1945 (Conroy novel), Plot
As Allied forces gain a foothold in Kyushu, Nomura aids an American POW, Dennis Chambers, who escaped in the confusion from a Japanese POW camp that was close to Nagasaki. With his aid, Nomura impersonates a Kenpeitai officer and investigates a heavily guarded camp in Nagasaki, unaware that it houses Hirohito.


1945 (Conroy novel), Plot
MacArthur is killed on the command vessel USS Augusta by a kamikaze attack. General Omar Bradley becomes commander of the operation with Matthew Ridgway as his immediate subordinate while a fourth atomic bomb is ordered by General Curtis LeMay on a loose interpretation of standing orders from President Truman to be dropped on the Kanmon Straits, destroying several Japanese divisions. Back in the homefront, civil disorder occurs in the US in reaction to the news of the sinking of RMS Queen Elizabeth. Meanwhile, the Red Army invades and occupies Japanese Korea in order to aid the Chinese Communist Party against the Kuomintang during the Chinese Civil War.


1945 (Conroy novel), Plot
Nomura learns that Hirohito is held captive in Nagasaki, and when his superiors are made aware, Bradley authorizes an operation to rescue Hirohito. Nomura, Chambers, and a squad of US Army Rangers extract Hirohito, escape Japan, and bring him to an aircraft carrier in which he meets Truman. Aware of Hirohito's declaration to surrender to the Allies, a countercoup, led by General Homma and Admiral Ozawa, assassinates Anami and accepts the surrender of Japan in January 1946, despite failing to prevent a successful Japanese counterattack against Allied positions in Kyushu.


1945 (Conroy novel), Plot
In the aftermath, the Allied invasion of Japan costed an additional 150,000 Allied casualties. Hirohito is reinstated as Japan's emperor and Japan's transition to democracy begins. Despite the Kuomintang's defeat and retreat to Taiwan, the Communist Chinese and Soviets fail to secure a Sino-Soviet alliance. The Soviet Union is forced to abandon the Korean Peninsula by the Korean independence movement, which likely leads to a Korean unification and the prevention of a Korean War.


1945 (Conroy novel), Plot
With the Soviet economy damaged from the previous war with Nazi Germany and their sphere of influence driven out of East Asia, the Americans look toward a better future, as the ensuing Cold War between the US and Soviet Union will most likely be peaceful.


1945 (Conroy novel), Literary significance and reception
Booklist said that "realistic to the point of gruesomeness, 1945 recalls David Westheimer's classic Death is Lighter than a Feather." Publishers Weekly said that Conroy explored the carnage of war through various viewpoints with "moving and thought provoking results".


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel)
1945 is an alternate history written by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen in 1995 that described the period immediately after World War II in which the United States had fought only against Japan, which allowed Nazi Germany to force a truce with the Soviet Union, and the two victors confront each other in a cold war, which swiftly turns hot.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
At the start of the novel, the United States, having defeated the Empire of Japan, is in no mood to enter a new war, and Americans accept the  of German domination over most of Europe. A cold war seems in the offing, and even the British, with a German-dominated Europe at its doorstep, squander much of their resources on a colonial war in the former French Indochina.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
US President Andrew Harrison (a fictional character) has a summit with Adolf Hitler at Reykjavík, Iceland. The meeting goes badly, both leaders sharply confront each other, and Hitler secretly decides to accelerate preparations for a surprise attack on both the United States and the United Kingdom. As part of the preparations, a beautiful German spy seduces and suborns the White House Chief of Staff and makes him a key German spy.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
The book's protagonist, Lieutenant Commander James Martel, at the incipient Head of Naval Intelligence at the American embassy in Berlin, is one of the few who suspects the gathering storm by watching the new weapons displayed at the parade commemorating Germany's victory over the Soviet Union and encountering the well-known commando Otto Skorzeny, who is his main opponent throughout the book.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
Skorzeny makes meticulous secret preparations for raids to destroy the American atomic bomb programs in Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory. (During the book's war with Japan, the Manhattan Project was put on the back burner, making the 1945 United States far from already possessing a nuclear bomb.) The bulk of the book is devoted to Martel, back in the United States, getting a glimmering of the threatened attack and unsuccessfully trying to sound a warning.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
The German raid takes place, and though the Germans are eventually beaten back, the raid causes great damage by killing key scientists and setting the American nuclear program behind Germany's. The Germans also seize the uranium mines in the Congo region while they launch all-out war against the United Kingdom.


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Plot
The book ends with a cliffhanger. Erwin Rommel invades Scotland, the British face a desperate fight, and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill imploring the Americans to "come quickly, this is much worse than 1940."


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Sequel
The novel originally didn't end on a cliffhanger, but was in fact a single novel that was split into two parts by the publisher. The promised sequel, provisionally called Fortress Europa, has yet to be written though many years have passed, and the writers have meanwhile completed a different alternate history trilogy (beginning with Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War).


