1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The Yankees struck first in Game 2 on Johnny Lindell's double-play ground ball after two leadoff singles in the first off Vic Lombardi, scoring Snuffy Stirnweiss, but the Dodgers tied the game in the third on Jackie Robinson's RBI single. The Yankees regained the lead in the bottom half of the inning on Lindell's RBI triple with a runner at third, but the Dodgers again tied the game in the fourth on Dixie Walker's home run. In the bottom half of the fourth, after a leadoff triple, Phil Rizzuto's RBI double put the Yankees back in front 3–2.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
In the next inning, Tommy Henrich's lead-off home run extended their lead to 4–2. After a ground-rule double knocked Lombardi out of the game, George McQuinn's RBI single off Hal Gregg made it 5–2 Yankees. The Yankees added another run in the sixth on Lindell's sacrifice fly before breaking it open in the seventh. After a leadoff single and wild pitch by Hank Behrman, Billy Johnson's RBI single made it 7–2 Yankees. After a pop out and intentional walk, Reynolds's RBI single made it 8–2 Yankees. Rex Barney relieved Behrman and allowed an RBI single to Snuffy Stirnweiss and threw a wild pitch that turned the Yanks' advantage to 10–2. The Dodgers scored one more run in the ninth on Spider Jorgensen's groundout off Allie Reynolds, who scattered nine hits in a complete-game win.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
The series shifted to Ebbets Field. In the second inning the Dodgers rang up six runs. After a one-out walk, Bruce Edwards's double and Pee Wee Reese's single scored a run each. One out later, after a single and passed ball, Eddie Stanky's two-run double was the end for Yankee starter Bobo Newsom, but the runs kept coming with a Carl Furillo two-run double after a single off Vic Raschi. The rest of the day, the Yankees pecked away. Back-to-back RBI singles by Johnny Lindell and Joe DiMaggio off Joe Hatten made it 6–2 Dodgers in the third.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
After the Dodgers scored a run in the bottom half of the third on Spider Jorgensen's RBI single after a hit-by-pitch and wild pitch by Karl Drews, Sherm Lollar hit an RBI double in the fourth after a walk and Snuffy Stirnweiss added an RBI single. After two walks in the bottom half of the fourth off Spud Chandler, the Dodgers got those runs back on back-to-back RBI singles by Dixie Walker and Gene Hermanski, but Joe DiMaggio hit a two-run home run in the fifth after a walk. Tommy Henrich's RBI double in the next inning and Yogi Berra's home run in the seventh off Ralph Branca made it 9–8 Dodgers. Reliever Hugh Casey set down Billy Johnson, Phil Rizzuto and Berra in order in the ninth.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Yankees entered Game 4 aiming to take a three games to one lead in the best-of-seven series, and came one out away from doing this. They scored a run in the first on a bases-loaded walk off Harry Taylor and another in the fourth on Johnny Lindell's double after a leadoff triple off Hal Gregg. Bill Bevens, the Yankee starter, pitched 8+2⁄3 innings without allowing a base hit, but allowed a run in the fifth on Pee Wee Reese's fielder's choice after two walks and a sacrifice bunt. No pitcher had ever thrown a no-hitter in a major league World Series game (although the so-called "Negro World Series" had produced complete-game no-hit pitching performances prior to 1947).


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Going into the bottom of the ninth inning, Bevens and the Yankees led 2–1. Bevens got Bruce Edwards to fly out, and then walked Carl Furillo. Spider Jorgensen fouled out for the 2nd out. Al Gionfriddo pinch-ran for Furillo. Pete Reiser pinch-hit for pitcher Hugh Casey; during the at-bat, Gionfriddo stole second base. The Yankees then intentionally walked Reiser. Eddie Miksis pinch-ran for Reiser, and the Dodgers sent Cookie Lavagetto to pinch-hit for Eddie Stanky. Lavagetto lined a 1–0 fastball to right field; the ball ricocheted off the wall with a peculiar bounce and hit Yankee right fielder Tommy Henrich in the shoulder, as Gionfriddo and Miksis raced around to score. The play ended the no-hitter and won the game for the Dodgers.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The hit was the last of Lavagetto's career. Additionally, neither Lavagetto nor Bevens nor Gionfriddo would play in the majors again following this Series.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
The Dodgers, with this hit, avoided a three-games-to-one deficit, avoided becoming the victim of a no-hitter, and tied the Series at two games each. The rapid and dramatic reversal of fortunes may have provided a momentum swing.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
As was the case in their only previous World Series encounter six years earlier, the Yankees and Dodgers again played a dramatic Game 4 which was decided on a lead change with two outs in the ninth inning. In both instances the Yankees entered the game with a 2–1 series lead and Hugh Casey ended up being the pitcher of record for the Dodgers (losing in 1941, winning in 1947).


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Nine walks in fewer than five innings proved the undoing of Rex Barney in this start for Brooklyn. A pair of walks and RBI single by opposing pitcher Spec Shea in the fourth put the Yankees up 1–0. Joe DiMaggio homered to left in the fifth. That was all the runs the visiting Yanks would get at Ebbets Field, but this was all Shea needed. A hit by Jackie Robinson in the sixth scored Al Gionfriddo to pull the Dodgers within 2–1. Then in the ninth, after a Bruce Edwards leadoff single and sacrifice bunt by Carl Furillo, the tying run died on base. Shea got Spider Jorgensen on a fly to right, and with Brooklyn's fans on their feet, pinch-hitter Cookie Lavagetto struck out.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Dodgers won Game 6 to force a seventh and deciding game. Three straight singles loaded the bases in the first with no outs, then Dixie Walker's double play and Allie Reynolds's passed ball scored a run each. In the third, three straight doubles by Pee Wee Reese, Jackie Robinson and Walker made it 4–0 Dodgers. In the bottom of the inning, after a double and wild pitch by Vic Lombardi, an error on Snuffy Stirnweiss's ground ball allowed a run to score. After a single, Johnny Lindell's RBI single cut the Dodgers' lead to 4–2.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
After another single knocked Lombardie out of the game, RBI singles by Billy Johnson and Bobby Brown off Ralph Branca tied the game. Yogi Berra's RBI single next inning put the Yankees up 5–4. In the sixth, after a leadoff single and double off Joe Page, Cookie Lavagetto's sacrifice fly tied the game, then Bobby Bragan's RBI single put the Dodgers up 6–5. After a single knocked Page out of the game, Reese's two-run single off Bobo Newsom made it 8–5 Dodgers.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
A catch made by Al Gionfriddo, replayed countless times, may be the most remembered play of this game, and one of the most remembered plays of the Series.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
In the last of the sixth, the Dodgers sent Al Gionfriddo to left field as a defensive replacement for Eddie Miksis. Joe Hatten came in to pitch. With two on and two outs, Joe DiMaggio came to bat for the Yankees, representing the potential tying run. DiMaggio drove the ball deep, and Gionfriddo quickly pedalled back to snare it just in front of the bullpen-alley fence, near the 415-foot (126 m) marker posted to the center field side of the bullpen alley (the sign on the left field side of the alley was posted as 402). Radio announcer Red Barber provided the play-by-play, which has often accompanied re-played film footage:


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Swung on, belted... it's a long one... back goes Gionfriddo, back, back, back, back, back, back... heeee makes a one-handed catch against the bullpen! Oh, Doctor!


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Many announcers since that time have used variations of the call, especially Chris Berman of ESPN. These announcers have tended to describe the ball itself as going "back-back-back". In Barber's call, it was the outfielder who was going "back-back-back".


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Films of the play showed DiMaggio, heading for second, kick the dirt in disgust after he realized Gionfriddo had caught the ball. This was a surprise to many who witnessed it, since DiMaggio was known to never show his emotions while playing. Red Barber declared it, "probably the only time ever that DiMaggio was publicly and visibly upset."


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
Three of the 1947 Series' prominent figures, Gionfriddo, Lavagetto and Bevens, finished their playing careers in this Series. Gionfriddo did not play in Game 7, and his catch of DiMaggio's drive was his only put-out in this game. So Gionfriddo's famous catch was his final put-out in his major league career.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 6
The Yankees loaded the bases in the bottom of the ninth off Joe Hatten and Hugh Casey, but scored only once on a groundout.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
The scoring began in the second inning, when the Dodgers strung together four consecutive hits: three off of Yankee starter Spec Shea, and a fourth off of reliever Bill Bevens, to put the Dodgers ahead, 2–0, in the top half of the inning. Gene Hermanski tripled, Bruce Edwards drove Hermanski in with a single, and Carl Furillo followed with another single, prompting a pitching change. Spider Jorgensen greeted reliever Bevens with a double, scoring Edwards for the second run.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
In the bottom half of the second inning, the Yankees cut the lead to 2–1. After Dodger starter Hal Gregg issued two walks, Phil Rizzuto delivered an RBI single, scoring George McQuinn.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
In the bottom of the fourth, the Yankees took the lead with a two-out rally. With two runners on, pinch-hitter Bobby Brown doubled off of Gregg, scoring Billy Johnson to tie the game. Hank Behrman replaced Gregg. After a walk loaded the bases, Tommy Henrich stroked an RBI single, scoring Rizzuto and putting the Yankees up 3–2.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
With this lead, Yankee pitcher Joe Page entered the game to begin the top of the fifth inning, and would close the game out. Over the next five innings, Page retired 13 consecutive Dodger batters. During this time, the Yankees added two runs. Rizzuto lead off the bottom of the sixth with a bunt single, and stole second base; Allie Clark drove him home with a single off of Joe Hatten, making the score 4–2. In the bottom of the seventh, Aaron Robinson hit a sacrifice fly off of Hugh Casey, to score Billy Johnson, who had just tripled.


