1947 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, Super Typhoon Rosalind
The origins of Rosalind can be track on a tropical storm that intensified into a category 2 on October 6 and named Rosalind. Therefore, Rosalind continued to rapidly intensify from 964 to 918 mbar, reaching its peak intensity. After Rosalind reaches its peak intensity, slight wind shear causes Rosalind to weaken on a category 2 on October 10. It intensified into a category 3 before it moved slowly. It weakened to a category 1 and tropical storm. Rosalind dissipated on October 14.


1947 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, Super Typhoon Rosalind
Rosalind was the first super typhoon ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean.


1947 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, Tropical Storm Irene
Tropical Storm Irene formed on November 30 between the Philippine Islands. It strengthened to a tropical storm with 50 mph winds before it made landfall on one of the islands. It curved northeast and weakened to a tropical depression. But after exiting land, it restrengthened to a moderate tropical storm. But shortly thereafter, it became extratropical on December 3. The Japan Meteorological Agency analyzed it as a tropical depression, though it was actually a moderate tropical storm.


1947 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, Typhoon Jean
Typhoon Jean struck Manila during Christmas after forming in the Philippine sea moving West-northwest and accelerating as it makes landfall in the border area of Albay and Camarines sur. The storm continued its fast movement and track towards southern Manila. After passing Manila the storm emerges from the coast of Zambales towards the south china sea starting to shift more towards the northwest and eventually north and northeast. All the way moving parallel to the coast of Luzon.


1947 Pacific typhoon season, Storms, Typhoon Jean
The typhoon weakened into a tropical storm and recurved west of Batanes island and passed through the Bashi channel south of Taiwan and continued north-eastward towards Miyakojima and the southern Japanese islands and eventually dissipating on the 29th of December. No data is available on what happened to the system after turning post-tropical. The curved track of Typhoon Jean is somewhat similar to that of Typhoon Flora the month before. Because Typhoon Jean battered Manila during Christmas there were reports of Christmas decorations being strewn around the city. There were also reports of wind damage in Parañaque city. It was the first recorded incident of typhoons impacting the country at the time of Christmas with the others being Typhoon Lee in 1981, Typhoon Nock-Ten in 2016, an unnamed typhoon in 1918, and Typhoon Phanfone in 2019.


1947 Palestine Cup
The 1947 Palestine Cup (Hebrew: הגביע הארץ-ישראלי, HaGvia HaEretz-Israeli) was the fifteenth season of Israeli Football Association's nationwide football cup competition, and the last competed before the declaration of independence of Israel.


1947 Palestine Cup
The competition reverted to its previous format, of each round decided with a single match. Maccabi Tel Aviv and Beitar Tel Aviv met at a tempestuous final, which was abandoned at the 88th minute, with Maccabi leading 3–2. After Beitar claimed scoring an equalising goal, which wasn't given, the crowd stormed the pitch and Beitar player Yom-Tov Menasherov took the cup and escaped the pitch with it undetected by the authorities.


1947 Palestine Premier League
The 1947 Palestine Premier League was the third edition of the first tier in the Arab Palestinian football league system, organized by the APSF. The champion was Shabab al-Arab Haifa, defeating Islamic Sports Club Jaffa 5–1 in the final, which was played in Jerusalem and winning the trophy for the second time in a row. This was the last edition of the Palestine Premier League before the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.


1947 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1947 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Olimpia.


1947 Paris–Roubaix
The 1947 Paris–Roubaix was the 45th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 6 April 1947 and stretched 246 km (153 mi) from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome. The winner was Georges Claes from Belgium.


1947 Paris–Tours
The 1947 Paris–Tours was the 41st edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 4 May 1947. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Briek Schotte.


1947 Pau Grand Prix
The 1947 Pau Grand Prix was a non-championship Formula One motor race held on 4 April 1947 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by Nello Pagani, driving with the Maserati 4CL. Pierre Levegh finished second and Henri Louveau third.


1947 Penn Quakers football team
The 1947 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania during the 1947 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach George Munger, the team compiled a 7–0–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 219 to 35, and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. The team's lone setback was a 7–7 tie with Army.


1947 Penn Quakers football team
Munger was Penn's head coach for 16 years; he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1976. In addition, three players from the 1947 team were inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame: center/linebacker Chuck Bednarik; tackle George Savitsky; and halfback Skip Minisi. Bednarik was a consensus first-team All-American; he also finished seventh in the 1947 voting for the Heisman Trophy.


1947 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1947 Penn State Nittany Lions football team was an American football team that represented Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) as an independent during the 1947 college football season. In its 18th season under head coach Bob Higgins, the team compiled an undefeated 9–0–1 record, shut out six opponents, outscored opponents by a total of 332 to 40, and was ranked No. 4 in the final AP Poll. The team was 9–0 during the regular season and played No. 3 SMU to a tie in the 1948 Cotton Bowl Classic. The team played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1947 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
On defense, the team gave up an average of 4.0 points per game, the lowest total among all major college teams during the 1947 season.


1947 Pepperdine Waves football team
The 1947 Pepperdine Waves football team represented George Pepperdine College as an independent during the 1947 college football season. The Waves played home games at Sentinel Field on the campus of Inglewood High School in Inglewood, California. Pepperdine finished the season with an undefeated record of 9–0, dominating their opponents by scoring 349 points and allowing only 26 over the season. They had five consecutive shutouts to finish the season, with no opponent scoring more than seven points all year.


1947 Pepperdine Waves football team, Team players in the NFL
No Pepperdine Waves were selected in the 1948 NFL Draft.


1947 Peruvian Primera División
The 1947 Campeonato de Selección y Competencia, the top category of Peruvian football at the time, was played by 8 teams. The national champion was Atlético Chalaco. Sporting Tabaco and Universitario de Deportes refused to play a relegation playoff. Hence no team was relegated and the first division grew to 9 teams for 1948.


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1947 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing fifth in the American League with a record of 78 wins and 76 losses.


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season
Except for a fifth-place finish in 1944, the A's finished in last or next-to-last place every year from 1935–1946. In 1947, Connie Mack not only got the A's out of last place, but actually finished with a winning record for the first time in 14 years in a season that would be the first to be aired on television, sharing the same station (WPTZ) as their NL counterparts, the Phillies.


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1947 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 15th in the league. The team improved on their previous output of 6–5, winning eight games. The team qualified for the playoffs for the first time in fifteen seasons.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season
The Eagles for the 2nd year went to Saranac Lake High School Field / Eagles Residence, in Saranac Lake, New York to hold training camp. Greasy Neale liked having the Eagles train away from Philadelphia and they only trained near their homebase when there were wartime travel restrictions during WW II. Under Neale the Eagles trained in Wisconsin, upstate New York and Minnesota when they could travel.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, NFL Draft
The 1947 NFL Draft was December 16, 1946. The NFL started a lottery of a bonus pick for the first pick in the draft. They did this until 1958.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, NFL Draft
The Eagles made 29 selections over the 32 rounds. They got the 6th or 7th pick in the rounds in which they had picks.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, NFL Draft
The top two picks in the draft was a lottery bonus pick as the number-one pick by the NFL champion Chicago Bears was Bob Fenimore, a back who attended Oklahoma A&M. With the number-two pick the Detroit Lions took 1946 Heisman Trophy winner Glenn Davis a halfback from Army. He was unable to play due to his required military service. Cal Rossi, a running back from UCLA was drafted again this year with the 4th pick by the Washington Redskins. He was taken in error with the 9th pick in the 1946 draft when he was still a junior in college. He declined to play pro football.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, NFL Draft
The future NFL Hall of Famers that were in this draft where Dante Lavelli (12th round), Art Donovan (22nd round) and Tom Landry (20th round).


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, NFL Draft
Some players drafted were signed by All-America Football Conference teams.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off season, Draft
The table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Roster
(All time List of Philadelphia Eagles players in franchise history)


1947 Philadelphia Eagles season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1947 Philadelphia Phillies season saw the Phillies finish in seventh place in the National League with a record of 62 wins and 92 losses. It was the first season for Phillies television broadcasts, which debuted on WPTZ.


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Offseason
On July 27, 1946, the City of Clearwater had announced that the Phillies had accepted Clearwater's invitation to train at Clearwater Athletic Field in 1947 on a one-year agreement. On March 7, 1947, the Phillies and city signed a 10-year deal for the Phillies to train in Clearwater. The Phillies lost their first spring training game in 1947 at Athletic Field to the Detroit Tigers by a score of 13–1. The Phillies' attendance that spring was 13,291 which was ninth out of the ten teams training in Florida.


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Philadelphia mayoral election
The Philadelphia mayoral election of 1947 saw the reelection of Bernard Samuel. As of 2021, this is the last election in Philadelphia mayoral history won by a Republican and the last not won by a Democrat.


1947 Philippine Senate election
Elections for the Senate of the Philippines were held on November 11, 1947, with eight of the 24 seats in the Senate being contested. These eight seats were elected regularly; the winners were eligible to serve six-year terms from December 30, 1947 until December 30, 1953. Gubernatorial and local elections were held on the same date.


1947 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Going into the 1947 election, the Senate consisted of nine Liberals, 14 Nacionalista, and one Popular Front (Vicente Y. Sotto). Of the seats up for election in 1947, all eight seats are held by Nacionalistas.


