1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Michigan 28, Illinois 20. Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Illinois, 28–20, before a homecoming crowd of 85,938 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Michigan held on a goal-line stand in the first quarter (first-and-goal from the five-yard line), and Illinois failed to convert a field goal on fourth down. After a scoreless first quarter, Michigan went 98 yards on a drive that included a Statue of Liberty play by Leo Koceski and ended with a 15-yard bullet pass from Pete Elliott to Ed McNeill. The game was tied 7–7 at halftime.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Michigan reclaimed the lead in the third quarter with 14-yard touchdown pass from Peterson to Rifenburg. Michigan extended its lead to 21–7 on a two-yard run by Wally Teninga later in the third quarter. Illinois scored its own third-quarter touchdown after Leo Koceski fumbled and Illinois recovered the ball at the Michigan 29-yard line. Early in the fourth quarter, Bernie Krueger scored on a quarterback sneak to cut Michigan's lead to 21–20. Michigan's final touchdown came on a 38-yard pass from Chuck Ortmann to Harry Allis.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Michigan outgained Illinois on the ground 102 to 40, but Illinois dominated in the air with 256 passing yards to 132 for Michigan. The New York Times called the game, witnessed by a homecoming crowd of 85,938, "one of the wildest fights in Big Nine history" and added, "What a battle this was! Not for a second could one be sure of the outcome."


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Northwestern 21, Ohio State 7. Northwestern (ranked No. 9 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State, 21-7, before a homecoming crowd of 47,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. The game was tied, 7-7 at halftime, but Northwestern pulled away with two touchdowns in the third quarter. Johnny Miller, a backup halfback, scored the winning touchdown on a 22-yard carry.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Minnesota 30, Indiana 7. Minnesota (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated Indiana, 30-7, in Minneapolis. The game attracted a crowd of 64,926, the second largest in the history of Memorial Stadium to that point. Minnesota outgained Indiana, 308 yards to 73 yards.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Iowa 19, Wisconsin 13. After falling behind at halftime by a 13-0 score, Iowa staged a comeback and won, 19-13, in Iowa City.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 30
Purdue 14, Marquette 9. Purdue defeated Marquette, 14-9, before a crowd of 32,000 at Ross–Ade Stadium in Lafayette, Indiana. Purdue trailed 9-7 but scored the winning touchdown in the fourth quarter. Harry Szulborski gained 171 yards on 29 carries for Purdue.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
On November 6, 1948, the Big Nine football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The Big Ten teams won two of the non-conference games,  giving the conference a 13–8 record in non-conference games.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Michigan 35, Navy 0. Michigan (ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll) defeated Navy, 35–0, in front of a sellout crowd of 85,938 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan scored in the first quarter on a one-yard run by Chuck Ortmann. Tom Peterson extended Michigan's lead with a touchdown run in the second quarter. Michigan added two touchdowns in the third quarter on a run by Wally Teninga and an 18-yard touchdown pass from Bob Van Summern to Dick Rifenburg. The final touchdown came in the fourth quarter on a 60-yard touchdown pass from Ortmann to Rifenburg.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Michigan outgained Navy on the ground 231 yards to 73 yards. Michigan's defense allowed only 119 yards of total offense (73 rushing yards and 46 passing yards), recovered three Navy fumbles and intercepted two passes, one by Dick Kempthorn and the other by Dan Dworsky. With the game in hand, Oosterbaan played the reserves, reportedly placing 44 players into the game.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Northwestern 16, Wisconsin 7. Northwestern (ranked No. 10 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16-7, before a homecoming crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Northwestern led 2-0 at halftime, as the only points of the half came on a safety. Northwestern then added two touchdowns in the third quarter.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Minnesota 34, Purdue 7. Minnesota (ranked No. 19 in the AP Poll) defeated Purdue, 34-7, in 45 degree weather in Minneapolis. The game drew a crowd of 66,953, the largest ever at Memorial Stadium up to that time.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Illinois 14, Iowa 0. Illinois shut out Iowa, 14-0, before a crowd of 41,502 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Mumey Lazier returned a punt 56 yards for a touchdown in the second quarter.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Ohio State 41, Pittsburgh 0. Ohio State shut out Pittsburgh, 41-0, before a crowd of 68,966 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 6
Notre Dame 42, Indiana 6. Indiana lost to Notre Dame, 42-6, at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
On November 13, 1948, the Big Nine schools played three conference games and three non-conference games. The Big Ten teams lost two of the non-conference games, giving the conference a 14–10 record in non-conference games.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Michigan 54, Indiana 0. Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Indiana, 54–0, at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Michigan gained 435 yards of total offense, and held Indiana to 159 yards. In its account of the game, the 1949 Michiganensian quipped, "Every man on the Michigan bench got into the ball game, and some spectators claimed that it was Hank Hatch, the equipment manager, who tallied the last Wolverine touchdown."


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Notre Dame 12, Northwestern 7. Northwestern (ranked No. 8 in the AP Poll) lost to Notre Dame (ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll), 12-7, before a crowd of 59,305 at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend. Northeastern led, 7-6, six minutes into the fourth quarter, but Notre Dame rallied to extend its winning streak to 20 games.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Minnesota 28, Iowa 21. In the annual battle for the Floyd of Rosedale trophy, Minnesota (ranked No. 14 in the AP Poll) defeated Iowa, 28-21, before a crowd of 44,000 at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Ohio State 34, Illinois 7. Ohio State defeated Illinois, 34-7, before a homecoming crowd of 65,732 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Ohio State gained 449 yards to 120 yards for Illinois.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Wisconsin 26, Marquette 0. Wisconsin shut out Marquette, 26-0, before a crowd of 43,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Wally Dreyer was the star for Wisconsin.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 13
Pittsburgh 20, Purdue 13. Purdue lost to Pittsburgh, 20-13, before a crowd of 30,000 at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette. Pittsburgh halfback Jimmy Joe Robinson returned a kickoff 100 yards.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
In the final week of the season, the Big Nine football teams played four conference games and one non-conference game. The conference game resulted in a victory, leaving the Big Nine with a 15–10 record in non-conference games.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Michigan 13, Ohio State 3. In the annual Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry game, Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State, 13–3, at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. The game was played in front of a crowd of 82,754 spectators – the second largest crowd in Ohio Stadium history up to that time. Although Michigan was favored by 14 points, Ohio State dominated the line of scrimmage in the first half, allowing only three first downs by Michigan, one of which came on a penalty.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Ohio State took a 3–0 lead in the first quarter on a 26-yard field goal by Jim Hague. The kick followed a fumble recovery by Jack Lininger after an errant lateral by Chuck Ortmann. Michigan took the lead in the second quarter on a 92-yard drive culminating with a 44-yard touchdown pass from Ortmann to Harry Allis. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove 62 yards for a second touchdown led by the passing of Wally Teninga and Pete Elliott. The touchdown was scored by fullback Tom Peterson. Allis converted the first extra point, but missed on the second. Ohio State outgained Michigan on the ground 130 yards to 54, but Michigan outgained Ohio State in the air 116 yards to 73.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Northwestern 20, Illinois 7. In the annual Illinois–Northwestern football rivalry game, Northwestern (ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll) defeated Illinois, 20–7, before a crowd of 48,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston. With the victory, Northwestern clinched a berth in the 1949 Rose Bowl. After the game, Northwestern's players lifted their coach Bob Voigts to their shoulders and carried him from the field.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Minnesota 16, Wisconsin 0. In the annual Minnesota–Wisconsin football rivalry game, Minnesota (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16–0, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. Minnesota exceeded Wisconsin in total yards by a tally of 425 to 88. The Golden Gophers concluded their season with only two losses, against No. 1 Michigan and No. 7 Northwestern.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Purdue 39, Indiana 0. In the annual Old Oaken Bucket rivalry game, Purdue defeated Indiana, 39–0, in West Lafayette. The 39-point margin of victory was the largest in the history of the rivalry.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 20
Iowa 34, Boston University 14. Iowa defeated the Boston University Terriers, 34–14, on a muddy field at Fenway Park in Boston. Boston University led 14-7 at halftime, but the Hawkeyes scored 27 unanswered points in the second half led by the passing combination of Al DiMarco to Jack Dittmer.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, Post-season
On December 11, 1948, four days before a student referendum on whether he should keep his job, and in the face of "Goodbye Harry" signs, Harry Stuhldreher resigned as Wisconsin's head football coach, though he retained his job as athletic director.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, 1949 Rose Bowl
Under Big Nine Conference rules, the conference champion played in the Rose Bowl, except that there was a further rule providing that the same team could not participate in the Rose Bowl two years in a row. Accordingly, Northwestern, which finished in second place, received the Big Nine's bid to play in the Rose Bowl.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, Season overview, 1949 Rose Bowl
In the 1949 Rose Bowl, Northwestern faced an undefeated 1948 California Golden Bears football team that was ranked No. 4 in the final AP Poll. Northwestern upset California, 20 to 14. The Wildcats opened the scoring in the first quarter with a 73-yard touchdown run by Frank Aschenbrenner, the longest gain from scrimmage in Rose Bowl history up to that time. California then tied the score on a 67-yard run by Jackie Jensen. Art Murakowski scored Northwestern's second touchdown (extra point missed) to give Northwestern a 13 to 7 lead at halftime. California took a 14 to 13 lead in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Northwestern halfback Ed Tunnicliff took a direct snap from center and ran 42 yards for the winning touchdown.


