1948 Delta Bowl, Background
The Rebels won their first ever Southeastern Conference title under first year head coach Johnny Vaught, while playing in their first bowl game since 1936. The Horned Frogs finished 4th in the Southwest Conference, in their first bowl appearance since 1945.


1948 Delta Bowl, Game summary
After a scoreless first quarter, TCU got onto the board off Ole Miss miscues. Lindy Berry returned an interception 28 yards for the touchdown, making it 7-0. Later in the quarter, an Ole Miss punt was blocked near the end zone, falling out of bounds for a safety. It was 9-0 TCU going into the fourth quarter, in a game with 7 combined turnovers. Ole Miss quarterback Charlie Conerly threw a pass to Joe Johnson, who ran 26 yards for the touchdown, making the score 9-6 after the extra point missed.


1948 Delta Bowl, Game summary
On TCU's next possession, Bobby Wilson intercepted a pass, giving the Rebels the ball back. Conerly threw to Johnson, the pass falling complete for 52 yards to the TCU 13. Conerly threw a pass to Dixie Howell on the next play to put the Rebels on top 13-6 after the extra point went in. The Horned Frogs could still tie the game, but any hopes of a tie were vanquished when Red Buchanan intercepted a Horned Frog pass at the Rebel 38, sealing the game for the Rebels.


1948 Delta Bowl, Aftermath
The Horned Frogs did not make another bowl game until 1952. As for the Rebels, they waited until 1953 for their next bowl appearance. Conerly was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966.


1948 Democratic National Convention
The 1948 Democratic National Convention was held at Philadelphia  Convention Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from July 12 to July 14, 1948, and resulted in the nominations of President Harry S. Truman for a full term and Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky for vice president in the 1948 presidential election. One of the decisive factors in convening both major party conventions in Philadelphia that year was that the eastern Pennsylvania area was part of the newly developing broadcast television market. In 1947, TV stations in New York City, Washington and Philadelphia were connected by a coaxial cable.


1948 Democratic National Convention
By the summer of 1948 two of the three new television networks, NBC and CBS, had the ability to telecast along the east coast live gavel-to-gavel coverage of both conventions. In television's early days, live broadcasts were not routinely recorded, but a few minutes of Kinescope film of the conventions has survived.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Organization
The convention was called to order by the permanent chairman, Senator Alben W. Barkley of Kentucky. With delegates demoralized by Republican wins in 1946 that had given them control of Congress, and what appeared to be Truman's slim chance for reelection in his own right, on July 13 Barkley gave the keynote speech, as he had in 1932 and 1936. He roused the delegates with his opening declaration "We have assembled here for a great purpose.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Organization
We are here to give the American people an accounting of our stewardship in the administration of their affairs for sixteen outstanding, eventful years, for not one of which we make an apology!" Barkley continued by recalling the bad times of the Great Depression of the 1930s to turn the Republicans' most-repeated attack back on them. Republicans proposed "to clean the cobwebs" from the federal government. Said Barkley: "I am not an expert on cobwebs.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Organization
But if my memory does not betray me, when the Democratic party took over ... sixteen years ago, even the spiders were so weak from starvation they could not weave a cobweb in any department of the government in Washington!" Barkley concluded his hour-long oration with a visionary call for the Democrats to "lead the children of men ... into a free world and a free life," which inspired the delegates to cheer for more than 30 minutes. His rhetorical effort had the effect of energizing delegates, who began to recover their enthusiasm. It also had the effect of propelling Barkley towards the vice presidential nomination.


1948 Democratic National Convention, The balloting
Balloting for president and vice president took place on July 13. While Southerners who opposed the expansion of civil rights contested Truman for the nomination, he was easily nominated on the first ballot.


1948 Democratic National Convention, The balloting, President
In the absence of three dozen Southern delegates who walked out of the convention with Thurmond, Truman was nominated by a vote of 947 to 263 over Senator Richard Russell, Jr. of Georgia.


1948 Democratic National Convention, The balloting, President, Vice President
Various Democratic Party leaders had promoted candidates for the vice presidential nomination, including Alben W. Barkley and Wilson W. Wyatt of Kentucky, William Preston Lane Jr. and Millard Tydings of Maryland, Oscar R. Ewing of Iowa, James Roosevelt of California, and Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming.


1948 Democratic National Convention, The balloting, President, Vice President
In addition, Truman tried to interest William O. Douglas in the nomination, but Douglas declined. During the convention, Barkley's keynote speech won over the delegates, and when it became clear Barkley had more than enough support to win the nomination, Truman agreed to accept him as his running mate.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Dispute over civil rights
On July 14, Northern Democrats led by Mayor of Minneapolis Hubert Humphrey and Illinois Senate candidate Paul Douglas pushed for the convention to adopt a strong civil rights platform plank and endorse President Truman's pro-civil rights actions. They were opposed by conservatives opposed to racial integration and by moderates who feared alienating Southern voters (regarded as essential to a Democratic victory), including some of Truman's own aides. They were supported by northeastern urban Democratic leaders, who thought the plank would appeal to the growing black vote in their cities, traditionally Republican.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Dispute over civil rights
In a speech to the convention, Humphrey urged the Democratic Party to "get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights." The convention adopted the civil rights plank in a close vote (651½-582½). In response, all 22 members of the Mississippi delegation, led by Governor Fielding L. Wright and former Governor Hugh L. White, walked out of the assembly. Thirteen members of the Alabama delegation followed, led by Leven H. Ellis. The bolted delegates and other Southerners then formed the States' Rights Democratic Party ("Dixiecrats"), which nominated Strom Thurmond for president and Wright for vice president.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Dispute over civil rights
The fight over the civil rights plank at the 1948 convention was a launching point for Humphrey as a political figure of national stature. He was elected to the United States Senate in November, and in 1964 was elected vice president.


1948 Democratic National Convention, Truman's acceptance
Truman was scheduled to give his acceptance speech at 10 pm on July 14, but the convention was behind schedule, so he spoke in the early morning hours of July 15. In his opening, Truman told the delegates "Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make these Republicans like it — don't you forget that!" His pugnacious attack on what he termed the "Do-Nothing 80th Congress", further energized the delegates who had not taken part in the Dixiecrat walkout. Truman's speech was looked on in retrospect as the start of the "Give 'em Hell, Harry!" campaign theme that enabled Truman to win the November general election.


1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries
From March 9 to June 1, 1948, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1948 United States presidential election. Incumbent President Harry S. Truman was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1948 Democratic National Convention held from July 12 to July 14, 1948, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As a sitting President, his nomination was secured.


1948 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1948 election. At the 1948 Democratic National Convention, President Harry S. Truman won nomination for a full term. Truman had become president upon the death of his predecessor and 1944 running mate, Franklin D. Roosevelt. As the 25th Amendment had not yet been passed, there was no method for filling a vice presidential vacancy, and Truman served without a vice president during his first term.


1948 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Truman's nomination faced significant opposition from the South, as did the party's platform on civil rights. Though Truman attempted to convince Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas to join the ticket, Douglas declined. Truman instead selected Senate Minority Leader Alben W. Barkley, the preferred choice of many Democratic delegates, and a border state Senator who could appeal to both the Northern and Southern wings of the party. The Truman-Barkley ticket won the 1948 election, defeating the Republican (Dewey-Warren), Progressive (Wallace-Taylor), and Dixiecrat (Thurmond-Wright) tickets.


1948 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1948 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1948 college football season. In its first season under head coach Johnny Baker, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record (2–2 against MSC opponents), finished third in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 174 to 166.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake
The 1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake occurred on December 4 at 3:43 p.m. Pacific Standard Time with a moment magnitude of 6.4 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The shock was felt from the central coast of California in the north, and to Baja California in the south, and came at a time when earthquake research in southern California was being resumed following the Second World War. It was one of two events in the 20th century that have occurred near a complex region of the southern San Andreas Fault System where it traverses the San Gorgonio Pass and the northern Coachella Valley. Damage was not severe, but some serious injuries occurred, and aftershocks continued until 1957.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Preface
The United States' involvement in World War II brought about a lapse in earthquake research in California, due to scientists and other technicians being assigned defense-related work, and the ongoing process of using earthquake records to establish their epicenters eventually came to end. The Seismological Society of America cancelled their annual meetings and their Bulletin was reduced to half its normal size. Following the war, work resumed at the Caltech and Berkeley labs detecting local earthquakes to determine the location of active faults. By 1948, seismologist Charles Richter had determined that areas where small earthquakes were occurring did not necessarily mean that a stronger shock would take place at the same location in the future.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Tectonic setting
The San Gorgonio Pass is one of the largest irregularities of the San Andreas Fault system, where it branches into a group of discontinuous faults. The convoluted nature of the fault strands makes estimating the source characteristics of future events in that area challenging. Simultaneous rupture of multiple fault strands can produce exceptionally complex earthquakes, like the 1992 Landers earthquake, which was the result of sequential rupture of multiple strike-slip faults.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Tectonic setting
The San Andreas Fault system is similarly complex as it moves through the San Gorgonio Pass, with associated oblique/reverse faults that are actively uplifting San Gorgonio Mountain, the tallest peak in southern California. The 1986 North Palm Springs earthquake occurred to the west of the 1948 shock, and produced 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) of surface rupture on the Garnet Hill Fault or the Coachella strand of the Banning Fault. Together, these are the only historical shocks to occur on the portion of the San Andreas Fault System that lies south of the Cajon Pass.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Earthquake
The mainshock was recorded by few seismometers in the region. In contrast, the 1986 event occurred at a time when far more instruments were operating in southern California, and the additional volume of data that was generated provided a means for relocating and confirming the mechanism of faulting for the older event. The amplitude of the waveforms shown on the 1948 seismograms were 20–30% larger than those of the later shock. Like the 1986 event, the 1948 event was presumed to have occurred near the northwest-striking (and steeply-dipping) Banning Fault, which was relatively unknown at the time.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Earthquake
A lack of surface ruptures from this predominantly strike-slip event is one element that contributed to preventing researchers from identifying the causative fault. The presence of shattered ground (very loose topsoil that appeared to have been "loosened by a shaking table") indicated to researchers that it probably originated in the hanging wall block between the Banning and Mission Creek Faults.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Earthquake, Intensity
The isoseismal map for this event is somewhat symmetrical, but with a significant east–west elongation that is aligned with the transverse ranges. The Mercalli intensity peaked at VII (Very strong) in the area around Desert Hot Springs. Intensity VI (Strong) effects were observed in Los Angeles, where damage was slight and several hundred automatic gas shutoff valves were tripped, especially in Monterey Park (just to the east of Los Angeles). At roughly the same distance from the epicenter, San Diego had more intense effects than El Centro did. Intensity VI was felt in San Diego, while El Centro was marked as I–IV (Not Felt–Light). This was likely due to a difference in local geological features, and the attenuation factor along the path to each area, sometimes called "earthquake shadows".