1947 World Series, Matchups, Game 7
In all, Page pitched five innings of one-hit, shutout relief. With one out in the top of the ninth, he allowed his first and only baserunner of the outing, when Eddie Miksis singled. Page quickly recovered, inducing Edwards to ground into a double play that ended the game.


1947 World Series, Composite line score
1947 World Series (4–3): New York Yankees (A.L.) over Brooklyn Dodgers (N.L.)


1947 World Series, Records and important events
For the first time, a World Series produced total receipts over $2 million: Gate receipts were $1,781,348.92, radio rights $175,000.00 and television rights $65,000.


1947 World Series, Records and important events
Yogi Berra pinch-hit for Sherm Lollar in the seventh inning of Game 3 and hit the first pinch-hit home run in World Series history. Ralph Branca served the pitch.


1947 World Series, Records and important events
This was the first World Series to be televised, although the games were only seen in a small number of Eastern markets with stations connected via coaxial cable: New York City, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Schenectady, New York; Washington, DC; and environs surrounding these cities. The October 18, 1947 edition of Billboard reported that a total of over 3.9 million people viewed the seven games, primarily on TV sets located in bars (Billboard estimated 5,400 tavern TV sets in NYC alone, with 4,870 in use). The October 13, 1947, edition of Time magazine reported that President Truman, who had just made the first Oval Office TV appearance on October 5, 1947, and received the first TV for the White House, watched parts of the Series but "skipped the last innings".


1947 World Series, Records and important events
At the direction of Commissioner Happy Chandler, the Series, for the first time, used six umpires to make calls. Series from 1918 through 1946 used four umpires in the infield, with two alternates available if needed. However, no alternate had ever been needed, and Chandler believed that enlisting these umpires to make calls along the outfield lines would put these men and their skills to better use. However, not until 1964 would the additional two umpires rotate into the infield during the course of the Series.


1947 World Series, Records and important events
This was the first, and to date only, World Series in which the Yankees won Game 7 in their home stadium.


1947 World Snooker Championship
The 1947 World Snooker Championship was a professional snooker tournament. The final was held at the Leicester Square Hall in London, England, from 13 to 25 October. The semi-finals had been completed on 15 March but the finalists agreed to delay the final until the autumn so that it could be played at the rebuilt Thurston's Hall which had been bombed in October 1940.


1947 World Snooker Championship
The World Championship was the first to be played since the "retirement" of Joe Davis who had won all 15 of the previous Championships. He had announced in October 1946 that he would no longer play in the World Championship. Davis did not, in any other sense, retire from snooker, continuing to play in other tournaments and exhibition matches for many years.


1947 World Snooker Championship
Walter Donaldson won the title by defeating Fred Davis 82–63 in the final, although he already reached the winning margin at 73–49. Davis made the highest break of the tournament with a 135 clearance in frame 86 of the final, just one short of the championship record.


1947 World Snooker Championship, Qualifying
Qualifying matches were held at Burroughes Hall in London from 2 January to 8 February 1947. Herbert Holt had scratched from the qualifying in early December. The first match, between John Pulman and Albert Brown was a repeat of the final of the 1946 English Amateur Championship which Pulman had won. Brown led 14–9 after two days and took a winning 18–9 lead on the final day. Herbert Francis led Willie Leigh 14–10 after two days. Leigh levelled the score at 15–15 after the final afternoon session and eventually won 19–16. Sydney Lee beat Jim Lees 19–16 in the third match. In the last first-round match Kingsley Kennerley won easily against Conrad Stanbury, taking an 18–4 lead on the second evening.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships were held in Paris from February 25 to March 7, 1947.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Doubles was the 14th edition of the men's doubles championship. Bohumil Váňa and Adolf Šlár won the title after defeating Johnny Leach and Jack Carrington in the final by three sets to nil.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles was the 14th edition of the men's singles championship.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Singles
Bohumil Váňa defeated Ferenc Sidó in the final, winning three sets to nil to secure the title.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Swaythling Cup (Men's Team) was the 14th edition of the men's team championship.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Men's Team
Czechoslovakia won the gold medal defeating the United States 5-2 in the final. Austria and France won bronze medals by virtue of finishing second in their groups.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles was the 14th edition of the mixed doubles championship.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Mixed Doubles
Ferenc Soos and Gizi Farkas defeated Adolf Šlár and Vlasta Depetrisová in the final by three sets to one.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Doubles was the 13th edition of the women's doubles championship. Gizi Farkas and Gertrude Pritzi defeated Mae Clouther and Reba Monness in the final by three sets to nil.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Singles was the 14th edition of the women's singles championship. Gizi Farkas defeated Elizabeth Blackbourn in the final by three sets to nil, to win the title.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
The 1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Corbillon Cup (Women's Team) was the seventh edition of the women's team championship.


1947 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's Team
England won the gold medal defeating Hungary 3-0 in the final. Czechoslovakia and the United States won bronze medals after finishing second in their respective groups. The actual trophy had been lost during the war so a replica trophy was awarded.


1947 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1947 Men's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Philadelphia, United States from September 26 to September 27, 1947. There were 39 men in action from 12 nations.


1947 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1947 Wyoming Cowboys football team represented the University of Wyoming in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1947 college football season. In their first season under head coach Bowden Wyatt, the Cowboys compiled a 4–5 record (2–4 against MSC opponents), finished sixth in the MSC, and outscored all opponents by a total of 175 to 168.


1947 Wyoming Cowboys football team
The 1947 season was Bowden Wyatt's first as a head coach. He was posthumously inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1997.


1947 Xavier Musketeers football team
The 1947 Xavier Musketeers football team was an American football team that represented Xavier University as an independent during the 1947 college football season. In its first season under head coach Ed Kluska, the team compiled a 4–4–1 record.


1947 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The 1947 Yale Bulldogs baseball team represented the Yale University in the 1947 NCAA baseball season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Yale Field. The team was coached by Ethan Allen in his 2nd season at Yale.


1947 Yale Bulldogs baseball team
The Bulldogs advanced to the inaugural College World Series, falling to the California Golden Bears two games to none in the best of three series.


1947 Yale Bulldogs football team
The 1947 Yale Bulldogs football team represented Yale University in the 1947 college football season. The Bulldogs were led by sixth-year head coach Howard Odell, played their home games at the Yale Bowl and finished the season with a 6–3 record.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident
The 1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident occurred when a Douglas C-47 Skytrain was carrying medical supplies to the de facto republican government of Indonesia at Yogyakarta which crashed on 29 July 1947.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident
During the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949), several Indonesian nationalists, including Commodores Agustinus Adisucipto and Abdul Rahman Saleh, were tasked to deliver medical supplies from Malaya. Near the completion of the mission, as their aircraft – chartered from an Indian businessman and flown by an Australian pilot – approached the airfield at Maguwo, Yogyakarta, two Dutch Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks flew in and shot the aircraft down over Ngoto, Bantul. Only one person survived the crash.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident
Although the Dutch initially denied complicity, investigation showed that the Kittyhawks had caused the crash; the Dutch later made restitution to India. On 1 March 1948 a monument to remember the event was built in Ngoto. Since 1979, the Indonesian Air Force has celebrated a Service Day (Hari Bakti) in commemoration of the crash and in remembrance of the deaths.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Background
On 17 August 1945,Sukarno proclaimed the nation's independence. The republican nationalists needed a force to fight for their independence. Most of the Dutch colony was occupied by Allied forces which liberated most of the archipelago during the Allied offensives, 1943–45The first army force, known as the People's Security People's Safety Body (Badan Keamanan Rakjat, or BKR), was formed on 23 August 1945 but tasked with police work. On 5 October of that year the self proclaimed government formed a national military, including provisions for an air force. Allied Dutch and British forces had already landed on the main island of Java by that time, but were mainly concerned with the repatriation of former prisoners of war.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Background
The first pilot in this new air force was Commodore Agustinus Adisucipto, who had flown the first Indonesian aircraft, a Yokosuka K5Y (known locally as a Cureng) left by the Japanese empire. Another commodore, Abdul Rahman Saleh, established the Air Force Technical School in Malang, East Java. Both officers were involved in the crash of the Dakota C-47.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Flight
Under orders from Sukarno, Adisucipto and Saleh chartered a Douglas C-47B-20-DK from Bijoyanda Patnaik, an Indian national and owner of Kalinga Airlines, to transport medical supplies donated by the Red Cross of Malaya to the Red Cross of Indonesia. The flight was approved by both British and Dutch forces, who guaranteed a safe flight. The night before the flight's departure, Malayan radio broadcast that a flight with the registration number VT-CLA would be carrying medical supplies to Yogyakarta.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Flight
The flight departed Singapore, piloted by Alexander Noel Constantine, ex-R.A.F. at 1:00 a.m. West Indonesian Time (UTC+7) for Maguwo, the airfield at Yogyakarta. That morning, as the aircraft approached Yogyakarta, the Indonesian air force (with two "Willow" biplanes and a "Sonia" divebomber bombed Dutch strongholds in Semarang, Salatiga and Ambarawa. This infuriated the Dutch, and about two hours later two Dutch P-40 Kittyhawks strafed Yogyakarta.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Flight
After three hours of flight, the Dakota C-47 arrived near Maguwo. After the landing gear descended, two Dutch P-40 Kittyhawks appeared and shot at the aircraft. After bullets destroyed the left engine, the aircraft went into a dive, first crashing into a tree then into paddy fields in Ngoto, Bantul. Only its tail remained in one piece.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Aftermath
Of the nine passengers and crew, seven died on impact. Two others, the pilot's wife Beryl and Abdulgani Handonotjokro, rushed to Bethesda Hospital in the city. Beryl Constantine succumbed to her wounds at the hospital, while Handonotjokro survived. After a memorial service at Tugu Hotel, which had been used as a temporary barracks for the air force, Adisucipto and Saleh were buried at Kuncen Cemetery in Yogyakarta, while Adi Soemarmo Wirjokusumo was buried in Kusumanegara Heroes' Cemetery.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Aftermath
The Dutch initially rejected that the Kittyhawks were involved in the crash, stating that the plane seemed to have crashed into something. However, witnesses on the ground reported that the Kittyhawks had come from the viewer's right of the Dakota and shot at it. An inspection of Wirjokusumo's body, when it was recovered, confirmed that he had been shot. The Dutch later denied knowledge of the flight and said that it not had Red Cross markings. After India protested the incident, the Dutch government sent a Dakota C-47A along with financial restitution to India.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Legacy
On 1 March 1948, a monument to commemorate the crash was built in Ngoto. Both Adisucipto and Saleh were declared National Heroes of Indonesia in 1974. In 2000, Adisucipto and Saleh were moved from their initial burial spots to the monument, where they are buried together with their wives.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Legacy
Since 1979, the Indonesian Air Force has celebrated a Service Day (Hari Bakti) in commemoration of the crash and in remembrance of the deaths, based on Decision of the Indonesian Air Force Commander Number 133/VII/1976.


