1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
They released 25,000 pigeons, the sky was clouded with pigeons, the pigeons circled overhead, and then they shot a cannon, and they scared the poop out of the pigeons, and we had straw hats, flat straw hats, and you could heard the pitter-patter on our straw hats, but we felt sorry for the women, for they got it in their hair, but I mean there were a mass of droppings, and I say it was so funny...


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Events
129 events in 25 disciplines, comprising 19 sports, were part of the Olympic program in 1936. The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Events
Basketball, canoeing, and handball made their debut at the Olympics. Handball did not appear again on the program until the next German summer Olympic games in Munich in 1972. Demonstration sports were Art, Baseball, Gliding, and Wushu. A team from India gave demonstrations of Kabaddi, Mallakhamb and other traditional Indian sports but were not part of India's official Olympic contingent.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Medal count
The ten nations that won most medals at the 1936 Games.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
Germany had a successful year in the equestrian events, winning individual and team gold in all three disciplines, as well as individual silver in dressage. In the cycling match sprint finals, the German Toni Merkens fouled Arie van Vliet of the Netherlands. Instead of being disqualified, he was fined 100 ℛℳ and kept his gold. German gymnasts Konrad Frey and Alfred Schwarzmann both won three gold medals.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
American Jesse Owens won four gold medals in the sprint and long jump events. His German competitor Luz Long offered Owens advice after he almost failed to qualify in the long jump and was posthumously awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship. Mack Robinson, brother of Jackie Robinson, won the 200-meter sprint silver medal behind Owens by 0.4 seconds. Although he did not win a medal, future American war hero Louis Zamperini, lagging behind in the 5,000-meter final, made up ground by clocking a 56-second final lap.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
In one of the most dramatic 800-meter races in history, American John Woodruff won gold after slowing to jogging speed in the middle of the final in order to free himself from being boxed in. Glenn Edgar Morris, a farm boy from Colorado, won gold in the decathlon. British Rower Jack Beresford won his fifth Olympic medal in the sport, and his third gold medal. The U.S. eight-man rowing team from the University of Washington won the gold medal, coming from behind to defeat the Germans and Italians with Hitler in attendance. 13-year-old American sensation Marjorie Gestring won the women's 3 meter diving event.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
Jack Lovelock of New Zealand won the 1500 m gold medal, coming through a strong field to win in world record time of 3:47.8.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
In the marathon, the ethnic Koreans Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong won one gold and one bronze medal; as Korea was annexed by Japan at the time, they were running for Japan.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
India won the gold medal in the field hockey event once again (they won the gold in all Olympics from 1928 to 1956), defeating Germany 8–1 in the final. However, Indians were officially considered Indo-Aryans by the Germans so there was no controversy regarding the victory. Rie Mastenbroek of the Netherlands won three gold medals and a silver in swimming. Estonia's Kristjan Palusalu won gold medals in both Men's heavyweight Wrestling styles, marking the last time Estonia competed as an independent nation in the Olympics until 1992.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
After winning the middleweight class, the Egyptian weightlifter Khadr El Touni continued to compete for another 45 minutes, finally exceeding the total of the German silver medalist by 35 kg. The 20-year-old El Touni lifted a total of 387.5 kg, crushing two German world champions and breaking the then-Olympic and world records, while the German lifted 352.5 kg. Furthermore, El Touni had lifted 15 kg more than the light-heavyweight gold medalist, a feat only El Touni has accomplished. El Touni's new world records stood for 13 years.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
Fascinated by El Touni's performance, Adolf Hitler rushed down to greet this human miracle. Prior to the competition, Hitler was said to have been sure that Rudolf Ismayr and Adolf Wagner would embarrass all other opponents. Hitler was so impressed by El Touni's domination in the middleweight class that he ordered a street named after him in Berlin's Olympic village. The Egyptian held the No. 1 position on the IWF list of history's 50 greatest weightlifters for 60 years, until the 1996 Games in Atlanta where Turkey's Naim Süleymanoğlu surpassed him to top the list.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
Italy's football team continued their dominance under head coach Vittorio Pozzo, winning the gold medal in these Olympics between their two consecutive World Cup victories (1934 and 1938). Much like the successes of German athletes, this triumph was claimed by supporters of Benito Mussolini's regime as a vindication of the superiority of the fascist system. Austria won the silver; a controversial win after Hitler called for a rematch of the quarterfinals match to discount Peru's 4–2 win over Austria. The Peruvian national Olympic team refused to play the match again and withdrew from the games.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
In the quarter-finals of the football tournament, Peru beat Austria 4–2 in extra-time. Peru rallied from a two-goal deficit in the final 15 minutes of normal time. During extra-time, Peruvian fans allegedly ran onto the field and attacked an Austrian player. In the chaos, Peru scored twice and won, 4–2. However, Austria protested and the International Olympic Committee ordered a replay without any spectators. The Peruvian government refused and their entire Olympic squad left in protest as did Colombia.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
A remarkable story from the track and field competition was the gold medal won by the US women's 4 × 100 m relay team. The German team were the heavy favourites, but dropped the baton at one hand-off. Of notable interest on the US team was Betty Robinson. She was the first woman ever awarded an Olympic gold medal for track and field, winning the women's 100 m event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1931, Robinson was involved in a plane crash, and was severely injured.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Notable achievements
Her body was discovered in the wreckage and it was wrongly thought that she was dead. She was placed in the trunk of a car and taken to an undertaker, where it was discovered that she was not dead, but in a coma. She awoke from the coma seven months later, although it was another six months before she could get out of a wheelchair, and two years before she could walk normally again. Due to the length of her recovery, she had to miss participating in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, in her home country.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Participating nations
A total of 49 nations attended the Berlin Olympics, up from 37 in 1932. Five nations made their first official Olympic appearance at these Games: Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bolivia, Costa Rica and Liechtenstein.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies
Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler saw the Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy. The official Nazi party paper, the Völkischer Beobachter, wrote in the strongest terms that Jewish people and Black people should not be allowed to participate in the Games.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies
However, when threatened with a boycott of the Games by other nations, he relented and allowed Black people and Jewish people to participate, and added one token participant to the German team—a German woman, Helene Mayer, At the same time, the party removed signs stating "Jews not wanted" and similar slogans from the city's main tourist attractions. In an attempt to "clean up" the host city, the German Ministry of the Interior authorized the chief of police to arrest all Romani and keep them in a "special camp", the Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage became a main supporter of the Games being held in Germany, arguing that "politics has no place in sport", despite having initial doubts.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
French Olympians gave a Roman salute at the opening ceremony: known as the salut de Joinville per the battalion Bataillon de Joinville, the Olympic salute was part of the Olympic traditions since the 1924 games. However, due to the different context this action was mistaken by the crowd for a support to fascism (the Olympic salute was discarded after 1946).


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
Although Haiti attended only the opening ceremony, an interesting vexillological fact was noticed: its flag and the flag of Liechtenstein were coincidentally identical, and this was not discovered until then. The following year, a crown was added to Liechtenstein's to distinguish one flag from the other.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller were originally slated to compete in the American 4x100 relay team but were replaced by Jesse Owens and Ralph Metcalfe prior to the start of the race. There were speculations that their Jewish heritage contributed to the decision "not to embarrass the German hosts"; however, given that African-Americans were also heavily disliked by the Nazis, Glickman and Stoller's replacement with black American athletes Owens and Metcalfe does not support this theory. Others just say that Owens and Metcalfe were in a better physical condition, and that was the main reason behind the replacement.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
In 1937, Hollywood released the film Charlie Chan at the Olympics. The plot concerned members of the Berlin police force helping the Chinese detective apprehend a group of spies (of unnamed nationality) trying to steal a new aerial guidance system. Despite pertaining to the Berlin Olympics, actual Games' footage used by the filmmakers was edited to remove any Nazi symbols.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Political aspects
After the Olympics, Jewish participation in German sports was further limited, and persecution of Jews started to become ever more lethal. The Olympic Games had provided a nine-month period of relative calmness.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Antisemitism
The German Olympic committee, in accordance with Nazi directives, virtually barred Germans who were Jewish or Roma or had such an ancestry from participating in the Games (Helene Mayer, who had one Jewish parent, was the only German Jew to compete at the Berlin Games). This decision meant exclusion for many of the country's top athletes such as shotputter and discus thrower Lilli Henoch, who was a four-time world record holder and 10-time German national champion, and Gretel Bergmann who was suspended from the German team just days after she set a record of 1.60 meters in the high jump.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Antisemitism
Individual Jewish athletes from a number of countries chose to boycott the Berlin Olympics, including South African Sid Kiel, and Americans Milton Green and Norman Cahners. In the United States, the American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Labor Committee supported a boycott.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate
Prior to and during the Games, there was considerable debate outside Germany over whether the competition should be allowed or discontinued. Berlin had been selected by the IOC as the host city in 1931 during the Weimar Republic, but after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, observers in many countries began to question the morality of going ahead with an Olympic Games hosted by the Nazi regime. A number of brief campaigns to boycott or relocate the Games emerged in the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, and the United States. Exiled German political opponents of Hitler's regime also campaigned against the Berlin Olympics through pro-Communist newspapers such as the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate
The protests were ultimately unsuccessful; forty-nine teams from around the world participated in the 1936 Games, the largest number of participating nations of any Olympics to that point.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, France
Fencer Albert Wolff qualified for the French Olympic Team but boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics, withdrawing from France's national team on principle because he was Jewish. He said: "I cannot participate in anything sponsored by Adolf Hitler, even for France."