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The shock was felt as far north as Santa Maria and south into northern Baja California, and was described by seismologists as having been stronger than the 1933 Long Beach earthquake that heavily affected southern California, but no one was killed and only relatively minor damage occurred. A few injuries, some serious, occurred at the Palm Springs Theater during the rush to evacuate the building, and another man was injured by falling merchandise and required hospitalization. In Downtown Los Angeles, buildings swayed, windows were broken, and cracks appeared in buildings. Similar types of damage was also present in Twentynine Palms, El Centro, and Yucca Valley.


1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
A late 1950s study of the event included details on aftershocks that were greater than 3.0 ML. In this range, there were 18 aftershocks on the first day (including eight within the first hour) and 12 the following day. These events continued to occur every day for nearly a week, at which time they began tapering off and became less of a daily occurrence. By late December, there were one per day or less, with 60 events through the remainder of the year. In 1949 there were far less, with 16 events altogether. The last event that was mentioned in the study occurred in January 1957.


1948 Detroit Lions season
The 1948 Detroit Lions season was the team's 19th overall season in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 3–9, winning only two games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 13th consecutive season. One notable aspect of this season was their use of scarlet red and black uniforms instead of the traditional Honolulu blue and silver, due to head coach Bo McMillin, obviously influenced by his years as coach at Indiana. They would return to Honolulu blue and silver the following season.


1948 Detroit Lions season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 Detroit Tigers season
The 1948 Detroit Tigers season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fifth in the American League with a record of 78–76, 18½ games behind the Cleveland Indians.


1948 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Detroit Tigers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Detroit Titans football team
The 1948 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1948 college football season. Detroit outscored its opponents by a combined total of 209 to 112 and finished with a 6–3 record in its fourth year under head coach Chuck Baer.


1948 Dixie Bowl
The 1948 Dixie  Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game between the Arkansas Razorbacks and the William & Mary Indians. In the inaugural Dixie Bowl, Arkansas defeated William & Mary, who was ranked fourteenth by the AP Poll, 21–19. The final Dixie Bowl was played on 1949. William & Mary would get their revenge for the game the next year, a 9–0 win in Little Rock, and again in a 20–0 win in Little Rock.


1948 Dixie Bowl, Setting
Arkansas entered the game with a 1–4–1 record in the Southwest Conference, with four non conference wins boosting their record to 5–4–1. William & Mary was 9–1 entering the game.


1948 Dixie Bowl, Game summary
The William & Mary Indians took an early lead when they recovered a fumbled quick-kick, which led to a Jack Cloud touchdown run. Cloud scored again, but the extra point was missed by Indian quarterback Stan Magdziak. Down by 13, Arkansas quarterback Kenny Holland connected with Ross Pritchard for a 59-yard touchdown pass. After a completed extra point by Aubrey Fowler, Hog defender Melvin McGaha intercepted a Magdziak pass, and returned it for a 70-yard touchdown. Fowler again added the PAT, giving the Razorbacks a 14–13 lead.


1948 Dixie Bowl, Game summary
The Indians struck again in the third quarter, when Magdziak hit Henry Bland for a touchdown, but the extra point was no good for a second time. Arkansas would strike last, however, when Leon Campbell's 7-yard touchdown run gave the Hogs the lead with five minutes remaining. Arkansas moved their bowl record to 1–0–2 with the win, while William & Mary dropped to 0–1.


1948 Donora smog
The 1948 Donora smog killed 20 people and caused respiratory problems for 7,000 of the 14,000 people living in Donora, Pennsylvania, a mill town on the Monongahela River 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. The event is commemorated by the Donora Smog Museum.


1948 Donora smog
Sixty years later, the incident was described by The New York Times as "one of the worst air pollution disasters in the nation's history." Even 10 years after the incident, mortality rates in Donora were significantly higher than those in other communities nearby.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
The fog started building up in Donora on Wednesday, October 27, 1948. By the following day it was causing coughing and other signs of respiratory distress for many residents of the community in the Monongahela River valley. Many of the illnesses and deaths were initially attributed to asthma. The smog continued until it rained on Sunday, October 31, by which time 20 residents of Donora had died and approximately one third to one half of the town's population of 14,000 residents had been sickened. Another 50 residents died of respiratory causes within a month after the incident; notable among the fatalities was Lukasz Musial, the father of future baseball Hall of Famer and the 1948 National League MVP Stan Musial.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
Hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide emissions from U.S. Steel's Donora Zinc Works and its American Steel & Wire plant were frequent occurrences in Donora. What made the 1948 event more severe was a temperature inversion, a situation in which warmer air aloft traps pollution in a layer of colder air near the surface. The pollutants in the air mixed with fog to form a thick, yellowish, acrid smog that hung over Donora for five days. The sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, fluorine, and other poisonous gases that usually dispersed into the atmosphere were caught in the inversion and accumulated until rain ended the weather pattern.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
Two of the heroes to emerge during the four-day smog were Chief John Volk of the Donora Fire Department and his assistant Russell Davis. Volk and Davis responded to calls from Friday night, the 29th until Sunday night, the 31st, depleting their supply of 800 cubic feet (23 m3) of oxygen, borrowing more from all nearby municipalities, including McKeesport, Monessen, and Charleroi. "I didn’t take any myself. What I did every time I came back to the station was have a little shot of whiskey."


1948 Donora smog, Incident
The eight doctors in the town, who belonged to the Donora Medical Association, made house calls much like the firefighters during the period of intense smog, often visiting the houses of patients who were treated by the other doctors in town. This was a result of patients calling every doctor in town in the hope of getting treatment faster.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
It was not until mid-day Saturday, the 30th, that Mrs. Cora Vernon, executive director of the American Red Cross, had it set up so that all calls going to the doctors’ offices would be switched to the emergency center being established in the town hall. The smog was so intense that driving was nearly abandoned; those who chose to continue driving took risks. “I drove on the left side of the street with my head out the window. Steering by scraping the curb.” recalls Davis.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
It was not until Sunday morning, the 31st, that a meeting occurred between the operators of the plants and the town officials. August Z. Chambon, the burgess (mayor) of Donora, requested the plants temporarily cease operations. The superintendent of the plants, L.J. Westhaver, said the plants had already begun shutting down operation at around 6:00 that morning. With the rain alleviating the smog, the plants resumed normal operation the following morning.


1948 Donora smog, Incident
Researchers analyzing the event have focused likely blame on pollutants from the zinc plant, whose emissions had killed almost all vegetation within a half-mile radius of the plant. Dr. Devra L. Davis, director of the Center for Environmental Oncology at the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, has pointed to autopsy results showing fluorine levels in victims in the lethal range, as much as 20 times higher than normal. Fluorine gas generated in the zinc smelting process became trapped by the stagnant air and was the primary cause of the deaths. Further research was conducted by Mary Amdur about the effects of the smog; she was pressured to withdraw publication of these results but refused to be bowed.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
Preliminary results of a study performed by Dr. Clarence A. Mills of the University of Cincinnati and released in December 1948 showed that thousands more Donora residents could have been killed if the smog had lasted any longer than it had.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
Lawsuits were filed against U.S. Steel, which never acknowledged responsibility for the incident, calling it "an act of God". While the steel company did not accept blame, it reached a settlement in 1951 in which it paid about $235,000, which was stretched over the 80 victims who had participated in the lawsuit, leaving them little after legal expenses were factored in.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
Representatives of American Steel and Wire settled the more than $4.6 million claimed in 130 damage suits at about 5% of what had been sought, noting that the company was prepared to show at trial that the smog had been caused by a "freak weather condition" that trapped over Donora "all of the smog coming from the homes, railroads, the steamboats, and the exhaust from automobiles, as well as the effluents from its plants." U.S. Steel closed both plants by 1966.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
By 1949, a year after the disaster, the total value of the predominantly residential property in Donora had declined by nearly 10%.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
The Donora Smog was one of the incidents where Americans recognized that exposure to large amounts of pollution in a short period of time can result in injuries and fatalities. The event is often credited for helping to trigger the clean-air movement in the United States, whose crowning achievement was the Clean Air Act of 1963, which required the United States Environmental Protection Agency to develop and enforce regulations to protect the general public from exposure to hazardous airborne contaminants.