1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), Sequel
In reality, "Fortress Europe" was the Nazi concept of making German-occupied Europe impregnable to the invasion, which was clearly coming since the Allies started massing their forces in Britain in 1943. In D-Day, the "fortress" was decisively breached. Presumably, the sequel to 1945 would feature something similar later in the 1940s.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The 1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA" or "Bama") represented the University of Alabama in the 1945 college football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 51st overall and 12th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Frank Thomas, in his 14th year, and played their home games at Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Legion Field in Birmingham and at the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery. They finished with a perfect season (10–0 overall, 6–0 in the SEC) and with a victory in the Rose Bowl over USC. This team was the second season of the "War Babies" as coined by head coach Thomas.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Crimson Tide opened the season on the road with a victory over Keesler AAF after Jackson Army Air Base canceled their game at Denny Stadium. Alabama then defeated LSU in Baton Rouge before their first home win of the season at the Cramton Bowl over South Carolina. After victories over both Tennessee and Georgia at Legion Field, the Crimson Tide routed both Kentucky and Vanderbilt on the road to extend their record to 7–0. They then closed the season with a pair of games at Denny Stadium where they defeated the Pensacola NAS and Mississippi State to complete an undefeated regular season. One month later, Alabama won the Rose Bowl over USC to finish the season undefeated.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The 1945 season was the fourth perfect season in Alabama history, following the perfect seasons of 1925, 1930 and 1934. However, Alabama did not win the national championship in 1945; that honor went to the Army Cadets team that went 9–0 and outscored its opponents by a 412–46 margin. The Crimson Tide finished second in the AP poll behind the Cadets.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Keesler AAF
To open the 1945 season, the Crimson Tide were originally scheduled to play a game against the Jackson Army Air Base at Denny Stadium. On September 8 coach Thomas announced that Jackson had canceled its entire 1945 schedule due to heavy cuts in personnel at the base. After unsuccessfully being able to schedule a replacement home game for the Jackson date, on September 23, coach Thomas announced the Crimson Tide would open the season against Keesler AAF in Biloxi, Mississippi. Against the Fliers, Alabama won 21–0 before a crowd of 14,000 military personnel.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Keesler AAF
After they took a 7–0 lead, Alabama scored their second touchdown when Lowell Tew scored on a nine-yard reverse off a Harry Gilmer handoff lat in the first quarter. Tew then scored the final points of the game in the third quarter on a 20-yard reverse for a touchdown. In the game, Alabama rushed for a total of 226 yards, but Gilmer only completed a single pass for ten-yards.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
To open conference play for the 1945 season, the Crimson Tide traveled to play LSU and left Baton Rouge with a 26–7 victory. Alabama scored first when Harry Gilmer threw a 50-yard touchdown pass to Rebel Steiner for an early 7–0 lead. Their second touchdown came two minutes later on a second 50-yard Gilmer touchdown pass. For the second time Gilmer threw to Steiner, but this time the LSU defender Dan Sandifer knocked the ball out of his hands and into the air. Lowell Tew then caught the deflected pass and ran it in for the score. Late in the second quarter, the Crimson tide extended their lead to 20–0 at halftime when Gilmer connected with Steiner for a 13-yard touchdown reception.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
The lone Tigers scoring drive came in the third and as set up after Sandifer intercepted a Gilmer pass. Eight plays later, William Montgomery made the score 20–7 with his short touchdown run. Alabama closed the game with a fourth-quarter touchdown run by Fred Grant to make the final score 26–7. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against LSU to 12–3–3.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, LSU
The win was Thomas' 100th win at the Capstone, making him the first coach to lead the Crimson Tide to 100 or more victories. Thomas would retire with 115 wins as the Tide's head coach. Paul "Bear" Bryant and Nick Saban have subsequently joined Thomas in guiding Crimson Tide teams to over 100 wins.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, South Carolina
After their victory over LSU, the Crimson Tide were ranked in the No. 7 position in the first AP Poll of the season. In their first home game, the Crimson Tide defeated the South Carolina Gamecocks 55–0 at the Cramton Bowl. Alabama opened the game with four first-quarter touchdowns to take a 27–0 lead on a short Fred Grant run, a Gordon Pettus pass to Grant, a 51-yard Harry Gilmer run and on a Lowell Tew run. A pair of touchdowns in the second quarter on runs by Norwood Hodges and the Lou Scales for a 41–0 halftime lead for Alabama.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, South Carolina
The Crimson Tide scored their final points of the game in the third when Grant and Scales scored on touchdown runs for the 55–0 win. In the game, Alabama rushed for 447 yards and all 41 players that dressed saw playing time. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against South Carolina to 3–0.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Tennessee
With their win over South Carolina, Alabama moved up to the No. 6 position in the second AP Poll of the season. Against Tennessee, the Crimson Tide defeated the Volunteers 25–7 at a sold-out Legion Field. The Crimson Tide took a 7–0 lead in the first quarter on a six-yard Harry Gilmer touchdown run. A pair of second-quarter touchdowns further extended the Alabama lead to 19–0 at halftime. The scores were made on a one-yard Fred Grant run and then on a 24-yard Gilmer pass to Grant.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Tennessee
After a scoreless third quarter that saw a five-yard Lowell Tew touchdown run nullified by a holding penalty, Tennessee scored their lone points early in the fourth quarter. The touchdown was scored on a 42-yard pass from Bob Lund to Max Partin and cut the Alabama lead to 19–7. The Crimson Tide then closed the game with a one-yard Norwood Hodges touchdown run to make the final score 25–7. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Tennessee to 16–8–3.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
After their victory over Tennessee, Alabama retained their No. 6 ranking for their game against Georgia. Against the Bulldogs, the Crimson Tide won the 28–14 before 26,000 fans at Legion Field. On the first offensive play of the game John Donaldson fumbled the ball, and Norwood Hodges recovered for Alabama at the Georgia 25-yard line. Eight plays later, Harry Gilmer threw a nine-yard touchdown pass to Lowell Tew for a 7–0 Crimson Tide lead. Later in the first, Georgia tied the game at 7–7 on a 31-yard Charley Trippi touchdown run.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
After being held on a fourth-and-goal on their first possession of the second quarter, Alabama extended their lead to 14–7 on their next possession on a six-yard Gilmer pass to Fred Davis. Gilmer then threw his third touchdown of the day late in the second quarter on a 12-yard pass to Hodges for a 21–7 halftime lead.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Georgia
Midway through the third, the Bulldogs scored their final touchdown of the game when John Rauch threw a 65-yard completion to Reid Moseley. Later in the quarter, a Trippi fumble gave the Crimson Tide possession at the Georgia six-yard line, and two plays later Hodges scored from inside the one to make the final score 28–14. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Georgia to 15–13–3.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Kentucky
After their victory over Georgia, Alabama moved up two spots to the No. 4 ranking for prior to their game against Kentucky. At Louisville, the Crimson Tide rushed for 572 yards in their 60–19 rout of the Wildcats. In the first quarter, touchdown runs of 36, 16 and 60 yards were made by Lowell Tew, Norwood Hodges and Harry Gilmer for Alabama and a 17-yard George Blanda touchdown pass to Dick Hensley for Kentucky made the score 21–6 after the first quarter. In the second quarter, Alabama again scored three touchdowns. This time runs of 1 and 78 yards were made by Hodges and Gordon Pettus in addition to a seven-yard Gilmer touchdown pass to Rebel Steiner. Babe Ray scored for the Wildcats on a six-yard run and the Crimson Tide led 41–12 at halftime.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Kentucky
In the third period, each team traded touchdowns when James Robertson scored on a 51-yard run for the Crimson Tide and on a 36-yard Hartford Granitz pass to Wallace Jones for the Wildcats to make the score 47–19 at the end of the third. In the fourth, Alabama tallied two more touchdowns on runs of 95 by Gilmer and two-yards by Lou Scales to make the final score 60–19. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Kentucky 22–1–1.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
Against the Vanderbilt Commodores, Alabama won 71–0 at Dudley Field in Nashville. Harry Gilmer scored the first points of the game on a ten-yard run for a 7–0 Alabama lead at the end of the first. In the second quarter. the Crimson Tide extended their lead to 21–0 bay halftime with touchdowns scored on a 25-yard Lowell Tew run and on an 18-yard Gilmer pass to James Corbitt. The scoring continued in the second half with four touchdowns in the third and three in the fourth for the 71–0 victory.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Vanderbilt
Third quarter points were scored by Fred Grant on a two-yard run, a 47-yard Gilmer pass to Rebel Steiner, a five-yard Gilmer run and on a 15-yard Corbitt run. Fourth quarter points were scored by Gordon Pettus on a seven-yard run, a 20-yard blocked punt return by Dickson, a second blocked punt for a safety and on a 33-yard Frank Fedak pass to Lou Scales. In the game, the Alabama defense was also dominant in having only allowed two-yards passing and minus five-yards rushing to the Commodores for the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Vanderbilt to 15–10.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Pensacola NAS
The day before their game against the Goslings, Alabama accepted an invitation to compete in the 1946 Rose Bowl. In what was the first game played at Denny Stadium of the season, Alabama met the team that represented the Naval Air Station Pensacola, and defeated the Goslings 55–6. In the first quarter, Crimson Tide touchdowns were scored by Lowell Tew on a 15-yard run, on a short Norwood Hodges run and on a four-yard Fred Grant run for a 21–0 lead at the end on the first quarter. Alabama added second-quarter touchdowns on a two-yard Hodges run and on a 43-yard James Corbitt run for a 35–0 halftime lead. After each team traded third quarter scores, the Crimson Tide closed the game with a pair of fourth-quarter touchdowns for the 55–6 victory.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, Mississippi State
On what was homecoming before the largest crowd to date at Denny Stadium, Alabama defeated the Mississippi State Maroons 55–13 to complete the eighth undefeated regular season in school history. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against Mississippi State to 22–7–2.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, USC
On November 23, University officials accepted an invitation to participate in the 1946 Rose Bowl. Against USC, the Crimson Tide defeated the Trojans 34–14 to complete a perfect season. Alabama took a 34–0 lead into the fourth quarter before the Trojans scored their first points. Alabama touchdowns were scored on a pair of one-yard Hal Self runs, a five-yard Lowell Tew run, a one-yard Norwood Hodges run and on a 20-yard Self pass to Harry Gilmer.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, Game summaries, USC
The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against USC to 2–0. This edition of the Rose Bowl also marked the final one that did not feature a matchup between teams from what are now both the Big Ten Conference and the Pac-12 Conference until Miami played in the 2002 Rose Bowl. This was the case as the Pacific Coast Conference and the Big Nine Conference entered into an agreement to place their conference champions in the Rose Bowl effective for the 1946 season.


1945 Alabama Crimson Tide football team, National championship
The NCAA recognizes consensus national champions as the teams that have captured a championship by way of one of the major polls since the 1950 college football season, and prior to 1950, they were chosen by a variety of selectors. For the 1945 season, Army was recognized as national champions. The 1945 Alabama team was later determined to be national champions by the National Championship Foundation; however, Alabama does not claim 1945 as one of their 18 recognized national championships.


1945 Albanian National Championship
The 1945 Albanian National Championship was the eighth season of the Albanian National Championship, the top professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1930.


1945 Albanian National Championship, Overview
It was contested by 12 teams, and Vllaznia won the championship.


1945 Albanian National Championship, Group B, League table
Note: 'Ismail Qemali' is Flamurtari, 'Bashkimi Elbasanas' is KS Elbasani and 'Shqiponja' is Luftëtari. 'Ylli' and 'Liria' were short-lived military teams.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections for a Constituent Assembly were held in Albania on 2 December 1945. Voters were presented with a single list from the Democratic Front, organized and led by the Communist Party of Albania. The Front won all 82 seats.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
As the Albanian National Liberation War of 1941-1944 came to a close, an interim Democratic Government of Albania was established on 20 October 1944 by a second meeting of the Anti- Fascist National Liberation Council (which had been established in Përmet in May that year) Its Prime Minister was Enver Hoxha, Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Albania.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
During the National Liberation War the Communist Party was the only consistent anti-fascist political and military force. Two rival organizations, the Balli Kombëtar and the Legaliteti, had their prestige amongst the populace tarnished through collaboration with the German occupiers against the partisan forces led by the Communists. By the end of the war both organizations had been defeated.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
The Democratic Front, which succeeded the wartime National Liberation Front in August 1945, had no other political parties within it besides the Communist Party of Albania, with bourgeois-democratic and general patriotic persons being united within the Front as non-Party members. "The Communist Party did not exclude cooperation with anti-fascist political parties and bringing them into the National Liberation Front," Albanian Professor Ndreçi Plasari stated in 1974, "if such parties had been created."


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
In September 1945 a third meeting of the Anti- Fascist National Liberation Council was held, resulting in the adoption of a law on the formation of a Constituent Assembly as well as laws on the election of representatives to this Assembly and on the list of candidates on the basis of "general, equal, direct and secret ballot, and the necessary guarantees for the free exercise of the citizens' electoral rights."


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
At this meeting, however, the liberal Education Minister in the Democratic Government, Gjergj Kokoshi, criticized the electoral law, calling it "anti-democratic" and calling for the Communist Party to play a secondary rather than primary role in the affairs of the Front. Hoxha responded to these criticisms by saying: "The people organized in the Democratic Front, present their own candidates to the Assembly in the lists of the Front. If those who are outside the Front desire to be elected, let them present their candidatures individually. The draft law recognizes them this right and, indeed, will defend it."