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, Spain
The Spanish government led by the newly elected left-wing Popular Front boycotted the Games and organized the People's Olympiad as a parallel event in Barcelona. Some 6,000 athletes from 49 countries registered. However, the People's Olympiad was aborted because of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War just one day before the event was due to start.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, Soviet Union
The Soviet Union had not participated in international sporting events since the 1920 Olympics. The Soviet government was not invited to the 1920 Games, with the Russian Civil War still raging, and they did not participate in the 1924 Olympics and forward on ideological grounds. Instead, through the auspices of the Red Sport International, it had participated in a left-wing workers' alternative, the Spartakiad, since 1928. The USSR had intended to attend the People's Olympiad in Barcelona until it was cancelled; the Soviets did attend the Spartakiad-sponsored 1937 Workers' Summer Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium. The Soviet Union started competing in the Olympics in 1952, when Soviet leaders realized that they could use the event to fulfil their political and ideological agenda.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, Turkey
Halet Çambel and Suat Fetgeri Așani, the first Turkish and Muslim women athletes to participate in the Olympics (fencing), refused an offer by their guide to be formally introduced to Adolf Hitler, saying they would not shake hands with him due to his approach to Jews, as stated by Ms. Çambel in a Milliyet newspaper interview in 2000.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Traditionally, the United States sent one of the largest teams to the Olympics, and there was a considerable debate over whether the nation should participate in the 1936 Games.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Those involved in the debate on whether to boycott the Olympics included Ernest Lee Jahncke, Judge Jeremiah T. Mahoney, and future IOC President Avery Brundage. Some within the United States considered requesting a boycott of the Games, as to participate in the festivity might be considered a sign of support for the Nazi regime and its antisemitic policies. However, others such as Brundage (see below) argued that the Olympic Games should not reflect political views, but rather should be strictly a contest of the greatest athletes.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Brundage, then of the United States Olympic Committee, opposed the boycott, stating that Jewish athletes were being treated fairly and that the Games should continue. Brundage asserted that politics played no role in sports, and that they should never be entwined. Brundage also believed that there was a "Jewish-Communist conspiracy" that existed to keep the United States from competing in the Olympic Games. Somewhat ironically, Brundage would be later accused of being a Soviet dupe for his controversial stance on the Soviet sports system that allowed them to circumvent the amateur rules. On the subject of Jewish discrimination, he stated, "The very foundation of the modern Olympic revival will be undermined if individual countries are allowed to restrict participation by reason of class, creed, or race."


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
During a fact-finding trip that Brundage went on to Germany in 1934 to ascertain whether German Jews were being treated fairly, Brundage found no discrimination when he interviewed Jews and his Nazi handlers translated for him, and Brundage commiserated with his hosts that he belonged to a sports club in Chicago that did not allow Jews entry, either.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Unlike Brundage, Mahoney supported a boycott of the Games. Mahoney, the president of the Amateur Athletic Union, led newspaper editors and anti-Nazi groups to protest against American participation in the Berlin Olympics. He contested that racial discrimination was a violation of Olympic rules and that participation in the Games was tantamount to support for the Third Reich.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Most African-American newspapers supported participation in the Olympics. The Philadelphia Tribune and the Chicago Defender both agreed that black victories would undermine Nazi views of Aryan supremacy and spark renewed African-American pride. American Jewish organizations, meanwhile, largely opposed the Olympics. The American Jewish Congress and the Jewish Labor Committee staged rallies and supported the boycott of German goods to show their disdain for American participation. The JLC organized the World Labor Athletic Carnival, held on 15 and 16 August at New York's Randall's Island, to protest the holding of the 1936 Olympics in Nazi Germany.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
Eventually, Brundage won the debate, convincing the Amateur Athletic Union to close a vote in favor of sending an American team to the Berlin Olympics. Mahoney's efforts to incite a boycott of the Olympic games in the United States failed.


1936 Summer Olympics, Controversies, Boycott debate, United States
US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his administration did not become involved in the debate due to a tradition of allowing the US Olympic Committee to operate independently of government influence. However, several American diplomats including William E. Dodd, the American ambassador to Berlin, and George Messersmith, head of the US legation in Vienna, deplored the US Olympic Committee's decision to participate in the games.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table
The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Berlin, Germany, from 1 August to 16 August.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table
Berlin had previously been chosen to host the 1916 Summer Olympics, which were subsequently cancelled due to the First World War. The 1936 Games had 3,963 athletes from 49 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participating in a total of 129 events in 19 sports. This was the highest number of nations represented at any Games to date. Athletes from 32 NOCs won medals, of which 21 secured at least one gold medal. As a result, 17 NOCs were left without any medal. The host NOC, Germany, received a total of 89 medals, a record for a united German team, although East Germany broke that record in 1976, 1980 and 1988.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table
A boycott by the United States was suggested due to Germany's National Socialist regime, but it was not implemented. The other NOCs which threatened to boycott the Games for the same reason were the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands. An alternative People's Olympiad was planned to take place in Barcelona, Spain, but was cancelled at the last moment following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War after the athletes had already begun to arrive. The civil war also meant that Spain's NOC did not compete at the 1936 Games.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table
While no NOCs ended up boycotting the Games on anti-Nazi grounds, a multinational Jewish-led boycott of the Games took place, with individual athletes refusing to take part. Also, the IAAFs' refusal to allow athletes from Northern Ireland to compete for the Irish Olympic Council in athletics events led the Irish Free State to boycott.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table
Marjorie Gestring became the youngest Olympic champion ever at the age of 13, winning a gold medal in the women's 3 meter springboard. As Korea was under Japanese rule, Korean athletes who hoped to compete in the Games were required to qualify for the Japanese team. Sohn Kee-chung, competing as Kitei Son, won gold in the marathon, which made him Japan's first gold medalist at these Games and the first Korean ever to win a medal. His fellow countryman Nam Sung-yong won the bronze medal in the same event.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a National Olympic Committee have won (a nation is represented at a Games by the associated National Olympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If NOCs are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code.