1948 Donora smog, Aftermath
The incident was little spoken of in Donora until a historical marker was placed in the town in 1998, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the incident. The 60th anniversary, in 2008, was commemorated with memorials for the families of the victims and other educational programs. The Donora Smog Museum was opened on October 20, 2008, located in an old storefront at 595 McKean Avenue near Sixth Street, with the slogan "Clean Air Started Here". Fewer than 6,000 people still live in Donora.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
The Donora event led to the first large-scale epidemiological investigation of an environmental health disaster in the United States.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
An account of the smog was published in 1950 by the noted medical writer Berton Roueché in The New Yorker under the title "The Fog". Together with another short story, "A Pig From Jersey", this story won him the 1950 Albert Lasker Medical Journalism Award. "The Fog" was later included in his celebrated collection of short stories Eleven Blue Men. Devra Davis' 2002 novel When Smoke Ran Like Water starts with the Donora Smog.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
The 2009 novel Don't Kill the Messenger by Joel Pierson features a fictional town, Wyandotte, Pennsylvania, which became a ghost town after a smog incident, based on the Donora Smog.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
An hour-long documentary, Rumor of Blue Sky, produced by Andrew Maietta and Janet Whitney, aired on WQED TV in April 2009. The film features archival images and interviews with survivors of the environmental tragedy.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
The Donora smog incident was mentioned in Netflix's The Crown in 2016, when it depicted a similar incident in London in 1952.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
The Weather Channel produced an episode of When Weather Changed History on the Donora smog incident. The incident would be revisited in a later Weather Channel series, Weather That Changed The World.


1948 Donora smog, Media coverage and influence
In 1995, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the event.


1948 Drake Bulldogs football team
The 1948 Drake Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Drake University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1948 college football season. In its second season under head coach Albert Kawal, the team compiled a 7–3 record (1–1 against MVC opponents), finished third in the conference, defeated Arizona in the 1949 Salad Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 199 to 105. The team played its home games at Drake Stadium in Des Moines, Iowa.


1948 Drexel Dragons football team
The 1948 Drexel Dragons football team represented the Drexel Institute of Technology (renamed Drexel University in 1970) as an independent during the 1948 college football season. Ralph Chase was the team's head coach for the first five games of the season, when Maury McMains took over head coaching duties in order to allow Chase to focus on coaching the basketball team.


1948 Duke Blue Devils football team
The 1948 Duke Blue Devils football team represented the Duke Blue Devils of Duke University during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Duquesne Dukes football team
The 1948 Duquesne Dukes football team was an American football team that represented Duquesne University as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its second season under head coach Kass Kovalcheck, Duquesne compiled a 2–7 record and was outscored by a total of 240 to 102.


1948 Dutch general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 7 July 1948. The Catholic People's Party remained the largest party in the House of Representatives, winning 32 of the 100 seats.


1948 Dutch general election
Following the elections, a broad four-party coalition government was formed between the Catholic People's Party, Labour Party, Christian Historical Union and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. Combined these parties held 76% of the available seats in parliament.


1948 East Carolina Pirates football team
The 1948 East Carolina Pirates football team was an American football team that represented represented East Carolina Teachers College (now known as East Carolina University) as a member of the North State Conference during the 1948 college football season. In their third season under head coach Jim Johnson, the team compiled a 0–9 record.


1948 Easter Crisis
The 1948 Easter Crisis was the fear that the Soviet Union or Soviet-aligned Communists were planning an invasion or coup d'état in Denmark, in the wake of the 1948 Communist Coup in Czechoslovakia. Until this crisis, Denmark had tried to remain neutral between East and West, but in the election of 1947, the Communists had been reduced from 18 to 9 seats in the Folketing, removing them from participation in the parliamentary defence and security committee. It was now possible for defence to be discussed without any Communist intervention. Growing fear of attack from the East caused Denmark's government led by Hans Hedtoft to align with the West. After an abortive attempt to form a Scandinavian defence union with Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, Denmark joined NATO in 1949.


1948 Ecuadorian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Ecuador on 6 June 1948. The elections were supervised by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal for the first time. The result was a victory for Galo Plaza of the National Democratic Civic Movement. He was inaugurated as President on 1 September 1948.


1948 Edmonton by-election
A by-election for the constituency of Edmonton in the United Kingdom House of Commons was held on 13 November 1948, caused by the death of the incumbent Labour MP Evan Durbin. The result was a hold for the Labour Party, with their candidate Austen Albu winning with a significantly reduced majority of 3,327.


1948 Edmonton municipal election
The 1948 municipal election was held November 3, 1948 to elect five aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council. There was no mayoral election, as Harry Ainlay was in the second year of a two-year term. There were no elections for school trustees, as candidates for both the public and separate boards were acclaimed.


1948 Edmonton municipal election
There were ten aldermen on city council, but five of the positions were already filled:Armour Ford, Harold Tanner (SS), James McCrie Douglas (SS), Charles Gariepy, and George Gleave were all elected to two-year terms in 1947 and were still in office.


1948 Edmonton municipal election
There were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled:Mary Butterworth (SS), George Brown, Stewart Graham, and William Morrow (SS) had been elected to two-year terms in 1947 and were still in office. The same was true on the separate board,  where Weldon Bateman (SS), Joseph Gallant, Thomas Malone, and Joseph Pilon were continuing.


1948 Edmonton municipal election, Voter turnout
There were 11,665 ballots cast out of 80,369 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 14.5%.


1948 Edmonton municipal election, Results, Separate (Catholic) school trustees
Adrian Crowe (SS), Joseph O'Hara, and Francis Killeen were acclaimed.


1948 Ekstraklasa, Overview
It was contested by 14 teams, and Cracovia won the championship.


1948 English Greyhound Derby
The 1948 Greyhound Derby took place during June with the final being held on 26 June 1948 at White City Stadium. The winner, Priceless Border, received a first prize of £1,500.


1948 English Greyhound Derby, Final result, Distances
2, 2, 2, neck, 1½ (lengths)The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. From 1927-1950 one length was equal to 0.06 of one second but race times are shown as 0.08 as per modern day calculations.


1948 English Greyhound Derby, Review
Priceless Border was a short ante post favourite at odds of 5-1, the brindle dog had been unlucky during the 1947 English Greyhound Derby and had already won the Wood Lane Stakes at White City. In the heats he broke his own track record with a 28.64 win. Another favourite Local Interprize missed the break in his heat and failed to pick up the leader Mazurka in a slow time of 29.24, but still qualified. Other notable first round winners who dipped under the 29 second barrier were Cheerful Comedy 28.95 and Don Gipsey 28.98.


1948 English Greyhound Derby, Review
One of the semi-finals paired Priceless Border, owned by ten year old Desmond O'Kane, with Local Interprize and the former ran out a three length winner in 28.76. In the next semi-final, the Longcross Cup champion Sheevaun impressed with a time of 28.74 around the 525 yard circuit and the remaining semi-final was won by Doughery Lad in 29.23.


1948 English Greyhound Derby, Review
Priceless Border drew trap one in the final and he trapped in front when the race got underway, he always led to finish two lengths clear of the field in a fast time of 28.78, Local Interprize ran well to stay only two lengths adrift, also breaking 29 seconds.


1948 English cricket season
1948 was the 49th season of County Championship cricket in England. Don Bradman, who was shortly to retire, made his final appearance in England. Bradman's Australian team, which included Arthur Morris, a very young Neil Harvey, Ray Lindwall and Keith Miller, went through the tour without being beaten and became known to cricket's folklore as "The Invincibles". They won the Test series 4–0. Glamorgan won the County Championship for the first time under the dynamic captaincy of Wilf Wooller.


1948 English cricket season
The season was preceded by the first publication of Playfair Cricket Annual which has become a mainstay among cricket publications. Playfair is a pocket guide (though in its early years it had a larger page size) providing a mass of potted information about the sport, and is seen by many fans as an essential accessory to watching cricket in England.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
Australia's "Invincibles" defeated England 4-0 with the Third Test drawn. England's batting was strong on paper, the first four in the order generally being Len Hutton, Cyril Washbrook, Bill Edrich and Denis Compton. But they found the fast bowling trio of Lindwall, Miller and Johnston a handful, especially since the playing conditions that summer allowed a new ball to be taken after only 55 overs. England's bowling was largely reliant on Alec Bedser, and against such a strong Australian batting line-up even his average was unimpressive.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
The first innings of the First Test set the pattern, with England only reaching as many as 165 thanks to 63 from Jim Laker at number 9. Johnston finished with 5/36. In reply, Bradman and Hassett both made centuries, and England had a deficit of 344. Assisted by an injury that prevented Lindwall from bowling, England made 441 in their second innings, thanks mainly to 184 by Compton, but Australia still won by 8 wickets.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
Australia won at Lord's by 409 runs, with Morris making a century in the first innings and Sid Barnes one in the second, and none of the English side even reaching fifty in either innings. Lindwall took 5/70 in the first innings and Ernie Toshack had 5/40 in the second.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
The Third Test was drawn, and England might have won had not the Manchester weather caused much time to be lost. In England's first innings Compton had to retire hurt early on after being hit on the head by Lindwall, and needed two stitches, but he returned to the crease at 119 for 5 and finished with 145 not out out of 363.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
At Headingley, one of the most famous of all Tests was played. It was a high-scoring affair, with Washbrook and Edrich making hundreds in England's first innings, and Harvey - on his debut in Anglo-Australian Tests - making one for Australia. Early on the final day, with the pitch by now helping spin, England declared their second innings, setting Australia to make 404 in 344 minutes. Laker, not yet the force that he would be a few years later, bowled poorly, and there were many fielding lapses. Thus, against all expectation, Australia got the runs with 12 minutes and 7 wickets to spare, with Morris making 182 and Bradman 173 not out.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
The final Test of the series was the biggest disaster of all for England. They lost by an innings and 149 runs. Batting first, England were shot out for 52, of which Hutton made 30. Lindwall took 6/20. The Australian openers put on 117, and the total eventually reached 389 (Morris 196). In their second effort England managed only 188. (Johnston 4/40). It was known that this would be Bradman's final Test, and the crowd gave him an ovation when he walked out to bat. He only needed four runs to average 100 in Test cricket, but Eric Hollies bowled him second ball for a duck.


