1948 NCAA football rankings
One human poll comprised the 1948 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football rankings. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll. The Coaches' Poll began operation in 1950; in addition, the AP Poll did not begin conducting preseason polls until that same year.


1948 NCAA football rankings, AP Poll
The final AP Poll was released on November 29, at the end of the regular season, weeks before the major bowls. The AP did not release a January final poll regularly until the 1968 season (January 1969).


1948 NFL Championship Game
The 1948 National Football League Championship Game was the 16th title game of the National Football League (NFL), played at Shibe Park in Philadelphia on December 19.


1948 NFL Championship Game
The game was a rematch of the previous year's title game between the defending champion Chicago Cardinals (11–1), champions of the Western Division and the Philadelphia Eagles (9–2–1), champions of the Eastern Division. The Cardinals were slight favorites, at 3½ points.


1948 NFL Championship Game
It was the first NFL championship game to be televised and due to heavy snowfall, the grounds crew needed the help of players from both teams to remove the tarp from the field. The opening kickoff was delayed a half-hour until 2 p.m., and three extra officials were called into service to assist with out-of-bounds calls. The stadium lights were on for the entire game.


1948 NFL Championship Game
The Eagles won their first NFL title with a 7–0 win; it was the first title for Philadelphia since 1926, when the Frankford Yellow Jackets won the league title, seven years prior to the introduction of the championship game.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
The game  (also known as the Philly Blizzard)  was played in Philadelphia during a significant snowstorm. Bert Bell, the NFL commissioner (and former Eagles owner), had considered postponing the game, but the players for both teams wanted to play the game. The snow began at daybreak and by kickoff the accumulation was 4 inches (10 cm) at a temperature of 27 °F (−3 °C). The paid attendance for the game was 36,309, but the actual turnout at Shibe Park was 28,864.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
It was a scoreless game until early in the fourth quarter when, after Chicago had fumbled in their own end of the field, the Eagles recovered the fumble that set up Steve Van Buren's five yard touchdown at 1:05 into the fourth quarter. The game ended with the Eagles deep in Chicago territory. Eagles head coach Greasy Neale gave a majority of the credit for the win to veteran quarterback Tommy Thompson.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
With only five pass completions on 23 attempts for both teams, the game was completed in two hours and two minutes.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Officials
The NFL added the fifth official, the back judge, in  1947; the line judge arrived in 1965, and the side judge in 1978.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Players' shares
The gross receipts for the game, including radio and television rights, were just under $224,000. Each player on the winning Eagles team received $1,540, while Cardinals players made $879 each.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Aftermath
Eagles' owner Lex Thompson, 37, was in the hospital for appendicitis during the game. He sold the team a few weeks after this game to the Happy Hundred syndicate for $250,000, and died six years later of a heart attack.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Aftermath
The Eagles repeated as champions in 1949, winning in the mud and rain in Los Angeles. This game in 1948 was the only time Shibe Park hosted an NFL title game; Franklin Field was the site for the Eagles' third title win in 1960. The Eagles would win their fourth championship with a victory in Super Bowl LII in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2018.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Aftermath
This game was the Cardinals' last appearance in any NFL Championship game for over sixty years, until Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009. The Cardinals had to beat the Eagles in the 2008 NFC Championship Game to get to the Super Bowl.


1948 NFL Championship Game, Aftermath
This game remains the second lowest scoring postseason game in NFL history, eclipsed only by the Dallas Cowboys' 5–0 win over the Detroit Lions in 1970.


1948 NFL Draft
The 1948 National Football League Draft was held on December 19, 1947, at the Fort Pitt Hotel in Pittsburgh.


1948 NFL season
The 1948 NFL season was the 29th regular season of the National Football League. During the season, Halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Los Angeles Rams' helmets, making the first modern helmet emblem in pro football. The last regular season game played on Wednesday until the 2012 season happened on September 22, 1948, between Detroit and Los Angeles. The season ended when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Chicago Cardinals in the NFL Championship Game.


1948 NFL season
The 1948 season featured the highest per-game, per-team scoring in NFL history, with the average team scoring 23.2 points per game. This record stood for 65 years until 2013.


1948 NFL season, Draft
The 1948 NFL Draft was held on December 19, 1947 at Pittsburgh's Fort Pitt Hotel. With the first pick, the Washington Redskins selected halfback Harry Gilmer from the University of Alabama.


1948 NFL season, Division races
In the Eastern race, the Eagles beat Washington 45–0 in Week Five to take a 1/2 game lead. When the 6–1–1 Eagles met the 6–2 Skins again in Week Ten, Washington lost a must-win game, 42–21.


1948 NFL season, Division races
The other race was all Chicago, as the Cardinals and Bears both had records of 10–1 going into the final week. A record crowd of 51,283 packed Wrigley Field on December 12 to watch. The Bears took a 21–10 lead, on George Gulyanics's touchdown as the fourth quarter began. Charley Trippi's touchdown cut the margin to 21–17, but the Bears had the ball and time on their side. The turning point came when the Cards' Vince Banonis picked off a pass from Johnny Lujack, and ran the ball back to the Bears' 19, and Elmer Angsman scored the winning touchdown three plays later for the Western Division title and the trip to the championship.


1948 NFL season, Final standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 NFL season, NFL Championship Game
Philadelphia Eagles 7, Chicago Cardinals 0 in a blizzard at Shibe Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 19, 1948


1948 NSWRFL season
The 1948 NSWRFL season was the forty-first New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership season, Sydney’s top-level rugby league football competition, and Australia’s first. The teams remained unchanged from the previous season, with ten clubs from across the city contesting the premiership during the season which culminated in Western Suburbs’ victory over Balmain in the grand final.


1948 NSWRFL season, Season summary
When Balmain’s young stars of 1946 and 1947 Pat Devery and Harry Bath left for big money offers in England it seemed doubtful that the Tigers would be able to continue their run of success. However Balmain gave themselves every chance to achieve their third title in a row and made it through to the Grand Final match up against Wests.


1948 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
41st seasonGround: Leichhardt Oval Coach: Athol Smith Captain: Tom Bourke


1948 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
14th seasonGround: Belmore Sports Ground Coach: Arthur HallowayCaptain: Henry Porter


1948 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
41st seasonGround: North Sydney OvalCoach: Cliff Pearce Captain: Frank Cottle


1948 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
41st seasonGround: Pratten Park Coach: Jeff Smith Captain: Jack Walsh


1948 NSWRFL season, Finals
In Balmain’s preliminary final match up with St George, Balmain winger Arthur Patton refused to leave the field whilst injured as the Tigers held on to win 13–12. At game’s end it was found that he had a broken leg.


1948 NSWRFL season, Finals, Grand Final
After rainy conditions the Grand Final was played on a soft Sydney Sports Ground surface. The Tigers led the game until the final quarter when a 40-metre run by Wests’ second rower Kevin Hansen saw him tackled right on the tryline. The referee awarded the try and Wests held an 8–5 break until full-time to record their third premiership win.


1948 NYU Violets football team
The 1948 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1948 college football season.


1948 NYU Violets football team
In their second season under head coach Edward "Hook" Mylin, the Violets compiled a 3–6 record, and were outscored 190–96.


1948 NYU Violets football team
The team played one home game at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, with the rest of its schedule on the road. NYU played no games at its on-campus home field, Ohio Field in University Heights, Bronx


1948 National Amateur Cup
The National Amateur Cup is an American soccer competition open to all amateur teams affiliated with the United States Soccer Federation (USSF).


1948 National Amateur Cup
The 1948 National Amateur Cup had a grand total of 166 entries. Fall River Ponta Delgada emerged victorious for the third straight year and fourth overall. This year they defeated the Curry Vets of Broughton, Pennsylvania 4–1 in the championship game.


1948 National Challenge Cup
The 1948 National Challenge Cup was the 35th edition of the United States open soccer championship. The tournament had many delays due to weather in the eastern division and by the time Brookhattan had won the eastern final it had to put off playing the national final to entertain touring Liverpool F.C.. The championship game was further put off when a number of Simpkins players had US Olympic commitments. When the final was played it took place on October 17 at St. Louis where the Simpkins defeated Brookhattan 3–2.


1948 National Invitation Tournament
The 1948 National Invitation Tournament was the 1948 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition.


1948 National Invitation Tournament, Selected teams
Below is a list of the eight teams selected for the tournament.


1948 Nauru riots
The 1948 Nauru riots occurred when Chinese labourers employed on the phosphate mines refused to leave the island. At the time, Nauru was administered by Australia as a United Nations trust territory, with New Zealand and the UK as co-trustees.


1948 Nauru riots, Background
Chinese labourers were first brought to Nauru in 1907 by the Pacific Phosphate Company, at which time the island was a German protectorate. They became the preferred source of labour for the phosphate mines, as they were regarded as better workers than the Nauruans, were willing to sign three-year contracts, and, unlike Pacific Islanders, were willing to live on the island for the duration of their employment. The Nauruan and Chinese communities had little contact, and their separation was encouraged by the company and the German administration. The Chinese were blamed for a series of disease epidemics which saw the Nauruan population reduced from 1,550 in 1905 to 1,250 in 1910. By 1914, there were 1,000 immigrant workers on Nauru, half of which were Chinese and the other half Caroline Islanders.


1948 Nauru riots, Background
During World War I, Nauru was occupied by Australian forces and subsequently became a League of Nations mandate. Phosphate mining was taken over by the British Phosphate Commission (BPC), a joint venture of Australia, New Zealand, and the UK. The BPC discontinued the recruitment of Caroline Islanders, as the islands had come under Japanese control, and attempted to replace them with workers from Australia's other mandate, the Territory of New Guinea. However, the experiment proved unsuccessful and by 1924 the Chinese were the only remaining foreign labourers. By this time, the Australian administration's Movements of Natives Ordinance 1921 had introduced formal racial segregation. Subsequently, "the three communities, European, Nauruan, and Chinese, lived isolated and self-contained existences reinforced by the ordinances of the Administrator".


1948 Nauru riots, Background
Chinese workers signed contracts directly with the BPC, which were translated by a Chinese liaison officer appointed by the British administration in Hong Kong. The contracts included free travel, accommodation, food, clothing and medical care. The labourers were not permitted to bring their families, and the majority of their wages were sent back to China. They were not allowed to become permanent residents of Nauru, but an estimated 20 percent chose to renew their contracts each year. Few Nauruans sought work with the BPC, but those that did received a higher minimum wage.


1948 Nauru riots, Background
Most Chinese labourers were evacuated prior to the Japanese occupation of Nauru in 1942, but the 180 that remained were treated harshly and given reduced rations compared to the Nauruans. After 1944 many Chinese died of starvation. Australian administration was restored in September 1945 following the end of World War II. The BPC immediately sought to resume mining, and by June 1948 the Chinese population stood at 1,400.


1948 Nauru riots, Riots
On 7 June 1948, several hundred Chinese workers refused to board a ship waiting to return them to China. They alleged that the Chinese interpreters would not pay out their share of contributions to the community funds. One of the labourers threatened an interpreter and assaulted a messenger from the administration, at which point the police were called and attempted to arrest him. The other labourers then barricaded themselves in their compound and armed themselves with spears, clubs and axes.


1948 Nauru riots, Riots
The island's administrator Mark Ridgway declared a state of emergency and dispatched an armed riot squad comprising 44 Nauruan policemen and 16 European volunteers to the Chinese compound. In the subsequent fight, two of the labourers were shot dead and 16 were wounded.


1948 Nauru riots, Riots
The police arrested 49 of the workers, who were taken to the island's gaol. There, two were bayoneted to death by a Nauruan constable, who alleged they had been attempting to escape.


1948 Nauru riots, Aftermath
The August 1948 edition of Pacific Islands Monthly accused the Australian government of "great official secrecy" over the riots. It noted that the state of emergency had been suspended on 18 July.


1948 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1948 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1948 college football season. In their first season under head coach George Sauer, the Midshipmen compiled a 0–8–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined score of 227 to 77.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team was the representative of the University of Nebraska and member of the Big 7 Conference in the 1948 college football season. The team was coached by George Clark and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Before the season
Nebraska athletic director and one-time head football coach Adolph J. Lewandowski brought back the coach he initially chose as his own replacement for 1945, George Clark, who had departed Nebraska after just that one season. With the unsuccessful tenure of previous head coach Bernie Masterson ended, Lewandowski was able to turn to the last, most recent coach that had provided a glimmer of hope to the Cornhuskers in nearly a decade. So it was that after seven straight losing seasons, the coaching staff once again suffered a shakeup in hopes of ending the downward spiral of Nebraska football as the Cornhuskers entered their first-ever 10-game season.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Before the season
The 1948 season was the first to see Colorado's athletic teams participate in conference play, as the Big 6 Conference subsequently became known as the Big 7 Conference. Nebraska and Colorado were set to meet again on the field for the first time since 1907, now as part of regular season conference play.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Iowa State
The Cornhuskers opened the season and welcomed Coach Clark back with a win, the third straight over the Cyclones. The home opening victory snapped Nebraska's six-season opening game losing streak, and the Cornhuskers improved over Iowa State to 33-8-1.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Minnesota
Unsurprisingly, given Minnesota's historical dominance over Nebraska, even as the Cornhuskers continued to seek stability, the Golden Gophers had little trouble with Nebraska in Minneapolis. Minnesota had now defeated the Cornhuskers in nine straight games, and continued to pull away in the series, 24-4-2.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Colorado
Although Nebraska and Colorado had met on the field six times before, this was the first since a 22-8 Nebraska victory from 1907, and the first time the teams had met as conference foes. The Buffaloes sent Nebraska back to Lincoln with a 6-19 loss, but still lagged in the series at 2-5.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Notre Dame
When Notre Dame arrived in Lincoln, they brought with them a #2 AP Poll ranking and were probably not seriously worried about getting a fight from the Cornhuskers. Nebraska avoided the shutout, but allowed the Fighting Irish 44 points to take home a convincing win and improve over the Cornhuskers to 7-5-1. Notre Dame went on to finish the season undefeated at 9-0 and still at #2.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas
Nebraska dropped a second straight game to Kansas for the first time since 1909, as the Cornhuskers continued to struggle for success. Although Nebraska still held a dominating 40-11-3 series lead over the Jayhawks, losses over the last several seasons were piling up everywhere.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, UCLA
After one year off, Nebraska and UCLA met again for their second-ever meeting, this time in Lincoln. The Bruins had been ranked #4 last time, as the Cornhuskers had been sent home smarting from a shutout loss 0-18. This time, UCLA came to Lincoln unranked, but the outcome was unchanged. Nebraska dropped another homecoming game, the fifth straight loss of the season, and fell to 0-2 against UCLA.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Kansas State
If there was any consolation to the Cornhuskers that things could be worse, it was the Kansas State Wildcats that continued to bring the good news. Amidst a record string of consecutive losing seasons, the Cornhuskers handed Kansas State a shutout. The 32-0 defeat of the Wildcats was Nebraska's sixth-straight victory over the team from Manhattan, and the Cornhuskers improved to 26-4-2 in the series.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oklahoma
By the time the Cornhuskers arrived in Norman to face the #9 Sooners, there wasn't much to fight for. With only two conference wins so far, any chance of a league title was out of sight. Oklahoma rolled over Nebraska without much effort, but the 14-41 loss showed that the Cornhuskers were not completely out of the game. This was the sixth straight defeat of Nebraska in the series, and their all-time lead of 16-8-3 over the Sooners continued to shrink.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Missouri
In front of a crowd reduced by over a third from the last home game, Nebraska fell to Missouri to close out the 1948 home season. It was their fourth straight loss to the Tigers in a row, but Missouri still had some distance to cover to catch up in the series, as they still trailed the Cornhuskers 14-24-3.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, Game summaries, Oregon State
The Cornhuskers brought the 1948 season to a close with a long road trip to Portland to face Oregon State. Nebraska historically dominated the Beavers, but had lost a decision against them in the last meeting of the squads last year. This year would come to the same result, as the Cornhuskers fell once again and allowed Oregon State to narrow the series to 2-5.


1948 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team, After the season
Coach Clark's return did not bring about the hoped-for results, though one year is hard to judge by. His return to program was cut short after this season, but he still holds the distinction of being the only Nebraska head football coach to serve at different times. Combined with his 1945 performance, his Nebraska career total was a disappointing 6-13-0 (.316), while his conference record stood at 4-7-0 (.374). With eight straight losing seasons now strung together, the Cornhusker football program fell to 120-37-11 (.747) against conference foes, and to 316-148-31 overall (.670). Once again Nebraska sought a head football coach, who would be the fifth over the previous nine years.


1948 Nebraska gubernatorial election
The 1948 Nebraska gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948, and featured incumbent Governor Val Peterson, a Republican, defeating Democratic nominee, former state Senator Frank Sorrell, to win a second two-year term in office.


1948 Negro World Series
The 1948 Negro World Series was the championship tournament for the 1948 season of Negro league baseball. It was the seventh edition of the second incarnation of the Negro World Series and the eleventh overall played. It was a best-of-seven playoff played between the Homestead Grays of the Negro National League and the Birmingham Black Barons, champions of the Negro American League. The Homestead Grays played home games in both Washington, D.C. and Pittsburgh.


1948 Negro World Series
It was the fifth appearance for the Grays in the Series, the most for any team; Birmingham made their third appearance in the Series, with each being against the Grays (losing in 1943 and 1944). The Grays would win the series in five games. The Black Barons featured the 17-year-old Willie Mays in his first professional season.


1948 Negro World Series, Background
Interestingly, the two leagues each had held a Championship Series to determine their respective pennants, which was the first and only time this occurred in the Negro leagues, and it also happens to pre-date the Championship Series that Major League Baseball would use 21 years later.


1948 Negro World Series, Background
In the NAL Championship Series, Birmingham faced the Kansas City Monarchs. The Black Barons won the first three games by one run each, but Kansas City responded with wins in Game 4, 6, and 7; Game 5 had ended prematurely in the fifth inning in a 3-3 tie. Game 8 ended with the Black Barons winning 5-1 to clinch the championship.


1948 Negro World Series, Background
In the NNL Championship Series, Homestead faced the Baltimore Elite Giants. Homestead won the first two games, but a controversial non-finish in Game 3 eventually led to the championship. In that game on September 17, the score was 8-4 with Homestead at bat in the top of the ninth inning, but the game was called because of an 11:00pm curfew, and the game had initially reverted to the score at the end of the last completed inning (i.e. 4-4 after eight innings). Game 4 happened two days later, and Homestead lost that game 11-3. After the game, the NNL ruled that Game 3 would be replayed from when that game was stopped - with Homestead up 8-4. Baltimore forfeited the game in response, and Homestead was awarded the NNL championship, the final one to be awarded.


1948 Negro World Series, Summary
The first three games of the series were close, with the Barons missing chances in the first two games to avoid losing in the ninth inning (losing Game 1 after a play at the plate and losing Game 2 while having the tying run at the plate with a groundout).


1948 Negro World Series, Summary
The Black Barons would find a way to win Game 3 with their young star Mays in hand, who aided the team with speed and the glove, and it was his groundball hit through the pitcher in the ninth inning that helped drive the runner on second base home to win it for Birmingham. However, that proved to be the only gasp of magic the team had, as the Grays dominated the Barons in the following two games to win the Series.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 1
The Grays were out hit 8-to-6 (while facing four less batters than the Barons), but they had two doubles and one triple while the Barons had just one extra base hit (a double) as the Grays rode to victory on a three-run inning in the second. The hit leader for the game was catcher Pepper Bassett, who hit 3-for-4 for the Barons; Dave Pope made his one hit count for the Barons in scoring two runs on his triple in the third (he was then driven in by Luis Marquez three batters later).


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 2
For Game 2, the series moved to Birmingham's Rickwood Field for a night game. Bob Thurman of the Grays faced Bill Powell of the Black Barons. Thurman pitched a complete game, but Powell was knocked out after 5-1⁄3 innings, and Jimmie Newberry finished the game for Birmingham. The Black Barons took the lead in the bottom of the second when they loaded the bases on a single by Piper Davis, a walk by Ed Steele, and another single by Jim Zapp. Joe Scott then hit a double, driving in two.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The Grays scored five in the top of the fifth. Luis Márquez led off with a single, and Luke Easter followed with a double. Buck Leonard was intentionally walked to load the bases, and Wilmer Fields hit into a fielder's choice that scored the first run. Eudie Napier doubled, driving in two more, and the Grays' third baseman hit a home run to make it 5 to 2. The Black Barons scored one run in the ninth, but the Grays held on to win 5 to 3. The Grays were ahead two games to one.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 3
Game 3 was played at Rickwood Field the following night. Tom Parker started for the Grays facing Alonzo Perry of the Black Barons. Birmingham scored a run in the bottom of the third, and in the top of the fourth the Grays tied it with a solo home run by Luke Easter. In the bottom of the inning, Parker pulled a muscle, so R.T. Walker came in to relieve. In the bottom of the sixth, Walker gave up two runs, giving the Black Barons a 3–1 lead.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the top of the eighth, Perry gave up two runs to the Grays, tying the game at 3 runs apiece. He was relieved by Bill Greason, who held the Grays scoreless in the top of the ninth. In the bottom of the ninth, 17-year-old Willie Mays came to bat with two runners on base and two outs. He drove the ball up the middle to drive in the walk-off, game-winning run. The Black Barons narrowed the Grays lead to two games to one.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Game 4 moved to Pelican Stadium in New Orleans and was played on Sunday, October 3. Wilmer Fields started for the Grays and pitched a complete game. Bill Greason started for the Black Barons, but he was knocked out early and Jehosie Heard, Jimmie Newberry, and Nat Pollard took turns in relief. The Grays scored four runs in the second inning. In the fifth inning, they added on five, four of which came from a grand slam hit by Luke Easter, his second home run of the Series. The Grays added on three more runs in the fifth and two in the eighth for a 14 to 1 win. The lopsided win put the Grays ahead three games to one.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 5
The teams returned to Birmingham for Game 5, a night game held on Tuesday, October 5. It would be the last Negro World Series game, and the last game played by the Negro National League, which disbanded after the season. R.T. Walker was the starter for the Grays and Bill Powell for the Black Barons. Bill Greason relieved Powell in the sixth inning.


1948 Negro World Series, Matchups, Game 5
Entering the top of the ninth, the Grays trailed 6 to 5. They tied the game on a pair of doubles hit by Luis Márquez and Luke Easter. The game went to extra innings, the Grays scored four runs in the top of the 10th on three walks, two singles, and a double. The Black Barons brought in Sam Williams to relieve Greason, but it was too late. The Grays sent in Wilmer Fields to pitch the bottom of the 10th, and he shut down the Black Barons to secure the Series win.


1948 Negro World Series, Aftermath
This proved to be the last great moment for the Grays, who left for the Negro American Association when the Negro National League disbanded. Of the six team in the NNL, four teams would join the Negro American League: the Newark Eagles (who moved to Houston), New York Cubans, Philadelphia Stars, and the Baltimore Elite Giants, while the New York Black Yankees did not stay on. The Grays played in the NAA for one season but found themselves in financial trouble, and they disbanded the following year.


1948 Negro World Series, Aftermath
Buck Leonard would retire that same year and he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1972. The NAL continued on until 1962, barnstorming to lessened crowds, and the Barons won one further league title in 1955. By that time, Mays had become a star for the New York Giants, where he would play for over two decades and eventually become inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1979.


1948 Nevada Wolf Pack football team
The 1948 Nevada Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented the University of Nevada as an independent during the 1948 college football season. In its second season under head coach Joe Sheeketski, the Wolf Pack compiled a 9–2 record, outscored opponents by a total of 480 to 133, and lost to Villanova, 27–7, in the 1949 Harbor Bowl.


1948 Nevada Wolf Pack football team
Stan Heath and Alva Tabor played quarterback for the 1948 Nevada team. Tabor was one of the first African-Americans to play quarterback for a major college football team.


1948 Nevada Wolf Pack football team, Previous season
The Wolf Pack finished the 1947 season 9–2 and won the 1948 Salad Bowl against North Texas State by 13 to 6.


1948 New Brunswick general election
The 1948 New Brunswick general election was held on June 28, 1948, to elect 52 members to the 41st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The Liberal government of John B. McNair was re-elected.


1948 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1948 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the Yankee Conference during the 1948 college football season. In its third year under head coach Bill Glassford, the team compiled a 5–3 record (3–1 against conference opponents), outscoring opponents 155–103. The team played its home games at Lewis Field (also known as Lewis Stadium) in Durham, New Hampshire.


1948 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
This was the first year that the rivalry game between New Hampshire and Maine saw a musket presented to the winning team—the musket was "donated by Portland alumni of the two institutions". The "Battle for the Brice-Cowell Musket" takes its name from former head coaches of the two programs; Fred Brice who coached at Maine (1921–1940) and Butch Cowell who coached at New Hampshire (1915–1936).


1948 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1948 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948. Republican nominee Sherman Adams defeated Democratic nominee Herbert W. Hill with 52.21% of the vote.


1948 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1948 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1948 college football season. In their first year under head coach Vaughn Corley, the Aggies compiled a 3–7 record (0–4 against conference opponents), finished last in the conference, and were outscored by a total of 391 to 138. The team played its home games on Quesenberry Field.


1948 New Mexico Lobos football team
The 1948 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico in the Border Conference during the 1948 college football season. In their second season under head coach Berl Huffman, the Lobos compiled a 2–9 record (1–6 against conference opponents), finished eighth in the Border Conference, and were outscored by opponents by a total of 216 to 146.


1948 New Mexico gubernatorial election
The 1948 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 2, 1948, in order to elect the Governor of New Mexico. Incumbent Democrat Thomas J. Mabry won reelection to a second term, defeating Manuel Lujan Sr., mayor of Santa Fe.


1948 New South Wales Hundred
The 1948 New South Wales Hundred was a motor race staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia on 29 March 1948. The race, which was organised by the Australian Sporting Car Club, was contested on a handicap basis over 25 laps, a distance of 100 miles.


1948 New South Wales Hundred
The race was won by John Barraclough driving an MG NE Magnette. A protest against Barraclough by the second placed driver, alleging inaccuracies in the entrance certificate, was dismissed.


1948 New South Wales Hundred
Alf Barrett (Alfa Romeo) registered the fastest time for the 100 miles, setting a new record for this distance. Barrett also set a new lap record. Lex Davison (Alfa Romeo) attained a speed of 144 mph during the race. This was believed to be the fastest speed ever recorded on an Australian racing circuit  to this time.


1948 New Year Honours
The 1948 New Year Honours were appointments by many of the Commonwealth realms of King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced on 1 January 1948 for the British Empire and New Zealand to celebrate the past year and mark the beginning of 1948. By coincidence it coincided with the nationalization of the Big Four railways into what is now known as British Railways.


1948 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1948 New Year Honours, British Empire, Order of the Star of India
These were the last appointments to the Order of the Star of India. They were made "as on the 14th August, 1947" – the last day of the Indian Empire. India gained independence as the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947.


1948 New Year Honours, British Empire, Order of the Indian Empire
These were the last appointments to the Order of the Indian Empire. They were made "as on the 14th August, 1947" – the last day of the Indian Empire. India gained independence as the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947.


1948 New Year Honours, British Empire, Royal Victorian Order, Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were "Member (fourth class)" and "Member (fifth class)", both with post-nominal letters MVO. "Member (fourth class)" was renamed "Lieutenant" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards.


1948 New Year Honours, British Empire, Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
These were the last awards of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal. They were made "as on the 14th August, 1947" – the last day of the Indian Empire. India gained independence as the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947.


1948 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1948 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George VI on the advice of the New Zealand government to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders, and to celebrate the passing of 1947 and the beginning of 1948. They were announced on 1 January 1948.


1948 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1948 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
The 14th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, honored the best filmmaking of 1948.


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season
The 1948 New York Giants season was the franchise's 66th season. The team finished in fifth place in the National League with a 78–76 record, 13½ games behind the Boston Braves.


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New York Giants season
The 1948 New York Giants season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Football League.


1948 New York Giants season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1948 New York Yankees (AAFC) season
The 1948 New York Yankees season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 11-2-1, winning only six games. For the first time in three seasons, and the only time in franchise history, they did not qualify for the playoffs.


1948 New York Yankees (AAFC) season
The team's statistical leaders included Spec Sanders with 918 passing yards, 759 rushing yards, and 58 points scored, and Bruce Alford with 578 receiving yards and 42 points scored.


1948 New York Yankees season
The 1948 New York Yankees season was the team's 46th season in New York and its 48th overall. The team finished with a record of 94–60, finishing 2.5 games behind the Cleveland Indians and 1.5 games behind the second-place Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Bucky Harris. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium.


1948 New York Yankees season
The fractional games-behind came about due to the frenzied pennant race, which saw the Yankees, Red Sox and Indians all battling it out to the end. The Yankees fell just a little short, and the Red Sox and Indians finished in a tie for first at 96–58. They held a one-game playoff, which counted as part of the regular season, so the Indians' victory raised their record to 97–58, and dropped the Red Sox to 96–59.


1948 New York Yankees season
The Yankees did not renew Bucky Harris' contract after the season, opting instead to hire Casey Stengel starting in 1949. This move raised some eyebrows, but Stengel had just led the Oakland Oaks to the Pacific Coast League pennant in 1948, demonstrating that with good talent, he had a good chance to succeed. The Yankees were about to begin the most dominating stretch of their long dynasty.


1948 New York Yankees season, Babe Ruth's death
On July 26, 1948, Babe Ruth attended the premiere of the film The Babe Ruth Story, a biopic about his life. William Bendix portrayed Ruth. Shortly thereafter, Ruth returned to the hospital for the final time. He was barely able to speak. Ruth's condition gradually became worse, and in his last days, scores of reporters and photographers hovered around the hospital. Only a few visitors were allowed to see him, one of whom was National League president and future Commissioner of Baseball, Ford Frick. "Ruth was so thin it was unbelievable. He had been such a big man and his arms were just skinny little bones, and his face was so haggard", Frick said years later.


1948 New York Yankees season, Babe Ruth's death
On August 16, the day after Frick's visit, Babe Ruth died at age 53. His body lay in repose in Yankee Stadium. His funeral was two days later at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. Ruth was then buried in the Cemetery of the Gate of Heaven in Hawthorne, New York.


1948 New York Yankees season, Babe Ruth's death
At his death, the New York Times called Babe Ruth, "a figure unprecedented in American life. A born showman off the field and a marvelous performer on it, he had an amazing flair for doing the spectacular at the most dramatic moment."


1948 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1948 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1948 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1948 New Zealand rugby league season was the 41st season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand returned from their tour of Great Britain and France. The Kiwis then toured Australia, drawing the Test series 1-all. They defeated Newcastle 10-9. The New Zealand squad included; Warwick Clarke, Jack Forrest, Maurie Robertson, Allan Wiles, Dave Redmond, Abbie Graham, Des Barchard, John Newton, captain Pat Smith, Albert Hambleton, Charlie McBride, Clarence Hurndell, Travers Hardwick and Rex Cunningham. No coach was taken on the tour of Australia.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
On their return from the two tours New Zealand lost to a "fresh" Auckland side, 30-9. Auckland included Ray Cranch, Des White, Jack Russell-Green and Len Jordan.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
The New South Wales Rugby League's champion Western Suburbs Magpies club traveled to Auckland. They lost to Ponsonby and Mount Albert before losing to Richmond 18-6. They then participated in a champion of champions match against the Auckland Rugby League's champion Marist side, winning 19-15.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
Wellington again held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They accepted challenges from Wanganui and Taranaki but did not put the trophy on the line against Auckland.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-island competition
The South Island defeated the North Island 21-18 in the annual fixture. The South Island included Jack Forrest, Pat Smith, Bob Aynsley, John Newton, Charlie McBride, Ken Mountford and Bob Neilson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
Auckland sent a team to Wellington and the South Island in July, and at the same time hosted South Auckland. Auckland opened their tour with a 14-5 defeat of Wellington before defeating Canterbury 32-22 at Athletic Park. They then played the West Coast at Wingham Park, losing 18-2. The Auckland touring squad was coached by Stan Prentice, managed by Bill Telford and included Ray Cranch, Clarence Hurndell, Rex Cunningham, Roy Roff, Morrie Rich, Arthur McInnarney, Jack Russell-Green, Len Jordan and Doug Anderson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
While one team was on tour Auckland hosted, and defeated, South Auckland 60-9 at Carlaw Park. This Auckland side included Roy Nurse, Warwick Clarke, Des Barchard, Vic Belsham, Dave Redmond, Joffre Johnson, Travers Hardwick, George Davidson and Maurie Robertson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Marist won the Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial Trophy. Marist and Richmond shared the Rukutai Shield. Mount Albert won the Roope Rooster and Stormont Shield while Newtown won the Sharman Cup.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Marist then hosted Runanga at Carlaw Park, winning 23-10 in a champion of champions match.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
The City Rovers and Newton Rangers clubs amalgamated to form City Newton. The Northcote Tigers qualified for the first grade for the first time.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Marist included Des Barchard, Jimmy Edwards and George Davidson. Richmond included Graham Burgoyne, Dave Redmond and Maurie Robertson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
On 24 July Rakaia were led off during the match by their captain after a dispute with the referee who had sent a player off. It would be the last game of rugby league the club played as they were suspended by the Rugby League and did not return to the competition.


1948 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
Runanga won the West Coast Rugby League competition before defeating Christchurch 29-10 to win the Thacker Shield. Runanga included John Newton.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia
The 1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia was the fourteenth tour by New Zealand's national rugby league team, and the eleventh tour to visit Australia. The eight-match tour included two Test Matches, which were the first played by New Zealand in Australia since 1909. Captained by Pat Smith, the Kiwis returned home having won six and lost two of their games. The team won the first test match of the tour but lost the second.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Squad
Ken Mountford, who was initially selected in the touring party, withdrew due to injury and was replaced by Allen Laird. The touring squad were the first rugby league team to fly to Australia. The Rugby League News published pen portraits of the tourists: ,  and the .


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour
New South Wales: FB: Noel Pidding (21) ( St George), WG: Norm Jacobson (28) ( Newtown), CE: Len Smith (28) ( Newtown), CE: Eddie Tracey (24) ( Canterbury), WG: Johnny Graves (20) ( South Sydney), FE: Wally O'Connell (25) ( Easts), HB: Keith Froome (26) ( Newtown), LK: Les Cowie (22) ( South Sydney), SR: Fred De Belin (26) ( Balmain), SR: Jack Rayner (26) ( South Sydney), PR: Frank Farrell (30) ( Newtown), HK: Kevin Schubert (20) ( Wollongong), PR: Jack Holland (24) ( St George). New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Jack Forrest, CE: Allan Wiles, CE: Maurie Robertson, WG: Bill McKenzie, FE: Abby Graham, HB: Rex Cunningham, LK: Allen Laird, SR: John Newton, SR: Charlie McBride, PR: Sandy Hurndell, HK: Patrick Smith, PR: Joffe Johnson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour
NSW Country PR: Ron Mann ( Western Suburbs), HK: Ted Dawson ( Waratah Mayfield), PR: Alf Gibbs ( South Newcastle), SR: Bill Burgess ( Waratah Mayfield), SR: Don Stait ( Portland), LK: Billy Edwards ( Harden), HB: Jim Scoular ( Lakes United), FE: Johnny Hawke ( Canberra), WG: Bobby Dimond ( Dapto), CE: Bill Halvorsen ( Cessnock), CE: Ned Andrews ( South Newcastle), WG: Ron Rowles ( C.B.C. ), FB: Fred Chew ( Parkes). New Zealand FB: Maurie Rich, WG: Dave Redmond, CE: Abby Graham, CE: Maurie Robertson, WG: Doug Anderson, FE: Vic Belsham, HB: Des Barchard, LK: Travers Hardwick, SR: Charlie McBride, SR: Albert Hambleton, PR: Joe Duke, HK: Bob Aynsley, PR: Patrick Smith.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 1st Test
Australia FB: Noel Pidding (age 21) ( St George), WG: Pat McMahon (21) (Toowoomba), CE: Len Smith (28) ( Newtown), CE: Len Pegg (25) ( Souths), WG: Johnny Graves (20) ( South Sydney), FE: Wally O'Connell (25) ( Easts), HB: Keith Froome (26) ( Newtown), LK: Ignatius Tyquin (27) ( Souths), SR: Fred De Belin (26) ( Balmain), SR: Jack Rayner (26) ( South Sydney), PR: Frank Farrell (30) ( Newtown), HK: Kevin Schubert (20) ( Wollongong), PR: Eddie Brosnan (27) ( Brothers). New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Jack Forrest, CE: Maurie Robertson, CE: Allan Wiles, WG: Dave Redmond, FE: Abby Graham, HB: Des Barchard, LK: Travers Hardwick, SR: Sandy Hurndell, SR: Charlie McBride, PR: Albert Hambleton, HK: Patrick Smith, PR: John Newton.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 1st Test
Northern NSW FB: Bruce Flint ( East Tamworth), WG: Cec Fitzsimmons ( North Tamworth), CE: Trevor Eather ( Boggabri), CE: Phillip Starr ( Guyra), WG: Phil Snell ( West Armidale), FE: T. Curr-Parkes (Barraba), HB: William Bischoff ( West Armidale), LK: Jack Stewart ( Uralla), SR: Cliff McHardie (East Armidale), SR: Cecil Bull ( Guyra), PR: A. Smith ( Boggabri), HK: C. Foxe ( Narrabri), PR: Maurice Dawson ( Glen Innes). New Zealand FB: Maurie Rich, WG: Bill McKenzie, CE: Maurie Robertson, CE: Doug Anderson, WG: Dave Redmond, FE: Vic Belsham, HB: Rex Cunningham, LK: Allen Laird, SR: Joe Duke, SR: Sandy Hurndell, PR: Albert Hambleton, HK: Patrick Smith, PR: Joffe Johnson.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 1st Test
Queensland FB: Dan O'Connor (age 30) ( Norths), WG: Pat McMahon (21) (Toowoomba), CE: Harry Linde (24) ( Tivoli), CE: Len Pegg (25) ( Souths), WG: Jack Horrigan ( Valleys), FE: Harry Griffiths (22) ( Booval Swifts), HB: Billy Thompson (24) (Toowoomba), LK: Ignatius Tyquin (27) ( Souths), SR: Duncan Hall (22) ( Valleys), SR: Ron McLennan (23) ( Easts), PR: Kelly Brennan (28) ( West End), HK: Henry Benton (28) ( Centrals), PR: Eddie Brosnan (27) ( Brothers). New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Jack Forrest, CE: Allan Wiles, CE: Maurie Robertson, WG: Dave Redmond, FE: Abby Graham, HB: Des Barchard, LK: Travers Hardwick, SR: Sandy Hurndell, SR: Charlie McBride, PR: John Newton, HK: Patrick Smith, PR: Albert Hambleton.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 1st Test
Rockhampton FB: R. Graff ( Leichhardts), WG: Ken Brighton ( North Rockhampton), CE: William Cuddy ( Brothers), CE: Des Crow (age 18) ( Brothers), WG: Leo Jeffcoat ( Brothers), FE: P. Carroll ( Leichhardts), HB: Cyril. Connell Jr (age 20) ( Brothers), LK: Norm Dingwall ( Leichhardts), SR: C. Dingwall ( Leichhardts), SR: C. Hunt ( Brothers), PR: Jack Kelly ( Leichhardts), HK: H. Ferricks ( Fitzroys), PR: W. Brighton ( Brothers), Coach: J. Crow. New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Bill McKenzie, CE: Maurie Rich, CE: Abby Graham, WG: Doug Anderson, FE: Vic Belsham, HB: Rex Cunningham, LK: Allen Laird, SR: Travers Hardwick, SR: Charlie McBride, PR: Joffe Johnson, HK: Bob Aynsley, PR: Joe Duke.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 2nd Test
Australia FB: Clive Churchill (age 21) ( South Sydney), WG: Pat McMahon (20) (Toowoomba), CE: Len Smith (31) ( Newtown), CE: Len Pegg (26) ( Souths) captain-coach, WG: Johnny Graves (20) ( South Sydney), FE: Wally O'Connell (25) ( Easts), HB: Keith Froome (26) ( Newtown), LK: Ignatius Tyquin (29) ( Souths), SR: Fred De Belin (27) ( Balmain), SR: Duncan Hall (22) ( Valleys), PR: Jack Holland (25) ( St George), HK: Kevin Schubert (20) ( Wollongong), PR: Nevyl Hand ( North Sydney). New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Jack Forrest, CE: Abby Graham, CE: Maurie Robertson, WG: Dave Redmond, FE: Rex Cunningham, HB: Des Barchard, LK: Travers Hardwick, SR: Charlie McBride, SR: Sandy Hurndell, PR: Albert Hambleton, HK: Patrick Smith, PR: John Newton.


1948 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia, Tour, 2nd Test
Newcastle FB: Les Gilbert ( Northern Suburbs), WG: Terry Sullivan ( Western Suburbs), CE: Ron Golden ( Lakes United), CE: Ned Andrews ( South Newcastle), WG: Ron Crossley ( Northern Suburbs), FE: Horry Banks ( Western Suburbs), HB: Len Walton ( South Newcastle), LK: Jack Hutchinson ( Northern Suburbs), SR: Ivor Rees ( Kurri Kurri), SR: William Wylie ( Waratah Mayfield), PR: Alf Gibbs ( South Newcastle), HK: Ted Dawson ( Waratah Mayfield), PR: Gus Briggs ( Central Newcastle). New Zealand FB: Warwick Clarke, WG: Dave Redmond, CE: Vic Belsham, CE: Doug Anderson, WG: Maurie Rich, FE: Des Barchard, HB: Rex Cunningham, LK: Travers Hardwick, SR: Charlie McBride, SR: Sandy Hurndell, PR: Joffe Johnson, HK: Bob Aynsley, PR: Joe Duke.


1948 Newfoundland referendums
The Newfoundland Referendums of 1948 were a series of two referendums to decide the political future of the Dominion of Newfoundland. Before the referendums, Newfoundland was in debt and went through several delegations to determine whether the country would join Canada, remain under British rule or regain independence. The voting for the referendums occurred on June 3 and July 22, 1948. The eventual result was for Newfoundland to enter into Confederation.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
Newfoundland was the first region in that what could become Canada to be settled by Europeans, but was the last to obtain either a local representative government or responsible government. In 1832, it received local representative government in the form of a locally elected body of officials overseen by a governor. The British granted responsible government, in which the government is responsible to the legislature and elected officials occupy ministerial jobs, only in 1855.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
Newfoundland did not send any delegates to the 1864 Charlottetown Conference, which was to discuss a union of Maritime colonies. Later that year, Newfoundland attended the Quebec Conference, called by John A. Macdonald to discuss a greater British North America union. The two Newfoundland delegates, Frederick Carter and Ambrose Shea, returned in favour of a union with Canada. However, Confederation was highly unpopular with the Newfoundland public, and the Government of Newfoundland did not send representatives to the London Conference of 1866, in which the British government and the colonies agreed to the terms the British North America Act. Opponents of Confederation decisively won the 1869 Newfoundland general election. In 1907, Newfoundland became a self-governing Dominion separate from Canada.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
By the 1920s and the 1930s, Newfoundland was almost $40 million in debt, and on the verge of economic collapse. A commission recommended Newfoundland to be "given a rest from party politics" and to be administered by a special Commission of Government. Chaired by the governor, it would consist of three people from Newfoundland and three from the United Kingdom. Backing the recommendation was the United Kingdom, which agreed to take on Newfoundland's debts. The Commission of Government began on February 16, 1934.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
Prosperity returned when the Americans were invited to the island by Britain to set up military bases in 1941 to 1945. The American Bases Act became law in Newfoundland on June 11, 1941. As Earle (1998) finds, Newfoundland girls married American personnel by the thousands. In 1948 there was a short-lived but growing movement for some sort of economic union with the United States.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
The British government, keen to cut expenditure after World War II, hoped that Newfoundland would decide to join confederation and end the rule by commission. Newfoundland first asked Canada for help in a return to responsible government. However, the response from the Canadian government was that it was not interested in helping Newfoundland economically unless Newfoundland joined Confederation.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
The British did not want their colony to become an American possession, and the Canadian government, despite being convinced that absorbing Newfoundland would not benefit Canada economically, thought that the annexation would be the lesser of two evils when compared to the prospect of the country being almost completely surrounded by American territory.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
Seeking a union with the United States was not a referendum option, despite the idea having some currency amongst locals. With the Cold War looming, U.S. interests in Newfoundland were centred primarily on its strategic importance to the defence of North America. The Americans' ability to maintain bases on the island satisfied those concerns — after receiving assurances that the Canadian government would honour the leases for bases on Newfoundland, the U.S. State Department had no further interest in the political future of Newfoundland. President Harry S. Truman's administration had little incentive to pursue annexation.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Background
With respect to foreign policy, such a territorial ambition would have only served to antagonize two key allies. With respect to domestic policy, the administration would not likely have been able to convince Congress to offer statehood to Newfoundland due to its small population and geographical isolation from the then-48 existing states, and would not likely have been able to convince Newfoundlanders to accept territorial status as an alternative to admission as a U.S. state.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, The National Convention
The British government decided to let Newfoundlanders deliberate and choose their own future by calling a National Convention in 1946. Chaired by Judge Cyril J. Fox, it consisted of 45 elected members one of whom was the future first premier of Newfoundland, Joey Smallwood.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, The National Convention
The Convention set up committees to study where Newfoundland's future lay. Many members assumed that the final decision was due near the end of their deliberations, but the timeline was upset when Smallwood moved that the Convention should send a delegation to Ottawa to discuss a union in October 1946. His motion was defeated, as it only received the support of 17 members, although the Convention later decided to send delegations to both London and Ottawa.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, The National Convention, The London Delegation
The London delegation, made up of so-called anti-confederates, preferred that Newfoundland become independent rather than join Canada. The group left Newfoundland on April 25, 1947, and met with a British delegation headed by the Dominions Secretary, Viscount Addison. The British response to the delegation was that it would give no economic help to Newfoundland if it returned to responsible government. The leader of the delegation from Newfoundland, Peter Cashin, gave an angry speech to the Convention on May 19 claiming, "A conspiracy existed to sell this country to the Dominion of Canada".


1948 Newfoundland referendums, The National Convention, The Ottawa Delegation
The Ottawa delegation, dominated by pro-confederates including Smallwood, preferred a union with Canada to independence. The talks between them and Ottawa began on June 24, 1947 with the goal being to stay in Ottawa as long as needed to negotiate good terms for Newfoundland's entry. Ottawa was reluctant at first because they felt that the delegation was not an official representation of the Dominion of Newfoundland, but the Federal Cabinet finally decided to begin negotiations on July 18. By mid-August, the agreement of draft terms was nearly complete. However, with the death of Frank Bridges, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's minister from New Brunswick, negotiations effectively ended. King refused further discussions until New Brunswick had representation, and so the delegation headed back to St. John's.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, The National Convention, Back in St. John's
The Convention reconvened on October 10 and Smallwood presented his delegation's report, infuriating the anti-confederates. Just as the Convention decided to debate the delegation's report, the draft terms from Ottawa arrived. Ottawa offered to assume most of the debt, negotiate a tax agreement, and outlined which services would remain in the jurisdiction of the province.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums
Newfoundland recommended that the British Government hold a referendum on Newfoundland's future. London agreed that a referendum was a good idea, and left it up to the Convention to decide what was to be on the ballot. Originally, the Convention decided that only two choices were to be on the ballot: restoration of responsible government and the continuation of the Commission of Government.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums
Smallwood moved on January 23, 1948, to add Confederation with Canada to the choices. The debate ended at 5:30 a.m. on January 28, with the motion being defeated 29–16. The British government intervened in March and overruled the Convention, deciding that Confederation with Canada would indeed be on the ballot. They did this after having concluded, "It would not be right that the people of Newfoundland should be deprived of an opportunity of considering the issue at the referendum".


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums, The factions
Three main factions actively campaigned during the lead up to the referendums. One faction, led by Smallwood, was the Confederate Association (CA) advocating entering into Confederation. They campaigned through a newspaper known as The Confederate. The Responsible Government League (RGL), led by Peter Cashin, advocated an independent Newfoundland with a return to responsible government. They also had their own newspaper The Independent. A third smaller Economic Union Party (EUP), led by Chesley Crosbie, advocated closer economic ties with the United States.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums, The first referendum
The first referendum took place on June 3, 1948. The votes were as follows:


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums, The second referendum
Since none of the choices had gained over 50%, a second referendum with only the two most popular choices was scheduled for July 22, 1948. Both sides recognized that more people had voted against responsible government than for it, which encouraged the CA and discouraged its opponents, although the RGL and EUP now became allies. The confederates widely publicized the Roman Catholic Archbishop E. P. Roche's strong opposition to confederation, and persuaded the Loyal Orange Association to advise Protestants to resist Catholic influence. The CA also denounced anti-confederates as anti-British and pro-republican, and called confederation with Canada "British Union". Anti -confederates responded that "Confederation Means British Union With French Canada".


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Referendums, Results map
The Avalon Peninsula, the location of St. John's, supported responsible government in both referendums, while the rest of Newfoundland supported confederation. A majority of districts with mostly Catholic voters supported responsible government.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
As the results of the binding referendum were to join Canada, Newfoundland began to negotiate with Canada to enter into Confederation. After negotiations were completed, the British Government received the terms and the British North America Act 1949 was subsequently passed by the British Parliament and given Royal Assent. Newfoundland officially joined Canada at midnight, March 31, 1949. At the elections for the Newfoundland House of Assembly two months later, Smallwood's Liberal Party won and controlled the provincial government until the 1970s. Reactions to Confederation were mixed.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
Newfoundland as a province secured some significant guarantees as a part of the union. As ruled by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1927, Canada agreed to put Labrador under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland, after some consideration. Such commitments carried over to other areas as well, such as a ferry between Port aux Basques and North Sydney, and a guarantee that Newfoundland would be able to continue to manufacture and sell margarine, a very controversial product at the time.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
Canada welcomed Newfoundland into confederation, as seen in an editorial in The Globe and Mail on April 1, 1949:


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
Union with Newfoundland, as everyone knows, rounds out the dream of the Fathers of Confederation. This newspaper is certain that Canadians welcome their new fellow-countrymen with full hearts. May the union be forever a blessing for Canada and to the island which is yielding its ancient independence, but not its identity, to belong to a larger fraternity.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
An editorial from the Montreal Gazette also welcomed Newfoundland, saying:


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
For Canadians tomorrow will be a day of welcome. For this is the day when a tenth province is added to the Dominion of Canada. There will be a greater meaning than ever to the Canadian motto, chosen by Sir Leonard Tilley from the words of Isaiah which describes the dominion that reaches 'from sea to sea'.


1948 Newfoundland referendums, Reaction to the referendums
Today a dream of greatness, present in the minds of the Fathers of Confederation more than 80 years ago, comes true. Newfoundland at long last is part of Canada.


1948 Niger by-election
A by-election was held in the Niger constituency of the French National Assembly on 27 June 1948, after the territory was given a second seat in the Assembly. The result was a victory for Georges Condat of the Union of Nigerien Independents and Sympathisers.


1948 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded Thomas Stearns Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry."


1948 Nobel Prize in Literature, Laureate
T.S. Eliot was a highly influential innovator of twentieth century poetry known for works such as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1940). He also wrote essays and plays such as Murder in the Cathedral (1935).


1948 Nobel Prize in Literature, Nominations
T.S. Eliot was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature on seven occasions, the first time in 1945. In 1948 three nominations for Eliot were submitted. In total the Nobel committee received 45 nominations for 31 individuals in 1948, including the future Nobel Laureates Halldór Kiljan Laxness, Winston Churchill, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Sholokov and Samuel Joseph Agnon. Other nominated included Angelos Sikelianos, André Malraux, Georges Duhamel, Marie Under and Arnulf Øverland. Nominations this year also included Thomas Mann, the Nobel Prize Laureate in 1929, unconventionally nominated for a second prize by two members of the Swedish Academy.


1948 Nobel Prize in Literature, Award ceremony speech
In his award ceremony speech on 10 December 1948, Anders Österling, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, said of Eliot: "His career is remarkable in that, from an extremely exclusive and consciously isolated position, he has gradually come to exercise a very far-reaching influence. At the outset he appeared to address himself to but a small circle of initiates, but this circle slowly widened, without his appearing to will it himself. Thus in Eliot’s verse and prose there was quite a special accent, which compelled attention just in our own time, a capacity to cut into the consciousness of our generation with the sharpness of a diamond."


1948 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team
The 1948 North Carolina A&T Aggies football team was an American football team that represented the North Carolina A&T State University as a member of the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) during the 1948 college football season. In their third season under head coach William M. Bell, the Aggies finished the season with an overall record of 4–4–1 and 4–2–1 in conference playing, placing fourth in the CIAA. They were invited to the Vulcan Bowl, where they lost to Kentucky State.


1948 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1948 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina during the 1948 college football season. The Tar Heels were led by sixth-year head coach Carl Snavely and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium. The team finished the regular season undefeated with a record of 9–0–1, and outscored their opponents 261–94. North Carolina was ranked third in the final AP Poll of the season (conducted before bowl season), which is to date the highest finish in school history. They were invited to the 1949 Sugar Bowl, where they lost to Big 7 Conference champion Oklahoma.


1948 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
Halfback Charlie Justice was a consensus first-team All-American, and finished second in the voting for the Heisman Trophy. He led the team in rushing, passing, and punting, with 766 rushing yards, 854 passing yards, and 20 total touchdowns. End Art Weiner was also named an All-American, including first-team by the Football Writers Association of America and the New York Sun.


1948 North Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1948 North Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948. Democratic nominee W. Kerr Scott defeated Republican nominee George M. Pritchard with 73.16% of the vote.


1948 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team
The 1948 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team, also known as the Nodaks, was an American football team that represented the University of North Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1948 college football season. In its fourth year under head coach Red Jarrett, the team compiled a 3–7 record (3–3 against NCC opponents), finished in third place out of seven teams in the NCC, and was outscored opponents by a total of 179 to 123. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Grand Forks, North Dakota.


1948 North Dakota State Bison football team
The 1948 North Dakota State Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1948 college football season. In its first season under head coach Howard Bliss, the team compiled a 3–7 record (2–4 against NCC opponents) and finished in a four-way tie for fourth/last place out of seven teams in the NCC. The team played its home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota.


1948 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1948 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948. Incumbent Republican Fred G. Aandahl defeated Democratic nominee Howard I. Henry with 61.33% of the vote.


1948 North Korean parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held for the 1st Supreme People's Assembly of the soon-to-be established Democratic People's Republic of Korea on 25 August 1948. Organised by the People's Committee of North Korea, the elections saw 572 deputies elected, of which 212 were from North Korea and 360 from South Korea.


1948 North Korean parliamentary election, Background
United Nations-sponsored elections for the Constitutional Assembly in US-occupied South Korea were held on 10 May 1948.


1948 North Korean parliamentary election, Background
Elections in the Soviet-occupied North were announced at the fifth session of the People's Assembly of North Korea on 9 July 1948 as part of the preparations for the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. At the second conference of leaders of political parties and social organizations from North and South Korea held from 29 June to 5 July, it was decided that the elections should also be held in South Korea. A decision of the Election Guidance Committee determined that the 360 South Korean deputies would be elected indirectly, with South Korean voters electing people's delegates who would subsequently elect the South Korean deputies.


1948 North Korean parliamentary election, Background
In North Korea, registration of candidates took place until 5 August 1948, with 228 candidates registered in 212 districts. Among the 228 candidates were 212 candidates nominated by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea and 16 other candidates recommended by voters at meetings. The candidates from the Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea consisted of 102 candidates from the Workers' Party of North Korea, 35 candidates from the Democratic Party,  35 candidates from the Chondoist Chongu Party and 40 independent candidates. There were 34 women among the 228 candidates.


1948 North Korean parliamentary election, Results, South Korea
The North Korean government claimed that 78% of eligible voters in South Korea took part in the election of 1,080 people's delegates. The South Korean people's delegates subsequently met on 21–26 August in Haeju, with 1,002 of the 1,080 elected representatives participating. They elected 360 deputies to the Supreme People's Assembly on the basis of one deputy per 50,000 South Koreans.


1948 Northern Illinois State Huskies football team
The 1948 Northern Illinois State Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College in the 1948 college football season. There were no divisions of college football during this time period, and the Huskies competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. They were led by 20th-year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus.


1948 Northern Rhodesian general election
General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 14 August 1948.


1948 Northern Rhodesian general election, Electoral system
The ten elected members of the Legislative Council (an increase from eight in the 1944 elections) were elected from ten single-member constituencies. Two new constituencies were created; Lusaka was split out of the Midland constituency, whilst Mufulira–Chingola was created by taking Mufulira from the Luanshya constituency and Chingola from the Nkana constituency.


1948 Northern Rhodesian general election, Electoral system
The Livingstone and Western and Southern constituencies were reorganised into Livingstone and South-Western. There were a total of 7,086 registered voters.


1948 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1948 Northwestern Wildcats football team represented Northwestern University in the 1948 Big Nine Conference football season. The Wildcats won their first Rose Bowl in school history.


1948 Northwestern Wildcats football team, Season
Northwestern finished the season with an 8-2 record, losing only to perennial powerhouses Michigan, 28-0, and Notre Dame, 17-12. Northwestern blanked UCLA, 19–0, Purdue, 21–0, and Syracuse, 48–0. NU rallied from three turnovers and a 16-point deficit to defeat Minnesota, 19–16, and beat Ohio State, 21–7, Wisconsin, 16–7, and Illinois, 20–7. Big Nine Conference rules prevented conference champion Michigan from making a successive trip to the Rose Bowl, so second-place Northwestern won the bid instead.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision
The 1948 Northwood mid-air collision took place on 4 July at 15:03 when a Douglas DC-6 of Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and an Avro York C.1 of the Royal Air Force (RAF) collided in mid-air over Northwood in London, UK (then in Middlesex). All thirty-nine people aboard both aircraft were killed. It was SAS's first fatal aviation accident and was at the time the deadliest civilian aviation accident in the UK. It is still the deadliest mid-air collision in British history.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision
The DC-6, registration SE-BDA and named Agnar Viking, was on an international scheduled flight from Stockholm via Amsterdam to London's RAF Northolt. The Avro York of the 99 Squadron, with serial number MW248, was on a flight from RAF Luqa in Malta to RAF Norholt. The aircraft were two of four participating in a stacking at Northolt. At the time of the accident the SAS aircraft was holding at 2,500 feet while the RAF aircraft was holding at 3,000 feet. However, due to an error in the setting of the atmospheric pressure compensation of the RAF aircraft, it may have been lower. At the time of the collision the DC-6 was ascending, as the pilots had minutes before decided to divert to Amsterdam and to leave the stacking.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Flights
The SAS aircraft was flying a regular international scheduled flight from Stockholm Bromma Airport in Sweden via Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in the Netherlands to RAF Northolt in London on 4 July 1948. The aircraft, with Swedish registration SE-BDA and named Agnar Viking, was brand new and had first flown earlier that year. It had twenty-five passengers and a flight crew of seven, making a total of thirty-two people on board.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Flights
The Avro York C.1, with serial number MW248, was operated by the 99 Squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was flying a transport mission from RAF Luqa in Malta to RAF Northolt. On board were six crew members and the High Commissioner for the Federation of Malaya Edward Gent, who was returning to London. The weather was poor at the time of the accident.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
Upon arrival in the Northolt area both aircraft were placed in a stacking pattern, which in addition to the two involved aircraft included two other aircraft at higher altitudes. Each stack had an intermediate distance of 500 feet. The stacking was regulated by the air traffic control of Metropolitan Zone. Any aircraft entering the stack had to follow orders from air traffic control, which indicated their altitudes and route, and issued gates allowing the aircraft to enter and leave. Air traffic control issued atmospheric pressure measurements (QFE), allowing the aircraft to synchronise their altimeters.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
At 14:12, the York was given permission to enter the Metropolitan Zone at 5,000 feet over Woodley, near Reading. It was at 14:38 told to circle Northolt at 5,000 feet. Air traffic control then gave the Swedish aircraft permission at 14:45 to descend to 2,500 feet. The RAF aircraft was cleared at 14:50 to descend to 4,000 feet. At 14:52 the DC-6 reported "just passed 2,500 feet; going down". The controller reminded the pilot that he was only cleared to 2,500 feet and was not to descend.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
Three minutes after the DC-6 report at 2,500 feet, at 14:54, the York was cleared down to 3,000 feet. The DC-6 decided to divert to Amsterdam at 14:59 and informed the tower; it was cleared to leave the area at 2,500 feet at 15:03 although this was not acknowledged by the DC-6. Nothing was heard from the York after 14:45 and it did not acknowledge further clearance down to 1,500 ft at 15:05.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
The permission for the York to descend was given at least a minute or two after the DC-6 was cleared from the area, but neither aircraft acknowledged the last messages. At 15:03 the two aircraft collided about 6.4 kilometres (3.5 nmi; 4.0 mi) north of Northolt Aerodrome. An investigation officer from the Ministry of Civil Aviation later reported that the York was above the DC-6, which was climbing. The starboard wing of the DC-6 penetrated the York on the starboard side behind the freight door and detached the York's tail unit.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
Both aircraft crashed into a wood, bursting into flames on impact. After fire and rescue crews put out the fires, the Avro York was found to be completely destroyed by the crash and the only part of the DC-6 that was still intact was the rudder and tailplane, with the rest of the DC-6 also being destroyed by the fire. All seven passengers and crew of the Avro York died and all thirty-two passengers and crew of the DC-6 also died, bringing the total number of deaths to thirty-nine.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Collision
The collision was at the time the most lethal aviation accident in the United Kingdom and is still the deadliest mid-air collision in the UK. It now ranks as the fifteenth-most fatal accident in Britain. The accident was SAS's first fatal accident. It was the fourth loss of a DC-6 and the third-most fatal at the time.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
A week after the accident it was announced that a public inquiry would be held into the accident, only the third such inquiry held in the United Kingdom for an air accident. The inquiry was chaired by William McNair and opened on 20 September 1948.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
The inquiry report was published on 21 January 1949. One conclusion found that the height separation in force in the Northolt area of 500 feet provided an inadequate margin of safety and recommended that it be increased to 1,000 feet for the Metropolitan Control Zone. The report also discusses the standard setting for altimeters (known as the regional QFF) that had been introduced in May 1948 for aircraft above 1,500 feet within control zones, and that any error in setting the barometric pressure of one millibar gave an error of 28 feet.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
While the inquiry was satisfied that the air traffic control system was satisfactory it raised three operational errors of concern which may have contributed to the disaster. Specifically it underlined that the air traffic control issued a landing forecast to the RAF aircraft of a local QFF which could have been interpreted by the pilots as a regional QFF; the air traffic control not transmitting a regional QFF according to schedule; and the broadcasting of a faulty QFF to the SAS crew.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
The court found no evidence of error by the Swedish crew, although it noted that the erroneous QFF may have caused the altimeter to be wrong by one millibar. Although there was evidence of a failure to adhere to proper radio communications procedure, it probably was not a factor in the accident. The report stated there was reason to believe that the York's altimeters were set a lot higher than the Regional QFF. This may have been caused by using the wrong QFF sent earlier by the controller or that the altimeters were still set to the standard mean sea level barometric pressure.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
None of the evidence established the cause of the collision. However, in the opinion of the court of inquiry the cause would probably be found in one of the factors mentioned. It also noted that although the air traffic system was satisfactory, not all of the procedures involved appeared to have been equally promulgated. It therefore came with a series of recommendations. Broadcast of the regional QFF should be done on time and as a priority. All clearances into a control zone should include the regional QFF and any local reading should not be given.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
Altimeter setting messages should be sent on their own and not included in other messages to avoid confusion. Air traffic procedures should be uniformly applicable to all users. Air traffic officers should be examined periodically. Ensure that there is no possibility of controllers confusing future regional QFF with the current QFF. RAF crews should be given more information on procedures in the Metropolitan Control Zone.


1948 Northwood mid-air collision, Investigation
The issue of flight stacking was debated at the time. This had largely focused on the problems with icing, but the collision at Northwood brought the attention of the risks of too little vertical distance between aircraft in the stack. In November 1948, after the inquiry had closed, the Ministry of Civil Aviation increased the vertical separation distance between aircraft in control zones from 500 feet to 1000 feet.


1948 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1948 Norwegian Football Cup was the 43rd season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Marienlyst Stadion in Drammen on 16 October 1932, and was a replay of the 1935 final with five-time former winners Fredrikstad, and three-time former winners Sarpsborg. Unlike the 1935-final, the final was won Sarpsborg, with a 1-0 margin, which secured their fourth title. Skeid were the defending champions, but were eliminated by Kvik (Trondheim) in the fourth round.


1948 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1948 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1948 college football season.


1948 Occidental Tigers football team
The 1948 Occidental Tigers football team represented Occidental College in the Southern California Conference (SCC) during the 1948 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Roy Dennis, the Tigers compiled a perfect 9–0 record (4–0 against SCC opponents), won the SCC championship, and outscored all opponents by a total of 206 to 46.


1948 Occidental Tigers football team
The team concluded its season with a victory over Colorado A&M in the 1949 Raisin Bowl. Los Angeles Rams quarterback Bob Waterfield served as an advisory backfield coach as the team prepared for its bowl game.


1948 Occidental Tigers football team
Occidental was led on offense by halfback Johnny Trump and quarterback Joe Johnson.


1948 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1948 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1948 college football season. In their second and final season under head coach Harold Wise, the Bobcats compiled a 3–6 record (2–3 against MAC opponents), finished in fourth place in the MAC, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 179 to 98. Three Ohio players received All-MAC honors: end John Marco (first team); halfback Jim McKenna (second team); and offensive guard Milt Taylor (second team).


1948 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1948 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1948 Big Nine Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 6–3 record, but lost to Michigan in the season finale. Ohio State outscored their opponents, 184–94, on the season.


1948 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1948 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 2, 1948. Democratic nominee Frank Lausche defeated incumbent Republican Thomas J. Herbert in a rematch of the 1946 election with 53.67% of the vote.


1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The 1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College (later renamed Oklahoma State University–Stillwater) in the Missouri Valley Conference during the 1948 college football season. In their 10th year under head coach Jim Lookabaugh, the Cowboys compiled a 6–4 record (2–0 against conference opponents), won the Missouri Valley championship, lost to William & Mary in the 1949 Delta Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 219 to 127.


1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The team's statistical leaders included halfback Bob Meinert with 571 rushing yards, Jack Hartman with 469 passing yards and 31 points scored, and Bill Long with 234 receiving yards.


1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
Six Oklahoma A&M players received first-team All-Missouri Valley Conference honors in 1948: tackle Charles Shaw, guards Wayne Burrow and D. Meisenheimer, end William Long, and backs Bill Grimes and Bob Meinert.


1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The team played its home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma.


1948 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team, After the season
The 1949 NFL Draft was held on December 21, 1948. The following Cowboys were selected.


1948 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1948 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1948 college football season. In their second year under head coach Bud Wilkinson, the Sooners compiled a 10–1 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the Big Seven Conference championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 350 to 121.


1948 Oklahoma Sooners football team
Two Sooners received All-America honors in 1948, Buddy Burris, and Jack Mitchell. Six Sooners received all-conference honors: Burris (guard), Mitchell (back), Owens (end), Paine (tackle), Thomas (back), and Walker (tackle).


1948 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Postseason, NFL draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1948 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1948 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1948 college football season. The Rebels were led by second-year head coach Johnny Vaught and played their home games at Hemingway Stadium in Oxford, Mississippi. Ole Miss finished with just one loss, to rival Tulane, to place second in the Southeastern Conference and 15th in the final AP Poll. They were not invited to a bowl game.


1948 Omloop Het Volk
The 1948 Omloop Het Volk was the fourth edition of the Omloop Het Volk cycle race and was held on 17 March 1948. The race started and finished in Ghent. The race was won by Sylvain Grysolle.


1948 Ontario general election
The 1948 Ontario general election was held on June 7, 1948, to elect the 90 members of the 23rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario (Members of Provincial Parliament, or "MPPs") of the Province of Ontario.


1948 Ontario general election
The Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, led by George Drew, won a third consecutive term in office, winning a solid majority of seats in the legislature—53, down from 66 in the previous election.


1948 Ontario general election
Despite winning a majority, Drew lost his own seat to temperance crusader Bill Temple. Instead of seeking a seat in a by-election, Drew left provincial politics to run for, and win, the leadership of the federal Progressive Conservative Party.


1948 Ontario general election
Drew was replaced as Ontario PC leader and premier by Thomas Kennedy on an interim basis, and then by Leslie Frost.


1948 Ontario general election
The Ontario Liberal Party, led by Farquhar Oliver, increased its caucus from 11 to 14, but lost the role of official opposition. Only one of the three Liberal-Labour MPPs sitting with the Liberal caucus, James Newman, was re-elected.


1948 Ontario general election
The social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section), led by Ted Jolliffe, formed the official opposition by increasing its caucus from 8 to 21 seats.


1948 Ontario general election
Two Toronto seats were won by Labor-Progressive Party MPPs J. B. Salsberg and A.A. MacLeod. The LPP was the official name of the  Communist Party of Ontario. The LPP only ran two candidates, Salsberg and MacLeod, in 1948 down from 31 candidates in 1945.


1948 Open Championship
The 1948 Open Championship was the 77th Open Championship, held 30 June to 2 July at Muirfield in Gullane, East Lothian, Scotland. Henry Cotton, age 41, won his third and final Open title, five strokes ahead of runner-up and defending champion Fred Daly.


1948 Open Championship
Qualifying took place on 28–29 June, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes at Muirfield and 18 holes at the number 1 course Gullane. The number of qualifiers was limited to a maximum of 100, and ties for 100th place would not qualify. Henry Cotton led on 138; the qualifying score was 152 and 97 players advanced. Cotton had led the qualification in 1935, the previous time the Open had been held at Muirfield.


1948 Open Championship
Charlie Ward, Sam King, and Flory Van Donck shot 69 to share the first round lead. Cotton opened with a 71, then led by four strokes after a 66 in the second round, one off his own tournament record set in 1934. While scoring conditions in the first two rounds were ideal, with five other rounds of sub-70 in the second, the change in weather on the final day caused scores to soar. The maximum number of players making the cut after 36 holes was again set at 40, and ties for 40th place were not included. The cut was at 148 (+6) and 36 players advanced.


1948 Open Championship
Over the final two rounds, the lowest round was 70. Cotton carded rounds of 75-72 to set a clubhouse lead of 284 that no one came close to matching. Fred Daly came closest with a 289, five shots behind.


1948 Open Championship
Roberto De Vicenzo made his Open Championship debut and finished in third place. Over the next two years he followed with another third and a runner-up finish. He won the title nineteen years later, in 1967.


1948 Orange Bowl
The 1948 Orange Bowl featured the Kansas Jayhawks and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets.


1948 Orange Bowl, Background
Kansas had completed their second straight Big Six Conference title in their final year under Sauer, and were appearing in their first ever bowl game. The Yellow Jackets had finished 2nd in the Southeastern Conference, appearing in their second straight bowl game under Dodd, and their first Orange Bowl since 1945.


1948 Orange Bowl, Game summary
The Jayhawks were a team not favored by many, with some favoring the Jackets as a 13 point favorite, and Georgia Tech took the lead first on a James Patton touchdown catch from Jim Stil. Ray Evans would respond with a touchdown run to make it 7-7 at halftime. Still would throw two touchdowns in the third quarter, one each to Billy Queen and Still to make it a 20-7 lead heading into the final quarter.


1948 Orange Bowl, Game summary
But the Jayhawks would not back down as Evans caught a touchdown pass and narrowed the lead to 20-14, as Kansas was in position to drive for the win. But with :37 seconds left, quarterback Lynne McNutt fumbled on a quarterback sneak and in the ensuing pile, it was determined that Rollo Phillips of Georgia Tech recovered the ball, clinching the victory for GT.


1948 Orange Bowl, Aftermath
Sauer would leave Kansas after the game, and the Jayhawks would not return to a bowl game until 1961 nor return to the Orange Bowl until 1969. Georgia Tech would go to two more Orange Bowls under Dodd's tenure before his retirement in 1966.


1948 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1948 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State College in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1948 college football season. In their fourteenth season under head coach Lon Stiner, the Beavers compiled a 5–4–3 record (2–3–2 in PCC, sixth), defeated Hawaii in the Pineapple Bowl on New Year's Day, and outscored their opponents 249 to 236. The team played its home games on campus at Bell Field in Corvallis and at Multnomah Stadium in Portland.


1948 Oregon State Beavers football team
The following spring at age 45, Stiner resigned as head coach on March 7. He said at the time, "A football coach must have full support in his job. I have had excellent support in the past but when the full support no longer exists, a change is for the best for all parties concerned." With 16 years of service, he was the dean of the PCC football coaches. He compiled a record of 74–49–17 (49–42–13 in PCC) as head coach.


1948 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1948 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the 1948 college football season. The Webfoots competed as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The team was led by head coach Jim Aiken, in his second year, and played their home games at Hayward Field in Eugene and at Multnomah Field in Portland. Oregon finished the regular season ranked ninth, with nine wins and one loss, and won all seven conference games in the PCC. They did not play Montana or #4 California; the Golden Bears won all ten games during the regular season.


1948 Oregon Webfoots football team
Denied a Rose Bowl berth by a conference vote, the PCC allowed a second bowl bid this season; Oregon played SMU in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas on New Year's Day.


1948 Oregon Webfoots football team, Personnel
Notable players included quarterback Norm Van Brocklin, center Brad Ecklund, and halfback John McKay.


1948 Oregon gubernatorial special election
The 1948 Oregon gubernatorial special election took place on November 2, 1948 to elect the governor of the U.S. state of Oregon. A special election was needed due to the death of governor Earl Snell, who was killed in a plane crash on October 28, 1947.


1948 Oregon gubernatorial special election, Campaign
Incumbent governor John Hubert Hall, who took over after Snell's death until the election, lost the Republican nomination 51.13-48.87%, to state senator Douglas McKay, and the Democrats nominated state senator Lew Wallace, who had previously lost to Earl Snell in the 1942 gubernatorial election in a landslide.


1948 Oregon gubernatorial special election, Campaign
In the general election, McKay won the election with 53.23% to Wallace's 44.53%, and was sworn in as Oregon's 25th governor on January 10, 1949.


1948 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1948 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 42nd water polo championship in Hungary. Ten teams played one-round match for the title.


1948 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1948 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), 2. Class
1. Csepeli MTK 20, 2. Előre 19 (1), 3. MTE 18, 4. Neményi 15, 5. BEAC 14 (2), III. ker. TVE 10 (1), BRE 9, TASE 9, Postás 4 (1), MÁVAG 4 (1), VAC 2 (1), Tipográfia 0 point. In parentheses number of matches is missed.


1948 Ostzonenmeisterschaft
The Ostzonenmeisterschaft 1948 (English: Championship of the Eastern Zone) was the first football championship in what was to become East Germany. It was played in a one-leg knock-out format with ten participating teams. Each of the five Länder—Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt—sent two representatives. The regional championships of Saxony, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt were ended after the semi finals as by then two participants had been determined. The Ostzone champion was supposed to take part in the 1948 German championship, playing 1. FC Nürnberg in Stuttgart, but the team of SG Planitz was not allowed to travel for political reasons.