1936 Summer Olympics medal table, Medal table
A dead heat in the lightweight section of the weightlifting competition resulted in gold medals being awarded to both Austria's Robert Fein and Egypt's Anwar Mesbah, and resulted in a silver medal not being awarded for that event. A dead heat for third place in the floor competition of the gymnastic events resulted in bronze medals going to both Germany's Konrad Frey and Eugen Mack of Switzerland. This resulted in 130 gold and bronze medals being awarded, but only 128 silver medals.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay
The 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay was the first of its kind, following on from the reintroduction of the Olympic Flame at the 1928 Games. It pioneered the modern convention of moving the flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue. Leni Riefenstahl filmed the relay for the award-winning but controversial 1938 film Olympia.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Organization
The Olympic flame was introduced to the modern Games in 1928 when it burnt atop a pillar above the stadium in Amsterdam. Four years later the same was repeated in Los Angeles. At both of these events the flame was lit on site at the stadium.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Organization
Carl Diem used the idea of the torch relay devised for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin by a Jewish archaeologist and sports official, Alfred Schiff . The Berlin Olympic Games were organized by the Nazi Party under the guidance of Joseph Goebbels. The process was ratified by the International Olympic Committee and has been repeated at all the Games that have followed.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Organization
Diem and the organizing team realized that there would need to be very detailed plans in order to successfully complete the relay to a standard that would satisfy both themselves and the ruling Third Reich. At the time they were unsure about exactly how they could use the sun's rays to start the fire as well as how to create a torch that would remain alight whatever the conditions. Research was therefore required into the specialist technologies that would be needed. The route itself would need development and the path down from Olympia was deemed too difficult to access. The organising committees therefore agreed that new roads would be built to ensure that the relay got off to the best possible start.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Political significance
Adolf Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Political significance
"The sportive, knightly battle awakens the best human characteristics. It doesn't separate, but unites the combatants in understanding and respect. It also helps to connect the countries in the spirit of peace. That's why the Olympic Flame should never die."


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Political significance
The event was designed to demonstrate the growing influence and power of the Third Reich. It was internationally viewed as a great success, sufficient for it to be replicated in all Games thereafter.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Political significance
Leni Riefenstahl, a film-maker admired by Hitler, filmed the relay for the 1938 release Olympia. While the film is often seen as a prime example of Nazi propaganda, it has also been hailed as one of the greatest films of all time and won many awards upon its release.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Torch
Sculptor Walter Lemcke designed the 27 cm wood and metal torches. German manufacturer Krupp produced 3,840 copies for the runners, over 500 more than would be needed. It was designed with two fuses to help it cope with different weather conditions and could stay alight for ten minutes, longer than each section of the route.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route
On 20 July 1936 the Olympic flame was lit in Greece by a concave mirror made by German company Zeiss. The Nazi Party wanted to demonstrate their organisational prowess and enhance their influence on various countries along the route of the relay. The torch travelled through south-eastern and central European countries to demonstrate and enhance their influence. The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries along the route all agreed to support the relay which would pass through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia and then Germany. These countries would fall under Nazi domination as the second World War began just over three years later. In Austria, a country that would be annexed into the Third Reich less than two years after the relay, the torch was met by major pro-Nazi public demonstrations.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Relay elements, Route
In all the torch was transported over 3,187 kilometres by 3,331 runners in twelve days and eleven nights from Greece to Berlin. Much of the route was split into kilometre-long sections and it was anticipated that each runner would traverse that distance in five minutes, though some leeway was given to allow for difficult terrain and sparsely populated areas. The names of most of the torch bearers, all of whom were male, were not recorded.


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Route in Germany
July 31 (day 1): PirnaJuly 31 (day 1): DresdenJuly 31 (day 1): MeissenJuly 31 (day 1): Großenhain


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Route in Germany
July 31 (day 1): ElsterwerdaJuly 31 (day 1): LiebenwerdaJuly 31 (day 1): HerzbergJuly 31 (day 1): JüterbogJuly 31 (day 1): LuckenwaldeJuly 31 (day 1): Trebbin


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Route in Germany
August 1 (day 2): BerlinAugust 1 (day 2): LustgartenAugust 1 (day 2): Olympic Stadium


1936 Summer Olympics torch relay, Runners per country, Lighting of the cauldron
Two urns in the centre of Berlin, within two long rows of large swastika flags, were lit by 400m-runner Siegfried Eifrig on 1 August 1936. The urns burnt for the duration of the Games and served as the starting point for the final relay runner. Fritz Schilgen, a three time 1500m champion, was suggested by former German athletics president Karl Ritter von Halt as the final runner. Schilgen, viewed as a "symbol of German sporting youth", was accepted by the three advisory boards. One of these, the aesthetics commission, included film-maker Riefenstahl on the panel.


1936 Sun Bowl
The 1936 Sun Bowl was the second edition of the game, and the first Sun Bowl held between college teams, the idea devised by Dr. Charles M. Hendricks. The festivities included a parade and a Sun Court.


1936 Sun Bowl, Background
The Cowboys finished second in the Border Conference to Arizona, who gave the Aggies (then known as New Mexico A&M) their only loss of the season.


1936 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Despite four touchdowns combined in the game, play was marred by 15 turnovers that had 10 fumbles and five interceptions. An NCAA record was set for most punts combined, with 29. It was a physical game that was only 7–7 at halftime. After Ed Cherry gave the Cowboys the lead again on a touchdown run, the Aggies went to work again. Despite four interceptions on the day, Lem Pratt managed to throw a pass to Hooky Apodaca that he lateraled to Lauro Apodaca, who ran 35 yards to score the tying touchdown. The game had no more points from that point on despite desperate efforts on both sides, clinching the first tie game in Sun Bowl history.


1936 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
The Cowboys would make four more appearances, the last in 1958. The Aggies would make two more appearances, the last in 1960. There would not be a tie Sun Bowl game again until the 1940 Sun Bowl.


1936 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2
These are statistics for the first season of the Suomensarja held in 1936.


1936 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, Overview
The 1936 Suomensarja  was contested by 13 teams divided into 2 regional sections. The 2 top teams from each section then participated in a promotion play-off group with VIFK Vaasa and UL Turku eventually gaining promotion with the former finishing as champions.


1936 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1936 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 15th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. Hammarby IF won the championship.


1936 Swedish general election
General elections were held in Sweden on 20 September 1936. The Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 112 of the 230 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag.


1936 Swiss Grand Prix
The 1936 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 23 August 1936.


1936 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1936 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1936 college football season. The Orangemen were led by seventh-year head coach Vic Hanson and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. After losing the final seven games of the season, Vic Hanson resigned as head coach.


1936 Syrian general strike
The 1936 Syrian general strike (Arabic: الإضراب الستيني) was a 50-day strike that was organized as a response to the policies of the French occupation of Syria and Lebanon. The strike action paralyzed the country for two months and forced France to negotiate the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence with the National Bloc.


1936 Syrian general strike, Overview
On 11 January 1936, the National Bloc held a commemoration for one of its leaders, Ibrahim Hananu, who had died in November 1935. The meeting featured several speeches that lamented and attacked the French occupation. Soon thereafter the French mandate authorities closed the office of the National Bloc in Damascus, and arrested two prominent nationalist leaders from the party, Fakhri al-Baroudi and Sayf al-Din al-Ma'mun. In response, the Bloc called for strike action against the French occupation policies. The strike, which started on 20 January with work stoppages and student protests in Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, soon spread to all major towns.


1936 Syrian general strike, Overview
Leaders from the National Bloc, including Nasib al-Bakri, Jamil Mardam Bey, Lutfi al-Haffar and Faris al-Khoury actively participated and organized demonstrations against the French occupation and the French-appointed president, Taj al-Din al-Hasani, and demanded the reinstatement of the 1930 constitution that was suspended in 1933. The League of National Action supported the strike and participated in organizing marches and protests in Damascus. The civil disobedience action paralyzed the economy and quickly brought the country to the "verge of a complete shutdown."


1936 Syrian general strike, French response
The French High Commissioner, Damien de Martel, was urgently recalled from Beirut to Damascus to handle the situation, and General Charles Huntziger, commander of the Army of the Levant was tasked with restoring calm. Several Bloc leaders including Nasib al-Bakri and Mardam Bey were exiled, and more than 3,000 people were arrested.


1936 Syrian general strike, French response
In an effort to disperse the demonstrations, French troops opened fire on the protesting crowds, leaving dozens dead. However, the measures failed to quell the uprising which garnered support from other Arab countries as people protested on the streets of Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine and Jordan in solidarity with the Syrian people. The French government also came under severe pressure inside France from the leftist media and the emerging Popular Front which called for a complete re-haul of its policy in Syria and Lebanon.


1936 Syrian general strike, Resolution
On 2 March the French authorities relented and agreed to start negotiations with the National Bloc. They also granted a general amnesty for those arrested or exiled during the crisis. The Bloc called off the strike on 6 March after the release of its arrested leaders. Later that year, a delegation from the National Bloc travelled to Paris and signed the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence.