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
Kokoshi replied that independent candidates "are doomed to failure, because these elements are not organized in political parties and do not have their own press or propaganda. On the other hand, the men of the state power are all in the Front, thus no guarantees are given that other candidates will be elected."


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
Another member of the Front, Siri Shpallo, replied to these criticisms, saying that, "The fact that no other group has been able to organize itself after ten months of liberation means that the creation of such groups has not been in the interests of the people. The people are with the Front. If there are some who want to organize themselves outside the Front, let them try, but they will run up against the strength of the Front and will lose. There is nothing we can do about this."


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
Kokoshi and a number of other non-communist Front members would later be accused of attempting to set up illegal opposition to the Front and government with the assistance of the British Military Mission in Albania, which had called on the Democratic Government to grant foreign observers first-hand access to the electoral process along with the holding of what it termed "free elections" as a precondition for the United Kingdom to provide diplomatic recognition to Albania.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
During the electoral campaign all Albanian citizens aged 18 and older, male and female alike, could vote, although former members of the governments set up by the occupiers during the war, political fugitives, war criminals, and "enemies of the people" were deprived of this right. The Front presented its own list during the election in opposition to "some separate candidates who represented the bourgeois circles, but [who] failed completely from lack of support among the people." The Palm Beach Post noted that there were eighteen such candidates.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
Due to the overwhelming illiteracy of the population, voting was conducted by a small rubber ball stamped with a black eagle dropped either into a red ballot box for Front candidates or a black one for independents, with the voter putting his or her hand into both boxes to avoid others knowing who they had voted for.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Background
American and British diplomatic observers concluded that the election had been fairly conducted and reflected the popularity of the Democratic Front. This opinion was also shared by foreign press correspondents who had visited the country to observe the elections. This was despite the Communists resorting to terror and propaganda to cow their opponents.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Aftermath
The representatives elected were, with few exceptions, members of the Communist Party. The Constituent Assembly was first convened on 10 January 1946. At 12.00 AM on 11 January, during its second session, the Assembly unanimously proclaimed Albania a People's Republic at the proposal of Hysni Kapo, formally abolishing the prewar monarchy and forbidding King Zog and his heirs from reentering the country.


1945 Albanian parliamentary election, Aftermath
On 12 January the Presidium of the Assembly was elected after some opposition from liberal and conservative deputies, with Omer Nishani being elected Chairman of the Presidium and the Presidium itself comprising Enver Hoxha, Myslim Peza, Nako Spiru, Medar Shtylla, Sami Baholli, Ramadan Çitaku, Qirjako Harito and others. After a period of public debate and discussion on the constitutional draft, Albania's first postwar Constitution was enacted on 14 March and the Constituent Assembly was then turned into the People's Assembly. On 18 March Enver Hoxha was tasked by this Assembly on its first meeting with forming a new government, which was approved on 22 March and sworn in on 24 March with Hoxha as Chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister).


1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
The 1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season marked the third season of the circuit. The action began with six teams, like the previous season. But the Milwaukee Chicks and the Minneapolis Millerettes franchises were renamed the Grand Rapids Chicks and Fort Wayne Daisies respectively. The measure took effect for poor attendances in the cities of these teams the year before. At this point, the new clubs joined the Kenosha Comets, Racine Belles, Rockford Peaches and South Bend Blue Sox, all founding members of the league.


1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
The six teams competed through a 110-game schedule, while the split season was dropped in favor of a longer playoff format with the Shaugnessy format: the one seed facing the three seed and the two seed against the four seed. In addition, the pitching distance increased from 40 to 42 feet during the midseason.


1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
Nevertheless, the pitchers continued to dominate the league as an all-time record eight no-hitters were recorded in the season. Rockford's Carolyn Morris hurled a perfect game against Fort Wayne, while South Bend's Betty Luna threw four shutouts in a stretch, including her first career no-hitter. Grand Rapids' Connie Wisniewski led all pitchers with her 32 victories and a 0.81 earned run average, rivalizing with Fort Wayne's Dorothy Wiltse who recorded 29 wins and a 0.83 ERA. But the other side, Mary Nesbitt of Racine was the only hitter to top the .300 mark (.319) while Fort Wayne teammates Helen Callaghan and Faye Dancer tied for the home run title with three a piece. Wisniewski was honored with the AAGPBL Player of the Year Award.


1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
In the playoffs, champion Rockford played third place Grand Rapids and second place Fort Wayne took Racine. Rockford and Fort Wayne ended up facing each other in the finals, with Rockford becoming the first team to win both the season title and the championship in league history. Morris, who went 28–12 with a 1.08 ERA in the season, defeated the Chicks three times in the first round and repeated her feat against the Daisies in the finals, proving that good pitching is most important that hitting during a short series.


1945 All-American Girls Professional Baseball League season
The AAGPBL drew 450,000  fans during the 1945 season, which represented a 19 percent raise over the previous year.


1945 All-Big Six Conference football team
The 1945 All-Big Six Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Six Conference teams for the 1945 college football season. The selectors for the 1945 season included the Associated Press (AP).


1945 All-Big Ten Conference football team
The 1945 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Big Ten Conference teams selected by the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP) for the 1945 Big Ten Conference football season. The UP released the point total for each player in its polling; each player's UP point total is listed below.


1945 All-Big Ten Conference football team, Key
Bold = Consensus first-team selection of both the AP and UPI


1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The 1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 14th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18. As a result of the Emergency this was the first championship to be staged since 1941.


1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
Roscommon entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated in the Connacht Championship.


1945 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
On 23 September 1945, Dublin won the championship following a 4-7 to 0-4 defeat of Leitrim in the All-Ireland final. This was their second All-Ireland title and their first in twelve championship seasons.


1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
The 1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship was the 15th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1928. As a result of the Emergency it was the first championship to be staged since 1941.


1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
Cork entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Tipperary in the Munster semi-final.


1945 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
On 2 September 1945 Dublin won the championship following a 3-14 to 4-6 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final. This was their first All-Ireland title.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1945 season in Camogie. The championship was won by Antrim, who defeated Waterford by a six-point margin in the final.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Structure
Because of the splits in the Association and the disaffiliation of the Leinster counties only three teams entered the championship from outside Ulster. Waterford won the Munster championship for the first time when they defeated Tipperary 4–1 to 2–1 and received a bye to the All-Ireland final as Leinster had withdrawn from the Camogie Association.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Final
Antrim's team travelled by five cars in wartime to Waterford for the final.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final
A complex series of disagreements, splits in the Camogie Association, the foundation of two new bodies, and other altercations between the years 1939 and 1952 had a series impact on the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship and led to the absence of the two most prominent camogie-playing counties Cork and Dublin among several others.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final
Dublin missed the All Ireland championships of 1939, 1940, 1945 and 1946, in a dispute over the ban on hockey players and was represented by a one club selection in 1941, 1947 and 1948, the CIÉ Club. As a result of a separate dispute over male officials Cork missed the eight championships between 1944 and 1952.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final
On the first year both were non participants they staged an "alternative" All Ireland final.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final
From the outset events in the Camogie Association did not follow the normal course of events in sporting disputes.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
When Dublin proposed that the ban on hockey players be removed in 1939 a special delegate conference was called. Ulster Council wanted a single delegate per county at this conference, in effect enabling them to outvote Dublin, which had three quarters of the members and half the registered clubs of the association at the time.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
Ulster Council then organised a boycott of the special delegate conference at which the Dublin and Kildare delegates unanimously removed the ban on hockey players. The rest of the affiliated counties seceded en masse as did the Central Council of the Camogie Association, but not, crucially the president Máire Gill or the secretary Esther Ryan. The Dublin-based Camogie Association life president Agnes O'Farrelly and the energetic national organiser Sean O'Duffy kept contact with both sides.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
This left Dublin and its client clubs in Leinster as the only remaining members of the "old association" while the rest discussed a "new" National Camógaíocht Association at Jury's Hotel in Dublin on 23 July 1939. It was established soon afterwards at a meeting in Jury's Hotel on 26 August, at which Rosemary Marron of Antrim presided, with Jean Condon from Ashbourne as its president.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
Delegates attended from Wexford, Meath and Cork as well as the Ulster counties and letters of support were read from Galway, Louth and a few Dublin clubs that were in favour of the retention of the ban. They sought the help of the GAA to further their objectives and expected to stage their All-Ireland final at Croke Park on the first Sunday that the ground was available in November.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
Dublin's strong league structure and access to playing fields in the Phoenix Park enabled it to carry on as normal without any change to practice. In the meantime the National Camógaíocht Association organised the All Ireland championships in 1939 and 1940, albeit without the O'Duffy Cup, which remained in Dublin custody. In 1941 the CIÉ Club affiliated to the Central Council and qualified for the All Ireland semi-final, setting an important precedent and putting Dublin's position of isolation under pressure.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin
In October 1941 Pádraig Ó Caoimh, General Secretary of the GAA mediated a settlement under which Dublin reaffiliated, Máire Gill and Esther Ryan stood down, Lil Kirby was elected new president and Jean McHugh became new secretary of the Camogie Association. The reaffiliated Dublin team met Cork in the All Ireland finals of 1942 and 1943, re-establishing their hegemony as the two leading counties in the game.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Cork
Cork withdrew in 1944 over a separate issue, the debate over a females-only administration for camogie. Their eight-year withdrawal from the championship has been characterised by the game's official historian as the act of an individual, Cork chairman Idé Bean Uí Shé. Mary Moran wrote in her 2011 history of camogie, A Game of Our Own:


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Cork
Readers must wonder how an individual could withdraw Cork from the Association and get away with it. I have put that question to camogie people of the time. The usual reply was 'we were unable to challenge her'. Idé Bean Uí Shé lectured in Irish at U.C.C. whereas many of the delegates that attended the Cork County Board had left school in their early teens. If someone disputed the point with her, she immediately switched to speaking Irish, leaving the delegate at a disadvantage.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Cork
On the other hand, some delegates were happy to let Idé lead the way and they followed without question. The situation dragged on for years. Eventually, Old Aloysians came up with the idea of making her Life President of the Cork Board. She was delighted with the honour. A new chairperson was elected and Cork affiliated.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Cork
Cork defeated Dublin a week before Dublin won the 1944 Championship, raising questions about Dublin's claim as All Ireland champions.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin again
The peace in Dublin did not last either. The Leinster counties withdrew from the Association in May 1945, listing a catalogue of grievances, a time described by Mary Moran as "the darkest hour in the history of the Association".