1947 Yogyakarta Dakota accident, Casualties
Eight persons died when Dakota C-47 was shot down. Among them were-


1947 Youngstown Penguins football team
The 1947 Youngstown Penguins football team was an American football team that represented Youngstown University (now known as Youngstown State University) during the 1947 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Dike Beede, the team compiled an 8–2 record. The team played its home games at Rayen Stadium.


1947 Yugoslav First Basketball League
The 1947 Yugoslav First Basketball League season is the 3rd season of the Yugoslav First Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in SFR Yugoslavia.


1947 Yugoslav First Basketball League
The competition was held as a six-team tournament held in Zagreb.


1947 Yugoslav Women's Basketball League
The 1947 Yugoslav Women's Basketball League is the 3rd season of the Yugoslav Women's Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in Yugoslavia for women's. Championships is played in 1947 in Zagreb and played five teams. Champion for this season is Crvena zvezda.


1947 Yukon general election
The 1947 Yukon general election was held on 13 February 1947 to elect the three members of the Yukon Territorial Council. The council was non-partisan and had merely an advisory role to the federally appointed Commissioner.


1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
The 1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo were an attack on Syrian Jews in Aleppo, Syria in December 1947, following the United Nations vote in favour of partitioning Palestine. The attack, a part of an anti-Jewish wave of unrest across the Middle East and North Africa, resulted in some 75 Jews murdered and several hundred wounded. In the aftermath of the riots, half the city's Jewish population fled the city.


1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, History
Syria gained independence from France in April 1946. The Haganah's illegal immigration operative Akiva Feinstein wrote in 1947 that the new Syrian government then commenced persecuting the Jewish minority, that all Jewish clerks working for the French bureaucracy were fired, and the government tried to stifle Jewish businesses. At the time of the United Nations vote on November 29, 1947, the Jewish community in Aleppo numbered around 10,000 and went back around two thousand years.


1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, History
After the vote in favour of the partition of Palestine, the government abetted and organised Aleppo's Arab inhabitants to attack the city's Jewish population. The exact number of those killed remains unknown, but estimates are put at around 75, with several hundred wounded. Ten synagogues, five schools, an orphanage and a youth club, along with several Jewish shops and 150 houses were set ablaze and destroyed. Damaged property was estimated to be valued at US$2.5m. During the pogrom the Aleppo Codex, an important medieval manuscript of the Torah, was lost and feared destroyed. The book reappeared (with pages missing) in Israel in 1958.


1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo, History
Following the attack, the Jewish community went into a steep decline. Wealthy Jews escaped the day after the pogrom and many more fled in small groups in subsequent months. Their property was forfeited and on December 22 the Syrian Government enacted a law forbidding Jews from selling their property. As of 2012, no Jews live in Aleppo.


1947 college football season
The 1947 college football season finished with Notre Dame, Michigan and Penn State all unbeaten and untied, but the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame were the first place choice for 107 of the 142 voters in the AP Poll, and repeated as national champions. Michigan went on to meet USC in the Rose Bowl and won 49–0, while Penn State was tied 13–13 by SMU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and Notre Dame didn't participate in the postseason. An unofficial post bowl AP poll was conducted with Michigan and Notre Dame as the only options and Michigan won by a vote of 226 to 119.


1947 college football season
During the 20th century, the NCAA had no playoff for the college football teams that would later be described as "Division I-A". The NCAA did recognize a national champion based upon the final results of the Associated Press poll of sportswriters (the UPI Coaches Poll would not start until 1950). The extent of that recognition came in the form of acknowledgment in the annual NCAA Football Guide of the "unofficial" national champions.


1947 college football season, September
The Associated Press did not poll the writers until after the games of October 4. Among the five teams that had been ranked highest in 1946 (Notre Dame, Army, Georgia, UCLA and Illinois).


1947 college football season, September
Georgia opened on September 20 with a 34–7 win over Southern Mississippi in (site). UCLA hosted Iowa the following Friday and won 22–7.


1947 college football season, September
The next day, September 27, Army beat Villanova 13–0, Illinois beat Pittsburgh 14–0, and Georgia beat Tennessee, 27–0.


1947 college football season, October
On October 4 Notre Dame won at Pittsburgh 40–6. Army shut out visiting Colorado 47–0. Georgia beat Tulane in New Orleans, 20–0. UCLA lost at Northwestern 27–26. Illinois won at Iowa 35–12. When the first poll came out that Monday, Notre Dame was the favorite of a bare majority (52 of 103) of the voters, followed by Michigan, Texas, Georgia Tech and Army. Illinois was ranked 6th, Penn 7th, California 8th and Georgia was ranked 9th.


1947 college football season, October
On October 11 No. 1 Notre Dame won at Purdue, 22–7. No. 2 Michigan beat Pittsburgh, 69–0. In Dallas, No. 3 Texas beat No. 15 Oklahoma 34–14. No. 4 Georgia Tech beat VMI, 20–0, for its third shutout in three starts. No. 5 Army and No. 6 Illinois met at Yankee Stadium in New York, and played to a 0–0 tie. No. 8 California, which won at Wisconsin 48–7, rose to fourth.


1947 college football season, October
October 18 No. 1 Michigan won at Northwestern, 49–21. No. 2 Notre Dame shut out visiting Nebraska, 31–0. No. 3 Texas met Arkansas at a neutral location in Memphis, Tennessee, and won 21–6. No. 4 California beat Washington State, 21–6. No. 5 Georgia Tech defeated Auburn 27–7 to stay unbeaten, but was voted out of the Top Five. No. 6 Illinois, which beat No. 13 Minnesota 40–13, rose to fifth.


1947 college football season, October
October 25 No. 1 Michigan stayed unbeaten, with a 13–6 win over Minnesota, as did No. 2 Notre Dame, which defeated Iowa, 21–0. No. 3 Texas beat Rice, 12–0. No. 4 California lost to No. 10 USC, 39–14. No. 5 Illinois lost at Purdue, 14–7. No. 8 Penn beat Navy, 21–0. The Irish rose to No. 1 in the next poll, with a 78–69 lead in votes over Michigan.


1947 college football season, November
November 1 No. 1 Notre Dame and Navy met in Cleveland, with the Fighting Irish registering their third straight shutout, 27–0. No. 2 Michigan won at No. 11 Illinois, 14–7. In Dallas, No. 3 Texas (6–0–0) faced unbeaten (5–0–0) No. 8 Southern Methodist University (SMU), and the SMU Mustangs won 14–13. No. 4 Pennsylvania won at Princeton, 26–7, to stay unbeaten. In Seattle, No. 5 USC beat Washington 19–0.


1947 college football season, November
November 8 No. 1 Notre Dame hosted No. 9 Army and won 27–7. No. 2 Michigan beat Indiana 35–0. No. 3 SMU won at Texas A&M, 13–0. No. 4 Pennsylvania beat Virginia, 19–7. No. 5 USC beat Stanford, 14–0.


1947 college football season, November
November 15 No. 1 Notre Dame had more points scored against it than at any other time in the season, but won at unranked Northwestern, 26–19. Meanwhile, No. 2 Michigan faced No. 9 Wisconsin in Madison and won 40–6, raising it to first place in the next poll. No. 3 Pennsylvania and No. 13 Army played to a 7–7 tie in Philadelphia. No. 4 SMU stayed unbeaten with a 14–6 win over Arkansas. No. 5 USC was idle.