1936 São Paulo FC season
The 1936 football season was São Paulo's 7th season since club's existence.


1936 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1936 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1936 college football season. The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his third year as coach, finishing the season 9–2–2 (4–1–1 SWC). Led by senior quarterback Sammy Baugh, the offense scored 160 points, while the defense allowed 58 points. The Frogs defeated Marquette in the inaugural Cotton Bowl Classic, played  in Dallas.


1936 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The final AP poll was released in late November and TCU was sixteenth; they then defeated #6 Santa Clara on December 12, and #20 Marquette on New Year's Day. Baugh was a first round selection in the 1937 NFL Draft, taken sixth overall by the Boston Redskins, who moved south to Washington, D.C. prior to the 1937 season.


1936 Taiwanese prefectural elections
The prefectural assembly elections (Japanese: 州會議員選舉) were held on 12 November 1936 in Taiwan under Japanese rule. According to the Japanese law, half members of prefectural assembly shall be elected by the members of local assembly and the other half be appointed by the Governor-General (總督). In this time, 76 seats from five prefectural assemblies were open for election. Voting was done by Electoral colleges form by the 3,600 members of local assemblies. Half of them (1,800) were directly elected in the previous year, the other half were appointed by the prefectural governor (州知事). In this election, the first division of electoral districts were implemented in Taiwan.


1936 Temple Owls football team
The 1936 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1936 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Pop Warner, the team compiled a 6–3–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 117 to 66. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1936 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1936 Tennessee Volunteers (variously Tennessee, UT, or the Vols) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1936 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland, in his tenth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of six wins, two losses and two ties (6–2–2 overall, 3–1–2 in the SEC).


1936 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1936 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1936. Democratic nominee Gordon Browning defeated Republican nominee Pat H. Thach with 80.38% of the vote.


1936 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1936 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1936 college football season.


1936 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1936 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1936 college football season.


1936 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1936 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as University of Texas at El Paso) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1936 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Mack Saxon, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record (2–1–1 against Border Conference opponents), finished second in the conference, lost to Hardin–Simmons in the first Sun Bowl game, and outscored all opponents by a total of 92 to 86.


1936 Texas Tech Matadors football team
The 1936 Texas Tech Matadors football team represented Texas Tech during the 1936 college football season.


1936 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1936 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1936 college football season. Tatum Gressette served as head coach for the fifth season. The Bulldogs played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium. The 1936 season marked the Bulldogs' first year as  members of the Southern Conference.


1936 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1936 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 46th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1936 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 2-01 to 0-03 defeat of Roscrea in the final. It was their 10th championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1936 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1936 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1936 college football season. In their first season under head coach Clarence Spears, the Rockets compiled a 2–6 record. While the university new football stadium was under construction, the team played its 1936 home games at Libbey High School.


1936 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1936 Toronto Argonauts season was the 50th season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in first place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union for the first time since 1922 with a 4–2 record and qualified for the playoffs, but lost the two-game total-points IRFU Final series to the Ottawa Rough Riders.


1936 Tour de France
The 1936 Tour de France was the 30th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 7 July to 2 August. It was composed of 21 stages with a total length of 4,442 km (2,760 mi). Because of health problems, Henri Desgrange stopped as Tour director, and was succeeded by Jacques Goddet.


1936 Tour de France
The race was won by Belgian cyclist Sylvère Maes. In the early stages, he battled with French Maurice Archambaud, until Archambaud lost many minutes on the eighth stage. Maes was then able to create a large margin with his new closest competitor Magne and teammate Vervaecke.


1936 Tour de France
The team classification was won by the Belgian team, and Spanish cyclist Julián Berrendero won the mountains classification. There was also a one-time classification, based on points, that was won by Sylvère Maes.


1936 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
For the first time, a stage was divided into three parts. The race director at the start of the race was still Henri Desgrange, who had been race director since the first Tour de France in 1903. Desgrange, who was already 71 years old, had had kidney surgery weeks before the start of the Tour, but was determined to follow the Tour, and rode in a car full of cushions. After the second stage, he stopped, and made Jacques Goddet director. The individuals category which had been used in 1935 was not used in 1936.


1936 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The introduction of the summer holiday in France in 1936 meant that the number of spectators on the roadside increased.


1936 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The bonification system was the same as in 1935. This meant that the winner of a stage received 90 seconds, and the second cyclist 45 seconds. In addition, the winner received a bonification equal to the margin between him and the second cyclist, with a maximum of 2 minutes. The last bonification system was also used for the first cyclist to reach a mountain top that counted for the mountains classification.


1936 Tour de France, Teams
The riders were divided into two categories: the national teams and the touriste-routiers. There were four big national teams with 10 cyclists each: the Belgian team, the German team, the Spanish/Luxembourgian team and the French team. There were also five small teams of 4 cyclists each: the Swiss team, the Dutch team, the Yugoslavian team, the Romanian team and the Austrian team. For the Dutch, Yugoslavian and Romanian teams, it was the first participation ever. The Italian team was absent for political reasons (the Second Italo-Abyssinian War). An Italian team consisting of Italians living in France had been allowed to the race and even had jersey numbers designated, but finally the Tour organisers changed their minds.


1936 Tour de France, Route and stages
Stages 13b, 14b, 18b, 19b and 20b were all run in the team-time-trial format. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,556 m (8,386 ft) at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 7.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
Swiss Paul Egli won the first stage, and thereby became the first Swiss cyclist to lead the general classification in the Tour de France. That first stage was run in terrible rain. In the second stage, the cyclists were split in two parts, and Egli was in the second part. Archambaud then took over the lead. Archambaud lost it to Luxembourgian Mersch in the next stage, but recaptured the lead when he won the fourth stage.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
The competition really started in the mountains of the seventh stage. Belgian Romain Maes, the winner of the 1935 Tour, was first over the first mountain, but then gave up, a victim of chronic bronchitis. On the next climb, Georges Speicher, winner of the 1930 Tour, gave up. Archambaud was still in the lead after that stage. The stage was won by Theo Middelkamp, who became the first Dutch cyclist to win a Tour stage. Before the 1936 Tour, Middelkamp had never seen a mountain in his life.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
In the eighth stage, Archambaud could not follow anymore, and Sylvère Maes took over the lead. In third place was Antonin Magne, who had a good chance to win the race. Magne attacked on the next stage, but could not drop Maes. Later, Magne had to let the leading group get away, and lost a minute to Maes.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
The stages between the Alps and the Pyrenees were partly run as team time trials. The Belgian team was superior here, and Magne lost more time. When it was time for the Pyrenees, he was eight minutes behind Maes.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
In stage 15, the podium did not change, so it had to happen in stage 16, the last mountain stage. Magne attacked, but was unable to win back time. Maes was better, and including time bonuses Maes won eighteen minutes on Magne in that stage.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
In that stage, Belgian Félicien Vervaecke had borrowed a bicycle with derailleur. It was allowed for touriste-routiers, but not for national team members, and he was fined with ten minutes penalty time in the general classification. Magne also got 10 minutes penalty time, for having received food when it was not allowed. Due to this penalty, Vervaecke lost his second place in the general classification, which Magne took over.


1936 Tour de France, Race overview
In the last part of the race, Maes extended his lead thanks to the team time trials, although the French team was finally also able to win one.


1936 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1936 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the mountain classification, 16 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point.


1936 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
There was also a points classification, for which the winner received 100.000 French Francs.


1936 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The team classification was calculated in 1936 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. The other teams that started the race, the German, Swiss, Yugoslavian, Romanian and Austrian teams, did not finish with the minimum three cyclists to be eligible for the team classification.


1936 Tour de France, Aftermath
The stage victory of the Dutch team convinced the Tour organisation to invite them in 1937 again.


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b
The 1936 Tour de France was the 30th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 7 July, and Stage 13b occurred on 22 July with an individual time trial to Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 2 August.