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland final: Dublin again
For the first time neither of the two strongest counties in Camogie were participants in the All Ireland champions and when they met in an "alternative" or "unofficial" All Ireland final it was played at Croke Park as opposed to the "official" All Ireland championship in Cappoquin.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All Ireland final: The matches
Dublin and Cork organised an alternative All Ireland final as a show of strength, showing their vastly superior playing numbers and support above that of the National Camógaíocht Association. They played at Croke Park on 14 October 1945, drawing 1–1 each. Dublin beat Cork 4–2 to 1–1 in the replay at the Mardyke on 18 November. It was a high profile event covered in the national newspapers, as opposed to the National Camógaíocht Association final in Cappoquin in which Antrim defeated Waterford with a smaller crowd and no national coverage. It is in effect Dublin's "missing" 27th All Ireland title. The winners received a set of hurleys presented by Denis Guiney, Managing Director of Clery & Co. Ltd.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland: aftermath
The National Camógaíocht Association's All Ireland Championship was saved by the rise of Antrim and the revival of interest in camogie in Belfast city, which staged high-profile All Ireland finals in 1946 and in 1947 at Corrigan Park.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, Alternative All-Ireland: aftermath
Another "unified" camogie body (the third) Comhaltas Camógaíochta na hÉireann was formed in Dublin on 21 April 1947, and Leinster Council disbanded. A new Leinster Council was formed but it was only able to attract two counties to affiliate. Once again CIÉ Club affiliated to the Central Council from Dublin in 1947 and were able to qualify unopposed as Leinster champions and reach the All-Ireland final. They formed an alternative Dublin County Board on 30 September and went a step further in the 1948 championship when they won the competition without assistance from any other Dublin clubs. The success opened the way for unity talks chaired by Síghle Nic an Ultaigh from Down, who persuaded Dublin and the Leinster counties to re-affiliate in 1949. Cork re-affiliated in 1952 after an eight-year absence from the championship.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final
The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final was the fourteenth All-Ireland Final and the deciding match of the 1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, an inter-county camogie tournament for the top teams in Ireland.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final
The game was tied at half-time, 2-2 each, but Antrim finished stronger to make up for the previous year's disappointment.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 59th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament. It was played at venues all over Ireland from 29 April to 23 September 1945.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
31 teams entered, with Kilkenny once again declining to field a team. Roscommon were the defending champions, however, they surrendered their title in their opening game, a Connacht semi-final defeat by Mayo.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The All-Ireland final was played on 23 September 1945 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Cork and Cavan, in what was their first ever meeting in a final. Cork won the match by 2-05 to 0-07 to claim their third championship title overall and a first title since 1911.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship final was a Gaelic football match played at Croke Park on 23 September 1945 to determine the winners of the 1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the 59th season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the four provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Cork of Munster and Cavan of Ulster, with Cork winning by 2-5 to 0-7.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
In what was only the second ever championship meeting between the two sides, Cork were regarded as outsiders against a Cavan side who had dominated their province for over a decade without adding an All-Ireland title. The Breffni Men, who had the advantage of the elements in the first half, got the opening score when T. P. O'Reilly pointed after five minutes. The advantage turned in Cork's favour three minutes later when Éamonn Young and Derry Beckett combined to put Mick Tubridy in for a goal. Cavan quickly equalized before Derry Beckett scored a point from a free. Further points from Tubridy (two) and Humphrey O'Neill in response to two from P. J. Duke and Tony Tighe left Cork in the lead by 1-4 to 0-5 at the interval.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Derry Beckett, from a narrow angle, increased Cork's lead shortly after resuming before Cavan, again aided by the elements as the wind had changed, got a grip on the exchanges. The Cork defence held strong under twenty minutes of intense pressure from the Cavan forwards, and limited the northerners to two points from Peter Donohoe and Joe Stafford. After moving to midfield Jack Lynch lifted the siege and set up a quick move involving Tubridy and Young which created an opportunity for Derry Beckett to score the clinching goal.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Cork's All-Ireland victory was their first since 1911. The win gave them their third All-Ireland title over all and put them joint sixth on the all-time roll of honour along with Galway.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Cavan's All-Ireland defeat was their second in three years and their third in succession since winning their last championship decider in  1935.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
For some Cork players there was a happy symmetry with Cork's last All-Ireland victory. Éamonn Young's father, Jack, and Derry Beckett's father, Jerry, had won All-Ireland medals as members of the Cork team in 1911. Beckett also joined an elite list of dual player's who had won All-Ireland medals in both football and hurling. He had previously won an All-Ireland medal with the Cork hurling team in 1942. Paddy "Hitler" Healy also joined this elite group, winning an All-Ireland medal as a substitute to supplement the winners' medal he claimed on the field of play with the Cork hurlers in 1944.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
Cork's Jack Lynch also became a dual All-Ireland medallist, however, his achievement was the most spectacular of all. He had won four successive All-Ireland medals with the Cork senior hurling team between 1941 and 1944. In joining in the footballers success Lynch became the first player to win five All-Ireland medals in succession.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final
The annexing of the All-Ireland title was also a major triumph for the Clonakilty club in West Cork as they provided no fewer than eight players to the Cork panel.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship 1945 was the 59th series of the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition. Tipperary won the championship, beating Kilkenny 5-6 to 3-6 in the final.


1945 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, Format
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was run on a provincial basis as usual. All games were played on a knockout basis whereby once a team lost they were eliminated from the championship. The format for the All-Ireland series of games ran as follows:


1945 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
The 1945 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 58th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1945 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 2 September 1945, between Kilkenny and Tipperary. The Leinster champions lost to their Munster opponents on a score line of 5-6 to 3-6.


1945 All-Pacific Coast football team
The 1945 All-Pacific Coast football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pacific Coast teams for the 1945 college football season. The organizations selecting teams in 1945 included the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP).


1945 All-Pacific Coast football team
The USC Trojans won the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) championship with a 7–4 record, finished the season ranked #11 in the final AP Poll, and had two players named to the first team by either the AP or UP: end Jim Callanan (AP, UP) and halfback Ted Teannehill (AP).


1945 All-Pacific Coast football team
The Washington State Cougars finished in second place in the PCC with a 6–2–1 record and also placed two players on the first team: fullback Bill Lippincott (UP) and tackle Rod Giske (AP, UP).


1945 All-Pacific Coast football team
Four players from teams outside the PCC received first-team honors. Three of those played for the St. Mary's Gaels: quarterback Herman Wedemeyer (AP, UP), halfback "Spike" Cordeiro (UP), and end Ed Ryan (AP, UP). The fourth was tackle Bob McClure (UP) of Nevada.


1945 All-Pacific Coast football team, Key
Bold = Consensus first-team selection of both the AP and UP


1945 All-Pro Team
The 1945 All-Pro Team consisted of American football players who were chosen by various selectors for the All-Pro team for the 1945 football season. Teams were selected by, among others, the Associated Press (AP), the United Press (UP), the International News Service (INS), Pro Football Illustrated, and the New York Daily News (NYDN).


1945 All-SEC football team
The 1945 All-SEC football team consists of American football players selected to the All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) chosen by various selectors for the 1945 college football season. Alabama won the conference title.


1945 All-SEC football team, Key
Bold = Consensus first-team selection by both AP and UP


1945 All-Southwest Conference football team
The 1945 All-Southwest Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Southwest Conference teams for the 1945 college football season. The selectors for the 1945 season included the Associated Press (AP) and United Press (UP).


1945 Amateur World Series
The 1945 Amateur World Series was the eighth edition of the Amateur World Series (AWS), an international men's amateur baseball tournament. The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation (which titled it the Baseball World Cup as of the 1988 tournament). The tournament took place, for the second time, in Venezuela, which had also hosted the previous (1944) tournament. It was contested by six national teams playing ten games each from October 27 through November 18 in Caracas.


