1946 Philippine general election, Candidates
...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing.


1946 Philippine general election, Candidates
The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm.


1946 Philippine general election, Candidates
They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. Jose Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.


1946 Philippine general election, Candidates
President Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but the latter turned down the offer.


1946 Philippine general election, Candidates
As a result of the split among the members of the Nacionalista Party, owing to marked differenced of opinion on certain vital issues of which no settlement had been reached, a new political organization was born and named the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party.


1946 Philippine general election, Results
The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in the province of Pampanga. According to the controversial decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror.


1946 Philippine general election, Results
A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President who were to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first.


1946 Philippine general election, Results
Four days after election day, the Liberal candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered an overwhelming majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra, Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo City (Laguna)


1946 Philippine general election, Results
Likewise, the Liberals won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats.


1946 Philippine general election, Results
In the House of Representatives, the Liberals won an overwhelming majority with 50 seats while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance only got 33 and six seats, respectively.


1946 Philippine general election, Results, President, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
Aklan only became a province on November 8, 1956 by virtue of Republic Act No. 1414.


1946 Philippine general election, Results, President, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
Including Cebu City. In Cebu City, Sergio Osmeña got 15,569 votes while Roxas only got 8,759 votes.


1946 Philippine general election, Results, President, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
The present-day provinces of North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Maguindanao, Shariff Kabunsuan and Sultan Kudarat were part of the then province of Cotabato.


1946 Philippine general election, Results, President, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
The then province of Lanao was divided in 1959 into two provinces: Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur.


1946 Philippine general election, Results, Senate
The first eight Senators would serve until 1951, and the second eight until 1949:


1946 Philippine legislative election
Elections to the Congress of the Philippines was held on April 23, 1946. Voters elected the members of Congress in the following elections:


1946 Philippine presidential election
The 1946 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on April 23, 1946 (pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 725).


1946 Philippine presidential election, Background
Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines, as well as the members of Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs Committee of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution setting the date of the election on not later than April 30, 1946.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Background
Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party, Conservative (Osmeña) Wing, the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for president and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. On the other hand, the standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
On January 3, 1946, President Osmeña announced his candidacy for President. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for Vice President, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
The convention opened at 10:15 in the morning when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
Congressman Jose C. Romero, who delivered the keynote speech accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, of capitalizing on the people's hardship, and of minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the bane of the country and of the world. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and Mussolinis, and in their desire to climb to power they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, made a long recital of Osmeña's achievements, his virtues as public official and as private citizen.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m, President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with rounds of cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech which was a general outline of his future plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It is definitely coming on July 4, 1946


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for President in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Manila. According to Manila Chronicle:


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
...more than three thousand (by conservative estimate there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
The delegates, who came from all over the Islands, met in formal convention from 10:50 am and did not break up till about 5:30 pm.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. Jose Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
President Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States but the latter turned down the offer.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Candidates
As a result of the split among the members of the Nacionalista Party, owing to marked differenced of opinion on certain vital issues of which no settlement had been reached, a new political organization was born and named the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results
The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in the province of Pampanga. According to the "controversial" decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga "was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat, at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, their work, and their food, all their belongings in a mass evacuation to the poblacion due to fear and terror."


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results
A total of 2,218,847 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President who was to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. President Osmena chose not to actively campaign, saying the Filipinos were aware of his record of 40 years of loyal service to the country.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results
Four days after election day, the Liberal candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered a majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra, Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon,Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo City (Laguna)


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results
Likewise, the Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results
In the House of Representatives, the Liberals achieved a majority with 50 seats won while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance were only victorious in 33 and six seats, respectively.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
Aklan only became a province on November 8, 1956, by virtue of Republic Act No. 1414.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
Including Cebu City. In Cebu City, Sergio Osmeña got 15,569 votes while Roxas only got 8,759 votes.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
The present-day provinces of North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Maguindanao, Shariff Kabunsuan and Sultan Kudarat were part of the then-province of Cotabato.


1946 Philippine presidential election, Results, Presidential Canvass (by Province)
The then-province of Lanao was divided in 1959 into two provinces: Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur.


1946 Pilbara strike
The 1946 Pilbara strike was a landmark strike by Indigenous Australian pastoral workers in the Pilbara region of Western Australia for human rights recognition, payment of fair wages and working conditions. The strike involved at least 800 Aboriginal pastoral workers walking off the large pastoral stations in the Pilbara on 1 May 1946, and from employment in the two major towns of Port Hedland and Marble Bar. The strike did not end until August 1949 and even then many Indigenous Australians refused to go back and work for white station owners.


1946 Pilbara strike
It is regarded as the first industrial strike by Aboriginal people since colonisation and one of if not the longest industrial strikes in Australia, and a landmark in indigenous Australians fighting for their human rights, cultural rights, and Native title.


1946 Pilbara strike, Working conditions
For many years Aboriginal pastoral workers in the Pilbara were denied cash wages and were only paid in supplies of tobacco, flour and other necessities. The pastoral stations treated the Aboriginal workers as a cheap slave labour workforce to be exploited. Many tried to leave the stations on which they worked but were met with legal resistance; those who were unsuccessful could be whipped and those who escaped were hunted by police and returned. The situation was that "while Aboriginal labour was required, Aboriginal people were treated as if they were expendable".


1946 Pilbara strike, Working conditions
European attacks and brutal shootings of whole family groups of Aboriginal Australians are part of the history of the region, though often not well documented. One attack took place at Skull Creek in the Northern Territory a few kilometers north of Ti-Tree in the 1870s, which resulted in the bleached bones and thus the name for the place. In 1926 the Forrest River massacre was carried out by a police party on the Forrest River Mission (later the Aboriginal community of Oombulgurri), in the East Kimberleys. Though there was a royal commission into the reported killing and burning of Aboriginal people in the East Kimberley, the police allegedly involved were brought to trial and acquitted.


1946 Pilbara strike, Working conditions
As well as proper wages and better working conditions, Aboriginal lawmen sought natural justice arising from the original Western Australian colonial Constitution. As a condition for self-rule in the colony, the British Government insisted that once public revenue in WA exceeded 500,000 pounds, 1 per cent was to be dedicated to "the welfare of the Aboriginal natives" under Section 70 of the Constitution. Succeeding colonial and state Governments legislated to remove the funding provisions for "native welfare".


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
The strike was coordinated and led by Aboriginal lawmen Dooley Bin Bin and Clancy McKenna; and Don McLeod, an active unionist and member of the Communist Party of Australia for a short period. The strike was planned at an Aboriginal law meeting in 1942 at Skull Springs (east of Nullagine), where a massacre had previously occurred. The meeting was attended by an estimated 200 senior Aboriginal representatives representing twenty-three language groups from much of the remote north-west of Australia. 16 interpreters were needed for the meeting. Discussions were protracted with the meeting lasting six weeks.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
McLeod, the only European-Australian present, was given the task of chief negotiator. While not present, Bin Bin was elected to represent the Aboriginal peoples from unsettled desert lands. Later McLeod and Bin Bin chose McKenna to represent those from the settled areas. The strike was postponed until after the Second World War had ended in 1945.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Peter Coppin, also known as Kangushot, (1920–2006) was another one of the strike leaders. Regarded as a pioneer of the Aboriginal rights movement in the 1940s, he was awarded the British Empire Medal in 1972, and appointed NAIDOC Elder of the Year in 2002.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Crude calendars were taken from one station camp to another in early 1946 to organise the strike. The efforts, if noticed by the white people present, were dismissed and laughed at. The date of May 1st was chosen not only because it was International Workers' Day but also because it was the first day of the shearing season. On 1 May 1946, hundreds of Aboriginal workers left the pastoral stations and set up strike camps.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
The strike was most effective in the Pilbara region. Further afield in Broome and Derby and other inland northern towns, the strike movement was harshly suppressed by police action and was more short lived. Over the three years, occasionally strikers went back to work, while others joined or rejoined the strike.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
At the commencement of the strike in 1946, McLeod was an Australian Workers' Union delegate at Port Hedland wharf who motivated support by the Australian labour movement. The Western Australian branch of the Seamen's Union of Australia eventually put a blackban on the shipment of wool from the Pilbara. Nineteen unions in Western Australia, seven federal unions and four Trades and Labour councils supported the strike. The strike stimulated support from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, who helped establish the Committee for the Defence of Native Rights. This organisation raised funds for and publicised the strike in Perth including organising a public meeting in the Perth Town Hall attended by 300 people.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Many of the Aboriginal strikers served time in jail; some were seized by police at revolver point and put into chains for several days. At one stage in December 1946, McLeod was arrested in Port Hedland during the strike for "inciting Aborigines to leave their place of lawful employment"; the Aboriginal strikers marched on the jail, occupied it and freed McLeod. McLeod was gaoled a total of seven times during the period, three times for being within five chains (100 metres (330 ft)) of a congregation of "natives", three times for inciting natives to leave their lawful employment, and once for forgery.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
In one incident during the strike, two policemen were sent out to the Five Mile Camp near Marble Bar. When they arrived they commenced shooting the people's dogs, even when they were chained up between their legs. Shooting the dogs of Aboriginal people was considered by some frontier Europeans as a sport. On this occasion the endangering of human life angered the strikers, who quickly disarmed the two policeman. The local strike leader, Jacob Oberdoo, and other strikers held the policemen until they had regained some composure and then arranged their own arrests, insisting they be taken into custody.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Oberdoo was jailed three or four times and suffered humiliations and deprivations of many kinds during the strike, but maintained his dignity and solidarity for the length of the strike. In 1972 he was awarded the British Empire Medal but turned it down. McLeod described Oberdoo's reply to the Prime Minister rejecting the medal:


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
The strikers sustained themselves with their traditional bush skills, hunting kangaroos and goats for both meat and skins. They also developed some cottage industry which brought some cash payment such as selling buffel grass seed in Sydney, the sale of pearl shell, and in surface mining.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Aboriginal women played a vital role in the strike, both as workers on strike and in the establishment of strikers' camps, though their involvement has not been documented to the same extent as that of the men. Daisy Bindi, a Nyangumarta woman, led a walk-off of 96 workers at Roy Hill Station to join the strike. Before the strike commenced, Bindi organised meetings in south-eastern Pilbara, which attracted police attention, and authorities threatened to remove her from the area. During the strike she transported supporters to the strikers' camps, talking her way through a police confrontation. Her efforts played a large part in spreading the strike to the further stations in inland Pilbara.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
Wages and conditions were eventually won by the strikers on Mount Edgar and Limestone Stations. These two became a standard, with the strikers declaring that any station requiring labour would have to equal or better the rates of pay and conditions operating on these two.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
By August 1949, the Seamen's Union had agreed to blackban wool from stations in the Pilbara onto ships for export. On the third day after the ban had been applied, McLeod was told by a government representative that the strikers' demands would be met if the ban was lifted. Weeks after the strike ended and the ban lifted, the government denied making any such agreement.


1946 Pilbara strike, The strike
After the strike concluded many Aboriginal people refused to go back to working in their old roles in the pastoral industry. Eventually they pooled their funds from surface mining and other cottage industry to buy or lease stations, including some they had formerly worked on, to run them as cooperatives.


1946 Pilbara strike, Legacy
Aboriginal plaintiffs from Strelley Station finally commenced an action in the Supreme Court of Western Australia in 1994, seeking a declaration that the 1905 repeal of section 70 was invalid. In 2001, after protracted litigation, the High Court of Australia held that the 1905 repeal had been legally effective.


1946 Pilbara strike, Legacy
Four streets in the Canberra suburb of Bonner were named after the strike leaders in 2010. Clancy McKenna Crescent, Dooley Bin Bin Street, Peter Coppin Street and Don McLeod Lane were all named after the men instrumental in organizing the strike.


1946 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1946 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1946 college football season. The team compiled a 3–5–1 record under head coach Wes Fesler.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 65th in the history of the Major League Baseball franchise and its 60th year in the National League. The Pirates finished seventh in the league standings with a record of 63–91, and attracted 749,962 fans to Forbes Field, also seventh in the eight-team Senior Circuit and 13th among the 16 MLB clubs.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season
It was a year of transition for the Pirates. Ralph Kiner made his debut, and he proceeded to lead the National League in home runs with 23. He was one of only two NL players to reach 20+ home runs that year (Johnny Mize was runner-up with 22), but 1946 would be the first of seven straight years in which Kiner would lead his league, or tie for the lead, in homers en route to the Baseball Hall of Fame.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season
On August 8, the Pirates changed hands for the first time since 1900 when the heirs of Hall of Fame owner Barney Dreyfuss sold the franchise to a syndicate led by Indianapolis banker Frank E. McKinney and including John W. Galbreath, Thomas P. Johnson and Bing Crosby. Galbreath became majority owner in 1950, and under his family's 35-year stewardship, the Pirates would win the 1960, 1971 and 1979 World Series championships.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The sale was accompanied by changes in the dugout and front office. Frankie Frisch, manager since 1940, resigned his post September 27 with three games to go in the season. After coach Spud Davis finished the campaign, the Pirates acquired 37-year-old Billy Herman, like Frisch a Hall of Fame second baseman, and named him playing manager for 1947. General manager Ray Kennedy, in only his first year in the position, was demoted by the new owners to farm system director and replaced by Roy Hamey.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season
In addition, the 1946 Pirates were the focus of an unsuccessful unionizing campaign by the recently formed American Baseball Guild. After the Guild successfully enrolled 34 of the club's 36 roster players when the season began, it was rebuffed by Pirates' then-president William Benswanger when it attempted to start collective bargaining talks. In response, the Guild called for a strike authorization vote on June 7 before a game at Forbes Field. Although 20 of the team's 36 players voted yes to a strike, the union fell short of the needed two-thirds supermajority, and the Guild movement collapsed. Players would form their own association in 1953, and the MLBPA would become their first official bargaining unit in 1966.


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1946 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1946 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1946 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 14th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished the season with a record of 5–5–1. This season marked the first of two seasons played with Jock Sutherland as head coach.


1946 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Off Season Changes
When the 1945 season ended, Jock Sutherland returned from service in World War II and signed a head coaching contract with team owner Art Rooney, Sr. on December 29, 1945 in front of local reporters. Sutherland's fame as a college coach caused a great deal of excitement among Steelers fans and ticket sales for the 1946 season set records.


1946 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Off Season Changes
Additionally, fan favorite Bill Dudley was set to return for his first full season since serving in World War II. Dudley had only played in 4 games in 1945. By the end of the season, Dudley's play was so exceptional, he was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player.


1946 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1946 Polish Football Championship
The 1946 Polish Football Championship was the 20th edition of the Polish Football Championship and 18th completed season ended with the selection of a winner. The first season of the Polish championship after the end of World War II. Played by 18 regional champions in a cup system (Qualifying round, First round and Second round). The championship was decided in final tournament played among four teams. The champions were Polonia Warsaw, who won their 1st Polish title.


1946 Polish people's referendum
The People's Referendum (Polish: referendum ludowe) of 1946, also known as the Three Times Yes referendum (Trzy razy tak, often abbreviated as 3×TAK), was a referendum held in Poland on 30 June 1946 on the authority of the State National Council (order of 27 April 1946). The referendum presented an opportunity for the forces vying for political control of Poland following World War II to test their popularity among the general population. However, the results were forged and the referendum failed to meet democratic standards.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Campaign
Parties of the pro-communist Democratic Bloc, (the Polish Workers' Party (PPR), Socialist Party, Democratic Party, and People's Party) campaigned heavily in favor of "Three Times Yes", while non-communist parties advocated various other combinations; hence the referendum was seen as unofficially deciding whether the Polish citizenry supported or opposed communism. The Polish People's Party (PSL) and Labor Party, which realized what was really at stake in the vote, namely Polish independence and the future of the country, advocated voting "no" on the first question, despite the fact that it had been opposed to the Senate's existence since before the war.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Campaign
The majority of PSL political support was in rural areas, among people who supported agricultural reform, so the party found it impossible to advocate voting "no" on the second question. Nonetheless, the party's opposition to the first question was used by the communists to declare the more liberal PSL activists "traitors". Catholic groups supported "no" on the first question, "yes" on the third, and left the second to voters individual preferences. The Wolność i Niezawisłość party argued against the first two questions only, while the National Armed Forces advocated a "no" for all three questions, as a sign of protest against the annexation of the eastern territories of Poland (known as the Kresy) by the Soviet Union.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Results
The official results, published on 12 July 1946, showed that from a population of 13,160,451 eligible voters, 90.1% or 11,857,986 had taken part in the referendum. Of these, 11,530,551 or 97.2% were counted as valid. On the first question, 68% of voters chose "yes". On the second question, 77.2% voted "yes". On the third question, 91.4% voted "yes".