1948 English cricket season, Test series
Morris finished the series with 696 runs at 87.00, and Lindwall and Johnston each took 27 wickets. For England, the player emerging with most credit was Compton, with 562 runs at 62.44.


1948 Estonian SSR Football Championship
The 1948 Estonian SSR Football Championship was won by Baltic Fleet Tallinn.


1948 European Figure Skating Championships
The 1948 European Figure Skating Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia. Elite senior-level figure skaters from European ISU member nations, in addition to the United States and Canada, competed for the title of European Champion in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating.


1948 European Figure Skating Championships
Because North Americans were allowed to participate, the best European single skaters, Eva Pawlik of Austria and Hans Gerschwiler of Switzerland, were awarded only the European Silver Medals. That was the reason the International Skating Union restricted the 1949 Europeans and all the following European Championships to European skaters.


1948 European Figure Skating Championships, Results, Men
Button is the only winner from outside Europe in men's singles.


1948 European Figure Skating Championships, Results, Ladies
Scott is the only winner from outside Europe in ladies' singles.


1948 FA Charity Shield
The 1948 FA Charity Shield was the 26th Charity Shield, an annual English association football match played between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup. It was the first edition held since the postponement of football during the Second World War. The match, held at Highbury on 6 October 1948, was contested by Arsenal, champions of the 1947–48 Football League and Manchester United, who beat Blackpool in the final of the 1947–48 FA Cup. This was Arsenal's eighth Charity Shield appearance to Manchester United's third.


1948 FA Charity Shield
Watched by a crowd of over 30,000, Reg Lewis, Bryn Jones, and Ronnie Rooke each scored for the league champions inside the first 15 minutes. Manchester United responded by scoring twice before the half-time break through Jack Rowley and Ronnie Burke. Lionel Smith's own goal in the 53rd minute made the scoreline 4–3, and though United's attack were dominant in the second half, there were no further goals. Arsenal were awarded the Shield by A.V. Alexander, the Minister of Defence. Gate receipts for the match came to a total of £4,300.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Background
The FA Charity Shield was founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield. It was a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, and then by 1913 teams of amateur and professional players. In 1921, it was played by the Football League champions and FA Cup winners for the first time. After a ten-year absence due to the suspension of football during the Second World War, the Charity Shield made a return in 1948.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Background
Arsenal qualified for the 1948 FA Charity Shield as winners of the 1947–48 Football League First Division. It was the club's sixth league title and striker Ronnie Rooke scored 33 goals in the campaign to become the division's top goalscorer. The other Charity Shield place went to Manchester United who beat Blackpool to win the final of the 1947–48 FA Cup. Manchester United's progress in the competition was unique as the club was drawn against teams from the First Division in every round. Their home ties were staged at three different grounds as Old Trafford was being repaired from the damage sustained in the Manchester Blitz.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Background
This was Arsenal's eighth Charity Shield appearance; prior to the game they had won five Shields (1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938), and lost two (1935, 1936). By contrast Manchester United were undefeated in the Charity Shield; the club won their previous two appearances, in 1908 and 1911. Manchester United had beaten Arsenal 1–0 the last time the two clubs met at Highbury, for a league fixture on 30 August 1948; Charlie Mitten scored the only goal of the match.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
Arsenal began the quicker of the two teams. Inside a minute, a miskick by Manchester United left back John Aston troubled his defence, and presented Reg Lewis and Rooke with shooting opportunities. After three minutes, Arsenal took the lead; combination play from Jimmy Logie and Bryn Jones forced goalkeeper Jack Crompton out of his area, and ended with Jones hitting the ball high into an empty net. Lewis headed in Archie Macaulay's cross from the right to double Arsenal's lead, and the team scored their third almost immediately, when Rooke maneuvered past the United defence to shoot past Crompton.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
United regrouped and scored immediately. Charging forward, John Anderson and Jack Rowley each shot wide, before Johnny Morris's effort hit the post. The ball rebounded to Rowley, whose shot went in past goalkeeper George Swindin. United were in full ascendancy – "Anderson and Warner were winning the ball in mid-field, and bringing it through to their forwards [...], making the Arsenal defence feel the strain," so said The Times football correspondent. In the 35th minute however, Lewis scored his second goal of the match, beating Allenby Chilton to the ball first and going past Crompton. Five minutes before half-time, United halved Arsenal's lead – a well-worked move started by Carey in his own half was finished off by Burke.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Match, Summary
Arsenal struggled to regain fluency in the second half, as their opponents dominated play. In the 53rd minute, United scored to make it 4–3; Charlie Mitten's flick in the area was diverted into the Arsenal net by Lionel Smith for an own goal. United fashioned further chances through Burke and Rowley, but for large periods of the second half the Arsenal defence stood firm. Jones' headed goal was rule out for offside, after which the match descended into a contest between United's attack and Arsenal's defence. Jimmy Delaney came closest to equalising late on, when he darted forward and missed by inches.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Post-match
A.V. Alexander, the Minister of Defence presented Arsenal with the Shield. Assessing the match the next day, Daily Express football correspondent John MacAdam wrote: "Charity begins at home, they say, and, by golly, it began at Highbury yesterday, for Arsenal were the luckiest team in the world to beat Manchester United 4–3 in the F.A. Charity Shield match between the winners of the League and the Cup."


1948 FA Charity Shield, Post-match
The Times correspondent assessed, "Arsenal won because they sneaked a commanding lead of three goals, before Manchester had realised they were in London," and concluded the piece with the sentence "It had been a game worthy of the occasion and of two fine clubs." Gate receipts for the match totalled £4,300.


1948 FA Charity Shield, Post-match
Manchester United ended the season as runners-up to Portsmouth in the Football League First Division, and reached the semi-final stage of the FA Cup. Arsenal progressed no further than the fourth round of the cup competition, and finished sixth in the league. The two clubs next faced each other in the Charity Shield in 1993, when Manchester United won the inaugural Premier League title, and Arsenal were FA Cup winners in the 1992–93 season.


1948 FA Cup Final
The 1948 FA Cup Final was contested by Manchester United and Blackpool at Wembley Stadium on 24 April 1948. United, who had not appeared in an FA Cup Final for 39 years, won 4–2, with two goals from Jack Rowley and one apiece from Stan Pearson and John Anderson. Eddie Shimwell and Stan Mortensen scored Blackpool's goals. With his goal, Shimwell became the first full-back to score in a Wembley cup final. Blackpool manager Joe Smith decided not to select Jimmy McIntosh for the final despite McIntosh having scored five goals in the five ties leading up to the final. The two sides met in a rearranged league fixture the Monday after the Wembley final. McIntosh was selected to play for Blackpool, who won 1–0 with McIntosh scoring the winner.


1948 FA Cup Final
The previous month it was announced that Blackpool would not be wearing their traditional tangerine-and-white strip due to its clashing with United's red. Instead, they wore white shirts with black shorts, but would be allowed to wear their normal socks, even though they too came under the auspices of the colour-clash ban. The FA also instructed United to wear blue shirts and white shorts, meaning both teams played in change strip.


1948 FA Cup Final
Hugh Kelly was the last surviving Blackpool player from the game when he died in March 2009 at the age of 85. The last surviving player from the game was Manchester United goalkeeper Jack Crompton who died in July 2013 at the age of 91.


1948 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18
The 1948 FIFA Youth Tournament, was the first edition of what would later be called the UEFA European Under-19 Championship an annually international men's football tournament organised by FIFA. It was held in England from 15 to 17 April 1948 with five different venues holding the matches. Eight teams competed in a knockout competition with England defeating the Netherlands 3–2 in the final.


1948 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18, Supplementary Round
In this round the losing teams from the first round participated.


1948 Finnish parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 1 and 2 July 1948.


1948 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The political atmosphere during the July 1948 Finnish parliamentary elections was heated. Many Finns across the party lines believed that the Communists and People's Democrats had pursued their goal of making Finland a solidly left-wing country too vigorously. They had even held the Prime Ministership since March 1946, with Mr. Mauno Pekkala serving in that position. They had organized many mass meetings, demanded the dismissal of "reactionary" (especially right-wing) civil servants and claimed that the Finnish government had to adopt even a friendlier relationship with the Soviet Union.


