1938 Trinidad and Tobago general election, Electoral system
The franchise was limited to people who owned property in their constituency with a rateable value of $60 (or owned property elsewhere with a rateable value of $48) and tenants or lodgers who paid the same sums in rent. All voters were required to understand spoken English. Anyone who had received poor relief within the most recent six months before election day was disqualified from voting.


1938 Trinidad and Tobago general election, Electoral system
The restrictions on candidates were more severe, with candidature limited to men that lived in their constituency, were literate in English, and owned property worth at least $12,000 or from which they received at least $960 in rent a year. For candidates who had not lived in their constituency for at least a year, the property values were doubled.


1938 Tschammerpokal
The 1938 Tschammerpokal was the 4th season of the annual German football cup competition. For the first time, Austrian teams competed in the competition due to the Anschluss by Nazi Germany at the beginning of the year. In the final, which was held on 8 January 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Austrian club Rapid Wien defeated FSV Frankfurt 3–1.


1938 Tschammerpokal, Matches, Quarter-finals
In the quarter-finals, the eight German teams (Altreich) were paired internally in an elimination round. The eight teams from Austria (now called Ostmark due to the Anschluss) were also paired in an internal elimination round. The winners then met in a joint quarter-final round. The pairings were entirely random.


1938 Tschammerpokal Final
The 1938 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1938 Tschammerpokal, the 4th season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 8 January 1939 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Rapid Wien won the match 3–1 against FSV Frankfurt, to claim their 1st cup title.


1938 Tschammerpokal Final, Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 78 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. Midway through the competition, Austrian teams were merged into the competition following the Anschluss. There were a total of six rounds leading up to the final for the German teams, and a total of three for the Austrian teams. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium.


1938 Tschammerpokal Final, Route to the final
If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.


1938 Tschammerpokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1938 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1938 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1938 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Red Dawson, the Green Wave played their home games at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans. Tulane finished the season with an overall record of 7–2–1 and a mark of 4–1–1 in conference play, tying for second in the SEC.


1938 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1938 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1938 college football season. In their third year under head coach Vic Hurt, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 4–5–1 record (3–10 against conference opponents) and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The team defeated Oklahoma A&M (20–7), tied Arkansas (6–6) and lost to No. 10 Oklahoma (28–6) and TCU (21–0).


1938 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team, After the season
The 1939 NFL Draft was held on December 9, 1938. The following Golden Hurricane player was selected.


1938 Turkish National Division
The 1938 National Division was the 2nd edition of the Turkish National Division. Güneş SK won their first title.


1938 Turkish National Division, Overview
Fenerbahçe got into a conflict with the Turkish Football Federation, as they initially wanted to play the home games in their own homeground, but the federation declined the request. Fenerbahçe claimed that their travel expenses were not paid appropriately by the TFF and withdrew after the 4th match.


1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1938 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament was scheduled to be held from Thursday 8 September until Saturday 17 September but was prolonged until Saturday 24 September due to poor weather caused by the 1938 New England hurricane. It was the 58th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
American Don Budge won the men's singles title and became the first tennis player to win the Grand Slam i.e. winning all four Major tennis tournaments (Australian Championships, French Championships, Wimbledon Championships, and U.S. National Championships) in a single calendar year. Budge also won the doubles and mixed doubles title.


1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
Don Budge /  Gene Mako defeated  Adrian Quist /  John Bromwich 6–3, 6–2, 6–1


1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Sarah Palfrey Cooke /  Alice Marble defeated  Simonne Mathieu /  Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6–8, 6–4, 6–3


1938 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Alice Marble /  Don Budge defeated  Thelma Coyne Long /  John Bromwich 6–1, 6–2


1938 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Don Budge defeated Gene Mako 6–3, 6–8, 6–2, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1938 U.S. National Championships to become the first player in history to complete the Grand Slam.


1938 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Don Budge is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1938 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Second-seeded Alice Marble defeated Nancye Wynne 6–0, 6–3 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1938 U.S. National Championships.


1938 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the women's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Alice Marble is the champion; others show in brackets the round in which they were eliminated.


1938 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1938 U.S. Open was the 42nd U.S. Open, held June 9–11 at Cherry Hills Country Club in Englewood, Colorado, a suburb south of Denver. Defending champion Ralph Guldahl won his second straight U.S. Open title, six strokes ahead of runner-up Dick Metz. It was the second of Guldahl's three major titles.


1938 U.S. Open (golf)
Metz owned a four-stroke lead over Guldahl after Saturday morning's third round, but Metz struggled in the afternoon and shot a 79 (+8) to finish at 290 (+6). Guldahl began his round with two birdies in his first six holes on his way to a 69 (−2) and an even-par 284 total, six strokes ahead of Metz. His six-shot victory was the largest since Jim Barnes won by nine strokes in 1921. Guldahl became the fourth player to successfully defend at the U.S. Open, joining Willie Anderson, John McDermott, and Bobby Jones. There have only been three since: Ben Hogan in 1951, Curtis Strange in 1989 and Brooks Koepka in 2018.


1938 U.S. Open (golf)
In the second round, Ray Ainsley set a dubious record by shooting a 19 on the par-4 16th hole. Ainsley's ball landed in a creek, and instead of taking a drop he continued to play the ball out. He shot 96 (+25) for the round and missed the cut.


1938 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the first U.S. Open played in the western United States. The U.S. Open returned in 1960 and 1978, and the PGA Championship was played here in 1941 and 1985. The average elevation of the course exceeds 5,300 feet (1,620 m) above sea level.


1938 U.S. Open (golf)
This was the first U.S. Open in which the players were limited to a maximum of 14 clubs; the USGA rule (4-4) went into effect in January 1938. Guldahl won the title the previous year with 19 clubs in his bag.


1938 UCI Road World Championships
The 1938 UCI Road World Championships took place in Valkenburg, the Netherlands.


1938 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1938 UCI Road World Championships was the 12th edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 4 September 1938 in Valkenburg, the Netherlands. The race was won by Marcel Kint of Belgium.


1938 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1938 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands from 27 August to 4 September 1938. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1938 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1938 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in the 1938 college football season. Coached by William H. Spaulding, the Bruins finished the season with a 7–4–1 record and made their first postseason appearance in a bowl game. The Pineapple Bowl featured the Bruins playing the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors on January 2, 1939, in Honolulu. The Bruins season offense scored 217 points while the defense allowed 106 points. George Pfeiffer and Hal Hirshon served as Co-Captains of the team. Center John Ryland was selected to the PCC First-Team All Coast and drafted by the Cleveland Rams of the National Football League (NFL) in 1939. The team also featured future Baseball Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson, Hollywood actor Woody Strode, Football Hall of Famer Kenny Washington. and Bill Overlin.


1938 UCLA Bruins football team, 1938 team players in the NFL
The following player was claimed in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 13th year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
1938 in the United Kingdom was a place of tension due to the unrest in Europe and the ongoing negotiations between the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain and Germany. However the public continued to embrace greyhound racing which was an affordable national pastime. Attendances at the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) licensed tracks topped 26 million with totalisator turnover recorded as £39,352,839. The track tote deduction was 6% and the government tote tax was an additional 6%.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The leading greyhound company, the Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) significantly increased profits once again. The operating profit for 1938 was £278,000 (a substantial figure at the time) and attendances at GRA tracks increased rose to 4,408,412. The GRA also invested heavily into their breeding facility on the company owned Fan Court Farm, on the Longcross Road in Chertsey, Surrey.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
Lone Keel won the 1938 English Greyhound Derby, he was jointly owned by Staines Greyhound Stadium's owner Jack Walsh and William Hill (the founder of the betting company.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
Six known tracks were opened, three of which were in Scotland. Independent tracks were common north of the border with many choosing not to apply for NGRC status and remaining as small unlicensed tracks.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Trainer Joe Harmon experienced considerable success with his pair of kennels brothers, Puppy Derby champion Junior Classic and Juvenile Classic and Trafalgar Cup champion Quarter Day. Junior Classic overcame a tough field in the Gold Collar, a competition that included 1937 English Greyhound Derby champion Wattle Bark, now trained by Leslie Reynolds and Scurry Gold Cup champion Hexham Bridge. One week earlier Juvenile Classic had jumped to glory in the Grand National.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Jesmond Cutlet made an unsuccessful attempt at defending his Scottish Greyhound Derby title, when well beaten by favourite Roe Side Scottie in July and during the same month Orlucks Best won the Scurry Gold Cup, one year after he finished runner up in the same event. Ballyhennessy Sandills retained his Laurels crown, a great achievement because the final consisted of Wattle Bark, Bealtaine and Roe Side Scottie. Quarter Day claimed the Oaks from Gretas Rosary.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Nine days later Gretas Rosary picked up the St Leger winner's prize at Wembley. The blue brindle and white bitch had a qualifying heat in between the two classic competition finals and also accounted for the Irish Greyhound Derby winner Abbeylara. Quarter Day then returned to White City, in November and won the valuable 'White City' invitation race.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
Abbeylara stood out as the leading greyhound in Ireland, the brindle dog easily won the Irish Greyhound Derby and the St Leger. He also reached the English St Leger final.