1946 Polish people's referendum, Results
However, the official results were far removed from the actual results since the vote had been seriously compromised by the communists and their supporters.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Results
The communists, who already de facto controlled much of the government and had the backing of the military (both the Polish Wojsko Ludowe and Soviet Red Army), used the police (Milicja Obywatelska) and the secret services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) to threaten, assault and even murder opposition activists, switch real ballots for false ones, stuff ballot boxes with false votes, consider blank ballots as "yes" votes, destroy votes not in favour of all or any of the three questions or simply falsify votes. Voting in the army was done on command and without secrecy. The falsification was overseen, just like the later 1947 Polish legislative election, by Soviet experts like Aron Palkin and Semyon Davydov, both high-ranking officers from the Soviet Ministry for State Security.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Results
In Kraków, where the opposition managed to ensure a fair vote, the "no" results were: 84%, 59% and 30% for all three questions. PSL, which was able to obtain real records for approximately 48% of the voting districts, estimated that a "yes" for all three questions was chosen by 16.7% of respondents. Despite the protests of the opposition, led by Stanisław Mikołajczyk, and representatives of the United Kingdom and United States, the results were declared free and fair by the government.


1946 Polish people's referendum, Aftermath
Following the referendum, the Allies called for democratic elections. However, the 1947 elections were "completely manipulated".


1946 Polish people's referendum, Aftermath
According to documents released forty years later, 29% of respondents had voted yes for all three questions. The official results indicated this figure was 68%. Materials published after the communists lost power in Poland in 1989 showed that only the third question received a majority of votes in favor. For the first question, "yes" was chosen by 26.9% voters. For the second question, 42% chose "yes". For the third question, 66.9% chose "yes".


1946 Pontypool by-election
The Pontypool by-election of 1946 was held on 23 July 1946. The byelection was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, Arthur Jenkins. It was won by the Labour candidate Granville West.


1946 Portland Pilots football team
The 1946 Portland Pilots football team was an American football team that represented the University of Portland as an independent during the 1946 college football season. In its first year under head coach Hal Moe, the team compiled a 1–4–1 record. The team played its home games at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, Oregon.


1946 Preston Municipal Borough Council election
Elections to Preston Municipal Borough council were held in late 1946.


1946 Preston by-election
The Preston by-election, 1946 was a parliamentary by-election held on 31 January 1946 for the British House of Commons constituency of Preston in Lancashire. The seat had become vacant when the Labour Member of Parliament John Sunderland had died on 24 November 1945. Sunderland had held the seat since the 1945 general election.


1946 Preston by-election
The Labour candidate, Edward Shackleton, held the seat for his party.


1946 Primera División de Chile
The 1946 Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional was Chilean first tier’s 14th season. Audax Italiano was the tournament’s champion, winning its second title.


1946 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1946 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1946 college football season. In its second season under head coach Charlie Caldwell, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored by a total of 130 to 104. Princeton played its 1946 home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election
Elections to the Punjab Legislative Assembly were held in January 1946 as part of the 1946 Indian provincial elections.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
The Unionist Party contested the election under the leadership of Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana but the party stood at fourth place. To stop the Muslim League to form the government in  Punjab Indian National Congress and Shiromani Akali Dal extended their support to Unionist Party. Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana resigned on 2 March 1947 against the decision of Partition of India.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
The Punjab province was a key battleground in the 1946 Indian provincial elections. The Punjab had a slight Muslim majority, and local politics had been dominated by the secular Unionist Party and its longtime leader Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. The Unionists had built a formidable power base in the Punjabi countryside through policies of patronage allowing them to retain the loyalty of landlords and pirs who exerted significant local influence. For the Muslim League to claim to represent the Muslim vote, they would need to win over the majority of the seats held by the Unionists. Following the death of Sir Sikander in 1942, and bidding to overcome their dismal showing in the elections of 1937, the Muslim League intensified campaigning throughout rural and urban Punjab.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
A major thrust of the Muslim's League's campaign was the increased use of religious symbolism. Activists were advised to join in communal prayers when visiting villages, and gain permission to hold meetings after the Friday prayers. The Quran became a symbol of the Muslim League at rallies, and pledges to vote were made on it.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
Students, a key component of the Muslim League's activists, were trained to appeal to the electorate on communal lines, and at the peak of student activity during the Christmas holidays of 1945, 250 students from Aligarh were invited to campaign in the province along with 1550 members of the Punjab Muslim Student's Federation. A key achievement of their religious propaganda came in enticing Muslim Jats and Gujjars from their intercommunal tribal loyalties. In response, the Unionists attempted to counter the growing religious appeal of the Muslim League by introducing religious symbolism into their own campaign, but with no student activists to rely upon and dwindling support amongst the landlords, their attempts met with little success.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
To further their religious appeal, the Muslim League also launched efforts to entice Pirs towards their cause. Pirs dominated the religious landscape, and were individuals who claimed to inherit religious authority from Sufi Saints who had proselytised in the region since the eleventh century. By the twentieth century, most Punjabi Muslims offered allegiance to a Pir as their religious guide, thus providing them considerable political influence. The Unionists had successfully cultivated the support of Pirs to achieve success in the 1937 elections, and the Muslim League now attempted to replicate their method of doing so.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
To do so, the Muslim League created the Masheikh Committee, used Urs ceremonies and shrines for meetings and rallies and encouraged fatwas urging support for the Muslim League. Reasons for the pirs switching allegiance varied. For the Gilani Pirs of Multan the over-riding factor was local longstanding factional rivalries, whilst for many others a shrines size and relationship with the government dictated its allegiance.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
Despite the Muslim League's aim to foster a united Muslim loyalty, it also recognised the need to better exploit the biradari network and appeal to primordial tribal loyalties. In 1946 it held a special Gujjar conference intending to appeal to all Muslim Gujjars, and lifted its ban on Jahanara Shahnawaz with the hope of appealing to Arain constituencies. Appealing to biradari ties enabled the Muslim League to accelerate support amongst landlords, and in turn use the landlords client-patron economic relationship with their tenants to guarantee votes for the forthcoming election.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
A separate strategy of the Muslim League was to exploit the economic slump suffered in the Punjab as a result of the Second World War. The Punjab had supplied 27 per cent of the Indian Army recruits during the war, constituting 800,000 men, and representing a significant part of the electorate. By 1946, less than 20 per cent of those servicemen returning home had found employment.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
This in part was exacerbated by the speedy end to the war in Asia, which caught the Unionist's by surprise, and meant their plans to deploy servicemen to work in canal colonies were not yet ready. The Muslim League took advantage of this weakness and followed Congress's example of providing work to servicemen within its organisation. The Muslim League's ability to offer an alternative to the Unionist government, namely the promise of Pakistan as an answer to the economic dislocation suffered by Punjabi villagers, was identified as a key issue for the election.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Campaign
On the eve of the elections, the political landscape in the Punjab was finely poised, and the Muslim League offered a credible alternative to the Unionist Party. The transformation itself had been rapid, as most landlords and pirs had not switched allegiance until after 1944. The breakdown of talks between the Punjab Premier, Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana and Muhammad Ali Jinnah in late 1944 had meant many Muslims were now forced to choose between the two parties at the forthcoming election. A further blow for the Unionists came with death of its leading statesman Sir Chhotu Ram in early 1945.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Distribution of seats
All 175 constituencies were reserved on the bases of religion. It was as follows:-


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Distribution of seats
^Special constituencies (non-territory constituency) were further divided into Categories and sub-categories as follow:-


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation
A coalition consisting of the Congress, Unionist Party and the Akalis was formed in Punjab.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation
Ishtiaq Ahmed has given a well documented account of how the Coalition Government in the United Punjab collapsed as a result of a massive campaign launched by the then Punjab Muslim League. AIML (Punjab) deemed the coalition government as a 'non-representative' government and thought it was their right to bring such government down (notwithstanding the fact that it was a legal and democratically elected government).