1945 Amateur World Series
Both Cuba and  Mexico boycotted this AWS in protest of the events of the previous edition, when controversy surrounded the tournament regarding umpiring decisions, which had led to forfeits of games and general ill-will.


1945 Amateur World Series
The host Venezuelan team finished undefeated with a perfect 10–0 record, winning its second consecutive gold medal and third overall.


1945 Amateur World Series
Colombia finished in second place with a 7–3 record and won silver for its first medal in series history, while Panama went 6–4 for a bronze medal. It was also the first medal for the Panamanians in the tournament.


1945 Amateur World Series
Nicaragua, a former silver medalist both in 1939 and 1940, placed fourth at 5–5. The Costa Rica and El Salvador teams debuted in the Series and shared last place with a 1–9 mark.


1945 Amateur World Series
Héctor Benítez of Venezuela earned Most Valuable Player honors after leading the hitter in batting average (.526), hits (20), RBI (16) and runs scored (16). Teammate Luis Zuloaga was the top pitcher with a 4–0 record, while setting a Series record with seven consecutive wins. Other statistical leaders for Venezuela were Ramón Fernández, with 21 hits, and Luis Romero Petit, who stole nine bases.


1945 Amateur World Series
Another well observed performance came from Panamanian catcher León Kellman, who was the only player to hit two home runs in the Series. Previously, in 1941, Kellman was the only player to homer in the Series.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt
The Balfour Day riots, took place between 2 and 3 November 1945. The riots began as anti-Jewish demonstrations on the 28th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration. Rallies were organised by the right-wing Young Egypt Party and Hassan al-Banna's Muslim Brotherhood.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt
Five Egyptian Jews and one Muslim policeman were killed in Alexandria, hundreds were injured in both Alexandria and Cairo, and an Ashkenazi synagogue was burned down. The Greek Orthodox patriarchate, Catholic churches and a Coptic school were also damaged in the riot. The police reacted quickly but were unable to prevent much of the violence. However further demonstrations planned for the following day were largely suppressed.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt
Following the riots, King Farouk of Egypt denounced the violence and met with Rabbi Chaim Nahum, whilst Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha also denounced the violence and visited a number of the riot sites, although Nukrashi cast blame on Zionists for having "provoked such violent reactions"


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt, Aftermath
Gudrun Krämer writes that: "Yet in spite of the Balfour Day riots of November 1945 and some isolated incidents occurring in their wake, the mass of the Egyptian population did not show signs of anti- Jewish feeling. The anti-Zionist campaign of militant nationalist and Islamic groups with its anti- Jewish overtones did not seem to affect the general public, nor did it lead to any government action directed against Egyptian Jews."


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Egypt, Aftermath
Numerous acts of violence against Egyptian Jews followed in the later years, including the 1948 bombings of Jewish areas, which killed 70 Jews and wounded nearly 200, while riots claimed many more lives. In 1949, a bombing in the Cairo Jewish quarter killed 34 and wounded 80. During the 1950s, the Jews of Egypt were subjected to political instability due to ongoing Israeli-Egyptian conflict (particularly the Suez Crisis) and suffered sporadic violence, leading to the exodus of most of the community.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
The 1945 Anti- Jewish riots in Tripolitania was the most violent rioting against Jews in North Africa in modern times. From November 5 to November 7, 1945, more than 140 Jews were killed and many more injured in a pogrom in British-military-controlled Tripolitania. 38 Jews were killed in Tripoli from where the riots spread. 40 were killed in Amrus, 34 in Zanzur, 7 in Tajura, 13 in Zawia and 3 in Qusabat.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
The British Military Administration was heavily criticized for acting too slowly to stop the rioting. Major-General Duncan Cumming, the British Chief Civil Affairs Officer, noted that Arab nationalism had been provoked by reports about Council of Foreign Ministers proposals "to hand the country back to Italian tutelage or to some other country with suspected Colonial designs," and that "It would seem that reports of the situation in Palestine and of anti-Jewish disturbances in Egypt finally touched off the pent-up excitement in the direction of the virtually defenceless Jews rather than against Italians.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
Hooliganism and fanaticism have played an important part in the disturbances together with a general tendency to loot." Official British reports highlight background factors responsible for the general tension at the time, such as economic hardship and the uncertain political future of Tripolitania. The neighbouring British province was expect to become the independent Cyrenaica Emirate, whilst contemporary post-war proposals for Tripolitania included a return to Italian rule and a trusteeship under the Soviet Union.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
As a result of the slow British response, a widely held belief amongst Libyan Jews is that the riots were instigated by the British in order to show that the Libyans could not rule themselves, or as some kind of warning to Libyan Zionists relating to the ongoing Jewish insurgency in Palestine. However, American diplomats believed that the British had been caught unaware and "were sincere in their desire to curb [the] outbreaks promptly". State Department observer John E. Utter "believed that blame for the initial troubles lay with both sides—Jews primed for provocative behavior by Zionist propaganda and Arabs stirred by anti-Jewish riots in Cairo."


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania
Together with previous persecutions of Jews by the Axis in Libya during World War II, the Tripoli rioting became a turning point in the history of Libyan Jews, becoming a central factor in the 1949–51 emigration organized by the Jewish Agency.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Background
In the late 1930s, the Fascist Italian regime in Italian Libya began passing anti-Semitic laws. As a result of these laws, Jews were fired from government jobs, some were dismissed from government schools, and their citizenship papers were stamped with the words "Jewish race."


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Background
Despite this repression, that was partially opposed by governor Italo Balbo, in 1941 some 25% of the population of Tripoli was still Jewish and 44 synagogues were maintained in the city.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Background
But in February 1942, German troops fighting the Allies in North Africa occupied the Jewish quarter of Benghazi, plundering shops and deporting more than 2,000 Jews across the desert. Sent to work in labor camps, more than one-fifth of this group of Jews perished.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Background
Despite liberation from Fascist Italian and Nazi German influence in 1943, North African Jews kept suffering innumerous attacks. Arab nationalists were incorporating effective propaganda efforts and on November 2, 1945, an anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, a widespread wave of anti-Jewish rioting hit the cities in Aleppo (Syria), Cairo (Egypt) and the most severe, in Tripoli (Libya).


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, The pogrom
Some of the worst anti-Jewish violence occurred following the liberation of North Africa by Allied troops. From November 5 to November 7, 1945, more than 140 Jews (including 36 children) were killed and hundreds more injured in the Tripoli pogrom. The rioters looted nearly all of the city's synagogues and destroyed five of them, along with hundreds of homes and businesses. In the aftermath about 4,000 Jews were left homeless, and 2,400 were reduced to poverty. Five synagogues in Tripoli and four in provincial towns were destroyed, and over 1,000 Jewish residences and commercial buildings were plundered in Tripoli alone.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, The pogrom
As in the Iraqi case, the Tripoli massacre inaugurated a train of events that would demoralize and in a relatively short time dissolve the Libyan Jewish community. The event caused the beginning of the Libyan Jewish exodus. Thus, Jews began leaving Libya three years before the establishment of Israel and seven years before Libya gained independence.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Aftermath
The situation of Libyan Jews further escalated with the eruption of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In June 1948, anti-Jewish rioters in Libya killed another 12 Jews and destroyed 280 Jewish homes. This time, however, the Libyan Jewish community had prepared to defend itself. Jewish self-defense units fought back against the rioters, preventing dozens of more deaths.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Aftermath
The insecurity which arose from these anti-Jewish attacks, as well as the founding of the state of Israel led many Jews to emigrate. From 1948 to 1951, and especially after immigration became legal in 1949, 30,972 Jews immigrated to Israel.


1945 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania, Aftermath
During the next decade and a half, the remaining Jews in Libya were put under numerous restrictions, including laws which governed their ability to move around (generally outside the country), their legal status and identification cards and property issues; the Jews of Libya were discriminated against and oppressed through codified laws. More violence erupted after the Six-Day War, leaving 18 Jews dead and many more injured. Following this, the remaining Jewish community of Libya, numbering about 7,000 persons, was almost entirely evacuated to Italy, abandoning their property and homes. The last Jew in Libya, an old woman, was finally allowed to leave for Italy in 2003, after numerous tries by her adult son.


1945 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards
The 1945 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards ceremony was held in Buenos Aires on 4 January 1945  to honour the best films and contributors to Argentine cinema in 1944.


1945 Argentine Primera División
The 1945 Argentine Primera División was the 54th season of top-flight football in Argentina. The season began on April 22 and ended on December 2.


1945 Argentine Primera División
Gimnasia y Esgrima (LP) returned to Primera but the squad would be relegated again at the end of the season, after finishing last. River Plate won its 8th title.


1945 Arizona State–Flagstaff Lumberjacks football team
The 1945 Arizona State–Flagstaff Lumberjacks football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff (now known as Northern Arizona University) in the Border Conference during the 1945 college football season. In their third year under head coach Frank Brickey, the Lumberjacks compiled a 2–3 record and were outscored by a total of 86 to 64.


1945 Arizona State–Flagstaff Lumberjacks football team
The team played its home games at Skidmore Field in Flagstaff, Arizona.


1945 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1945 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Mike Casteel, and after two years without a football program during World War II, the Wildcats compiled a perfect 5–0 record, shut out three of five opponents, and outscored all opponents, 193 to 12. The team captain was Boyd Morse. The team played its home games at Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona.