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, All-conference players
In 1948, All-Big Nine football teams were selected by the Associated Press (AP), United Press (UP), and International News Service (INS). The following players were selected to the first team by at least one of those selectors:


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, All-Americans
Three Big Nine players were recognized as consensus first-team players on the 1948 College Football All-America Team. They are:


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, All-Americans
Other Big Nine players receiving first-team honors from at least one selector were:


1948 Big Nine Conference football season, 1949 NFL Draft
The following Big Nine players were selected among the first 100 picks in the 1949 NFL Draft:


1948 Birthday Honours
The 1948 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the Commonwealth Realms. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of the King, and were published in The London Gazette on 4 June.


1948 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1948 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Victorian Order, Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were "Member (fourth class)" and "Member (fifth class)", both with post-nominal letters MVO. "Member (fourth class)" was renamed "Lieutenant" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards..


1948 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Order of the British Empire, Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
In recognition of bomb disposal service since the end of the war.


1948 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, British Empire Medal (BEM), Military Division
In recognition of Operational Minesweeping service since the end of the war.


1948 Birthday Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Mentions in Despatches
In recognition of services in Operational Minesweeping since the end of the war


1948 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1948 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George VI, were appointments made by the King on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 10 June 1948.


1948 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1948 Boeing strike
The 1948 Boeing strike was an industrial dispute which lasted 20 weeks, from April 22 to September 13.


1948 Boeing strike, Background
The Boeing Company was founded by William Edward Boeing in 1916, with the name Pacific Aero Products. In 1945 president of the company Philip G. Johnson died and William McPherson Allen took his place. In 1945, after World War II, the market for wartime planes dwindled. The president William McPherson Allen decided to temporarily shut down the activities and to lay off 25,000 workers. To save the company, Allen announced that he was going to start making commercial planes.


1948 Boeing strike, Background
In October 1946, Boeing declared that the contract between the company and the Union was up for renewal. Boeing and the Union reached an agreement to start negotiating the new contract starting January 1947. Between January and April 1947 both parties met regularly three times a week to discuss the contract. During this time neither party was able to reach an agreement. In April the Union gave Secretary of Labor and to the National Labor Relations Board a notice for intention to strike.


1948 Boeing strike, Background
After the intention was submitted the Union and Boeing tried to talk about the contract but “there remained unsettled questions of Seniority, Hours of Labor, and Wages.”  After filing to strike and receiving approval the members of the Union never did so. The Union then drafted a proposal that discussed the issues the employees were worried about which was seniority, hours of labor, and wages. The condition was that the proposal had to be accepted by Boeing on April 21, 1948, before noon otherwise the proposal would be void. If this happened Lodge 751 stated that they “reserve the right to take appropriate action including a work stoppage.”  Boeing rejected the offer on April 21, 1948. The next day the Union went on strike.


1948 Boeing strike, Aftermath
Allen declared the strike illegal and proceeded to have multiple lawsuits over the fact. The result of the strike set back Boeing with their orders about 1.25 billion dollars. Boeing was then forced to hire about 50,000 to make for lost time and pushing out orders. Most of the orders were for the government making B-47s, B-50s, and C-97s.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
91 F. Supp. 596; 1950 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2782; 26 L.R.R.M. 2324; 18 Lab. Cas . (CCH) P65,845.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
174 F.2d 988; 85 U.S. App. D.C. 116; 1949 U.S. App. LEXIS 3461; 24 L.R.R.M. 2101; 16 Lab. Cas . (CCH) P65,164.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
188 F.2d 356; 1951 U.S. App. LEXIS 3518; 27 L.R.R.M. 2556; 19 Lab. Cas . (CCH) P66,258.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
217 F.2d 369; 1954 U.S. App. LEXIS 3835; 34 L.R.R.M. 2821; 26 Lab. Cas . (CCH) P68,702.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
Ingham, J. (1983). Biographical dictionary of American business leaders (Vol. 1, p. 2026). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
Reese, H., "Taft-Hartley Act." Dictionary of American History. 2003, "Taft-Hartley Act." West's 	Encyclopedia of American Law. 2005, "Taft-Hartley Labor Act." The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2014, & "Taft-Hartley Act." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. (2004). Taft-Hartley Act (1947).


1948 Boeing strike, Further reading
Yenne, B. (2005). The story of the Boeing Company (Rev. and updated ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: 	Zenith ;


1948 Boston Braves season
The 1948 Boston Braves season was the 78th consecutive season of the Major League Baseball franchise, its 73rd in the National League. It produced the team's second NL pennant of the 20th century, its first since 1914, and its tenth overall league title dating to 1876.


1948 Boston Braves season
Led by starting pitchers Johnny Sain and Warren Spahn (who combined for 39 victories), and the hitting of Bob Elliott, Jeff Heath, Tommy Holmes and rookie Alvin Dark, the 1948 Braves captured 91 games to finish 61⁄2 paces ahead of the second-place St. Louis Cardinals. They also attracted 1,455,439 fans to Braves Field, the third-largest gate in the National League and a high-water mark for the team's stay in Boston.


1948 Boston Braves season
The 1948 pennant was the fourth National League championship in seven years for Braves' manager Billy Southworth, who had won three NL titles (1942–44, inclusive) and two World Series championships (1942 and 1944) with the Cardinals. Southworth would be posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame as a manager in 2008.


1948 Boston Braves season
However, the Braves fell in six games to the Cleveland Indians in the 1948 World Series, and would experience a swift decline in both on-field success and popularity over the next four seasons. Attendance woes—the Braves would draw only 281,278 home fans in 1952—forced the team's relocation to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in March 1953. (It later moved to Atlanta in 1966.)


1948 Boston Braves season
After playing .500 baseball in April and May 1948, the Braves vaulted into first place on the strength of a 39–21 record during June and July. Hampered by second baseman Eddie Stanky's broken ankle and center fielder Jim Russell's season-ending illness, the club slumped slightly in August, going only 14–17 and falling out of the lead August 29. But then it righted itself to win 21 of its final 28 games, regain the top spot September 2, and clinch the NL flag on the 26th. Meanwhile, the city's American League team, the Red Sox, ended their season in a first-place tie with the Indians and lost a playoff game to Cleveland at Fenway Park on October 4, ruining the prospect of what would have been the only all-Boston World Series in MLB history.


1948 Boston Braves season
For both the Braves and Red Sox, the 1948 season was the first in which their games were broadcast on television, with telecasts alternating between WBZ-TV and WNAC-TV and the teams sharing the same announcers. The first-ever telecast of a major league game in New England occurred on Tuesday night, June 15, with the Braves defeating the visiting Chicago Cubs 6–3 behind Sain's complete game.


1948 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston Braves season, 1948 World Series, Game 4
October 9, 1948, at Cleveland Municipal Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio


1948 Boston Braves season, 1948 World Series, Game 5
October 10, 1948, at Cleveland Municipal Stadium in Cleveland, Ohio


1948 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1948 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1948 college football season. The Eagles were led by fifth-year head coach Denny Myers and played their home games at Braves Field in Boston, Massachusetts. Boston College finished with a record of 5–2–2.


1948 Boston Red Sox season
The 1948 Boston Red Sox season was the 48th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. After 154 regular-season games, the Red Sox and Cleveland Indians finished atop the American League with identical records of 96 wins and 58 losses. The teams then played a tie-breaker game, which was won by Cleveland, 8–3. Thus, the Red Sox finished their season with a record of 96 wins and 59 losses, one game behind Cleveland.