1948 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
They had vigorously supported the imprisonment of eight former top politicians, including former President Ryti, for "war guilt" (making decisions that resulted in the Continuation War of 1941 to 1944 between Finland, the Soviet Union and Germany). In the spring of 1948, there were even unproven rumours of an imminent coup attempt by the Finnish Communists. Some Finnish war veterans condemned the Communist Interior Minister Yrjö Leino for deporting to the Soviet Union Ingrian Finns, East Karelians and Estonians who had bravely fought in the Finnish army during the Continuation War.


1948 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
The controversy over the treatment of these "prisoners of Leino" (several of whom were Finnish citizens - see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., eds., A Small Giant of the Finnish History) forced Leino to resign in May 1948. The Social Democrats declared in their election slogan:  "Enough Already:  Price Hikes, Lying Promises, Opinion Terror and Forced Democracy." The Agrarians wrote in their election slogan:  "On These Leans the Agrarian Union" under the Bible and the Finnish law. The National Coalitioners declared simply:  "Be Free."


1948 Finnish parliamentary election, Background
These traditional democratic parties gained a total of 16 deputies in the election, while the Communists lost 11, compared to the 1945 election. After the election, the Finnish politics began to stabilize. For example, the United States appreciated Finland's desire to remain a Western democracy, despite its close relationship with the Soviet Union, symbolized by the Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance Treaty (FCMA) , which was signed in April 1948. After these parliamentary elections, the Social Democrats formed a minority government under Prime Minister Karl-August Fagerholm. They did not want to form a government with the Agrarians, claimed the late veteran Agrarian-Centrist politician Johannes Virolainen, because they feared that they would lose votes to the Communists in the next election. The Agrarians quietly supported Fagerholm's government.


1948 Five Nations Championship
The 1948 Five Nations Championship was the nineteenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the fifty-fourth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 17 January and 29 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The tournament was won by Ireland, who achieved a Grand Slam by defeating all the other participants—a feat they would not accomplish again until 2009.


1948 Florida Gators football team
The 1948 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1948 college football season. The season was the third for Raymond Wolf as the Florida Gators football team's head coach. The season's highlights included the Gators' 16–9 win against the Auburn Tigers and their 27–13 homecoming victory over the Miami Hurricanes. Wolf's 1948 Florida Gators finished with a 5–5 overall record and a 1–5 record in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), placing tenth among twelve SEC teams.


1948 Florida Gators football team, Postseason
Several members of the Florida Board of Control and a number of Florida alumni called for Wolf to step down after the 1948 season, but football player-led student rallies in his support ended with Wolf's contract being extended for another year.


1948 Florida State Seminoles football team
The 1948 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1948 college football season. 1948 was Don Veller's first year as Florida State's head coach. He coached for five seasons, and compiled a 31–12–1 record.


1948 Florida gubernatorial election
The 1948 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948. Democratic nominee Fuller Warren defeated Republican nominee Bert L. Acker with 83.35% of the vote.


1948 Football Championship of the Ukrainian SSR
The 1948 Football Championship of UkrSSR were part of the 1948 Soviet republican football competitions in the Soviet Ukraine.


1948 Football Championship of the Ukrainian SSR, Qualification group stage, Group 4
Following clubs were supposed to play, but withdrew before start of the season Lokomotyv Izyum, Kharchovyk Kupiansk, Dynamo Kharkiv, Spartak Kharkiv, Kadiivka.


1948 Fordham Rams football team
The 1948 Fordham Rams football team represented Fordham University during the 1948 college football season. The Rams went 3-6 and amassed 182 points while their defense allowed 192 points.


1948 French Championships (tennis)
The 1948 French Championships (now known as the French Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, France. The tournament ran from 19 May until 30 May. It was the 52nd staging of the French Championships, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1948. Frank Parker and Nelly Landry won the singles titles.


1948 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Lennart Bergelin /   Jaroslav Drobný defeated  Harry Hopman /  Frank Sedgman  8–6, 6–1, 12–10


1948 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Doris Hart  /  Pat Canning Todd defeated  Shirley Fry /  Mary Arnold Prentiss 6–4, 6–2


1948 French Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Pat Canning Todd /  Jaroslav Drobný defeated  Doris Hart  /  Frank Sedgman  6–3, 3–6, 6–3


1948 French Championships – Men's Singles
Frank Parker defeated Jaroslav Drobný 6–4, 7–5, 5–7, 8–6 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1948 French Championships.


1948 French Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Frank Parker is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1948 French Championships – Women's Singles
Third-seeded Nelly Landry defeated Shirley Fry 6–2, 0–6, 6–0 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1948 French Championships.


1948 French Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Nelly Landry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1948 French Grand Prix
The 1948 French Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race, held at Reims on 18 July 1948. The race was won by Jean-Pierre Wimille, driving an Alfa Romeo 158.


1948 French Grand Prix, Report
Official practice was held in very wet conditions. In spite of this Jean-Pierre Wimille was able to set a time of 2:35.2, not far from the record set in 1939 in dry conditions, nearly 10 seconds faster than Alberto Ascari and nearly 20 seconds faster than the fastest non-Alfa Romeo, Philippe Étancelin's Talbot-Lago.


1948 French Grand Prix, Report
As expected, the three Alfa Romeos lead at the start from the Talbot-Lagos. However, Luigi Villoresi's Maserati, which started from near the back of the grid, quickly moved up into third place ahead of Consalvo Sanesi in the third of the Alfas. Villoresi was starting to challenge Ascari for second place when forced to pit for what would be the first of many mechanical issues. This allowed Alfa Romeo to take an easy 1-2-3 win, two laps ahead of the best Talbot-Lago. Although Wimille and Ascari would swap for the lead a few times, mostly as a result of pitstops, they finished in the order decided by team manager Giovanni Guidotti which required Ascari to slow and allow Sanesi to pass him just before the finish.


1948 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
The 1948 Fresno State Bulldogs football team represented Fresno State Normal School during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Fresno State Bulldogs football team
Fresno State competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). The team was led by second-year head coach Ken Gleason and played home games at Ratcliffe Stadium on the campus of Fresno City College in Fresno, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins, six losses and one tie (3–6–1, 2–3 CCAA). The Bulldogs were outscored 108–267 for the season.


1948 Fresno State Bulldogs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Fresno State Bulldog players were selected in the 1949 NFL Draft.


1948 Fukui earthquake
The 1948 Fukui earthquake (福井地震, Fukui jishin) occurred in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The magnitude 6.8 quake struck at 5:13:31 p.m.(JDT) on June 28. The strongest shaking occurred in the city of Fukui, where it was recorded as 6 (equivalent to the current 7) on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale. The shock occurred near the town of Maruoka.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Geology
This earthquake was caused by a strike-slip fault that was unknown until this earthquake. The fault stretches from Kanazu to Fukui, 25 km (16 mi) long, and was later named the "Fukui Earthquake Fault". Shaking was felt as far as Mito in the east, and Saga in the west.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Damage
Damage was most reported in the Fukui plain, where the building collapse rate was more than 60%, since shaking became larger due to it being an alluvial plain, and many of the buildings were just built after the war and a little unstable.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Damage
At the time many people were cooking so after the earthquake many fires spread. Since the roads and the waterworks were damaged it took 5 days to put out the fires and so the fires caused devastating damage.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Damage
Even though the Daiwa Department Store collapsed, the Fukui Bank building right next to it had no significant damage. It is thought to have been because the Fukui Bank building had about 500 deep foundation pipes 10 meters deep in the ground.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Damage
Almost all of the farmers' houses in the epicenter area collapsed, but most of the farmers were outside so there were not many casualties.


1948 Fukui earthquake, Damage, Casualties
At the time, it was the deadliest earthquake after the Pacific War (now superseded by the Great Hanshin earthquake and the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami). This earthquake killed 3769 people, mainly in Sakai City (then part of Fukui City), where the death rate was more than 1%.


1948 GP Ouest–France
The 1948 GP Ouest-France was the 12th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 31 August 1948. The race started and finished in Plouay. The race was won by Eloi Tassin.


1948 Gator Bowl
The 1948 Gator Bowl was the third edition of the Gator Bowl and featured the Georgia Bulldogs representing the University of Georgia and the Maryland Terrapins representing the University of Maryland. It was the first-ever meeting of the two teams.


1948 Gator Bowl
In the second quarter, Maryland scored first with a 35-yard touchdown run by running back Lu Gambino. On the first possession of the second half, Georgia quarterback John Rauch engineered an 87-yard drive culminating in a one-yard quarterback keeper for a touchdown. Maryland responded with an 80-yard drive of their own and another Gambino touchdown. Georgia fumbled on their own 40-yard line and Maryland recovered. The Terrapins capitalized with a 24-yard John Barone pass to Gambino for a third touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Georgia running back Joe Geri ran it from the one-yard line for a score. Rauch threw a nine-yard touchdown pass to John Donaldson, but Georgia missed the extra point. The final result was a 20–20 stalemate.


1948 Gator Bowl
Lu Gambino was named the 1948 Gator Bowl Most Valuable Player. He rushed for 165 yards and recorded all three of Maryland's touchdowns. His rushing yardage would stand as a school bowl game record for 60 years, until broken in 2008. John Rauch's 58-yard pass to Billy Henderson remained a Gator Bowl record for over 60 years.