1947 college football season, November
November 22 No. 1 Michigan closed its season at 9–0–0 with a 21–0 win over Ohio State, and accepted an invitation to meet No. 4 USC (which beat No. 18 UCLA 6–0) in the Rose Bowl. Meanwhile, No. 3 SMU won 10–0 win at Baylor, and  No. 5 Penn State won at Pitt, 29–0. Both unbeaten, they accepted invitations to the Cotton Bowl Classic. No. 2 Notre Dame thrashed Tulane, 59–6 and was restored to the top spot by the AP voters, with 97 first place votes to Michigan's 81.


1947 college football season, November
November 29 No. 1 Notre Dame, No. 2 Michigan, No. 4 USC, and No. 5 Penn State were idle. No. 3 SMU was tied in a game at TCU, 19–19.


1947 college football season, November
December 6 No. 1 Notre Dame (8–0–0) and No. 3 USC (7–0–1) met in Los Angeles, with the Irish cementing their hold on the No. 1 ranking, 38–7. No. 2 Michigan, No. 4 SMU and No. 5 Penn State had completed their seasons.


1947 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Afghanistan.


1947 in Afghanistan
Because of close ties of kinship and common cultural tradition, Afghanistan is deeply concerned over the question of the right to self-determination of the Afghans of the North-West Frontier Province of India, arising from the creation of the separate independent states of India and Pakistan.


1947 in Afghanistan
Afghanistan sends an observer-delegate to the Geneva meetings of the UN Conference on Trade and Employment.


1947 in Afghanistan, September 30, 1947
Afghanistan is the only country to vote against the admission of Pakistan to the United Nations.


1947 in Albania
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the People's Republic of Albania.


1947 in Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Australia.


1947 in Australian literature
This article presents a list of the historical events and publications of Australian literature during 1947.


1947 in Australian literature, Awards and honours
Note: these awards were presented in the year in question.


1947 in Australian literature, Births
A list, ordered by date of birth (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of births in 1947 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of death.


1947 in Australian literature, Deaths
A list, ordered by date of death (and, if the date is either unspecified or repeated, ordered alphabetically by surname) of deaths in 1947 of Australian literary figures, authors of written works or literature-related individuals follows, including year of birth.


1947 in Brazilian football
The following article presents a summary of the 1947 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 46th season of competitive football in the country.


1947 in Brazilian football, Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1947.


1947 in British music
This is a summary of 1947 in music in the United Kingdom.


1947 in British radio
This is a list of events from British radio in 1947.


1947 in British television
This is a list of British television related events from 1947.


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
"Truly desperate conditions" in Europe that weaken trade, plus Canadian domestic demand for U.S. goods, cause crisis in value of dollar


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
U.S. President Truman says his country's general accord with Canada is "one part proximity and nine parts good will and common sense"


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Ranking of allies relative to U.S. national security puts Canada eighth in priority for economic and military assistance


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
PM King's frustration at UN's weakness jeopardizes Canada's participation on Korea Commission (Note: questionable reference to Jews)


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
"Groundless assertions that certain individuals are warmongers" - Canada complains about heavy-handed Soviet rhetoric at UN


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
"Just following orders" defence at Nuremberg trials supported in outcome of 1840 U.S. prosecution of "Caroline" raider


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Montreal Gazette editorial on political and, especially, economic issues to be worked out before Newfoundland's entry into Confederation


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Repeal of Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 arises from Canadians' opinion that it is discriminatory and singles out war ally


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Cabinet continues orders prohibiting "persons of Japanese race" from living or fishing in coastal British Columbia


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Japanese Canadians criticize confiscated-property compensation process for ignoring realities of their forced evacuation


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Major oil strike near Leduc, Alberta raises Imperial Oil share value 19% and pleases CPR and local farmers with mineral rights


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Obstetrician argues that child bearing is every woman's biological destiny, but that mixed feelings make her psychologically unstable


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Film: dramatized case study of woman whose psychological problems are attributed to her troubled childhood


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
"We often resorted there to pass the time" - based on his description, gardens of Champlain's Habitation at Port-Royal will be restored


1947 in Canada, Historical documents
Advertisement: lots of Rocky Mountain experiences for guests of Jasper Park Lodge in Jasper National Park


1947 in Canadian football
For the first time in Grey Cup history, the same two teams challenged for the trophy for the third consecutive year. But unlike the previous two years, the Toronto Argonauts needed some late game heroics to win their third consecutive title.


1947 in Canadian football, Regular season, Final regular season standings
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points


1947 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
35th Annual Grey Cup Game: Varsity Stadium – Toronto, Ontario


1947 in Canadian football, Grey Cup Championship
Needing to beat the clock, the Argos had a quick huddle, and Joe Krol, a Grey Cup hero for many seasons, angled a kick away from the Winnipeg safety, over the goal line and into touch for the winning point as time expired.


1947 in Canadian football, 1947 Eastern (Combined IRFU & ORFU) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1947 in Canadian football, 1947 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1947 in Canadian football, 1947 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars
NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions.


1947 in Cape Verde
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Cape Verde.


1947 in Chile
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Chile.


1947 in China
This is a list of events in the year 1947 in the Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 36 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


1947 in El Salvador
The following lists events that happened in 1947 in El Salvador.


1947 in Estonia
This article lists events that occurred during 1947 in Estonia.


1947 in Iceland
The following lists events that happened in 1947 in Iceland.


1947 in India
Events in the year 1947 in India. It was a very eventful year as it became independent from the British crown, resulting in the split of India and Pakistan. Many people died during partition and India became a democracy.


1947 in Indonesia
Events in the year 1947 in Indonesia. The country had an estimated population of   71,460,600 people.


1947 in Luxembourg
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.


1947 in Malaya
This article lists important figures and events in the public affairs of British Malaya during the year 1947, together with births and deaths of prominent Malayans. As the Malayan Union, Malaya was a British colony .


1947 in Mandatory Palestine
Events in the year 1947 in the British Mandate of Palestine.


1947 in Michigan, Top stories
The Associated Press polled editors of its member newspapers in Michigan and ranked the state's top news stories of 1947 as follows:


1947 in Michigan, Population
In the 1940 United States Census, Michigan was recorded as having a population of 5,256,106, ranking as the seventh most populous state in the country. By 1950, Michigan's population had increased by 21.2% to 6,371,766.


1947 in Michigan, Population, Cities
The following is a list of cities in Michigan with a population of at least 20,000 based on 1940 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1930 and 1950 is included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases. Cities that are part of the Detroit metropolitan area are shaded in tan.


1947 in Michigan, Population, Counties
The following is a list of counties in Michigan with populations of at least 75,000 based on 1940 U.S. Census data. Historic census data from 1930 and 1950 are included to reflect trends in population increases or decreases.


1947 in Michigan, Companies
The following is a list of major companies based in Michigan in 1947.


1947 in New Zealand
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in New Zealand.


1947 in New Zealand, Incumbents, Government
The 28th New Zealand Parliament continued, with the Labour Party in government.


1947 in New Zealand, Arts and literature, Film
See : Category:1947 film awards, 1947 in film, List of New Zealand feature films, Cinema of New Zealand, Category:1947 films


1947 in New Zealand, Sport, Lawn bowls
The national outdoor lawn bowls championships are held in Wellington.


1947 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Quarter-finals
September 14: Sarpsborg - Kvik (Trondheim) 3-2 (played in Oslo)


1947 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Final
October 12: Skeid  - Viking 2-0 (at Brann Stadion, Bergen)


1947 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Final
Petter Due - Sigurd Smestad, Gustav Rehn - Knut Andersen, John Bøhling, Willy Sundblad - Henry Mathiesen, Brede Borgen, Hans Nordahl, Paul Sætrang, Kjell Anker Hanssen


1947 in Norwegian football, Norwegian Cup, Final
Torgeir Torgersen - Karsten Johannessen, Tonning Skjæveland - Arthur Wilsgård, Thore Thu, Lauritz Abrahamsen - Inge Paulsen, Gunnar Stensland, Ragnar Paulsen, William Danielsen, Georg Monsen


1947 in Norwegian music
The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1947 in Norwegian music.


1947 in Portugal, Sport
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1946–47 Primeira Divisão and 1947–48 Primeira Divisão; for the Taça de Portugal season, see 1947–48 Taça de Portugal.


1947 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in South Africa.


1947 in South Africa, Railways, Locomotives
Two new Cape gauge locomotive types enter service on the South African Railways (SAR):


1947 in South Africa, Sports, Cricket
The South Africa national cricket team tours England and plays five Test matches against the England national cricket team.


1947 in South Africa, Sports, Football
The South Africa national football team tours Australia and New Zealand and plays five games against the Australia national association football team and four against the New Zealand national football team.Team-H.Smethurst (capt. ),L.G.Anley,A.G.Falconer,D.A.Wilson,H.D.McCreadie,R.H.F.Nicholson,D.D.Forbes,E.G.Dowell,S.van Rensburg, C.Kurland,R.Ferriman,H.E.Naish,J.H.Classens,H.J.Pretorius,J.H.M.Pickerill,C.L.Brink,B.Clack,S.O'Linn. J.H.Barbour (mgr).M.Taylor (ast.mgr).


1947 in Southern Rhodesia
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in Southern Rhodesia.


1947 in Thailand
The year 1947 was the 166th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the second year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2490 in the Buddhist Era.