1948 Boston Red Sox season
This was the first Red Sox season to be broadcast on television, with broadcasts alternated between WBZ-TV and WNAC-TV, with the same broadcast team regardless of broadcasting station.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Offseason
In December 1947, the Red Sox made a deal with the St. Louis Browns. The Sox acquired Vern Stephens, Billy Hitchcock, and pitchers Jack Kramer and Ellis Kinder. The deal cost $375,000 and 11 Red Sox players.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
In 1948, Kramer led the American League in winning percentage. The manager of the team was former New York Yankees manager Joe McCarthy, who replaced the outgoing Joe Cronin. Cronin had led the Red Sox to an 83–71 record in 1947, finishing in third place.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
Throughout 1948, the Sox, New York Yankees, and the Cleveland Indians slugged it out for the pennant. At the end of the regular season, Boston and Cleveland were tied for first place. Each team had a record of 96 wins and 58 losses, two games ahead of the Yankees.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, American League Playoff
At the end of the season, the Red Sox and the Indians were tied for first place. This led to the American League's first-ever one-game playoff. The game was played at Fenway Park on Monday, October 4, 1948. The start time was 1:15 pm EST.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season, American League Playoff
McCarthy picked former St. Louis Browns pitcher Denny Galehouse, who had an 8–7 pitching record, to be his starter. The Indians won the game by the score of 8–3. Indians third baseman Ken Keltner contributed to the victory with his single, double, and 3-run homer over the Green Monster in the 4th inning. Later, McCarthy said he had no rested arms and that there was no else who could pitch. Mel Parnell and Ellis Kinder claimed that they were both ready to pitch.


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1948 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its second season under head coach Aldo Donelli, the team compiled a 6–2 record and outscored their opponents by a total of 127 to 102.


1948 Boston Yanks season
The 1948 Boston Yanks season was their fifth in the National Football League and last as the Yanks (subsequently becoming the New York Bulldogs). The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 4–7–1, winning only three games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season. This would be Boston's final professional football team until the Patriots began play in 1960, as a charter member of the AFL.


1948 Boston Yanks season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 Boulder state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Boulder in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia was held on 4 December 1948. It was triggered by the death of Philip Collier, a former premier, on 18 October 1948. The Labor Party retained the seat at the election, with Charlie Oliver winning 78.9 percent of the first-preference vote.


1948 Boulder state by-election, Background
Philip Collier had held Boulder for the Labor Party since the 1905 state election, winning re-election at thirteen further elections (and being returned unopposed five times). He was leader of the Labor Party from 1917 to 1936, and premier on two occasions, from 1924 to 1930 and from 1933 to 1936. Collier died at his home in Mount Lawley on 18 October 1948. After his death, the writ for the by-election was issued on 27 October, with the close of nominations on 19 November. Polling day was on 4 December, with the writ returned on 14 December.


1948 Boulder state by-election, Aftermath
Oliver was re-elected unopposed at the 1950 state election, but resigned his seat the following year to take up a position in the New South Wales union movement. One of his opponents for Labor preselection was John Teahan, who later won election to the Legislative Council in 1954. Billy Snedden, the unsuccessful Liberal candidate, eventually moved to Victoria and was elected to the House of Representatives. He was the Liberal Party's federal leader (and leader of the opposition) from 1972 to 1975.


1948 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1948 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State College (later renamed Bowling Green State University) as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Robert Whittaker, the team compiled an 8–0–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 230 to 100. Vern Dunham was the team captain.


1948 Brigg by-election
The Brigg by-election, 1948 was a by-election held on 24 March 1948 for the British House of Commons constituency of Brigg in Lincolnshire.


1948 Brigg by-election
The by-election was triggered by the resignation of the constituency's Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) Tom Williamson, a trade union leader who had held the seat since the 1945 general election.


1948 Brigg by-election
The result was a victory for the Labour candidate Lance Mallalieu, who held the seat with a reduced majority, and represented Brigg until he retired from the House of Commons in 1974.


1948 British Grand Prix
The Royal Automobile Club International Grand Prix was a motor race held on 2 October 1948, at Silverstone Airfield, Northamptonshire, UK. It is commonly cited as the first British Grand Prix of the modern era.


1948 British Grand Prix
Held two years before the inauguration of the FIA World Championship of Drivers, the 65-lap race was run under the new Formula One regulations which effectively replaced the pre-war Grand Prix motor racing standards. Winner was the Italian Luigi Villoresi, in a Maserati 4CLT/48. A 13-lap 500 cc race, preceding the Grand Prix, was won by Spike Rhiando in a Cooper. Stirling Moss failed to finish after mechanical problems.


1948 British Grand Prix
The race meeting marked the opening of the Silverstone Circuit, although at the time the site was only on a one-year loan to the RAC from the Air Ministry, having been a bomber station during World War II.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background
The Royal Automobile Club had previously run two International Grands Prix at the banked Brooklands circuit, in Surrey, in 1926 and 1927, and the Donington Park circuit had hosted four non-ranking Grands Prix between 1935 and 1939, but with the hiatus caused by the Second World War motorsport in Britain had lost ground to continental countries.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background
Its two major race circuits were unusable, with Donington still littered with detritus from its wartime role as a supply depot, while the Brooklands circuit had been a major centre for aircraft development during the war and much of the track had been built over. With the abundance of redundant airfields in the years following the end of hostilities, however, there were plenty of potential venues for new race circuits. One such was at RAF Silverstone, a former bomber station.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, The circuit
The Royal Automobile Club took a one-year lease on the Silverstone airfield site in early 1948 and set about creating a race track. The airfield conformed to the standard model for WWII RAF sites: three long, wide runways formed a triangle, their ends joined by a narrow perimeter roadway. In this inaugural year the RAC decided to lay out a relatively long circuit, using the full lengths of the two longest runways, as well as large portions of the perimeter road.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, The circuit
The competitors started on the western perimeter road and headed north towards a right-hand turn, the high-speed Woodcote Corner. From there the track used the northern edge of the perimeter to a sharp right turn onto the main runway at Copse Corner. Then came the main runway, known for the race as Segrave Straight, with the track continuing to the point at which the two largest runways intersected.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, The circuit
Here, in an attempt to better emulate a true road circuit, the course designers narrowed the track with straw bales, which funnelled the cars into a 130° left hairpin bend onto the second runway. At the end of the second runway the cars rejoined the perimeter road, just before the old Becketts Corner, before continuing on the long straight road in front of the main aircraft hangar complex, known appropriately as Hangar Straight.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, The circuit
At the end of the straight at what is now Stowe Corner, competitors rejoined the main runway (this southern portion now named the Seaman Straight), and headed back towards the central hairpin complex. Once again, at the intersection of the two runways the track was narrowed, before a left-hand hairpin onto the second runway, heading back out to the perimeter road. The perimeter road was rejoined at Club Corner. From this point the track once again headed north towards the finish line, passing through the flat-out Abbey Curve en route.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, The circuit
Total track length was approximately 3.7 miles (5.9 km), substantially longer than the 2.9 miles (4.7 km) of Silverstone's classic layout, and longer even than the current 3.2-mile (5.1 km) circuit design. This was the only Grand Prix event ever held on this track layout, as from 1949 onward Silverstone circuits used only the perimeter roads. To commemorate the opening of this new circuit, all drivers completing either the Grand Prix or 500 cc race received the RAC Silverstone Plaque. Despite the interim and improvised nature of the Silverstone site, the event attracted in excess of 100,000 spectators.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, Grand Prix entrants
The entry list for the 65-lap Grand Prix was very mixed. Brand new, full works cars were entered by Maserati, Talbot-Lago and Ferrari, while the majority of the remaining field was made up of privateer entrants, mostly running pre-war cars. The organisers were particularly pleased to have attracted entries from leading continental firm Maserati; two of their brand new 4CLT/48 Sanremo models were entered: a works car for Luigi Villoresi, and one by British privateer Reg Parnell.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, Grand Prix entrants
A third 4CLT/48 was later entered for a second factory driver, Alberto Ascari, and a fourth as a reserve in the hands of local driver Leslie Brooke. Four Talbot-Lago T26C cars were also entered, including one for pre-war star driver Louis Chiron, and a fifth held in reserve, entered by Lord Selsdon. Although Scuderia Ferrari entered two of its Ferrari 125s, the team decided at the last minute to concentrate their efforts on mainland Europe and did not arrive.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, Grand Prix entrants
Of the older vehicles, two of the most notable were the Maserati 4CLs from the Scuderia Platé and White Mouse Stable teams. These cars were to be driven by Toulo de Graffenried and Prince Bira respectively, both previously winners of major races. The ERA marque, well represented among the local privateers, was bolstered by a factory entry from the firm's progenitor Raymond Mays. Another significant ERA entry was that of David Hampshire who drove R1A, the first ERA car to be constructed, dating from 1934. Leslie Johnson, owner of ERA in 1948, entered and drove one of the firm's 1939 E-type models. Although Peter Walker was also entered in an E-type, the car was unavailable on race day so he reverted to his own B-type, R10B.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, Grand Prix entrants
Notable by their absence were the Alfa Romeo works team, who decided not to attend with their dominant 158 Alfetta cars. One Alfa oddity was on show, however: the 1935 Bimotore, albeit with only one of its two engines in operation, was driven by Tony Rolt, an ex-Colditz prisoner of war and the future developer of four-wheel drive.


1948 British Grand Prix, Background, Grand Prix entrants, Entry list
1 Late entry, assumed the running number of non-arrival Giuseppe Farina. (r) Reserve entry.


1948 British Grand Prix, RAC 500 cc race
The main Grand Prix event was supported by a race for 500 cc (later to become Formula 3) cars. It was dominated by privateer Cooper entries that included future Grand Prix star Stirling Moss and John Cooper himself, both driving the new MkII. Future four-time British Hill Climb Champion Ken Wharton was also in the running, driving his self-built 500 cc special, in a strong field of well over 30 cars.


1948 British Grand Prix, RAC 500 cc race
Despite the prestigious occasion – running two hours before the main Grand Prix event, the 500 cc race was actually the first ever competitive race on the Silverstone Circuit – the start was something of a shambles. When British Racing Drivers' Club President Lord Howe dropped the starting flag only two of the 34 drivers were ready to begin. Eric Brandon – an experienced 500 cc driver, and the first to win a 500 cc race in Britain – was not even seated in his car, but recovered to finish fifth. Moss had dominated the British 500 cc race season up to this point, but his car lost drive during the race and challenger Spike Rhiando won in his Cooper MkII. John Cooper was second, and the 58-year-old Baronet of Bodicote, Sir Francis Samuelson (also a Cooper MkII driver) took third.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Qualifying
The works Maserati 4CLTs were delayed on their way to Silverstone, and in their absence qualifying was dominated by Monegasque driver Chiron, in his Ecurie France-run Talbot-Lago. He took pole position with a time of 2:56.0, a second clear of de Graffenried's Maserati in second place. Third was the Talbot-Lago of Philippe Étancelin, a further second behind de Graffenried. Despite driving a car a decade older than those in front of him, Bob Gerard managed to put his ERA R14B into fourth position, only two-tenths of a second behind Étancelin, with Johnson's ERA E-type in fifth. Having missed official practice, the Maseratis of Villoresi and Ascari were forced to start at the back of the field, in 24th and 25th positions respectively, but in unofficial practice immediately before the race Ascari posted a lap of 2:54.6, over a second faster than Chiron's pole position time.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
At the start, de Graffenried got away from the line fastest, but he was passed by Chiron, Parnell and Johnson before the first corner at Woodcote. This group was followed by Bira, Étancelin and Gerard. As the leaders entered Woodcote Johnson drew level with the leader, Chiron, but at that moment the driveshaft on Johnson's ERA failed, causing its immediate retirement. Further back in the field, Salvadori went straight to his pit box from the start, to attend to an oiled spark plug. The stop cost him half a lap, and put him into last position. In the early corners Parnell was close behind Chiron, in second place, but his month-old Maserati dropped out on the first lap after a flying stone tore out the drain plug of his fuel tank.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
By the end of the second lap the Maseratis of Villoresi and Ascari, showing their superior pace and benefiting from retirements, had made their way through the field and were close on Chiron's tail. On lap three both passed Chiron, and Villoresi took the lead. Later on the same lap Italian privateer Gianfranco Comotti joined the early retirees, when his Talbot's brakes failed. Another driver whose brakes fared badly was B. Bira, who dropped back into the pack because of them, after having pressed the leaders in the opening few laps. Rolt's single-engined Bimotore Alfa Romeo lost the use of that remaining motor on lap 6, and Rolt was forced to retire. Geoffrey Ansell's ERA R9B rolled on lap 23, throwing Ansell out of the car. He was unscathed.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
As the race progressed de Graffenried dropped yet further back, as his engine went out of tune and started to overheat, and he eventually finished six laps behind the winners. The other early leader, Chiron, started to suffer from a lack of performance in his Talbot on lap 17, and Bira slipped ahead of him into third place. Gerard sat in fifth place, after Étancelin's engine began to overheat, which dropped him back down the field as he was forced to make successive pit stops to top up his radiator fluid, and he eventually retired on lap 22.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
Chiron dropped even further back after spending 45 seconds in the pits investigating the poor handling of his Talbot, and he eventually retired with a seized gearbox on lap 37. Gerard passed Bira during refuelling pit stops, his pit crew completing the task four seconds faster than Bira's. However, Louis Rosier slipped past both of them as he did not need to stop for fuel. Gerard eventually caught Rosier again on lap 52, and passed him to take third place.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
The works Maseratis were never more than a few seconds apart, and they regularly swapped the lead between them. On laps 27 and 29, respectively, Villoresi and Ascari came into the pits to refuel. During his stop, Ascari also replaced both rear wheels of his Maserati, and the extra time taken for this stop put him 50 seconds behind his team mate, but he retained second place. He lost a further 16 seconds to Villoresi during the second round of pit stops, putting him almost a full minute behind the leader at that point.


1948 British Grand Prix, Grand Prix, Race
However, Villoresi, who posted the fastest lap of the race (2:52.0), suffered an unusual mishap when his tachometer's fixings failed and the unit fell out of the Maserati's dashboard. In addition to not now knowing the speed of his engine, the tachometer lodged underneath Villoresi's clutch pedal and prevented him from using the clutch for the remainder of the race. Despite this, Villoresi managed to hold on to the lead and proved the eventual winner, 14 seconds ahead of Ascari and half a lap ahead of Gerard. The only other finisher on the same lap as the leaders, but only a few seconds from being lapped, was Rosier's Talbot-Lago.


1948 British Honduras general election
General elections were held in British Honduras in May and June 1948.


1948 British Honduras general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of six elected members, four members appointed by the Governor, three officials (the Attorney General, the Colonial Secretary and the Financial Secretary) and the Governor, who served as president. The elected members were elected from five constituencies, one of which (Belize) had two seats.


1948 British Honduras general election, Electoral system
Voting was limited to British subjects or people who had lived in the territory for at least three years and who were aged 21 or over and met one of the financial requirements, which included paying an annual property tax of at least $6, paying at least $96 in rent a year, or being in receipt of an annual salary of at least $300. Anyone who had received poor relief from public funds in the three months prior to voter registration was ineligible. As a result of the criteria, only 1,772 people from a population of 63,139 were registered to vote.


1948 British Honduras general election, Results
The nominated members were appointed on 29 June, with B.S. Clark, Salvador Espat, Edgar Gegg and James Macmillan appointed.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) season
The 1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 3-10-1, winning only two games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season and the team folded after the season.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers (AAFC) season
The team's statistical leaders included Bob Chappuis with 1,402 passing yards and Mickey Colmer with 704 rushing yards, 372 receiving yards and 60 points scored.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season
Leo Durocher returned as manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers to start the 1948 season but was fired in mid-season. He was replaced first by team coach Ray Blades and then by Burt Shotton, who had managed the team to the 1947 pennant. The Dodgers finished third in the National League after this tumultuous season.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1948 Dodgers were very much a work in progress, beginning to coalesce into the classic "Boys of Summer" teams of the 1950s. Gil Hodges was in the opening day lineup, but as a catcher. He would only be shifted to first base after the emergence of Roy Campanella. Jackie Robinson started the season at second base—Eddie Stanky had been traded just before the start of the season to make room for Robinson at his natural position; he had played first base during his 1947 rookie season.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season
Pee Wee Reese was the only "Boys of summer" regular to already be ensconced at his position, shortstop. Billy Cox had been acquired from the Pittsburgh Pirates during the offseason, but as one of nine players who would see time at third for the team that year, he only played 70 games at the position. Carl Furillo was already a regular, but in center field. Duke Snider was brought up to the team in mid-season, and it was not until 1949 that Furillo moved to right field and Snider became the regular center fielder.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season
Preacher Roe and Ralph Branca were in the starting rotation, but Carl Erskine only appeared in a handful of games, and Don Newcombe would not join the staff until the following year.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
Future Hall of Famer Roy Campanella made his major league debut on April 20. In July, Campanella replaced Bruce Edwards as the club's starting catcher. This marked the first time that a major league team had two black players in its everyday lineup.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
On September 9, Rex Barney pitched a no-hitter against the New York Giants. He walked two batters and struck out four in a 2–0 victory.


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos=Position; G=Games played; AB=At bats; H=Hits; Avg.=Batting average; HR=Home runs; RBI=Runs batted in


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G=Games played; AB=At bats; H=Hits; Avg.=Batting average; HR=Home runs; RBI=Runs batted in


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G=Games pitched; IP=Innings pitched; W=Wins; L=Losses; ERA=Earned run average; SO=Strikeouts


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G=Games pitched; IP=Innings pitched; W=Wins; L=Losses; ERA=Earned run average; SO=Strikeouts


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G=Games pitched; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; ERA=Earned run average; SO=Strikeouts


1948 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Montreal, St. Paul, Ft. Worth, Greenville, Nashua, Newport News, Santa Barbara, Pulaski, Sheboygan, Zanesville


1948 Brown Bears football team
The 1948 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Brown Bears football team
In their fifth season under head coach Charles "Rip" Engle, the Bears compiled a 7–2 record, and outscored their opponents 242 to 103. N.J. Lacuele was the team captain.


1948 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island.


1948 Brownlow Medal
The 1948 Brownlow Medal was the 21st year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Bill Morris of the Richmond Football Club won the medal by polling 24 votes during the 1948 VFL season.


1948 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1948 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Bucknell Bison football team
In its second season under head coach Harry Lawrence, the team compiled a 1–8 record. John G. Geosits was the team captain.


1948 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium on the university campus in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1948 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (I)
The first of two 1948 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (official name:  II Gran Premio del General Juan Perón y de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires) was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Palermo street circuit in Buenos Aires on January 17–18, 1948.


1948 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (II)
The second of two 1948 Buenos Aires Grand Prix (official name: II Gran Premio de Eva Duarte Perón (Gran Premio Dalmiro Varela Castex), was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Palermo street circuit in Buenos Aires on February 14, 1948.


1948 Buffalo Bills (AAFC) season
The 1948 Buffalo Bills season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 8-4-2, winning only seven games. They qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, but lost to the Cleveland Browns in the AAFC Championship.


1948 Buffalo Bills (AAFC) season
The team's statistical leaders included George Ratterman with 2,577 passing yards, Chet Mutryn with 823 rushing yards and 96 points scored, and Al Baldwin with 916 receiving yards.


1948 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1948 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its first season under head coach Frank Clair, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record. The team played its home games at Civic Stadium in Buffalo, New York.


1948 Bulgarian Cup
The 1948 Bulgarian Cup was the 8th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). In the tournament entered the 10 winners of regional cup competitions. Lokomotiv Sofia won the competition for first time, beating Slavia-Chengelov Plovdiv 1–0 in the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia.


1948 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1948 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 8th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between Lokomotiv Sofia and Slavia-Chengelov on 9 May 1948 at Yunak Stadium in Sofia. Lokomotiv won the final 1–0.


1948 Bulgarian Republic Football Championship
Statistics of Bulgarian Republic Football Championship in the 1948 season.


1948 Bulgarian Republic Football Championship, Overview
It was contested by 16 teams, and Septemvri pri CDV Sofia won the championship.


1948 CCCF Championship
The fourth edition of the CCCF Championship was held in Guatemala.


1948 CCNY Beavers football team
The 1948 CCNY Beavers football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In their twelfth season under Harold J. Parker, the Beavers team compiled a 3–4–1 record.


1948 CCUNC Owls football team
The 1948 CCUNC Owls football team was an American football team that represented represented the Charlotte Center of the University of North Carolina or CCUNC (now known as the University of North Carolina at Charlotte) as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In their first season under head coach Carroll Blackwell, the team compiled a 0–5 record. The CCUNC program was disbanded prior to the 1949 season as there were not enough players to field the team. Football was reinstated for the 2013 season as the Charlotte 49ers.


1948 Cairo bombings
The 1948 bombings in Cairo, which targeted Jewish areas, took place between June and September 1948 killing 70 Jews and wounding nearly 200. Riots claimed many more lives.


1948 Cairo bombings
In a meeting with the American Jewish Committee in New York in October 1948, the president of Cairo's Sephardi Jewish community, Salvator Cicurel, stated his belief that "the recent anti-Jewish outbreaks…[were] connected with the existence of Israel and the defeats of the Egyptian Army there."


1948 Cairo bombings, The bombings
The first bomb was planted on June 20, 1948, in Harat Al-Yahud Al-Qara’In, the Karaite quarter of Cairo. 22 Jews were killed and 41 wounded. The bombing took place during the first truce phase of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the authorities initially blamed the explosion on fireworks stored in Jewish homes and fighting between Karaite and Rabbinic Jews.


1948 Cairo bombings, The bombings
Four weeks later on July 15, during the second phase of the war, three B-17s of the 69 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force bombed a residential neighbourhood in Cairo during the Ramadan Iftar, killing many civilians and destroying many homes. A spontaneous demonstration march to the Jewish quarter took place following the attacks. Two days later the Egyptian authorities reported a potential Israeli bombing attack on Cairo, although it was a false alarm. A further two days after, on July 19, bombs exploded in the Jewish-owned Cicurel and Oreco department stores, and on July 28 and August 1 the Adès and Gattegno department stores were bombed.


1948 Cairo bombings, The bombings
On September 22, five days after the assassination of United Nations mediator Bernadotte in Jerusalem, 19 Jews were killed and 62 injured in an explosion in the Jewish quarter in Cairo.


1948 Cairo bombings, The bombings
On November 12, shortly after the Egyptian defeat in Operation Shmone a bomb destroyed the premises of the Société Orientale de Publicité, a large publishing and advertising firm.


1948 Cairo bombings, Aftermath
The government's response was muted due to the growing influence and strength of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. In November 1948, following several bombings and assassination attempts, the government arrested 32 leaders of the Brotherhood's "secret apparatus" and banned the Brotherhood. At this time, the Brotherhood was estimated to have 2000 branches and 500,000 members or sympathisers. On December 8, 1948, Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha officially dissolved the Society, and the state sequestered its considerable assets. In succeeding months Egypt's prime minister was assassinated by Brotherhood member, and following that Al-Banna himself was assassinated in what is thought to be a cycle of retaliation.


1948 Cairo bombings, Aftermath
In a 1950 trial, members of the Society were charged with carrying out all the bombings against the Jews of Cairo from June to November 1948. The prosecution argued that the bombings were part of a strategy to exploit the issue of Palestine to destabilise and undermine the regime.


1948 Cal Aggies football team
The 1948 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1948 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1948 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by head coach Vern Hickey in his ninth and final season. They played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California. The Aggies finished the season with a record of two wins and six losses (2–6, 1–3 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 98–175 for the 1948 season.


1948 Cal Aggies football team
In nine years under coach Hickey, Northern Branch compiled a record of 23–42–8 (13–12–1 FWC). That's an overall winning percentage of .370. The Aggies shared the conference title in one season under coach Hichey (1947) but did not play in the postseason in any of his seasons.


1948 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1949 NFL Draft.


1948 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1948 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic State University during the 1948 college football season. Cal Poly competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1948 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Chuck Pavelko and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of three wins and five losses (3–5, 1–4 CCAA).


1948 Cal Poly Mustangs football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly Mustangs were selected in the 1949 NFL Draft.


1948 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team
The 1948 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team represented Cal Poly Voorhis Unit during the 1948 college football season. Cal Poly played as an independent in 1948.


1948 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team
Cal Poly San Dimas was led by first-year head coach Duane Whitehead. The Broncos finished the season with a record of six wins and four losses (6–4). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 159–158 for the season.


1948 Cal Poly San Dimas Broncos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Cal Poly San Dimas players were selected in the 1949 NFL Draft.


1948 Calgary Stampeders season
The 1948 Calgary Stampeders finished in first place in the W.I.F.U. with a perfect 12–0 record, went 2–0–1 in the playoffs and won the Grey Cup.


1948 Calgary Stampeders season
To date, this is still the only undefeated season in the history of Canadian professional football.


1948 Calgary Stampeders season, Playoffs, Grey Cup
36th Annual Grey Cup Game: Varsity Stadium – Toronto, Ontario


1948 California Golden Bears football team
The 1948 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1948 college football season. In their second year under head coach Pappy Waldorf, the team compiled a 10–1 record (6–0 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for the PCC championship, lost to Northwestern in the 1949 Rose Bowl, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 291 to 100.


1948 California Golden Bears football team
A controversial moment in the Rose Bowl game is now known as the "phantom touchdown," when Northwestern's player was given a touchdown even though he fumbled the ball as while he was crossing the line, California disputed the touchdown arguing that the ball was fumbled prior to its crossing the line. California's claim is supported by a photograph taken at that moment.


1948 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby
The 1948 Campeonato Argentino de Rugby was won by the selection of "Capital" that beat in the final the selection of Buenos Aires Province ("Provincia") "(provincia)".


1948 Campeonato Carioca
The 1948 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on July 11, 1948 and ended on December 12, 1948. It was organized by FMF (Federação Metropolitana de Futebol, or Metropolitan Football Federation). Eleven teams participated. Botafogo won the title for the 9th time. no teams were relegated.


1948 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1948 Campeonato Paulista
The 1948 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 47th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. São Paulo won the title for the 5th time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was Ypiranga's Silas with 19 goals.


1948 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1948 Campeonato Profesional
The 1948 Campeonato Profesional was the first season of Colombia's top-flight football league. The tournament was started on August 15th, with the match Atlético Municipal against Universidad. 10 teams compete against one another and played each weekend until December 19th.


1948 Campeonato Profesional, Background
The creation of the Colombian Football Federation dates back to 1924, but it was not until 1948 that succeeded in organizing a professional tournament. In the tournament 10 teams signed up (each had to pay a fee of 1,000 pesos): one of Barranquilla, two of Bogotá, two of Cali, two of Manizales, two of Medellín and two of Pereira. 252 players were registered as follows: 182 Colombians, 13 Argentines, 8 Peruvians, 5 Uruguayans, 2 Chileans, 2 Ecuadorians, 1 Dominican and 1 Spanish.


1948 Campeonato Profesional, League system
Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. If two or more teams were tied on points, places were determined by goal difference. The team with the most points is the champion of the league.


1948 Canisius Golden Griffins football team
The 1948 Canisius Golden Griffins football team was an American football team that represented Canisius College in the Western New York Little Three Conference (Little Three) during the 1948 college football season. Canisius compiled a 7–2–1  record, won the Little Three championship, lost to John Carroll in the Great Lakes Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 242 to 109.


1948 Canisius Golden Griffins football team
James B. Wilson was hired in March 1948 as the team's head football coach. He had previously served as the school's head football coach from 1939 until 1942 when the school discontinued football for the duration of World War II.


1948 Canisius Golden Griffins football team
Three Canisius players were selected by the United Press as first-team players on the All-Upstate New York football team: tackle George Eberle; guard George Kuhrt; and halfback Howie Willis.


1948 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1948 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College of Education, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In their second season under head coach Lyle Bennett, the Chippewas compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 139 to 127.


1948 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
Art Teixera ranked first in the country with an average of 44.5 yards on 42 punts. Isham Williams passed for 576 yards.


1948 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo
The 1948 Challenge Desgrange-Colombo was the first edition of the Challenge Desgrange-Colombo. It included nine races - seven one-day races and two stage races - all in Belgium, France or Italy.


1948 Chatham Cup
The 1948 Chatham Cup was the 21st annual nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand.


1948 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds. Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Eastern Suburbs (Auckland), Waterside (Wellington), Technical Old Boys (Christchurch), and Roslyn-Wakari (Dunedin).


1948 Chatham Cup, the 1948 final
The final was a re-match of the previous years' final, with Technical Old Boys gaining revenge over Waterside for their loss of the previous year. The Waterside team proved disappointing when compared to their team of the previous year, and it was Tech who dominated. Though the Wharfies held the Canterbury side to a 0-0 half-time score, they succumbed in the second half to goals by Peter O'Malley and Cyril Thomas.


1948 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1948 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its 18th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1948 Chicago Bears season
The 1948 season was the Chicago Bears' 29th in the National Football League. The team improved on their 8–4  record from 1947 and finished with a 10–2 record under head coach George Halas, but the team finished second in the NFL Western Division yet again missing out on an NFL title game appearance.


1948 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1948 Chicago Cardinals season was the 29th season in franchise history. The Cardinals won the Western division on the final weekend at Wrigley Field over the cross-town Bears, and appeared in the NFL championship game for the second consecutive year. The defending champions lost 7–0 to the Eagles in a snowstorm in Philadelphia. It was their final postseason appearance as a Chicago team; they relocated southwest to St. Louis in 1960.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
The Cardinals scored 395 points (32.9 per game) in 1948, the most in the ten-team NFL, and the second most all-time in a 12-game season. They also led the league in offensive yards, yards per play, rushing yards and rushing touchdowns. The team's plus-169 point-differential remains the best in franchise history.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1948 NFL season produced more points-per-game per team than any other season, and according to Cold Hard Football Facts:


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
"Jimmy Conzelman's Chicago Cardinals were the best of the bunch. They led the NFL in scoring that year (32.9 [points-per-game]) and they produced what was probably the greatest four-week stretch of offense in pro football history. From October 17 to November 7, the 1948 Cardinals beat the Giants 63–35; the Boston Yanks, 49–27; the L.A. Rams 27–22; and the Lions, 56–20. That's a four-week average of 48.8 [points-per-game] for those of you keeping score at home.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
"Yes, turnovers were common in 1948, so maybe that fact made life easier for offense. The Cardinals, for example, picked off 23 passes in 12 games. But they scored just two defensive touchdowns all year, while adding four on special teams. Mostly, they ripped off touchdowns, a remarkable 47 on offense. They kicked a mere eight field goals.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
"Mostly, the offense was virtually unstoppable and it didn't settle often for the cheap, soccer-style field goals that pad offensive team totals today."


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
The Cardinals had three players in the top six in rushing in 1948: halfbacks Charley Trippi (690 yards), and Elmer Angsman (638), and fullback/linebacker/placekicker Pat Harder (554). Harder led the league in scoring in 1948, with 110 points (6 rushing touchdowns, 7 field goals, and 53 extra points). He was named the league's MVP by United Press International.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season
This was the Cardinals' last playoff game until 1974, although they did win the third place Playoff Bowl in Miami over Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers in January 1965. The Cardinals' next appearance in an NFL championship game was sixty years later in Super Bowl XLIII in January 2009.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 Chicago Cardinals season, Postseason, NFL Championship Game
The 1948 NFL championship game was the sixteenth NFL title game and a rematch of the previous year's game between the Chicago Cardinals of the Western Division and the Eastern Division's Philadelphia Eagles. It was played at Philadelphia's Shibe Park on December 19 and the host Eagles won 7–0 in the snow.


1948 Chicago Cubs season
The 1948 Chicago Cubs season was the 77th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 73rd in the National League and the 33rd at Wrigley Field, as well as the first of many seasons to be broadcast on television on WGN-TV while keeping its separate WBKB telecasts. The Cubs finished eighth and last in the National League with a record of 64–90.


1948 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Chicago Rockets season
The 1948 Chicago Rockets season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team matched their previous output of 1–13, failing to qualify for the playoffs for the third consecutive season.


1948 Chicago Rockets season
The Rockets had a turnover margin of minus-30, which is tied for the worst in professional football history.


1948 Chicago Rockets season
The team's statistical leaders included Jesse Freitas with 1,425 passing yards, Eddie Prokop with 266 rushing yards, and Fay King with 647 receiving yards and 42 points scored.


1948 Chicago White Sox season
The 1948 Major League Baseball season was the Chicago White Sox' 48th season in the major leagues, and its 49th season overall. They finished eighth (last) in the American League with a 51–101 record, 44.5 games behind the first place Cleveland Indians. In 114 seasons, the White Sox have only once (in 1932) had a worse winning percentage. This was the first year of many for White Sox television broadcasts on WGN-TV channel 9.


1948 Chicago White Sox season, Regular season
Frank Lane was in his first season as White Sox general manager. Over the next seven years with the White Sox, Lane would make 241 trades. He would gain the nicknames "Trader" Lane and "Frantic Frank".


1948 Chicago White Sox season, Regular season
On July 18, Pat Seerey hit four home runs in an eleven inning game against the Philadelphia Athletics. The White Sox won, 12–11.


1948 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1948 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1948 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1948 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1948 college football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1948. They played home games at Chico High School in Chico, California.


1948 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1948 Wildcats were led by seventh-year head coach Roy Bohler. Chico State finished the season as co-champion of the FWC, with a record of five wins and three losses (5–3, 3–1 FWC). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 101–79 for the season.


1948 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1949 NFL Draft.


1948 Chinese legislative election
The 1st Legislative Yuan election was held in China between 21 and 23 January 1948. This election, and the preceding 1947 National Assembly election are the first elections of under the newly ratified 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. Under this constitution, the Legislative Yuan is a standing legislature when the National Assembly is not in session. At the time most of Chinese territory was under the control of the government of the Republic of China, using a direct voting system elected 759 Legislative Representatives. Using the Republic's then 461 million population to calculate, on average 600,000 people elected one representative in the Legislative Yuan. The election along with the one held for the National Assembly also made China the largest democracy at the time.


1948 Chinese legislative election
The newly elected Legislative Yuan met for the first time on 21 May. Over a year later, the Communists overran the mainland, forcing the Nationalist government to flee to Taiwan. To date, the 1948 election is the last contested election held on the mainland.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Background
In 1928, the Nationalist government completed the Northern Expedition and after achieving unification in the name of China, initiated the "Political Tutelage" period and created the Legislative Yuan. But the Legislative Representatives at the time were not elected, but appointed by the Nationalist government for a 2-year term. There were initially 49 seats, but it was increased to the 194 seats before the Second Sino-Japanese War. However, during the Second World War, the 194 Legislative Representatives selected in 1934's terms were extended until after WWII in 1947.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Background
On 1 January 1947, the Constitution of the Republic of China was published, and in the same year on 25 December promulgated. In April 1947, according to the Political Consultative Conference, the National Government was reorganized to allow other political parties (e.g. Youth Party, Democratic Socialist Party) to enter. In the beginning of 1948, according to the Constitution's Article 64, the first Constitutional Legislative Election was held. Because of the large size of the provinces, not all of the elections in the various provinces were held on the same date. The starting and ending dates were from 21 to 23 January.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Background
Because of the problems that took place during the 1947 National Assembly election (i.e. Party candidates were not nominated by their political parties, but by self-gathering voter signatures), the Nationalist Party Central Government strengthened the requirements for party member candidates.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election
In accordance to the Constitution of the Republic of China, members of the Legislative Yuan shall be elected in accordance with the following provisions:


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election
The number of women to be elected under the provinces, municipalities, and other items shall be prescribed by law. Based on the census calculations, at the time the citizen population of China numbered at 461 million, in this election 773 representatives were elected. Their numbers are as follows


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election
Campaigning: Legislative Election and Recall Law Article XII, when generating the candidates for the election, once a Candidate has over 3000 voters' signatures or been nominated by the party as candidates, he may begin campaigning. Those who have failed will not be allowed to campaign. Overseas Chinese and Occupational Groups can only campaign if they have the required number of voters. Because the constitution has just been promulgated, opposition was small, and most of the nominated candidates were from the Nationalist Party.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election process
As a process of constitutional succession, before the establishment of the elected government, in accordance with the "End of Political Tutelage Procedure Law," the first Legislative and National Assembly election is to be organized by the National Government. In accordance with the "National Assembly and Legislative Yuan Election Ordinance" from 25 June 1947, the National Government are to establish general elections at the central government office and around the various provinces, municipalities, and counties.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election process
In 1948, from 21 to 23 January, the country's 47 provinces, municipalities, 18 Mongolian Leagues, Tibetan area, domestic occupational groups, women's organisations, and overseas Chinese regions, making up nearly 200 million voters voted for their legislators. Because of the Chinese Civil War, the elections could not be held in Communist controlled areas, the National Government, through the supplementary regulations, had the people living nearest to the areas elect representation for the areas.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election process
Because the Chinese Communist Party refused to participate in the election, only the Chinese Nationalist Party, China Democratic Socialist Party, Chinese Youth Party, and other small party and independents participated. In the election, all Citizens who had gone through citizen registration at least 20 years old could vote using the "Radio, anonymous, secret" voting system. Not counting the small groups like the occupational groups and the ethnic minority groups, only those who were close to the ballot offices could participate.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election process
If using an average 30% between all of the provinces of citizens who have registered, it is estimated that 150 million people participated. Although the turn-out rate was low, this session of the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly remains to date the only session of the Greater China region that has been directly elected.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Election process
Also, Sinkiang Province had 6 seats, but 1 seat of the Yitaasan district was reserved to elected, so only 5 were elected from the Province; Tibet Area originally were given 5 seats, but because the Kashag did not report the list on time, 3 of the Tibetan representatives in the Capital filled in the seats, and Tibet had 2 vacant seats; Overseas Chinese Citizens had 19 seats, but only districts 6 to 13's votes were counted, electing 8 representatives with 11 vacancies. In total, there were 14 vacancies.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath
In 1948, 759 members were elected to the First Legislative Yuan under the rule of the recently promulgated Constitution of the Republic of China. The members convened of their own accord on 8 May in the National Assembly Hall of Nanking and held six preparatory meetings during which Dr. Ko Sun (son of Sun Yat-sen) and Mr. Li-fu Chen were elected President and Vice President respectively. On 18 May, the first meeting of the first session of the First Legislative Yuan officially inaugurated 21 standing committees in operation.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1950
Owing to the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists, led by the Kuomintang, and the Communists, led by the Chinese Communist Party, the central government was moved to Taipei in 1950. Of the 759 legislators, 380 followed the government to Taiwan. On 24 February of the same year, the remaining legislators gathered for its first meeting of the fifth session at the Sun Yat-sen Hall in Taipei. Before long the Legislative Yuan voted to revise its organization law and reduced the number of the standing committees to 12; at the same time, it set up other ad hoc committees. In 1960, the Legislative Yuan moved to its current location on Chungshan South Road.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1951
The term of the First Legislative Yuan members was supposed to have expired by May 1951, had it not been for a major national conflict that made impossible an election as required by law for the next Legislative Yuan. Accordingly, the Council of Grand Justices of the Judicial Yuan passed the No. 31 Interpretation of the Constitution to justify and legalize continuous performance of these members elected in 1948.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1951
During this extended tenure, however, 11 additional members were elected in 1969 to the Legislative Yuan according to the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion" to perform their functions together with those remaining members elected in 1948. This situation resulted in a de facto dictatorship led by President Chiang Kai-shek and his cabinet, which lasted until his death and continued under Yen Chia-kan and Chiang Ching-kuo. While the Legislative Yuan seldom rejected measures proposed by the Executive Yuan, it became on the few places where political dissension was formally permitted (as guaranteed by the Constitution). Besides members of the Kuomintang, only members of political parties formed before 1948, such as (Chinese Youth Party and China Democratic Socialist Party) or independents were allowed to be candidates. Organized independents (Tangwai, "who are outside the party") where not tolerated during this period of time.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1972
In December 1972, the Legislative Yuan was invigorated with 51 additional members of three-year term elected in accordance with the amended "Temporary Provisions...". Subsequently, in December 1975, 52 members were elected and sworn in on 1 February in the following year. The election slated for December 1978 was suspended until 20 November 1980, because of the severance of diplomatic relations between the Republic of China and the United States of America.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1972
Yet the number of members elected in that election was increased to 97 in accordance with the "Election and Recall Law During the Period of General National Mobilization for the Suppression of Communist Rebellion". From then onward, 98 members in 1983, 100 members in 1986 and 130 members in 1989 were elected respectively and sworn in on 1 February 1984, 1987 and 1990.


1948 Chinese legislative election, Aftermath, 1991
On 31 December 1991, all remaining veteran members elected in 1948 finally retired, and the legislative power was taken over by the 130 additional members elected in 1989.


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
Because the election dates of the two elections are almost the same, it is difficult to determine which election is depicted in the pictures, as a result the pictures are placed together into the same gallery.


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
Boy Scouts standing in front the door of a polling office in Shanghai


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
Government Officials explaining to people the rules of the voting process


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
A group of professors of the Jiaotong University of Shanghai casting their votes


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
A picture of city folks voting, this is the first time in the history of China that the members of the National Assembly are directly elected


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
The Nationalist Party flag on the left of the Founding Father Sun Yat-sen's portrait has been replaced by the National Flag, signaling the end of the Political Tutelage Period.


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
Women from the farming villages also has received voting rights


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
President of the Examination Yuan Yu Youren casting his vote


1948 Chinese legislative election, National Assembly and Legislature Election Gallery
Kuomintang Party Secretary Wu Tiecheng gets in line with commoners to vote


1948 Chinese legislative election, Previous and next legislative elections
There were some regime changes happened in China during the first half of the 20th century. Depends on the definition, possible previous and next elections for legislatures with similar functions are listed below.


1948 Chinese presidential election
The 1948 Chinese presidential election was held on April 20, 1948 at the National Assembly House in Nanking. The election was conducted by the National Assembly to elect the President and Vice President of China. This is the first election under the newly adopted 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China.


1948 Chinese presidential election
This indirect elections were held during the Chinese Civil War. Chiang Kai-shek, the incumbent leader of the Nationalist government, won a landslide victory against the same party candidate Ju Zheng in the presidential election. However, Sun Fo, Chiang's preferred Vice-Presidential candidate, was defeated by General Li Zongren in the vice-presidential elections.


1948 Chinese presidential election
Chiang and Li inaugurated at the Presidential Palace in Nanking on May 20, 1948. This also marked the transition of Nationalist government to the constitutional government.


1948 Chinese presidential election
To date these are the only free elections in the entire country. Elections were not held again until 1996 as these are only held in the Taiwan area only.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Overview
After the Northern Expedition, the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government acquired control of a unified China nominally. The party began to draft a constitution to transit the government from tutelage period to constitutional period, according to the political philosophy of Sun Yat-sen.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Overview
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, China established a close partnership with the United States and was given military and financial supports. George Marshall was appointed ambassador to Chongqing, the wartime capital, as to broker a negotiation between the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) and Communist Party after the war. Two parties agreed to rebuild the country with democratization and military nationalization.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Overview
Simultaneously, the Nationalist government continued to draft the Constitution of the Republic of China, however it was boycotted by the Communists and the full-scale Chinese Civil War was resumed.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Electors
The election was conducted by the National Assembly in its meeting place National Assembly House in Nanking. There were 2,961 delegates elected during the 1947 Chinese National Assembly election for the 3,045 seats. In total, there were 2,859 delegates reported to the secretariat to attend this first session of the first National Assembly.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Electors
The election regulations has a 50% requirement for the President and Vice President to be elected. Since there were 3,045 seats in the National Assembly, the candidates shall get 1,523 votes to be elected. This requirement can be relieved if no candidate passed this threshold in the first three rounds of vote.


1948 Chinese presidential election, Previous and next elections
There were some regime changes in China during the first half of the 20th century. Depending on the definition, possible previous and next elections for the leader of China are listed below.


1948 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1948 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1948 college football season. The Bearcats were led by head coach Ray Nolting and compiled a 3–6–1 record.


1948 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1948 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished seventh in the National League with a record of 64–89, 27 games behind the Boston Braves. This season was the first wherein the Reds were broadcast on television all over Cincinnati via WLWT, with a television simulcast of the radio commentary from WCPO with Waite Hoyt in the booth.


1948 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 Claxton Shield
The 1948 Claxton Shield (at the time known as either the 1948 Australian Carnival or the 1948 Interstate Carnival) was the ninth annual Claxton Shield, an Australian national baseball tournament. It was held in Perth, Western Australia from 7 to 14 August, and was won by Victoria for the second time overall, successfully defending their title from 1947. The other participants were South Australia, New South Wales, and hosts Western Australia.


1948 Claxton Shield, Format
As had been the case in all previous tournaments where there had been four teams, each team played a round-robin schedule, meeting each other team once, with two competition points were on offer in each game. The points were awarded as follows:


1948 Claxton Shield, Format
At the end of these preliminary games, the top two teams played each other to determine the champions, while the remaining two teams faced each other to determine third place.


1948 Claxton Shield, All-Australian team
At the conclusion of the tournament, representatives from the Australian Baseball Council selected an All-Australian team. It was the fourth such Australian team selected at the end of a Claxton Shield tournament.


1948 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1948 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson College in the Southern Conference during the 1948 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Frank Howard, the team compiled an 11–0 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the Southern Conference championship, was ranked No. 11 in the final AP Poll, defeated Missouri in the 1949 Gator Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 274 to 76. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina. Memorial Stadium hosted its first night game in the opener against Presbyterian College.


1948 Clemson Tigers football team
The team's statistical leaders included tailback Bobby Gage with 799 passing yards and wingback Ray Mathews with 646 rushing yards and 78 points scored (13 touchdowns).


1948 Clemson Tigers football team
Bob Martin and Phil Prince were the team captains. Guard Frank Gillespie and back Bobby Gage were selected as first-team players on the 1948 All-Southern Conference football team. Seven Clemson players were named to the All-South Carolina football team for 1948: tackle Phil Prince and Tom Salisbury; guard Frank Gillespie; center Gene Moore; and backs Bobby Gage, Ray  Mathews, and Fred Cone.


1948 Clemson Tigers football team
Prince would become interim president of Clemson during the 1994-95 school year.


1948 Clemson Tigers football team, Schedule
The Mississippi State was mentioned in Jerry Clower's Country Ham album in 1974. Clower played with Mississippi State and mentioned Cone during the comedy routine.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
The 1948 Cleveland Browns season was the team's third in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC). After winning the AAFC crown in 1946 and 1947, the league's first two years of existence, the Browns repeated as champions in 1948 and had a perfect season, winning all of their games.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
The season began with a number of roster moves, including the addition of linebacker Alex Agase and halfbacks Ara Parseghian and Dub Jones. Following training camp and two preseason games, the Browns began the regular season with a win against the Buffalo Bills. Led by quarterback Otto Graham, fullback Marion Motley and ends Mac Speedie and Dante Lavelli, the Browns followed with a string of victories leading up to a November matchup with the San Francisco 49ers.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
Both teams had perfect records to that point, the 49ers relying heavily on the offensive production of quarterback Frankie Albert and end Alyn Beals to win their first 10 games. The Browns beat the 49ers 14–7, and followed two weeks later with another narrow victory over San Francisco, their closest competition in the AAFC in 1948.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
By the end of the season, the Browns had a perfect 14–0 record and led the league's Western Division, setting up a championship-game matchup with the Bills, who had won a playoff to take the Eastern Division. Cleveland beat Buffalo 49–7 in December to win the championship and preserve its unbeaten record. After the season, Graham, Motley and Speedie were included in many news organizations' All-Pro teams, alongside several other teammates. Graham was named the co-Most Valuable Player of the league alongside Albert. Browns games were televised for the first time in 1948.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
The season is recognized as perfect by the Pro Football Hall of Fame, although the National Football League (NFL), which absorbed the Browns when the AAFC dissolved in 1949, does not recognize it. Ohio senator Sherrod Brown wrote a letter to NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in 2008 asking the league to officially recognize AAFC team statistics, including the perfect season. The 2007 New England Patriots were vying to complete a 19–0 season at the time and join the 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only teams to register a perfect record.


1948 Cleveland Browns season
In the 2017 NFL season, the Browns went 0–16, becoming the first team in NFL history to have both a winless season and a perfect season.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason and roster moves
Cleveland finished the 1947 season with a 12–1–1 win-loss-tie record and beat the New York Yankees to win its second straight AAFC championship. While the team was successful in those first two years of existence, head coach Paul Brown made numerous roster changes before the 1948 season. He brought in linebacker Alex Agase and defensive tackle Chubby Grigg via a trade with the Chicago Rockets. Tommy James, a defensive back who stayed with the team through the 1955 season, came from the National Football League's Detroit Lions. Defensive back Warren Lahr also joined the team but did not play in 1948 after breaking a leg in the preseason.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason and roster moves
Offensive additions included halfback Ara Parseghian and quarterback George Terlep, but the most significant signing of the year was Dub Jones. Brown got Jones – who had a long and successful career in Cleveland – in a trade with the Brooklyn Dodgers for the rights to select Bob Chappuis in the 1947 AAFC Draft. Author Andy Piasick describes this trade as one of the most astute in Browns history. The Browns also signed quarterback Y. A. Tittle from Louisiana State University, but were forced to send him to the Baltimore Colts as part of an effort to balance talent among the AAFC's teams during the league's third year of play.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason and roster moves
Browns center Mike Scarry left before the season to become the head coach at Western Reserve. Frank Gatski took over at the position after Scarry's retirement. Don Greenwood, a halfback who featured in the team's first two seasons, retired after sustaining a serious cheekbone injury in 1947 and accepted a job as head football coach at Cuyahoga Falls High School in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Browns games were televised for the first time in 1948 on 84 stations across the country. Only away games were shown in northeast Ohio; they were presented by Bob Neal and Stan Gee, who had announced Browns games on WGAR-AM radio in 1946 and 1947.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Offseason and roster moves
The entry of a new ownership group of the Brooklyn Dodgers in the offseason that included Branch Rickey affected the Browns' schedule in 1948. Rickey, an executive for baseball's Brooklyn Dodgers, convinced Brown to schedule a late-season road trip during which Cleveland would play three teams in eight days: the New York Yankees, the Los Angeles Dons and the San Francisco 49ers. The plan was part of an effort to bring more attention to the AAFC and help attendance by sending its most successful team on a cross-country road trip, a strategy that had worked in baseball.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Preseason game summaries
Cleveland held its training camp at the campus of Bowling Green State University, as it had the previous two years. Two preseason games were scheduled, one against the Buffalo Bills at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio and a second against the Baltimore Colts at the Glass Bowl in Toledo, Ohio.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Preseason game summaries, Week 1: vs. Buffalo Bills
Cleveland's first preseason game was a victory over the Bills in Akron. The Browns scored three touchdowns in the first quarter, first on an interception return by Cliff Lewis and then on a pair of passes from quarterback Otto Graham to Dean Sensanbaugher and Mac Speedie. Sensanbaugher scored another touchdown in the second quarter on a pass from Lewis, who came in to substitute for Graham. By the time fullback Marion Motley ran for a short touchdown in the third quarter to make the score 35–0, coach Paul Brown had pulled most of the team's starters.


1948 Cleveland Browns season, Preseason game summaries, Week 1: vs. Buffalo Bills
Buffalo proceeded to mount a comeback, scoring one touchdown in the third quarter and two in the fourth. Buffalo's final score came on a punt return received by Rex Bumgardner. As he was about to be tackled at the Cleveland 20-yard line, Bumgardner pitched the ball to teammate Bill Heywood, who ran the rest of the way for the touchdown. Cleveland and Buffalo both had 12 first downs and 206 yards of rushing, but the Browns had 159 yards of passing to Buffalo's 127, helping secure the 35–21 win.