1948 Gatow air disaster
The 1948 Gatow air disaster was a mid-air collision in the airspace above Berlin, Germany that occurred on 5 April, sparking an international incident. A British European Airways (BEA) Vickers VC.1B Viking airliner crashed near RAF Gatow air base, after it collided with a Soviet Air Force Yakovlev Yak-3 fighter aircraft. All ten passengers and four crew on board the Viking were killed, as was the Soviet pilot. The disaster resulted in a diplomatic standoff between the United Kingdom and United States on one hand, and the Soviet Union on the other, and intensified distrust leading up to the Berlin Blockade in the early years of the Cold War.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Historical background
The historical backdrop of the air disaster was the intensifying clash over the future of Berlin and Germany. At the end of World War II, the Allied Powers agreed to divide and occupy Germany, including the capital Berlin. Through a series of agreements it was decided to divide Germany and Berlin into four sectors; the Americans, British and French shared the western half of Berlin, while the Soviets occupied East Berlin.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Historical background
The division of Germany placed Berlin well inside the Soviet zone of occupation and supplies to West Berlin had to be brought in either overland or by air from the American, British and French zones in the Western half of Germany. Germany was jointly governed by the wartime allies through an Allied Control Council, which periodically met to co-ordinate events and discuss the future of Germany; while Berlin was jointly governed by the Allied Kommandatura.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Historical background
In 1947, a tense diplomatic and military standoff began to unfold between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union over the future of Germany. The Americans and Western European allies wanted to include the sectors of Germany which they controlled in the Marshall Plan, an economic plan to rebuild Europe after the devastation of the war. The Soviets perceived the Marshall Plan to be the foundation for an anti-Soviet alliance and pressured the Americans, British and French to back down.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Historical background
On 20 March 1948, the Soviet representative walked out of the meeting of the Allied Control Council, and on 31 March 1948, the United States Congress approved funding for the Marshall Plan. Soviet troops then began to block the corridor that brought supplies from the western zones of Germany to West Berlin. In response, an increased number of aircraft brought supplies by air from west Germany to Tempelhof airfield in the American sector and Gatow airfield in the British sector of Berlin. At the same time Soviet military aircraft began to violate airspace in West Berlin and harass (or what the military called "buzz") flights in and out of West Berlin. Despite the danger of flying in such conditions, civilian aircraft continued to fly in and out of Berlin.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Flight details
The aircraft involved in the incident was a Vickers 610 Viking 1B with the registration G-AIVP; and had first flown in 1947. The BEA flight had a four-member crew, all of whom were former members of the Royal Air Force. There were ten passengers on board, most of whom were British.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Crash
In the days preceding the incident Soviet military aircraft had been buzzing American and British passenger aircraft while they passed through the western zones of the city. The Viking was on a scheduled commercial flight from London via Hamburg to RAF Gatow in the British Sector of Berlin. At approximately 2:30pm while the Viking was in the airport's safety area levelling off to land, a Soviet Yak-3 approached from behind.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Crash
Eyewitnesses testified that as the Viking made a left-hand turn prior to its approach to land, the fighter dived beneath it, climbed sharply, and clipped the port wing of the airliner with its starboard wing. The impact ripped off both colliding wings and the Viking crashed inside the Soviet Sector, at Hahneberg, Staaken, just outside the British Sector (about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) northwest of Gatow), and exploded. The Yak-3 crashed near a farmhouse on Heerstrasse just inside the British sector. All the occupants of both aircraft died on impact.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Crash
It was also testified that the Yak pilot was doing aerobatics prior to the accident; the Soviet Air Force had not informed Royal Air Force air traffic controllers at Gatow of its presence. They claimed that the fighter was coming in to land at Dallgow, a nearby Soviet airbase (although examination of the wreckage showed that the undercarriage was still locked up, so this was unlikely).


1948 Gatow air disaster, Crash
Allied investigators later concluded that the "collision was caused by the action of the Yak fighter, which was in disregard of the accepted rules of flying and, in particular, of the quadripartite flying rules to which Soviet authorities were parties."


1948 Gatow air disaster, Aftermath
Initially there was a belief that the crash may have been deliberate on the part of the Soviet pilot. General Sir Brian Robertson, the British Military Governor of Germany, immediately went to see his Soviet counterpart, Marshal Vasily Sokolovsky, to protest. Sokolovsky expressed his regret at the incident and assured Robertson that it was not intentional, which Robertson appears to have believed; at any rate, he cancelled his earlier order to provide fighter protection for all British transport aircraft entering or leaving Gatow (the American authorities had issued a similar order, and they too cancelled it).


1948 Gatow air disaster, Aftermath
The British foreign office issued a statement that "A very serious view is taken in London of today's air crash in Berlin." Moreover, British officials felt the Soviet pilot had orders to behave in a provocative manner.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Aftermath
There was also some controversy as to the actions of the Soviets immediately following the crash. RAF fire engines and ambulances were sent from Gatow to the Viking crash site and, although initially allowed into the Soviet Zone, were later asked to leave. A few minutes after the crash, Soviet soldiers entered the British Zone and set up a cordon around the crashed fighter. Major-General Herbert, the British Commandant of Berlin, arrived and asked them to leave, but the officer in charge refused. A senior officer arrived later and agreed to the removal of all but a single guard, in return allowing a British guard to be placed over the wreck of the Viking.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Enquiries
A British-Soviet commission of enquiry was set up on 10 April. The Soviet representative, Major-General Alexandrov, refused to hear the evidence of German or American witnesses, claiming that only British and Soviet evidence was relevant and in any case Germans were unreliable. On 13 April the British ended proceedings by saying they were unable to proceed on this basis.


1948 Gatow air disaster, Enquiries
Thereupon a British court of enquiry was convened by General Robertson and held in Berlin on 14–16 April. This found that the crash was accidental, that the fault in the crash was entirely that of the Soviet pilot, and that Captain John Ralph and First Officer Norman Merrington DFC of BEA were not in the slightest to blame for the crash. However, the Soviets announced that the fault was entirely that of the British aircraft, which emerged from low cloud and crashed into the fighter. The British enquiry heard that the Viking was flying at 1,500 feet (457 m), well below the cloud base of 3,000 feet (914 m).


1948 Geelong state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Geelong in the Victorian Legislative Assembly was held on Saturday 13 November 1948. The by-election was triggered by the death of Labor member Fanny Brownbill on 10 October 1948.


1948 Geelong state by-election
The candidates were M. J. Travers for the Labor Party (a metalworker employed by the Ford Motors Geelong plant, and former president of the Geelong Trades and Labour Council), S. Baker for the Communist Party, and Edward Montgomery for the Liberal Party.


1948 Geelong state by-election
The Liberal Party won the seat, with Montgomery receiving about 45 per cent of preferences from the Communist candidate, and a nearly ten per cent swing away from Labor. This attracted comment from acting state Labor leader Bill Galvin, who said "there was a sinister influence in the way the Liberals and the Communists had put up a united front" in the by-election; and from Labor Prime Minister Ben Chifley, who also noted the role of Communist preferences in Labor's loss. Acting Liberal leader Wilfrid Kent Hughes called the win "a magnificent victory for the Liberal Party and the present Government".


1948 Gent–Wevelgem
The 1948 Gent–Wevelgem was the tenth edition of the Gent–Wevelgem cycle race and was held on 9 May 1948. The race started in Ghent and finished in Wevelgem. The race was won by Valère Ollivier.


1948 George Washington Colonials football team
The 1948 George Washington Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as part of the Southern Conference during the 1948 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bo Rowland, the team compiled a 4–6 record (2–4 in the SoCon).


1948 Georgetown Hoyas football team
The 1948 Georgetown Hoyas football team was an American football team that represented Georgetown University as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In their 14th and final season under head coach Jack Hagerty, the Hoyas compiled a 3–4–1 record and were outscored by a total of 103 to 98. The team played its home games at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.


1948 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The 1948 Georgia Bulldogs football team represented the Georgia Bulldogs of the University of Georgia during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
The 1948 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team represented the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets of the Georgia Institute of Technology during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team
Clay Matthews Sr. and Frank Ziegler were on this team.


1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash
The 1948 Waycross B-29 crash occurred on 6 October 1948 when an engine fire contributed to the crash of a Boeing B-29-100-BW Superfortress bomber in Waycross, Georgia. The plane was from the 3150th Electronics Squadron, United States Air Force and had tail number 45-21866. The crash occurred during climb to altitude from Robins Air Force Base and killed nine of thirteen men aboard, including three RCA engineers. Four men parachuted to safety.


1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash
Because the flight was a test of the "sunseeker" (a heat-seeking device later used in the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile), the federal government asserted the state secrets privilege to avoid having to provide the NTSB accident report in a subsequent suit for damages by victims of the crash and their heirs, despite the device playing no role in the crash itself and not being referred to in the report.


1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash, United States v. Reynolds
A $225,000 summary judgment against the Government and for the contractor's widows was directed when the Government claimed the accident report, as well as documents with surviving crewmember statements, could not be furnished "without seriously hampering national security". However, the Supreme Court overturned the judgment under state secrets privilege.


1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash, United States v. Reynolds
Nevertheless, the Air Force agreed to pay an out-of-court settlement of $170,000, and decades later the declassified accident report indicated the cause to have been a fire and drop in manifold pressure in the number 1 engine, as well as an inadvertent feathering of the number 4 engine, which was not successfully unfeathered prior to the crash. The report indicated the cause of the fire in engine 1 could not be positively determined, but was likely to have been the result of breaks in the right exhaust collector ring.