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 1
7 July 1936 - Paris to Lille, 258 km (160 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 2
8 July 1936 - Lille to Charleville, 192 km (119 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 3
9 July 1936 - Charleville to Metz, 161 km (100 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 4
10 July 1936 - Metz to Belfort, 220 km (140 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 5
11 July 1936 - Belfort to Evian, 298 km (185 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 6
13 July 1936 - Evian to Aix-les-Bains, 212 km (132 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 7
14 July 1936 - Aix-les-Bains to Grenoble, 230 km (140 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 8
15 July 1936 - Grenoble to Briançon, 194 km (121 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 9
16 July 1936 - Briançon to Digne, 220 km (140 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 10
18 July 1936 - Digne to Nice, 156 km (97 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 11
19 July 1936 - Nice to Cannes, 126 km (78 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 12
17 July 1936 - Cannes to Marseille, 195 km (121 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 13a
17 July 1936 - Marseille to Nîmes, 112 km (70 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 13b, Stage 13b
17 July 1936 - Nîmes to Montpellier, 52 km (32 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21
The 1936 Tour de France was the 30th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 7 July, and Stage 14a occurred on 23 July with a flat stage from Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 2 August.


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 14a
23 July 1936 - Montpellier to Narbonne, 103 km (64 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 14b
23 July 1936 - Narbonne to Perpignan, 63 km (39 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 15
25 July 1936 - Perpignan to Luchon, 325 km (202 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 16
27 July 1936 - Luchon to Pau, 194 km (121 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 17
29 July 1936 - Pau to Bordeaux, 229 km (142 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 18a
30 July 1936 - Bordeaux to Saintes, 117 km (73 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 18b
30 July 1936 - Saintes to La Rochelle, 75 km (47 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 19a
31 July 1936 - La Rochelle to La Roche sur Yon, 81 km (50 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 19b
31 July 1936 - La Roche sur Yon to Cholet, 65 km (40 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 19c
31 July 1936 - Cholet to Angers, 67 km (42 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 20a
1 August 1936 - Angers to Vire, 204 km (127 mi)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 20b
1 August 1936 - Vire to Caen, 55 km (34 mi) (ITT)


1936 Tour de France, Stage 14a to Stage 21, Stage 21
2 August 1936 - Caen to Paris, 234 km (145 mi)


1936 Tour de Suisse
The 1936 Tour de Suisse was the fourth edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 20 June to 27 June 1936. The race started and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Henri Garnier of the Belgian team.


1936 Tripoli Grand Prix
The 1936 Tripoli Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held on 10 May 1936. This race was part of the 1936 Grand Prix Season as a non-championship race. The race was won by Achille Varzi in an Auto Union Type C.


1936 Tschammerpokal
The 1936 Tschammerpokal was the 2nd season of the annual German football cup competition. A total of 5,291 teams competed in the qualifying tournament which was divided into four stages. The final stage ended with the final which was held on 3 January 1937 in the Olympiastadion in Berlin. VfB Leipzig defeated last year's runner up, Schalke 04, 2–1.


1936 Tschammerpokal Final
The 1936 Tschammerpokal Final decided the winner of the 1936 Tschammerpokal, the 2nd season of Germany's knockout football cup competition. It was played on 3 January 1937 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin. VfB Leipzig won the match 2–1 against Schalke 04 to claim their 1st cup title.


1936 Tschammerpokal Final, Route to the final
The Tschammerpokal began the final stage with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a replay would take place at the original away team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a second replay would take place at the original home team's stadium. If still level after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a drawing of lots would decide who would advance to the next round.


1936 Tschammerpokal Final, Route to the final
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).


1936 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1936 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1936 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Red Dawson, the Green Wave played their home games at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans. Tulane finished the season with an overall record of 6–3–1 and a mark of 2–3–1 in conference play, placing eighth in the SEC.


1936 Tulkarm shooting
The 1936 shooting of two Jews on the road between Anabta and Tulkarm took place in British Mandatory Palestine. Jews retaliated the next day against Arabs in Tel Aviv and killed two in Petah Tikvah.


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Incident
On the evening of 15 April 1936, a group of Arabs believed to be followers of Izz al-Din al-Qassam near Anabta constructed a roadblock on the road between Nablus and Tulkarm, stopping about 20 vehicles moving along that road, and demanding arms and cash from the drivers. The Arabs separated two Jewish drivers and one passenger (Israel Hazan) from the others and shot them. Two of the shooting victims died; one survived. The Arabs told their victims that they were gathering the money and munitions to carry on the work of the "Holy Martyrs" who had worked with Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (then recently killed) with the goal of killing "all Jews and Britons in Palestine."


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Incident
One of the other drivers in the convoy was left unharmed when he shouted "I am a Christian German," and was told to "Go ahead for Hitler's sake."


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Incident
One of the dead, Zvi Danenberg, was driving a truckload of crated chickens to Tel Aviv. Danenberg survived for 5 days before dying of his wounds. Yisrael Hazan, age 70, died immediately after being shot; he had recently immigrated to Palestine from Salonika. He is buried in the Trumpeldor Cemetery.


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Funeral and protests
Two Arab laborers were killed on the following night near Petah Tikva, one describing the attackers as Jews before he died.


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Funeral and protests
Hazan's 17 April funeral in Tel Aviv was the scene of demonstrations with thousands of protestors marching against the British administration in Palestine and against Arab attacks on Jews. "All the stores in the city were closed. The factories also stopped work during the funeral."


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Funeral and protests
According to a British report, on 17 April, cases of assault by Jews against Arabs "took place in Herzl Street, ha-Yarkon Street, Allenby Road near the General Post Office, outside the Cinema Moghraby and at the seashore bus terminus".


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Funeral and protests
The Anabta/Tulkarm shooting is widely seen as prelude to or as the beginning of the violence and killings of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, which began on The Bloody Day in Jaffa, 19 April 1936. Within days, memorial books were being sold with Hazan's photo on the cover, and a text describing him as "the first victim," and promising yizkor memorial prayers along with "pictures and facts" about Jews killed by Arabs during Nisan 5696 (roughly corresponding to April 1936).


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Consequences
In the aftermath of the incidents in April, the British government adopted a form of statutory military law consisting of reprisals and collective punishment, which often served to strike at the general population due to the fact that actual insurgents, who were supported by the civilian populace, were difficult to identify. Measures taken included the destruction of property during searches (which included houses and food stocks); an Arab insurgent noted that since the British military was largely unable to strike at them, it resorted to "revenge" and "collective punishment".


1936 Tulkarm shooting, Consequences
These tactics achieved some measure of success during the 1936–1939 revolt, although they never achieved the desired level of effectiveness. The British government heavily censored Arab-language newspapers in Palestine, which lead to such tactics to go unreported, although such censorship did not apply to Hebrew-language press in the Mandate, which managed to obtain a significant coverage of British military actions in the field.


1936 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1936 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1936 college football season. In their first year under head coach Vic Hurt, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 5–2–2 record and won the Missouri Valley Conference co-championship with a 3-0 record against conference opponents. The team defeated Oklahoma A&M (13-0) and Kansas State (10-7), tied Oklahoma (0-0) and Centenary (3-3), and lost to Texas Christian (7-10) and Arkansas (13-23).