1947 in Wales
This article is about the particular significance of the year 1947 to Wales and its people.


1947 in association football
The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1947 throughout the world.


1947 in baseball
The following are the baseball events of the year 1947  throughout the world.


1947 in basketball
The following are the basketball events of the year 1947  throughout the world.


1947 in comics
Notable events of 1947 in comics. See also List of years in comics.


1947 in country music
This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in 1947.


1947 in film, Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1947 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:


1947 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
The year 1947 was marked by many events that left an imprint on the history of Soviet and Russian Fine Arts.


1947 in jazz
This is a timeline documenting events of Jazz in the year 1947.


1947 in literature
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1947.


1947 in motorsport
The following is an overview of the events of 1947 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.


1947 in motorsport, Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had own significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.


1947 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1947.


1947 in music, Top hit records
The following records achieved the top positions in Billboard magazine's year-end charts for 1947.


1947 in music, Classical music, Premieres
1 Concert premiere. The Sonata was recorded by Webster Aiken for a radio broadcast one month earlier, on February 7.


1947 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1947.


1947 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).


1947 in poetry, Works published in English
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1947 in poetry, Works published in other languages
Listed by nation where the work was first published and again by the poet's native land, if different; substantially revised works listed separately:


1947 in poetry, Works published in other languages, Indian subcontinent
Including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Nepal. Listed alphabetically by first name, regardless of surname:


1947 in poetry, Births
Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1947 in poetry, Deaths
Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:


1947 in professional wrestling
1947 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling.


1947 in radio
The year 1947 saw a number of significant happenings in radio broadcasting history.


1947 in rail transport
This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1947.


1947 in science
The year 1947 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.


1947 in sports
1947 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


1947 in television
The year 1947 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1947.


1947 in the Belgian Congo
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the Belgian Congo.


1947 in the Philippines
1947 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in 1947.


1947 in the Soviet Union
The following lists events that happened during 1947 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.


1947 strikes in France
The 1947 strikes in France were a series of insurrectionary labor actions against post-war wage stagnation as well as against Western capitalism. They first emerged as a spontaneous wave in late April at the nation's largest Renault factory. When the Communist Party (PCF) joined them it led to the May crisis which saw all Communist officials expelled from the national government.


1947 strikes in France
The peak wave in September was more generalized, more directly associated with the Cominform, and explicitly denounced the Marshall Plan. Soon there were 3 million strikers. 23,371,000 working days were lost to strikes in 1947, against 374,000 in 1946, but the movement stayed less important in Italy, where the Communists were also excluded from the government. In May, the Communist ministers in effect left the government, ending tripartisme, and at the end of the year, the CGT divided into a reformist minority and a pro-Atlantic-creating Workers' Force (FO). Although created in December 1944, the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) had their first real mission of policing with the strikes of November–December 1947, all under the leadership of Minister of the Interior Jules Moch (SFIO).


1947 strikes in France, History, Early strikes
The strikes begin on 25 April 1947 at the Renault factory at Boulogne-Billancourt, nationalized in 1946. The day before, the Ramadier cabinet had reduced the daily bread ration from 300 to 250 grams.


1947 strikes in France, History, Early strikes
The plant employed 30,000 men; the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) claimed 17,000 members. The strike was started, among other things, by the Trotskyist Pierre Bois, an activist of the communist Union and a founder of Workers' Struggle, and anarchists (Gil Devillard of the Anarchist Federation) and International Communist Party members (PCI, Trotskyist). The importance of the intervention of the PCI in this movement was clear in a magazine article (Cavalcades), No. 65 of 26 June 1947, titled "A teacher, an engineer, a journalist, leaders of the Fourth International, tomorrow could paralyze France.".


1947 strikes in France, History, Early strikes
The strike did not, at first, have the support of the French Communist Party (PCF ) and the General Confederation of Labour (CGT). The PCF is indeed in government, as part of tripartisme. Plaisance, a secretary of the CGT, said outside the factory: "This morning, an anarcho-Hitlero-Trotskyists band wanted to blow up the factory." The CGT then excused: "The strike arms the trusts". Despite this communist opposition, the strike quickly brought in more than 10 000 workers. Eugene Hénaff, secretary general of the CGT Metallurgy, was booed at Boulogne-Billancourt.


1947 strikes in France, History, Early strikes
On 8 May, the government provides 3 francs increase. On 9 May, the CGT voted two-thirds for return to work, but some remained on strike paralyzing the factory. The strike ceased on May 15, the government granted a bonus of 1600 francs and 900 francs an advance for any and all employees.


1947 strikes in France, History, End of tripartisme and extension of the social movement
The strikes spread. With an inflation rate of over 60% and rationing still in force, the black market remained important and living conditions were difficult, particularly since France struggled to meet its energy needs.


1947 strikes in France, History, End of tripartisme and extension of the social movement
On 5 May 1947, the Communist ministers were excluded from government by Paul Ramadier. From that moment, the PCF and CGT supported the social movement, which extended to Citroën, SNCF, banks, department stores, EDF, and Peugeot, Berliet, Michelin, etc. The main reasons for the strikes were demand for higher wages, but in the broader context of the formalization of the Cold War.


1947 strikes in France, History, End of tripartisme and extension of the social movement
In June, a wave of insurrectionist strikes protested against the Marshall Plan.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
On 10 November 1947, after the victory of the Rally of the French People (RPF Gaullist) in the municipal election in October, a vast movement of insurrectional strikes that shook the country for several months, started in Marseilles, protesting against tram face increases. Four strikers were charged following the demonstrations . To free them, 4,000 demonstrators entered the courthouse, and then went to City Hall. They insulted and defenestrates lawyer Gaullist Michel Carlini, who had become alderman defeating by one vote the Communist Jean Cristofol. The protesters then attacked at night shady bars near the Opéra. The young communist worker Vincent Voulant was killed by the mafia clan Guerini. At his funeral, on November 14, three out of four employees in Marseilles were on strike.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
The strike spread to miners; on 17 November, 10,000 of them stopped work in protest against the dismissal of Leon Delfosse, communist president of the coalminers in the Nord coalfield. The next day, more than 80,000 were on strike. On 19 November the strike resumed at Renault and Citroën, then spread to the National Education, the construction trade, steelworkers, dockworkers, and all the public services. In the department of Seine, the teachers went on strike for two weeks, despite the National Union of Teachers (SNI) refusing to support the movement.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
On 29 November, 30,000 striking  mining, railroad and textile workers demonstrated in Saint-Étienne. Armed with iron bars, they face the CRS, which was newly created by the Interior Minister, Jules Moch (SFIO), who also appealed to the army and the 11th Parachute Shock Regiment Shock (armed wing of the SDECEE) to break the strikes. The creation of these riot police was to ensure the loyalty of police "relocating" the maintenance of order (it uses of police from across the country, not just in the locations concerned, to quell the riots) . In the North, the military nevertheless ensured that they would intervene in cases of violence, refraining if miners are limited to stopping working.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
In Saint-Étienne, protesters took the advantage. They rode on three military vehicles which were armed with machine guns - the officers refused to fire on them - they got hold of weapons from soldiers (they discreetly returned them afterwards) and forced the police to evacuate the station. 100 were injured.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
Among the miners, there were 100 sackings, 1000 suspensions and 500 forced displacement of "gueules noires" (miners) from one mine to another. Debates December, legislation and union split.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
On the night of 2 to 3 December 1947, activists of the Federation of Pas-de-Calais CGT sabotaged the Paris-Tourcoing rail link by unbolting two rails. This caused a train derailment near Arras at 3 o'clock in the morning, which left 16 people dead and 50 wounded.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
The general secretary of the PCF, Maurice Thorez, was concerned about the radicalization of the movement, as shown in the reports of SDECEE. Saboteurs activists believed that the train was carrying CRS to support non-strikers from Arras, supported by the Gaullist militants. The government was secretly negotiating with the PCF, exchanging immunity against four activists supporting the resumption of work.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
On 30 June 1953, the Supreme Court delivered a leading case, considering that the train was still responsible because it had, given the social climate, expected this kind of acts.


1947 strikes in France, History, November strikes
In March 1954, the case rebounded : former MP René Camphin, formerly "Colonel Baudouin" of the FTP and former leader of the Federation of Pas-de-Calais in 1947, was found dead in Paris. Refusing to criticize before the central committee his superior, Auguste Lecoeur, former deputy secretary of state and responsible for the sabotage, he had committed suicide.


1947 strikes in France, History, Discussions in December 1947
On 4 December 1947, after extremely violent discussions, the National Assembly voted a law on the "defense of the Republic and the freedom to work." (Three years later, the arrest of Dehaene State Council consecrated the constitutional right to strike.


1947 strikes in France, History, Discussions in December 1947
On 9 December 1947, the central strike committee consisting of the CGT federations ordered return to work. Ten days later, a split divided the CGT, with a majority close to the PCF and led by Benoît Frachon, while the reformist minority, led by Léon Jouhaux, founded the CGT-Workers' Force.


1947 strikes in France, History, Discussions in December 1947
The strike of 1947 at Renault also denounced the repression of the Malagasy Uprising. The PCF had been the only members of the French government to denounce the empire's atrocities in Madagascar, and with their expulsion the other parties authorized an even more ruthless counter-insurgency.


1947 strikes in France, History, Discussions in December 1947
Strikes also affected the railway from Dakar to Niger, claiming the same rights as their French counterparts.