1945 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1945 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1945 college football season. In their second and final year under head coach Glen Rose, the Razorbacks compiled a 3–7 record (1–5 against SWC opponents), finished in last place in the SWC, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 222 to 112.


1945 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
Running back John Hoffman led the team in both rushing and receiving in 1945. He totaled 587 rushing yards on 139 carries (4.2 yard per carry and caught 11 passes for 198 yards. Quarterback Bud Canada completed 24 of 69 passes for 272 yards.


1945 Army Cadets football team
The 1945 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1945 college football season. The Cadets were coached by Earl Blaik in his fifth year and finished the season undefeated with a record of nine wins and zero losses (9–0). The squad was also recognized as national champions for the 1945 season. For the season, the Cadets' offense scored 412 points, while the defense allowed 46 points.


1945 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election
The Ashton-under-Lyne by-election, 1945 was a by-election held on 2 October 1945 for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashton-under-Lyne.


1945 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election
The by-election was triggered by the elevation to the peerage of the town's Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) William Jowitt, who was ennobled as Baron Jowitt.


1945 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election
The result was a victory for the Labour candidate Hervey Rhodes, who held the seat with over 50% of the votes, with a swing in the Labour Party's direction.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1945 Atlantic hurricane season produced multiple landfalling tropical cyclones. It officially began on June 16 and lasted until October 31, dates delimiting the period when a majority of storms were perceived to form in the Atlantic Ocean. A total of 11 systems were documented, including a late-season cyclone retroactively added a decade later. Five of the eleven systems intensified into hurricanes, and two further attained their peaks as major hurricanes.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season
Activity began with the formation of a tropical storm in the Caribbean on June 20, which then made landfalls in Florida and North Carolina at hurricane intensity, causing one death and at least $75,000 in damage. In late August, a Category 3 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale struck the Texas coastline, with 3 deaths and $20.1 million in damage. The most powerful hurricane of the season, reaching Category 4 intensity, wrought severe damage throughout the Bahamas and East Coast of the United States, namely Florida, in mid-September; 26 people were killed and damage reached $60 million. A hurricane moved ashore the coastline of Belize in early October, causing one death, while the final cyclone of the year resulted in 5 deaths and $2 million in damage across Cuba and the Bahamas two weeks later. Overall, 36 people were killed and damage reached at least $82.85 million.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The first tropical cyclone of the 1945 season formed about 120 mi (195 km) southeast of Cozumel around 12:00 UTC on June 20. It tracked north through the Yucatán Channel before turning sharply northeast, simultaneously attaining hurricane intensity early on June 23. Although the crew of a reconnaissance aircraft assessed peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) around 18:00 UTC that day, modern reanalysis suggests the cyclone peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h).