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation
AIML (P) called for a 'Civil Disobedience' movement (which was fully backed by Mr. Jinnah and Mr. Liaqat Ali Khan, after they had failed to enlist Sikh's support to help form an AIML led government in Punjab). This led to bloody communal riots in Punjab during the later part of 1946. By early 1947, Law and order situation in the Province came to such a point where civil life was utterly paralysed. It was under such circumstances that the coalition Punjab Premier (Chief Minister) Mr. Khizer Haya Tiwana was forced to resign, on 2 March 1947.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation
His cabinet was dissolved the same day. As there was no hope left for any other government to be formed to take the place of the Khizer government, the then Punjab Governor Sir Evan Jenkins imposed Governor's rule in Punjab on 5 March which continued up to the partition day, that is 15 August 1947. Akali-Dall Sikkhs who, with 22 seats, were major stake-holders in the coalition along with Congress(51) and the Unionist Party (20), were infuriated over the dissolution of the Khizer Government.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation
It was in this backdrop that on 3 March 1947, Akali Sikh leader Master Tara Singh brandished his Kirpan outside Punjab Assembly saying openly 'down with Pakistan and blood be to the one who demands it'. From this day on wards, Punjab was engulfed in such bloodied communal riots that the history had never witnessed before. Eventually, Punjab had to be partitioned into the Indian and Pakistani Punjab. In the process, over a million of innocent people were massacred, millions were forced to cross-over and to become refugees while thousands of women were abducted, raped and killed, across all religious communities in Punjab.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951)
On 3 June 1947 the assembly which was elected in 1946 divided into two parts. One was West Punjab Assembly and other was East Punjab Assembly to decide whether or not the province of Punjab be partitioned. After voting on both sides, partition was decided. Consequently, the existing Punjab Legislative Assembly was also divided into West Punjab Legislative Assembly and the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. The sitting members belonging to the Western Section subsequently became the members of the new Assembly renamed as the West Punjab Legislative Assembly.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
The sitting members belonging to the Eastern Section subsequently became the members of the new Assembly renamed as the East Punjab Legislative Assembly. The members which were elected in 1946 election on the ticket of Shiromani Akali Dal and Unionist Party after Partition all joined the Indian National Congress. There were a total of 79 members.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
On 15 August 1947 Gopi Chand Bhargava was elected the Chief Minister of East Punjab by the members of the interim assembly.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
On 1 November 1947, the interim assembly sat for the first time. Kapur Singh was elected Speaker on the same day and 2 days later (on 3 November), Thakur Panchan Chand was elected Deputy Speaker.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
On 6 April 1949 Bhim Sen Sachar and Pratap Singh Kairon with other members moved Motion of no confidence against Gopi Chand Bhargava. Dr. Bhargava failed to secure motion by one vote. No confidence motion was carried by 40 votes in favour and 39 against.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
On the same day Bhim Sen Sachar elected the leader of congress assembly party. He took the oath of Chief Minister of Punjab on 13 April 1949. On the issue of corruption Sachar resigned from the post and on next day on 18 October 1949, Bhargava took charge of Chief Minister of Punjab.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), East Punjab
Thakur Panchan Chand resigned from the post of Deputy Speaker on 20 March 1951. On 26 March 1951 Smt. Shanno Devi elected Deputy Speaker. Interim Assembly was dissolved on 20 June 1951.


1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election, Government formation, Interim Assembly (1947-1951), West Punjab
Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot became the first chief minister of West Punjab.


1946 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1946 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1946 Big Ten Conference football season. In their third season under head coach Cecil Isbell, the Boilermakers compiled a 2–6–1 record, finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference with an 0–5–1 record against conference opponents, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 208 to 97.


1946 Purdue Boilermakers football team
Notable players from the 1946 Purdue team included guard Dick Barwegen.


1946 Purdue Boilermakers football team, After the season
The 1947 NFL Draft was held on December 16, 1946. The following Boilermakers were selected.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash
The 1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash was a military aviation accident that occurred in Malta on 5 April 1946 when a Vickers Wellington bomber crashed during a training exercise in a residential area in Rabat. All four crew members on board the aircraft and 16 civilians on the ground were killed. The crash also caused extensive property damage. The exact cause was never conclusively determined, but a magisterial inquiry suggested that leakage of hydraulic fluid leading to crew incapacitation could be a probable cause.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Background
The aircraft involved in the accident was a Vickers 440 Wellington B Mark X bomber with the registration HE274. The aircraft formed part of 765 Naval Air Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy, and it was the last Wellington in service with the Fleet Air Arm.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Accident
The Wellington took off from RAF Hal Far at 10.50am, after the crew had inspected the aircraft and declared it to be airworthy. The aircraft was taking part in a training exercise with a Supermarine Spitfire from No. 73 Squadron RAF, in which the Spitfire performed dummy attacks on the Wellington which was to take evasive action.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Accident
The two aircraft rendezvoused over Ħal Far at about 11.00am and established radio contact, before beginning the exercise by flying northwest towards Gozo. The Spitfire performed three attacks from above or at the same level as the Wellington, and then began its fourth attack from below. At this point, the Wellington was at a height of 4,000–5,000 feet (1,200–1,500 m), and it turned to port and descended towards the east at an angle of 20°, continuing until it crashed into a residential area of Rabat and exploded at about 11.15am.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Accident
All four crew members on board the aircraft died in the crash. On the ground, 16 residents were killed and several others were injured. Several children and a baby were among the dead.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Rescue and recovery efforts
The search and rescue operation was undertaken by British soldiers, naval ratings, RAF personnel, demolition and clearance rescue squads, medical officers, paramedics, police and firefighters. Fire engines and fire-fighting equipment was sent to the area from the Malta Dockyard and RAF Ta' Qali, while the navy supplied generators allowing the rescue efforts to continue at night.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Rescue and recovery efforts
Civilians also took part in searching for survivors, and police had to cordon off the crash site to prevent too many people from entering the area. The area was unsafe for the rescuers due to the unstable partially collapsed buildings and the spread of fire, and a policeman and a demolition crew member were injured by falling masonry. Clergymen also helped out in the recovery of bodies, and performed last rites to the victims.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Rescue and recovery efforts
At least 10 people were rescued alive from the rubble, and were taken to a hospital in Ħamrun.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Aftermath
The crash of the Wellington was the first air disaster to occur in Malta after the end of World War II. The crash site was visited by Lieutenant-Governor David Campbell, Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi, Vice-Admiral Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton and the Commissioner of Police. Dalrymple-Hamilton offered condolences to the victims and their families, and the National Assembly observed a minute of silence on the recommendation of secretary R. G. Miller.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Aftermath
The crash resulted in extensive property damage which totaled up to about £11,000. 18 houses were destroyed or had to be evacuated after suffering severe damage, leaving 72 families homeless. These people were provided with new accommodation as well as clothes, food and other necessities after the crash.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Aftermath, Investigation
Representatives from the Surveyor of the Lands Department (H.M. Dockyard) inspected the crash site on the day after the disaster. A magisterial inquiry was conducted by Magistrate Albert Camilleri.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Aftermath, Investigation
There were claims that smoke was seen coming from the aircraft before it crashed, but this contradicts the inquiry report which found no evidence of fire before the crash. There were also claims that the crew had attempted to land in fields below Tal-Virtù, but no distress calls were ever received from the aircraft.


1946 Rabat Vickers Wellington crash, Aftermath, Investigation
The inquiry was unable to determine the exact cause of the crash, but leakage of hydraulic fluid was considered to be a probable cause. This could have resulted in fumes which rendered the crew unconscious, leaving them unable to control the aircraft.


1946 Raglan by-election
The 1946 Raglan by-election was a by-election held in the Raglan electorate on 5 March 1946 during the term of the 27th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election was caused by the death of Labour Party representative Robert Coulter, and was won by Hallyburton Johnstone of the National Party in a close result.


1946 Raglan by-election, Background
The electorate Raglan was a mixture of rural and urban areas, and known as quite marginal. Rural households in the electorate were often quite remote, and this remoteness could swing the results of the election to the party with better campaigners.


1946 Raglan by-election, Background
The by-election was caused by the death of Labour MP Robert Coulter on 31 December 1945. Coulter had been elected twice in rural electorates that usually returned United or National MPs, having previously been MP for Waikato.


1946 Raglan by-election, Campaign
The campaign for Raglan was tightly fought, and it was believed that the result of the by-election could be a pointer to the results of the general election later that year. In addition to the candidates, politicians of high authority on both sides campaigned throughout the electorate in the interest of canvassing more voters. One of those figures was prime minister Peter Fraser.


1946 Raglan by-election, Results
The provisional results were compiled on the day of the election and had Johnstone leading Baxter by 194 votes. 378 absentee ballots and 152 postal votes were missing from this provisional count.


1946 Raglan by-election, Results
The full results of the election had came in by 13 March and suggested a win by Johnstone with a majority of 308 votes. The final outcome was decided by the electoral court.