1947 strikes in France, History, Discussions in December 1947
Covert action by the Central Intelligence Agency was later revealed to have been a factor in the strike. CGT-Worker's Force was initiated with the financial support of American unions (including the AFL-CIO), and this funding was coordinated by CIA operative Irving Brown. Even earlier, the CIA began funding and arming the Guerini crime family to assault Communist picket lines and harass union officials in Marseilles. Several murders  of striking workers were traced to the Guerinis at this time.


1947 Úrvalsdeild, Overview
It was contested by 5 teams, and Fram won the championship. Valur's Einar Halldórsson (Valur)and Albert Guðmundsson, as well as ÍA's Ríkharður Jónsson and KR's Hörður Óskarsson, were the joint top scorers with 3 goals. ·


1947/48 NTFL season
The 1947/48 NTFL season was the 27th season of the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL).


1947/48 NTFL season
Waratah have won their eighth premiership title while defeating the Buffaloes in the grand final by 13 points.


1947–1948 Massachusetts legislature
The 155th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met from January 1, 1947, to June 18, 1948, during the governorship of Robert F. Bradford, in Boston.


1947–1948 Massachusetts legislature, State Senate, Districts
As established by Chapter 507 of the Acts of 1939. The state census of 1935 was the basis of the apportionment.


1947–1948 Massachusetts legislature, State Senate, Districts
(*)Terminated. See Acts of 1927, chapter 321; Acts of 1938, chapter 240 and 455.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre
The 1947–1948 Rajouri Massacres were the killing of thousands of residents and refugees in the Rajouri tehsil in the princely state of  Jammu and Kashmir, by the Azad Kashmir Forces and Pashtun tribal militia during the First Kashmir War. The 'siege' of the town of Rajouri began on 7 November 1947 and ended on the 12 April 1948 when the Indian Army recaptured it. The massacre is commemorated annually in Rajouri and the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Background
At the time of the Partition of India in 1947, princely states were left with the options of joining India or Pakistan or remaining independent. Hari Singh, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, preferred to remain independent. All major political groups of the state supported the Maharaja's decision, except for the Muslim Conference, which declared in favour of accession to Pakistan on 19 July 1947. The Muslim Conference was popular in the Jammu province of the state. It was closely allied with the All-India Muslim League, which was set to inherit Pakistan.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Background
On 6 October, the Poonch Rebellion officially began. The Jammu and Kashmir State Forces, which were distributed in penny pockets along the border, were ordered to consolidate in towns in garrisons. On 14 October, the Jammu violence began against the region's Muslims. War officially broke out in Jammu and Kashmir on 22 October, with a tribal invasion from Pakistan via Muzaffarabad and Baramulla. Looting and killing were widespread.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Background
Rajouri and Poonch witnessed a mass influx of Hindu and Sikh refugees from the west trying to escape the raiders. Rajouri's population swelled from 5,000 to over 40,000. Poonch experienced an increase from 10,000 to almost 50,000 people.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Events
On 26-27 October, the Maharaja acceded to India, requesting armed assistance. India airlifted troops to defend the Kashmir Valley. However, it was not until 13 November, when the raiders were cleared off Uri, that the Indian troops could pay attention to the situation in the Jammu Division. Until then the State Forces had to fend for themselves. The forces lacked artillery (which had been transferred to the British Indian Army for World War II) and they were also short of ammunition (which had not been replenished since the departure of British on 15 August).


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Events
Rajauri was recaptured on 12 April 1948 by the 19 Infantry Brigade of the Indian Army under the command of Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane. Rane, despite being wounded, launched a bold tank assault by conveying the tanks over the Tawi river bed in order to avoid the road blocks along the main road. When the Indian Army entered the town, the captors had fled, having destroyed most of the town and killing the majority of its inhabitants.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Aftermath
After recapturing Rajouri and the arrival of the Indian Army, some 1,500 refugees that had fled to the hills, including women and children, returned to the town. The capture of Rajouri and the Rajouri Massacre was followed by the capture of Mirpur by Pakistani backed tribals and the subsequent Mirpur Massacre of Hindus and Sikhs.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Aftermath
The ceasefire line at the end of the war ran to the west of Rajouri district.


1947–1948 Rajouri massacre, Aftermath
April 13 every year is now celebrated as Vijay Diwas in Rajouri.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
The 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine was the first phase of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. It broke out after the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption of the Partition Plan for Palestine.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
During the civil war, the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine clashed (the latter supported by the Arab Liberation Army) while the British, who had the obligation to maintain order, organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
When the British Mandate of Palestine expired on 14 May 1948, and with the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the surrounding Arab states—Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq and Syria—invaded what had just ceased to be Mandatory Palestine, and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The conflict thus escalated and became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
Under the control of a British administration since 1920, the area of Palestine found itself the object of a battle between Jewish Zionist nationalists and Palestinian Arab nationalists, who opposed one another just as much as they both opposed the British mandate.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
The Palestinian Arab backlash culminated in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Directed by Palestinian Arab nationalists, the rebels opposed Zionism, the British presence in Palestine and Palestinian Arab politicians who called for pan-Arabic nationalism at the same time. Both the British and the Zionist organizations of the time opposed the revolt; nonetheless, the Palestinian Arab nationalists did obtain from the British a drastic reduction of Jewish immigration, legislated by the 1939 White Paper. However, the consequences of the unsuccessful uprising were heavy. Nearly 5,000 Arabs and 500 Jews died; the various paramilitary Zionist organizations were reinforced, and the majority of the members of the Palestinian Arab political elite exiled themselves, such as Amin al-Husseini, leader of the Arab Higher Committee.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
After World War II and The Holocaust, the Zionist movement gained attention and sympathy. In Mandatory Palestine, Zionist groups fought against the British occupation. In the two and a half years from 1945 to June 1947, British law enforcement forces lost 103 dead, and sustained 391 wounded from Jewish militants. The Palestinian Arab nationalists reorganized themselves, but their organization remained inferior to that of the Zionists. Nevertheless, the weakening of the colonial British Empire reinforced Arab countries and the Arab League.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
The Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary organization, was initially involved in the post-war attacks against the British in Palestine but withdrew following the outrage caused by the 1946 Irgun bombing of the British Army Headquarters in the King David Hotel. In May 1946, on the assumption of British neutrality in the future hostilities, a Plan C was formulated that envisaged guidelines for retaliation if and when Palestinian Arab attacks took place on the Yishuv.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
As the countdown ticked down, the Haganah implemented assaults involving the torching and demolition by explosives against economic infrastructures, the property of Palestinian politicians and military commanders, villages, town neighbourhoods, houses and farms that were deemed to be bases or used by inciters and their accomplices. The killing of armed irregulars and adult males was also foreseen. On 15 August 1947, on suspicion it was a terrorist headquarters, they blew up the house of the Abu Laban family, prosperous Palestinian orange growers, near Petah Tikva. Twelve occupants, including a woman and six children, were killed. After November 1947, the dynamiting of houses formed a key component of most Haganah retaliatory strikes.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Background
Diplomacy failed to reconcile the different points of view concerning the future of Palestine. On 18 February 1947, the British announced their withdrawal from the region. Later that year, on 29 November, the General Assembly of the United Nations voted to recommend the adoption and implementation of the partition plan with the support of the big global powers, but not of Britain nor of the Arab States.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
In the aftermath of the adoption of Resolution 181(II) by the United Nations General Assembly recommending the adoption and implementation of the Plan of Partition, the manifestations of joy of the Jewish community were counterbalanced by protests by Arabs throughout the country and after 1 December, the Arab Higher Committee enacted a general strike that lasted three days.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
A 'wind of violence' rapidly took hold of the country, foreboding civil war between the two communities. Murders, reprisals, and counter-reprisals came fast on each other's heels, resulting in dozens of victims killed on both sides in the process. The impasse persisted as British forces did not intervene to put a stop to the escalating cycles of violence.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
The first casualties after the adoption of Resolution 181(II) by the General Assembly were passengers on a Jewish bus driving on the Coastal Plain near Kfar Sirkin on 30 November. An eight-man gang from Jaffa ambushed the bus killing five and wounding others. Half an hour later they ambushed a second bus, southbound from Hadera, killing two more. Arab snipers attacked Jewish buses in Jerusalem and Haifa.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
Irgun and Lehi (the latter also known as the Stern Gang) followed their strategy of placing bombs in crowded markets and bus-stops. As on 30 December, in Haifa, when members of Irgun, threw two bombs at a crowd of Arab workers who were queueing in front of a refinery, killing 6 of them and injuring 42. An angry crowd massacred 39 Jewish people in revenge, until British soldiers reestablished calm. In reprisals, some soldiers from the strike force, Palmach and the Carmeli brigade, attacked the village of Balad ash-Sheikh and Hawassa. According to different historians, this attack led to between 21 and 70 deaths.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
According to Benny Morris, much of the fighting in the first months of the war took place in and on the edges of the main towns, and was initiated by the Arabs. It included Arab snipers firing at Jewish houses, pedestrians, and traffic, as well as planting bombs and mines along urban and rural paths and roads.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
In all the mixed zones where both communities lived, particularly Jerusalem and Haifa, increasingly violent attacks, riots, reprisals and counter-reprisals followed each other. Isolated shootings evolved into all-out battles. Attacks against traffic, for instance, turned into ambushes as one bloody attack led to another.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
On 22 February 1948, supporters of Mohammad Amin al-Husayni organized, with the help of certain British deserters, three attacks against the Jewish community. Using car bombs aimed at the headquarters of the pro-Zionist Palestine Post newspaper, the Ben Yehuda St. market and the backyard of the Jewish Agency's offices, they killed 22, 53 and 13 Jewish people respectively, and injured hundreds. In revenge, Lehi put a landmine on the railroad track in Rehovot on which a train from Cairo to Haifa was travelling, killing 28 British soldiers and injuring 35. This would be copied on 31 March, close to Caesarea Maritima, which would lead to the death of forty people, injuring 60, who were, for the most part, Arab civilians.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, al-Husayni organized the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem. To counter this, the Yishuv authorities tried to supply the city with convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but the operation became more and more impractical as the number of casualties in the relief convoys surged. By March, Al-Hussayni's tactic had paid off. Almost all of Haganah's armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed. The situation for those who dwelt in the Jewish settlements in the highly isolated Negev and North of Galilee was even more critical.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
Despite the fact that skirmishes and battles have begun, the Jews at this stage are still trying to contain the fighting to as narrow a sphere as possible in the hope that partition will be implemented and a Jewish government formed; they hope that if the fighting remains limited, the Arabs will acquiesce in the fait accompli. This can be seen from the fact that the Jews have not so far attacked Arab villages unless the inhabitants of those villages attacked them or provoked them first.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948)
Although a certain level of doubt took hold among Yishuv supporters, their apparent defeats were due more to their wait-and-see policy than to weakness. David Ben-Gurion reorganized Haganah and made conscription obligatory. Every Jewish man and woman in the country had to receive military training.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Allied Powers' policies
This situation caused the United States to withdraw their support for the Partition plan, thus encouraging the Arab League to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan for partition. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Transjordan.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Population evacuations
While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at all costs, the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country was exposed. Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Fighters and arms from abroad
As a consequence of funds raised by Golda Meir which were donated by sympathisers in the United States, and Stalin's decision to support the Zionist cause, the Jewish representatives of Palestine were able to sign very important armament contracts in the East. Other Haganah agents recuperated stockpiles from the Second World War, which helped improve the army's equipment and logistics. Operation Balak allowed arms and other equipment to be transported for the first time by the end of March.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Fighters and arms from abroad
There was an intervention of a number of Arab Liberation Army regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in Galilee and Samaria. Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni came from Egypt with several hundred men of the Army of the Holy War.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Fighters and arms from abroad
German and Bosnian WWII veterans, including former intelligence, Wehrmacht, and Waffen SS officers, were among the 'volunteers' fighting for the Palestinian cause Veterans of WWII Axis militaries were represented in the ranks of the ALA forces commanded by Fawzi al-Qawuqji (who had been awarded an officer's rank in the Wehrmacht during WWII) and in the Mufti's forces, commanded by Abd al-Qadir (who had fought with the Germans against the British in Iraq) and Salama (who served as a Waffen SS commando during WWII). Some of the Germans who served the Mufti in his Nablus headquarters were Adolf Schwabe, Albert Grossman, and Rudolf Hoffman.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Fighters and arms from abroad
Benny Morris writes that the Yishuv was more successful in attracting and effectively deploying foreign military professionals than their Arab adversaries. He concludes that the ex-Nazis and Bosnian Muslims recruited by the Palestinians, Egyptians, and Syrians "proved of little significance" to the outcome of the conflict.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Beginning of the Civil War (30 November 1947 – 1 April 1948), Death toll
In December, the Jewish death toll was estimated at over 200, and, according to Alec Kirkbride, by 18 January 333 Jews and 345 Arabs had been killed while 643 Jews and 877 Arabs had been injured. The overall death toll between December 1947 and January 1948 (including British personnel) was estimated at around 1,000 people, with 2,000 injured. Ilan Pappé estimates that 400 Jews and 1,500 Arabs were killed by January 1948. Morris says that by the end of March 1948, the Yishuv had suffered about a thousand dead. According to Yoav Gelber, by the end of March there was a total of 2,000 dead and 4,000 wounded. These figures correspond to an average of more than 100 deaths and 200 casualties per week among a population of 2,000,000.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
Violence kept intensifying with the intervention of military units. Although responsible for law and order up until the end of the mandate, the British did not try to take control of the situation, being more involved in the liquidation of the administration and the evacuation of their troops. Furthermore, the authorities felt that they had lost enough men already in the conflict.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
The British either could not or did not want to impede the intervention of foreign forces into Palestine. According to a special report by the UN Special Commission on Palestine:


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
This description corresponds to the entry of Arab Liberation Army troops between 10 January and the start of March:


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
Fawzi al-Qawuqji, Field Commander of the Arab Liberation Army, arrived, according to his own account, on 4 March, with the rest of the logistics and around 100 Bosniak volunteers in Jab'a, a small village on the route between Nablus and Jenin. He established a headquarters there and a training centre for Palestinian Arab volunteers.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
Alan Cunningham, the British High Commissioner in Palestine, thoroughly protested against the incursions and the fact that 'no serious effort is being made to stop incursions'. The only reaction came from Alec Kirkbride, who complained to Ernest Bevin about Cunningham's "hostile tone and threats".


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
The British and the information service of Yishuv expected an offensive for 15 February, but it would not take place, seemingly because the Mufti troops were not ready.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Intervention of foreign forces in Palestine
In March, an Iraqi regiment of the Arab Liberation Army came to reinforce the Palestinian Arab troops of Salameh in the area around Lydda and Ramleh, while Al-Hussayni started a headquarters in Bir Zeit, 10 km to the north of Ramallah. At the same time, a number of North African troops, principally Libyans, and hundreds of members of the Muslim Brotherhood entered Palestine. In March, an initial regiment arrived in Gaza and certain militants among them reached Jaffa.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Morale of the fighters
The Arab combatants' initial victories reinforced morale among them. The Arab Higher Committee was confident and decided to prevent the set-up of the UN-backed partition plan. In an announcement made to the Secretary-General on 6 February, they declared:


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Morale of the fighters
The Palestinian Arabs consider any attempt by Jewish people or by whatever power or group of power to establish a Jewish state in an Arab territory to be an act of aggression that will be resisted by force [...]


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Morale of the fighters
The prestige of the United Nations would be better served by abandoning this plan and by not imposing such an injustice [...]


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Morale of the fighters
The Palestinian Arabs make a grave declaration before the UN, before God and before history that they will never submit to any power that comes to Palestine to impose a partition. The only way to establish a partition is to get rid of them all: men, women, and children.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Morale of the fighters
At the beginning of February 1948, the morale of the Jewish leaders was not high: "distress and despair arose clearly from the notes taken at the meetings of the Mapai party." "The attacks against the Jewish settlements and main roads worsened the direction of the Jewish people, who underestimated the intensity of the Arab reaction." The situation of the 100,000 Jews situated in Jerusalem was precarious, and supplies to the city, already slim in number, were likely to be stopped. Nonetheless, despite the setbacks suffered, the Jewish forces, in particular Haganah, remained superior in number and quality to those of the Arab forces.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, First wave of Palestinian refugees
The high morale of the Arab fighters and politicians was not shared by the Palestinian Arab civilian population. The UN Palestine Commission reported 'Panic continues to increase, however, throughout the Arab middle classes, and there is a steady exodus of those who can afford to leave the country. ' From December 1947 to January 1948, around 70,000 Arabs fled, and, by the end of March, that number had grown to around 100,000.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, First wave of Palestinian refugees
These people were part of the first wave of Palestinian refugees of the conflict. Mostly the middle and upper classes fled, including the majority of the families of local governors and representatives of the Arab Higher Committee. Non -Palestinian Arabs also fled in large numbers. Most of them did not abandon the hope of returning to Palestine once the hostilities had ended.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers
Many decisions were made abroad that had an important influence over the outcome of the conflict.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Britain and the Jordanian choice
Britain did not want a Palestinian state led by the Mufti, and opted unofficially instead, on 7 February 1948, to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Abdullah I of Jordan. At a meeting in London between the commander of Transjordan's Arab Legion, Glubb Pasha, and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Ernest Bevin, the two parties agreed that they would facilitate the entry of the Arab Legion into Palestine on 15 May and that the Arab part of Palestine be occupied by it.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Britain and the Jordanian choice
However, they held that the Arab Legion not enter the vicinity of Jerusalem or the Jewish state itself. This option did not envisage a Palestinian Arab state. Although the ambitions of King Abdullah are known, it is not apparent to what extent the authorities of Yishuv, the Arab Higher Committee or the Arab League knew of this decision.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, United States turnabout
In mid-March, after the increasing disorder in Palestine and faced with the fear, later judged unfounded, of an Arab petrol embargo, the US government announced the possible withdrawal of its support for the UN's partition plan and for dispatching an international force to guarantee its implementation. The US suggested that instead Palestine be put under UN supervision. On 1 April, the UN Security Council voted on the US proposal to convoke a special assembly to reconsider the Palestinian problem; the Soviet Union abstained. This U-turn by the US caused concern and debate among Yishuv authorities.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, United States turnabout
They thought that after the withdrawal of British troops, the Yishuv could not effectively resist the Arab forces without the support of the US. In this context, Elie Sasson, the director of the Arab section of Jewish Agency, and several other personalities, persuaded David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meyerson to advance a diplomatic initiative to the Arabs. The job of negotiation was delegated to Joshua Palmon, who was prohibited from limiting the Haganah's liberty of action but was authorized to declare that "the Jewish people were ready with a truce."