1948 Georgia USAF Boeing B-29 crash, United States v. Reynolds
The report further stated that "the fire may have been aggravated by non-compliance with Technical Orders 01-20EJ-117 and 01-20EJ-178." It concluded that the aircraft was "not considered safe for flight" due to non-compliance with these orders. A consequent lawsuit to reopen the case claimed that the report's information about the cause was not secret and alleged a government coverup, but the case was not reopened.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election
The 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election took place on November 2, 1948, in order to elect the Governor of Georgia.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election
The election was held as ordered by the Supreme Court of Georgia's decision in 1947 declaring Melvin E. Thompson governor in the wake of The Three Governors Controversy. Herman Talmadge, the son of the winner of the 1946 election, the late Eugene Talmadge, defeated Governor Thompson in the Democratic primary by a margin of 51.8% to 45.1% with three other candidates getting 3.1% of the vote and then proceeded to win the general election with 97.51% of the vote.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election
As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran with only token opposition in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary election was held on September 8, 1948. As Talmadge won a majority of county unit votes, there was no run-off.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, Democratic primary, County unit system
From 1917 until 1962, the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Georgia used a voting system called the county unit system to determine victors in statewide primary elections.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, Democratic primary, County unit system
The system was ostensibly designed to function similarly to the Electoral College, but in practice the large ratio of unit votes for small, rural counties to unit votes for more populous urban areas provided outsized political influence to the smaller counties.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, Democratic primary, County unit system
Under the county unit system, the 159 counties in Georgia were divided by population into three categories. The largest eight counties were classified as "Urban", the next-largest 30 counties were classified as "Town", and the remaining 121 counties were classified as "Rural". Urban counties were given 6 unit votes, Town counties were given 4 unit votes, and Rural counties were given 2 unit votes, for a total of 410 available unit votes. Each county's unit votes were awarded on a winner-take-all basis.


1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, Democratic primary, County unit system
Candidates were required to obtain a majority of unit votes (not necessarily a majority of the popular vote), or 206 total unit votes, to win the election. If no candidate received a majority in the initial primary, a runoff election was held between the top two candidates to determine a winner.


1948 German Ice Hockey Championship
The 1948 German Ice Hockey Championship was the 30th season of the German Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Germany. The first round consisted of Northern and Southern sections. The top three teams from each section qualified for the final round. SC Riessersee won the championship.


1948 German football championship
The 1948 German football championship, the 38th edition of the competition, was the culmination of the 1947–48 football season in Allied-occupied Germany. 1. FC Nürnberg were crowned champions for the seventh time after one-leg knock-out tournament. It was the first time the championship had been played since 1944. It was Nürnberg's tenth appearance in the final. For the losing finalists 1. FC Kaiserslautern, it was the first appearance in the final since the establishment of a national championship in 1903.


1948 German football championship
Eight teams were to take part in the final stage which was played in a one-leg knock-out tournament, the vice-champions and champions of the British, American and French occupation zones, the champion of the Soviet occupation zone and the Berlin champion. In the end, SG Planitz were not allowed to travel to Stuttgart to play their quarter final against eventual champions Nürnberg.


1948 German football championship
The 1948 championship is unique as it is the only one of the German championships where no trophy was awarded. The pre-Second World War trophy, the Viktoria had disappeared during the final stages of the war and would not resurface until after the German reunification, while the new trophy, the Meisterschale, would only be ready for the following season.


1948 German football championship, Qualified teams
The qualified teams through the 1947–48 Oberliga and Ostzonenmeisterschaft seasons:


1948 Giro d'Italia
The 1948 Giro d'Italia was the 31st edition of the Giro d'Italia, a cycling race organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 15 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 190 km (118 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 6 June after a 231 km (144 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 4,164 km (2,587 mi). The race was won by the Italian rider Fiorenzo Magni of the Wilier Triestina team, with fellow Italians Ezio Cecchi and Giordano Cottur coming in second and third respectively.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Teams
A total of eleven teams entered the 1948 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of seven riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 77 cyclists. Out of the 77 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 44 riders made it to the finish in Milan.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Route and stages
Race organizer and newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport released the preliminary route for the Giro d'Italia on 27 October 1947. The race was originally planned to start on 22 May and finish on 13 June, while covering 3,715 km (2,308 mi) over nineteen stages.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
During stage 9 from Bari to Naples, Magni –who was down nine minutes at the time– joined the day's breakaway.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
During the Giro, the French and Belgian teams left the race because they thought it was made impossible for foreign riders to ride the Giro. When the leader Magni was punished with only two minutes after being pushed up a mountain, Fausto Coppi and his Bianchi team also left the race out of protest. As a result, only forty riders finished the Giro. Stage seventeen featured several climbs including the Pordoi Pass. Coppi won the stage, but Magni–who had a reputation for struggling on big climbs–finished in time to retain the lead.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Race overview
It was discovered that Magni had been helped up the Pordoi, while some state he was pushed by spectators others say he was pulled by a car. Coppi and Bianchi requested Magni to be thrown out. As there were no photos, the race jury had to go based on testimonies. It was officially declared that the pushing Magni received was planned. The punishment was a two-minute penalty in the general classification, which still allowed him to remain in the lead. Coppi and his team decided to withdraw after that decision.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
In the mountains classification, the race organizers selected different mountains that the route crossed and awarded points to the riders who crossed them first. The winner of the team classification was determined by adding the finish times of the best three cyclists per team together and the team with the lowest total time was the winner. If a team had fewer than three riders finish, they were not eligible for the classification.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
There was a black jersey (maglia nera) awarded to the rider placed last in the general classification. The classification was calculated in the same manner as the general classification.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The prize money for the winner of the race was one million lire. The prize money increased to one million this year because Totip, a horse race betting company, sponsored the race.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Classification leadership
The rows in the following table correspond to the jerseys awarded after that stage was run.


1948 Giro d'Italia, Aftermath
The Italian cycling federation gave Coppi a suspension of one month because he refused to finish the Giro. After being caught cheating, Magni was the subject of the tifosi's animosity, he was frequently booed and writing on the road included the phrase Abbasso Magni (English: Down with Magni). After winning the final stage into Milan's Vignorelli Velodrome, the crowd's behavior (whistles, boos, and anti–Magni banners) reduced him to tears. The Communist Mayor of Prato sent Magni a telegram congratulating him on the victory, stating that his victory brough "honor to [their] city." Later in his life, Magni said that the telegram pleased him greatly.


1948 Giro di Lombardia
The 1948 Giro di Lombardia, 42nd edition of the race, was held on October 24, 1948, on a total route of 222 km (137.9 mi). It was won for the third consecutive time by Italian Fausto Coppi, who reached the finish line with the time of 5h51 ' 55 "at an average of 37.849 km/h, preceding Adolfo Leoni and Fritz Schär.


1948 Giro di Lombardia
127 cyclists took off from Milan and 74 of them completed the race.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
The Glasgow Camlachie by-election was held on Wednesday 28 January 1948, following the death of the sitting Member of Parliament, Campbell Stephen.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
Stephen was re-elected for the Independent Labour Party (ILP) at the 1945 general election. However, he resigned the ILP whip two years later, and later that year joined the Labour Party, under which banner he had held the seat from 1922 to 1931.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
The ILP had achieved a fairly close victory over the Unionist Party in the seat in a two-way fight at the 1945 general election. Since then, its most prominent figure, James Maxton, had died. The party won the subsequent by-election, but all three of its MPs had since defected to the Labour Party. With the ILP in sharp decline, and given that the Labour Party intended to contest the seat, commentators did not expect the ILP to retain control of the seat, and concluded that it would be a Labour-Unionist contest. The ILP selected Annie Maxton, sister of James as their candidate.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
A constituency in a working-class area of Glasgow, the constituency naturally appeared to be Labour Party territory. The party chose John M. Inglis, a train driver and trade unionist.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
Nationwide, Labour had won a landslide victory at the 1945 general election, and the Conservatives had not gained a single seat since. However, given their strong second place in Camlachie in 1945, and the left-wing vote divided, they hoped to gain the seat. They selected Charles McFarlane, a local factory owner.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
Despite having no background in the constituency, the Scottish National Party and Liberal Party also stood candidates. Guy Aldred, a well-known local anarcho-communist stood for his United Socialist Movement on an abstentionist anti-Parliamentary platform.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
The SNP also suffered a rift as a result of the by-election; although Wilkie ran under the SNP banner, his candidature had not been approved by any leadership body in the party, and the SNP's executive subsequently stripped him of his membership. As a result, former SNP Chairman Douglas Young quit the party, eventually rejoining Labour, whilst Andrew Dewar Gibb considered returning to the Unionists.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
The election was won narrowly by McFarlane for the Unionists. Labour finished in a close second place, but were warned by the Manchester Guardian "Camlachie's chief warning is ... that a government candidate cannot even rouse the slums". The ILP vote declined dramatically, and demonstrated that the party was no longer a significant political force. The SNP finished in fourth place, while the Liberals finished in sixth place, beaten even by Aldred. This was the worst Liberal result at any British by-election since World War II, until the Liberal Democrats took eighth place at the 2012 Rotherham by-election.


1948 Glasgow Camlachie by-election
McFarlane lost the seat at the 1950 general election to William Reid of the Labour Party. Annie Maxton remained a prominent figure in the ILP, eventually becoming its chair.


1948 Glasgow Gorbals by-election
A by-election for the constituency of Glasgow Gorbals in the United Kingdom House of Commons was held on 30 September 1948, caused by the appointment as Chair of the National Assistance Board of the incumbent Labour MP George Buchanan. The result was a hold for the Labour Party, with their candidate Alice Cullen.