1946 Raglan by-election, Aftermath
Labour stayed in office in the general election later that year, albeit by a decreased margin. The same two candidates Johnstone and Baxter competed at Raglan, Baxter commanding a lead of just 39 votes at the final count, a loss of 6 votes from the preliminary count. Two further rulings going well into 1947 culminated in Baxter's majority been reduced to a mere 13 votes.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash
The 1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash was the crash of a Douglas Dakota 3 of the British airline Railway Air Services 1 km north-east of Northolt Airport, London, United Kingdom on 19 December 1946.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Aircraft
The Dakota involved made its first flight in 1944 as Douglas C-47A 42-92633 military transport of the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) and had Douglas serial number 12455, it was transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF) as KG420. KG420 was registered to Railway Air Services as a Dakota 3 in March 1946 with the British registration G-AGZA, powered by 2 Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 Twin Wasp engines.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Crash
The Railway Air Services Dakota was ready to depart from Northolt Aerodrome, London, United Kingdom on a scheduled service to Glasgow Airport on behalf of Scottish Airways and had a total of four crew and one passenger on board. The aircraft had been de-iced since it was a cold, snowy evening which had delayed the departure. While the Dakota was waiting the temperature dropped and snow began falling which froze on the wings. The aircraft was finally ready for departure and taxied into position for take-off. The snow storm had closed the airport to incoming traffic and outbound traffic was subject to long delays. The aircraft had been waiting for more than an hour for clearance. When the flight received clearance, the pilot ran the engines up to 45.5 inches of manifold pressure and 2,500 RPM.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Crash
When the pilot accelerated down the runway he noticed that when the aircraft lifted off, it could not gain any height. The ice on the wings disturbed the air flow, which resulted in the aircraft not gaining any height. It was however too late to abort take-off so the crew was forced to try to get the aircraft to climb.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Crash
The aircraft flew only a few metres high straight down Angus Drive from the end of the runway until the left wing contacted some rooftops and the aircraft slewed through 90 degrees and came to rest on the roofs of two  houses at 44 & 46 Angus Drive in the London suburb of South Ruislip.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Crash
G-AGZA was severely damaged and radio officer Murdoch was fortunate that he wasn't sitting in his seat as some metalwork was pushed through the seat and it would probably have killed him had he been sitting there. Irene Zigmund and her 4-month old-son David were in the neighbouring house (44 Angus Drive) house at the time, but the aircraft came to rest on the roof without even waking the child who was asleep in his cot upstairs. In fact no one was injured in the incident, the crew and passenger all descended into the house's loft, down the loft ladder onto the landing and then down stairs out the front door. The aircraft was a total loss and the house was damaged, but not greatly.


1946 Railway Air Services Dakota crash, Investigation
It was quickly determined that the cause of the crash was the snow which had frozen to the aircraft's wings while G-AGZA was waiting to take-off, resulting in the aircraft not gaining any height and making an emergency landing on the roof of 46 Angus Drive. The house was subsequently nicknamed "Dakota Rest". The pilot was also assigned a cause factor for failing to abort take-off after noticing it had been snowing and his aircraft being covered in snow. The crash landing on the houses earned the captain the nickname "Rooftop Johnson".


1946 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1946 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 20th series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup. Four matches were played between 11 February and 17 March 1945. It was contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.


1946 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1946, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 3-12 to 4-08 defeat of Connacht in the final at Croke Park, Dublin. This was their 14th title over all and their fifth title in succession.


1946 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Connacht's Josie Gallagher was the Railway Cup top scorer with 1-12.


1946 Raisin Bowl
The 1946 Raisin Bowl was a college football bowl game played between Drake Bulldogs and Fresno State Bulldogs at Ratcliffe Stadium in Fresno, California. The game marked the first bowl game for Drake and the third for Fresno State. It was sponsored by the Fresno Chambers of Commerce, in the first Raisin Bowl.


1946 Raisin Bowl, Game summary
The Drake took the early 6-0 first quarter lead on a Wallace Rooker 1-yard run, but missed the PAT. Fresno State would score a second-quarter touchdown courtesy of a Jack Kelly 19-yard run, tying the game 6-6. The ensuing PAT was blocked by Drake, leading to a 6-6 halftime score. The third quarter would see Fresno State take their only lead of the game on a Mel Gustafson 1-yard run. Fresno State again missed the PAT.


1946 Raisin Bowl, Game summary
The lead would last only a quarter as a fourth quarter Drake touchdown pass from Jack Coupe to Charles McDowell set up the game winning extra point by Jim Baer. Fresno State set a bowl record of nine turnovers. The Drake defense intercepted six passes and recovered three fumbles in the 13-12 victory the game ended with a very close score.


1946 Raisin Bowl, Aftermath
The victory would improve Drake's bowl record to 1-0. Fresno State fell to 2-1 in bowl games. Drake became the first Iowa team to participate in a college football bowl game.


1946 René le Bègue Cup
The 1946 René le Bègue Cup was a Grand Prix motor race held in Paris on 6 June 1946.


1946 René le Bègue Cup, Classification
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1946 René le Bègue Cup, Classification
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1946 René le Bègue Cup, Classification
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1946 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1946 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1946 college football season. In its second season under head coach Bill Beck, the team compiled a 2–4 record (1–2 against conference opponents) and finished in third place in the conference. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium in Kingston, Rhode Island.


1946 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1946 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1946. Incumbent Democrat John Pastore defeated Republican nominee John G. Murphy with 54.27% of the vote.


1946 Rice Owls football team
The 1946 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University during the 1946 college football season. The Owls were led by seventh-year head coach Jess Neely and played their home games at Rice Field in Houston. Rice competed as a member of the Southwest Conference, winning a share of the conference title with Arkansas with a 5–1 conference record. The team ended the regular season ranked 10th in the final AP Poll with an 8–2 record. They were invited to the 1947 Orange Bowl, played on New Year's Day, where they defeated SEC co-champion Tennessee.


1946 Rice Owls football team, After the season
The 1947 NFL Draft was held on December 16, 1946. The following Owls were selected.


1946 Romanian general election
General elections were held in Romania on 19 November 1946, in the aftermath of World War II. The official results gave a victory to the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), its allies inside the Bloc of Democratic Parties (Blocul Partidelor Democrate, BPD), together with its associates, the Hungarian People's Union (UPM or MNSZ) and the Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu. The event marked a decisive step towards the disestablishment of the Romanian monarchy and the proclamation of a Communist regime at the end of the following year.


1946 Romanian general election
Breaking with the traditional universal male suffrage confirmed by the 1923 Constitution, it was the first national election to feature women's suffrage, and the first to allow active public officials and army personnel the right to vote. The BPD, representing the incumbent leftist government formed around Prime Minister Petru Groza, was an electoral alliance comprising the PCR, the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Ploughmen's Front, the National Liberal Party–Tătărescu (PNL–Tătărescu), the National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu (PNȚ–Alexandrescu) and the National Popular Party.


1946 Romanian general election
According to official results, the BPD won 69.8% of the vote, enough for an overwhelming majority of 347 seats in the 414-seat unicameral Parliament. Between them, the BPD and its allies won 379 seats, controlling over 91 percent of the chamber. The National Peasants' Party–Maniu (PNȚ–Maniu) won 32 seats and the National Liberal Party (PNL–Brătianu) only three. In general, commentators agree that the BPD carried the vote through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud, to the detriment of both the PNȚ–Maniu and the PNL–Brătianu.


1946 Romanian general election
While there is disagreement over the exact results, it is contended that the BPD and its allies actually won no more than 48 percent of the total, with several authors assuming PNȚ–Maniu to be the overall winner. Journalist Victor Frunză claims that the actual votes for the PNȚ–Maniu could have allowed it to form a government, either in its own right or as senior partner in a non-BPD coalition. Various authors note however that the fraud has been mythologised by the opposition, including in its post-1990 instalments. The 1946 elections were in many ways similar to the ones won by PNL–Brătianu or PNȚ before World War II: the governing party always used state resources in its campaign, ensuring for itself a comfortable majority, against clamorous accusations of fraud and violence coming from the opposition parties.