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Logistical support of the Eastern Bloc
In the context of the embargo imposed upon Palestinian belligerents—Jewish and Arab alike—and the dire lack of arms by the Yishuv in Palestine, Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin's decision to breach the embargo and support the Yishuv with arms exported from Czechoslovakia played a role in the war that was differently appreciated. However, Syria also bought arms from Czechoslovakia for the Arab Liberation Army, but the shipment never arrived due to Haganah intervention.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Logistical support of the Eastern Bloc
Possible motivations for Stalin's decision include his support of the UN Partition plan, and allowing Czechoslovakia to earn some foreign income after being forced to refuse Marshall Plan assistance.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Logistical support of the Eastern Bloc
The extent of this support and the concrete role that it played is up for debate. Figures advanced by historians tend to vary. Yoav Gelber spoke of 'small deliveries from Czechoslovakia arriving by air [...] from April 1948 onwards' whereas various historians have argued that there was an unbalanced level of support in favor of Yishuv, given that the Palestinian Arabs did not benefit from an equivalent level of Soviet support. In any case, the embargo that was extended to all Arab states in May 1948 by the UN Security Council caused great problems to them.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Arab leaders' refusal of direct involvement
Arab leaders did what they possibly could to avoid being directly involved' in support for the Palestinian cause.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Arab leaders' refusal of direct involvement
At the Arab League summit of October 1947, in Aley, the Iraqi general, Ismail Safwat, painted a realist picture of the situation. He underlined the better organization and greater financial support of the Jewish people in comparison to the Palestinians. He recommended the immediate deployment of the Arab armies at the Palestinian borders, the dispatching of weapons and ammunition to the Palestinians, and the contribution of a million pounds of financial aid to them. His proposals were rejected, other than the suggestion to send financial support, which was not followed up on. Nonetheless, a techno-military committee was established to coordinate assistance to the Palestinians. Based in Cairo, it was directed by Sawfat, who was supported by Lebanese and Syrian officers and representatives of the Higher Arab Committee. A Transjordian delegate was also appointed, but he did not participate in meetings.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Policies of foreign powers, Arab leaders' refusal of direct involvement
At the December 1947 Cairo summit, under pressure by public opinion, the Arab leaders decided to create a military command that united all the heads of all the major Arab states, headed by Safwat. They still ignored his calls for financial and military aid, preferring to defer any decision until the end of the Mandate, but, nevertheless, decide to form the Arab Liberation Army, which would go into action in the following weeks. On the night of 20–21 January 1948, around 700 armed Syrians entered Palestine via Transjordan. In February 1948, Safwat reiterated his demands, but they fell on deaf ears: the Arab governments hoped that the Palestinians, aided by the Arab Liberation Army, could manage on their own until the International community renounced the partition plan.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Civil war beginning (until 1 April 1948)
The Arab Liberation Army was, in theory, financed and equipped by the Arab League. A budget of one million pounds sterling had been promised to them, due to the insistence of Ismail Safwat. In reality, though, funding never arrived, and only Syria truly supported the Arab volunteers in concrete terms. Syria bought from Czechoslovakia a quantity of arms for the Arab Liberation Army but the shipment never arrived due to Hagana force intervention.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Civil war beginning (until 1 April 1948)
According to Lapierre & Collins, on the ground, logistics were completely neglected, and their leader, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, envisaged that his troops survive only on the expenses accorded to them by the Palestinian population. However, Gelber says that the Arab League had arranged the supplies through special contractors. They were equipped with different types of light weapons, light and medium-sized mortars, a number of 75 mm and 105 mm guns, and armoured vehicles but their stock of shells was small.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Civil war beginning (until 1 April 1948)
The situation that the Army of the Holy War and the Palestinian forces were in was worse. They could not rely on any form of foreign support and had to get by on the funds that Mohammad Amin al-Husayni could raise. The troops' armament was limited to what the fighters already had. To make things even worse, they had to be content with arms bought on the black market or pillaged from British warehouses, and, as a result, did not really have enough arms to wage war.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Civil war beginning (until 1 April 1948)
Until March, Haganah suffered also a lack of arms. The Jewish fighters benefitted from a number of clandestine factories that manufactured some light weapons, ammunition and explosives. The one weapon of which there was no shortage was locally produced explosives. However, they had far less than what was necessary to carry out a war: in November, only one out of every three Jewish combatants was armed, rising to two out of three within Palmach.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Civil war beginning (until 1 April 1948)
Haganah sent agents to Europe and to the United States, in order to arm and equip this army. To finance all of this, Golda Meir managed, by the end of December, to collect $25 million through a fundraising campaign set about in the United States to capitalize on American sympathisers to the Zionist cause. Out of the 129 million US dollars raised between October 1947 and March 1949 for the Zionist cause, more than $78 million, over 60%, were used to buy arms and munition.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Death toll and analysis
In the last week of March alone, the losses sustained by Haganah were particularly heavy: they lost three large convoys in ambushes, more than 100 soldiers and their fleet of armoured vehicles.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Death toll and analysis
All in all, West Jerusalem was gradually 'choked;' the settlements of Galilee could not be reached in any other way but via the valley of Jordan and the road of Nahariya. This along with the foreseen attack of the Arab states in May and the earlier projected departure date of the British pushed Haganah to the offensive and to apply Plan Dalet from April onwards.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, Haganah on the offensive (1 April – 15 May 1948)
A leased transport plane was used for the Operation Balak first arms ferry flight from Czechoslovakia on the end of March 1948. At the beginning of April 1948, a shipment of thousands of rifles and hundreds of machine guns arrived at Tel Aviv harbor. With this big shipment, Haganah could supply weapons to a concentrated effort, without taking over the arms of other Jewish territory and risking them being with no weapons. Haganah went into the offensive, although still lacking heavy weapons.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, After 15 May 1948
After the Arab states invasion at 15 May, during the first weeks of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the arms advantage leant in favour of the Arab states. From June, onwards, there was also a flow of heavy arms. From June, after the first truce, the advantage leant clearly towards the Israelis. This situation's changing was due to the contacts made in November 1947 and afterwards.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, After 15 May 1948
The Yishuv purchased rifles, machine guns and munitions from Czechoslovakia, which were mainly supplied after the British navy blockade was lifted on 15 May 1948, at the end of the British mandate. The Yishuv obtained from Czechoslovakia a supply of Avia S-199 fighter planes too and, later on in the conflict, Supermarine Spitfires. In the stockpiles left over from World War II, the Yishuv procured all the necessary equipment, vehicles and logistics needed for an army. In France, they procured armoured vehicles despite the ongoing embargo. The Yishuv bought machines to manufacture arms and munitions, forming the foundations of the Israeli armament industry.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, After 15 May 1948
The Yishuv bought at the United States, bombers and transport aircraft, which during Operation Balak were used to ferry arms and dismantled Avia S-199 fighter planes from Czechoslovakia to Israel, in defiance of the UN embargo, for 3 months, starting at 12 May 1948. Some ships were also leased out from various European ports so that these goods could be transported by 15 May.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Arms problem, After 15 May 1948
However, for Ben-Gurion, the problem was also constructing an army that was worthy to be a state army.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Reorganisation of Haganah
After 'having gotten the Jews of Palestine and of elsewhere to do everything that they could, personally and financially, to help Yishuv,' Ben-Gurion's second greatest achievement was his having successfully transformed Haganah from being a clandestine paramilitary organization into a true army. Ben-Gurion appointed Israel Galili to the position of head of the High Command counsel of Haganah and divided Haganah into 6 infantry brigades, numbered 1 to 6, allotting a precise theatre of operation to each one.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Reorganisation of Haganah
Yaakov Dori was named Chief of Staff, but it was Yigael Yadin who assumed the responsibility on the ground as chief of Operations. Palmach, commanded by Yigal Allon, was divided into 3 elite brigades, numbered 10–12, and constituted the mobile force of Haganah. Ben-Gurion's attempts to retain personal control over the newly formed IDF lead later in July to The Generals' Revolt.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Reorganisation of Haganah
On 19 November 1947, obligatory conscription was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25. By end of March 21,000 people had been conscripted. On 30 March the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Reorganisation of Haganah
"From November 1947, the Haganah, (...) began to change from a territorial militia into a regular army. (...) Few of the units had been well trained by December. (...) By March–April, it fielded still under-equipped battalion and brigades. By April–May, the Haganah was conducting brigade size offensive."


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, War of the roads and blockade of Jerusalem, Geographic situation of the Jewish zones
Apart from on the coastline, Jewish yishuvim, or settlements, were very dispersed. Communication between the coastal area (the main area of Jewish settlements) and the peripheral settlements was by road. These road were an easy target for attacks, as most of them passed through or near entirely Arab localities.


1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, War of the roads and blockade of Jerusalem, Geographic situation of the Jewish zones
The isolation of the 100,000 Jewish people in Jerusalem and other Jewish settlements outside the coastal zone, such as kibbutz Kfar Etzion, halfway on the strategic road between Jerusalem and Hebron, the 27 settlements in the southern region of Negev and the settlements to the north of Galilee, were a strategic weakness for the Yishuv.