1938 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
GRA trainer Eddie Wright moved from his Powderhall kennels to the Hook Estate and Kennels and a track attachment at Harringay and the GRA also moved Harry Buck from Belle Vue to White City.


1938 USC Trojans football team
The 1938 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1938 college football season. In their 14th year under head coach Howard Jones, the Trojans compiled a 9–2 record (6–1 against conference opponents), finished in a tie for the Pacific Coast Conference championship, defeated Duke in the 1939 Rose Bowl, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 172 to 65.


1938 USDA soil taxonomy
The 1938 soil taxonomy divided soils into three orders dependent on dominant soil forming factors.


1938 USDA soil taxonomy, Intrazonal soils
Intrazonal soils have more or less well-defined soil profile characteristics that reflect the dominant influence of some resident factor of relief or parent material over the classic zonal effects of climate and vegetation. There are three major sub-types, two of which have two further sub-types each.


1938 USDA soil taxonomy, Azonal soil
These soils are formed in mountainous regions out of fine grains produced by weathering. However, due to various reasons, this fine grained material constantly slides down the slope. As a result, the time necessary for the formation of soils does not become available. Therefore, these soils remain immature. An example is soil along the slopes of the Himalayan mountains. In river plains, particularly in flood-plain areas, new alluvium is deposited every year. The time for soil formation remains inadequate. Hence, flood plain soils also remain immature. In river plains, due to alluvium and availability of water, the farmlands are fertile but the soils remain immature.


1938 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election
Supreme Soviet elections were held in the Ukrainian SSR on 26 June 1938 to elect deputies to the republic's parliament, the Supreme Soviet. They were held alongside elections to local provincial ("oblast'") councils and followed the national elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union on 12 December 1937.


1938 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election, Background
A new Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR ("Stalin's Constitution") had been adopted in 1937. Previously on 5 December 1936 at the 8th Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, there was already adopted the Constitution of the whole Union which became a base for development and adaptation of constitutions of union republics. On resolution of Presidium of the All–Ukrainian Central Executive Committee (AUCEC) of 13 June 1936, there was established the AUCEC Constitutional Commission.


1938 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election, Background
By prior decision of Politburo of Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (CC CP(b)U), the Presidium approved personnel composition of the Constitutional Commission. The developed draft of Constitution of the UkrSSR by the commission was submitted under existing practice to CC CP(b)U, Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (CC VCP(b)), after which the agreed draft was reviewed by the AUCEC Presidium. After the AUCEC Presidium approved the draft it decided to submit the draft for review to the 16th Extraordinary All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets.


1938 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election, Background
Coincidentally in 1937 to Ukraine were dispatched three personal representatives of Stalin Vyacheslav Molotov, Nikolai Yezhov, and Nikita Khrushchev. After their arrival in Ukraine were arrested and executed 17 members of government. The chairman of Sovnarkom of the UkrSSR Panas Lyubchenko committed suicide. The CC CP(b)U that was recently elected in 1937 at the XIII Party's congress was routed, 10 out of 11 members of Politburo along with 4 out of 5 candidate members perished, while all 9 members Orgburo were repressed.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1938 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1938 which occurred in the middle of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. Roosevelt's Democratic Party lost a net of 72 seats to the Republican Party, who also picked up seats from minor Progressive and Farmer–Labor Parties.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
Multiple factors contributed to the Democratic decline. One main reason was the Recession of 1937. Unemployment soared, undercutting the Democrats' claim that the New Deal had ended the Great Depression. Democrats fought among themselves, especially over Roosevelt's "Court Packing" plan. In addition, there was backlash against Roosevelt's intervention in the Democratic primaries which angered conservative Democrats. The labor unions, which were emerging as a powerful grassroots factor in the New Deal Coalition, split bitterly as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations fought over membership.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
Internal Democratic strains were exacerbated by an effort led by Roosevelt to purge certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland and Ellison Smith of South Carolina, along with the chairman of the House Rules Committee, John J. O'Connor of New York. All but the last were re-elected.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Sen. Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Happy Chandler, in Idaho, Sen. James P. Pope, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California senator William McAdoo. The many seats Democrats won in traditionally Republican districts in the 1930, 1932, 1934 and 1936 elections meant that they had to defend a large number of marginal seats.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
Meanwhile, the Republicans were united; they had shed their weakest members in a series of defeats since 1930. Re -energized Republicans focused attention on strong fresh candidates in major states, especially Robert A. Taft the conservative from Ohio, Earl Warren the moderate who won both the Republican and the Democratic primaries in California, and Thomas Dewey the crusading prosecutor from New York. The Republican resurgence in 1938 was made possible by carrying 50% of the vote outside the South, giving GOP leaders confidence it had a strong base for the 1940 presidential election.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections
Overall, the Democrats lost 72 seats in the House, though with 262 seats, they retained a majority. The defeats were nearly all in the North, as the South resumed its historic role as the Democratic base in Congress.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1938 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1938. Republicans gained four districts. Franck R. Havenner, first elected to Congress as a Progressive, was elected for the rest of his House career as a Democrat.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 8, 1938, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary elections were held on August 30 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on September 13. Three incumbents were re-elected, but two incumbents were defeated in the Democratic primary. The three open seats were retained by the Democrats and the composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas S. McMillan of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1925, defeated A. Russell McGowan in the Democratic primary and Republican B.L. Hendrix in the general election.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Hampton P. Fulmer of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1921, defeated former Lieutenant Governor Andrew J. Bethea in the Democratic primary and Republican S.J. Leaphart in the general election.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John C. Taylor of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1933, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Butler B. Hare who defeated Republican O.B. Menees in the general election.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Gabriel H. Mahon, Jr. of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1937, was defeated in the Democratic primary by Joseph R. Bryson who defeated Republican H.A. Costner in the general election. The first primary had the two candidates only separated by 8 votes so the South Carolina Democratic Party Executive Committee ordered a new race instead of a recount, which Bryson clearly won.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James P. Richards of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1933, defeated Republican challenger A.B. McCraw.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congresswoman Elizabeth Hawley Gasque of the 6th congressional district succeeded her husband, Allard H. Gasque, in office upon his death in 1938 and she did not seek re-election. John L. McMillan won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican W.S. Thompson in the general election.


1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 8, 1938 to determine who would represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had nine seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1930 United States Census. (Representatives are elected for two-year terms.)


1938 United States Senate election in Arizona
The 1938 United States Senate elections in Arizona took place on November 3, 1938. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Carl Hayden ran for reelection to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan in the general election.


1938 United States Senate election in Arizona
In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.


1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas
The 1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Senator Hattie Caraway ran for a second term in office. After narrowly defeating U.S. Representative John Little McClellan in the Democratic primary, she easily won the general election over Republican C.D. Atkinson.


1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas
Caraway, already the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate, became the first woman elected to a second term in office.


1938 United States Senate election in California
The 1938 United States Senate election in California was held on November 2, 1938. Incumbent Democratic Senator William Gibbs McAdoo was defeated by Sheridan Downey in the Democratic primary. Downey went on to defeat Philip Bancroft in the general election.


1938 United States Senate election in California, Democratic primary, Campaign
Senator McAdoo had the support of President Franklin Roosevelt and George Creel.


1938 United States Senate election in California, Democratic primary, Campaign
Downey was supported by his 1932 running mate Upton Sinclair and pensioner advocate Francis Townsend.