1946 Romanian general election
Carried out upon the close of World War II, under Romania's occupation by Soviet troops, the elections have drawn comparisons to the similarly flawed elections held at the time in most of the emerging Eastern Bloc (in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland), being considered, in respect to its formal system of voting, among the most permissive of the latter.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
Following its exit from the Axis in late 1944, Romania became subject to Allied supervision (see Romania during World War II, Allied Commission). After the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Soviet authorities had increased their presence in Romania, as Western Allied governments resorted to expressing largely inconsequential criticism of new procedures in place. After the Potsdam Conference, the latter group initially refused to recognize Groza's administration, which had been imposed after Soviet pressure.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
Consequently, King Michael I refused to sign legislation advanced by the cabinet (this was the so-called Greva regală, "Royal strike"). On 8 November 1945, authorities repressed a gathering of Bucharesters organized by the two main opposition parties in front of the Royal Palace. Demonstrators, many of them young students, flocked to the plaza in front of the palace to express their solidarity with the monarch (on the Orthodox liturgics Saint Michael's Day); however, armed groups attacked the Ministries of Interior and Propaganda, as well as the headquarters of pro-government organisations, including the General Confederation of Labour and the Patriotic Defense.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
Following clashes with government supporters and troops, some 10 or 11 people were left dead and many injured. The government declared a national day of mourning, and state funerals were held on 12 November for seven of the victims, hailed as fighters for democracy and independence, "assassinated by bands of fascist killers". Nevertheless, Victor Frunză claims that, depicting the event as a coup d'état attempt, authorities had fired on the crowd.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
In January 1946, the "Royal strike" itself ended following the Moscow Conference, which made US and British recognition of the government dependent on the inclusion of two politicians from the main opposition parties. Consequently, the National Liberal Mihail Romniceanu and the National Peasants' Emil Haţieganu joined the cabinet as Minister without Portfolio.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
In mid-December 1945, the representatives of the three major Allied Powers—Andrey Vyshinsky from the Soviet Union, W. Averell Harriman from the United States, and Archibald Clerk-Kerr from the United Kingdom—visited the capital Bucharest and agreed for elections to be convened in May 1946, on the basis of the Yalta Agreements. Nevertheless, the pro-Soviet Groza cabinet took the liberty to prolong the term, passing the required new electoral procedure on June 15.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
On the same day, a royal decree was published abolishing the Senate, turning the Parliament into a unicameral legislature, the Assembly of Deputies (Adunarea Deputaților). The new legislation, revising the 1923 Constitution, was made possible by the fact that Groza was governing without a parliament (the last legislature to have functioned, that of the National Renaissance Front, had been dissolved in 1941). The Senate was traditionally considered reactionary by the PCR, with historian Marian Ștefan arguing the measure was meant to facilitate control over the legislative process The BPD government also removed the majority bonus, awarded since 1926 to the party that had obtained more than 40% of the total suffrage.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
The election coincided with the deterioration of relations between the Soviet Union and the West at the start of the Cold War, notably marked by Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech at Westminster College on 5 March 1946, and the centering of Western Allied interest in turning the tide of the Civil War in Greece. The intricate issues posed by the latter contributed to weakening ties between the Romanian opposition groups and their Western supporters.


1946 Romanian general election, Background
The date of the election coincided with the fourth anniversary of Operation Uranus, the moment when Nazi Germany and Romania suffered a major defeat on the Eastern Front at the Battle of Stalingrad. According to his private notes, General Constantin Sănătescu, an adversary of the PCR and former Premier, presumed that this had been done on purpose ("in order to mock us").


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
Following Romania's exit from the war, left-wing parties had increased their membership several times. The PCR, which held its first open and legal conference in October 1945, had begun a massive recruitment campaign. By 1947, it grew to 600,000-700,000 members from an initial 1,000 in 1944 (the constant growth in membership was by far the highest of all Eastern Bloc countries).


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
Similarly, the Ploughmen's Front, which Groza presided, was estimated to have 1,000,000–1,500,000 members or just 800,000. In early November 1946, Communist sources show that the BPD counted an important part of the gains in the rural areas to be obtained from the Front's electorate (the poor and middle peasant categories). By the time of the election, Groza's party had just been pressured into supporting Communist tenets, after it a brief conflict had erupted over the PCR's designs of collectivization.


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
The Social Democratic Party (PSD), which had been drawn into close collaboration with the PCR as early as 1944 (as part of the United Workers' Front, Frontul Unic Muncitoresc), had also seen a steady growth in numbers; the PSD was by then dominated by the pro-PCR wing of Ștefan Voitec and Lothar Rădăceanu, who purged the staunchly Reformist group of Constantin Titel Petrescu in March 1946 (leading the latter to establish his own independent group). The Communist Ana Pauker noted with dissatisfaction that certain members of the PSD continued to remain hostile to her party (she cited the example of an unnamed intellectual and low-ranking member of the PSD who, during a BPD meeting, shouted a slogan in support of the PNȚ's Iuliu Maniu).


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
As a representative of the middle class, the National Liberal Party–Tătărescu itself had an uneasy relation with the PCR, having declared its support for capitalism.


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
The Hungarian People's Union (UPM or MNSZ), which represented the Hungarian minority was instrumental in securing Transylvanian votes for the government coalition, as admitted by the PCR itself. Nevertheless, the pro-communist commander of the 4th Army Corps saw the overwhelming vote for the UPM among the soldiers and PCR members of Hungarian origin as an indication of "chauvinism". The BPD also won the endorsement of the Jewish Democratic Committee, which included members of Jewish-Romanian community favourable to the PCR.


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
With their organization banned in accordance with the 1944 armistice agreement, members of the fascist Iron Guard adopted an entryist tactic, infiltrating all legally-existing parties. One of the most notable cases was that of underground leader Horaţiu Comaniciu, who urged former guardists to join the opposition National Peasants' Party. In a bid to escape punishment for their crimes some even joined the Communists. A report of November 1945 indicates that, of the 15,538 former Iron Guard members known to have joined political parties, 2,258 chose PCR, while 3,281 entered the PSD.


1946 Romanian general election, BPD
Historians suggest that, at the time, government-backed Communists had infiltrated the vast majority of the media and cultural institutions. On one occasion, the Red Army general Ivan Susaykov warned Nicolae Carandino, editor-in-chief of the PNȚ's Dreptatea, to tone down his criticism of the government, and reportedly argued that "the Groza government is Soviet Russia itself".


1946 Romanian general election, Electoral system
New legislation provided for the end of universal male suffrage, proclaiming the right to vote for all citizens over the age of 21, while restricting it for all persons who had held important office during the wartime dictatorship of Conducător Ion Antonescu. The latter requirement facilitated abuse, as power to decide over who had been supporting the regime fell to "purging commissions", all of them controlled by the PCR, and the Romanian People's Tribunals (investigating war crimes, and constantly supported by agitprop in the Communist press).


1946 Romanian general election, Electoral system
The decision to allow military men and public officials to vote was also intended to secure a grip on elections. At the time, Groza's cabinet exercised complete control over public administration at central and local levels, as well as the means of communication. Soviet sources cited PCR officials giving assurances that the respective categories were to provide as much as 1 million votes for the BPD.


1946 Romanian general election, Electoral system
A report of the Soviet Embassy in Bucharest, dated 15 August 1946, informed Andrey Vyshinsky of the legislative changes and made note of the fact that the two opposition leaders, Iuliu Maniu (leader of the PNȚ–Maniu) and Dinu Brătianu (leader of the PNL–Brătianu), had asked King Michael I not to approve the new framework. The two parties had not been allowed to take any part in drafting the new legal framework.


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
Months before the election, Communist leaders expressed confidence in being able to carry the election by 70 or 80% (statement of the Minister of the Interior Teohari Georgescu during a party plenary, and Constantin Vișoianu's report about an alleged declaration of Minister of Justice Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu), or even 90% (Miron Constantinescu, head of the PCR's Scînteia newspaper). As early as May, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Constantin Vișoianu complained to Adrian Holman, the British Ambassador to Romania, that the BPD had ensured the means to win the elections through fraud.


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
Writing in January, Archibald Clerk-Kerr assessed the results of his visit to Romania, arguing that no person he had met actually trusted that elections were going to be free; furthermore, in an interview published after Vyshinsky's death, former US ambassador W. Averell Harriman claimed the Soviet diplomat believed in January 1946 that, on its own, the PCR was not capable of gathering more than 10% of the vote.


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
According to the American diplomat Burton Y. Berry, Groza had admitted to this procedure during an alleged conversation with a third party, indicating that the fraudulent percentages were the goal of competition between two sides — him and the PCR's general secretary Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej formed one, while a "Cominternist section" around Emil Bodnăraș represented the other; according to Berry, Groza and Gheorghiu-Dej were satisfied with a less intrusive fraud and, thus, a more realistic result (60%), while Bodnăraș aimed for 90%. W. Averell Harriman, recording his conversation with Vyshinsky, alleged that the latter backed the 70% estimate.


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
Nevertheless, the Soviet Ambassador Sergey Kavtaradze stated that, while the party leadership estimated winning 60-70%,  "through certain 'techniques'", the BPD could win up to 90%. A reference to "techniques" was also made by Ana Pauker in conversation with Soviet officials; she nevertheless expressed her belief that, without such techniques, the overall result was not going to be upwards of 60% (Pauker also voiced concern that such a figure, while a victory for the BPD coalition, would result in a minority for the PCR itself).


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
Historian Adrian Cioroianu assessed that the dissemination of optimistic rumors contributed to accustoming the public to the idea that the government could obtain the majority of the votes, and made the ultimate result less questionable in the eyes of observers.