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
Maximum sustained winds fell to 80 mph (130 km/h) as the system moved ashore near Spring Hill, Florida at 08:00 UTC on June 24, with continued weakening inland. After emerging into the southwestern Atlantic, it regained minimal hurricane intensity and made a second landfall along Harkers Island, North Carolina. The system continued northeast and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on June 27, persisting for several days until last documented near Iceland on July 4.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
Damage from the hurricane throughout Florida was relatively minor. Citrus trees were stripped of their branches, roadways were washed out, and some telephone and power lines were toppled, temporarily severing communication. Tampa recorded a record 24-hour rainfall total of 10.42 in (264.7 mm), while precipitation peaked at 13.6 in (345 mm) in Lake Alfred. Statewide, the heavy precipitation was regarded as beneficial in ending one of the worst recorded droughts there. Two tornadoes were spawned; one blew a transformer off a platform and ripped a section of railing off a causeway, while both damaged some homes.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
Total damage reached $75,000 throughout Miami. Farther north, telephone communications around Georgetown, South Carolina were disrupted, while winds gusted as high as 69 mph (111 km/h) and rainfall peaked at 5.58 in (142 mm) in Charleston. In Wilmington, North Carolina, 8.24 in (209 mm) of rain was observed, causing considerable damage to the city's storm sewer system. Although the core of the cyclone passed east of New England, at least 10,000 telephone lines were downed by the storm. Buildings, crops, and trees were damaged, while low visibility led to a traffic accident that killed a man in Warwick, Rhode Island.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
A tropical wave organized into a tropical depression in the central Gulf of Mexico by 06:00 UTC on July 19. The system moved west-northwest after formation, reaching tropical storm intensity early the next day. Despite a well-established circulation as indicated by weather balloons, peak winds did not exceed 40 mph (65 km/h) throughout the storm's duration. It turned west and then west-southwest offshore the southern Texas coastline, weakening to a tropical depression early on July 22 and dissipating about 30 mi (50 km) offshore six hours later.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
Although cyclone warnings were issued along the Texas coastline upon the storm's formation, and boats at Aransas Pass were moved into harbors, impact was negligible; winds peaked at 30 mph (48 km/h) with medium to high tides. Squally weather and rough seas were observed along the coastline from Grand Isle, Louisiana to Port Aransas, Texas.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Three
Around 00:00 UTC on August 2, the third tropical cyclone of the season formed about 85 mi (140 km) northeast of Barbados. It crossed Dominica into the Caribbean Sea, where the storm attained peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and prompted small craft advisories. Missing Puerto Rico to the south, the cyclone then moved ashore west of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic at peak strength early on August 4. It dissipated over the island later that day and produced only scattered thundershowers across the region.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Four
Two weeks after the dissipation of Tropical Storm Three, a reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the formation of a new tropical storm in the same vicinity. The cyclone moved west-northwest north of the Caribbean Sea, reaching peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) by 12:00 UTC on August 18, just shy of its originally-assessed hurricane intensity. Steady weakening occurred thereafter, and the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression while passing south of the Bahamas before dissipating north of Cuba early on August 21.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
In late August, an area of disturbed weather persisted across the Bay of Campeche, eventually organizing into a tropical depression about 145 mi (235 km) northeast of Veracruz, Mexico by 00:00 UTC on August 24. The system gained steady strength on its north-northwest course, becoming a hurricane early the next day and attaining peak winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) – the first major hurricane of the season – southeast of Corpus Christi, Texas by 12:00 UTC on August 26.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
At the time, the cyclone was thought to have possessed winds as strong as a 135 mph (215 km/h), but this value was lowered in reanalysis. The hurricane made landfall along Matagorda Island, Texas at peak intensity by 12:00 UTC on August 27 and progressed inland, only slowly weakening to tropical storm intensity early the next morning. The cyclone curved northwest, ultimately dissipating southwest of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex around 18:00 UTC on August 29.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Though hundreds of miles from Florida, the developing hurricane helped boost St. Petersburg's August rainfall total to its highest in 30 years. Low-lying areas were flooded, sewer systems were backed up, and travel between the city and nearby Tampa was delayed. The storm's impacts in Texas, meanwhile, were regarded as the worst since the 1933 Cuba–Brownsville hurricane. Up to two-thirds of the coastline experienced hurricane-force winds, with a peak gust of 135 mph (217 km/h) recorded in Collegeport.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Five
Massive storm tides, as high as 15 ft (5 m) in Port Lavaca, inundated coastal locales and eroded up to 50 ft (15 m) of the shore; this was the third largest storm surge documented along the Texas coastline at the time. Rainfall amounts exceeded 30 in (762 mm) along the coastline. Catastrophic losses to crops and livestock were sustained throughout the region. Three deaths occurred in total, including one via a tornado near Houston and two via a capsized fishing vessel offshore Port Isabel, while damage reached $20.1 million.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Six
A tropical storm formed southeast of the Nicaragua–Honduras border early on August 29 and tracked northeast. After curving north and then west, the cyclone attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) over the Gulf of Honduras early on August 31. It moved ashore near Belize City, Belize at peak strength, where heavy rainfall and high tides resulted in flooding of 2–3 ft (0.6–0.9 m) within the city. The system weakened quickly once inland, dissipating just northeast of Ocosingo, Chiapas by 18:00 UTC on September 1.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
On the heels of Tropical Storm Six, a new tropical depression formed over the western Caribbean Sea by 18:00 UTC on September 3. The fledgling cyclone moved northeast and crossed the western coastline of Cuba near Punta de Cartas before emerging into the Straits of Florida early on September 4. The depression intensified into a tropical storm and attained peak winds of 40 mph (65 km/h), maintaining such strength as it moved ashore near Sanibel, Florida by 00:00 UTC on September 5.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
It turned abruptly northwest into the northern Gulf of Mexico and weakened to a tropical depression before making a second landfall along the coastline of Mississippi. The weak depression dissipated about 45 mi (75 km) south-southeast of Monroe, Louisiana around 18:00 UTC on September 6. A testament to the weak nature of the storm, only scattered squally weather affected southern Florida, amounting to minor damage to boats in Miami harbors.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
Another short-lived tropical storm was first identified about 195 mi (315 km) east of Guadeloupe by 12:00 UTC on September 9. Data from a reconnaissance aircraft indicated the storm intensified slightly to attain winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) by early the next day, in spite of a poorly-defined circulation center. It tracked northwest and then north, passing within 130 mi (210 km) of Bermuda before dissipating around 18:00 UTC on September 12.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
The most powerful cyclone of the season was first noted as an intensifying hurricane east of the Leeward Islands early on September 12. It moved steadily west-northwest, passing north of Puerto Rico as a Category 2 hurricane and moving through the Turks and Caicos Islands at Category 3 intensity. The mature storm attained its peak as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) after crossing Andros, Bahamas and soon began a gradual west-northwest turn.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
It moved ashore the northern end of Key Largo at 19:30 UTC on September 15, progressing into mainland Florida near Homestead, and whereupon the cyclone became the third strongest hurricane to hit Miami-Dade County, Florida on record. The system then curved north throughout the central portions of the state before emerging offshore and making a second landfall near Savannah, Georgia, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). A continued northward track brought the cyclone into the South Atlantic States, where it completed extratropical transition roughly 50 mi (85 km) east-northeast of Danville, Virginia. The post-tropical cyclone fluctuated in strength and was last noted east of Newfoundland on September 20.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
On Grand Turk Island, up to three quarters of the structures there were demolished and the remainder sustained at least minimal damage. Heavy damage occurred on Long Island, Bahamas as well. Reports suggested that up to 22 people may have been killed across the Turks and Caicos Islands. In Florida, the highest measured wind gust topped 138 mph (222 km/h) at Carysfort Reef Light. A total of 1,632 residences were destroyed while an additional 5,372 others received damage, particularly near the landfall point in Homestead.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
Naval Air Station Richmond suffered catastrophic losses when high winds ignited a fire that engulfed 25 blimps, 366 airplanes, and 150 automobiles across three hangars. Although the station's weather equipment failed, an inspection of the hurricane's damage led to the conclusion that gusts may have reached 150 mph (240 km/h) there. Throughout the remainder of the state, communications were severed by downed telephone lines, crops were ruined, thousands of livestock were killed, and 4 people perished. The overall coast of damage reached $60 million.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Nine
Farther north across the Carolinas, the cyclone inundated a region affected by heavy precipitation in the days before. The Cape Fear River crested at its highest level on record, 68.9 ft (21 m), flooding large sections of crop lands and adjacent homes. In Richmond County, Virginia, broken dams led to significant flash flooding.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
Early on October 2, the tenth tropical storm of the season was noted about 150 mi (240 km) northeast of the Nicaragua–Honduras border. It intensified into a Category 1 hurricane by 00:00 UTC the next day on a general west-northwest track and peaked with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) 24 hours later, although the crew aboard a reconnaissance aircraft originally estimated 100 mph (160 km/h) sustained winds. The cyclone tracked west-southwest and made landfall north of Punta Gorda, Belize at peak strength, quickly weakening once inland. Crossing Guatemala and Chiapas, the depression paralleled the coastline of Mexico for a time before moving ashore west of Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. The wilting system dissipated over southern Durango by 12:00 UTC on October 7.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Ten
Maximum gusts topped 60 mph (97 km/h) on Swan Islands, where hundreds of coconut palm trees and most of the banana trees were toppled. Upon making landfall in Belize, the hurricane flattened up to three-quarters of the homes in Punta Gorda, resulting in one death and many injuries. In Livingston, Guatemala, 40 houses were destroyed, and barges loaded with 10,000 bags of coffee were blown out to sea.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
The final Atlantic hurricane of 1945 was not officially documented until over a decade following the end of the season. Using re-analyzed surface weather maps, as well as recounts from local residents along the storm's path, it was discovered that a tropical depression formed south of Jamaica in the southwestern Caribbean Sea by 12:00 UTC on October 10. The compact storm moved north and then north-northeast ahead of a stationary front that existed from the western Atlantic into the Bay of Campeche.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
It became a minimal hurricane over the Cayman Islands by 00:00 UTC on October 12 and attained its peak at Category 2 intensity with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) while making landfall along a deserted southern stretch of Cuba. The storm emerged into the Bahamas while maintaining Category 1 strength before becoming intertwined with the frontal zone and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone southwest of Bermuda. The post-tropical storm slowly weakened but persisted until it was absorbed by a large extratropical low near the Azores on October 16.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
Due to the hurricane's small size, only fleeting rain and wind was experienced across the Cayman Islands. Cuba bore the brunt of the Category 2 hurricane as it moved ashore near Las Coloradas, where all the mangrove trees were destroyed and sea waters pushed inland. Significant impacts were observed in Jatibonico, where several tanks at a sugar mill were destroyed, a few railroad cars were derailed, and at least one building was demolished. Trees were toppled along the Sierra de Jatibonico, and winds of 70–75 mph (113–121 km/h) were felt in Tunas de Zaza, where the telegraph service was disabled.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Eleven
Four deaths and 200 injuries were documented throughout Cuba, with a damage estimate of $2 million. Tropical storm-force winds were produced throughout the Bahamas, cutting electricity to a number of homes on New Providence. Meanwhile, in Eleuthera, damage was inflicted to small vessels, a number of buildings, and telephone lines as winds reached 70–90 mph (113–145 km/h); one fatality was reported. Roadways were blocked across the island. In nearby Andros, a number of farms and thousands of coconut trees were destroyed.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
A large extratropical cyclone was first noted over the north central Atlantic on May 23. The system's temperature gradient subsided two days later, possibly indicating a brief transition into a subtropical cyclone, but it ultimately degenerated into a trough by May 26. On August 29, an area of low pressure formed in the central Gulf of Mexico; by 00:00 UTC the next day, a nearby ship recorded sustained winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) and a pressure of 1006 mb (hPa; 29.71 inHg), indicating a high likelihood of a tropical depression.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
The storm moved ashore in northern Mexico on August 30, producing winds just below gale force and scattered showers in Brownsville, Texas. A few days later, an extratropical cyclone drifted south and then east over the northeastern Atlantic, potentially acquiring subtropical characteristics by September 6; it dissipated two days later. On September 8, a compact low formed at the tail-end of a dissipating stationary front off the coastline of North Carolina. Within the warm sector of an approaching extratropical cyclone, it is likely the system attained tropical depression status before it was last seen east of Nantucket, Massachusetts on September 11.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
A small area of low pressure formed north of Honduras on September 26 and is surmised to have developed into a tropical depression before moving ashore two days later. In late September, an extratropical cyclone formed along a front west of the Azores. The low detached from the front and acquired either subtropical or fully tropical characteristics on September 27 before it was engulfed by another cold front the following day. Yet another extratropical low formed along a front in the northeastern Atlantic on October 4.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
With a broad circulation and minimal temperature gradient, the system may have briefly acquired subtropical qualities on October 7 before it transitioned into an extratropical low again the next day. Finally, on October 19, a closed area of low pressure developed between Miami, Florida and the Bahamas, possibly in connection with a frontal zone. Given the system's compact circulation, it is likely a tropical depression formed and progressed northeast before the low transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over the north central Atlantic.


1945 Atlantic hurricane season, Season effects
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 1945 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 1945 USD.


1945 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1945 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1945 college football season. It was the Tigers' 54th overall and 13th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The team was led by head coach Carl M. Voyles, in his second year, and played their home games at Auburn Stadium in Auburn, the Cramton Bowl in Montgomery and Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of five wins and five losses (5–5 overall, 2–3 in the SEC).


1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election
The Australian Labor Party held a leadership election on 12 July 1945, following the death of Prime Minister John Curtin. Treasurer Ben Chifley won an absolute majority on the first ballot, defeating three other candidates: deputy leader and interim prime minister Frank Forde, navy minister Norman Makin, and attorney-general H. V. Evatt.


1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election
John Curtin, party leader since 1935 and prime minister since 1941, suffered a fatal heart attack at The Lodge on 5 July 1945, after months of ill health. His deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in as interim prime minister the following day, with the understanding that he would resign if the Labor Party did not elect him as leader. Curtin's state funeral was held in Perth on 8 July.