1938 United States Senate election in California, Republican primary, Results
Although he did not cross-file to appear on the ballot, Sheridan Downey did receive write-in votes.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut
The 1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut was held on November 8, 1938.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut
Incumbent Senator Augustine Lonergan ran for a second term in office but was defeated by Republican John A. Danaher. Socialist candidate Bellani Trombley placed a strong third, possibly aided by the coattails of Jasper McLevy's competitive campaign for Governor and dissatisfaction with Lonergan by organized labor in the state.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Campaign
During the pre-convention campaign, Lonergan faced opposition from within the Roosevelt administration over his long-time opposition to some of Roosevelt's less popular measures, including his plan to pack the Supreme Court. These efforts were halted by Homer Stille Cummings, the U.S. Attorney General and a long-time Connecticut resident. Cummings publicly embraced Lonergan as a supporter of the New Deal.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Campaign
The first announced challenger to Lonergan was Archibald McNeil, a coal merchant and personal friend of the President, who gained the endorsement of a number of town committees.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Campaign
Herman P. Kopplemann, the U.S. Representative for Hartford, was publicly silent on his intentions. Without entering the race, he received the early endorsement of the Hartford Central Labor Union.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Convention
At the September 14 convention in New London, Lonergan was re-nominated as part of a conservative machine victory. Kopplemann's vote was severely undermined by the convention's unit rule, in which a candidate who received the majority of the vote in a given municipality would receive all of that municipality's delegates. In Hartford, for instance, Kopplemann had the support of twenty out of seventy delegates, but all seventy were required to vote for Lonergan.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Convention
Following the vote, Kopplemann supporters warned that organized labor might likely defect to the Socialist ticket, ensuring a Republican victory in November.


1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut, Democratic nomination, Convention
Lonergan was ultimately endorsed by James A. Farley, the Postmaster General and leading Roosevelt spokesman, two days later.


1938 United States Senate election in Georgia
The 1938 United States Senate election in Georgia took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Walter F. George was re-elected to a third term in office, holding off a primary challenge from Eugene Talmadge and Lawrence Camp.


1938 United States Senate election in Georgia
At this time, Georgia was a one-party state. George's victory in the September 14 primary was tantamount to election, and he had only nominal opposition in the general election.


1938 United States Senate election in Georgia, Democratic primary, Results
At the time, Georgia Democrats used a modified primary system based on "county units." 410 county units were distributed among the counties of Georgia. In the county unit totals, George won 246 to Talmadge's 148. Camp took the remaining 16.


1938 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1938 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent first-term Democrat William H. Dieterich retired. Fellow Democrat Scott W. Lucas was elected to succeed him.


1938 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primaries and general election coincided with those for House and those for state elections.


1938 United States Senate election in Maryland
The 1938 United States Senate election in Maryland was held on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Millard Tydings was re-elected to a third term in office, overcoming a primary challenge from U.S. Representative David John Lewis and easily defeating Republican Oscar Leser in the general election.


1938 United States Senate election in New York
The United States Senate election of 1938 in New York was held on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Democratic Senator Robert F. Wagner was re-elected to a third term over Republican John Lord O'Brian.


1938 United States Senate election in North Carolina
The 1938 United States Senate election in North Carolina was held on November 7, 1938. Incumbent Democratic Senator Robert Rice Reynolds was re-elected to a second term in office, defeating U.S. Representative Franklin Wills Hancock Jr. in the Democratic primary and Republican former U.S. Representative Charles A. Jonas in the general election.


1938 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The 1938 United States Senate election in North Dakota took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican Senator Gerald Nye ran for re-election to his third term. He faced a strong challenge in the Republican primary from colorful Governor William Langer, but narrowly won renomination. Langer subsequently ran as an independent against Nye in the general election, and won the endorsement of the Nonpartisan League. The contest effectively sidelined Democratic nominee J. J. Nygaard, and the contest between Nye and Langer devolved into sharp disagreements about the United States's foreign affairs. Nye ultimately defeated Langer by a wide margin—winning 50% of the vote to Langer's 43%—but significantly reduced from his 1932 and 1926 landslides.


1938 United States Senate election in Ohio
The 1938 United States Senate election in Ohio took place on November 7, 1938. Incumbent Senator Robert J. Bulkley ran for re-election to a second full term in office, but was defeated by Republican Robert A. Taft.


1938 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
The 1938 United States Senate election in Oklahoma took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Democratic Senator Elmer Thomas ran for re-election to a third term. He faced a spirited challenge in the Democratic primary from Congressman Gomer Smith and Governor E. W. Marland, but won the nomination with a slim plurality. In the general election, Thomas faced former State Senator Harry O. Glasser, the Republican nominee. Despite the nationwide trend favoring Republicans, Thomas overwhelmingly won re-election.


1938 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
The 1938 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator James J. Davis successfully sought re-election, defeating Democratic nominee George Howard Earle III.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina
The 1938 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 8, 1938 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Ellison D. Smith defeated Governor Olin D. Johnston in the Democratic primary. The general election was contested, but a victory by Smith was never in doubt.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Senator Ellison D. Smith was marked by President Franklin D. Roosevelt for defeat because he had vociferously opposed many policies of the New Deal. Governor Olin D. Johnston announced at the White House that he was going to challenge Smith in the Democratic primary and would be fully supportive of every Roosevelt policy. State Senator Edgar Allan Brown also threw his hat into the ring pledging that he would back Roosevelt and would be the most effective candidate in bringing home the bacon.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Johnston's complete backing of Roosevelt earned him the endorsements of several liberal organizations, such as the Labor Nonpartisan League (LNPL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), but these two organizations were frowned upon in South Carolina. They advanced racial integration, advocated labor militancy and were believed to have been controlled by Communists. Smith hammered Johnston for having these ties claiming that Johnston "endorsed the nigger, and went one hundred percent for anything belonging to the New Deal, right or wrong, because he does not have guts to disagree."


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Smith then boasted of his endorsement by the racially exclusive American Federation of Labor (AFL) and stress that a vote for Johnston would embolster the CIO to force the employment of blacks in factories alongside whites.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Though Johnston did not defend rights for African Americans, he would largely ignore the issue of white supremacy, believing that improving the public welfare was more important, while Smith had campaigned for over thirty years on a two plank platform to "keep the Negro down and the price of cotton up" and had further demonstrated he intended to continue the fight to preserve racial segregation when he walked out of the 1936 Democratic National Convention after learning that a black minister was going to deliver the invocation.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
On August 11, Roosevelt's train stopped in Greenville to a crowd of 15,000 with the three candidates aboard. He had spoken the previous day in Georgia against the re-election of Senator Walter F. George and was expected to make an endorsement of Olin Johnston at Greenville. Roosevelt criticized Smith for his 1937 speech in the Senate that South Carolinians were willing to work for fifty cents a day. Yet before Roosevelt could finish his address, the train started to leave.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Smith trumpeted up the fact that Roosevelt never explicitly endorsed Johnston and responded to Roosevelt's charge that his Senate speech was taken out of context. Johnston claimed that it was insinuated by Roosevelt whom he supported and he made it clear that he boarded the President's train in Georgia, whereas the other two candidates boarded just outside Greenville. Brown felt slighted by the President's brief remarks and withdrew from the race on August 27.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
Smith was supported by two powerful figures in South Carolina politics:  Senator James F. Byrnes and his friend Charleston mayor Burnet Maybank. Unlike Smith, Byrnes was a well known pro-Roosevelt New Dealer and was also renominated in the 1936 Democratic primary by a margin of over 87%. Heeding advice from Byrnes, Maybank declined to run for Smith's Senate seat and instead ran a successful campaign for Governor that year.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Campaign
In spite of his strong support of almost all of Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, Byrnes opposed some of Roosevelt's labor legislation, which Johnston outspokenly supported, such as the recently passed Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Byrnes and Maybank, however, did not like Smith and only endorsed him because they envisioned that he would retire in 1944 and Maybank, having served a term as governor, would easily win his seat. Byrnes and Maybank also envisioned that after Maybank was elected to Smith's Senate seat, they would then manage to build a strong political machine that would control the state's political scene.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Results
The primary election was held on August 30 and Smith won a commanding victory over Johnston. In order to win, Johnston needed to rack up huge margins in the Upstate, but the two candidates broke even. Smith overwhelmingly won in the rural areas because Johnston's constant emphasis of his labor roots made the agriculture voters feel that he did not care about their interests.


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, Democratic primary, Results
It was also believed that at this point in time, however, that the large majority of people of South Carolina had become fed up with Smith and that he would've lost the primary if not for Roosevelt's interference or if he had done more to either please the state's influential textile mill owners or address the issue of preserving racial segregation in the state. In 1940, a survey found that there was no great admiration for Smith among the people in South Carolina and that his victory in the 1938 primary was symbolic because it showed that an unpopular person was elected because "the president picked him out as the victim."


1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina, General election, Campaign
Despite a Republican candidate being nominated for the general election contest, there was never any possibility that Smith would be defeated. The Republican Party was nothing more than a patronage institution and at the time was widely despised by the South Carolinians for bringing destruction to the state during Reconstruction.