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak
On April 5–6, 1936, an outbreak of at least 12 tornadoes struck the Southeastern United States. Approximately 454 people were killed by these tornadoes—419 by two tornadoes alone. This outbreak is the second deadliest ever recorded in US history. Although the outbreak was centered on Tupelo, Mississippi, and Gainesville, Georgia, where the fourth and fifth deadliest tornadoes in U.S. history respectively occurred, other destructive tornadoes associated with the outbreak struck Columbia, Tennessee; Anderson, South Carolina; and Acworth, Georgia.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak
This is the only continuous tornado outbreak in United States history to produce more than one tornado with triple digit death tolls. Severe flash floods from the associated storms produced millions of dollars in damage across the region.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tupelo, Mississippi
Around 8:30 p.m., April 5, 1936, the Tupelo tornado, the fourth-deadliest tornado in United States history, emerged from a complex of storm cells and touched down in a rural area approximately eight miles outside of the city. Making its way toward Tupelo, the massive tornado killed a family of 13 as their house was swept away, and injured many more before reaching Tupelo's west side. Retroactively rated F5 on the modern Fujita scale, it caused total destruction along its path through the Willis Heights neighborhood. Dozens of large and well built mansions were swept completely away in this area.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tupelo, Mississippi
Although missing the business district, the tornado moved through the residential areas of north Tupelo, destroying many homes, and killing whole families. The Gum Pond area of Tupelo was the worst hit. Homes along the pond were swept into the water with their victims. The majority of the bodies were found in Gum Pond, the area which is now Gumtree Park. Reportedly, many bodies were never recovered from the pond. Reports were that the winds were so strong, pine needles were embedded into trunks of trees.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tupelo, Mississippi
As the tornado exited the city's east side, the large concrete Battle of Tupelo monument was toppled to the ground and destroyed. Two nearby brick gate posts were broken off at the base and blown over as well. East of town, granulated structural debris from the city was strewn and wind-rowed for miles through open fields. According to records, the Tupelo tornado leveled 48 city blocks and at least 200—perhaps up to 900—homes, killing at least 216 people and injuring at least 700 people.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Tupelo, Mississippi
The tornado destroyed the water tower and produced numerous fires in its wake, though overnight rains which left knee-deep water in some streets contained the flames. Though 216 remained the final death toll, 100 persons were still hospitalized at the time it was set. Subsequently, the Mississippi State Geologist estimated a final, unofficial death toll of 233. Notably, among the survivors were one-year-old Elvis Presley and his parents.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Gainesville, Georgia
After producing the Tupelo tornado, the storm system moved through Alabama overnight and reached Gainesville, Georgia, at around 8:30 a.m. This early morning tornado was a double tornado event: one tornado moved in from the Atlanta highway, while the other moved in from the Dawsonville highway. The two merged on Grove Street and destroyed everything throughout the downtown area, causing wreckage to pile 10 feet (3.0 m) high in some places. The worst tornado-caused death toll in a single building in U.S. history was at the Cooper Pants Factory.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Gainesville, Georgia
The multiple-story building was then filled with young workers, who had just arrived to work. The structure collapsed and caught fire, killing about 70 people. At the Pacolet Mill, 550 workers moved to the northeast side of the building and survived. Many people sought refuge in Newman's department store; its collapse killed 20 persons. In addition to the complete destruction that occurred throughout downtown Gainesville, residential areas throughout the city were devastated as well, where 750 homes were destroyed, and 254 others were badly damaged.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Gainesville, Georgia
The final death toll could not be calculated because many of the buildings that were hit collapsed and caught fire. A death toll of 203 persons was posted, though at the time 40 people were yet missing. Letters from Gainesville were blown about 70 miles (110 km) away to Anderson, South Carolina. The Gainesville tornado has been rated as an F4 on the Fujita scale and was the fifth deadliest tornado in U.S. history. It caused nearly $13 million in damage, equivalent to over $200 million in 2011. Gainesville was also the site of another deadly F4 on June 1, 1903, which killed 98 people. No other small town of similar size (population 17,000 in 1936) in the United States has experienced such devastation twice in its history.


1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak, Confirmed tornadoes, Gainesville, Georgia
President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke from a train platform in Gainesville on April 9, after the devastating tornado struck the town a few days earlier.


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1936 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament ran from 3 September until 12 September. It was the 56th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year.


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
Fred Perry's victory would remain as the last Grand Slam tournament won by a British man until Andy Murray won the US Open in 2012, 76 years apart.


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Singles
Fred Perry defeated  Don Budge  2–6, 6–2, 8–6, 1–6, 10–8


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's doubles
Don Budge /  Gene Mako defeated  Wilmer Allison /  John Van Ryn 6–4, 6–2, 6–4


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's doubles
Carolin Babcock /  Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn defeated  Helen Hull Jacobs /  Sarah Palfrey Cooke 9–7, 2–6, 6–4


1936 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed doubles
Alice Marble /  Gene Mako defeated  Sarah Palfrey Cooke /  Don Budge 6–3, 6–2


1936 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Fred Perry defeated Don Budge 2–6, 6–2, 8–6, 1–6, 10–8 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1936 U.S. National Championships.


1936 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
It would be Perry's final Grand Slam tournament victory, as well as his final appearance before turning professional. Perry's victory would be the last for a British man in a Grand Slam singles event until Andy Murray won the successor to this tournament, the US Open, in 2012.


1936 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Fred Perry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1936 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
Third-seeded Alice Marble defeated first-seeded Helen Jacobs 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1936 U.S. National Championships. The tournament was played on outdoor grass courts and held from September 3, through September 12, 1936 at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, New York.


1936 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
The draw consisted of 64 players of which eight were seeded.


1936 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The eight seeded U.S. players are listed below. Alice Marble is the champion; others show in brackets the round in which they were eliminated.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1936 U.S. Open was the 40th U.S. Open, held June 4–6 at Baltusrol Golf Club in Springfield, New Jersey, west of New York City.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
Tony Manero, a relatively unknown pro from New York playing out of North Carolina, surpassed third round leader Harry Cooper in the final round to claim his only major title. The purse was $5,000 and the winner's share was $1,000. The Upper Course was used for this championship; the Lower Course has been used for all subsequent majors at Baltusrol.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
Entering the final round, Cooper led Manero by four strokes. Manero's final round 67 (−5) was a course record and gave him a 72-hole total of 282 (−6), two strokes ahead of Cooper, who shot 73 (+1) for 284. Manero's total of 282 set a new U.S. Open tournament record by four shots; the previous record of 286 was set in 1916.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
Manero was fortunate to even be in the championship, because during sectional qualifying, he needed a chip-in on his final hole just to qualify. His victory was not without controversy. During the final round he was paired with Gene Sarazen, whose tournament scoring record he would break. Sarazen apparently requested the pairing as he believed he could help the notoriously high-strung Manero, a close friend, stay calm. Afterwards a complaint was filed with the USGA alleging that Sarazen was actually giving advice to Manero, a violation of the rules. After a meeting, the USGA ruled that there was no evidence of any wrongdoing, and Manero was allowed to keep the championship.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
In contrast to the previous year, scoring conditions at the Open were ideal throughout the week. For the tournament, 38 players broke par and the scoring average was 76.04, both numbers setting U.S. Open records. Chuck Kocsis finished as low amateur in a tie for 14th place.


1936 U.S. Open (golf)
A record field of 1,278 entered the qualifying for this U.S. Open, up from 1,177 in 1935.


1936 U.S. Open (golf), Course
Lengths of the courses for previous major championships at Baltusrol:


1936 UCI Road World Championships
The 1936 UCI Road World Championships took place in Zürich and Bern, Switzerland.


1936 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1936 UCI Road World Championships was the tenth edition of the event. The race took place on Sunday 6 September 1936 in Bern, Switzerland. The race was won by Antonin Magne of France.


1936 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1936 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Zürich, Switzerland from 28 August to 6 September 1936. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1936 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1936 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1936 college football season. In their 12th year under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Bruins compiled a 6–3–1 record (4–3–1 conference) and finished in fifth place in the Pacific Coast Conference.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the 11th year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The nations leading Greyhound company, the Greyhound Racing Association (GRA) continued to grow and recorded record profits. The operating profit for 1936 was £215,583 (a substantial figure at the time) and attendances at GRA tracks increased from 3,817,934 to 3,849,513 despite the fact that the company held 160 fewer meetings. The GRA then opened Harringay Arena on 10 October, which would become famous for ice hockey and boxing.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
At least ten more tracks opened as racing retained its status as a national pastime. Fine Jubilee trained by Marjorie Yate was the star of the year, after winning the 1936 English Greyhound Derby and the Gold Collar.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
The Dolphin Stadium in Slough, was bought by New Clapton Stadium Co. Ltd and they renamed it the Slough Stadium. Rochester and Chatham Sports Stadium opened and was listed as the 55th National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) licensed track during 1936. The majority of tracks were independent and nicknamed flapping tracks (unlicensed).


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Tracks
A planned stadium in Barnsley on the Queens Road, with an NGRC application pending which had held whippet racing since 1928 was refused a betting licence.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Shove Halfpenny won the West Ham Spring Cup, the Wood Lane Stakes at White City and the Daily Mirror Championship. The fawn dog then finished second in the St Leger final, which was won by his kennelmate Ataxy in a national record time of 40.39 for 700 yards. Shove Halfpenny was out of luck again at West Ham Stadium during the Cesarewitch despite winning every round and breaking the track record to get to the final. The final however resulted in the same result when Ataxy won his second classic of the year, Shove Halfpenny failed to record a time after encountering significant trouble in the race.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
Towards the end of the year White City staged a one off invitation race simply called "The White City" which was worth £600. The race was won by Pall Mall Stakes champion Safe Rock who beat the Wembley Spring Cup and Wimbledon Spring Cup winner Shandy Gaff into second place. The Derby champion Fine Jubilee finished a disappointing fifth.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
The first greyhound track in Cork known as The Show Grounds Greyhound Track closed on 20 September 1935, following the decision to relocate to a site nearer the city centre. The site chosen was between Western Road and the north bank of the River Lee near the Wellington Bridge and would be known as Cork Greyhound Stadium. Minstrel Rover won the 1936 Irish Greyhound Derby.