1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election
Forde, as acting leader, scheduled a leadership election for Thursday, 12 July, despite the objections of allies of H. V. Evatt – who was overseas – that this would leave him no time to return to Australia and campaign. On 10 July, Forde and Chifley both announced their intention to stand for the leadership. Norman Makin announced his candidacy the next day. All 70 members of the Labor caucus (including three who were absent and voted by proxy) participated in the ballot. Chifley won 45 votes, Forde won 16, Makin won seven, and Evatt won two. Forde was subsequently re-elected unopposed as deputy leader. Chifley was sworn in as prime minister the following day, 13 July.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash
On 31 January 1945 a Stinson Model A aircraft departed from Melbourne for a flight of 127 nautical miles (235 km) to Kerang, Victoria—the first leg of an Australian National Airways regular scheduled service to Broken Hill, New South Wales. It crashed 50 nmi (93 km) from Melbourne. All ten occupants were killed in the accident. The aircraft was one of four Stinsons imported in 1936 by Airlines of Australia (AoA). Three had now crashed with the loss of 17 lives, and the fourth would not be permitted to fly again.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash
It was determined that the accident was caused by a fatigue crack in the main spar of the left wing that caused the outer part of the left wing, outboard of the engine nacelle, to separate from the remainder of the aircraft. The expert panel investigating the accident believed this to be the first fatal aircraft accident anywhere in the world directly attributable to metal fatigue.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash
The accident and related matters were investigated by a Supreme Court judge who also found that the aircraft's left wing failed in flight due to a fatigue crack. The judge made five recommendations including one that a safe flying life should be fixed for each metal aircraft registered in Australia to avoid further failures due to metal fatigue. This practice is now called safe-lifeing.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The flight
The aircraft was a modified Stinson Model A registered VH-UYY and operated by Australian National Airways (ANA) as the Tokana. On 31 January 1945 the Tokana departed from Melbourne's Essendon Airport at 7:55 am local time for a flight to Broken Hill, stopping at Kerang and Mildura. On board were two pilots and eight passengers. A strong and gusting wind was blowing from the south-west and the sky was mostly overcast with the base of the clouds about 2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level. About 20 minutes after takeoff the aircraft was approaching Redesdale and several people observed it flying about 1,000 ft (300 m) above ground level, just below the cloud base.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The flight
Several witnesses reported hearing a sharp crack followed by cessation of noise from the engines. When they looked up they saw the Stinson spiralling downwards. Part of one wing had separated from the remainder of the aircraft and it was drifting slowly towards the ground. As they watched, they saw the whole tail assembly break free from the fuselage. Moments later the wreckage struck the ground and a pall of black smoke rose into the air. Part of the left wing, outboard of the engine nacelle, continued to drift down slowly and reached the ground about ¾ mile (1.2 km) from the main wreckage.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The flight
The crash occurred 21 minutes after taking off from Essendon Airport. The flight covered a distance of only 50 nmi (93 km) and ended in farming country about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Redesdale. The site of the crash was once part of "Spring Plains" Station which had been owned by John Robertson Duigan and was where he constructed and flew the first aeroplane in Australia.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The flight
The main wreckage consisting of the fuselage, right inner wing, and left inner wing still with its engine attached, struck the ground inverted and was immediately consumed by fire. The bodies of the eight passengers were found in what remained of the cabin but were burned beyond recognition. The violent gyration of the fuselage threw the two pilots through the roof of the cockpit. Their bodies were found unburned 12–15 yards (11–14 m) from the main wreckage. The tail of the aircraft broke away from the fuselage and fell to the ground about 220 yards (200 m) from the main wreckage.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The flight
The outer section of the left wing, outboard of the engine nacelle, was found about ¾ mile (1.2 km) from the main wreckage. Apart from the fracture surfaces on the inboard ends of the spars it was almost undamaged. The right wing was torn into three sections by the violence of the gyrations and struck the ground 150 yards (140 m) from the main wreckage. The right engine was torn away from the right wing and struck the ground about 50 feet (15 m) from the main wreckage. It was slightly damaged by the fire. The main wreckage trail was about 100 yards (91 m) long. In the gyrations of the aircraft after separation of the outer part of the left wing, other parts broke free and separated from the main wreckage. Many small pieces of wreckage were found scattered over a wide area.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The aircraft
The Stinson Model A was a tri-motor with three Lycoming R-680 radial engines, each of 235 horsepower (175 kW). It was approved to fly at a maximum weight of 10,500 lb (4,763 kg). Four Stinson Model A aircraft were imported to Australia in 1936 and operated by Airlines of Australia.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The aircraft
After the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941, Airlines of Australia had found it impossible to obtain spare parts for the Lycoming R-680 engines in its two remaining Stinsons (a Stinson had crashed in February 1937 and another in March 1937). In early 1943 the decision was made to convert both aircraft to twin-engine configuration by removing the Lycoming engines and installing a 550 horsepower (410 kW) 9-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-1340-AN1 Wasp engine on each wing. These engines had been imported to Australia in large numbers for use as tank engines. The noses of the two aircraft were to be re-built by installing streamlined structures made of aluminium sheet.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The aircraft
By October 1943 VH-UYY had been converted to twin-engine configuration in the Essendon Airport facilities of Australian National Airways which had taken over Airlines of Australia. The increase in total power from 705 to 1,100 hp (526 to 820 kW) improved the takeoff, climb and one-engine-inoperative performance of the aircraft and permitted the maximum weight to be increased to 11,200 lb (5,080 kg) for takeoff. For the next 15 months Tokana was used on the Melbourne-Kerang-Mildura-Broken Hill route.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, The aircraft
VH-UYY flew for 13,763 hours, including 2,797 hours since its conversion to a twin-engine aeroplane.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
Investigators were able to determine the most likely sequence of the in-flight break-up:


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
Investigators found nothing in the wreckage to indicate there had been an explosion or fire in the aircraft prior to it striking the ground. It was immediately clear that the outer part of the left wing had broken away from the aircraft. The lower boom in the main spar had failed at the outboard edge of the engine nacelle and then the upper boom had also failed as the result of the wing folding upwards under the air loads imposed on it. The rear spar had then failed, allowing the entire outer part of the wing to separate from the aircraft and drift slowly to the ground.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
The fracture surfaces on the outer part of the left wing were examined by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research at its Division of Aeronautics in Melbourne. These examinations determined that separation of the left wing was initiated by metal fatigue of the lower main spar boom attachment socket. The primary structure of the Stinson was of welded steel tube construction. A fatigue crack had initiated in weld metal on the inner surface of the socket. After propagating through the weld metal during a large number of flights, the fatigue crack entered the socket's parent metal.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
This crack eventually affected 45% of the cross-section of the socket before the lower boom failed on the fatal flight. Investigators noted the amount of metal in the socket that was unaffected by the fatigue crack at the time of the accident and calculated that the wing was capable of supporting loads up to about 2.5 times the weight of the aircraft on its fatal flight. This suggested the gusting winds prevailing at the time, and the turbulence associated with the low altitude at which the aircraft was flying, were partly responsible for the failure.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
The matching socket in the spar in the right wing was also examined and found to be affected by a similar fatigue crack in the interior of the weld metal. This crack was detected by magnaflux inspection but could not be seen by visual examination.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
The Investigation Panel determined that the conversion from three-engine to two-engine configuration was not a cause of the accident. It found that fatigue failure of the wing was inevitable, and this modification and subsequent operation at a higher weight caused only slight shortening of the time before the failure occurred.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
"The crash is, as far as is known to the Panel, the first example of a failure inflight of an aircraft structure attributable directly to fatigue.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
"In the type of construction embodied in these aircraft, where concentrated loads are carried by a small number of heavy members, a single fatigue failure can, and in fact has caused, a complete structural collapse.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
"The Panel feels impelled to assert that neither the original design nor the original manufacture was at fault ... the tragedy has several new lessons to teach all concerned with aviation, and that learning provides some small degree of compensation for the loss of valuable human lives."


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
The Investigation Panel's report was completed in two weeks and included five recommendations:


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Investigation
The Minister for Civil Aviation, Mr Arthur Drakeford, made a detailed statement to Parliament that an undetected fatigue crack in a welded joint in a boom attachment fitting in the left wing caused the crash. Drakeford also said he was satisfied the work of the Investigation Panel was completed competently and thoroughly.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
Mr Joseph Clark, a member of parliament, had flown in Tokana five days prior to the crash. Two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) aircraft mechanics who were fellow-passengers had shown him a small crack in the aircraft's elevator hinge bracket. Clark had advised the two to tell the pilot about the crack if they thought it was serious. After the crash, Clark reported this conversation to the Minister for Civil Aviation and made a statement to the press. He repeated his statement in the House of Representatives.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
There was also criticism from Mr Thomas White that the Investigation Panel's report had not focussed attention on the major alteration involved in the conversion from a three-engined aeroplane to a two-engined aeroplane. Thomas White was a member of parliament and a former RAAF group captain. Following this criticism in the Parliament House of Representatives the Minister for Civil Aviation, Arthur Drakeford, appointed Mr Justice Philp of the Supreme Court of Queensland to conduct an inquiry into the accident using the powers of the National Security Act.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
The Air Court of Inquiry first sat on 27 March 1945 in Melbourne, chaired by Mr Justice Philp. The terms of reference for the Inquiry were to inquire into the causes of the accident; to investigate Mr Clark's allegations about a crack in the elevator hinge bracket; and to investigate Mr White's concerns that the Investigation Panel had neglected to consider the significant alteration made by removing three engines and replacing them with two engines.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
The Inquiry heard evidence that the annual inspection of VH-UYY had been completed on 2 November 1944 and since then it had flown for 525 hours. At an inspection of this kind it was possible to examine most of the welded joints in the wing, but not the welded spar joint that ultimately failed. That joint had not been inspected since installation of Pratt & Whitney engines in 1943.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
The Inquiry also heard that the maximum weights of all civil aircraft registered in Australia were determined conservatively and in a manner that was consistent with the International Convention on Aerial Navigation. The increase in maximum weight of VH-UYY was only granted after all appropriate calculations had been performed to ensure the aircraft was safe at the increased weight.


1945 Australian National Airways Stinson crash, Inquiry
Mr Justice Philp presented the Court's report to the Governor-General on 10 April 1945. The Court found that the accident was caused by a fatigue crack in the lower boom of the main spar in the left wing. It found that the presence of a crack in the elevator hinge bracket could not be determined but even if a crack had been present it had not contributed to the cause of the accident. It also found that the change of engines was not part of the cause of the accident but the increase in maximum weight had caused the accident to occur a little earlier than would have happened otherwise.