1938 United States Senate election in Vermont
The 1938 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 8, 1938. Republican Ernest W. Gibson Sr. successfully ran for re-election to another term in the United States Senate, defeating Democratic candidate John Mcgrath. Gibson Sr. died in June 1940 and his son, Ernest W. Gibson Jr., was appointed to fill the seat until a special election could be held in November 1940.


1938 United States Senate elections
The United States Senate elections of 1938 occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. This occurred six years after the Democratic landslide in the 1932 election, and so the opposition Republicans gained eight seats from the Democrats. However, the Democrats retained a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the chamber.


1938 United States Senate elections, Background
A contemporary account cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats.


1938 United States Senate elections, Background
The Recession of 1937 had continued into the first half of 1938, and had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies, along with controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan).


1938 United States Senate elections, Background
There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states, which were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland and Ellison Smith of South Carolina.


1938 United States Senate elections, Background
While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Happy Chandler, James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California's William McAdoo — though McAdoo's Democratic opponent, Sheridan Downey, had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer who would also do more to improve pension plans.


1938 United States Senate elections, Background
Given the high levels of Democratic success in the 1930, 1932, 1934 and 1936 elections, the Democrats were in a difficult position in defending a large number of seats, even without these pressures. This was the first of five consecutive elections where the GOP made gains in the Senate.


1938 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Special elections during the 75th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.


1938 United States Senate elections, Race summaries, Races leading to the 76th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.


1938 United States Senate elections, Alabama
There were 2 elections due to the August 19, 1937 resignation of two-term Democrat Hugo Black. Democrat Dixie Bibb Graves was appointed August 20, 1937 (by her husband, the governor) to finish Black's term.


1938 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special)
After congressman J. Lister Hill won the January 4, 1938 Democratic primary, Gibbs resigned and Hill was appointed to continue the term until the April 26, 1938 special election, which he won unoppposed.


1938 United States Senate elections, Alabama, Alabama (Special)
Hill was then easily re-elected in November to the next term.


1938 United States Senate elections, Arizona
Incumbent Democrat Carl Hayden was re-elected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.


1938 United States Senate elections, Arizona
In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.


1938 United States Senate elections, Illinois
Incumbent Democrat William H. Dieterich retired, making this an open-seat.


1938 United States Senate elections, New York
There were 2 elections due to the June 17, 1938 death of three-term Democrat Royal S. Copeland.


1938 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Regular)
New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate. Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner. The American Labor party endorsed Wagner.


1938 United States Senate elections, New York, New York (Special)
New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short term to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland. Democrats nominated James M. Mead. The American Labor party endorsed Mead.


1938 United States Senate elections, Oregon
There were 2 elections for the same seat, due to the January 31, 1938 resignation of two-term Republican Frederick Steiwer. Democratic businessman Alfred E. Reames was appointed February 11, 1938 to continue the term, pending a special election, but he did not run in either the special or the general elections.


1938 United States Senate elections, Oregon, Oregon (Special)
Republican Alexander G. Barry was elected to finish the term, but was not a candidate for the next term.


1938 United States Senate elections, South Dakota
There were 2 elections for the same seat due to the December 20, 1936 death of three-term Republican Peter Norbeck. Democrat Herbert Hitchcock was appointed December 29, 1936 to continue the term, pending a special election.


1938 United States Senate elections, South Dakota, South Dakota (Regular)
Hitchcock lost the Democratic May 3, 1938 primary for the next term to Governor of South Dakota Tom Berry.


1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota
The 1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican Senator Peter Norbeck died in office on December 20, 1936. Herbert E. Hitchcock was appointed by Governor Tom Berry as Norbeck's replacement. Two elections for the same Senate seat were held on the same day; one as a special election to fill the remainder of Norbeck's six-year term, and another to select a Senator to serve the next six-year term.


1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota
In the regularly scheduled election, Hitchcock ran for re-election for a full term, but was overwhelmingly defeated in the Democratic primary by former Governor Berry. In the Republican primary, businessman Chan Gurney won a slim plurality in a crowded primary. Gurney narrowly defeated Berry to win his first of two terms in the Senate. In the special election for the final few months of Norbeck's term, former Secretary of State Gladys Pyle won the Republican nomination unopposed, and Thomas W. Crawford won the Democratic nomination unopposed. However, following Crawford's death, the state Democratic Party named John T. McCullen as its replacement nominee. Pyle defeated McCullen in a landslide, becoming the first woman to represent South Dakota in the United States Senate.


1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota, Democratic primary, Special election
Thomas M. Crawford was the only Democratic candidate to file for the special election, thereby removing the primary election from the ballot and granting him the nomination by default. However, after the primary election took place, Crawford died. The Democratic Party of South Dakota named John T. McCullen, a former State Senator from Hand County, as its replacement nominee.


1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota, Republican Primary, Special election
Former Secretary of State Gladys Pyle announced that she would run for the Republican nomination for the special election. She, like Crawford, won the Republican nomination unopposed and the race did not appear on the primary election ballot.


1938 United States Senate special election in New Jersey
The United States Senate special election of 1938 in New Jersey was held on November 8, 1938.


1938 United States Senate special election in New Jersey
The vacancy was created when incumbent Senator A. Harry Moore resigned to become Governor of New Jersey. Interim appointee John Gerald Milton did not run in the election.


1938 United States Senate special election in New Jersey
Former Republican U.S. Senator William Warren Barbour returned to the Senate after defeating Democrat William H. J. Ely, the state administrator of the Works Progress Administration.


1938 United States elections
The 1938 United States elections were held on November 8, 1938, in the middle of Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. The Democratic Party lost 72 seats, mostly to the Republican Party, in the House of Representatives. The Democrats also lost seven seats to the Republicans in the U.S. Senate.


1938 United States elections
The election was a defeat for Roosevelt, as the conservative coalition (an alliance of Republicans and Southern Democrats) took control of Congress and stymied Roosevelt's domestic agenda. Roosevelt had campaigned openly against members of his own party who had not supported the New Deal, but Roosevelt's preferred candidates met with little success across the country. The election took place in the aftermath of the recession of 1937–38 and the defeat of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 ("the court-packing plan"), and President Roosevelt was at the nadir of his popularity. Republicans picked up Congressional seats for the first time since the start of the Great Depression, and few new major domestic programs became law until the advent of the Great Society in the 1960s.


1938 United States elections, Further reading
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1938 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held in 1938, in 33 states, concurrent with the House and Senate elections, on November 8, 1938 (September 12 in Maine).


1938 United States gubernatorial elections
In New York, the governor was elected to a 4-year term for the first time, instead of a 2-year term.


1938 Uruguayan Primera División, Overview
It was contested by 11 teams, and Peñarol won the championship.


1938 Uruguayan constitutional referendum
A double referendum on constitutional reform was held in Uruguay on 27 March 1938. Both sets of reforms were approved by voters.


1938 Uruguayan constitutional referendum, Proposed changes
The first set of reforms had been proposed in a constitutional law on 30 December 1936. They would recognise the "lema" system of factions within political parties and allow several presidential candidates for each lema. The most voted for candidate from the most voted for lema would win the presidential election. The law would also reorganise the Senate.


1938 Uruguayan constitutional referendum, Proposed changes
The second set of reforms were put forward by the General Assembly on 24 February 1938. They would restrict each lema to a single candidate for president, as well as reorganising local government. As this was an administrative initiative by two-fifths of the Assembly, a majority of registered voters voting in favour was required. This was achieved, with 52.47% of all registered voters approving the reforms.


1938 Uruguayan general election
General elections were held in Uruguay on 28 March 1938. The result was a victory for the Colorado Party, which won a majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and received the most votes in the presidential election, in which the Alfredo Baldomir faction emerged as the largest. Baldomir subsequently became President on 19 June.


1938 Uruguayan general election
This was the first time that Uruguayan women exerted their right to vote in a national election.


1938 Utah State Aggies football team
The 1938 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State Agricultural College in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1938 college football season. In their 20th season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled a 4–4 record (3–3 against MSC opponents), finished fifth in the MSC, and were outscored by a total of 87 to 85.


1938 Utah Utes football team
The 1938 Utah Utes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Utah in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1938 college football season. In their 14th season under head coach Ike Armstrong, the Utes compiled a 7–1–2 record, won the MSC championship, defeated New Mexico in the 1939 Sun Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 187 to 36.


1938 Utah Utes football team
Tackle Barney McGarry was the team captain. McGarry was also selected by the Central Press as a first-team player on the 1938 All-America team. Four players won all-conference honors: McGarry; end Bruce Balkan; center Ernest Baldwin; and halfback Paul Snow.


1938 Utah Utes football team, After the season, NFL draft
Utah had one player selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 VFA season
The 1938 Victorian Football Association season was the 60th season of the Australian rules football competition. The premiership was won by the Brunswick Football Club, after it defeated Brighton by 33 points in the Grand Final on 20 August. It was the club's third VFA premiership, and the last top division premiership it ever won.


1938 VFA season
The season saw the Association introduce some innovative new rules – most notably allowing the football to be thrown in general play.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
The Association and football in general had been declining in popularity over the previous few years. The Association decided to introduce a series of rule changes in an attempt to make the game more spectacular and reverse this trend. The Association made four key rule changes:


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
The most dramatic change was that Association players were now permitted to throw the ball in general play, provided the throw was with two hands and the player's hands were kept below shoulder height. The decision to legalise the throw-pass, as it became known, was a bold one, as throwing had been illegal in the code for the whole of its nearly 80-year history. The Association's decision had two key justifications based on perceived problems with the style of play during the 1930s:


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
Altogether, the change was intended to make the game more attractive for the spectator, and to consequently improve public interest in the game.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
The effect that the throw-pass had on speeding up the game was immediately praised by football writers, and the rule became quite popular. The Bendigo Association, Sale District Football Association and Tasmania's North Western Football Association all elected to adopt the same rule into their competitions during 1938, and other country leagues, such as the Wimmera District League, considered doing likewise.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
In addition to allowing the throw-pass, the Association modified the rules relating to holding-the-ball to prevent scrimmages. Under the rule, a player would be penalised if he held or dropped the ball after being tackled, but not if he kicked, handpassed or threw the ball away.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
The out of bounds rule was modified such that the boundary umpire would throw the ball back into play after the ball went out of bounds – unless the umpire deemed that the ball had been forced out deliberately, in which case a free kick was paid.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
This change was, in fact, a return to a more popular set of rules which had prevailed in Victoria prior to 1925. Since 1925, all ANFC-affiliated leagues had been required to play rules under which a free kick was awarded against the last team to play the ball before it went out of bounds under any circumstances; this followed a decision which was passed by a large majority at the ANFC in 1924, but which was opposed by Victoria (represented in the ANFC by the Victorian Football League). The ANFC rules never gained wide popularity in Victoria, and many were glad to see a return to the old rules.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
This change opened the wings and flanks up to more play. Under the ANFC rules, play had in general been much more direct down the centre of the field to avoid the risk of turning over possession by putting the ball out of bounds, but the return of the boundary throw-in made playing down the boundary lines less of a risk.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes
The Association introduced a provision for what is today known as a 'downfield free kick'. Under the rule, if a player is fouled after disposing of the ball, a free kick is awarded at the spot where the kick, handpass or throw-pass lands, to the nearest team-mate.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Response of other competitions
At the end of 1938, the Australian National Football Council considered whether or not to adopt the Association's new rules into the national rules. It rejected the throw-pass, but adopted the Association's out-of-bounds rule and holding the ball rules, meaning that all of the major state leagues adopted them from 1939.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Relationship with the VFL
The Association's changes caused a wider division in administrative control of the game in Victoria. League and Association football were no longer considered to be the same code, resulting in a division similar to that which still exists between rugby league and rugby union. Any competitions adopting the Association's rules could not be affiliated with the ANFC; in the case of provincial Victorian leagues, they were forced to leave the ANFC-affiliated Victorian Country Football League.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Relationship with the VFL
As a result of its actions, the Association no longer had any formal relationship with the ANFC-affiliated Victorian Football League. In particular, the permit agreement which had existed between the two competitions since 1931 was terminated, meaning that the competitions were no longer compelled to recognise the validity of the other's transfer clearances, opening the possibility for Association clubs to recruit and field League players without obtaining a clearance, and vice versa.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Relationship with the VFL
The highest profile League footballer recruited to the Association in 1938 was South Melbourne captain Laurie Nash, considered to be one of the League's finest players, who was recruited by Camberwell; other high-profile transfers in 1938 included Terry Brain, Ted Freyer and Tommy Lahiff.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Relationship with the VFL
From a footballing perspective, players who switched leagues without a clearance were suspended from the League for a number of years, but were not prevented from playing in the Association; from a legal perspective, League players had a standard clause in their contract which gave the League the grounds to seek an injunction against the switch, but the League was ultimately unsure whether or not the clause would hold up in court and decided not to proceed with legal action.


1938 VFA season, Rule changes, Relationship with the VFL
This period of division between League and Association football existed from 1938 until 1949. It ultimately ended in 1950, when the Association was given a seat on the ANFC.


1938 VFA season, Premiership
The home-and-home season was played over sixteen matches, before the top four clubs contested a finals series under the Page–McIntyre system to determine the premiers for the season.


1938 VFL Grand Final
The 1938 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Carlton Football Club and Collingwood Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 24 September 1938. It was the 42nd annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1938 VFL season. The match was won by Carlton by a margin of 15 points, marking that club's sixth premiership victory and first since winning the 1915 VFL Grand Final.


1938 VFL Grand Final
This Grand Final was attended by 96,486 spectators, setting a new record as the largest crowd to have witnessed a premiership decider in VFL Grand Final history, and breaking the previous year's record by eight thousand. The ground was not large enough to accommodate the crowd comfortably – the Health Department had previously advised 84,000 as a maximum capacity – and the fence in front of the scoreboard collapsed under the strain before the game, resulting in some spectators watching the game from between the fence and the boundary line. The record crowd stood for 18 years and remained the record for the MCG under its configuration at the time; the record was broken by the attendance at the 1956 VFL Grand Final after the construction of the Olympic Stand that year.


1938 VFL season
The 1938 Victorian Football League season was the 42nd season of the elite Australian rules football competition.


1938 VFL season, Premiership season
In 1938, the VFL competition consisted of twelve teams of 18 on-the-field players each, plus one substitute player, known as the 19th man. A player could be substituted for any reason; however, once substituted, a player could not return to the field of play under any circumstances.


1938 VFL season, Premiership season
Teams played each other in a home-and-away season of 18 rounds; matches 12 to 18 were the "home-and-way reverse" of matches 1 to 7.


1938 VFL season, Premiership season
Once the 18 round home-and-away season had finished, the 1938 VFL Premiers were determined by the specific format and conventions of the Page–McIntyre system.


1938 VFL season, Grand final
Carlton defeated Collingwood 15.10 (100) to 13.7 (85), in front of a crowd of 96,834 people. (For an explanation of scoring see Australian rules football).


1938 VPI Gobblers football team
The 1938 VPI Gobblers football team represented Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College and Polytechnic Institute in the 1938 college football season. The team was led by their head coach Henry Redd and finished with a record of three wins, five losses and two ties (3–5–2).


1938 VPI Gobblers football team, Players
The following players were members of the 1938 football team according to the roster published in the 1939 edition of The Bugle, the Virginia Tech yearbook.


1938 Vanderbilt Commodores football team
The 1938 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1938 college football season. The Commodores were led by Ray Morrison, who served in the fourth season of his second stint, and fifth overall, as head coach. Member of the Southeastern Conference, Vanderbilt went 6–3 overall and 4–3 in conference play. The Commodores played their five home games at Dudley Field in Nashville, Tennessee.


1938 Vermont Catamounts football team
The 1938 Vermont Catamounts football team was an American football team that represented  the University of Vermont as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach John P. Sabo, the team compiled a 4–2–1 record. Their season opening game against Trinity (CT) was canceled due to poor travel conditions between Hartford and Burlington.


1938 Vermont gubernatorial election
The 1938 Vermont gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican George Aiken ran successfully for re-election to a second term as Governor of Vermont, defeating Democratic candidate Fred C. Martin.


1938 Villanova Wildcats football team
The 1938 Villanova Wildcats football team represented Villanova College during the 1938 college football season. The Wildcats were led by third-year head coach Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith and played their home games at Villanova Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. For the second year in a row, Villanova ended the season undefeated with a record of 8–0–1, and were ranked 18th in the final AP Poll.


1938 Virginia Cavaliers football team
The 1938 Virginia Cavaliers football team represented the University of Virginia during the 1938 college football season. The Cavaliers were led by second-year head coach Frank Murray and played their home games at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Virginia. They competed as independents, finishing with a record of 4–4–1.


1938 WANFL season
The 1938 WANFL season was the 54th season of the Western Australian National Football League, and saw Claremont, under champion coach Johnny Leonard who had transferred from West Perth, win its first premiership after losing two Grand Finals and drawing the first one this season. The blue and golds were to win the following two premierships before a long period near the foot of the ladder after Claremont Oval was gutted by a fire in 1944.


1938 WANFL season
1938 also saw triple Brownlow Medallist Haydn Bunton senior, enticed by the offer of employment, move to Subiaco and win the first of three Sandovers in only four seasons in Perth; however his presence overshadowed the rest of the team and the Maroons were to advance only one place compared to 1937, being handicapped by the loss of champion defender Lou Daily to the Goldfields where he led Mines Rovers to several premierships. West Perth, who under Leonard and Jack Cashman had won three premierships earlier in the decade, had a disastrous time and finished the season with twelve consecutive losses despite the brilliant form of goalsneak Ted Tyson, who set numerous records in the final round and finished as leading goalkicker.


1938 WANFL season
Swan Districts, in a last promising season before descending for two decades to the status of perennial easybeats, achieved a notable feat in becoming the first club to hold George Doig and then Ted Tyson goalless during a match.


1938 WANFL season
A number of notable club tours took place during July, with mid-table VFL club St. Kilda touring Albany, Kalgoorlie and Perth, whilst East Fremantle embarked on a lengthy tour of the Eastern States and Perth made a shorter tour of rural Western Australia. Old Easts’ tour saw them lose narrowly to a team from Broken Hill but convincingly defeat a local team from Sydney the following week and a combined St. Kilda/Melbourne team by forty-three points in Victoria on the last Saturday of July.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 1
1937 wooden spooners Subiaco, despite Bunton still not having a clearance, beat perennial finalists East Perth, with Les Hardiman a matchwinner.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 2
Perth lose century goalkicker Gook to a serious wrist injury as East Perth rebound from their Subiaco loss.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 4
Claremont end Subiaco’s unbeaten run, whilst Perth, with Grigg taking the place of Gook and kicking eight, bring South Fremantle to earth.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 5
East Fremantle hold off Subiaco (without Hardiman) in a brilliant match to move clear at the top of the table.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 6
For the first time in WANFL history, both teams score twenty goals in a match, and East Perth’s first quarter of 10.5 (65) is enough to rebound from a poor start to the season.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 11
Ted Tyson kicks ten goals to begin a brilliant finish to the season, but East Fremantle just manage to overcome the struggling Cardinals.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 12
An umpires’ strike affects this round, but at one game players actually congratulate the replacements.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, St. Kilda Tour Match
Handicapped by injury, St. Kilda are no match for a West Australian Second Eleven, for whom Bunton and Shea of Subiaco shows their best form and Swans’ Zilko keeps Mohr quiet.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 15 (Easter Monday)
To allow East Fremantle to tour the Eastern States, the game with Perth is moved to Easter Monday, a week before the normal beginning of the season.


1938 WANFL season, Home-and-away season, Round 16
South Fremantle press for their first finals appearance since 1932 by beating Swan Districts at Fremantle for the first time since Swans entered the WANFL.


1938 WANFL season, Finals, First semi-final
East Perth win a thrilling final with a succession of behinds into a strong wind.


1938 WANFL season, Finals, Second semi-final
Claremont run away in the third quarter and comfortably hold off Old Easts to reach their third consecutive grand final.


1938 WANFL season, Finals, Preliminary final
In an extremely spiteful game with numerous clashes, East Fremantle kick 11.1 (67) to 1.8 (14) after half-time for a second successive showdown against Claremont.


1938 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final
East Fremantle come back from nineteen points down midway through the last quarter to force a replay. It was the league’s second Grand Final draw, but the last senior WA(N)FL finals draw until 1989.


1938 WANFL season, Finals, Grand Final replay
Claremont’s dominance in the ruck and its greater pace and stamina allow it to win its first premiership at its fourth attempt.


1938 WANFL season, Notes
Until the end of July, East Fremantle had played two extra games and East Perth and Perth one extra game to allow Old Easts to tour the eastern states that month.


1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
The 1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1938 college football season. In its second season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record and finished in ninth place in the Southern Conference.


1938 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team
Wake Forest guard Louis Trunzo was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team player on the 1938 All-Southern Conference football team.


1938 Wakefield by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Wakefield on 10 December 1938. This was triggered by the death of United Australia MP Charles Hawker.


1938 Wakefield by-election
The election was won by Labor candidate Sydney McHugh from a massive 20 percent two-party swing.


1938 Walker Cup
The 1938 Walker Cup, the 10th Walker Cup Match, was played on 3 and 4 June 1938, on the Old Course at St Andrews, Scotland. Great Britain and Ireland won by 7 matches to 4 with one match halved. It was their first victory in the Walker Cup.


1938 Walker Cup
Great Britain & Ireland took a one point lead after the first day foursomes. On the second day they won 5 of the 8 singles matches. They took a winning 6–4 lead when Alex Kyle beat Fred Haas, later increased to 7–4 when Cecil Ewing beat Ray Billows on the final green.


1938 Walker Cup, Format
Four 36-hole matches of foursomes were played on Friday and eight singles matches on Saturday. Each of the 12 matches was worth one point in the larger team competition. If a match was all square after the 36th hole extra holes were not played. The team with most points won the competition. If the two teams were tied, the previous winner would retain the trophy.


1938 Walker Cup, Teams
The United States selected a team of 8 and a non-playing captain in January. Great Britain and Ireland selected their captain, John Beck, in February, initially as a non-player. 8 members of the British team were selected in early May, at which time Beck was given the option of playing himself if he chose. Cecil Ewing was selected as the final member of the team in late May, after reaching the final of the Amateur Championship. In the end, Beck did not select himself for any matches. Ewing did not play in the foursomes but replaced Harry Bentley in the singles.


1938 Walsall by-election
The Walsall by-election, 1938 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Walsall on 16 November 1938.


1938 Walsall by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Liberal National Member of Parliament, Joseph Leckie.


1938 Walsall by-election, Candidates, Liberal National
The Liberal Nationals selected Sir George Schuster. Schuster was something of a renaissance man. He had qualified as a barrister and had already had successful careers in business, colonial government and economics. He came from a wealthy family with banking and cotton interests. As a representative of the National Government  Schuster was not opposed by the Conservatives, although they were apparently disappointed the Liberal Nationals exercised their right to find their own successor to Leckie and did not cede the National nomination to the local Conservatives. Schuster later went on to spend 22 years on Oxfordshire County Council and achieve success in the field of further education as Chairman of the Board of Governors of Atlantic College from 1963-1973. He died in 1982 aged 101 years.


1938 Walsall by-election, Candidates, Labour
Schuster was therefore opposed only by the Labour Party candidate, George Jeger, a journalist from London and a local councillor in Shoreditch, of which he was mayor in 1938. Jeger had been Labour candidate in Bethnal Green South West at the 1935 general election. He went on to represent Winchester (1945–1950) and Goole (1950–1971) in Parliament.


1938 Walsall by-election, Issues
As the National candidate, Schuster sought to defend the record of the National Government and in particular the foreign policy associated with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. The great issue of the day was the worsening of international relations with the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy and Japanese expansionism in the Far East.


1938 Walsall by-election, Issues
Chamberlain’s policy of appeasing these dissatisfied powers, in the immediate glow of what was thought to be Chamberlain’s success in getting the Munich Agreement signed at the end of September,  was the one that Schuster, and those in the government supporting him, chose to emphasise. He also attacked the Labour Party for its support of economic planning and state regulation at the expense of small business and local enterprise and for its allegation that the government planned further cuts in social welfare provision. However, the main issue was for the electors of Walsall to show their approval or rejection of the Munich Agreement.


1938 Walsall by-election, Issues
For Labour, George Jeger attacked the government’s record on international and domestic policy. He was reported in the local press as saying that the National Government was not firm enough in its stand for peace and had failed the League of Nations but he also criticised the government’s re-armament policy as taking funds away from essential social services. Jeger attacked Chamberlain’s efforts at Munich saying that forcing Czechoslovakia to hand over the Sudetenland merely encouraged further aggression by Hitler and sacrificed a democratic country in the face of Nazi blackmail. The Times headline over its by-election coverage of 14 November summed it up –‘Walsall Contest – Foreign Policy the Main Issue'.


1938 Washburn Ichabods football team
The 1938 Washburn Ichabods football team represented Washburn University during the 1938 college football season. Washburn played their home games at the Moore Bowl in Topeka, Kansas. In their third year under head coach Elmer Holm, the Ichabods compiled a 6–3 record and were 2–0 in the Missouri Valley Conference.


1938 Washington Huskies football team
The 1938 Washington Huskies football team was an American football team that represented the University of Washington during the 1938 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Jimmy Phelan, the team compiled a 3–5–1 record, finished in sixth place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and was outscored by its opponents by a combined total of 83 to 68. Frank Peters was the team captain.


1938 Washington Huskies football team, NFL Draft selections
Seven University of Washington Huskies were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft, which lasted 22 rounds, with 200 selections.


1938 Washington Redskins season
The 1938 Washington Redskins season was the franchise's 7th season in the National Football League (NFL) and their 2nd in Washington, D.C.. The team began trying to defend their championship and improve on their 8–3 record from 1937, but failed and missed the playoffs and finished 6-3-2.


1938 Washington Redskins season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Washington Senators season
The 1938 Washington Senators won 75 games, lost 76, and finished in fifth place in the American League. They were managed by Bucky Harris and played home games at Griffith Stadium.


1938 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Washington Senators season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1938 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State College in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1938 college football season. Thirteenth-year head coach Babe Hollingbery led the team to a 2–8 record (1–7 in PCC, ninth); they were outscored 159 to 44 and held scoreless four times.


1938 Washington State Cougars football team
The Cougars' three home games were played on campus at Rogers Field in Pullman, with a road game in nearby Moscow against Palouse rival Idaho, played in the snow.


1938 Washington University Bears football team
The 1938 Washington University Bears football team was an American football team that represented Washington University of St. Louis as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) during the 1938 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Jimmy Conzelman, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record (2–1–1 against MVC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 242 to 94. The team played its home games at Francis Field in St. Louis.


1938 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
The 1938 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship was the 38th staging of the Waterford Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Waterford County Board in 1897.


1938 Waterford Senior Hurling Championship
On 8 January 1939, Mount Sion won the championship after a 4-03 to 3-04 defeat of Erin's Own in the final. This was their first ever championship title.


1938 Wayne Tartars football team
The 1938 Wayne Tartars football team represented Wayne University (later renamed Wayne State University) as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their seventh year under head coach Joe Gembis, the Tartars compiled a 2–6 record and were outscored by opponents, 179 to 106. The team defeated Akron (16–0) and Buffalo (35–0), but lost to Michigan State (6–34), Louisville (12–14), Michigan State Normal (7–20), Ohio (7–52), Toledo (20–39), and Central Michigan (3–20).


1938 Wayne Tartars football team
The 1938 team captain George Gembis became the first Wayne player to be selected in the NFL Draft. He was selected by the Brooklyn Dodgers with the 115th overall pick in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 Wellington City mayoral election
The 1938 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1938, elections were held for the Mayor of Wellington plus other local government positions including fifteen city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1938 Wellington City mayoral election
The contest resulted in the re-election of incumbent Thomas Hislop who defeated his only competitor Charles Henry Chapman of the Labour Party. Chapman had unsuccessfully run for Mayor three times prior, in 1915, 1925 and 1927. He also stood as a councillor and was successful.


1938 West Derbyshire by-election
The West Derbyshire by-election of 1938 was held on 2 June 1938. The by-election was held due to the succession to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Edward Cavendish. It was won by the Conservative candidate Henry Hunloke.


1938 West Tennessee State Tigers football team
The 1938 West Tennessee State Tigers football team was an American football that represented West Tennessee State Teachers College (now known as the University of Memphis) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1938 college football season. In its second season under head coach Allyn McKeen, the team compiled a perfect 10–0 record (7–0 against conference opponents), won the SIAA championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 281 to 41. Roland MacMackin was the team captain.


1938 West Virginia Mountaineers football team
The 1938 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its second season under head coach Marshall Glenn, the team compiled a 4–5–1 record and was outscored by a total of 117 to 98. The team played its home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. Alex Atty and Sam Audia were the team captains.


1938 Western Reserve Red Cats football team
The 1938 Western Reserve Red Cats football team represented Western Reserve University, now known as Case Western Reserve University, during the 1938 college football season. The team was led by fourth-year head coach Bill Edwards. Notable players included Johnny Wilson, Mike Rodak, Steve Belichick, and Dick Booth. The team went undefeated defeating opponents by a combined 259-31.


1938 Western Samoan general election
General elections were held in Western Samoa on 26 November 1938.


1938 Western Samoan general election, Electoral system
Two Europeans were elected from a single two-seat constituency. Following the passing of the Samoa Legislative Council Elective Membership Amendment Order, 1938 by the New Zealand government, universal suffrage was introduced for the European and mixed European-Samoan population aged 21 or over, having previously been restricted to those with property worth at least £200 or with an annual income of at least £200. The number of registered voters increased from 134 in the 1935 elections to 705.


1938 Western Samoan general election, Results, Nominated Members
In January 1939, Faalavaau Galu and Asiata Muese were appointed as Samoan nominated members. Muese was removed in August 1940 when Tuisila Faitala, Alipia Siaosi and Manuleleua Siavao were appointed, with Tupua becoming a Fautua.


1938 Western State Hilltoppers football team
The 1938 Western State Hilltoppers football team represented Western State Normal School (later renamed Western Michigan University) as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their 10th season under head coach Mike Gary, the Broncos compiled a 4–3 record and outscored their opponents, 102 to 26. Center Walter Oberlin and halfback Dale Morris were the team captains.


1938 Wichita Shockers football team
The 1938 Wichita Shockers football team was an American football team that represented Wichita University (now known as Wichita State University) as a member of the Central Intercollegiate Conference (CIC) during the 1938 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Al Gebert, the team compiled a 7–2–1 record.


1938 Wightman Cup
The 1938 Wightman Cup was the 16th edition of the annual women's team tennis competition between the United States and Great Britain. It was held on 10 and 11 June at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London, United Kingdom.


1938 Willesden East by-election
The Willesden East by-election of 1938 was held on 28 July 1938. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Daniel Somerville. It was won by the Conservative candidate Samuel Hammersley.


1938 William & Mary Indians football team
The 1938 William & Mary Indians football team represented The College of William & Mary during the 1938 college football season.


1938 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team
The 1938 William & Mary Norfolk Division Braves football team represented the Norfolk Division of the College of William and Mary, now referred to as Old Dominion University, during the 1936 college football season. They finished with a 3–5–1 record.


1938 Wimbledon Championships
The 1938 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom. The tournament was held from Monday 20 June until Saturday 2 July 1938. It was the 58th staging of the Wimbledon Championships, and the third Grand Slam tennis event of 1938. Don Budge and Helen Moody won the singles title.


1938 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Don Budge /  Gene Mako defeated  Henner Henkel /  Georg von Metaxa, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 8–6


1938 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Sarah Fabyan /  Alice Marble defeated  Simonne Mathieu /  Billie Yorke, 6–2, 6–3


1938 Wimbledon Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Don Budge /  Alice Marble defeated  Henner Henkel /  Sarah Fabyan, 6–1, 6–4


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles
Don Budge and Gene Mako successfully defended their title, defeating Henner Henkel and Georg von Metaxa in the final, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 8–6 to win the Gentlemen' Doubles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championship.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles
Don Budge successfully defended his title, defeating Bunny Austin in the final, 6–1, 6–0, 6–3 to win the Gentlemen's Singles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships. This marked the last appearance in a men's singles final by a British player until Andy Murray's appearance in the 2012 final.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles
Don Budge and Alice Marble successfully defended their title, defeating Henner Henkel and Sarah Fabyan in the final, 6–1, 6–4 to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles
Sarah Fabyan and Alice Marble defeated the defending champions Simonne Mathieu and Billie Yorke in the final, 6–2, 6–3 to win the Ladies' Doubles tennis title at the 1936 Wimbledon Championships.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Doubles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles
Helen Moody defeated Helen Jacobs in the final, 6–4, 6–0 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships. This was Moody's 19th and last grand slam title, which would remain an all-time record until Margaret Court won her 20th major at the 1970 US Open. Dorothy Round was the defending champion, but did not compete.


1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section.


1938 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The 1938 Wisconsin Badgers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Wisconsin in the 1938 Big Ten Conference football season. The team compiled a 5–3 record (3–2 against conference opponents) and finished in fifth place in the Big Ten Conference. Harry Stuhldreher was in his third year as Wisconsin's head coach.


1938 Wisconsin Badgers football team
Fullback Howard Weiss was selected by the International News Service as a first-team player on the 1938 College Football All-America Team. He also won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the most valuable player in the Big Ten. He also finished sixth in the voting for the Heisman Trophy and was also selected as Wisconsin's most valuable player. Ralph Moeller was the team captain. Howard Weiss and center Jack Murray were selected by the Associated Press and United Press as first-team players on the 1938 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1938 Wisconsin Badgers football team
The team played its home games at Camp Randall Stadium, which had a capacity of 36,000. During the 1938 season, the average attendance at home games was 31,731.


