1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar
The PETA revolt in Blitar (Indonesian: Pemberontakan PETA di Blitar) was an anti-occupation revolt in present-day Indonesia, which took place on 14 February 1945 by the PETA daidan (battalion) in Blitar. This revolt was widely known as the first major uprising of local armies in Indonesia during the Japanese occupation. The revolt ended unsuccessfully, where most of the rebels left the attack, or were captured or killed by the Japanese. Nevertheless, the government of Indonesia acknowledged the revolt as a meaningful revolution. Since his fate is unknown, in 1975 President Suharto issued Presidential Decree no.63 of 1975 officially acknowledged Supriyadi, the leader of rebels, as a national hero of Indonesia.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Arrival of the Japanese in Indonesia
Upon occupation by Nazi Germany, the Dutch had to hand over the Dutch East Indies, its colony, to imperial Japan,  only few months after the first German attack. The arrival of the Japanese occupiers in March 1942 was celebrated by Indonesians who had  suffered under the colonial Dutch. Japan was thought to be a  savior who would chase the Western colonials away, and bring independence for the Indonesian people.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Arrival of the Japanese in Indonesia
Unlike its Dutch predecessors, or other Western colonials in South East Asia, the Japanese tried to encourage, if not boost, national sentiments of the local people from the very beginning of its arrival, so that they would support the Japanese occupation of Indonesia. The Japanese military forces did not suppress nor restrain Indonesian people's desire for sovereignty for their nation. Instead, Indonesia Raya was allowed to be played in the middle of the city street, and ‘Sang Merah Putih’, the national flag of Indonesia could be displayed everywhere.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Arrival of the Japanese in Indonesia
Japan tried to spread propaganda, to make sure that Indonesians perceived imperial Japan as a friend who came to help liberate the nation, instead of as an enemy who exploited resources of the Archipelago. Numerous prominent figures of Indonesia politics, who took a firm stand against the Dutch, for instance, Sukarno and Hatta, agreed to collaborate with the Japanese military forces in order to promote the independence of nation, and defend themselves from the returning Dutch.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, The Formation of PETA
The kindness of Japan to Indonesia was not free of cost. Japan tried to conscript the young generation of Indonesia to supplement the personnel in its military forces. Adding more personnel was very critical for the Japanese military forces. However, Gatot Mangkupradja, one of very pro-Japanese nationalist figures opposed Japan's idea of conscription. Instead, he proposed a volunteer-based military personnel recruitment for the battalion as the Volunteer Army of Homeland Defenders, or Tentara Sukarela Pembela Tanah Air in Indonesian, called PETA. Gatot argues that Indonesian young men have their right to freely choose what they want to, and also take the consequence of his choice. It is said that Gatot wrote the petition with his blood, thus the heart of Japanese commandant who read it was greatly touched.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, The Formation of PETA
The response from Indonesian youth was impressive, where thousands applied to join PETA, and the Japanese military forces felt satisfied as well. The spirit of voluntarism made many Indonesian believe that PETA army was an indigenous army that was created to liberate the nation of Indonesia. Also, looking at the social background of PETA officers, most of the officers who voluntarily joined PETA were from the high strata of Indonesian society. Thus, fewer people assumed that PETA was formed to serve military purposes of the colonial Japan. PETA's role was to protect the homeland from the external threat such as the Dutch, ex-colonialist, and the Allied Forces, but Japan was not one of them. Later, many former PETA officers became the leaders of Indonesian military forces after the independence, for instance, Sudirman and Soeharto.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Continuous suffering
Indonesia's huge population was not the only resources that the imperial Japan coveted. Indonesia was a country with the largest territory and richest natural resources, valuable for imperial Japan which was in the middle of fierce struggle of World War II. Japan's policy in Indonesia, therefore, were very economic-oriented as well.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Continuous suffering
Japan used Java as its operation base for the entire South East Asia, thus Java was one of the most oppressed places in Indonesia during the occupation. The Javanese farmers were forced to plant rice and sell it only to the Japanese organization at a very low price. In consequence, the farmers had nothing much to eat no matter how great the harvest was.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Continuous suffering
They also could not buy some foods in the market because of shortage of supply, since all farmers had to sell their rice to the Japanese organization only, and lack of money, for the farmers received very small amount of money in exchange for their harvest. At the end of 1944, more than 2.4 million Javanese died because of starvation. Nobody was an exception in the Japanese cruelty. Almost every man and woman in their productive age were recruited to join rōmusha (the Japanese word for Indonesian forced labourers). Many of them died helpless due to continuous working, illness without any proper food or medication. Many Indonesian women were also deceived and sent away from their homes, eventually ended up as comfort women for the Japanese forces all over South East Asia.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Continuous suffering
Injustice also took place within the PETA itself. Japan behaved unfairly and discriminated against Indonesian civilians and also PETA soldiers. PETA officers had to be respectful to every Japanese soldier, no matter what rank they held. Cultural differences also played a major role in the occurrence of dispute between Indonesians and the Japanese within the PETA. While a slap to men under his command is a common way for the Japanese soldiers to tighten and maintain discipline, in Indonesia even just to touch the head of others, no matter what your rank, is regarded as rude, abusive, and affronting behavior. So when the Japanese used their hand in their usual way, most Indonesian military personnel felt insulted by the foreigner.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Background, Continuous suffering
Looking at the miserable condition of their people, the PETA battalion personnel started to lose hope for an independent Indonesia with a bright future. They felt that neither the Dutch nor the Japanese had any right to keep Indonesian people suffering. In summary, the three main reasons of Supriyadi, the instigator of the rebellion, to revolt were “the plight of civilians and rōmusha, Japanese arrogance, and the need for real independence.”


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Chronology of the revolt
It is a bit unclear who precisely proposed the revolt first. However, Supriyadi, who was less than 22 years old at the time, started to gather some trusted members, and held secret meetings to plan the action starting in September 1944, which continued until the sixth meeting in 13 February 1945. In their last meeting, the rebels decided to attack the city divided into four groups. At the following day, the rebels attacked two buildings that usually were used by the Japanese military forces, aiming to kill every single Japanese they would meet. However, the attack was completely predicted by the Japanese military forces, thus all the buildings were abandoned before the attack began.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Chronology of the revolt
After their attack failed, each group of the rebels quickly left the city to find other groups of the rebels, and range again against Japan. However, there were two main problems faced by the rebels to carry out their plans. First, Japan used other Indonesian personnel under the Japanese command to threaten the rebels. This was quite successful. The rebels did not want to kill other Indonesian PETA soldiers who were forced by the Japanese army to confront their revolt. Second, the Japanese military forces succeeded in isolating the Blitar battalion completely.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Chronology of the revolt
The separation of the military command structure of PETA worked effectively, thus not many groups of Indonesian militaries even in the same region, would hear about the news in Blitar. All rebels were scattered, and many of them were persuaded to go back to Blitar, or chose to surrender to the Japanese. A few of the groups successfully killed some of the Japanese, but all of them were shot back and killed.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Chronology of the revolt
Finally, fifty-five captured rebels were being sent to the military court after several sessions of interrogation, and six among them were sentenced to death, while Supriyadi, who disappeared without a trace now live in.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Significance
Although the revolt was by no means successful, it left some significant influence to both Japan and Indonesia. 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar was an important event that indicating the changes of Indonesia's feeling toward Japan. Benedict Anderson, an influential Southeast Asia academic who is also an Indonesian expert, argues that the Blitar revolt might not seize the colonial Japan with a great fear, yet, it successfully created the anxious atmosphere among the Japanese forces to be wary of changing situation in Java.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Significance
Anderson shows some evidence supporting his argument, for instance, that the Japanese military tried to avoid direct condemnation of the revolt by inviting prominent Indonesian leaders in the judicial process. The Japanese court also pronounced relatively generous sentence of punishment to the rebels. In general, the revolt was the most serious attack on Japanese military forces during its occupation in Indonesia which opened the new revolutionary period for Indonesia.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Significance
Meanwhile, for Indonesian people, the revolt of PETA battalion in Blitar was seen as a strong message to the Japanese forces which behaved unfair to Indonesian people. Although the PETA rebellion in Blitar was very short and unsuccessful; however, it played a vital role in Indonesian independence by transmitting “the revolutionary energy” (p. 153) to PETA soldiers in other areas of Indonesia.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Significance
Lebra Joyce, an American historian of Japan and India, publishes a book, “Japanese-trained Armies in Southeast Asia”, and in Chapter 6 of her book, “Revolt of the Independence Armies,” she exposes how the battalion in Rengasdengklok was influenced by the Blitar revolt later, and eventually kidnapped Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim the independence of Indonesia on the night of 16 August 1945. Lebra, therefore, concludes that 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar did not completely fail in achieving its ultimate goal: Indonesian independence.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
Historical reality, after all, need not be embellished or hidden in order for Indonesians to be proud of their history                                                                                - Sato -


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
Nugroho Notosusanto, an Indonesian military historian, comprehensively presents the motives, process, and termination of the Blitar revolt in his famous article “The Revolt of a PETA-Battalion in Blitar.” Some Indonesian historians wrote about the revolt of PETA in Blitar before him; however, Notosusanto is the first Indonesian historian writing in English. Thus, Notosusanto's contribution in promoting the history of Blitar revolt is enormous. Without his works, the story of Blitar revolt would be less known nor widely distributed among academics. His effort to conduct numerous interviews with many people who were concerned with the revolt is a praiseworthy deed. His works become the most cited academic literature relating to 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar among scholars even until now.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
However, some also draw sharp criticism of Notosusanto's firm belief that 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar was a rebellion exclusively conducted based on the strong nationalism of PETA leaders and soldiers. Shigeru Sato, an expert in Japanese occupation in Southeast Asia during World War II, confronts every aspect of Notosusanto's narrative regarding 1945 PETA revolt in Blitar. Sato might be the first academic criticizing Notosusanto's works since it was published in 1969. Sato introduces another important view on the revolt in Blitar: Japan's perspective.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
Sato does not completely reject nationalism as one of driving force in the rebellion; however, he puts less value of Indonesian nationalism in both the revolt and its leader, Supriyadi. Sato argues that the revolt was rather “an isolated case caused by specific problems” than nationalism based rebellion against Japan. It says that there is a possibility that Supriyadi, the leader of rebels, was impelled to revolt, not because of his nationalism or hatred of Japan, but over a small dispute over some Indonesian girls.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
Also, Supriyadi is held in respect as a national hero by Indonesia, and he was even inaugurated as in absentia Minister of the People's Security in Indonesia's first cabinet formed in 1945. However, Sato refers to the interviews of Japanese officers at the time who gave less credit to Supriyadi as a great leader, because at the end of the revolt, Supriyadi ran away leaving his rebels, and never appeared again. Sato delivers a cynical interpretation of the Japanese forces on the Blitar revolt. Sato criticizes Notosusanto, and other historians following him, for attributing the cause of the rebellion too deeply to nationalism.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
This alternative argument is based on the odd background of Notosusanto as a historian as well as the chaotic political situation in Indonesia when his works were published. In his young days, Notosusanto dreamed of being a military officer, but was opposed by his father. In 1964, Notosusanto was a history lecturer at University of Indonesia when General Nasution of Indonesian Army Forces asked him to write an army version of Indonesian independence history. Since after that, Notosusanto became an official historian of New Order who reinforced the ideology of “anti-communism, militarism, and developmentalism” held by the Soeharto's regime.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
In other words, Notosusanto intentionally writes history that emphasizes the critical role of Indonesia army, including PETA, during the independence struggle of Indonesia, to justify Indonesian army forces’ intervention in politics, social, and defense areas under Soeharto. It is not surprising that Katherine MeGregor, a historian of Indonesia in University of Melbourne who writes a book regarding Notosusanto's role during Soeharto's dictatorship, calls Notosusanto as “a central propagandist of the New Regime” of Indonesia. Sato criticizes that the history can be misused as a tool of ideology in authoritarian government, and Notosusanto is a good example of it.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
Some scholars also claim alternative arguments regarding the motives behind the rebellion of PETA battalion in Blitar. However, unlike Sato, these scholars do not confront nor refute Notosusanto's mainstream perspective. Rather, they add other factors that might contribute to the outbreak of the rebellion. George M. Kahin, an American historian who is also an expert on Southeast Asia, discusses the possibility of PKI's influence in the Blitar revolt.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Controversies and alternative perspectives
In his book, “Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia,” Kahin argues that the anti-Japanese movement led by Syarifuddin and other members of PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) since early 1943 contributed to the outbreak of PETA revolt in Blitar on February 1945. Another interesting perspective is argued by Yu Byung-sun, an editorial writer of Korean journal, in his article “Anti- Japanese Struggle of Korean Civilian Workers Attached to the Japanese Military in Indonesia in the late Stages of Japanese Imperialism.” In examining the Ambara incident which was an anti-Japanese armed resistance by the Korean civilian worker in Indonesia happened only forty days before the Blitar revolt, Yu argues that the Ambara incident indirectly inspired the outbreak of Blitar revolt.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Anderson, Benedict. Some aspects of Indonesian politics under the Japanese occupation, 1944-1945. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1961).Kahin, George M.  Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2003).Lebra, Joyce. C. Japanese-trained Armies in Southeast Asia. (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010).


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
McGregor, Katharine E. History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia's Past. Singapore: NUS Press, 2007a.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Notosusanto, Nugroho. “The Revolt of a PETA-Battalion in Blitar.” Asian Studies 1969; 7(1): 111-123.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Notosusanto, Nugroho. The Revolt against the Japanese of a PETA-Battalion in Blitar, February 14, 1945. (Jakarta: Dept. of Defence and Security, Centre for Armed Forces History, 1974)


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Notosusanto, Nugroho. “The PETA Army in Indonesia.” in Japan in Asia, 1942-1945 (eds. William H. N), (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1981).


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Sato, Shigeru. “Gatot Mangkupraja, PETA, and the origins of the Indonesian National Army.” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Lan-en Volenkunde 2010; 166(2/3): 189-217.


1945 PETA Revolt in Blitar, Recommended reading
Yu, Byung-sun. “Anti- Japanese Struggle of Korean Civilian Workers Attached to the Japanese Military in Indonesia in the late Stages of Japanese Imperialism.” Journal of Korean Independence Movement Studies 2013; 44:207-245


1945 PGA Championship
The 1945 PGA Championship was the 27th PGA Championship, held July 9–15 at Moraine Country Club in Kettering, Ohio, a suburb south of Dayton. Then a match play championship, Byron Nelson won 4 & 3 in the final over Sam Byrd, a former major league baseball player.


1945 PGA Championship
It was Nelson's fifth and final major title and his second win at the PGA Championship; he also won in 1940 and was a runner-up three times (1939, 1941, 1944). The winner's share of the purse was $5,000 in war bonds. The victory was the ninth of Nelson's record eleven consecutive wins in 1945.


1945 PGA Championship
Defending champion Bob Hamilton was defeated in the first round by Jack Grout, 4 & 3.


1945 PGA Championship
Due to World War II, the PGA Championship was the sole major played in 1945 (and 1944). The three others returned in 1946.


1945 PGA Championship, Format
The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1945 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days:


1945 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1945 Pacific Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Pacific (COP) during the 1944 college football season. In the 13th season under head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, the Tigers compiled a record of 30–10–1.


1945 Pacific typhoon season
The 1945 Pacific typhoon season was the first official season to be included in the West Pacific typhoon database. It has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1945, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


1945 Pacific typhoon season
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1945 Pacific hurricane season. Predecessor agency to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Fleet Weather Center/Typhoon Tracking Center was established on the island of Guam in June 1945, after multiple typhoons, including Typhoon Cobra in the previous season and Typhoon Connie in this season, had caused a significant loss of men and ships.


1945 Pacific typhoon season
It would not take major responsibility in the West Pacific basin until 1950 season. Instead, storms in this season are identified and named by the United States Armed Services, and these names are taken from the list that USAS publicly adopted before this season had started earlier this year. Since this is the first season to be included in the West Pacific typhoon database, this would also be the first season where the names of Western Pacific tropical cyclones are preserved publicly.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Ann
The first named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Ann formed on April 19 at relatively low latitude. The storm didn't affect any landmasses and dissipated on April 26.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Betty
The second named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Betty formed on May 13, 1945, and began to move in a northeastern direction. It strengthened into a tropical storm only 18 hours later and continued on its path. However, the storm eventually moved further north, and into colder waters. Betty weakened into a tropical depression and dissipated on May 16th, having not threatened land at all.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Connie
A small yet powerful typhoon, Connie was first spotted on June 1 by the Fleet Weather Center on Guam, moving northeast. Winds were reported to have been as high as 140 mph. But by June 7, it began to weaken. Its final fate is unknown.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Connie
The U.S. Navy's Third Fleet was hit by Connie, and reporting about the storm frequently refers to it as Typhoon Viper. The same fleet had previously been hit, with great loss of life, by Cobra the previous year. Connie being lesser, only one officer and five seamen were lost or killed because of Connie, and around 150 airplanes on its carriers were either lost or damaged.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Doris
Tropical Storm Doris existed from June 18 to June 21 and did not make landfall.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nancy
Tropical Storm Nancy formed on July 3 to the east of Vietnam. It started to move in a northeast direction before shifting its course to the northwest until it eventually made landfall near Hongkong as a tropical storm. It rapidly weakened over land and dissipated on June 8. The damage is unknown.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Helen
Typhoon Helen formed on August 29. It moved west-northwest and strengthened into a category 3 typhoon with 120 mph winds. It weakened slightly to a category two and struck Taiwan. It briefly was over waters before it hit Mainland China as a tropical storm. It dissipated on September 4.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ursula
This typhoon is especially remembered for the 6 aircraft containing liberated prisoners of war brought down by the typhoon between Okinawa and Manila. Over 120 servicemen lost their lives. At the time, it was the single greatest loss of life in an aviation disaster during peacetime.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Ida
In Japan, Typhoon Ida is called Makurazaki Typhoon. It was the strongest typhoon to hit Kyushu on record, with a minimum sea-level pressure of 916.1 hPa (27.05 inHg) observed on the land and a maximum wind gust of 62.7 metres per second (140 mph), which was recorded at a weather station in Makurazaki. More than 2,000 people were killed in the Hiroshima Prefecture after heavy rains brought by a weakening Ida caused severe landslides.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Louise
Louise was first seen developing on October 2, 1945, in the Caroline Islands. It unexpectedly veered north and slowed down, only to intensify as it passed over Okinawa on October 9 with 90 mph wind gusts and a minimum central pressure of 968.5 mbar. Shortly after, Louise began to weaken, and hit Japan as a strong tropical storm. The tropical cyclone became extratropical shortly after on October 12. In Okinawa, 36 people  died, 47 people were reported missing, and 100 people were seriously injured.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Louise
In Buckner Bay, where the US military were occupying a temporary base, 30 ft (9.1 m) to 35 ft (11 m) waves were reported to have crashed ashore, tearing into Quonset huts and other buildings. At the time, Buckner Bay was being used as a port by the US military. Fifteen merchant ships were driven ashore, with a few wrecked. Three US Navy destroyers were grounded and declared beyond salvage. Over 200 other US military vessels, including six LSTs, a number of special purpose  boats, patrol boats, and amphibious landing craft were grounded, severely damaged, or wrecked beyond repair. Eighty percent of the buildings in the bay were completely wiped out, while all 60 airplanes at the local airports were damaged.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Tropical Storm Marge
A tropical storm was tracked on November 1 to the northwest of the Marianas. It moved to the west, before making landfall on Tayabas (now Quezon) in the Philippines. It was last noted on November 4 over Aurora. The damage is unknown.


1945 Pacific typhoon season, Systems, Typhoon Nora
Typhoon Nora formed on November 22nd, 1945, and began to move towards the Philippines. It became a typhoon and a category 1 equivalent storm on the SSHWS scale. The slow-moving storm moved towards the Philippines, but it turned northeast at the last moment, moving over colder waters and dissipating.


1945 Palestine Premier League
The 1945 Palestine Premier League was the first edition of the first tier in the Arab Palestinian football league system (organised by the APSF). The league champions and winners of the trophy, named Arab Bank Shield, was Islamic Sport Club Jaffa.


1945 Palestine Premier League, Competition Format
Clubs affiliated to the APSF split into six regional leagues. The champion of each of the six regions advanced to the Palestine championship.


1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Panama on 5 May 1945.


1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election
On 28 December 1944, a severe political crisis took place just prior to the opening of the National Assembly which was to convene on 2 January 1945. The next day President Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango suspended the Constitution of 1941, consequently cancelled the next prescribed session of the National Assembly, and called for a general election on 5 May 1945, to elect delegates to a Constitutional Assembly which would frame a new Constitution.


1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election
Political tension continued during the spring of 1945 but the elections held on 5 May 1945, were peaceful and orderly, with approximately 110000 voters participating (women voted in the national election for the first time).


1945 Panamanian Constitutional Assembly election
These elections showed a heavy vote for liberal elements and a coalition of the Liberal Renewal Party of Francisco Arias Paredes, the Liberal Democratic Party of Enrique Adolfo Jiménez, elements of the Liberal Doctrinaire Party of Domingo Díaz Arosemena, and elements of the National Revolutionary Party (the "official" party of the de la Guardia administration) united and, controlling 30 of the 46 delegates to the Constitutional Assembly, elected Enrique Adolfo Jiménez, former Panamanian Ambassador to Washington, Provisional President of the Republic to hold office during the life of the Constitutional Assembly and until a new President, elected in accordance with the provisions of the new Constitution, would assume office. This election took place on 15 June 1945. Former President de la Guardia retired from public office to become Director and General Manager of the newspaper La Nacion.


1945 Panamanian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Panama on 15 June 1945. The Constitutional Assembly elected Enrique Adolfo Jiménez as provisional President of the Republic.


1945 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1945 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 10 teams. The national champions were Libertad.


1945 Paris–Roubaix
The 1945 Paris–Roubaix was the 43rd edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 9 April 1945 and stretched 246 km (153 mi) from Paris to the finish at Roubaix Velodrome. The winner was Paul Maye from France.


1945 Paris–Tours
The 1945 Paris–Tours was the 39th edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 29 April 1945. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Paul Maye.


1945 Peip'ing C-46 crash
The 1945 Peip'ing Curtiss C-46 Commando crash occurred on October 12, 1945, when a USAAF Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft crashed near Nanyuan Airport in Peip'ing (now known as Beijing) while en route to there from Hankou (now part of Wuhan). All 59 people on board perished. It was the deadliest plane crash in 1945 and, at the time it occurred, the deadliest one on the soil of the Republic of China. The crash also is the worst ever involving the C-46.


1945 Peip'ing C-46 crash
On the day of the accident, the aircraft, carrying 55 Chinese soldiers and a crew of four, neared Peip'ing in unfavorable overcast weather conditions. In addition, Nanyuan Airport was lacking in radio beacons, forcing the crew to rely on a commercial broadcasting station to navigate. On approach, the C-46 struck the station's radio antenna and crashed, killing all aboard.


1945 Penn Quakers football team
The 1945 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach George Munger, the team compiled a 6–2 record, was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 237 to 88. The team played its home games at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.


1945 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1945 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1945 college football season. The team was coached by Bob Higgins and played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1945 Pensacola Naval Air Station Goslings football team
The 1945 Pensacola Naval Air Station Goslings football team represented the Pensacola Naval Air Station during the 1945 college football season. Led by head coach Curt Youel, the Goslings compiled a 2–7–1 record.


1945 Peruvian Primera División
The 1945 season of the Primera División Peruana, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 8 teams. The national champions were Universitario. No team was promoted or relegated.


1945 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru on 10 June 1945 to elect the President and both houses of Congress. In the presidential elections the result was a victory for José Luis Bustamante y Rivero of the National Democratic Front (FDN), who received 66.9% of the vote. The FDN also emerged as the largest party in both houses of Congress, winning 35 of the 49 seats in the Senate and 73 of the 153 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1945 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing eighth in the American League with a record of 52 wins and 98 losses.


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1945 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 13th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 7–1–2, losing three games. The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 13th consecutive season.


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL Draft
The 1945 NFL Draft was held on April 8, 1945. It was the last draft held in Chicago; later in the year the league moved its offices to Philadelphia. It would be 32 rounds with the Eagles getting picks in 30 of them. The Eagles would pick 9th in the rounds.


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL Draft
The teams with the 5 worse records in 1944 season would be the only teams picking in rounds 2 and 4.


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, NFL Draft
Future Hall of Famers in this draft included Charley Trippi, Halfback from Georgia taken 1st round 1st overall by the Chicago Cardinals. Elroy "Crazylegs" Hirsch, Wide receiver from Michigan taken 5th overall by the Cleveland Rams. Pete Pihos, Defensive end from Indiana University,Tom Fears, End from UCLA, andArnie Weinmeister, Defensive tackle from Washington


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Offseason, Player selections
The table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1945 Philadelphia Eagles season, Roster
(All time List of Philadelphia Eagles players in franchise history)


1945 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1945 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1945 college football season. The team compiled a 3–7 record under head coach Clark Shaughnessy.


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 64th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 59th in the National League. The Pirates finished fourth in the league standings with a record of 82–72.


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Pittsburgh Steelers season
The 1945 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 13th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team finished the season with a record of 2–8. This season marked the first and only season played with Jim Leonard as head coach.


1945 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1945 Pittsburgh mayoral election
The Mayoral election of 1945 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1945. Incumbent Democratic Party Conn Scully chose not to seek reelection. State Democratic Party chairman and longtime Pittsburgh political player David Lawrence was elected to succeed him in what is the city's most recent competitive race. Bob Waddell, the popular football coach of Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon University) ran for a second time using his colorful personality and sports fame. However, the powerful Lawrence was able to rally a large base en route to a close win.


1945 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 18 November 1945. Following reforms introduced by António de Oliveira Salazar, they were the first elections in the Estado Novo to allow opposition parties. The Movement of Democratic Unity was formed by opposition activists, but alongside all opposition candidates, they withdrew from the election before polling day, alleging electoral fraud. As a result, only candidates of the National Union contested the election.


1945 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
Prior to the elections, the electoral system underwent significant reform. The single 100-member national constituency was replaced by 21 multi-member constituencies and one single-member constituency covering the Azores, together electing a total of 120 members, 13 of which were from Portuguese colonies.


1945 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
Voters could now delete names from the lists of candidates, but could not replace them. Suffrage was given to all men aged 21 or over as long as they were literate or paid over 100 escudos in taxation, and to women aged over 21 if they had completed secondary education, or, in an extension to the rules, if they were the head of a household and met the same literacy and tax criteria as men.


1945 Preston Municipal Borough Council election
Elections to Preston Municipal Borough council were held in November 1945.


1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The 1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours were announced on 14 August 1945 to mark the resignation of the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, following the success of the Labour Party in the 1945 General Election.


1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The list was particularly notable for four recommendations outside party politics which had the approval of the new Prime Minister, Clement Attlee. These were to the Chiefs of Staff of the armed services and the Ministry of Defence in World War II, honouring what The Times called "the most remarkable achievement of team work in British military history ... followed with conspicuous mastery to its consummation in the most absolute of all victories."


1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
Other nominations followed the usual convention of Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, rewarding loyal service to the Conservative Party and political and personal service to the retiring Prime Minister. Amongst these honours, The Times noted in particular the knighthood for A. P. Herbert, "who has his individual niche in the parliamentary temple as the doughty vindicator of the private member's rights, including not least the right to legislate."


1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The list included the first awards of the newly inaugurated Defence Medal, intended to honour members of the Home Guard, Civil Defence, and troops serving in non-operational areas. However, these four awards were to people who went with Churchill into operational areas, and were noted as being in a special category.


1945 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours
The recipients are displayed below as they were styled before their new honour.


1945 Primera División de Chile
The 1945 Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional was Chilean first tier’s 13th season. Green Cross was the tournament’s champion, winning its first title.


1945 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1945 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In its first season under head coach Charlie Caldwell, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record and was outscored by a total of 112 to 69. Princeton played its 1945 home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.


1945 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1945 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1945 Big Ten Conference football season. In their second season under head coach Cecil Isbell, the Boilermakers compiled a 7–3 record, finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference with a 3–3 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 198 to 125.


1945 Purdue Boilermakers football team
Notable players from the 1945 Purdue team included halfbacks Ed Cody and Bob DeMoss.


1945 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1945 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 19th series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup. Four matches were played between 11 February and 17 March 1945. It was contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.


1945 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1945, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 6-08 to 2-00 defeat of Ulster in the final at Croke Park, Dublin. This was their 13th title over all and their fourth title in succession.


1945 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Munster's Mick Mackey was the Railway Cup top scorer with 3-06.


1945 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1945 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1945 college football season. In its second season under head coach Paul Cieurzo, the team compiled a 2–1 record (1–0 against conference opponents) and tied for the conference championship. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium in Kingston, Rhode Island.


1945 Rice Owls football team
The 1945 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1945 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Jess Neely, the team compiled a 5–6 record (3–3 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 153 to 130.


1945 Rose Bowl
The 1945 Rose Bowl was the 31st edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Monday, January 1. The USC Trojans of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) defeated the Tennessee Volunteers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), 25–0.


1945 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The game was highlighted by a John Ferraro blocked punt, which was carried by Jim Callanan for a touchdown in the opening minutes of the game. Ferraro went on to become the president of the Los Angeles City Council.


1945 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1945 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1945 college football season. In their eighth and final season under head coach Harry Rockafeller, the Queensmen compiled a 5–2 record, won the Middle Three Conference championship, and outscored their opponents 140 to 61. The team's only losses came against Swarthmore (6–13) and Princeton (6–14). In November 1945, Rockafeller announced that he would step down as the head coach at the end of the 1945 season.


1945 Ryde state by-election
A by-election was held in the state electoral district of Ryde on 3 February 1945. The by-election was triggered by the death of James Shand (Independent Democrat).


1945 Ryde state by-election
The by-election was won by Liberal candidate Eric Hearnshaw. This was the first election contested and first election won by the Liberal Party in New South Wales since the founding of its New South Wales division a month earlier in January 1945. Hearnshaw also became the first Liberal Party member in the New South Wales parliament, as at the time, parliamentary members of the Democratic Party had yet to join the Liberal Party.


1945 SANFL Grand Final
The 1945 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Port Adelaide Football Club and the West Torrens Football Club, held at Adelaide Oval in Adelaide on 29 September 1945. It was the 47th Grand Final of the South Australian National Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1945 SANFL season. The match, attended by 47,500 spectators, was won by West Torrens by a margin of 13 points, marking that club's third premiership victory. The game is also remembered for being the final game of Haydn Bunton Sr's career.


1945 SANFL Grand Final, Background
This was the first SANFL Grand Final held after World War Two, with Japan surrendering 27 days prior to the game.


1945 SANFL Grand Final, Match summary, First quarter
Port Adelaide's first quarter score of 8.3 (51) remains the largest opening term to any SANFL grand final.


1945 SANFL Grand Final, Post game, Record attendance
The crowd of 47,500 broke the attendance for a football match in South Australia that was previously 44,300 held by the 1924 SAFL Grand Final.


1945 SANFL Grand Final, Post game, Haydn Bunton Sr last game
The 1945 SANFL Grand Final was Haydn Bunton Sr's last game.


1945 SANFL Grand Final, Bibliography
This Australian rules football competition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1945 SANFL season
The 1945 South Australian National Football League season was the 66th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1945 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1945 SMU Mustangs football team was an American football team that represented Southern Methodist University (SMU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1945 college football season. In their eighth, non-consecutive season under head coach Matty Bell, the Mustangs compiled a 5–6 record (4–2 against conference opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 201 to 110. After a stretch in which the team lost six of seven games, SMU finished the season with three consecutive shutout victories over Arkansas (21-0), Baylor (34-0), and TCU (34-0). The team played its home games at Ownby Stadium in the University Park suburb of Dallas.


1945 SMU Mustangs football team
Three SMU players received first-team honors from the Associated Press (AP) and/or United Press (UP) on the 1945 All-Southwest Conference football team: back Doak Walker (AP-1, UP-1); end Gene Wilson (AP-1, UP-1); and tackle Tom Dean (AP-1, UP-1).


1945 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1945 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1945 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Dukes Duford, the team compiled a 5–4 record (0–1 against MVC opponents), finished fourth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 194 to 139. The team played its home games at Walsh Stadium in St. Louis.


1945 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
The 1945 Saint Mary's Gaels football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1945 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach and College Football Hall of Fame inductee James Phelan, the Gaels compiled a 7–2 record, outscored their opponents by a combined total of 282 to 65, and were ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. The Gaels' victories included a 20–13 besting of California and a 26–0 victory over USC. Their only loss during the regular season was to UCLA by a 13–7 score. The Gaels were invited to play in the 1946 Sugar Bowl where they lost to an undefeated No. 5-ranked Oklahoma A&M by a 33–13 score.


1945 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
Three Gaels received honors on the 1945 All-Pacific Coast football team: halfback and College Football Hall of Fame inductee Herman Wedemeyer (AP-1, UP-1); halfback Charles Albert (Spike) Cordeiro, Jr. (UP-1); and end Ed Ryan (AP-1, UP-1).


1945 Salvadoran presidential election
Presidential elections were held in El Salvador between 14 and 16 January 1945. The result was a victory for Salvador Castaneda Castro of the Social Democratic Unification Party. The election was boycotted by five candidates who withdrew after accusing Osmín Aguirre y Salinas of unfair practices to ensure victory for his favoured candidate.


1945 Sammarinese general election
General elections were held in San Marino on 11 March 1945. The British Army had required a fresh election for the final elimination of all fascist-friendly politicians. The result was a victory for the Committee of Freedom, which won 40 of the 60 seats in the Grand and General Council.


1945 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male and at least 24 years old.


1945 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1945 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1945 college football season.


1945 San Diego State Aztecs football team
San Diego State did not field a team in 1943 and 1944 due to World War II. For this shortened first post-war season, San Diego State was again a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA), but only two CCAA schools fielded a team so there was no champion named. The team was led by head coach Bob Breitbard in his first and only season with the Aztecs. They played home games at Balboa Stadium in San Diego, California. The Aztecs finished the season with two wins and five losses (2–5, 1–0 CCAA). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 65–163 for the season.


1945 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL
No San Diego State players were selected in the 1946 NFL Draft.


1945 San Francisco State Gators football team
The 1945 San Francisco State Staters football team represented San Francisco State College during the 1945 college football season.


1945 San Francisco State Gators football team
The Gators did not field a team in 1943 or 1944. During this first post-World War II season, the Gators played a limited schedule. They were again led by head coach Dan Farmer, who had also coached the team starting at the midpoint in 1942. They played home games at a field on campus in San Francisco, California, which was later renamed named Cox Stadium. A search of newspapers from 1945 only finds the results for two games, although it is likely the team played more than that. In those two games, the Gators had a record of zero wins and two losses (0–2) and were outscored by their opponents 0–64.


1945 Santos FC season
The 1945 season was the thirty-fourth season for Santos FC.


1945 Segunda División Peruana
The 1945 Segunda División Peruana, the second division of Peruvian football (soccer), was played by 6 teams. The tournament winner, Santiago Barranco was promoted to the Promotional Playoff. Association Chorrillos and Unión Callao was promoted to the 1946 Segunda División Peruana. The league table is incomplete.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion
The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Background
The situation in the British Somaliland protectorate during the 1920s until the rebellion was tense.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Background
Several other revolts had taken place both in urban and rural areas in the protectorate during the time period between the rebellion and the defeat of the Dervish movement led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, the most serious of which was the 1922 Burao Tax Revolt led by tribesmen of the Rer Ainanshe sub-division of the Habr Yunis clan who refused attempts by the British authorities to tax them, and the 1944 Somaliland Camel Corps mutiny in response to the British authorities attempting to send the camel corps abroad to serve in other British colonies. During that time several organizations were formed that articulated and promoted Somali nationalism, such as the Somali Islamic Association led by Haji Farah Omar in 1920 in Aden.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Background
Somalis feared European conquest of their land as early as the early 19th century, when in 1825 the Habr Awal Isaaq sacked a British merchant ship that had attempted to dock in the important trading port of Berbera, which lead to the British attack on Berbera in 1827 in response, as well as Somalis attacking British explorers on expeditions in Zeila, Berbera and Las Khorey. Another example of the Somali distrust of Europeans is when, in 1855, the governor of Zeila Haji Sharmarke refused to sell a house to a French agent in the town, and claimed that he preferred a significant loss over the presence of dangerous friends.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Background
Yet another example of the distrust of the Europeans is when massive riots throughout the entire protectorate had taken place in 1945 in response to the British authorities putting poison bait in grazing lands as part of an anti-locust campaign aimed at combatting locust swarms. The violent demonstrations spread to different parts of the vast protectorate, from Zeila in the far west to Badhan in the far east.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
Sheikh Bashir was born in 1905 in Taleh, British Somaliland. Taleh was known as the Dervish capital and is located in the Sool region of Somaliland. Sheikh Bashir was a nephew of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and was named by him. He hails from the Yeesif subclan of the Habr Je'lo Isaaq clan. Sheikh Bashir was cultivated at the Markaz (Centre) located in the village of Beer east of Burao and studied there in succession to his father. This Markaz was first established by Sheikh Bashir's grandfather Sheikh Hassan Fiqi Abdi as an educational centre where the Quran, hadith and other Islamic sciences were taught.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
According to the Somali historian and novelist Farah Awl the Sayyid had a significant influence on Sheikh Bashir through listening to his poetry and conversations, an influence that impelled him to a "war with the British". After studying in the markaz in Beer he opened a Sufi tariqa (order) sometime in the 1930s, where he preached his ideology of anti-imperialism, stressing the evil of colonial rule and the bringing of radical change through war. His ideology was shaped by a millennial bent, which according to Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm is the "hope of a complete and radical change in the world shorn of all its present deficiencies".


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
Sheikh Bashir had been arrested multiple times before the revolt itself had occurred for challenging the authority of the British protectorate. He reached prominence in 1939 when he played a prominent role in a riot in Burao that happened that year as a result of a new educational policy the British authorities had announced, and which it had put an end to after the riots. The British had also at the same time announced a new disarmament policy directed at armed pastoralists.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
In response, Sheikh Bashir organized a group of some hundred armed tribesmen and dared the British authorities to enforce the policy, which resulted in him being arrested at the end of 1939 and sentenced to a minor term of imprisonment. After his release he returned to his tariqa in Beer, where he continued to preach and encourage his followers to resist all policies of the British authorities. He continued to resist the British authorities through preaching until 1945, when he decided to take arms.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
One day, according to a well known story, he challenged sheikhs who were fulminating against the British to actually do something about it. The exchange between Sheikh Bashir and the sheikhs was passed over into history in a poem composed by Yasin Ahmed Haji Nur in January 1980, Muruq Baa Dagaal Gala (Muscle Partakes in War), where he describes the incident:


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
Sheekh Bashiir ka daalacoWadaadii dikriyayeedaasada uu dhex keeneeku daloosha uu yidhidiinkay akhriyayeenwax kastay du-dubiyaanmarkay diisi waayeenwaa kii budh doonteedam-dagiigan kaga dhigayDulucdeedu waxay tahaymuruq baa dagaal gala


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Overview
Take Sheikh Bashir as an exampleThe chanting priestsAmong whom he placed a canAnd asked them to break itWith the religious verses they wen readingMer they read everythingAnd failed to dent itHe took a big stickAnd destroyed it with one swing. The meaning of the story isMuscle partakes in war


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Rebellion
On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Rebellion
The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Rebellion
The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Rebellion
Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Rebellion, Erigavo revolt
Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Death of Sheikh Bashir
The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Elmi, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Death of Sheikh Bashir
After his death, Sheikh Bashir was widely hailed by locals as a martyr and was held in great reverence. His family took quick action to remove his body from the place of his death at Geela-eeg mountain, about 20 miles from Burao.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Aftermath
Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, the British authorities were not finished with the rebels and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the Collective Punishment Ordinance, under which the authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the Habr Je'lo, the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Aftermath
The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels. The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the Saad-ud-Din archipelago, off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland. Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Sheikh Bashir appears as a significant figure in Somali popular culture, this is seen in references to his life and struggle in Somali poetry, with many poems describing his rebellion and calling on local Somalis to avenge him.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
In Raqdii Bashiir (The Corpse of Bashir), a poem composed by the famous Habr Yunis poet Haji Adan Ahmed Af-Qallooc (Somali: Xaaji Aadan Axmed Af-Qallooc) in July 1944, he describes the aftermath of Sheikh Bashir's death and the British mistreatment of his body, and called on the people to continue the rebellion, and to avenge Sheikh Bashir and his followers as well as warning them of British settlers taking over the land, something which the British authorities denied and which led to his arrest for attempting to re-ignite the rebellion. In the poem, he said:


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Duhur baa Bashiir lagu shanaqay, daar agtiina ah ehe,Dahriga iyo laabtay rasaas, kaga daloosheene,Isaga oo dem iyo dhiig leh, oo maro ku duu-duuban,Dacsad iyo ahaaniyo cag baa, loogu sii daraye. Dadkii uu nebcaa iyo kufirga, daawashou yimide,Meydkii oo Daahir ahayn, markii debedda loo tuuray,Ee aaska loo diiday, waad wada dul joogteeneDar kaloo ciyaar lagu dilay iyo, dawgal baa jirey e,Oo aanyay deero deero u hirdiyin, dadab galkoodiiye.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Ma duugoobin Qaybdiid, lafuhu waana duhanayaaneDa'dii u ahaa baa Faarax, jeelka loo dirayeImminkuu siduu dawri yahay, debedda meeraayeLoo diid dadkii uu dhaliyo, duunyaduu dhaqayeDad oo idil soo eri, ninkii daalinka ahaayeIngriis wuxuu dooni jirey, reer Hindiya diidye,Daarihii Banjaab iyo ka kace, dahabkii hoos yiile,Daymada hadeeray indhuhu, dib u jaleecaane. Damaashaadku waa Maxamed Cali, loo dabaal degay e.Waa duubey Faransiis, dhulkii Suuriyuu degey e.Daristii Lubnaan iyo ka kace, degelkii BeyruuteDekedaha maraakiib shixnadan, baa ka soo degeye,Daadxoorta oo idil, halkanaa lala damcaayaaye,Halka daawad xeradeedu tahay, gaaladaa degiye,Nin daymud iyo gaadhi laa, beer idiin dirane,Durgufkiina soo hadhay, waxaan doonayuu garane


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Sheikh Bashir was hanged in day-light, at a housenear you,With bullets, they made holes on his chest,While his body was covered with blood,They also kicked him, and insulted him. Worst the people whom he hated and the infidels, came to watch himWhen the unwashed body was thrown outside,And refused burial, you were all around himThere were others killed playfully,About which nothing was done. The body of Qayb-diid is still warm, andhis bones are still wet. Though an old man, Farah (Farah Omar) was sent to jail. And now he roams the outside world.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
They refused him rights over his family and wealth. The unjust man (British) are punishing everybody. What the English always wanted, the people of India refused. The houses of Bunjab and the gold that they contained has beendenied to them (the British)Now they look back at them with nostalgiaThe celebration are for Muhammad Ali (Egypt). And the French are leaving Syria that they conquered. They withdrew from Beirut, and Lebanon.


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Many ships will arrive at (our) ports,They will bring here (Somaliland) those thrown outby the stream of shitThe place were you pasture Daawad (she-camel), the infidels will settle,A man on a car and an airplane, will force youto work on his farms,The few who survive that, will then know what I want (today)


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Adan Ahmed Af-Qallooc also composed another poem in Sheikh Bashir's honour, titled Gobonimo (Freedom). In it, he said:


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Samaan laguma doonee xornimo, wa sange u fuuleSallax dakhar leh, Meyd soobiriyo, seedo waran gooyaSoofkoo la kala qaado, iyo siigo kor u duushaHaweenkoo gambada saydha, iyo sebi agoomoobaIyo libintu waxay saaran tahay, suluf coladeedeSalliga iyo Allahu Akbartay, siri ka buuxadayeSawaarikhda waxa nooga dhigan, Suurtal IkhlaaseNaftuna saacad bay leedahoon, abid la seegayneSiyaadiyo Nuqsaan laguma daro, suu Ilaah yidhiyekuwo saymihii nabad galaa, seexday oo go'a eSaxarba waa dilaa niman wakhtiga, sed ugu laabnayneGeesiga senaad weyn leh, iyo fulaha seeraaraGeerida u siman Sharafna, way kala SarreeyaaneSafka ninka ka baqa ee warmaha sugi aqoon waayaSaldhigiisu akhirana waa, sakhara nareedegobonimo sun baa kaa xigtoo, laysma siin karo'eWaa Sarac ku baxa dhiig ragoo, lagu SadqeeyaayeSarakaca, Kufrigu wa Sasabo, suu na leeyahaye


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Freedom is never attained with easeNor with indifferent chit-chatIt is never bestowed without struggleAnd it never recognizes the man that was not hurt for itFire and heat surround itIt wants you to go through that and appear somewhere on the other sideThe desire and struggle are for posterity to rememberThis place (jail) has been prepared for menIt hots only feared world-historical figuresA man like me never complains about itOnly children and women fear itHaytin and Gandhi were hereThe hero Nakruma and Jamal slept hereThe chain and iron were not moulded for womenBut for men who refuse subjectionThis ugly blanket (upon which we sit) is better than the best Persian carpetWe must never complain


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Sheikh Bashir's rebellion can also be credited for contributing to the rise of balwo and heello, two famous styles of music and poetry practiced in modern-day Somaliland as well as Djibouti. Anti -colonial poets that arose after his rebellion played a crucial role in the anti-colonial nationalist movement, as famous poet Hadrawi maintained in his poem, "The Poet".


1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion, Legacy
Two secondary schools in Hargeisa and Burao, both called the Sheikh Bashir Secondary School, are named in his honour.


1945 Smethwick by-election
The Smethwick by-election, 1945 was a by-election held on 1 October 1945 for the British House of Commons constituency of Smethwick in Staffordshire (now in the West Midlands county).


1945 Smethwick by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of the town's newly elected Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), 63-year-old Alfred Dobbs, who was killed in a car accident on 27 July 1945, only one day after his election at the 1945 general election Apart from some MPs who were elected posthumously, Dobbs remains the United Kingdom's shortest-serving MP.


1945 Smethwick by-election
There were only two candidates in the by-election, Labour and Conservative; the Liberal Party had not fielded a candidate in Smethwick since the 1929 general election.


1945 Smethwick by-election
The result was a victory for the Labour candidate Patrick Gordon Walker, who held the seat comfortably with a slightly increased majority on a modestly reduced turnout. Gordon Walker was an MP for nearly 30 years, serving twice as a Cabinet minister.


1945 South American Basketball Championship
The 1945 South American Basketball Championship was the 12th edition of this regional tournament. It was held in Guayaquil, Ecuador and won by the Brazil national basketball team. Six teams competed, including Colombia in their first appearance. After an experiment with a two-round tournament two years earlier, the 1945 competition returned to a single round format.


1945 South American Basketball Championship, Results
Each team played the other five teams once, for a total of five games played by each team and 15 overall in the preliminary round.


1945 South American Championship
The eighteenth edition of the South American Championship was held in Santiago, Chile from January 14 to February 28. This tournament was an extra edition, with no trophy handed to the winners, but considered official by CONMEBOL.


1945 South American Championship
The participating countries were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (for the first time), Ecuador, and Uruguay. Paraguay and Peru withdrew from the tournament.


1945 South American Championship, Squads
For a complete list of participating squads see: 1945 South American Championship squads


1945 South American Championship, Final round
Each team played against each of the other teams. Two (2) points were awarded for a win, one (1) point for a draw and zero (0) points for a defeat.


1945 South American Championship squads
These are the squads for the countries that played in the 1945 South American Championship. The participating countries were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia (for the first time), Ecuador, and Uruguay. Paraguay and Peru withdrew from the tournament. The teams plays in a single round-robin tournament, earning two points for a win, one point for a draw, and zero points for a loss. Colombia was represented by the club Junior.


1945 South American Championships in Athletics
The 1945 South American Championships in Athletics  were held in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, between 15 and 22 April.


1945 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1945 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1945 college football season. In their first season under head coach John D. McMillan, South Carolina compiled a 2–4–3 record.


1945 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1945 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In its first season under head coach Grant Heckenlively, the team compiled a 0–4 record and was outscored by a total of 92 to 0. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1945 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1945 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University in the North Central Conference during the 1945 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Thurlo McCrady, the team compiled a 1–4–1 record and was outscored by a total of 144 to 51.


1945 South West African legislative election
Legislative elections were held in South West Africa on 19 May 1945. The whites-only election saw a victory for the United National South West Party, which won all 12 elected seats in the Legislative Assembly.


1945 South West African legislative election, Electoral system
The Legislative Assembly had 18 seats, of which twelve were elected in single-member constituencies, and six were appointed by the territory's Administrator, Petrus Imker Hoogenhout. The twelve constituencies were Gibeon, Gobabis, Grootfontein, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Okahandja, Otjiwarongo, Stampriet, Swakopmund, Warmbad, Windhoek Central and Windhoek District.


1945 South West African legislative election, Results
For the first time, all 12 constituencies were contested. Of the six members appointed by Administrator, four were from the United National South West Party and two from the National Party.


1945 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1945 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from February 22–24, 1945 at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The North Carolina Tar Heels won their eighth Southern Conference title, led by head coach Ben Carnevale.


1945 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top eight finishers of the conference's fourteen members were eligible for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1945 Southern Illinois Maroons football team
The 1945 Southern Illinois Maroons football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois Normal University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1945 college football season. Under sixth-year head coach Glenn Martin, the team compiled a 4–1–2 record. The team played its home games at McAndrew Stadium in Carbondale, Illinois.


1945 Southwark Borough election
Elections to Metropolitan Borough of Southwark were held in 1945.


1945 Southwark Borough election
The borough had ten wards which returned between 3 and 8 members. Labour won all the seats.


1945 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1945 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference during the 1945 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Louis Whitman, the team compiled a 1–6–1 record.


1945 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team, Schedule
The Bulldogs were also scheduled to play Millsaps on October 13 and a second game against the Lake Charles AAF on November 3, but both were canceled.


1945 Soviet Cup
The 1945 Soviet Cup was an association football cup competition of the Soviet Union.


1945 Soviet First League
The 1945 Soviet First League was the first post-war season and the fifth since the establishing of the second tier. The tier was named the Second Group which before carried name Group B.


1945 Soviet First League
After the Great Patriotic War some team managed to preserve themselves since the last season which was played five years ago in 1940. The following teams returned to the league Spartak Leningrad, Pishchevik Odessa, Torpedo Gorky, Dinamo (Spartak) Yerevan. The rest 14 teams were newly formed. Notable is the fact that season saw participation of two teams from the Moscow Military District (VVS and MVO) both of which finished at the top of season table, yet missing a promotion after allowing Krylya Sovetov to squeeze by.


1945 Soviet Top League
12 teams took part in the league with FC Dynamo Moscow winning the championship.


1945 Soviet Top League, Soviet Cup
The Soviet cup was won by CSKA Moscow who beat FC Dynamo Moscow in the final 2-1.


1945 St. Louis Browns season
The 1945 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 3rd in the American League with a record of 81 wins and 70 losses.


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Regular season
Coming off their first pennant in 1944, St. Louis didn't regress very far but still finished six games off the pace.


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1945 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 64th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 54th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 95–59 during the season and finished 2nd in the National League. The Cardinals set a Major League record which still stands, for the fewest double plays grounded into during a season, with only 75.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
An almost incredible place in baseball history was at stake. Billy Southworth and his Cardinals had a chance to become only the second ball club after the 1921-24 Giants to win four consecutive NL pennants.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
However, the war finally drained the Redbirds of the talent needed to win a championship.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Stan Musial, Walker Cooper, Max Lanier and pitcher Mort Cooper, who experienced elbow problems later in the season, got into a contract squabble with Harry Breadon during the spring. They signed contracts for $12,000 apiece, then balked at reporting for opening day after learning Marion had been upped to $15,000.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
On May 23, the Cards sent Mort Cooper to the Boston Braves for pitcher Red Barrett, who compiled a league-high total of 23 wins, and $60,000. However, the Redbirds did not have enough pitching depth to keep up with the faster pace of a Chicago Cubs team filled with veteran pitchers such as Paul Derringer.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
The Cardinals actually won 16 of their 22 meetings with The Cubs.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Only Whitey Kurowski batted .300 among the regulars. He was one of the few Cardinals were able to keep their jobs once the boys marched home from Europe and the Pacific.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Red Schoendienst stole 26 bases but batted just .278 and drove in only 47 runs.


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1945 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1945 Stanley Cup Finals was a best-of-seven series between the Detroit Red Wings and the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs won the series by four games to three—although not before they blew a 3–0 lead to the Red Wings, who nearly served them a taste of their own medicine.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Toronto beat the defending champion Montreal Canadiens in six games to advance to the Finals. Detroit defeated the Boston Bruins in seven games to reach the Finals.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
This was the first Stanley Cup Finals in NHL history where both teams started rookie goaltenders. Harry Lumley, who had become the youngest goaltender to play in the league the previous year, was in the Wings' net, while Frank McCool substituted for regular Maple Leafs netminder Turk Broda, who was in Europe with the Canadian army at the time.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In the first three games, which were low-scoring goaltenders' duels, McCool did not allow the Wings a single goal, the first time one team shut out the other for the first three games in Stanley Cup Finals history. In addition, Toronto now stood one win away from sweeping Detroit, as the Red Wings' Mud Bruneteau noted after game three. The last time the two teams had met in the Finals, in 1942, Toronto had beaten Detroit—after going down three games to none, becoming the first professional sports team in North America to win a playoff round in such a fashion. Fittingly enough, the Red Wings did the coming back this time, as their offense finally caught fire.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
In game four, the Maple Leafs had a chance to win the Cup on Maple Leaf Gardens ice, but the Red Wings got on the board for the first time in the series when Flash Hollett opened the scoring 8:35 into the game, ending McCool's shutout streak at 193:09 (dating back to the semifinals against Montreal). Four other Detroit players, including rookie Ted Lindsay (who scored what transpired to be the game-winner at 3:20 of the third period), scored to overcome Ted Kennedy's hat trick.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Games five and six were Lumley's time to shine, shutting out the Leafs, including an overtime shutout in the sixth game, and extending the Finals. The series returned to Detroit for a seventh game, the Wings hoping to avenge their "choking" against the Leafs in 1942.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game seven
Toronto coach Hap Day almost had to eat his words of a few years back when he said of the Leafs' 1942 comeback from being down 3–0 in games, "There will never be another experience like this." Babe Pratt, however, scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory that saved the Maple Leafs from being the victim of a great comeback win by the Red Wings. Lumley left the ice almost immediately after the end of the game, but a Detroit Olympia crowd chant of "We want Lumley!" brought him back. Lumley would go on to a Hockey Hall of Fame career and McCool would play just 22 more games in the NHL, as Broda returned to the Leafs in January 1946.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries, Game seven
This was the first time in the history of game seven of the Stanley Cup Finals that the home team did not win. Of the next fifteen finals that went the full seven games (as of the end of the 2020 series), this only happened four more times: 1971, 2009, 2011, and 2019.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1945 Stanley Cup was presented to Maple Leafs captain Bob Davidson by NHL President Red Dutton following the Maple Leafs 2–1 win over the Red Wings in game seven.


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Maple Leafs players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1945 Stanley Cup Finals, Engraving Notes
Ted Kennedy's name was engraved on the original ring as TEETER KENNEDY in 1945. He was engraved as Ted Kennedy on the later two versions of the 1945 Stanley Cup engravings.


1945 State of the Union Address
The 1945 State of the Union Address was given to the 79th United States Congress on Saturday, January 6, 1945, by the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was given in the year he died. It was given during the final year of World War II. He stated, "In considering the State of the Union, the war and the peace that is to follow are naturally uppermost in the minds of all of us. This war must be waged--it is being waged--with the greatest and most persistent intensity. Everything we are and have is at stake.


1945 State of the Union Address
Everything we are and have will be given. American men, fighting far from home, have already won victories which the world will never forget. We have no question of the ultimate victory. We have no question of the cost. Our losses will be heavy. We and our allies will go on fighting together to ultimate total victory."


1945 Sugar Bowl
The 1945 Sugar Bowl, part of the 1944 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1945, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Duke Blue Devils, representing the Southern Conference (SoCon). Duke won the game 29–26.


1945 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Alabama
The 1942 Alabama squad finished the regular season 5–1–2 with its loss coming to the Georgia Bulldogs and the two ties coming against the LSU Tigers and the Tennessee Volunteers. With most of America's youth still serving in the armed forces, Frank Thomas scrambled to assemble a team in 1944. Finally he was able to fill out a roster, mostly composed of 17-year-old freshmen and students who had been rejected as unsuitable for military service. This team went down in Tide history as the "War Babies".


1945 Sugar Bowl, Teams, Alabama
On November 25, the Crimson Tide was invited to compete in the Sugar Bowl, marking the first time that a school had competed in the four major bowls at that time (Rose, Cotton, Orange and Sugar Bowls). The appearance marked the first for Alabama in the Sugar Bowl, and their eighth overall bowl appearance.


1945 Sun Bowl
The 1945 Sun Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game held at Kidd Field in El Paso, Texas, on January 1, 1945, with approximately 13,000 spectators in attendance. The game featured the Southwestern Pirates representing Southwestern University and the Mexico Pumas representing the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). This game was the first time an American football bowl game has included a team from Mexico. The next time an American Division-1 college would play a Mexican opponent was the 2011 Kilimanjaro Bowl.


1945 Sun Bowl
Mexico entered the game with a 4–0–1 record and had outscored its opponents 182–24. Southwestern was considered a "slight" favorite over the Mexican team. One reason given was that the game played at El Paso was 6,000 feet lower in elevation to what the Mexicans were accustomed.


1945 Sun Bowl
Southwestern won with a score of 35 points to 0, becoming the first team to win back-to-back Sun Bowl championships. Southwestern set a record for the most penalty yards gained (109 yards) while Mexico set records for the fewest passing yards, fewest offensive plays, fewest offensive yards, lowest offensive average per play, fewest first downs, and fewest first down passes. Southwestern also set the record for most points scored in the Sun Bowl up to that point.


1945 Svenska Cupen
Svenska Cupen 1945 was the fifth season of the main Swedish football Cup. The competition was concluded on 26 August 1945 with the Final, held at Råsunda Stadium, Solna in Stockholms län. IFK Norrköping won 4-1 against Malmö FF before an attendance of 31,896 spectators.


1945 Svenska Cupen, Second round
The 8 matches in this round were played on 8 July 1945.


1945 Svenska Cupen, Quarter-finals
The 4 matches in this round were played on 15 July 1945.


1945 Svenska Cupen, Semi-finals
The semi-finals in this round were played on 22 July 1945.


1945 Svenska Cupen, Final
The final was played on 26 August 1945 at the Råsunda Stadium.


1945 Svenska Cupen Final
The 1945 Svenska Cupen final took place on 26 August 1945 at Råsunda in Solna. It was contested between Allsvenskan sides IFK Norrköping and Malmö FF. The final was a repeat of last years final which Malmö FF won 4–3 after extra time. IFK Norrköping played their third final in total and Malmö FF played their second final in total. IFK Norrköping won their second title with a 4–1 victory.


1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1945 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 23rd season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. Hammarby IF won the championship.


1945 Swiss referendums
Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1945. The first was held on 21 January on a federal law on the Swiss Federal Railways, and was approved by voters. The second was held on 25 November on a federal resolution on the "for the family" petition, and was also approved.


1945 Swiss referendums, Background
The January referendum on the Swiss Federal Railways was an optional referendum, which required only a simple majority to pass. The November referendum was a mandatory referendum, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race was the inaugural running of the annual "blue water classic", the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. It was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales. The race was initially planned to be a cruise planned by Peter Luke and some friends who had formed a club for those who enjoyed cruising as opposed to racing. The plan was changed, however, when a visiting British Royal Navy Officer, Captain John Illingworth, famously suggested, "Why don’t we make a race of it?"


1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The inaugural race, like all those that have followed, began on Sydney Harbour, at noon on Boxing Day (26 December), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the Derwent River, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.


1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 1945 fleet comprised 9 starters. Of the 9 starters, 8 yachts completed the race. Illingworth's own vessel, Rani, won the inaugural race in a time of 6 days, 14 hours and 22 minutes.


1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
Peter Luke's record for longest-ever time to finish the course stands to this day:11 days, 6hours, and 20 minutes.


1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, 1945 Fleet
9 yachts registered to begin the 1945 Sydney to Hobart Yacht race. They are:


1945 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1945 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1945 college football season. The Orangemen were led by eighth-year head coach Ossie Solem and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. Solem resigned as head coach following a disappointing 1–6 campaign. The team's sole win came in the school's first-ever match-up with eventual-rival West Virginia.


1945 São Paulo FC season
The 1945 football season was São Paulo's 16th season since club's existence.


1945 TANFL season
The 1945 Tasmanian Australian National Football League (TANFL) premiership season was an Australian Rules football competition staged in Hobart, Tasmania over fifteen (15) roster rounds and four (4) finals series matches between 5 May and 29 September 1945.


1945 TANFL season
This was the first season of post-World War Two football and much work was undertaken by officials, members, supporters and players in re-establishing the competition after it was closed down at the end of the 1941 season due to the War.


1945 TANFL season
This was also the first season of a new district-based competition, North Hobart and New Town would be joined by a new club from the Hobart district (Hobart Football Club) who replaced Cananore and the newly formed Sandy Bay Football Club who would represent the Sandy Bay district as a replacement for the Lefroy Football Club.


1945 TANFL season, Participating Clubs, TANFL Under-19's Grand Final
Note: Macalburn were affiliated to Hobart, South East were affiliated to Sandy Bay.


1945 TANFL season, 1945 TANFL Ladder, Grand Final
Source: All scores and statistics courtesy of the Hobart Mercury publications.


1945 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1945 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1945 college football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 5–5 overall and 3–3 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his twelfth year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1945 Taça de Portugal Final
The 1945 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1944–45 Taça de Portugal, the 7th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 1 July 1945 at the Campo das Salésias in Lisbon, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Olhanense and Sporting CP. Sporting CP defeated Olhanense 1–0 to claim their second Taça de Portugal.


1945 Temple Owls football team
The 1945 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1945 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Ray Morrison, the team compiled a 7–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 198 to 51. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1945 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1945 Tennessee Volunteers (variously Tennessee, UT, or the Vols) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1945 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach John Barnhill, in his fourth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of eight wins and one loss (8–1 overall, 3–1 in the SEC).


1945 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1945  Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1945 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1945 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech during the 1945 college football season.


1945 Texas hurricane
The 1945 Texas hurricane was a slow-moving tropical cyclone which paralleled the Texas Gulf Coast, causing extensive damage in late-August 1945. The fifth tropical storm and second hurricane of the annual hurricane season, the storm formed out of an area of disturbed weather which had been situated over the Bay of Campeche on August 24. In favorable conditions, the system quickly intensified as it steadily moved northward, attaining hurricane intensity later that day. As it approached the coast, however, the hurricane quickly slowed in forward motion, allowing it time to intensify off the Texas coast.


1945 Texas hurricane
After reaching major hurricane status, the storm reached peak intensity on August 26 as a minimal Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 miles per hour (185 km/h). Later that day, the cyclone executed a slight curve toward the Texas coast, and early the next day made landfall near Seadrift at peak intensity. Once inland, it quickly weakened, and degenerated into a remnant low on August 29 over Central Texas. The storm was the first major hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since 1941.


1945 Texas hurricane
The hurricane's slow movement and strong intensity was a catalyst for extensive and damaging impacts in Texas. Prior to making landfall, thousands of people were ordered to evacuate from cities along coastal regions. Upon making landfall, the storm brought strong winds, which caused widespread power outages and infrastructural damage. A peak gust of 135 mph (215 km/h) measured in Collegeport, Texas. Northeast of Houston, Texas, a tornado killed a person after traveling for 22 mi (35 km). At the coast, the hurricane produced a strong storm surge which swept and damaged port cities.


1945 Texas hurricane
Port Lavaca, Texas was inundated by a 15 ft (4.6 m) storm surge, which at the time was the third highest ever recorded in the state. Damage in the port alone was estimated to be as high as $1 million. The strong wave action killed two people when it capsized a fishing vessel. Further inland, the storm produced torrential rainfall, which was also aided by the hurricane's slow movement. Rainfall peaked at 19.6 in (500 mm) in Hockley, Texas. The heavy rains caused extensive crop damage, particularly to cotton and rice crops. Damage to cotton in the Corpus Christi, Texas area alone was estimated at $1.5 million. Overall, the hurricane caused $20.1 million in damage, mostly to crops, and three deaths.