1936 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
Multiple companies emerged, JR Smiths introduced a hurdle with a patent and it was endorsed by the NGRC, it allowed a cushioning effect when greyhounds hit them as they jumped over them. They also made what was called a crush barrier, fencing that surrounded the track and would also cushion a greyhound's impact should they run into it. Mortimers were selling all greyhound necessities and M.S Cable Hare Co Ltd from Belfast made the majority of the hare equipment supplies. Benbow's sold greyhound food and mixtures and medicines and Radiol sold greyhound body wash.


1936 USC Trojans football team
The 1936 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1936 college football season. In their 12th year under head coach Howard Jones, the Trojans compiled a 4–2–3 record (3–2–2 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 129 to 65.


1936 United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico
The election for Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives took place on November 3, 1936, the same day as the larger Puerto Rican general election and the United States elections, 1936.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1936 United States House of Representatives elections were elections for the United States House of Representatives in 1936 that coincided with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide re-election. Roosevelt's Democratic Party gained twelve net seats from the Republican Party, bringing them above a three-fourths majority. This was the largest majority since Reconstruction. The last time a party won so decisively was in 1866.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections
Significant representation from the Progressives of Wisconsin and Farmer–Labor Party of Minnesota is also seen, as these two liberal populist groups gained a foothold.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1936 elections showed the continuing trust for the American people in that Roosevelt would guide the nation from depression. Despite setbacks, the people had faith in the New Deal and elected leaders who supported its measures. This was the last of four straight election losses for Republicans due to the lingering effects of the Depression.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections, New Hampshire
In the 1st district, Republican Arthur B. Jenks was initially declared the winner, and sat in the House from January 1937 to June 1938, but Democrat Alphonse Roy successfully contested the election and served the remainder of the term before losing the 1938 election to Jenks.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1936 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 3, 1936. Democrats gained two Republican-held districts and the Progressive Party gained one Republican-held district.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 2, 1936, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seat in the 4th congressional district was retained by the Democrats. The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
There was a split in the South Carolina Republican Party between the Tolbert and Seabrook factions because each side wanted to be the arbiter of the spoils system should a national Republican victory occur. Therefore, they both offered their own slate of candidates for the federal contests and they were competing against each other, not the Democrats, to show the national Republican Party that they held more sway in the state.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas S. McMillan of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1925, defeated two Republican challengers.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Hampton P. Fulmer of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1921, defeated Gary Paschal in the Democratic primary and defeated two Republicans in the general election.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John C. Taylor of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1933, defeated J. Wade Drake in the Democratic primary and two Republicans in the general election.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district special election
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. McSwain of the 4th congressional district died on August 6, 1936, and a special election was called for November 3 to be held simultaneously with the regular election. The South Carolina Democratic Party held a primary election that would choose their candidate for both the special and regular election. Gabriel H. Mahon, Jr. won the primary and was unopposed in the special election to serve out the remainder of the term.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Gabriel H. Mahon, Jr., winner of the Democratic primary for both the special and regular election of the 4th congressional district, defeated two Republicans in the general election to win the term for the 75th Congress.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James P. Richards of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1933, defeated two Republican challengers.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Allard H. Gasque of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1923, won the Democratic primary and defeated two Republicans in the general election.