1948 Glasgow Hillhead by-election
A by-election for the constituency of Glasgow Hillhead in the House of Commons was held on 25 November 1948, caused by the appointment as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary of the incumbent Unionist MP James Reid. The result was a hold for the Unionist Party, with their candidate Tam Galbraith.


1948 Glasgow Hillhead by-election, Result
Despite a clear victory for their party some Scottish Unionist MPs were reportedly disappointed by the result given  that the recent Edmonton by-election had seen the Conservative Party's vote substantially increased while Labour's vote fell greatly. Commenting on the by-election, an editorial in The Glasgow Herald rejected and criticised this assessment, noting that there was a lower turnout and opining that it was a "a notable achievement" that Galbraith had increased the Unionist Party's majority by a third, given that, in the newspaper's view, he was "a young candidate succeeding one of the outstanding Unionist members of recent years."


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game
The 1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game was a dramatic match-up between the Harlem Globetrotters and the Minneapolis Lakers. Played in Chicago Stadium, the game took place two years before professional basketball was desegregated. The Globetrotters' 61–59 victory – by two points at the buzzer – challenged prevailing racial stereotypes about the abilities of black athletes.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, Background
The idea for the game, which was held on February 19, 1948, was hatched by Globetrotters owner and coach Abe Saperstein and Lakers general manager Max Winter, two friends who both believed they had the best basketball team in the country. Each had good reason to think so. For two decades, the Globetrotters had traveled the country winning game after game. It was because the team was so unbeatable that the players first started clowning around to make the game more interesting. When the Globetrotters arrived at the Chicago Stadium to face the Lakers, they were on a 102-game winning streak.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, Background
The Lakers, on the other hand, were a new team, formed only six months earlier. But they were already on their way to becoming a powerhouse, with two future Hall of Famers: The 6'10" George Mikan, who is described by the NBA as the league's "first superstar", and Jim Pollard, whose leaping ability – he could dunk from the free throw line – inspired the nickname, "The Kangaroo Kid".


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, Background
The Lakers, who took their name from Minnesota's designation as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", were members of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), which was the precursor to the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a black team, the Globetrotters were not allowed into that league, or any professional league. A year earlier, Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier in professional baseball, but basketball remained segregated. Four black basketball players had briefly been on various teams in another league, the National Basketball League. But when a fight between a white player and a black player during a game in Syracuse, New York, triggered a riot in the stands, black players quietly disappeared from the league.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, Background
Many sports fans, team owners, and coaches did not want to see teams integrated. Some held the racist view that blacks were not equipped for sports like basketball that required coordination, strategy, and finesse. In 1941, Dean Cromwell, the assistant head coach for the U.S. track team at the 1936 Summer Olympics, which included Jesse Owens, wrote that black athletes excelled in certain events because they were closer to primitive man than white men were.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, Background
Racism dominated other aspects of the Globetrotters' lives as well. The night before the game, the team checked into the same small two-story rooming house on the segregated South Side of Chicago that they visited every time they were in town. Called Ma Piersall's, its rooms were tiny, no more than ten feet by ten feet, and featured sagging single beds. Across town, the Lakers spent the night at the popular, luxurious, high-rise Morrison Hotel where a month earlier a black actress had been denied a room and told to find a room in a "South Side hotel for colored people".


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
A record number of fans showed up at Chicago Stadium to watch the Lakers face off against the Globetrotters. It was an exhibition game played right before the official Basketball Association of America contest between the Chicago Stags and the New York Knicks. Still in its infancy, professional basketball had never attracted more than 9,000 fans in Chicago. That day, nearly 18,000 filled the stadium.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
The Globetrotters starting lineup, a combination of the best players from Saperstein's East and West units, featured Reece "Goose" Tatum, Marques Haynes, Ermer Robinson, Wilbert King, and Louis "Babe" Pressley.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
During the first half, Laker fans had reason to gloat. Their team quickly jumped to a 9–2 lead. The Lakers held a significant height advantage over the Globetrotters, with several players towering over Tatum, the Globetrotters' star, six-foot-three center, and Haynes, who was barely six feet tall. Tatum turned out to be no match for Mikan, the Lakers' center, who scored 18 points in the first half while preventing Tatum from scoring at all.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
At halftime, Minnesota led 32–23. During the break, Saperstein and his team devised a plan to defend Mikan with two men instead of one. They also decided to fast break each time they got the ball, to tire the Lakers out. The Globetrotters knew they were in great shape, having played nearly every night for as long as they could remember. The strategy worked. With both Tatum and Pressley guarding Mikan, he was able to score only 6 points in the second half. The Globetrotters tied the game for the first time in the third quarter. On several occasions they led, only to watch the Lakers come back to tie the score.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
In the final quarter, both Tatum and Pressley fouled out from guarding Mikan so closely. The rest of the team picked up the slack. With 90 seconds left, the Lakers tied the game at 59 with a free throw. When the Globetrotters got the ball, Marques Haynes, who earlier in the game had teased the Lakers by dribbling while lying down on the court, dribbled to run out the clock, since there was no shot clock at the time. This was easy for Haynes: He once dribbled an entire fourth quarter to overcome a two-player handicap and sustain the Globetrotters' one-point lead.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
With only a few seconds left, Haynes flipped the ball to Ermer Robinson, who was stationed 30 feet from the basket. Flexing his knees and holding the ball to his chest, Robinson let fly the one-handed shot he had practiced hundreds of times a day on his childhood courts in San Diego. It was the same shot he had already missed three times in a row, and he hadn't sunk any from that far out. But this time the ball went in. Screaming fans poured onto the court. When the Globetrotters reached their locker room, they hoisted Saperstein, who was wearing double-breasted suit and wide tie, onto their shoulders.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The game
A year later, the Lakers and Globetrotters met for a rematch, with the Globetrotters again winning, this time 49–45. The teams met six more times after that, with the Lakers winning each of those games.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
The racial implications of the game were not immediately apparent. The Chicago Sun-Times' headline, "Mikan Cooks Tatum's Goose", focused on the fact that the Globetrotter star only scored three baskets. Neither Saperstein nor Winter saw the game as being about race relations; they simply wanted to see which team was best. "I'm positive that he [Abe] didn't see it as a racial game", Gerald Saperstein, a cousin of Abe Saperstein's who was at the game, told the Associated Press.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
But to many team owners in the young and struggling basketball leagues, there was a clear message: Not only were black players as talented and capable as white players, they added a level of excitement to the game that appealed to both white and black audiences. To black basketball fans, it was a moment of empowerment. "It just revitalized so many of us, from the fact that [it showed] what we can be", said John Chaney, the former longtime Temple University basketball coach who, in 1948, was a teenager in deeply segregated Jacksonville, Florida.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
Two years later, in 1950, three former Globetrotters became the first black players on NBA teams. The Boston Celtics drafted Chuck Cooper, the New York Knicks signed center Nat "Sweetwater" Clifton, and the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (now the Atlanta Hawks) took Hank DeZonie.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
As basketball became integrated, giving talented black players greater opportunity to play professionally, the Globetrotters had fewer recruits to choose from. Rather than try to compete with the NBA, Abe Saperstein transformed the Globetrotters into a touring act, first against teams of all-star college players around the country and then with ambitious tours of Europe, South America, and the rest of the world. The Globetrotters also expanded their dazzling ball handling and shooting tricks, cementing their reputation as "the magicians of basketball".


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
The Lakers went on to become an outstanding team, winning six professional basketball titles in the next seven years: 1948 (NBL), 1949 (BAA), 1950 (NBA), 1952 (NBA), 1953 (NBA), 1954 (NBA). When Mikan retired in 1954, the team struggled financially. To boost attendance and revenue, then-owner Bob Short relocated the team to Los Angeles before the 1960–61 season.


1948 Globetrotters–Lakers game, The aftermath
Chicago Stadium, the venue of the first Globetrotter-Lakers game, was demolished in 1995. The impact of that game, however, was felt for many years to come. "Those Lakers-Trotters games definitely contributed to the integration of the league", basketball historian Claude Johnson told ESPN.


1948 Governor General's Awards
The 1948 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit were the 13th rendition of the Governor General's Awards, Canada's annual national awards program which then comprised literary awards alone. The awards recognized Canadian writers for new English-language works published in Canada during 1948 and were presented early in 1949. There were no cash prizes.


1948 Governor General's Awards
As every year from 1942 to 1948, there two awards for non-fiction, and four awards in the three established categories, which recognized English-language works only.


1948 Gozo luzzu disaster
The 1948 Gozo luzzu disaster occurred on 30 October 1948 when a luzzu fishing boat carrying passengers from Marfa, Malta, to Mġarr, Gozo, capsized and sank in rough seas off Qala, killing 23 of the 27 people on board. Inquiries held after the accident determined that the boat had been overloaded as it was carrying around double its capacity.


1948 Gozo luzzu disaster, Background
On 30 October 1948, the Gozo ferry MV Bancinu left the harbour of Mġarr, Gozo at 13:15, and due to strong winds from the southwest, it landed its passengers at St. Paul's Bay instead of at the usual berthing place at Marfa. This journey lasted longer than the usual route, and disembarkation at St. Paul's Bay was also slower, so the next scheduled crossing from Marfa of 16:30 was cancelled. However, some passengers who had intended to board this ferry had already departed by bus from Valletta. The manager of the ferry service, Mariano Xuereb, promised the stranded passengers that a luzzu (a traditional fishing boat) would be provided to take the passengers from Marfa to Gozo, but he then changed his mind and did not send the boat.