1946 Romanian general election, Early estimates
Other Soviet documents, dated November 6 and 12, summarize a conversation with Bodnăraș, who went on record indicating that fraud was being prepared to raise the percentage from 55-65% to 90%; compared to the mandates awarded to the BPD according to the official results, his estimation came within 1%, though this was not the case for the mandates obtained by other competitors. Kavtaradze expressed concern that information on this topic had leaked out to opposition parties in various locations, and that the PCR had thus failed to fully respect the "conspiratorial character" it had decided to use.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
An expectation shared by Groza and the PCR in postponing the elections was that the outcome of harvests was to ensure the most favorable attitude from peasant voters ("[Groza] has declared that the government will only organize elections «when the barns are filled with wheat»"). This tactic was consistently applied by parties in government during the interwar period. Conversely, the opposition wanted to postpone the elections until after the Peace Treaty with the Allies had been signed, hoping that the withdrawal of Soviet troops would allow greater intervention of the Western Allies in Romanian internal matters.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
The summer of 1946 brought an exceptionally severe drought, which led to famine in some areas. In a discussion with Soviet embassy staff, PCR leader Ana Pauker claimed that this had been worsened by administrative incompetence, which had led to insufficient supplies of wheat and bread at the central level, and to various irregularities in transport over the national railway system which she attributed to sabotage. Kavtaradze blamed the government itself for failing to prepare the economy for the elections.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
Pauker further mentioned that Communists were especially concerned about events related to the petroleum industry in Romania (centered on Prahova County), which was by then becoming much less lucrative. Tudor Ionescu, the PSD's Minister of Mines and Petroleum, supported the initiative of American and British businessmen to withdraw their investments, but was opposed by the PCR, who argued that this was a move to undermine support for the government, by leaving thousands of people unemployed. Pauker also declared that a similar move was to be carried out by Ford's Bucharest branch. Kavtaradze noted dissatisfaction among workers, civil servants, and Romanian Army personnel over their low incomes.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
In this context, the government began handing out food supplies. Pauker attested that, in several places, the state was frustrated in its attempt to purchase grain from peasants, who argued that the price was too low, and that this led to the supplies being insufficient. The government eventually took the decision to import grain (and especially maize) in large quantities, an action overseen by Gheorghiu-Dej. According to Kavtardze, such measures were partly ineffective.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
Pauker's testimony stressed that, while problems in applying the land reform damaged the BPD's image in some counties in rural regions, its main support came from the formerly landless peasantry. She also attested that, in several counties in Moldavia, the absentee ballot was becoming an option among members of the latter social category ("Asked whom they would vote for, peasants answer: «We'll think about it some more» or «We shall not be voting»").


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
While disheartened by the government's apparent failure to provide help, the peasaants also distrusted the opposition's PNȚ–Maniu, whom they saw as representative of the landlords and opposed to the land reform. According to Pauker, they were falling for PNȚ–Maniu's propaganda, which claimed the Groza cabinet had carried out the land reform only as a preliminary step to collectivization ("Peasants answer that in Russia as well, in the beginning the land was divided, then taken away and kolkhozy were set up. We have no convincing arguments against such objections from the peasants").


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
The BPD took additional measures in regard to women voters in villages, most of them illiterate. According to Pauker, several agitprop campaigns were aimed at them, during which Communist activists stressed the positive aspects of the Groza government. Pauker stated: "a lot of things will depend on how the presidents of election bureaus treat women voters, since women have never voted, have never seen electoral laws and are not aware of voting procedures". The UPM also actively campaigned among women, with its propaganda considered to be better than PCR's even by government agents.


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
In one incident, witnessed during the elections and occurring in Cluj, "there was an unexpected turnout of Magyar women. Old women aged 70–80, carrying chairs, had queued, in rainy weather, awaiting their turn to vote. The slogan was: if one does not vote with the UPM, one does not receive sugar".


1946 Romanian general election, Economic and social issues
The women's suffrage was regarded with a level of hostility by the PNŢ–Maniu, and Dreptatea frequently ridiculed Pauker's visits to women in various villages.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
The period of campaigning and the election itself were witness to widespread irregularities, with historian and politician Dinu C. Giurescu claiming violence and intimidation were carried out both by squads of the BPD and by those of the opposition. In one instance, in Piteşti, a local leader of the PNȚ was killed in the headquarters of the local prosecutor.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
Prior to the election, freedom of association had been severely curtailed through various laws; according to Burton Y. Berry, Groza had admitted to this, and had indicated that it was in answer to the need for order in the country. Expanding on this, he stated that the cabinet was attempting to prevent "provocations" from both the far right and far left, and that chaos during the elections would have resulted in his own sidelining and a dictatorship of the far left.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
In regard to the arrest of several Romanian employees of the American Embassy in Bucharest, Groza reportedly claimed that he had tried to set them free, but the "extremists in the government" had opposed this move. According to the opposition PNȚ's newspaper, he had reportedly stated in a February 1946 meeting with workers: "If the reaction wins, do you think we'll let it live for [another] 24 hours? We'll be getting our payback immediately. We'll get our hands on whatever we can and we'll strike".


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
According to Berry, the Premier had stated that he assessed Romania's commitment to freedom of election in opposition to the Western Allied requirements, and based on "the Russian interpretation of «free and unfettered»".


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
One effect of new legislative measures was that the intervention of judicial authorities as observers was much reduced; the task fell instead on local authorities, which Communist supporters had infiltrated in the previous two years.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, General irregularities
From the start, state resources were employed in campaigning for the BPD. The numbers cited by Victor Frunză include, among other investments, over 4 million propaganda booklets, 28 million leaflets, 8.6 million printed caricatures, 2.7 million signs, and over 6.6 million posters.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
There is evidence that the Army was a main agent of both political campaigning and the eventual fraud. In order to counteract malcontent in military ranks caused by serious housing and supply issues, as well as the high level of inflation, the Groza cabinet increased their revenues and supplies preferentially. In January, Army agitprop sections of the "Education, Culture and Propaganda" Directorate (Direcția Superioară pentru Educație, Cultură și Propagandă a Armatei, or ECP), already employed in channeling political messages inside military ranks, were authorized to carry out "educational activities" outside of the facilities and in rural areas.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
PNȚ and PNL activists were barred entry to Army bases, while the ECP closely supervised soldiers who supported the opposition, and repeatedly complained about the "political backwardness" and "liberties in voting" of various Army institutions. While several Army officials guaranteed that their subordinates would vote for the BPD unanimously, low-ranking members occasionally expressed criticism over the violent quelling of PNȚ and PNL–Brătianu activities inside Army units.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
Eventually, as the institution made use of its venues to campaign for the BPD, it encountered hostility. At a time when the airplanes of the Romanian Air Force were used to drop pro-Groza leaflets over the city of Brașov, EPC activists were alarmed to find out that the manifestos had been secretly replaced with PNȚ–Maniu propaganda.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
The Army was assigned its own Electoral Commission, placed under the leadership of two notoriously pro-Soviet generals, Nicolae Cambrea and Mihail Lascăr, both of whom had formerly served in Red Army units of Romanian volunteers. This drew unanswered protests from the opposition, who called for another Commission to be appointed. By the time of the election, the Groza cabinet decided not to allow reserve and recently discharged soldiers to vote at special Army stations, in order to prevent "tainting" the "real results". In one report from Cluj County, General Precup Victor stated that:


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
An electoral section for the military in Cluj […] almost declared the voting invalid, citing for reason that the election was declared over between 6 and 7 o'clock, instead of 8 o'clock, as was required by law. [ … ] It is only due to the immediate and energetic intervention of the prefect, [with] Major Nicolae Haralambie, and yours truly that the situation was saved.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
In this section, where we believed we had the best comrade president, and thus expected the best result, we received the worst result of all voting stations for the military. [ … ]


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
All of this because of the attitude of Comrade Petrovici [the section president]. If this section had not existed or if Comrade Petrovici, as its president, had listened to us, the army would have yielded a 99% result and not 92.06, as it came to be in Cluj."


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Army
Immediately after the elections, pro-Communist General Victor Precup, commander of the Fourth Army Corps, ordered the arrest of General Drăgănescu of the Second Division of Vânători de munte in Dej, alleging that, during the voting, he exaggerated the extent of unrest among local peasant population in Dej, which was engaged in Antisemitic and Anti- Hungarian violence, as a means to draw the interest of central authorities and Western Allied supervisors. In a secret note released at the same time, General Precup Victor admitted that violent incidents against the government and its supporters had been occurring, and that the Army had been sent in to intervene. He also admitted that local supporters of the PNŢ–Maniu were upset with the official results.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Other testimonies
Writing at the time, the academic Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, who had his electoral rights suspended due to wartime membership of the Romanian-German Association, reported rumours that authorities had been arbitrarily preventing people from voting, that many voters were not asked for their documents, and  that electoral lists marked with the Sun symbol of the BPD had been shoved into urns before voting began. Such a rumour was that:


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Other testimonies
Trucks filled with voters [of the BPD] traveled from one section to the other and voted in all sections, that is to say several times. After voting, blank forms of official reports [by observers] were sent to the central commission, and they were filled in by adding the number of votes desired by the government".


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Other testimonies
According to Anton Rațiu and Nicolae Betea, two collaborators of Lucrețiu Pătrăşcanu, the elections in Arad County were organized by a group of 40 people (including Belu Zilber and Anton Golopenția); the president of the county electoral commission collected the votes from local stations and was required to read them aloud—irrespective of the option expressed, he called out the names of BPD candidates (Pătrășcanu and Ion Vincze, together with others). Nicolae Betea stated that the overall results for the BPD in Arad County, officially recorded at 58%, were closer to 20%.


1946 Romanian general election, Conduct, Other testimonies
Throughout the country, voting bulletins were set fire to immediately after the official counting was completed, an action which prevented all alternative investigation.


1946 Romanian general election, Official results, Alternative results
Sometime after the elections, the PCR issued a confidential report called "Lessons from the Elections and the C[ommunist] P[arty]'s Tasks after the Victory of 19 November 1946" (Învăţămintele alegerilor şi sarcinile PC după victoria din 19 Noiembrie 1946, Arhiva MApN, fond Materiale documentare diverse, dosar 1.742, f.12–13). It was compared by historian Petre Ţurlea with the official version, and provides essentially different data on the results. Analyzing the report, Țurlea contended that, overall, the BPD actually won between 44.98% and 47% of the vote. This not only contradicted the official results, but also opposition claims that they actually won as much as 80% of the vote. In 's interpretation, the result, although coming at the end of fraudulent elections, could be counted as a victory of the opposition.


1946 Romanian general election, Official results, Alternative results
The report also confirms that the BPD's popularity had been much higher in the urban areas than with the peasantry, while, despite expectations, women in the villages, under the influence of the priests, preferred voting for the PNŢ. While securing the votes of the state apparatus and the Jewish Petite bourgeoisie, the BPD was not able to make notable gains inside the categories of traditional PNȚ supporters.


1946 Romanian general election, Reactions
Later in the same month, the British government of Clement Attlee, represented by Adrian Holman, issued a note informing Foreign Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu that, due to the numerous infringements, it did not recognize the result of elections in Romania.


1946 Romanian general election, Reactions
In his 4 January 1947 conversation with the United States Secretary of State George Marshall, Romania's Ambassador Mihai Ralea received an official American reproach for having "broken the spirit and letter" of the Moscow Conference and the Yalta Agreement. Although Ralea, a Ploughmen's Front member and possibly an ally of the Communists, expressed concern over the fact that the United States were reproving Romania, he also appealed to the United States not to allow the country to be left behind the Iron Curtain.


1946 Romanian general election, Reactions
In August 1946, Berry attested that Groza intended to tighten connections with the other countries in the Balkans and Eastern Europe, as the basis for a customs union. Giurescu compares this with the plan of a federation between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, advocated by Georgi Dimitrov and Josip Broz Tito, which was frustrated by the opposition of Joseph Stalin, and discarded altogether following the Tito-Stalin Split.


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
The election results effectively confirmed Romania's adherence to the Eastern Bloc and Soviet camp in the erupting Cold War. On 19 November the three opposition parties (the National Peasants' Party–Maniu, the National Liberal Party–Brătianu and Constantin Titel Petrescu's splinter group from the Social Democrats) issued a formal protest, accusing the Groza government of having falsified the vote. Cabinet representatives of the two contender parties, the PNL–Brătianu's Mihail Romaniceanu and the PNŢ–Maniu's Emil Haţieganu withdrew in protest soon after results were announced. Petre Ţurlea contends that the document was largely inconsequential due to the interwar tradition of similar protests for less problematic votes.


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
On 1 December 1946, Premier Groza inaugurated the new unicameral Parliament. In his speech on the occasion, while expressing a hope that elections had voted in a new type of legislative, he stressed that it was important


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
to eliminate the spectacle of useless blabber and personal issues from this Assembly and for these deputies to dedicate themselves, during the rather expensive session […] to an intensive activity.


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
it is not the Parliament of old politicians, it is not a luxurious habit, an entertainment, an exercise of political gymnastics or an excuse for quarreling with others.


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
In following months, Communists concentrated on silencing opposition and ensuring a monopoly on power. In summer 1947, the Tămădău Affair saw the end of the PNŢ–Maniu, banned after Iuliu Maniu and others were prosecuted during a show trial. The National Liberal Party-Tătărescu, which issued a critique of the Groza administration at around the same time, was forced out of the government and from the BPD, only to be implicated in the Tămădău scandal and have its leadership replaced with one more loyal to the PCR. The PCR ultimately merged with the PSD in late 1947 to form the Romanian Workers' Party (PMR), with the first dominating the leadership of the united party. According to journalist Victor Frunză, for all intents and purposes, however, the PMR was the PCR under a new name.


1946 Romanian general election, Aftermath
In the last days of December 1947, King Michael I was pressured into abdication. The Communist-dominated legislature then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a "people's republic," marking the first stage of undisguised Communist rule in Romania.


1946 Rose Bowl
The 1946 Rose Bowl was the 32nd edition of the college football bowl game,  played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Tuesday, January 1.


1946 Rose Bowl
The game matched the undefeated Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the #7 Trojans of the University of Southern California of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Tide defeated the underdog Trojans 34–14. It was Alabama’s sixth and final trip to the Rose Bowl until their College Football Playoff semifinal appearance in 2021 and Frank Thomas' final bowl trip as head coach.


1946 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Alabama, known as the "wooden horse" led at the half 20–0 and the Trojans had a net loss of 24 yards. USC, which had won eight straight Rose Bowl games since 1923, didn't make a first down until the third quarter when the score was 27–0.


1946 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Alabama outgained USC 351 to 41 yards. Quarterback Harry Gilmer threw only eleven times in the game for one touchdown and ran for 116 yards on 16 carries. Hal Self scored twice, on a one-yard run and on a 24-yard Gilmer pass. Gilmer went over from the one, and Lowell Tew hit left guard from the two for points and Norwood Hodges scored up the middle on a one-yard plunge. Hugh Morrow kicked four extra points in the game.


1946 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
Following this game, the PCC and Big Nine (now Pac-12 and Big Ten) entered into an exclusive five-year agreement for their champions to meet in the Rose Bowl. It has been extended numerous times, and outside of rotations in the playoffs, it continues. Both conferences openly admitted restricting the Rose Bowl, because they were tired of getting beaten by teams playing "hillbilly ball," the same reason they cited for not inviting them before 1920.


1946 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
This was last Rose Bowl appearance by an SEC team for 72 years, when Georgia defeated Oklahoma in a national semifinal in early 2018. The first break in the Pac-12/Big Ten arrangement came in 2002, when it was the BCS Championship Game between Nebraska and Miami.


1946 Rotherhithe by-election
The Rotherhithe by-election of 1946 was held on 19 November 1946. The byelection was held after the incumbent Labour MP, Sir Benjamin Smith became the chairman of the West Midlands Coal Board. It was won by the Labour candidate Bob Mellish. London County Councillor Edward Martell beat the Conservative candidate, the future Gillingham MP Frederick Burden, into third place, polling more than one-quarter of the vote.


1946 Roussillon Grand Prix
The 1946 Roussillon Grand Prix (formally the I Grand Prix du Roussillon) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Circuit des Platanes de Perpignan on 30 June 1946.


1946 Roussillon Grand Prix, Classification
Jean-Pierre Wimille and Raymond Sommer held the race until piston troubles show up and oblige the Maserati 4CL to retire. Since then, Wimille wasn't in danger to win the race.


1946 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1946 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1946 college football season. Rutgers was in its fifth non-consecutive season under head coach Harvey Harman. Harman had coached Rutgers from 1938 to 1941, but missed the 1942 to 1945 seasons while serving as a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy. The 1946 team compiled a 7–2 record, won the Middle Three Conference championship, and outscored its opponents 252 to 48. The team's only losses came against Columbia (7–13) and Princeton (7–14).


1946 SANFL Grand Final
The 1946 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football championship game. Norwood beat Port Adelaide 92 to 64.