1947 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Senate President Jose Avelino, president of the Liberal Party, scored the opposition and said, "the Nacionalista Party of today is not the party of Quezon and Osmeña ... (it is) the party of Hukbalahaps and other dissident elements." In response, Nacionalista Party President Eulogio Rodriguez appealed for the voters to give the opposition a stronger mandate to fiscalize the administration, which they accused of being corrupt and incompetent.


1947 Philippine Senate election, Summary
In the 1st Congress, the Liberals hold 14 seats in the Senate, thereby retaining control of the Senate. The Liberals total was reduced to 13 seats pursuant to the Senate Electoral Tribunal resolution in which Senator Carlos Tan (Liberal) was unseated and replaced by Eulogio Rodriguez (Nacionalista) in 1949.


1947 Philippine Senate election, Summary
Geronima Pecson became the first woman to be elected in the Senate.


1947 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1947 Pittsburgh Panthers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pittsburgh as an independent in the 1947 college football season. In its first season under head coach Mike Milligan, the team compiled a 1–8 record and was outscored by a total of 267 to 26.


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 66th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 61st in the National League. The Pirates finished tied with the Philadelphia Phillies for eighth and last in the league standings with a record of 62–92.


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 15th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved on its 1946 record by winning eight games and losing four. This record tied for the lead in the Eastern Division and qualified the Steelers for the franchise's first playoff berth. It was the Steelers' only postseason appearance before 1972.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season
It was Jock Sutherland's second and final year as head coach; he died the following April after being found wandering around in a field in Kentucky. Once flown back to Pittsburgh, he was diagnosed as having two brain tumors. He only lived a few more days.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-Season Changes
In 1946, the Steeler offense and defense featured the NFL MVP in the person of Bill Dudley. The West Virginia grad and Army veteran led the NFL in rushing, interceptions, punt returns and all-purpose yards. Despite being wildly popular with fans and fellow players, Dudley and Coach Sutherland could not get along. Ultimately, Dudley asked Art Rooney, Sr. to trade him and the owner reluctantly agreed.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pre-Season Changes
Dudley was traded to the Detroit Lions for Bob Cifers and Paul White. Additionally, the Steelers received the Lions' 1948 first round draft pick. Both White and Cifers had a demonstrable positive effect on the team. Cifers played brilliantly and was one of the top punters in the NFL that year.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Playoffs
The 1947 team was the most successful team in club history to date. It was the Steelers' first playoff appearance, the first time winning more than four games consecutively, and the club posted a franchise-best 8–4 record. Though the Steelers lost the playoff, fans and players were excited for their future.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Regular season, Playoffs
However, fate would interrupt again when head coach Jock Sutherland took a trip to visit family in Kentucky. He ran off the road and was found wondering in a muddy field. Flown back to Pittsburgh, Sutherland died four days later on April 11, 1948, due to complications from a brain tumor. It was a sudden and disheartening end to a successful period in team history. The Steelers did not  play in the postseason again until 1972.


1947 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1947 Polish Football Championship
The 1947 Polish Football Championship was the 21st edition of the Polish Football Championship and 19th completed season ended with the selection of a winner. It was the last edition of the Polish championship played in a non-league formula, since 1948 the champion of the country was chosen in the league. The champions were Warta Poznań, who won their 2nd Polish title.


1947 Polish Football Championship, Competition modus
The championship was decided in a series of tournaments. The tournaments started on 30 March 1947 and concluded on 30 November 1947 (spring-autumn system). 28 teams was divided into 3 groups. In each of groups the season was played as a round-robin tournament. A total of 28 teams participated. Each team played a total of matches, half at home and half away, two games against each other team. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw. The winners of each group played a Final Group tournament for the title.


1947 Polish legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 January 1947, the first since World War II. According to the official results, the Democratic Bloc (Blok Demokratyczny), dominated by the communist Polish Workers Party (PPR) and also including the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), People's Party (SL), Democratic Party (SD) and non-partisan candidates, gained 80.1% of the vote and 394 of the 444 seats in the Legislative Sejm. The largest opposition party, the Polish People's Party, was officially credited with 28 seats. However, the elections were characterized by violence; anti-communist opposition candidates and activists were persecuted by the Volunteer Reserve Militia (ORMO). The results were blatantly falsified; the opposition claimed that it would have won in a landslide had the election been conducted in a fair manner.


1947 Polish legislative election
The election gave the Soviets and the communist-dominated Polish satellite government enough legitimacy to claim that Poland was 'free and democratic', thus allowing Poland to sign the charter of the United Nations.


1947 Polish legislative election, Background
By 1946, Poland was mostly under the control of the Soviet Union and its proxies, the PPR. In 1946 the communists already tested their strength by falsifying the "3xYES Referendum" and banning all right-wing parties (under the pretext of their pro-Nazi stance). By 1947 the only remaining legal opposition was the Polish People's Party of Stanisław Mikołajczyk.


1947 Polish legislative election, Background
The Yalta agreement called for "free and unfettered" elections in Poland. However, the Kremlin and the PPR had no intention of permitting an honest election. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was well aware that if Poland held a free election, it would result in an anti-Soviet government. Conditioned in part by the Hungarian Communists' weak showing in 1945, the PPR proposed to present voters with a single list from all of the legal parties in the country. The PSL rejected this proposal almost out of hand. Eventually, only the PPS, SD and SL joined the Democratic Bloc. Every electoral district had Democratic Bloc's candidates on List 3.


1947 Polish legislative election, Background
The January 1947 elections held under the supervision of the PPR fell well short of being "free and unfettered." The PPR, under the leadership of general secretary Władysław Gomułka, embarked on a ruthless campaign to snuff out the PSL and all other potential opposition. Electoral laws introduced before the elections allowed the government – which since its establishment in 1944 by the Polish Committee of National Liberation had been dominated by the Communists – to remove 409,326 people from the electoral rolls, as 'anti-government bandits' (i.e., Armia Krajowa and other Polish resistance movements loyal to the Polish government in exile).


1947 Polish legislative election, Background
Over 80,000 members of the Polish People's Party were arrested under various false charges in the month preceding the election, and around 100 of them were murdered by the Polish Secret Police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa, UB). 98 opposition parliamentary candidates were also crossed from the registration lists under these accusations. In some regions the government disqualified the entire People's Party list under various technical and legal pretenses, most commonly in regions known to be People's Party strongholds.


1947 Polish legislative election, Background
The electoral fraud was organized and closely monitored by UB specialists, who worked closely with their Soviet counterparts like Aron Pałkin and Siemion Dawydow, both high-ranking officers from the Soviet MGB. Bolesław Bierut, head of the provisional Polish parliament (State National Council) and acting president, asked for Soviet assistance in the election. Over 40% of the members of the electoral commissions who were supposed to monitor the voting were recruited by the UB.


1947 Polish legislative election, Conduct
Opposition candidates and activists were persecuted until election day; only the PPR and its allies were allowed to campaign unhindered. The publicized results were falsified, with the official results known to selected government officials long before the actual elections took place and any votes were counted.


1947 Polish legislative election, Conduct
The real results were not known to anyone. In areas where the government had sufficient control, some of the ballot boxes were simply destroyed without being counted, or exchanged with boxes filled with prepared votes. Where possible, government officials simply filled in the numbers in the relevant documents as per instructions from Soviet and PPR officials without bothering to count the real votes.


1947 Polish legislative election, Conduct
A Time Magazine article covering the elections noted in its lead paragraph: "In a spirit of partisan exuberance tempered with terror, Poland approached its first nationwide popular election, ten days hence. By last week most of the combined opposition (Socialist and Polish Peasant Party) candidates had been jailed, and their supporters more or less completely cowed by the secret police, by striking their names from voting lists and by arrest. The Communist-dominated Government ventured to predict an "overwhelming" victory." Historian Piotr Wrobel wrote that this election saw "the highest level of repression and terror" that was ever seen during the four decades of Communist rule in Poland.


1947 Polish legislative election, Results
In his post-election report to Stalin, Pałkin estimated that the real results (i.e. votes cast) gave the Democratic Bloc about 50% of the vote. The opposition contended that it had the support of 63 percent of the voting population and would have received about 80% of the votes had the elections been free and fair. The only official electoral document known to exist showed the PSL taking 54 percent of the vote in Kielce Voivodeship to the Democratic Bloc's 44 percent.


1947 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
Many members of opposition parties, including Mikołajczyk – who would have likely become the Prime Minister of Poland had the election been honest  – saw no hope in further struggle and, fearing for their lives, left the country. Western governments issued only token protests, if any, which led many anti-Communist Poles to speak of postwar "Western betrayal". In the same year, the new Communist-dominated Legislative Sejm adopted the Small Constitution of 1947, and Bierut, who was also a citizen of the USSR, was elected president by the parliament.


1947 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
With the support of a majority in its own right and the departure of Mikołajczyk, the Communist-dominated government set about consolidating its now-total control over the country—a process completed in 1948, when the Communists forced what remained of the Polish Socialist Party to merge with them to form the Polish United Workers Party.


1947 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
Gomułka wanted to adapt the Soviet blueprint to Polish circumstances, and believed it was possible to be both a Communist and a Polish patriot at the same time. He was also wary of the Cominform, and opposed forced collectivization of agriculture. His line was branded as "rightist-nationalist deviation," and he was pushed out as party leader in 1948 in favour of Bierut.


1947 Polish legislative election, Aftermath
The PSL lingered on for a year and a half under increasing harassment. In 1949, the rump of the PSL merged with the pro-Communist People's Party to form the United People's Party. Along with the other legal minor party in Poland, the Democratic Party, it was part of the Communist-led coalition. However, this grouping increasingly took on a character similar to other "coalitions" in the Communist world. The ZSL and SD were reduced to being mostly subservient satellites of the Communists, and were required to accept the Communists' "leading role" as a condition of their continued existence. As a result, this would be the last election in which true opposition parties would be even nominally allowed to take part until the partly free election of 1989.


1947 Polish presidential election
Polish presidential election, 1947 took place on February 5, 1947 and it was the last presidential election in Poland before 1989. The president had to be elected by the newly formed Legislative Sejm among presented candidates. Hovewer, the only standing figure was Bolesław Bierut. Opposition Polish People's Party voted against.


1947 Poonch rebellion
In Spring 1947, an uprising against the Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir broke out in the Poonch jagir, an area bordering the Rawalpindi district of West Punjab and the Hazara district of the North-West Frontier Province in the future Pakistan. The leader of the rebellion, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, escaped to Lahore by the end of August 1947 and persuaded the Pakistani authorities to back the rebellion.


1947 Poonch rebellion
In addition to the backing, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan authorised an invasion of the state, by the ex-Indian National Army personnel in the south and a force led by Major Khurshid Anwar in the north. These invasions eventually led to the First Kashmir War fought between India and Pakistan, and the formation of Azad Kashmir. The Poonch jagir has since been divided across Azad Kashmir, administered by Pakistan and the state of Jammu and Kashmir, administered by India.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background
Poonch was originally an internal jagir (autonomous principality), governed by an alternative family line of Maharaja Hari Singh. The Muslims of Poonch suffered from small landholdings and high taxation and nursed their grievances since 1905. They had also campaigned for the principality to be absorbed into the Punjab province of British India. In 1938, a notable disturbance occurred for religious reasons, but a settlement was reached. From then on, a garrison of State troops was established in Poonch to keep order.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background
After the death of Raja Jagatdev Singh of Poonch in 1940, Maharaja Hari Singh appointed a chosen guardian for his minor son, Shiv Ratandev Singh, and used the opportunity to integrate the Poonch jagir into the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Poonch came to be administered by the officers of Jammu and Kashmir as a district of the Jammu province. This resulted in loss of autonomy for Poonch and subjected its people to the increased taxation of the Kashmir state, both of which were resented by the people.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background
The Poonchis had a tradition of military service. During the Second World War, over 60,000 Muslims from the Poonch and Mirpur districts enrolled in the British Indian Army. After the war, many of them retained their arms while returning. The Maharaja did not (or could not) absorb them into the State forces. The absence of employment prospects coupled with high taxation caused displeasure among the Poonchis in 1947.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, The context of Partition
At the beginning of 1947, the British Indian provinces of Punjab, to the south and southwest of Kashmir, and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) to the northwest of Kashmir, were two of the most important provinces of the would-be Pakistan. However, the Muslim League was not in power in either of them.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, The context of Partition
Punjab was held by the Unionists, and the NWFP by Indian National Congress Undeterred, the Muslim League decided to bring down both the governments, with the help of its private militia Muslim League National Guard in Punjab, and its leaders Pir of Manki Sharif and Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan in the NWFP. These efforts exacerbated Hindu-Sikh-Muslim communal tensions in the two provinces. The trauma was especially acute in the Hazara district, a Muslim League stronghold, which directly bordered the Poonch and Muzaffarabad districts,. Between November 1946 and January 1947, Hindu and Sikh refugees poured into Kashmir, with some 2,500 of them under the State care. The plight of these refugees did much to influence the Maharaja's future actions.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, The context of Partition
On 2 March 1947, the Unionist government in Punjab fell. Immediately, communal fires were set ablaze in Multan, Rawalpindi, Amritsar and Lahore, spreading to Campbellpur, Murree, Taxila and Attock in Punjab. In the NWFP, the Hazara and Peshawar districts were affected.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, The context of Partition
The Pir of Manki Sharif was also reported to have sent agents provocateurs to the frontier districts of Kashmir to prepare their Muslims for a 'holy crusade'. Kashmir responded by sealing the border with the provinces, and sending more troops to the border areas. The stream of Hindu and Sikh refugees coming from the Rawalpindi and Hazara districts also spread unease in the State. Drivers refused to use the Srinagar–Rawalpindi road because of reports of disturbances and raids.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, The context of Partition
Possibly as a result of the defensive measures, the Poonch district came to be militarised. A. H. Suharwardy, former Azad Kashmir civil servant, states that a 'Poonch Brigade' was established by the State Army and distributed at various locations in the Poonch district, such as Dothan, Mong, Tain, Kapaddar, Chirala, Dhirkot, Kohala, Azad Pattan, Pallandri and Trar Khel, in addition to its headquarters in the Poonch city. The militarisation gave rise to many hardships to the local populace and generated resentment. The rigorous restriction on the movement of goods and men between Pakistan and Poonch also generated shortages, causing prices to sky rocket.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, Political environment in the State
The Muslims of Jammu and Kashmir were organised under two political parties: the National Conference led by Sheikh Abdullah, which was allied to the Indian National Congress, and the Muslim Conference led by Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas, which was allied to the Muslim League. The National Conference had almost total control in the Kashmir Valley whereas the Muslim Conference was dominant in the western districts of Jammu province, especially in Mirpur, Poonch and Muzaffarabad. Despite their alliances to the all-India parties, both the parties had ambiguous positions on the accession of the state.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, Political environment in the State
The National Conference demanded that the power should be devolved to the people and the people should decide on accession. The Muslim Conference was generally inclined to support accession to Pakistan. But in September 1946, they had passed a resolution in favour of an Azad Kashmir (free Kashmir), though the move came in for criticism within the party.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Background, Political environment in the State
The Hindus, who were mostly confined to the Jammu province, were organised under Rajya Hindu Sabha led by Prem Nath Dogra, and were allied to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The Jammu Hindus generally regarded the Maharaja as their natural leader and gave him total support.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, Spring 1947
Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan of the Bagh tehsil is credited with instigating the Poonchis of Bagh and Sudhnoti tehsils in February 1947 not to pay the 'excessive taxes' demanded by the State. This eventually came to be called a 'no tax' campaign. Towards the end of June, the State troops in Poonch ran out of rations and demanded the local populace to provide their supplies. When the populace eventually declared their inability to do so, the Revenue Minister of the State came down to Poonch to collect the tax arrears. This led to renewed repression.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, Spring 1947
Sardar Ibrahim, the member of Legislative Assembly from Bagh–Sudhnoti, returned to Poonch after attending the Assembly session in March–April. By his own account, he was thoroughly convinced that there was a conspiracy between the State forces and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and, so, he advised the people of Poonch to organise themselves politically. As a result of his exhortations, he states, people "got courage, became defiant, and started organising themselves exactly on military lines". On 15 June, he addressed a meeting in Rawalakot attended by 20,000 people, and gave a speech in "most 'seditious' terms".


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, Spring 1947
He told his audience that Pakistan, a Muslim state, was coming into being and the people of Jammu and Kashmir could not remain unaffected. After that day, he says, "a strange atmosphere took the place of the usually peaceful life in these parts". On 22 June, Chaudhary Hamidullah, the acting president of the Muslim Conference, visited Rawalakot and initiated secret plans to organise the ex-servicemen of the district for an eventual confrontation with the State Forces.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, Spring 1947
By the end of July, the Government had clamped Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (prohibiting the assembly of five or more persons) and ordered all the Muslims of Poonch to surrender their arms. Muslims complained that the arms deposited by them were distributed by the police to Hindu and Sikh families for self-defence, raising communal fears and tensions. Sardar Ibrahim, back in Srinagar, was confined to the city.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
Sometime in August 1947, the first signs of trouble broke out in Poonch, about which diverging views have been received.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
According to state government sources, the demobilised soldiers were moved by the state government's failure to pay them remunerations promised by New Delhi. Rebellious militias gathered in the Palandri–Nowshera–Anantnag area, attacking the state troops and their supply trucks. The state troops were at this time thinly spread escorting refugees between India and Pakistan. A reserve battalion of Sikh troops was dispatched to Poonch, which cleared the roads and dispersed the militias. It also cut off Poonch from Pakistan by sealing the Jhelum river bridge for fear that the Pakistanis might come to aid the Poonch militias.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
The Army's Chief of Staff Henry Lawrence Scott also narrated an event towards the end of August, where a band of 30 Muslims from Pakistan entered Poonch and incited the Sattis to march to the capital city Poonch, demanding accession to Pakistan. About 10,000 Poonchies gathered mainly to air grievances regarding high prices, and wanted to pass through the town of Bagh. The local officials at Bagh barred them from entering the town. Then the protesters surrounded the town and made attempts to attack it. Reinforcements of State troops were sent from Srinagar, which dispersed the protesters. The total casualties would not have exceeded 20 Muslim protesters, about a dozen Hindus and Sikhs and a few state troopers, according to Scott.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
On the other hand, the Muslim Conference sources narrate that hundreds of people were killed in Bagh during flag hoisting around 15 August and that the Maharaja unleashed a 'reign of terror' on 24 August. Local Muslims also told Richard Symonds, a British Quaker relief worker, that the army fired on crowds, and burnt houses and villages indiscriminately. When a public meeting was held in August 1947 at Nila Bat, a village near Dhirkot, to support the demand for accession of the state to Pakistan, the Maharaja is said to have sent his forces to quell the unrest.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
The forces opened fire on the gathering. On 27 August, Sardar Abdul Qayuum Khan, a local zamindar (landlord), is said to have led an attack on a police-cum-military post in Dhirkot and captured it. The event then led the Maharaja to unleash the full force of his Dogra troops on the population. It is said that this created enmity between the Hindu ruler and the Muslim population. Villages were reportedly attacked and burned.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
According to the Assistant British High Commissioner in northern Pakistan, H. S. Stephenson, "the Poonch affair... was greatly exaggerated". Henry Lawrence Scott's report on 31 August states that the army action targeted persons known or suspected of "rioting, looting, murder or inciting", but "exaggerated reports of events in Poonch circulated in these Pakistan districts in which State troops are cited as the aggressors."


1947 Poonch rebellion, Unrest prior to Partition, August 1947
Scholar Srinath Raghavan states that, after the protests turned violent, the state carried out a "brutal crackdown" and the developing revolt was quickly "snuffed out".


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
With the impending independence of India and Pakistan in August 1947, the Maharaja indicated his preference to remain independent of the new dominions. All the major political groups of the state supported the Maharaja's decision, except for the Muslim Conference, which eventually declared in favour of accession to Pakistan on 19 July 1947, after its earlier hesitations. The Muslim Conference was popular in the Jammu province of the state, with especial strength in the Poonch and Mirpur districts. It was closely allied with the All-India Muslim League, which was set to inherit Pakistan.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
By the time of the independence of the new dominions, it is said that, many people in Poonch were identifying themselves with Pakistan. They reportedly raised Pakistan flags and supported the Muslim Conference's pro-Pakistan stance. Several Muslim officers of the State Army had conspired to overthrow the Maharaja's government on 14 August 1947. Chief among them was Captain Mirza Hassan Khan posted at Bhimber (Mirpur district), who claimed to have been elected as the chairman of a "revolutionary council". Major General Henry Lawrence Scott, the State's Army Chief, transferred the officers to new posts prior to that date, which foiled their attempts.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
Scholar Srinath Raghavan states that the "gathering head of steam" in Poonch was utilised by the local Muslim Conference led by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan to further its campaign for accession to Pakistan.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
Towards the end of August, Muslim League activists from Pakistan joined to strengthen the protests. General Scott's report on 4 September stated that 500 hostile tribesmen in green and khaki uniforms entered Poonch and they were joined by 200–300 Sattis from Kahuta and Murree. Their purpose appeared to be to loot the Hindu and Sikh minorities in the district. Scott lodged a protest with the British commander of the Pakistan's 7th Infantry Division and the Government of Kashmir also followed it up with request to Government of Pakistan to prevent the raids.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
Scholar Prem Shankar Jha states that the Maharaja had decided, as early as April 1947, that he would accede to India if it was not possible to stay independent. The rebellion in Poonch possibly unnerved the Maharaja. Accordingly, on 11 August, he dismissed his pro-Pakistan Prime Minister, Ram Chandra Kak, and appointed a pro-India, retired Major Janak Singh in his place. On 25 August, he sent an invitation to Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan, with known ties to the Indian National Congress, to come as the Prime Minister.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
On the same day, the Muslim Conference wrote to the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan warning him that "if, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them". The acting president Chaudhry Hamidullah sent word to the NWFP premier, Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, to arrange for the Kashmir borders to be attacked from Pakistan to draw out State Forces, so that the Poonch rebels can advance to Srinagar.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Politics of accession
Jha believes that the Maharaja made up his mind to accede to India around 10 September, as reported by the Pakistan Times later in the month.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
At the end of August, Sardar Ibrahim had escaped to West Punjab, along with dozens of rebels, and established a base in Murree across the border from Poonch in northern Punjab, which also served as a hill station for Punjab's civil and army officers. Ibrahim attracted a core group of supporters, including retired military officers and the former members of the Indian National Army (INA). From Murree, the rebels attempted to acquire arms and ammunition for the rebellion and smuggle them into Kashmir. Attempts were also made to purchase weapons from the neighbouring NWFP arms bazaars.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
Before settling to work in Murree, Sardar Ibrahim went to Lahore to seek the help of Pakistan. Jinnah refused to see him, for he did not wish to be involved in the happenings of the state at that time. However, Ibrahim was able to get the attention of Mian Iftikharuddin, a Punjab politician serving as the Minister for Refugee Rehabilitation. Ibrahim told him that the Muslims of Kashmir were facing grave danger from the Maharaja's administration and they needed Pakistan's help. Iftikhar promised to make enquiries. According to other accounts, Iftikharuddin was "deputed" to go to Srinagar and explore Pakistan's prospects for Kashmir's accession.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
On his way to Kashmir, Iftikharuddin stopped in Murree and met Colonel Akbar Khan, one of a handful of high-ranking Pakistani military officers, who was vacationing in the hill station. According to Akbar Khan's account, Iftikharuddin asked him to prepare a plan for action by Pakistan in case he was to find the political situation in Kashmir unpromising. He told him, however, that the action had to be "unofficial" in nature and not involve the senior British officers in the Army.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
Sardar Ibrahim found his way to Akbar Khan and requested arms from the military. Ibrahim thought that "the time for peaceful negotiations was gone because every protest was being met with repressions and, therefore, in certain areas the people were virtually in a state of revolt...if they were to protect themselves and to prevent the Maharaja from handing them over to India, they needed weapons." The quantity of weapons requested was 500 rifles.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
Akbar Khan discussed the issues with Ibrahim and others, and returned to Rawalpindi to develop a plan. Titled Armed Revolt inside Kashmir, his plan involved diverting to the Poonch rebels, 4000 rifles which were being given by the Army to the Punjab police. Condemned ammunition, scheduled to be discarded, would be diverted to the rebels. Colonel Azam Khanzada, in charge of the Army stores, promised cooperation. The plan strategised for irregular warfare, assuming that 2000 Muslim troops of the State Army (out of a total 9000) would join the rebels.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947)
It proposed that, in addition, former officers of the Indian National Army (INA) be used to provide military leadership to the rebels. The armed action was to focus on severing the road and air links between Kashmir and India (the road link near Jammu and the airport at Srinagar). Akbar Khan made 12 copies of his plan and gave it to Mian Iftikharuddin, who returned from Kashmir with the assessment that the National Conference held strong and it did not support accession to Pakistan.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), 12 September meeting
On 12 September, the Pakistan Prime Minister held a meeting with Mian Iftikharuddin, Colonel Akbar Khan, West Punjab Minister Shaukat Hayat Khan and Muslim League National Guard's chief Khurshid Anwar. The finance minister Ghulam Muhammad and other officials were also present. In addition to Akbar Khan's plan, Shaukat Hayat Khan had another plan involving the Muslim League National Guard (MLNG) and the former soldiers of the Indian National Army (INA). The Prime Minister approved both the plans, and allocated responsibilities.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), 12 September meeting
In the eventual shape of the action, two major forces from Pakistan were to be organised, a northern force led by Khurshid Anwar from Abbottabad, which would attack the Kashmir Valley via Muzaffarabad, and a southern force led by former INA officer Major General Zaman Kiani operating from Gujrat, which would attack Poonch and Nowshera valley.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), 12 September meeting
General Kiani proposed a three-tier plan: (1) preparation of armed bands in Poonch who were to advance to Srinagar, (2) organisation of a network of underground movements in the Kashmir Valley to rise at an appropriate time, and (3) harassment of the Kathua-Jammu road in order to inhibit potential aid from India. Colonel Akbar Khan too emphasised the importance of the Kathua road. General Kiani also recommended the appointment of Khawaja Abdur Rahim as the Divisional Commissioner of Rawalpindi in order to control the border districts of Jhelum, Gujrat and Rawalpindi.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), 12 September meeting
Another meeting was called around 20 September, to which the Muslim Conference leaders Chaudhry Hamidullah and Muhammad Ishaque Khan were summoned from Srinagar. This meeting was also attended by Abdul Qayyum Khan, the premier of the NWFP, and Colonel Sher Khan, the Director of Military Intelligence. The Muslim Conference leaders were briefed on the invasion plans  and told to communicate them Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas, the jailed president of the Muslim Conference. Ishaque Qureshi  was made part of a committee comprising himself, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad and Mian Iftikharuddin for drafting a "Declaration of Freedom".


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), GHQ Azad
By 23 September, General Kiani established a headquarters at Gujrat, which came to be called 'GHQ Azad'. Brigadier Habibur Rehman served as the Chief of Staff (both former INA officers). This command post was responsible for directing all the fighters in Poonch. Several sectoral headquarters were also established: (i) one at Rawalpindi for supporting operations in Poonch, headed by Col. Taj Muhammad Khanzada, (ii) one at Jhelum for supporting operations in Mirpur, headed by Col. R. M. Arshad, and (iii) one at Sialkot for supporting operations in Jammu, headed by Col. Kiani.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), GHQ Azad
The 4000 rifles promised by Akbar Khan via Punjab Police were made available a few days later. However, it is said that the Punjab Police substituted the Army rifles by Frontier-made rifles, which were inferior. General Kiani approached Abul A'la Maududi of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the head of Ahamdiyyas, and other officials in Lahore for providing supplies like shoes, haversacks, water bottles and other provisions.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), GHQ Azad
By 2 October, Col. Kiani, in charge of the Sialkot sector, started operations south of Samba. State Forces have described these operations as "hit-and-run raids by Pakistani gangs", armed with rifles, bren guns and light automatics running 5 to 10 miles into the state. They engaged in burning of villages, looting towns, molesting and killing civilians.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), Operation Gulmarg
According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani Army prepared a plan called Operation Gulmarg as early as 20 August, apparently independently of the political leadership. On that day, orders were issued via demi-official letters to various brigade headquarters in the North-West Pakistan to operationalise the plan. According to the plan, 20 lashkars (tribal militias), consisting of 1000 Pashtun tribesmen each, were to be recruited and armed at various brigade headquarters in the North-West Pakistan.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), Operation Gulmarg
Ten lashkars were to be launched into the Kashmir Valley via Muzaffarabad and another ten lashkars were to join the rebels in Poonch, Bhimber and Rawalakot with a view to advance to Jammu. The plan also consisted of detailed arrangements for the military leadership and armaments. Scholar Robin James Moore states that, by 13 September, armed Pashtuns drifted into Lahore and Rawalpindi. He also adds: during September–October, there is "little doubt" that Pashtuns were involved in border raids all along the Punjab border, from the Indus to the Ravi.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Entry of Pakistan (September 1947), Operation Gulmarg
The regimental records show that, by the last week of August, the Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (PAVO Cavalry) regiment was briefed about the invasion plan. Colonel Sher Khan,  the Director of Military Intelligence, was in charge of the briefing, along with Colonels Akbar Khan and  Khanzadah. The Cavalry regiment was tasked with procuring arms and ammunition for the 'freedom fighters' and establishing three wings of the insurgent forces: the South Wing commanded by General Kiani, a Central Wing based at Rawalpindi and a North Wing based at Abbottabad. By 1 October, the Cavalry regiment completed the task of arming the insurgent forces. "Throughout the war there was no shortage of small arms, ammunitions, or explosives at any time." The regiment was also told to be on stand by for induction into fighting at an appropriate time.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
Muslim Conference leaders proclaimed a provisional Azad Jammu and Kashmir government in Rawalpindi on 3 October 1947. The proclamation of a similar provisional government of Junagadh in Bombay is said to have provided the impetus. Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar took on the post of president under the assumed name "Mr. Anwar". Sardar Ibrahim Khan was chosen as the prime minister. The headquarters of the government was declared to be in Muzaffarabad. However, this government quickly fizzled out with the arrest of Gilkar in Srinagar. Sardar Ibrahim continued to provide political leadership to the rebels.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
Thousands of rebels were organised into a people's militia dubbed the 'Azad Army'. On 24 October, the provisional government was reconstituted with Sardar Ibrahim as the President, under directions from the Rawalpindi Commissioner. Pallandri, a small town in the liberated area of the Poonch district was declared as the nominal headquarters of the provisional government. However, in practice, the 'real capital' of the new government continued to be in Rawalpindi.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
On or around 6 October, the armed rebellion started in the Poonch district. The fighting elements consisted of "bands of deserters from the State Army, serving soldiers of the Pakistan Army on leave, ex-servicemen, and other volunteers who had risen spontaneously." The rebels quickly gained control of almost the entire Poonch district. The State Forces garrison at Poonch came under heavy siege.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
In the Mirpur district, the border posts at Saligram and Owen Pattan on Jhelum river were captured by rebels around 8 October. Sehnsa and Throchi were abandoned by State Forces after attack.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
On 21 October, the Pakistani Army's public relations officer issued a press release to the API about the impending Pashtun tribal invasion, but instructed that the news be published as coming from the Azad Kashmir headquarters at Pallandri. On the night of 21 October, Khurshid Anwar crossed into Jammu and Kashmir near Muzaffarabad, heading a lashkar of 4,000 Pashtun tribesmen. In the next few days the tribal force swelled to over 12,000 men. Facing an impending collapse, the Maharaja acceded to the Indian Union, following which India air-lifted troops to defend Srinagar on 27 October. From this point on the tribal invasion and the Poonch rebellion proceeded in parallel.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
On 27 October, a Kashmir Liberation Committee was established, headed by the Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. Colonel Akbar Khan, as the military member, and Sardar Ibrahim, as the representative of Azad Kashmir were included, as were the finance officer Ghulam Mohammad and a political officer Major Yusuf. The 'GHQ Azad' of General Kiani was asked to report to this committee. In due course, Justice Din Muhammad, a retired judge of the Lahore High Court, was appointed as a "trusted agent" of the Pakistan government to liaise with the Azad Kashmir government, who also doubled as the chair of the Liberation Committee.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
The PAVO Cavalry commanded by Col. "Tommy" Masud was now called into action. Under the cover of the rebellion, the regiment attacked the border town of Bhimber with armoured cars during the night of 23 October. The town, guarded by only a company of Dogra troops, supported by half-trained civilians of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, easily succumbed. In the morning, the Azad rebels moved in and looted the town, possibly organised by INA personnel. After the fall of the fort, the PAVO Cavalry withdrew to their base and allowed the rebels to take the credit.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Rebellion (October 1947)
Rebels gained momentum after the fall of Bhimber. On 7 November, Rajouri was captured. The remaining garrisons of State Forces at Mirpur, Jhangar, Kotli and Poonch were surrounded.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Commentary
Jammu political activist and journalist Ved Bhasin states that the harsh attempts of Maharaja Hari Singh and his armed forces to crush the rebellion in Poonch turned the political movement into a communal struggle.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Commentary
Scholar Christopher Snedden opines that the Jammu massacres motivated some Muslims to join the movement against Maharaja, for self-defence. He also remarked:


1947 Poonch rebellion, Commentary
"The reaction of the ruler’s predominantly Hindu army to Poonch Muslims’ pro-Pakistan activities boosted the anti-Maharaja ‘cause’ in Poonch and incited Poonchis to take further action. In response to incidents around Poonch that invariably involved Muslims, the Maharaja’s army fired on crowds, burned houses and villages indiscriminately, plundered, arrested people, and imposed local martial law. Indeed, because ‘trouble continued … the State forces were compelled to deal with it with a heavy hand’. Until such oppressive actions, the anti-Maharaja cause probably had little backing. ‘Substantial men’ told Symonds that ‘they would never have joined such a rash enterprise’ opposing the Maharaja ‘but for the folly of the Dogras who burnt whole villages where only a single family was involved in the revolt’. Such ‘folly’ motivated some Poonch Muslims to organise a people’s resistance movement."


1947 Poonch rebellion, Commentary
Referring to the events in Poonch, Sheikh Abdullah, according to a New Delhi report circulated by the Associated Press of India, on 21 October said:


1947 Poonch rebellion, Commentary
The present troubles in Poonch, a feudatory of Kashmir, were because of the policy adopted by the State. The people of Poonch who suffered under the local ruler, and his overlord, the Kashmir durbar, had started a people’s movement to redress their grievances. It was not communal. The Kashmir State sent their troops and there was panic in Poonch. Most of the adult population in Poonch was ex-servicemen of the Indian Army, who had close connections with the people in Jhelum and Rawalpindi. They evacuated their women and children, crossed the frontier and returned with arms supplied to them by willing people. The Kashmir State forces were thus forced to withdraw from certain areas.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Aftermath
After the Indian forces entered the war, Pakistan officially intervened subsequently. Fighting ensued between the Indian and Pakistani armies, with the two areas of control more or less stabilized around what is now known as the "Line of Control".


1947 Poonch rebellion, Aftermath
Azad Jammu and Kashmir became a self-governing administrative division of Pakistan. Poonch District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India and Pakistan. The Pakistani part of Poonch District is part of its Azad Kashmir territory, whilst the Indian Poonch is part of the Jammu and Kashmir union territory.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Aftermath
According to scholar Ian Copland, the Jammu massacres were undertaken by the administration against the Muslims in Jammu, partly out of revenge for the Poonch uprising.


1947 Poonch rebellion, Aftermath
Many Hindus and Sikhs, on and after 25 November 1947 gathered in Mirpur for shelter and protection were killed by the Pakistani troops and tribesmen. "A 'greatly shocked' Sardar Ibrahim painfully confirmed that Hindus were 'disposed of' in Mirpur in November 1947, although he does not mention any figures." The death toll was estimated to be over 20,000.


1947 Portland Pilots football team
The 1947 Portland Pilots football team was an American football team that represented the University of Portland as an independent during the 1947 college football season. In its second year under head coach Hal Moe, the team compiled a 1–8 record. The team played its home games at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, Oregon.


1947 Portland Pilots football team
Players included end Jim Sweeney who played for Portland's freshman team in 1947.


1947 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team
The 1947 Prairie View A&M Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Prairie View A&M University in the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1947 college football season. In their third season under head coach Billy Nicks, the team compiled a 6–6 record, lost to Wilberforce State in the Fruit Bowl and to Texas Southern in the Prairie View Bowl, and was outscored by a total of 137 to 89. Prairie View ranked No. 17 among the nation's black college football teams according to the Pittsburgh Courier and its Dickinson Rating System.


1947 Preakness Stakes
The 1947 Preakness Stakes was the 57th running of the $100,000 added Preakness Stakes, a horse race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds. The second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series took place on May 10, 1947 and was run seven days after the 1947 Kentucky Derby. Ridden by Douglas Dodson, who was praised by the Daily Racing Form for a smart ride,  Faultless won the mile and three sixteenths race by one and a quarter lengths over runner-up On Trust with the betting favorite Phalanx in third. Jet Pilot, winner of the Kentucky Derby, finished fourth. The race was run on a track rated fast in a final time of 1:59 flat.


1947 Preakness Stakes, Clem McCarthy's Blunder
During the homestretch of the Preakness, radio broadcaster Clem McCarthy mistakenly called Jet Pilot the leader and eventually the winner until Clem made a big mistake, and later apologize to the radio audience and correctly named Faultless the winner.


1947 Preston Municipal Borough Council election
Elections to Preston Municipal Borough council were held in late 1947.


1947 Primera División de Chile
The 1947 Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional was Chilean first tier’s 15th season. Colo-Colo was the tournament’s champion, winning its fifth title.


1947 Prince Edward Island general election
The 1947 Prince Edward Island general election was held in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island on December 11, 1947.


1947 Prince Edward Island general election
The governing Liberals of Premier J. Walter Jones were able to increase their majority in the Legislature over the opposition Progressive Conservatives, led by former Premier William J.P. MacMillan. This would be MacMillan's last election as PC leader.


1947 Prince Edward Island general election
The democratic socialist Co-operative Commonwealth Federation increased their share of the vote marginally, but were unable to capture any seats. Cyrus Gallant, the CCF's candidate for Assembleyman in 3rd Prince, made history as the first third party candidate to place second in an electoral contest over one of the two major party candidates.


1947 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
The Legislature of Prince Edward Island had two levels of membership from 1893 to 1996 - Assemblymen and Councillors. This was a holdover from when the Island had a bicameral legislature, the General Assembly and the Legislative Council.


1947 Prince Edward Island general election, Members Elected
In 1893, the Legislative Council was abolished and had its membership merged with the Assembly, though the two titles remained separate and were elected by different electoral franchises. Assembleymen were elected by all eligible voters of within a district, while Councillors were only elected by landowners within a district.


1947 Princess Anne Trojans football team
The 1947 Princess Anne Trojans football team was an American football team that represented Princess Anne College (now known as University of Maryland Eastern Shore) during the 1947 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach J. C. Coffee, the team compiled an 8–0 record and outscored all opponents by a total of 206 to 32. The team played its home games at Princess Anne Stadium in Princess Anne, Maryland.


1947 Princess Anne Trojans football team
The 1947 season was the school's last under the common name Princess Anne College. It was officially known as the University of Maryland's College for Negroes at Princess Anne and had previously been known as Maryland's Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, though it had been commonly referred to as Princess Anne College. In 1948, the school's president, Dr. J. T. Williams, discarded the "Princess Anne College" name because "people thought it might be a girl's finishing school . . . it embarrassed the football team."


1947 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1947 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University during the 1947 college football season. In its third season under head coach Charlie Caldwell, the team compiled a 5–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 140 to 100. The team played its home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.


1947 Princeton Tigers football team
Key players on the team included fullback George Franke and halfback George Sella.


1947 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1947 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1947 Big Nine Conference football season. In their first season under head coach Stu Holcomb, the Boilermakers compiled a 5–4 record, finished in tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference with a 3–3 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 205 to 130.


1947 Purdue Boilermakers football team
Notable players from the 1947 Purdue team included halfback Harry Szulborski and tackle Phil O'Reilly.


1947 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 3 May 1947 to elect the 62 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.


1947 Queensland state election
The election was the first that the Labor government had contested under Premier Ned Hanlon, who had been in office for 14 months by the time of the poll.


1947 Queensland state election
The election resulted in Labor receiving a sixth term in office. It was the first Queensland election at which all seats were contested by at least two candidates.


1947 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 3 May 1947Legislative Assembly << 1944–1950 >>


1947 Queensland state election, Seats changing party representation
This table lists changes in party representation at the 1947 election.


1947 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1947 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 21st series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup. Three matches were played between 9 March and 6 April 1947. It was contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.


1947 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 6 April 1947, Connacht won the Railway Cup after a 2-05 to 1-01 defeat of Munster in the final at Croke Park, Dublin. This was their first ever title.


1947 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Munster's Jerry O'Riordan was the Railway Cup top scorer with 4-00.


1947 Raisin Bowl
The 1947 Raisin Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game that featured the Utah State Aggies and the San Jose State Spartans.


1947 Raisin Bowl, Background
The Aggies (their school was then known as Utah Agricultural) were co-champions of the Mountain States Conference with Denver, though they would be the one invited to play San Jose State in the Raisin Bowl in Fresno. The Spartans were an independent team, though they had eight victories under first year head coach Wilbur V. Hubbard. This was the first bowl game for either team.


1947 Raisin Bowl, Game summary
Substitute halfback Bill Schembel threw a pass to quarterback Bill Jackson for a touchdown to open the scoring for the Spartans. Jackson returned the favor in the second half with a touchdown pass to Schembel. Bill Rhyne scored on a one-yard touchdown run to make it 20-0. The Aggies had the ball at the Spartan one in the first and fourth quarter, but they did not score, a consequence of having only 126 yards the entire game.


1947 Raisin Bowl, Aftermath
The Aggies did not reach a bowl game again until 1960. The Spartans returned to the Raisin Bowl two years later.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster
The 1947 Ramdas ship disaster occurred near Bombay (now Mumbai) in India. The Indian passenger ship SS Ramdas, while bound for Rewas in Maharashtra, capsized on 17 July 1947, near Gull Island (Kashyacha Khadak), ten miles from Colaba(South Mumbai)Point, killing 724 of the people on board.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster, The disaster
Ramdas was a coastal passenger ferry owned by the Indian Cooperative Steam Navigation Company. It was a twin-screw vessel built in 1936 and measured 406 tons. On 17 July 1947, at around 8:05 a.m. (IST), 30 minutes after she left Bombay, and at 5 miles (8.0 km) Colaba Point, while en route to Rewas, she was caught in violent storms and high seas. While she was passing the island of Kashyacha Khadak, one of the waves caught her on the starboard side, resulting in the passengers rushing to the port side and causing her to capsize.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster, The disaster
The port authorities knew of the tragedy only when a few of the survivors swam to safety and reached the Sassoon Docks and broke the news at 3:00 p.m. Some of the survivors swam across and reached the northern coast of Raigad near Rewas. Some people were rescued by fishermen from Rewas.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster, The disaster
Of the 713 passengers on board, 690 died. Most passengers were from the Girgaum and Parel areas. They were mostly workers from Pen, Roha, and Alibag. Survivors included the ship's captain, Sheikh Suleman Ibrahim, who later provided the facts of the incident. It is alleged that Captain sank the ship as partition of India sparked riots in Northern India.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster, Aftermath
For the rescue operation mounted by the Rewas fishermen, the Indian government allotted some land and a jetty to them. The resulting settlement was subsequently called Bodni.


1947 Ramdas ship disaster, Aftermath
The Bombay Port Trust decided to salvage it in August 1951 and the work was entrusted to an Italian firm for a cost of ₹13.8 lakh. However, the wreck resurfaced on its own at Ballard Pier off the coast at Bombay in 1957.


1947 Redlands Bulldogs football team
The 1947 Redlands Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the University of Redlands as a member of the Southern California Conference (SCC) during the 1947 college football season. Under longtime head coach Cecil A. Cushman, the team compiled a 6–3 record (4–0 against SCC opponents) and lost a close game to Hawaii in the fourth annual Pineapple Bowl on January 1, 1948. The team divided its home games between the Orange Show Stadium in San Bernardino, California, and a site on the school's campus in Redlands, California.


1947 Redlands Bulldogs football team
End Stan Flowers ranked as the top pass receiver during the 1947 season among small college players with 44 receptions for 493 yards. Halfback Ted Runner ranked second among the country's small college players with 942 passing yards (84 completions out of 150 passes). Runner was a second-team honoree on the Little All-America team who later became the school's football coach and athletic director. In 1988, the school's football stadium was named in his honor.


1947 Reims Grand Prix
The XVI (16th) Grand Prix de Reims (also known as the I Grand Prix de Reims) was held under Grand Prix regulations on July 6, 1947, at the Reims-Gueux circuit near Reims in north-eastern France. The race was run over 51 laps on a 7.816 km circuit of public roads and was won by Swiss driver Christian Kautz in a Maserati 4CL.


1947 Reims Grand Prix, History
The 1947 Grand Prix at Reims (commonly known as the Reims Grand Prix) was the first major Grand Prix motor race held at Reims-Gueux after WW2. Officially billed as the XVI Grand Prix de Reims, the race number has its origin in the Grand Prix de la Marne, a pre war Grand Prix racing series (1925-1937, plus one commemorative race held in 1952).


1947 Reims Grand Prix, History
Post war political and financial re-organization moved the nationally sanctioned Grand Prix de France (Grand Prix de l'ACF) to the circuit Rouen-Les-Essarts after three editions were held at Reims in 1932, 1938 and 1939. Among those changes was renaming the old pre-war Marne GP to Grand Prix de Reims, officially billed as the XVI Grand Prix de Reims, based on the former Grand Prix de la Marne numbering sequence. Conflicts between local, regional, national and commercial interests, further complicated by the new post-war Formula 1 and Formula 2 series, led to various accounts of race name and numbering formats. As a result, some sources list the 1957 and 1962 Grand Prix de Reims as the 2nd (II)  and 3rd (III) GP de Reims respectively.


1947 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
The Rhineland-Palatinate state election, 1947 was conducted on 18 May 1947 to elect members to the Landtag, the state legislature of Rhineland-Palatinate, Allied-occupied Germany.


1947 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
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1947 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1947 Rhode Island State Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1947 college football season. In its third season under head coach Bill Beck, the team compiled a 3–4 record (1–3 against conference opponents) and finished in fourth place in the Yankee Conference. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium in Kingston, Rhode Island.


1947 Rice Owls football team
The 1947 Rice Owls football team was an American football that represented Rice University in the Southwest Conference during the 1947 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Jess Neely, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record (4–2 against conference opponents), finished third in the conference, was ranked No. 18 in the final AP Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 202 to 74. The played its home games at Rice Field in Houston.


1947 Rice Owls football team
Quarterback Tobin Rote led the team on offense. Two Rice players received first-team honors from the Associated Press on the 1947 All-Southwest Conference football team: center Joe Watson and guard J.W. Magee.


1947 Richmond Spiders football team
The 1947 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented the University of Richmond in the 1947 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach John Fenlon, the team compiled a 3–7 record (1–5 against conference opponents), finished in 15th place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 189 to 106. The team played its home games at City Stadium in Richmond, Virginia.


1947 Roller Hockey World Cup
The 1947 Roller Hockey World Cup was the third roller hockey world cup, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Patinage a Roulettes (now under the name of Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports). It was contested by 7 national teams (all from Europe) and it is also considered the 1947 European Roller Hockey Championship. All the games were played in the city of Lisbon, in Portugal, the chosen city to host the World Cup.


1947 Rose Bowl
The 1947 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game. It was the 33rd Rose Bowl Game. The Illinois Fighting Illini defeated the UCLA Bruins, 45–14. Illinois halfbacks Buddy Young and Jules Rykovich shared the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game award. They were named the Rose Bowl Players Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. It was the first Rose Bowl game that featured teams from the Pacific Coast Conference and the Big Nine Conference by the terms of an exclusive five-year agreement.


1947 Rose Bowl
It is known as the first "modern" Rose Bowl, and the modern Rose Bowl records date back to this game. This exclusive agreement remained in place until the 1999 Rose Bowl when the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series, with the exception of the games from 1960 onward following the collapse of the PCC and prior to the renegotiation with the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), highlighted by the 1962 Rose Bowl where Big Ten champion Ohio State declined the invitation.


1947 Rose Bowl, Big Nine-PCC agreement
At the beginning, the Rose Bowl game was intended to match a West Coast team against the best of the nation. The first team to appear was Michigan in the 1902 Rose Bowl when they defeated Stanford 49-0. The Rose Bowl began to be hosted by the Pacific Coast Conference when it was revived in the 1916 Rose Bowl, and permanently with the 1920 Rose Bowl. Ohio State was the next Big Ten team to participate what they lost to California 28-0 in the 1921 Rose Bowl. The Big Ten did not participate in bowl games following that game. The University of Chicago discontinued its football program in 1939 and withdrew from the conference in 1946, leaving the Big Nine Conference.


1947 Rose Bowl, Big Nine-PCC agreement
During World War II, many college football schools had dropped some conference opponents and instead played football against local military base teams. Many colleges could not even field teams due to the draft and manpower requirements. After the war was over, demobilization and the G.I. Bill enabled returning servicemen to attend college. The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules.


1947 Rose Bowl, Big Nine-PCC agreement
The Big Nine agreed, after much negotiating over payments, rules, and ticket allocations to a five-year exclusive deal with the Rose Bowl to send the conference champion to meet the PCC conference champion. UCLA, USC, Minnesota and Illinois all voted against it. UCLA, the PCC conference champion, expressed interest in playing either Army or Notre Dame, who had played to a scoreless tie in the 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game.


1947 Rose Bowl, Big Nine-PCC agreement
The Big Nine and PCC were of the same accord when it came to treating players as amateurs, as compared to the semi-professional status that the Southern Universities proposed. Also, the Big Nine and PCC both had the same attitudes towards desegregation and allowing African-Americans to play football. Many other universities were still segregated. None of the Southeastern Conference schools had an African American athlete until 1966. The Cotton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl would not be integrated until 1948, 1955, and 1956 respectively.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, UCLA Bruins
The UCLA Bruins had last appeared in the 1943 Rose Bowl where they were held scoreless against Georgia. The Bruins fielded the strongest team in their history to date. It was the second undefeated team since the 1939 6–0–4 team, and the first undefeated and untied team in school history. After convincing wins over Oregon State and at Washington, UCLA entered the AP Poll at number 5. The Bruins would go to number four after defeating number 17 Stanford, 26–6. Coming into the November 23, 1946 UCLA–USC rivalry football game, the Rose Bowl was on the line for both USC and UCLA. UCLA prevailed, 13–6, to win the PCC. In the Bruins' final game of the regular season, they blanked the Nebraska Cornhuskers, 18–0.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, UCLA Bruins
The 10-0 UCLA Bruins entered the Rose Bowl as the bookmakers' favorite, having outscored their opponents 313-72. All-conference quarterback Ernie Case called the plays for a prolific offense featuring pass-catching ends Burr Baldwin and future hall-of-famer Tom Fears, and bolstered by the breakout running of fullbacks Cal Rossi and Johnny Roesh and halfback Gene Rowland. Rossi weighed in as the Bruins' heaviest back at just 170 lb, but the team averaged a shade over 200 lb per man. Several linemen in the 230 lb range (as big as they came in the days of one-platoon football) made for an intimidating and forceful UCLA front which stampeded west coast rivals with apparent ease. Averaging just 190 lb the Illini were noticeably smaller.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, Illinois Fighting Illini
This was the first appearance for the Fighting Illini in any post-season football game. The Illini opened the season winning at Pittsburgh, 33–7. They lost to Notre Dame in the first game for the 1946 Fighting Irish, a team that would eventually play in the 1946 Game of the Century against Army. The Illini beat Purdue, but then lost to Indiana. The Illini would go on to win the rest of their games including 13–9 at Michigan and a 16–7 win over Ohio State. In the final regular season game, they blanked in-state rival Northwestern 20–0. The win over Michigan proved to be the pivotal game as Michigan finished 5–1–1 in conference to Illinois 6–1 record.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, Illinois Fighting Illini
Claude "Buddy" Young was the University of Illinois’ first black football star. The 5’4" speedster made an immediate impact as a freshman in 1944, scoring sixty-four and thirty yard touchdowns on his first two touches vs. Illinois State. A 93-yard run two games later against the Great Lakes Naval Training School remains the longest run from scrimmage in Illini history. Young finished the season with thirteen touchdowns, breaking Red Grange's 1924 Big Ten Conference record and landing the freshman on several all-America lists.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, Illinois Fighting Illini
More impressively, Young claimed NCAA track championships in the 100 and 220-yard dash, and tied world records in the 45 and 60-yard dash. After being drafted into the navy in January 1945 he starred the following fall for the Fleet City [California] Naval Base football team, almost single-handedly winning the west coast service team championship with three touchdowns, [including two kick returns of 93 and 88 yards] in front of 65,000 fans at the L.A. Coliseum. In 1946 Young returned to Champaign and led the Illini with 456 rushing yards [a little over four yards per carry] despite persistent injury problems.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, Illinois Fighting Illini
Young shared the backfield with fellow halfback Art Dufelmeier, known fondly as the "Flying Dutchman". The Havana, Ill. native enrolled in Champaign in 1942 and lettered in both football and basketball as a freshman. He enlisted with the U.S. Air Force in 1943 and entered one of the most dangerous service jobs as a B-42 top-gunner. In early 1944 Dufelmeier's plane was shot down over France. He spent eleven months as a POW inside Germany, losing 35 lb before liberation. Simply glad to be alive, Dufelmeier relished his return to football in 1946.


1947 Rose Bowl, Teams, Illinois Fighting Illini
Despite Young and Dufelmeier rushing for over 900 combined yards, Illinois’ only all-conference and all-America selection was right guard Alex Agase. Another tough veteran, Agase had served as a marine in the Pacific. He participated in the amphibious invasions of both Okinawa and Iwo Jima, earning a Purple Heart. Alex's brother Lou played at left tackle. Alex Agase had scored twice as a sophomore against Minnesota in 1942, making him only the second guard to notch a multiple touchdown performance in collegiate history. The following year, he made all-America lists playing for Purdue while training as a Marine in Indiana. Later Agase would coach Northwestern and Purdue. His obvious football intelligence contributed inestimably to the top-notch run-blocking of Illinois' line.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The UCLA Bruins scored their first ever post-season points when Ernie Case scored on a quarterback sneak to give the Bruins a 7–6 first-quarter lead. However, it was the fourth-ranked Illini who took control after that, outscoring UCLA 39–7. Illinois dominated the Bruins on the ground, compiling 320 yards to the Bruins 62.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Regardless of any apparent size mis-match, history repeated itself as Illinois out-witted and out-played the bigger Bruins in the same convincing style in which Alabama had blow past the larger Trojans a year earlier. The Agase brothers and Illini captain center Mack Wenskunas opened gaping holes all day, often simply cutting the Bruins down at the knees for Young, Dufelmeier, and Co. to skip over and around. UCLA coach Bert Labrucherie used virtually every player on his three-deep trying to counter Illinois’ unstoppable blocking. But to no avail. The New York Times post-game report claimed that the affair "looked like a college line blocking against high school forwards."


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The Illini marched sixty yards on their first possession for a score. The rout began with quarterback Perry Moss tossing a 44-yard completion to halfback Julius Rykovich. After a kickoff return set UCLA up at midfield Case responded in kind with a 40-yard strike to his diminutive but elusive halfback Al Hoisch. When the Bruins scored to take an early 7-6 lead the 90,000-strong crowd sensed an epic in the making. Instead they witnessed Illinois shifting gears and leaving UCLA behind.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Illinois put together scoring drives of sixty and fifty-five yards on its first two possessions of the second quarter. A lineup of mostly second-string players added a fourth Illini score shortly before the break. Hoisch responded with a scintillating 103-kickoff return [still a Rose Bowl record] to keep the score respectable at the interval. But solo efforts, no matter how impressive, could not make up the difference. Young finished another long drive, this time fifty-one yards, with a short scoring run on the first play of the fourth quarter. Russell Steger then ran back a Case interception for a 65-yard defensive touchdown to make the score 38-14. Stanley Green, a fourth-string Illinois back, added insult to injury with a second six-point interception return in the game's final minutes.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The Illini prevailed in an outright romp, 45-14. Eliot's squad held the Bruins to just twelve first downs and forced six demoralizing turnovers. Most incredibly, the Illini held a team that had run roughshod over the west coast to a paltry sixty-two rushing yards. Only 176 passing yards on 29 attempts from Case afforded any offensive success. Despite their lesser physical stature Illinois racked up 320 team rushing yards, including 100-yard performances from both Young and Dufelmeier. The 1946 season marked the first visit to Pasadena from the Big Ten champion since Ohio State fell 28-0 to Cal in 1921. The Big Ten would provide the visitor at the New Year's Day classic for each of the next fifty-one seasons.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
A number of records were set in the game. Illinois set two new Rose bowl records: Most first downs at 28 (the previous first down record was 22, set against UCLA by Georgia in the 1943 Rose Bowl), and Most yards gained by rushing at 320 (the previous record for yards rushing was Oregon's 298 against Harvard in the 1920 Rose Bowl. Six different Illinois players scored touchdowns. These were broken in later years.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
UCLA's Al Hoisch returned Illinois kicker Don Maechtle's kickoff 103 yards, establishing a Rose Bowl and UCLA team record which still stands as of the 2008 Rose Bowl. Hoisch also still holds the modern Rose Bowl record for Highest average Gain Per Return at 44.5 yards. The eight kickoff returns made by the Bruins also are a Rose Bowl record.


1947 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Illinois' Russell Steger set modern Rose Bowl records for both most yards on interception returns and the longest interception return for a touchdown with a 68-yard return that scored in the fourth quarter. Elmer Layden holds the records, set in the 1925 Rose Bowl.


1947 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
Six modern Rose Bowl records still stand as of the 2008 Rose Bowl. Buddy Young and Julius Rykovich were named co-Most valuable players when the Rose Bowl introduced the award in 1953 and then retroactively applied the award to previous games. They were inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall Of Fame in 1993. Al Hoisch was inducted in 1999.


1947 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
The Big Ten dominated early in the Rose Bowl Series, winning 12 of the first 13. The tide would begin turn to the West coast teams with the 1960 Rose Bowl.


1947 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
UCLA and Illinois would have a re-match in the 1984 Rose Bowl with UCLA winning 45–9 in a reverse of the 1947 game, where Illinois was favored and wanted a better opponent.


1947 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
The exclusive agreement remained in place until the 1999 Rose Bowl when the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series. The Pacific-10 Conference inherited the PCC representative position for the game. Even after 1998, the Rose Bowl would still attempt to pair a Big Ten and Pac-10 team. The 2008 Rose Bowl would feature USC vs. Illinois.


1947 Roussillon Grand Prix
The 1947 Roussillon Grand Prix (formally the II Grand Prix du Roussillon) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Circuit des Platanes de Perpignan on 8 May 1947.


1947 Roussillon Grand Prix, Classification
In the first few laps, Georges Grignard, Philippe Étancelin, Jean Achard and Roger Loyer were involved in a four car accident with no injured but the abandon of Achard on his Delage D6 at lap 7. At lap 21, Jean-Pierre Wimille, second behind Sommer had engine trouble and retired. After a pole position and with the fastest lap, Raymond Sommer was still leading the race, but 14 laps from the end he retired. Eugène Chaboud won the race on Talbot-Lago T26, ex-Chiron 4.5l monoposto Darracq. Henri Louveau finish second just ahead of Yves Giraud-Cabantous.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
During April 1947, the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) experienced a series of non-violent mutinies amongst the enlisted sailors of four ships and two shore bases. Over 20% of the RNZN's enlisted personnel were punished or discharged for their involvement. The main cause was the poor rates of pay compared to the rest of the New Zealand Defence Force and equivalent civilian wages, exacerbated by the release of a long overdue government review which failed to address the issue.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
Sailors saw the new pay rates as still inferior to the other branches of the military, with the increases being consumed by taxes, inflation, and the cancellation of allowances and benefits. The poor living and working conditions aboard RNZN ships was another issue, compounded by sailors having no effective way to make dissatisfaction known to the higher ranks. Dissatisfaction with peacetime duties and opportunities also contributed, with many sailors locked into enlistment periods of up to 12 years, and demobilisation efforts prioritising those enlisted specifically for the duration of World War II.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
On April 1, around 100 sailors from the shore base HMNZS Philomel, in Devonport, declared their intent to refuse duty. They were joined by another 100 personnel from the cruiser HMNZS Black Prince and the corvette HMNZS Arbutus, who marched off the base. After campaigning for three days and winning the right to backdated pay, the mutineers were given a choice: return to duty and accept punishment, or be discharged. The majority chose the latter. These men were financially penalised, denied access to veterans' benefits, and suffered government bans on employing them.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
The 23 who returned to duty were punished through rank reductions, reductions in rank and pay, or short periods of imprisonment. On 8 April, seven sailors at the shore base HMNZS Tasman, in Lyttelton, refused to work and demanded to be discharged. Also that morning, the captain of the Castle-class minesweeper HMNZS  Hautapu was presented a letter detailing sailor's dissatisfaction with the handling of lower-deck committees, and eleven sailors deserted. Some returned to duty voluntarily, but the rest were arrested by police. Punishment (both for those who returned voluntarily and those arrested) consisted of sentences of 60 days imprisonment, commuted to 14 to 24 days.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
At the time of the initial mutiny, the cruiser HMNZS Bellona was in Australian waters, and when the ship returned to New Zealand in late April, several sailors sought discharge. On Anzac Day (25 April), about 100 of Bellona's ship's company decided not to return to duty. They recruited 40 sailors waiting to be posted to the Philomel, and on 28 April, the group presented their demands to the captain. They were informed that anyone not reporting for duty the following day would be considered Absent Without Leave.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
The next morning, 52 sailors were marked as having deserted, although all but 20 returned before Bellona's next deployment two months later. The Bellona mutineers received punishments of up to 92 days imprisonment, while the deserters additionally lost all unpaid pay and allowances. Arrest warrants were issued for those who did not return, with one sailor at large for over two years.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies
The mutinies and the resulting manpower shortage forced the RNZN to remove Black Prince from service, and set the navy's planned development and expansion back by a decade. Despite this impact, the size and scope of the events have been downplayed over time.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
From the navy's inception in 1941, there were concerns about sailors' pay and conditions. By the end of World War II, naval pay was well behind equivalent ranks in the New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and much lower than wages for equivalent jobs in the civilian sector. Sailors were forced to accept this instead of seeking work elsewhere, as they had enlisted for set periods during the war; some were required to complete twelve years service. Following the war's end, a review of pay was initiated. During his 1943 re-election campaign, Prime Minister Peter Fraser promised that new pay scales would be established by 1 April 1946; if there were any delays, the pay rates would be backdated, and the sailors would receive the difference as a lump sum.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
The review was published on 1 April, although many sailors learned of the details from contacts during the preceding weekend of 29–30 March. While an improvement, the new pay rates were still half that of the Army and Air Force, and most, if not all, of the increase would end up absorbed by increasing tax rates.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
In addition, several benefits or allowances were either removed (for example, uniformed personnel were no longer allowed free travel on public transport, unless issued a voucher to do so) or were not modified to compensate for inflation (for example, uniform allowances remained at pre-war levels, despite the threefold increase in uniform prices). The promised backdating was not mentioned in the initial announcement, resulting in great dissatisfaction amongst the sailors. A later announcement clarified that the backdating would occur, but it is unclear whether doing so was originally intended, or added in response to the mutiny.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
On a related front, many of the sailors who had signed up for long periods during the war were finding themselves dissatisfied with peacetime duties and conditions. Some attempted to secure a discharge as they thought there would be better opportunities and pay in civilian jobs, but demobilisation efforts were focused on the personnel who had signed up under "Hostilities Only" conditions.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
The two ships on which the mutiny originated, the Dido-class cruiser HMNZS Black Prince and the Flower-class corvette HMNZS Arbutus, were both considered to have poor accommodation and seakeeping conditions, particularly when wartime upgrades both decreased the space available and increased the number of personnel required to operate them.


1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies, Causes
Enlisted personnel felt that their concerns about service conditions were not being considered by the navy. Following requests and demands for a formal channel through which sailors could express their grievances, the British Admiralty had approved the formation of lower-deck committees. New Zealand authorities had reluctantly agreed to this, but the committees were banned from considering or making proposals to the officers on the matters of pay, shipboard routine, or service conditions; the issues that affected the sailors the most.