been grateful for the expulsion.”


1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Reviews and responses
Writing in the New York Times, David Margolick praised Morris’s book as "an authoritative and fair-minded account of an epochal and volatile event," saying that Morris "has reconstructed that event with scrupulous exactitude"; on the other hand, Margolick criticized the book's style, saying that it "can be exasperatingly tedious" and that "he narrative cries out for air and anecdote and color."


1948–49 1re série season
The 1948–49 1re série season was the 28th season of the 1re série, the top level of ice hockey in France. Eight teams participated in the league, and Chamonix Hockey Club won their 12th championship.


1948–49 A Group
Statistics of Bulgarian A Football Group in the 1948–1949 season.


1948–49 A Group, Overview
It was contested by 10 teams, and Levski Sofia won the championship undefeated.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season
During the 1948-49 'Associazione Calcio Torino competed in Serie A.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary
The season is remembered  by  Superga air disaster, on 4 May ending the Grande Torino era. After clinching 4 consecutive titles the Granata were ready to win the 5th title at top of the league table. 4 rounds before the ending of championship Grande Torino traveled to Lisboa, to play a friendly match against Benfica due to retirement of Francisco Ferreira. Game which Toro lost 4–3. Torino was named winner of the championship  by  the Federation, and the Youth squad was able to play the last 4 rounds. Finished a short summer interval from the end of previous season, competition officially resumed in Italy after the 1948 Summer Olympics. Prematurely eliminated, Vittorio Pozzo lost his position as sole commissioner of the Italy national team and Ferruccio Novo took his place.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary
New season began in mid-September with a Torino almost identical to that of the previous championships; there was only Franco Ossola permanently in place of Pietro Ferraris, who, at age 36, had moved to Novara. The midfielder Rubens Fadini arrived from Gallarate, Dino Ballarin, brother of the goalkeeper Aldo was signed from Chioggia; the Hungarian-Czechoslovakian Július Schubert, a left-sided midfielder; and strikers Emile Bongiorni and Ruggero Grava arrived from Racing Parigi and Roubaix-Tourcoing respectively. The club began the season after a long tour in Brazil where the team met Palmeiras, Corinthians, São Paulo and Portuguesa, losing only once.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary
During the season, reduced to 24 teams after three promotions and relegations, Ernest Erbstein was appointed as the team's technical director and the Englishman Leslie Lievesley became the coach. The campaign also saw injuries to Virgilio Maroso, Eusebio Castigliano, Romeo Menti and Sauro Tomà, plus the long suspension for Aldo Ballarin. The Granata, which debuted with a victory against Pro Patria, suffered a defeat in the second round to Atalanta; the team recovered with five straight wins, including that of the derby, but lost again, in Milan, against the Rossoneri.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary
The club would relinquish the lead in the standings, then recapture it, finishing midway through the season on par with Genoa, from which a third defeat was suffered, losing 3–0. In the return leg of the derby Torino would defeat Juventus 3–0. Torino's advantage increased in the standings, gaining a maximum of six point on Inter in second place. However, a pair of draws (in Trieste and Bari) allowed Inter to close the gap within four points from Torino. On 30 April 1949, the two clubs met in Milan, ending 0–0, with Torino approaching their fifth consecutive title (the record would be equaled). The team travelled to Portugal to play in a friendly against Benfica. However, upon return Torino perished in the Superga air disaster.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary, Superga air disaster
The airplane with the team crashed at Basilica di Superga nearby Torino. There were deaths of team chairmen and club workers, baggage men and three of the best journalists  in the country at the time: Renato Casalbore (founder of Tuttosport magazine); Renato Tosatti (from journal Gazzetta del Popolo) and Luigi Cavallero (from journal La Stampa). The shocking corpse identification was made by former Italian National Team manager Vittorio Pozzo. The spezzino player Sauro Tomà, injured, did not travel to Lisboa. The following persons in the Torino circle did not travel: second goalkeeper Renato Gandolfi (instead third  goalkeeper Dino Ballarin did), the radio anchor Nicolò Carosio and former manager of Italian National Team also journalist Vittorio Pozzo (Torino preferred to give the seat to Cavallero).


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Summary, Superga air disaster, Legacy
The impact of the tragedy in Italy was colossal. An official estimate of about one million persons attended funerals at Piazza in the city of Torino to say goodbye to the players and club officials. The shock of the tragedy was the main reason for the long travel on boat across the Atlantic Ocean by Italian National Team to play the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil rather than use an airplane. Rebuilding of Torino as a competitive squad lasted a long term and could not win another championship until 1976.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Squad, Youth Squad
After Superga air disaster, youth squad (primavera)  disputed the last four round of the competition: they are not considered title winners due to Italian Federation (FIGC) actually assigned the championship to  the senior squad.


1948–49 A.C. Torino season, Squad, Youth Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1948–49 AHL season
The 1948–49 AHL season was the 13th season of the American Hockey League. Eleven teams played 68 games each in the schedule. The Wally Kilrea Trophy for the league's "top point scorer," is renamed the Carl Liscombe Trophy. The St. Louis Flyers won their first F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy as West Division champions. The Providence Reds and won their third Calder Cup as league champions.


1948–49 AHL season, Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;


1948–49 AHL season, Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes