1942 Belize hurricane, Impact
Damage on deep soils was largely from breakage while on shallow soils mostly from wind throw. Tides along the coast split Caye Caulker into three separate islands and swept away "everything in its path". Overall, damage totaled approximately $4 million, with $1 million to private and public property, including buildings and dwellings. The remaining $3 million in damage was incurred to coconuts and other crops; this total possibly includes damage to the mahogany and chicle industries.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike
The 1942 Betteshanger Miners' Strike took place in January 1942 at the Betteshanger colliery in Kent, England. The strike had its origins in a switch to a new coalface, No. 2 . This face was much narrower and harder to work than the previous face and outputs were reduced. The miners proved unable to meet management production quotas and the mine owners refused to pay the previously agreed minimum daily wage, alleging deliberate slow working. An arbitrator called in to review the dispute ruled that the quotas were achievable. The miners disagreed and went on strike from 9 January.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike
Under wartime regulations, Order 1305, striking was illegal unless the matter had been referred to the Ministry of Labour and National Service for settlement. Prosecutions were made against the strikers; three union officials were imprisoned and 1,085 men fined. The prosecutions hardened the strikers' attitudes and after the strike entered its third week the government began negotiations. A settlement was reached to reinstate the minimum wage and for the men to return to work on 29 January. The imprisoned men received a royal pardon on 2 February and the fines were remitted in July 1943.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
In order to maintain production outputs during the Second World War the British government passed the Conditions of Employment and National Arbitration Order 1940, commonly referred to as Order 1305. This made it an offence for workers to go on strike unless the Ministry of Labour and National Service failed to refer a labour dispute for settlement by a National Arbitration Tribunal within 21 days. The order had the support of the ministry's National Joint Consultative Committee which included representation from the British Employers' Confederation and the Trades Union Congress.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
Betteshanger was the largest colliery in the Kent Coalfield, employing thousands of miners working a seam some 1,500 feet (460 m) below ground level. The mine had a reputation for militancy as many of the miners who took up jobs there after its opening in 1927 had been blacklisted from mines in other parts of the country for their actions during the 1926 general strike. The miners had held a strike in 1938 over the treatment of young employees at the colliery.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
The 1942 strike had its origins in a decision by the mineowners to open up a new coalface, known as No. 2 Face, in November 1941. It proved difficult to achieve the mine manager's output quota of 4 long tons (4.1 t) per day from the new coalface. The management claimed this was because the miners were deliberately working slowly but the miners claimed it was because of difficult working conditions. The coal seam at No. 2 Face was unusually variable and working conditions there changed on a weekly basis.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
The miners claimed that at times the seam was as little as 2 feet (0.61 m) high, requiring the men to work on their knees in a confined space. There were also complaints about air quality and faulty equipment, which the miners claimed cost an hour each shift to repair. The miners alleged that the management had started work on the difficult No.2 Face to allow the more productive and easier to work Eastern Face to be closed off. This was allegedly to save the Eastern Face for exploitation after the war, when government subsidies would be withdrawn.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
The mine managers refused to accept the arguments put forward by the miners and took action; instead of paying the minimum wage, which had been set by agreements dating to 1933, the management stated they would only pay a piecework rate for the coal actually produced. The miners' union disputed this but failed to make progress and the union branch president and secretary both resigned over the matter. The Board of Trade's Department of Mines agreed to arbitrate in the dispute and sent Sir Charles Doughty to decide on the matter.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Background
Doughty was a veteran arbitrator and solicitor with experience in coal mining, though only in the north-west of England. Doughty ruled, on 19 December, that the 4-ton target for No.2 Face was achievable and that the rate per ton paid by the mine was generous. He did recommend that an additional bonus of 1 shilling 1 pence (£0.05) be paid for coal produced from No. 2 Face in recognition of the difficult working conditions.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Strike
The colliery management implemented the wage reductions on 8 January and, after discovering this, the miners commenced strike action the following morning. Bornstein (1986) records that 1,600 miners went on strike while Mak (2015) states there were 2,000, and this did not include the workers on the surface who were prevented from working due to the cessation of the coal supply. The strike attracted some attention, strikers were interviewed by the social research organisation Mass-Observation, and there was much press coverage, most of which was unfavourable and described the miners as unpatriotic for striking during a time of total war. The miners disputed the press claims and noted that they had continued to work the mine during air raids, including one that hit the colliery buildings, and that 250 miners had joined the Home Guard and continued to report for duty throughout the strike.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Strike
It was decided to instigate prosecutions against the striking miners, though Minister of Labour and National Service Ernest Bevin advised against this. One legal issue was that Order 1305 had been drafted in haste and was vaguely worded. There was concern that some miners may not have been aware that it was illegal to strike and the Department of Mines sent officers to explain this to the miners. The strike continued and a trial was held at Canterbury on 23 January. The miners held a procession to the court accompanied by bands and crowds of women and children. The miners particularly feared a prison sentence which would prevent them from finding work at other mines.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Strike
The three union branch leaders involved in the strike faced civil charges for breach of contract as well as criminal charges under Order 1305 and under regulation 58AA of the Defence Regulations. The civil prosecution proceeded first and the prosecution set out its case focusing on the alleged unpatriotic conduct of the miners. The prosecution then withdrew the charges, which prevented the defendants from responding to the allegations.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Strike
The criminal case focused on the legal question of whether the miners had given the required 21 days' notice to the ministry for arbitration and not on the rights and wrongs of the pay dispute. The defendants were found guilty. One official was sentenced to two months' imprisonment with hard labour and the other two received one-month sentences. The 35 miners working on No. 2 Face received £3 fines and 1,050 other striking miners were fined £1. The fines, if not paid, would result in imprisonment with hard labour. One of the union officials imprisoned, Tudor Davies, was well known in the community and was himself a justice of the peace.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Resolution
The Ministry of Labour and the Home Office received a record number of letters in support of the strikers and stating that the sentences imposed by the court were excessive. Before the trial some miners had considered abandoning the strike and returning to work. Their families were suffering through a cold winter without coal, usually obtained at a subsidy from the mine, and some had resorted to furniture and floor boards. However, the trial and sentences passed seem to have hardened their position; a vote among the men on 26 January confirmed that the strike would proceed into a third week. Other pits in the region held one-day strikes in sympathy with the Betteshanger workers.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Resolution
The government were keen to end the strike over fears it could spread to other mines and threaten production at a key point of the war. Negotiations between secretary for Mines David Rhys Grenfell, secretary of the Mineworkers' Federation of Great Britain Ebby Edwards and the three imprisoned officials were held at Maidstone Prison and a settlement reached on 28 January. The mine owners agreed to pay a minimum wage provided the miners agreed to submit to judgement by an adjudicator in cases when the management considered work was intentionally slowed. The officials agreed to this and a subsequent vote by the miners also approved the terms, with the men returning to work the following day.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Resolution
The terms agreed were an almost complete acceptance of the miners' original demands. Grenfell petitioned the Home Office to free the three officials; on 2 February, after 11 days in prison with hard labour (sewing mail bags), the men received a pardon from George VI and were released. Of those sentenced for participating in the strike only nine paid the fines. Struggling to find prison places for the remainder, and fearing a resumption of the strike, the government remitted the fines in July 1943. A contemporary Daily Express article claimed the strike cost the war effort 9,000 long tons (9,100 t) of coal production.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Aftermath
The three officials were the last men to be sentenced to imprisonment under Order 1305 during the war; others would spend time in prison for these offences but only as a result of non-payment of fines. The Betteshanger strike was the most publicised strike of the war and the only one to affect coal mines during the Second World War. The government deliberately limited production quotas after works resumed at Betteshanger, restricting the productivity of the mine. The mine maintained its militant tradition and was the last in the country to return to work after the 1984–85 miners' strike. The colliery, the last remaining in Kent, was closed in 1989.


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Aftermath
Order 1305 was not repealed until 1951. Though intended to limit the number of strikes, the frequency during its period of operation (1940–51) was actually greater than in the period 1931–39. Because of this the 1968 Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations cited Order 1305 and the Betteshanger strike as an example of the ineffectiveness of outlawing strikes. However Bogg et al (2020)


1942 Betteshanger miners' strike, Aftermath
note that, as the economic conditions experienced during the Order 1305 era meant that strikes were more powerful during this time than previously, it is possible that without the order there would have been more strikes. In all, some 109 prosecutions against 6,000 workers were brought during the Second World War, though many were dropped entirely or the defendants merely bound over to keep the peace.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1942 Big Ten Conference football season was the 47th season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1942 college football season.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, led by head coach Paul Brown, compiled a 9–1, led the Big Ten in scoring offense (33.7 points per game), won the conference championship, and was ranked No. 1 in the final AP Poll. The Buckeyes' only loss was by a 17–7 score against Wisconsin at Camp Randall Stadium. Tackle Charles Csuri received the team's most valuable player award. Halfback Les Horvath went on to win the 1943 Heisman Trophy.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season
Wisconsin, under head coach Harry Stuhldreher, compiled an 8–1–1 record, led the conference in scoring defense (6.8 points per game allowed), and was ranked No. 3 in the final AP Poll. The Badgers played Notre Dame to a 7–7 and suffered its sole loss on the road against Iowa. End Dave Schreiner was a consensus first-team All-American and received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season
Michigan, under head coach Fritz Crisler, compiled a 7–3 record and was ranked No. 9 in the final AP Poll. Two Michigan linemen, tackle Al Wistert and guard Julius Franks (Michigan's first African-American All-American), were selected as consensus first-team All-Americans.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games
During the 1942 season, the Big Ten maintained its long-standing ban on postseason games. Accordingly, no Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Big Ten players
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press (UP) as first-team players on the 1942 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
At the end of the 1942 season, Big Ten players secured five of the 12 consensus first-team picks for the 1942 College Football All-America Team. The Big Ten's consensus All-Americans were:


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
Other Big Ten players who were named first-team All-Americans by at least one selector were:


1942 Big Ten Conference football season, 1943 NFL Draft
The following Big Ten players were selected in the first 10 rounds of the 1943 NFL Draft:


1942 Birthday Honours
The King's Birthday Honours 1942 were appointments by King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by members of the British Empire. They were published on 5 June 1942 for the United Kingdom and Canada.


1942 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1942 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1942 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George VI, were appointments made by the King to various orders and honours. The awards were made in recognition of war service by New Zealanders and were announced on 11 June 1942. No civilian awards were made.


1942 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1942 Bolivian legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bolivia in May 1927 to elect members of the National Congress.


1942 Boston Braves season
The 1942 Boston Braves season was the 72nd in franchise history.


1942 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston Braves season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1942 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1942 college football season. The Eagles were led by second-year head coach Denny Myers, and played all of their regular season games at Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts.


1942 Boston College Eagles football team
Boston College won its first 8 games of the season, climbing to #1 in the AP Poll. All the Eagles needed to do to secure its first ever AP national championship, was to beat rival Holy Cross (4–4–1) in the final game of the regular season. The result, however, was a stunning rout loss, 12–55. The Eagles team canceled their planned post-game celebration at the Cocoanut Grove nightclub in Boston, which inadvertently saved the team from perishing along with 492 others in the Cocoanut Grove fire that occurred that night.


1942 Boston College Eagles football team
Team co-captain and fullback Mike Holovak was the undisputed star of the team, earning consensus All-America honors and finishing fourth in Heisman Trophy voting. He finished his career as Boston College's all-time leading rusher, with 2,011 yards and 23 touchdowns. Holovak returned to coach the Eagles from 1951 to 1959.


1942 Boston College Eagles football team
The Eagles received an invitation to play in the Orange Bowl on New Years Day, where they lost to Alabama, 21–37.


1942 Boston Red Sox season
The 1942 Boston Red Sox season was the 42nd season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished second in the American League (AL) with a record of 93 wins and 59 losses, nine games behind the New York Yankees.


1942 Boston Red Sox season
Red Sox left fielder Ted Williams won the Triple Crown, leading the AL in home runs (36), runs batted in (137), and batting average (.356).


1942 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1942 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1942 college football season. The team compiled a 4–5 record and were outscored by a total of 94 to 88.


1942 Boston University Terriers football team
Walt Holmer was hired as the team's head coach in January 1942. He replaced Pat Hanley who was called to duty with the Marine Corps. Holmer had been the team's backfield coach for the prior eight years. Holmer later resigned his post in March 1943 to enter the Naval Reserve.


1942 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1942 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State College (later renamed Bowling Green State University) as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its second season under head coach Robert Whittaker, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 135 to 55. Ralph Quesinberry was the team captain.


1942 British Honduras general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council consisted of six elected members, four members appointed by the Governor, three officials (the Attorney General, the Colonial Secretary and the Financial Secretary) and the Governor, who served as president. The elected members were elected from five constituencies, one of which (Belize) had two seats.


1942 British Honduras general election, Electoral system
Voting was limited to British subjects or people who had lived in the territory for at least three years and who were aged 21 or over and met one of the financial requirements, which included paying an annual property tax of at least $6, paying at least $96 in rent a year, or being in receipt of an annual salary of at least $300. Anyone who had received poor relief from public funds in the three months prior to voter registration was ineligible. As a result of the criteria, only 1,383 people from a population of 61,723 were registered to vote.


1942 British Honduras general election, Results
The nominated members were appointed on 27 May, with James Wilson Macmillan, Calvert Milford Staine, Neil Stuart Stevenson and Arthur Norman Wolffsohn appointed.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season
The 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their 13th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous season's output of 7–4, winning only three games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 11th consecutive season and were shut out in five of their eleven games.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1942 Brooklyn Dodgers team won 104 games in the season, but fell two games short of the St. Louis Cardinals in the National League pennant race. The Dodgers' 104 wins tied the 1909 Chicago Cubs for the most wins by a team that failed to finish first in its league (or, since 1969, division); this record lasted until 2021, when the Los Angeles Dodgers won 106 games but finished a game behind the San Francisco Giants in the NL West.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
The Dodgers were 73–30 and 10 games ahead on August 4, but the Cardinals went on to win 45 of their last 56 to grab the NL title. To exacerbate the problem, the Dodgers had also dropped several close games to St. Louis in September.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Regular season
Defending NL batting champ Pete Reiser, hitting .380, was sidelined in mid-season after repeatedly crashing into the unpadded outfield wall in Ebbets Field. While he recovered from a fractured skull, Brooklyn could not keep up their early pace. A healthy Reiser may very well have made up the two-game difference.


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; CG = Complete games; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Bases on balls; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Brown Bears football team
The 1942 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1942 college football season.


1942 Brown Bears football team
In their second season under head coach Jacob N. "Skip" Stahley, the Bears compiled a 4–4 record, and were outscored 114 to 96 by opponents. Team captains were named on a game-by-game basis.


1942 Brown Bears football team
Brown played its home games at Brown Stadium on the East Side of Providence, Rhode Island.


1942 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1942 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Al Humphreys, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record.


1942 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1942 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1942 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Jim Peele, the team compiled a 6–2 record. The team played its home games at Civic Stadium in Buffalo, New York.


1942 Bulgarian Cup
The 1942 Bulgarian Cup was the 5th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Tsar's Cup). Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Sportklub Plovdiv in the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia.


1942 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1942 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 5th final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Tsar's Cup), and was contested between Levski Sofia and Sportklub Plovdiv on 3 October 1942 at Yunak Stadium in Sofia. Levski won the final 3–0 (walkover), claiming their first ever Bulgarian Cup title.


1942 Bulgarian State Football Championship
The 1942 Bulgarian State Football Championship was the 18th season of the Bulgarian State Football Championship.


1942 Bulgarian State Football Championship
Defending champions were Slavia Sofia. It was contested by 22 teams, and Levski Sofia won the championship. Besides teams from the present borders of Bulgaria, the 1942 season also involved teams from the areas under Bulgarian administration during much of World War II. The football clubs from Prilep, Bitola and Skopje in Vardar Macedonia took part in the competition, with Makedonia Skopie even reaching the final.


1942 CCNY Beavers football team
The 1942 CCNY Beavers football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In their first season under head coach Doc Alexander, the team compiled a 1–7–1 record.


1942 Cal Aggies football team
The 1942 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1942 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1942 Cal Aggies football team
In this abbreviated season, the Aggies were led by sixth-year head coach Vern Hickey. They played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California. The Aggies finished with a record of one win and six losses (1–6, 0–2 FWC). They were outscored by their opponents 51–79 for the 1942 season. Like most universities, the Aggies did not play in the 1943 to 1945 seasons due to World War II.


1942 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1943 NFL Draft.


1942 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1942 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School during the 1942 college football season. They continued as an independent until the 1946 season.


1942 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by first-year head coach Bob Dakan (in his only year as head coach) and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins and three losses (4–3). Overall, the Mustangs outscored their opponents 179–105 for the season.


1942 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
Due to World War II, Cal Poly would not field another team until 1945.


1942 California Golden Bears football team
The 1942 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley during the 1942 college football season. Under head coach Stub Allison, the team compiled an overall record of 5–5 and 3–4 in conference.


1942 California gubernatorial election
The 1942 California gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1942. Earl Warren won and became the 30th governor of California.


1942 Camp Davis Fighting AA's football team
The 1942 Camp Davis Fighting AA's football team represented Camp Davis during the 1942 college football season. The Fighting AA's compiled a 4–3–2 record, outscored their opponents by a total of 119 to 104 , and shut out three opponents. They would be ranked No. 16 in the Associated Press post-season poll for service academies.


1942 Camp Grant Warriors football team
The 1942 Camp Grant Warriors football team represented the United States Army's Camp Grant during the 1942 college football season. In 1942, Camp Grant used for basic training and training of Army medical corpsmen. It was located in the southern outskirts of Rockford, Illinois, approximately 90 miles west of Chicago. The 1942 football team compiled a 4–5 record and was ranked No. 7 among the service teams in a poll of 91 sports writers conducted by the Associated Press.


1942 Camp Grant Warriors football team
Glen Rose, who was the head basketball coach at Arkansas before the war, was the team's head coach. Notable players included Reino Nori (quarterback, Chicago Bears), Sam Goldman (end, Washington Redskins), end Doug Renzel (end, Marquette), and Jim Cary (back, Purdue).


1942 Campeonato Carioca
The 1942 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on April 5, 1942 and ended on October 11. The final standings were delayed 140 days, as Botafogo challenged the result of their loss to São Cristóvão in court, ultimately losing. Flamengo won the tournament for their 8th time. Botafogo finished runners-up.


1942 Campeonato Carioca, Format
The tournament was disputed in a triple round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title. No teams were relegated.


1942 Campeonato Paulista
The 1942 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the Federação Paulista de Futebol, was the 41st season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Palmeiras won the title for the 9th time, its first title under its new name. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was Corinthians's Milani with 24 goals.


1942 Campeonato Paulista, Championship
The championship was disputed in a double-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite
A plebiscite on conscription was held in Canada on 27 April 1942. It was held in response to the Conservative Party lobbying Mackenzie King to introduce compulsory overseas military service, the government having previously promised not to introduce same in 1940. The result was 66% voting in favour, with Quebec being the only province to have a majority voting against. Quebec's strong majority against the commitment's release prompted Mackenzie King not to pursue the issue until later events prompted a change in position.


1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite, Results
Are you in favour of releasing the Government from any obligations arising out of any past commitments restricting the methods of raising men for military service?


1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite, Results, By province
The referendum was held in all 245 electoral districts, which covered all nine provinces and one of the two territories. Residents in the Northwest Territories did not have a vote, as their area was not organized as an electoral district.


1942 Cardiff East by-election
The Cardiff East by-election, 1942 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Cardiff East on 13 April 1942.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the appointment of the sitting National Conservative MP, Owen Temple-Morris, as a county court judge.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Government
The by-election took place during the Second World War. Under an agreement between the Conservative, Labour and Liberal parties, who were participating in a wartime coalition, the party holding a seat would not be opposed by the other two at a by-election. Accordingly, it fell to the Cardiff East Conservatives to choose the successor to Temple-Morris and they unanimously selected Sir James Grigg at the request of Conservative Central Office.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Government
Grigg had been a career civil servant, had served at the Treasury and in India and had risen to become Permanent Under-Secretary of State at the War Office. In this role he worked closely and effectively with Sir Alan Brooke the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and in 1942, in an unorthodox move, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill appointed Grigg Secretary of State for War as a replacement for David Margesson whom he dismissed after the fall of Singapore to the Japanese.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Government
The timing of Temple-Morris' appointment as a judge, albeit to replace one who had died, thus creating a vacancy in Cardiff East, the appointment of Grigg as War Secretary necessitating his finding a seat in the House of Commons and the ease with which the Cardiff Tories selected Grigg as their candidate at the behest of party headquarters even though, as he admitted himself, he had no previous connection with the constituency or the Conservative Party strongly suggests that the whole process was engineered by the government.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Government
Underlining his lack of party political credentials, Grigg stated that he intended to stand in the by-election as a National candidate without other party label. He said that as a civil servant of 30 years standing it would be unfair to the service to adopt a party affiliation and he said he had none. He declared that he wanted to be the party of national unity at a time of national emergency and that the war had to be won as a nation not by any party ticket.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
In accordance with the wartime electoral truce, the Labour and Liberal parties declined to stand candidates but Grigg was opposed by a representative of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), Fenner Brockway. Brockway was originally a journalist but became active on the left of British politics. He had been a pacifist and was imprisoned during World War I for opposing conscription and later for being a conscientious objector but his anti-fascism, particularly his support for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War softened his anti-militarism.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Candidates, Independent Labour Party
He had been Labour MP for Leyton East from 1929 to 1931 but after the 1931 general election the ILP disaffiliated en masse from the Labour Party and formed a separate political party. Brockway also fought elections unsuccessfully for the ILP at West Ham, Upton in 1934 in a by-election; at Norwich in the 1935 general election and at Lancaster at a by-election in 1941.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Issues
The main election issue was the prosecution and conduct of the war. Grigg declared his support for the armed forces and his plans to improve equipment and training and he promised to continue to develop new weapons and devices by involving scientists in the war effort. He urged the press to cease attacks on the military leadership and the performance of the armed forces, accusing those parts of the media who did so of doing Hitler's work.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Issues
In his election address Grigg wholeheartedly associated himself and his candidacy in the by-election with the fight to rid the world of Nazi and Japanese domination and to build from the wreck of the old world a better and more just new one with equality of opportunity for all. Grigg also fired a similar salvo at Brockway, claiming that he was opposed to Britain's fighting the war and warned that unless Brockway was defeated decisively, Britain's enemies would be encouraged.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, Issues
In his election address, Brockway stated that the policy of a socialist Britain would not be to negotiate with Hitler but to appeal to the peoples of Europe to overthrow him. The ILP campaign emphasised the importance of socialism and the need for solidarity with the Soviet Union. However the Communists were said to be supporting the National candidate and they accused the ILP of trying to sabotage the united front against fascism. The Labour movement through the local organising secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union, John Dooley, also made clear their support of Grigg in line with official Labour Party policy.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, The result
Grigg was returned comfortably with 75% of the poll, albeit on the relatively low turnout of 33%. The by-elections of the Second World War showed evidence of the role of the war in initiating a leftward swing in British politics so pointing the way towards the coming electoral landslide for Labour in 1945. They also offered voters an opportunity to rebel against the electoral truce as the success of Common Wealth and Independent candidates in a number of wartime by-elections showed. However, Cardiff East was not one of these elections.


1942 Cardiff East by-election, The result
A genuine cross party backing for the non-partisan figure of Sir James Grigg, a patriotic desire to support Grigg in his vital position of Secretary for War and the perception of the ILP as an extremist and anti-war organisation, all combined to ensure that Cardiff East bucked the anti-government trend of a number of mostly later by-elections.


1942 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
The 1942 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan College of Education, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1942 college football season. The 1942 team was the first undefeated, untied football team in the school's history. In their sixth season under head coach Ron Finch, the Chippewas compiled a 6–0 record, shut out three opponents, held five of six opponents to fewer than seven points, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 93 to 21. The team defeated Northern Michigan (21–0), Grand Rapids Union (6–2, 20–6), Eastern Michigan (14–0), Ball State (19–13), and Wayne State (13–0).


1942 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
Right guard Warren Schmakel and end Don Provencher were the team co-captains. Schmakel was named as a first-team honoree on the Little All-America team, and fullback Harry Kaczynski received honorable mention on the same team.


1942 Central Michigan Chippewas football team
For 15 year prior to 1942, Central Michigan's athletic teams had been known as the "Bearcats". In January 1942, the school's student council voted to rename the teams the "Chippewas", because the area around the campus had for many years been the home of the Chippewa tribe of Michigan Indians.


1942 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1942 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its 12th year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 7–4 record.


1942 Chicago Bears season
The 1942 season was the Chicago Bears' 23rd in the National Football League. The team improved on their 10–1 record in 1941 and finished at 11–0, under head coach George Halas (who left for World War II in November) and temporary co-coaches Hunk Anderson and Luke Johnsos. The Bears were denied a three-peat and an undefeated season when they lost to the Washington Redskins in the year's title game. In the previous two NFL championship games, the Bears defeated the Redskins, 73–0, and then the Giants, 37–9.


1942 Chicago Bears season
The 1942 Bears were "the single most dominant team in the history of the NFL," according to Cold Hard Football Facts. "The 1942 Bears went 11–0, scored 376 points and surrendered just 84 points. That dominant team, like the undefeated 2007 Patriots, was upset in the NFL championship game."


1942 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1942 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1942 Chicago Cardinals season was the 23rd season the team was in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 3–7–1, losing eight games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 17th consecutive season.


1942 Chicago Cardinals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1942 Chicago Cubs season
The 1942 Chicago Cubs season was the 71st season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 67th in the National League and the 27th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished sixth in the National League with a record of 68–86.


1942 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Chicago White Sox season
The 1942 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox's 43rd season. They finished with a record 66–82, good enough for 6th place in the American League, 34 games behind the 1st place New York Yankees.


1942 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1942 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1942 Chichester by-election
The Chichester by-election of 1942 was held on 18 May 1942. It was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Courtauld. It was won by the Conservative candidate Lancelot Joynson-Hicks.


1942 Chichester by-election, Candidates
Under the wartime electoral truce between the Coalition government parties, Conservative candidate Lt-Cmr. Joynson-Hicks could not expect to be opposed by Labour candidates nor Liberals. He was instead opposed by two independents: A.W. Tribe and Fl-Lt. Gerald Kidd. Before the outbreak of war, Kidd had been adopted by Chichester Liberal association as their candidate for a general election expected to take place in 1939/40. Kidd was a local solicitor who joined the RAF in 1940.


1942 Chichester by-election, Candidates
The chairman of the Bognor Regis Conservative Club invited to hear the views of all three at the Club in the campaign period, whom he stated were "All conservatives...Tribe...a former secretary...Kidd...worked in the Conservative interest some years ago, but is not a member". The NFU had them address its committee and "having heard the three candidates and asked questions of them, we make no recommendations to our members". The heading "Liberal leader's message" then featured in The Times, endorsing Joynson-Hicks. Kidd was allowed to allege incompetence allowed key German warships the Gneisenau and Scharnhorst through the Channel (recently to Norway/Germany) and that he would if allowed by the RAF join the Merchant Navy, if not elected, "whose task [had] been made the more perilous"


1942 Chichester by-election, Candidates
The Times reported the outcome as "Chichester held by Government".


1942 Chichester by-election, Candidates
Kidd survived the war and polled third in the 1945 election, taking 1⁄5 of the vote, about half that of 1942, but again enough to keep his deposit.


1942 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1942 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1942 college football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1942. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1942 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1942 Wildcats were led by fourth-year head coach Roy Bohler. Chico State finished the season with a record of five wins and one loss (5–1, 1–1 FWC). The Wildcats outscored their opponents 95–45 for the season.


1942 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1943 NFL Draft.


1942 Chilean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Chile on February 1, 1942. The result was a victory for Juan Antonio Ríos of the Radical Party, who received 56% of the vote.


1942 Chilean presidential election, Electoral system
The election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates who received the most votes.


1942 Chilean presidential election, Background
In 1941, due to his rapidly escalating illness, President Pedro Aguirre Cerda appointed his Minister of the Interior, Jerónimo Méndez as vice-president and died soon after, on November 25, 1941. Aguirre Cerda's two natural successors were Juan Antonio Ríos and Gabriel González Videla, both members of his Radical Party, while the right-wing coalition was united by a common candidate, former President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who had the support of the Conservative party, Liberal Party, National Socialist Party, Popular Socialist Vanguard and the majority of the independents.


1942 Chilean presidential election, Background
Ríos started to campaign early but two days before the internal primaries of his party, Gabriel González Videla (the ambassador to Brazil) returned to Chile to dispute him the nomination. The results were too close to call, so a tribunal of honor (electoral commission) was constituted, and Juan Antonio Ríos was finally proclaimed the candidate of a left-wing coalition of parties, the Democratic Alliance, which was formed by the Radical Party, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Democratic Party and the Workers' Socialist Party.


1942 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1942 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1942 college football season. The Bearcats were led by head coach Joseph A. Meyer and compiled a 8–2 record.


1942 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1942 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 76–76, 29 games behind the St. Louis Cardinals.


1942 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1942 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football that represented Clemson College as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1942 college football season. In their third season under head coach Frank Howard, the Tigers compiled a 3–6–1 record (2–3–1 against conference opponents), finished ninth in the conference, and were outscored by a total of 138 to 100. Memorial Stadium was inaugurated September 19 with a win against Presbyterian College. Clemson's 200th win came on Big Thursday against South Carolina.


1942 Clemson Tigers football team
Charlie Wright was the team captain. The team's statistical leaders included tailback Marion Butler with 504 passing yards, 616 rushing yards and 36 points scored (6 touchdowns).


1942 Clemson Tigers football team
End Chip Clark was selected as a first-team player on the 1942 All-Southern Conference football team.


1942 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1942 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1942 Cleveland Rams season
The 1942 Cleveland Rams season was the team's sixth year with the National Football League and seventh season in Cleveland.


1942 Cleveland Rams season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1942 Cleveland Rams season, Standings
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1942 Cleveland Rams season, Standings
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1942 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1942 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its 14th season under head coach Andrew Kerr, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 172 to 104. Warren Anderson was the team captain. The team played its home games at Colgate Athletic Field in Hamilton, New York.


1942 College Football All-America Team
The 1942 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1942. The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1942 season are (1) Collier's Weekly, as selected by Grantland Rice, (2) the Associated Press, (3) the United Press, (4) the All-America Board, (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) Look magazine, (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (8) Newsweek, and (9) the Sporting News.


1942 College Football All-America Team
Two individuals were unanimous selections; they were Georgia halfback (and Heisman Trophy winner) Frank Sinkwich and Wisconsin end Dave Schreiner.


1942 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1942, the NCAA recognizes nine published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1942 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 3 May 1942. The result was a victory for Alfonso López Pumarejo of the Liberal Party, who received 58.6% of the vote. He took office on 7 August.


1942 Colombian presidential election
Pumarejo's only opponent, Carlos Arango Vélez, was also a Liberal Party member. Whilst Pumajero received support from the Communist Party, Vélez was supported by the Conservative Party.


1942 Colorado A&M Aggies football team
The 1942 Colorado A&M Aggies football team represented Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1942 college football season. In their first season under head coach Julius Wagner, the Aggies compiled a 4–3 record (2–3 against MSC opponents), finished fifth in the MSC, and were outscored by a total of 99 to 97.


1942 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1942 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1942 college football season. Head coach James J. Yeager led the team to a 5–1 mark in the MSC and 7–2 overall.


1942 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1942 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1942. Republican nominee John Charles Vivian defeated Democratic nominee Homer Bedford with 56.23% of the vote.


1942 Columbia Lions football team
The 1942 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1942 college football season. Home games were played in New York City at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan.


1942 Columbia Lions football team
Under thirteenth-year head coach Lou Little, the Lions compiled a 3–6 record and were outscored 193 to 169. The team captains were Felix Demartini and Paul Governali.


1942 Columbia Lions football team
Ken Germann led the team in scoring, with 60 points (six touchdowns). Governali, the Heisman Trophy runner-up, led in total offense, with 1,610 yards (1,442 passing, 168 rushing).


1942 Connecticut Huskies football team
The 1942 Connecticut Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut in the 1942 college football season. The Huskies were led by ninth-year head coach J. Orlean Christian and completed the season with a record of 6–2. No team would be fielded in 1943 due to World War II.


1942 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1942 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1942. It was a rematch of the 1940 Connecticut gubernatorial election. Republican nominee Raymond E. Baldwin defeated Democratic incumbent Robert A. Hurley with 48.93% of the vote.


1942 Copa Adrián Escobar Final
The 1942 Copa Adrián C. Escober Final was the final that decided the winner of the 3rd. edition of Copa Adrián C. Escobar, an Argentine domestic cup organised by the Argentine Football Association. The match was contested by the same teams of the previous final, River Plate and Huracán.


1942 Copa Adrián Escobar Final
The final was held in River Plate Stadium on December 1, 1942. Huracán took revenge from the previous edition, defeating River Plate 2–0 and winning their first Copa Escobar trophy.


1942 Copa Adrián Escobar Final, Overview
This edition was contested by the seven best placed teams of the 1942 Primera División season. River Plate, as champion, advanced directly to semifinals. The matches only lasted 40 minautes (two halves of 20' each), with some teams playing two games a day. All the matches were held in River Plate Stadium.


1942 Copa Adrián Escobar Final, Overview
In the tournament, Huracán beat Newell's Old Boys (4–2 on corner kicks awarded after finishing 0–0) and then arch-rivalSan Lorenzo de Almagro 10 (in extra time).


1942 Copa Aldao
The 1942 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the 15th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan club Nacional and Argentine side River Plate.


1942 Copa Aldao
In the first match, played at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, National beat River Plate with a conclusive 4–0 win. The second leg should have been played at San Lorenzo de Almagro Stadium in Buenos Aires, but it was never held therefore the title was not officially awarded to any team.


1942 Copa Aldao, Match details, Second leg
As the second leg was not held, no champion was proclaimed.


1942 Copa del Generalísimo
The 1942 Copa del Generalísimo was the 40th staging of the Copa del Rey, the Spanish football cup competition.


1942 Copa del Generalísimo
The competition began on 26 April 1942 and ended on 21 June 1942 with the final, where CF Barcelona won their ninth title.


1942 Copa del Generalísimo Final
The Copa del Generalísimo 1942 Final was the 40th final of the King's Cup. The final was played at Estadio Chamartín in madrid, on 21 June 1942, being won by CF Barcelona, who beat Club Atlético de Bilbao 4-3 after extra time.


1942 Coppa Italia Final
The 1942 Coppa Italia Final was the final of the 1941–42 Coppa Italia. It was held on 21 and 28 June 1942 between Milano and Juventus. The first leg, played in Milan, ended 1–1; the second leg was played seven days later in Turin, where hometown team won 4–1.


1942 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1942 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 33rd staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909.


1942 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Lough Rovers won the championship following a 3-05 to 3-02 defeat of Carrigtwohill in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1933.


1942 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1942 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 54th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 25 January 1942. The championship began on 12 April 1942 and ended on 27 September 1942.


1942 Cork Senior Football Championship
St. Nicholas' entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they surrendered their title after refusing to agree to a replay with Fermoy.


1942 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 27 September 1942, Clonakilty won the championship following a 1-08 to 1-05 defeat of Fermoy in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their first title since 1939.


1942 Cork Senior Football Championship, Format change
A motion by Fermoy to divide the county into three divisions for the purpose of playing off the championship was passed by the County Convention. The three divisions effectively operated at local level and cut down on travel costs as a time when there was strict rationing of fuel.


1942 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1942 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 54th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place at the Cork Convention on 25 January 1942. The championship began on 19 April 1942 and ended on 4 October 1942.


1942 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
Glen Rovers were the defending champions and were in search of a ninth successive championship, however, they were defeated by Ballincollig in the semi-final.


1942 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 4 October 1942, St. Finbarr's won the championship following a 5-07 to 2-02 defeat of Ballincollig in the final. This was their 11th championship title overall and their first in nine championship seasons.


1942 Cornell Big Red football team
The 1942 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Carl Snavely, the team compiled a 3–5–1 record and was outscored 148-95 by its opponents. The team captain was Roy Johnson.


1942 Cornell Big Red football team
Cornell played its home games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York.


1942 Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Comets football team
The 1942 Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Comets football team represented the United States Navy's Naval Air Station Corpus Christi during the 1942 college football season. The team compiled a 4–3–1 record and was ranked No. 10 among the service teams in a poll of 91 sports writers conducted by the Associated Press. Corpus Christi played four games against college teams from the Southwest Conference, including conference champion Texas, and four games against other service teams.


1942 Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Comets football team
Marty Karow was the head coach. Notable players included: halfback George Franck, who was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame; end Billy Dewell, who played for the Chicago Cardinals before the war; and end Ed Frutig, who played for Michigan and the Green Bay Packers before the war. Frutig was selected as the right end on the 1942 All-Navy All-America football team.


1942 Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Comets football team
"Ike" Kepford, who later shot down 17 enemy aircraft to become the Navy's leading flying ace, scored both of the Comets' touchdowns against Texas A&M, one on an interception return and the other on a pass reception.


1942 Costa Rican parliamentary election
Mid -term parliamentary elections were held in Costa Rica on 8 February 1942. The ruling Independent National Republican Party, led by President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia presented candidates throughout the country. The Workers and Farmers Party, which had been a staunch opponent of Calderon at the time, fielded candidates in every province except rural Guanacaste. In addition, the Cortesista Party of León Cortés Castro ran in Alajuela and the Democratic Party (also close to former President Cortés) in San José.


1942 Costa Rican parliamentary election
The results were a resounding success for the Independent National Republican Party, which won a large majority. However, the elections were heavily criticised and were accused of involving fraudulent behaviour by most other parties.


1942 Cotton Bowl Classic
The 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic, part of the 1941 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1942, at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the Texas A&M Aggies, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC) as conference champions. Alabama won the game 29–21.


1942 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Alabama
The 1941 Alabama squad finished the regular season with an 8–2 record. The Crimson Tide also finished third in SEC play with losses to Vanderbilt and conference champion Mississippi State. Following their victory over Miami, Alabama accepted an invitation to play in the Cotton Bowl on New Years Day on December 1. The appearance marked the first for Alabama in the Cotton Bowl, and the first bowl game played outside the Rose Bowl Game.


1942 Cotton Bowl Classic, Teams, Texas A&M
Texas A&M finished the regular season with a 9–1 with its lone defeat coming against Texas. The appearance marked the second for the Aggies in the Cotton Bowl, as they defeated Fordham 13–12 in the 1941 game.


1942 Cotton Bowl Classic, Game summary
In a game statistically tilted toward the Aggies, Alabama won 29–21, after racing to a 29–7 lead. Alabama then inserted its third-string, allowing for Texas A&M's late scoring. Alabama had only one first down to A&M's 13; however, under the Southwest Conference rules in 1942, touchdown runs and pass plays were not counted as first downs; Alabama also had 59 rushing yards to A&M's 115; and 16 yards receiving to 194. The Crimson Tide prevailed through special teams play and intercepting seven Aggie passes in their victory.


1942 Coupe de France Final
The 1942 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes on May 17, 1942, that saw Red Star Olympique defeat FC Sète 2–0 thanks to goals by Henri Joncourt at 45 minutes, and Alfred Aston at 72 minutes.


1942 Creighton Bluejays football team
The 1942 Creighton Bluejays football team was an American football team that represented Creighton University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1942 college football season. In its second season under head coach Maurice H. Palrang, and its final season of intercollegiate football, Creighton compiled a 5–4 record (1–4 against MVC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 170 to 127. The team played its home games at Creighton Stadium in Omaha, Nebraska.


1942 Creighton Bluejays football team
In the final game in program history, Creighton was tied with undefeated Tulsa (ranked No. 6 in the AP Poll) at the end of the third quarter, but lost by a 33–19 score as Tulsa rallied for two touchdowns in the fourth quarter.


1942 Creighton Bluejays football team
A subsequent game scheduled for November 29 against Loyola in Los Angeles was cancelled due to wartime travel restrictions.


1942 Creighton Bluejays football team
In December 1942, Creighton's athletic director, Rev. David A. Shyne, announced that, at the end of the basketball season, the school would suspend its participation in intercollegiate football and basketball for the duration of the war. The football program did not return after the war.


1942 Croatian First League
The Croatian First League season of 1942 was the second held in the Independent State of Croatia. Regional group stages were carried out, before a playoff system began. Concordia Zagreb was declared champion.


1942 Croatian First League, Champions
Concordia Zagreb (Coach: Bogdan Cuvaj)Zvonko MonsiderToni KrammerBranko PavisaKrešimir PukšecSlavko PavleticZvonko JazbecSlavko BedaVinko GolobKarlo MuradoriSlavko KodrnjaViktor Ajbek


1942 Cuban parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 15 March 1942. The Liberal Party and the Democratic Party both won 21 seats in the House of Representatives.


1942 Cupa României Final
The 1942 Cupa României Final was the 9th final of Romania's most prestigious football cup competition. It was disputed between Universitatea Cluj-Sibiu and Rapid București, and was won by Rapid București after a game with 8 goals. It was the seventh cup for Rapid, and the sixth out of six consecutive successes.


1942 Daniel Field Eagles football team
The 1942 Daniel Field Eagles football team represented Daniel Field during the 1942 college football season. Coached by Marion Bird, the Eagles compiled at least a 0–6 record, and of the known games were outscored by a total of 12 to 123. Much of Daniel Field's 1942 season is not well recorded, and it is possible, or even probable that the Army Air Field team played an extended schedule as opposed to the one reported throughout the newspapers of the time. In a special Associated Press poll for the rankings of service academy football team's for the 1942 season, Daniel Field received a single vote from the 91 sportswriters present, to result in a tie for No. 20 with Fort Douglas and Camp Shelby.


1942 Dartmouth Indians football team
The 1942 Dartmouth Indians football team was an American football team that represented Dartmouth College as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Tuss McLaughry, the Indians compiled a 5–4 record. Edward Kast was the team captain.


1942 Dartmouth Indians football team
Tom Douglas was the team's leading scorer, with 42 points (seven touchdowns).


1942 Dartmouth Indians football team
Dartmouth played its home games at Memorial Field on the college campus in Hanover, New Hampshire.


1942 Dayton Flyers football team
The 1942 Dayton Flyers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Dayton as an independent during the 1942 college football season. In their 20th season under head coach Harry Baujan, the Flyers compiled an 8–2 record.


1942 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team
The 1942 Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football team was an American football team that represented the University of Delaware in the 1942 college football season. In its third season under head coach William D. Murray, the team compiled an 8–0 record, shut out five of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 196 to 28.


1942 Delaware State Hornets football team
The 1942 Delaware State Hornets football team represented the State College for Colored Students—now known as Delaware State University—in the 1942 college football season as an independent. Led by first-year head coach Dyke Smith, the Hornets compiled a 3–1–1 record.


1942 Denver Pioneers football team
The 1942 Denver Pioneers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Denver in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1942 college football season. In its first and only season under head coach Ellison Ketchum, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record (3–2–1 against RMC opponents), finished third in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 182 to 98.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier
The 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, commonly referred to as the British Light Fleet Carrier, was a light aircraft carrier design created by the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and used by eight naval forces between 1944 and 2001. They were designed and constructed by civilian shipyards to serve as an intermediate step between the expensive, full-size fleet aircraft carriers and the less expensive but limited-capability escort carriers.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier
Sixteen Light Fleet carriers were ordered, and all were laid down to the Colossus class design during 1942 and 1943. However, only eight were completed to this design; of these, four entered service before the end of the war, and none saw front line operations. Two more were fitted with maintenance and repair facilities instead of aircraft catapults and arresting gear, and entered service as aircraft maintenance carriers. The final six were modified during construction to handle larger and faster aircraft, and were redesignated the Majestic class. The construction of the six ships was suspended at the end of the war. Five were eventually completed with the last commissioning in 1961; however, the sixth, Leviathan, was dismantled for spare parts and scrap.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier
Although not completed in time to fight in the war, the carriers in Royal Navy service participated in the Korean War and the Suez Crisis. During the latter, two Colossus-class ships performed the first ship-based helicopter assault in history. Four Colossuses and all five completed Majestics were loaned or sold to seven foreign nations – Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, India, and the Netherlands – with three ships serving in three different naval forces during their careers. Foreign-operated Light Fleets took part in the Korean War, the First Indochina War, the Vietnam War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and the Falklands War.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier
Despite being intended as 'disposable warships', all of the completed Light Fleet carriers exceeded their planned three-year service life. The maintenance carriers were the first to be paid off in the 1950s, and by the 1960s, all of the Royal Navy carriers, (bar Triumph, which was later recommissioned as a repair ship) had been sold to other nations or for ship breaking. The carriers in other navies had longer service lives. At the time of her decommissioning in 2001, Minas Gerais was the oldest active aircraft carrier in the world. Despite attempts to preserve several of these carriers as museum ships, the last surviving example, Vikrant, was sold for scrapping in 2014.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
Experiences during the early part of the Second World War had demonstrated to the British that the Royal Navy needed access to defensive air cover for Allied fleets and convoys, which could only be provided by more aircraft carriers. In mid-1941, the Director of Naval Construction was instructed to investigate how best to achieve this without the lengthy construction times normally associated with carriers.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
The options were to refit the surviving Hawkins-class cruisers with flight decks and aviation facilities, convert additional merchant vessels and passenger liners into vessels similar to but more capable than previous merchant aircraft carriers, or create a new design for a cheap, lightly armed, and unarmoured ship similar to the Woolworth carriers. In December 1941, it was decided that a new design was the best option.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
This ship was conceived as an intermediate step between the expensive fleet carriers and the limited-capability escort carriers. The design had to be as simple as possible so construction time was kept to a minimum and so more shipyards (particularly those with no naval construction experience) could be used. However, the ships had to be capable of operating in fleet actions. Originally designated the 'Intermediate Aircraft Carrier', the ships were reclassified as 'Light Fleet Carriers'. Because naval design staff were overworked, the carrier was primarily designed by shipbuilders at Vickers-Armstrong.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
The Light Fleet design, completed at the start of 1942, was effectively a scaled-down Illustrious. Each carrier would displace 13,190 tons at standard load and 18,040 tons at full load, have a length of 680 feet (210 m) at the flight deck and 695 feet (212 m) overall, a maximum beam of 80 feet (24 m), and a draught of 18 feet 6 inches (5.64 m) at standard displacement, and 23 feet 6 inches (7.16 m) at full load displacement. The hull was built to Lloyd's specifications for merchant vessels from keel to maindeck, but incorporated better subdivision of compartments to reduce secondary damage by flooding.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
The propulsion machinery was of a similar design to that used in cruisers—some of the steam turbines were sourced from cancelled cruisers. The machinery was arranged in two compartments (each containing two Admiralty 3-drum boilers and a Parsons geared turbine), which were staggered en echelon, with the starboard compartment forward of the port. These provided 40,000 shaft horsepower to two propeller shafts, driving the carriers at a maximum speed of 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), with 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) as the designated economical speed.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction
The carriers were intended to be 'disposable warships': to be scrapped and replaced at the end of the war or within three years of entering service. However, all exceeded this planned service life, with one ship operating from 1945 to 2001.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Colossus class
Construction was approved by the Naval Board in February 1942, with the first two ships, Colossus and Glory, laid down in March. During 1942 and 1943, another fourteen Light Fleet carriers (named the Colossus class after the lead ship) were laid down under the 1942 Programme, to be constructed by eight British shipyards. Although it was originally planned that each Light Fleet would be ready for service in 21 months, modifications to the design saw the planned construction time increase to 27 months. Even with the omission of several important pieces of backup equipment, only two ships met this target.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Colossus class
The ships were launched from late 1943 onwards, with the first commissioned in December 1944. However, the delays meant that only four ships (Colossus, Glory, Venerable, and Vengeance; formed up as the 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron) were completed before the end of the Second World War, and only eight of the sixteen planned Light Fleets were completed as Colossus-class carriers.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Colossus class
During operational service, the living conditions aboard the Colossus-class ships were criticised, which resulted in the abolition of hammocks in favour of fixed bunks and the introduction of centralised eating arrangements in later warship designs.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Maintenance carriers
The impracticality of shore-based repair establishments in the Far East and Pacific theatres of the Second World War saw a requirement for aircraft maintenance carriers. Instead of building new ships from scratch, two under-construction Colossuses, Perseus and Pioneer, were marked for conversion as they would enter service quicker, and could be converted back into operational aircraft carriers if required, a need which never arose. Both ships were completed before the end of the war, with Pioneer sailing to the Pacific in company with the 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron; Pioneer had repaired 24 aircraft since her arrival in the Pacific.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Maintenance carriers
As the ships were designed with the repair and transportation of aircraft in mind, much of the equipment required for carrier flight operations, including control facilities, arresting gear, and catapult, were not installed. This space was instead used for additional hangar room, repair and maintenance workshops, and system testing facilities.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Majestic class
The six remaining Light Fleet hulls were originally to be completed as Colossus-class ships, but the rapid development of carrier-based aircraft and anti-aircraft weapons required modifications to the original design. The catapult, arrestor cables, and aircraft lifts had to be upgraded to handle faster and heavier aircraft, while the flight deck was reinforced. Improved weapons and radars were fitted, and equipment to perform replenishment at sea was installed. The modifications increased the full-load displacement by 1,500 tons, and the draught by 1 foot 6 inches (0.46 m). This led to the six ships being reclassified as the Majestic class in September 1945. Five carriers were launched before the end of the Second World War, with the sixth launched in late September 1945.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Majestic class
Following the war's end, work on the Majestic class was suspended, then restored to a low-priority status, with the rate of work increasing as foreign nations purchased the ships. Two, Magnificent and Terrible, entered service more-or-less as designed, but the next three were heavily upgraded with three British developments allowing the operation of larger, faster, jet-propelled aircraft: the angled flight deck, the steam catapult, and the mirror landing aid. The sixth, Leviathan, was not completed.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Majestic class
Work was suspended in May 1946, and plans to convert her into a commando carrier or missile cruiser, or sell her to a foreign buyer, fell through. During the 1950s, she was used as an accommodation ship in Portsmouth Harbour and, in 1966, her boilers were removed and sold to the shipyard refitting the Colossus-class HNLMS Karel Doorman for Argentine service. Leviathan was scrapped in May 1968. None of the completed Majestic-class vessels saw service in the Royal Navy.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Design and construction, Majestic class
In 1943, eight 'Improved Majestics' were planned, but developments in carrier aviation and the rapid obsolescence of the Light Fleets and the wartime armoured carriers required a larger and more capable design, which became the four-ship Centaur class.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Weapons, Aircraft
In the original design, each ship was capable of carrying 41 aircraft. A redesign of the available parking area on the flight deck in March 1942 saw the ships' air group expanded to 24 Fairey Barracuda torpedo bombers and 24 Supermarine Seafire fighters, or 18 Barracudas and 34 Seafires. In RN service, the Barracuda was later replaced by the Fairey Firefly, and the Seafire was superseded by the Hawker Sea Fury during the Korean War. Early in their careers, Glory and Ocean were fitted out for night flying operations: these carriers were to embark a 32-strong air group; mixed between Fireflies and Grumman F6F Hellcats supplied by the United States as part of the Lend Lease program.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Weapons, Aircraft
To launch and recover aircraft, the carriers were initially equipped with hydraulic catapults, arresting gear, and crash barriers. Aircraft were stored in a single hangar measuring 445 by 52 feet (136 by 16 m), with a height clearance of 17 feet 6 inches (5.33 m). This allowed the Light Fleets to later operate aircraft that the fleet carriers, which generally had two hangars with lower clearance in each, could not. The hangar was serviced by two aircraft lifts.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Weapons, Armament
The Light Fleets were the first British aircraft carriers where the ship's air group was seen as the 'main armament'; any mounted weapons were to be for close-range anti-aircraft defence. The Colossus design called for six quadruple barrelled 2 pounder gun mounts, and 16 twin Oerlikon 20 mm cannons. Two 4-inch (102 mm) guns were originally included, but an increase in the design's flight deck length in March 1942 saw them displaced. The ships were unarmoured, as increasing the size of the vessels was deemed more important than protection.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Weapons, Armament
Lessons learned during the early part of the Pacific War showed the superiority of the Bofors 40 mm gun to other anti-aircraft weapons. By the end of the war, all Colossus-class ships had swapped all their other weapons for Bofors in single and twin mountings, and the Majestic design had been modified to carry 30 of the guns: 18 single mountings, and 6 twin mountings. The number of Bofors carried by the Light Fleets was reduced after the war, with British ships carrying only eight.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Second World War and aftermath
Although four Colossus-class ships were completed before the end of the war, they did not see front-line action: the war in Europe had proceeded to the point where aircraft carriers were of limited use, and by the time the carriers reached the Pacific, Japan had surrendered. The four ships, assigned to the British Pacific Fleet, were instead used for the transportation of returning soldiers and rescued prisoners-of-war, to help alleviate the shortage of troopships and liners. As with the Colossus class, the maintenance carriers were completed but did not enter active service before the end of the war. They were reclassified as Ferry Carriers, and used to transport aircraft to British bases and ships across the world.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Second World War and aftermath
During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the carriers were used as testbeds for new aircraft and technology. Throughout late 1945, Ocean was used to test several new aircraft: the Hawker Sea Fury and de Havilland Sea Hornet piston-engine fighters during August, and the de Havilland Sea Vampire jet-propelled fighter-bomber in December. On 3 December 1945, a de Havilland Sea Vampire became the first jet aircraft to land on a carrier—two months before, Ocean's flight deck saw the last landing of a Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Second World War and aftermath
The angled flight deck concept (which would later be installed on several of the Majestic-class carriers) was first trialled aboard Triumph: the straight-line deck markings were removed, and markings for an angled landing painted on. After a two-year loan to Canada, Warrior served as a testbed for rubberised flexible decks and skid-like landing gear during 1948 and 1949. During 1951 and 1952, Perseus was used as a trials ship for the under-development steam catapult.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Korean War
The Colossus class first saw combat during the Korean War. Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea on 25 June, ships of the British Far East Fleet that were operating in Japanese waters, including the carrier Triumph, were placed under the United States Far East Commander, to operate in retaliation to the invasion under the instructions of the United Nations Security Council. The first carrier attack began on 3 July 1950, with aircraft from Triumph and United States carrier USS Valley Forge performing air strikes on North Korean airfields.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Korean War
Between them, the Colossus-class carriers Triumph, Theseus, Glory, and Ocean, along with the Majestic-class HMAS Sydney, maintained a constant British aircraft carrier presence for the duration of the Korean War. The Light Fleets were cheaper to operate than the armoured fleet carriers while providing a similar sized air group, but during the war proved to be slower, less comfortable, and more prone to wear-and-tear than other RN carriers. Financial and manpower restrictions meant that only one Light Fleet could be deployed to Korea at a time. Warrior also contributed to the Korean War effort by transporting replacement aircraft from the United Kingdom to British bases throughout the Far East region, which were then drawn upon by the active carriers.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Korean War
Following the end of the Korean War, Warrior and Sydney returned to Korean waters on separate deployments, to ensure that the armistice was enforced and hostilities did not re-ignite.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Suez Crisis
Ocean and Theseus were part of the British response to the 1956 Suez Crisis. The two ships were not used as aircraft carriers; instead they were equipped with helicopters and tasked with transporting ashore 45 Commando, a battalion of the Royal Marines, in order to secure harbours and other landing points for heavy equipment. This, the first ship-based helicopter assault, was successful, and prompted the development of the amphibious assault ship.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Royal Navy service, Decommissioning and disposal
The two maintenance carriers were decommissioned during the 1950s and scrapped: Pioneer was sold in 1954, and Perseus in 1958. With the exception of HMS Triumph, the Colossus-class carriers that remained in RN service were disposed of during the early 1960s. None was significantly modernised during its service life. Triumph left service in 1958, underwent a major conversion into a Heavy Repair Ship, and re-entered service in 1965.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service
As Britain was unable to maintain the size of her wartime fleet after the end of the Second World War, several Colossus-class ships were placed into reserve, while work on the Majestic class was initially halted at the end of the war, then restored to a low-priority status. Demands for fiscal cutbacks, combined with the rapid obsolescence of the carriers by the development of jet aircraft, saw four of the eight Colossuses and all five completed Majestics sold off to other nations.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service
The majority of the Light Fleets in foreign service were modernised, either during construction or afterwards, to operate jet aircraft. This usually consisted of the installation of an angled flight deck, upgrading the aircraft catapult to be steam-powered, and installing an optical landing system: Australian Majestic-class carrier HMAS Melbourne was the third aircraft carrier in the world, after HMS Ark Royal and USS Forrestal, to be constructed with these features instead of having them added later.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Argentina
After a two-year loan to Canada, and a second period in Royal Navy commission, Warrior was sold to the Argentine Navy in 1958, and commissioned as ARA Independencia on 11 November. She was equipped with F4U Corsair, and she was proved unsuitable for the F9F Panther jet fighters incorporated in 1963. Independencia served as the Argentine flagship until she was replaced by the Dutch Karel Doorman (formerly HMS Venerable), which was sold on to Argentina in 1969 and commissioned as ARA Veinticinco de Mayo. Independencia was struck from service in 1971 and broken up for scrap.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Argentina
Veinticinco de Mayo was initially equipped with F9F Panther and later with A-4 Skyhawk jet fighters; these were replaced with Super Étendards in the 1980s. The carrier provided air cover for the Occupation of the Falkland Islands in April 1982. After hostilities broke out on 1 May 1982, it attempted an attack on the Royal Navy Task Force which did not take place, as poor winds prevented the heavily laden A-4Q jets from being launched.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Argentina
She remained confined to port for the rest of the Falklands War, particularly after the British submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano. Problems with her propulsion machinery meant that Veinticinco de Mayo was effectively inoperable from June 1986, although it was not until the start of 1999 that she was marked for scrapping.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Australia
In 1944, the Australian government suggested that Australian personnel be used to help counteract a personnel shortage in the Royal Navy by manning an aircraft carrier, one or more cruisers, and six destroyers. The Admiralty deemed a Colossus-class Light Fleet to be the most appropriate aircraft carrier, and Venerable was initially proposed for transfer to the Royal Australian Navy as a gift or on loan. The plan was deferred on the Australian end until a review of manpower requirements across the entire war effort was completed. The ship manning proposal was revisited in mid-1945, but the surrender of Germany in May meant that British shortages were not as problematic; as a counteroffer, the purchase of the Colossus-class Ocean by Australia was suggested. The Australian government decided against the purchase of Ocean in June.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Australia
Following the Second World War, a post-war review suggested that the Royal Australian Navy acquire three aircraft carriers as the core of a new fleet; funding restrictions saw the number of proposed carriers dropped to two. To this end, Australia acquired two Majestic-class ships: Terrible, which was commissioned in 1948 as HMAS Sydney; and Majestic, which was upgraded for jet operations and commissioned in 1955 as HMAS Melbourne. While waiting for Majestic/Melbourne to finish modernisation, the Colossus-class Vengeance was loaned to Australia from 1952 until 1955, allowing it to operate a two-carrier fleet.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Australia
The first aircraft carrier acquired by the Royal Australian Navy, Sydney was deployed to Korea in order to maintain a consistent British Commonwealth carrier presence in the conflict. Operating between September 1951 and January 1952, Sydney was the first carrier owned by a Commonwealth Dominion to see combat. Reclassified as a training ship in 1955, Sydney was decommissioned in 1958 but reactivated in 1962 as a fast troop transport. In her troopship role, Sydney travelled to Vietnam 25 times between 1965 and 1972. She was decommissioned in November 1973, and sold to a South Korean company for scrapping in 1975.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Australia
Although deployed to the Far East Strategic Reserve on several occasions, and assigned to escort Sydney to and from Vietnam on three occasions, Melbourne was not directly involved in any conflict during her career. However, she collided with and sank two plane guard destroyers—HMAS Voyager in 1964, and USS Frank E. Evans in 1969—which, along with several minor collisions and incidents, led to the reputation that the carrier was jinxed.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Australia
Melbourne was sold to China for scrapping in 1985; instead of being broken up, she was studied as part of the nation's top-secret carrier development program, and may not have been dismantled until 2002. There were plans to replace Melbourne with the British carrier HMS Invincible, but Invincible was withdrawn from sale following her service in the Falklands War, and a 1983 election promise to not replace the carrier saw the end of Australian carrier-based fixed-wing aviation.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Brazil
After Vengeance was returned from her loan to Australia, she was sold to the Brazilian Navy on 14 December 1956. From mid-1957 until December 1960, the carrier underwent a massive refit and reconstruction at Verolme Dock in Rotterdam; the work performed included the installation of an 8.5-degree angled flight deck and a steam catapult, strengthening of arresting gear, and reinforcing of the hangar lifts. The carrier was commissioned into the Marinha do Brasil (MB, Brazilian Navy) as Minas Gerais on 6 December 1960.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Brazil
The Brazilian carrier was equipped with S-2E Tracker aircraft, and helicopters of the ASH-3D Sea King, AS-355 Ecureuil, and A-332 Super Puma types: Brazilian law prevented the MB from operating fixed-wing aircraft, so two separate air groups had to be embarked. In 1999, the MB acquired A-4KU Skyhawks—the first time Brazilian naval aviators were permitted to operate fixed-wing aircraft until the carrier's 2001 decommissioning. Minas Gerais was replaced by NAe São Paulo (the former French carrier Foch).