1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938.


1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
Incumbent Progressive Governor Philip La Follette was defeated by Republican nominee Julius P. Heil.


1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Primary elections, Democratic primary, Results
Henry, former Democratic State Treasurer, stood for both the Democratic and Republican nominations as part of a coalition movement designed to defeat Philip La Follette and the Progressive Party. If he had won both nominations, he intended to decline the nomination of the party in whose primary he received fewest votes.


1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Primary elections, Democratic primary, Results
Henry won the Democratic nomination but lost the Republican nomination to Julius P. Heil. On October 1, 1938, Henry withdrew from the election in favour of Heil. On October 7, 1938, the Democratic state central committee met and nominated State Senator Harry W. Bolens to replace Henry on the Democratic ticket.


1938 Wisła Kraków season
The 1938 season was Wisła Kraków's 30th year as a club.


1938 Wollondilly state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wollondilly on 12 November 1938 because of the death of  Mark Morton (United Australia).


1938 Women's British Open Squash Championship
The 1938 Ladies Open Championships was held at the Queen's Club, West Kensington in London from 2–7 February 1938. Margot Lumb won her fourth consecutive title defeating Mrs Sheila McKechnie in a repeat of the 1937 final. This fourth win set a new record surpassing the three wins of Joyce Cave, Nancy Cave, Cecily Fenwick and Susan Noel.


1938 Women's Western Open
The 1938 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Broadmoor Golf Club, the 9th edition of the event. Bea Barrett won the championship in match play competition by defeating Helen Hofmann in the final match, 6 and 4.


1938 World Archery Championships
The 1938 World Archery Championships was the 8th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in London, Great Britain in August 1938 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).


1938 World Archery Championships
In the women's competition, Nora Weston-Martyr and Louise Nettleton finished with equal scores and are considered co-champions by FITA.


1938 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 11th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia in the year 1938.


1938 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Men, All-around
A total of 60 competitors were individually ranked in the all-around competition.


1938 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Women, All-around
A total of 32 woman gymnasts were individually ranked for the all-around competition. With the context of both the previous World Championships which were the first with a women's segment to the competition as well as the interceding Olympic Games, the outcome and composition of the women's all-around podium at these championships was significant. Reportedly, cheating occurred at the first 1934 women's installment of these games which, when undone, allowed the Czechoslovakian team and their foremost star Vlasta Děkanová to be the first-place finishers, as a team and individual, respectively.


1938 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Women, All-around
Going into the 1936 Olympics, the Czechoslovakians and Děkanová were the favorites, but had to take 2nd place behind the home-ground advantaged German team (who did not compete at the 1934 Worlds), and the top three scoring individuals were all German. These 1938 Worlds were hosted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, and this time all three spots on the all-around podium were occupied by individuals from the Czechoslovakian team. Děkanová (a Bohemian) successfully defended her first place finish from the previous worlds, Zdeňka Veřmiřovská (a Moravian) won silver, and Matylda Pálfyová (a Slovakian) won bronze. The three regions from which each hailed within the former Czechoslovakia were the 3 largest and most significant regions of that nation, so the fullest representation possible of geographical diversity within that country was made manifest on this all-around podium.


1938 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Women, Parallel bars
(During these much earlier times, women sometimes still performed on the Parallel Bars, which has for nearly a century been exclusive to men in competition, rather than the Uneven Bars), which has for nearly a century been exclusive to women in competition.


1938 World Fencing Championships
The 1938 World Fencing Championships were held in Piešťany, Czechoslovakia.


1938 World Figure Skating Championships
The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion.


1938 World Figure Skating Championships
Men's competitions took place on February 18 to 19 in Berlin, Germany and ladies' competitions took place on February 4 to 5 in Stockholm, Sweden. Pairs' competition took place on February 18 in Berlin, Germany.


1938 World Men's Handball Championship
The 1938 World Men's Handball Championship was the first ever team handball World Championship. It was played in Germany on 5 and 6 February 1938. Contested by just 4 national teams, the tournament was won by hosts Germany.


1938 World Series
The 1938 World Series matched the two-time defending champion New York Yankees against the Chicago Cubs, with the Yankees sweeping the Series in four games for their seventh championship overall and record third straight (they would win four in a row from 1936 to 1939, and five in a row later from 1949 to 1953).


1938 World Series
Dizzy Dean, who had helped carry the Cubs to the National League pennant despite a sore arm, ran out of gas in the Series as the Yanks crushed the Cubs again, as they had in 1932. Yankee starting pitcher Red Ruffing won two games, although he allowed 17 hits in 18 innings pitched. After Game 2 of the Series, the Bronx Bombers would not return to Wrigley Field for nearly 65 years until a three-game interleague series with the Cubs beginning June 6, 2003.


1938 World Series
This was the first World Series played at Wrigley Field following the bleacher reconstruction of 1937, which had significantly shortened the left-center field power alley.


1938 World Series, Summary
AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Chicago Cubs (0)


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
Game 1 of the Series matched the Yankees' Red Ruffing, who had won 21 games during the season, against the Cubs' 22-game winner Bill Lee. In the top of the second inning, Lou Gehrig walked and moved to third on a single by Bill Dickey. George Selkirk then reached on an error by Cub second baseman Billy Herman scoring Gehrig, and Joe Gordon drove Dickey in with a single for a 2–0 Bomber lead.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 1
In the bottom of the third, the Cubs cut the lead in half when Ripper Collins singled to lead off and moved to second on a groundout by Lee. Stan Hack's single to right scored Collins, Hack taking second on the throw home. But when he attempted to score on an infield single by Herman, he was gunned down at home. The top of the sixth saw New York extend its lead to 3–1 when Tommy Henrich belted a double to right and scored on a Dickey single. The Cubs could muster nothing further off Ruffing, who scattered nine hits over the course of the game, and the Yankees held on for the win and a 1–0 lead in the Series.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Game 2 pitted the Yankees' Lefty Gomez against former St. Louis Cardinals ace Dizzy Dean, who had been traded to Chicago in April and won seven of his eight regular-season wins for his new team on finesse after having lost his fastball by changing his pitching motion to avoid putting weight on the toe he had fractured during the 1937 All-Star Game (on a low line drive back to the mound by Earl Averill). Game 2 of the 1938 Series thus became known as "Ol' Diz's Last Stand".


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
The Cubs gave Dean a 1–0 lead in the bottom of the first inning when Hack singled, advanced to third on a single by Frank Demaree and scored on Joe Marty's fly ball. But the Bronx Bombers took the lead in the next half-inning when a Gordon double scored both Joe DiMaggio and Gehrig. In the bottom of the third, the Cubs went back out in front by a run when Hack and Herman hit back-to-back singles, were sacrificed to third and second by Demaree, and scored on Marty's double.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 2
Dean pitched effectively for the next four innings, giving up only a single to Gehrig in the fourth. But in the top of the eighth, the Yankees stormed back on a two-run homer by Frankie Crosetti that scored pinch-hitter Myril Hoag for a 4–3 Bomber lead, and DiMaggio added a two-run dinger of his own in the top of the ninth that scored Henrich. Johnny Murphy, in relief of Gomez, held Chicago at bay for the final two innings for a 6–3 Yankee win as the Series moved east to New York with a 2–0 Series advantage for the Yankees.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
For Game 3 at Yankee Stadium, the Cubs threw Clay Bryant against the Bombers' Monte Pearson. Both pitchers matched zeroes for the first four innings. In the top of the fifth, the Cubs drew first blood when Hack doubled, moved to third on Gordon's error on Phil Cavarretta and scored on Marty's forceout of Cavarretta at second. In the bottom half of the inning, however, Gordon atoned for his mistake by walloping a solo home run off Bryant to tie the game. Pearson followed with a single to right, advanced to second on a Crosetti walk and scored on a Red Rolfe single to give the Yankees a 2–1 lead.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 3
In the bottom of the sixth, New York tacked on two more runs with a two-run single by Gordon. In the top of the eighth, the Cubs cut the lead in half when Marty hit a home run to notch his fifth RBI of the Series, but Dickey answered for the Yankees with a shot of his own in the bottom half. The Bombers held on for a 5–2 win and a 3–0 Series stranglehold.


1938 World Series, Matchups, Game 4
Game 4 was a rematch of the Game 1 starters, Ruffing vs. Lee. Like the closely contested series opener, it stayed close until New York pulled away with four runs in the bottom of the eighth.