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Brazil
Minas Gerais was the last of the Second World War-era light aircraft carriers to leave service, and at the time of her decommissioning was the oldest active aircraft carrier in the world. The carrier was marked for sale in 2002, and was actively sought after by British naval associations for return to England and preservation as a museum ship, although they were unable to raise the required money. In December 2003 the carrier was listed for sale on auction website eBay, but was removed because the site's rules prevented the sale of military ordnance. Sometime between February and July 2004, the carrier was towed to the ship breaking yards at Alang, India, for dismantling.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Canada
Following wartime experience showing the effectiveness of naval aviation, the Royal Canadian Navy decided to acquire an aircraft carrier. The Canadian government decided to purchase the Majestic-class carrier Powerful, and have her upgraded to modern standards. The Colossus-class vessel Warrior was transferred on a two-year loan from 1946 to 1948, so the experience gained by providing ship's companies for two British escort carriers during the war could be maintained.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Canada
The upgrading of Powerful took longer than expected, and as Warrior had to be returned by 1948, the Majestic-class Magnificent was completed to the basic Majestic design and loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1948 as HMCS Magnificent. On her return to Britain, Warrior was used as a trials ship, then modernised before her sale to Argentina. The loan of Magnificent continued until Powerful's completion in 1957, at which point Magnificent was returned to the British. She was to be sold to another nation, but after no buyers came forward, the carrier was scrapped.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, Canada
In the meantime, Powerful had been upgraded to operate jet aircraft. The modifications included an 8° angled flight deck and steam catapult, and she was equipped with American weapons, radars, and jet aircraft instead of their British equivalents. She was commissioned in 1957 as HMCS Bonaventure. The carrier's design could not keep up with the advances in naval aircraft during the early 1960s, and in 1964, the ship's McDonnell F2H Banshee fighters were removed, leaving an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) focused air group of Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King helicopters and Grumman S-2 Tracker ASW aircraft. Bonaventure received a major mid life refit in 1967, but was withdrawn in 1970 after defence cuts. Her departure marked the end of Canadian carrier-based aviation.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, France
Lead ship Colossus was loaned to the French Navy in August 1946 and renamed Arromanches. The vessel remained in French service, and was purchased outright in 1951. She was deployed to French Indochina, and operated during the First Indochina War from 1949 to 1954. After the war's end, the carrier was assigned to the Mediterranean. She participated in the 1956 Suez Crisis, but unlike her British sister ships, Arromanches' role consisted of air strikes against Egyptian positions around Port Said. A modernisation from 1957 to 1958 saw the installation of a 4° angled flight deck and an optical landing system, allowing Arromanches to operate Breguet Alizé anti-submarine aircraft.


1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier, Foreign service, France
Arromanches was replaced in active service by the French-built Clemenceau class, and was converted into a training ship in 1960. Apart from a short stint as an anti-submarine carrier in 1968, the ship remained in this role until her 1974 decommissioning. Arromanches was broken up for scrap in 1978.