1936 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1936 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 3, 1936 to determine who will represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had nine seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1930 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The 1936 United States Olympic Trials for track and field were held in July 1936 and decided the United States team for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. The Trials for men and women were held separately; men's events were held at Randall's Island Stadium in New York City on July 11 and July 12, while women competed at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island on July 4. The top three athletes in each event qualified for the Olympic Games. The women's meeting also served as the annual outdoor track and field championships of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU); the men's AAU championships were held separately a week before the Olympic Trials.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
Official world records were set in the men's meet by Cornelius Johnson and Dave Albritton in the high jump; Glenn Morris's winning score in the decathlon was also a world record, but not ratified. Harold Manning, winner of the 3000 meter steeplechase, set an unofficial world best. Jesse Owens won three events, equaling the world best for 200 meters around a curve.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field)
The 1936 Olympic Trials were marked by the emergence of African-American athletes, including Owens, Johnson and Albritton; as many black athletes qualified for the men's team in 1936 as at all previous Olympic Trials combined. On the women's side, Tidye Pickett qualified in the 80-meter hurdles, becoming the first African-American woman to compete in the Olympics.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Qualifying
As in previous years, athletes qualified for the men's Olympic Trials by competing in preliminary meetings; these included the 1936 NCAA championships and three regional semi-final tryout meets. At the final Trials, the top three finishers in each event qualified for the Olympic team.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Qualifying
Some Olympic qualifying events were held separately from the Trials proper; these included the decathlon, the 50 km race walk, the 10,000-meter run and the marathon. In the marathon the team was selected on the basis of two separate races.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men
The men's Olympic Trials were held at the newly built Randall's Island Stadium in New York City on July 11 and July 12, in the middle of the record-breaking 1936 North American heat wave. Official world records were set by Cornelius Johnson and Dave Albritton in the high jump. Jesse Owens won three events, equaling the world best for 200 meters around a curve; he went on to win four gold medals at the Olympics. Despite the warm conditions not being conducive to distance running, Harold Manning set an unofficial world best in the 3000-meter steeplechase.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men
Two athletes – Frank Wykoff in the 100 meters and 4 × 100 meter relay, and Lee Bartlett in the javelin throw – qualified for their third consecutive Olympic Games. African-American athletes fared better than ever before, winning all events from 100 to 800 meters as well as the long jump and high jump; ten black athletes qualified for the men's team, equaling the total for all previous Olympic Trials combined.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
Jesse Owens won both the 100 and 200 meters. In the 100 meters the favorites were Owens, Ralph Metcalfe and Eulace Peacock; Peacock had won the AAU championship in 1935 but missed much of 1936 due to injuries, and reinjured himself at the Trials. Future star Ben Johnson was also injured and failed to finish in his heat. In Peacock's absence, Owens won by two yards with Metcalfe the runner-up; Frank Wykoff, who had only qualified for the final after a repechage, took third and qualified for his third consecutive Olympics.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
For a long time, most American 200-meter and 220-yard races were run on straights; this had also been the case at previous Olympic Trials. At the 1936 Trials a turn was used; Owens's winning time, 21.0, equaled the world best for 200 meters with a turn. Mack Robinson, the older brother of Jackie Robinson, lost by only one yard. Robert Rodenkirchen, who had won in 21.0 (around a turn) at the Eastern Tryouts, was ruled ineligible for the final Trials due to being a German citizen.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
Archie Williams, who won the 400 meters at both the Trials and the Olympics, was a relative newcomer; he had made his breakthrough earlier in 1936, running a new world record (46.1) at the NCAA championships. Smallwood and LuValle, who had both defeated Williams at the AAU championships a week before the Trials, took the other Olympic spots. In the 800 meters, the fastest times were seen in the heats; John Woodruff won the first heat in 1:49.9, missing the metric world record by only one-tenth of a second.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
The final was slower, with Woodruff winning in 1:51.0; returning Olympian Hornbostel was second, and Williamson narrowly overtook Abraham Rosenkrantz for third. Leading favorites Charles Beetham and Ben Eastman were both eliminated; Eastman, the world record holder and pre-Trials world leader, was ill before the race and placed sixth. Beetham, who had defeated Woodruff at the AAU championships, fell and lost his chances when Marmaduke Hobbs tripped in front of him; his appeal for a solo time-trial re-run was rejected by meeting officials.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
Mile world record holder Glenn Cunningham won the 1500 meters in a close battle, edging NCAA champion San Romani by inches; Gene Venzke, who had missed out as the leading favorite at the 1932 Trials, was a clear third. Bill Bonthron, holder of the world record (3:48.8), placed fourth and was eliminated. The 1500 meters was run as a straight final, as was the 3000-meter steeplechase; heats had been scheduled for both events but skipped at the request of the runners.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
Don Lash and Louis Zamperini dead-heated in the 5000 meters; originally, Lash was ruled to be the sole winner, but after photo-finish review the result was changed to a tie. Lash (who had already qualified in the 10,000 meters) was the early leader, but slowed down to support his Indiana teammate Tom Deckard. When Deckard's place in the top three was clear, Lash resumed running his own race, battling with Zamperini for victory. In the 3000-meter steeplechase Harold Manning broke Volmari Iso-Hollo's world best of 9:09.4; second-time Olympians Joe McCluskey and Glen Dawson took the next spots.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
The warm weather, with temperatures of up to 100 °F (38 °C), was not conducive to fast distance running; Manning noted he had worked in even hotter conditions and could handle the heat. As the steeplechase did not become an official world record event until 1954, Manning's time was only ratified as a national record.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track
The 110 meter hurdles finalists had to wait for several minutes in the starting holes (blocks were not used) as the meeting had been running ahead of schedule. Consequently, they lost their best concentration. Forrest "Spec" Towns, the dominant hurdler of 1936, got a slow start but pulled away over the last hurdles; he went on to win gold at the Olympics. Sam Allen, who had been expected to qualify, ran with a broken toe and was eliminated. World record holder Glenn "Slats" Hardin was a heavy favorite in the 400 meter hurdles; he led the final from start to finish, but eventually only narrowly defeated Patterson and Schofield.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track, Relay selections
Eight men were named to the Olympic 4 × 100 meter relay pool: the top three from both 100 and 200 meters, as well as Foy Draper, Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, who placed fourth to sixth in the 100 meters. The original 4 man team consisted of Draper, Glickman, Stoller, and Robinson. Robinson was replaced after he won a silver in the 200, giving the US an all-white team. It was expected that the four who would actually run at the Olympics would be Wykoff, Draper, Glickman and Stoller, and they trained for the relay together.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track, Relay selections
Shortly before the Olympic heats, however, Glickman and Stoller were replaced with Owens and Metcalfe. Although the switch meant the top four from the Trials ran on the Olympic relay, the late exclusion of Glickman and Stoller was controversial, especially given they had both been faster than Draper in practice runs after the Trials. Accusations of anti-Semitism (Glickman and Stoller were both Jewish) and favoritism (Draper and Wykoff, who remained on the team, were both from the same university as assistant national team coach Dean Cromwell) resulted. Owens, Metcalfe, Draper and Wykoff won the Olympic relay in a new world record time (39.8) that was only broken twenty years later.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Track, Relay selections
The 4 × 400 meter relay pool also consisted of eight men; the top seven from the individual 400 meters (Williams, Smallwood, LuValle, Al Fitch, Bob Young, Harold Cagle and Eddie O'Brien), as well as 800-meter champion John Woodruff. In this case, the four runners selected purely for the relay (Fitch, Young, Cagle and O'Brien) were used at the Olympics; they won silver behind the British team.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Field
Corny Johnson and Dave Albritton provided one of the Trials' top highlights in the high jump, tying for first place at the world record height of 6 ft 9 3⁄4 in (2.07 m). Both jumpers cleared the record height on their second attempts; Johnson broke the record first, with Albritton following shortly after. Behind the top two the level was surprisingly weak, with only Thurber clearing 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m). Walter Marty, who held the previous world record of 6 ft 9 1⁄8 in (2.06 m), was eliminated, as was indoor world record holder Ed Burke. At the Olympics the three Americans swept the medals; Johnson, who had placed fourth at the 1932 Games, won from Albritton and Thurber.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Field
The world record holder was also left out of the team in the pole vault; George Varoff, who had won the AAU title with a record jump of 14 ft 6 1⁄2 in (4.43 m), only cleared 14 ft (4.26 m) at the Trials and placed fourth. For the first time in the history of the Olympic Trials, all qualifiers in an event came from the same university; Earle Meadows (who won in Berlin) and Bill Sefton were students at the University of Southern California, while returning Olympian Bill Graber was a USC graduate.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Field
Owens won easily in the long jump, only taking two attempts; he was the only athlete to qualify in three events. Bob Clark, who also qualified in the decathlon, considered giving his place on the long jump squad to fourth-placer Kermit King; team officials, however, disallowed that. In the triple jump all of the top three came from Louisiana; AAU champion Brown, a 17-year-old high schooler, was the youngest athlete to qualify for the men's team.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Field
World record holder Jack Torrance had been the world's leading shot putter since 1933 and was considered an almost certain Olympic champion at his peak. By 1936 he had lost his best shape; he was overweight and no longer trained as hard as during his peak years. While still a top contender, he only placed fifth in Berlin, with Francis in fourth being the best American. Gordon "Slinger" Dunn – who only missed qualifying in the shot by two inches – won the discus throw ahead of AAU champion Ken Carpenter, though neither of them was at their best. Defending Olympic champion John Anderson had made a strong comeback in 1936, but was ill before the final Trials and went out in the qualifying. Carpenter and Dunn were also the top two at the Olympics.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Field
Henry Dreyer, the 1935 AAU champion, narrowly defeated 1936 AAU champion Bill Rowe in the hammer throw; both Dreyer and Rowe had been coached by former Olympic champion Fred Tootell at Rhode Island State College. Javelin champion Lee Bartlett qualified for his third consecutive Olympic Games, while runner-up Metcalf made the team for the second time; Terry, who had won the NCAA championship with an American record throw of 226 ft 2 3⁄4 in (68.95 m), was the only new Olympian on the team.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Other qualifying events
In the 10,000 meters, Olympic selections were based on the AAU championship race in Princeton. Don Lash, who also won the 5000 meters, broke the American record; he was one of only three men to qualify in more than one individual event, the others being Owens and Bob Clark.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Other qualifying events
Decathlon qualifying was held in Milwaukee as part of the Central Tryouts. Glenn Morris, a newcomer who had completed his first decathlon only two months before the Trials, won with a world record tally of 7875 points; he was good in all events and had no weak points. Bob Clark broke the long jump decathlon best with a jump of 25 ft 11 1⁄2 in (7.91 m), but was not as strong as Morris in the hurdles and throws. Morris's world record was superseded by his Olympic winning score of 7900 points and never ratified; the Americans swept the medals at the Olympics.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Other qualifying events
Marathon selections were based on two races, the Boston Marathon and the AAU championship marathon in Washington. Ellison "Tarzan" Brown, a Narragansett Indian, won the Boston Marathon; he went out extremely fast and won by almost two minutes despite slowing to a walk at several points late in the race. McMahon, the Boston runner-up, won the AAU championship in a course record time; Kelley, fifth in Boston and second in the AAU race, received the third Olympic spot. Early favorites to qualify had included Boston course record holder Les Pawson and defending AAU champion Pat Dengis; both of them dropped out in Boston, and Dengis faded from the lead to eighth in Washington, suffering from medical problems.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Men, Other qualifying events
In the 50-kilometer race walk, the AAU championship race in Cincinnati doubled as the Olympic qualifying event. Returning Olympian Ernie Crosbie started slow and only took the lead near the finish; newcomer Mangan was second, and Koehler defeated John Deni by one second for the final place on the team. The times were relatively slow due to the warm weather.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Women
The women's Olympic Trials were held at Brown Stadium in Providence, Rhode Island on July 4 as part of Providence's tercentenary festivities. Unlike the men's meet, the women's Trials doubled as the annual AAU national outdoor championships. 18-year-old Helen Stephens was the star of the meet, winning the 100 meters, the discus throw and the shot put. Annette Rogers and Gertrude Wilhelmsen also qualified in two events. Tidye Pickett, who made the team in the 80-meter hurdles, became the first African-American woman to compete in the Olympic Games.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Women
"Fulton Flash" Helen Stephens dominated the 100 meters, winning easily in the heats, semi-finals and final. Her winning time, 11.7, broke Stanisława Walasiewicz's listed world record of 11.8 by one-tenth of a second but was inferior to still-pending records by Walasiewicz (also known as Stella Walsh) and Stephens herself. Betty Robinson, the 1928 Olympic champion, was attempting a comeback and placed fifth; she was named to the Olympic team in the relay, winning gold with Stephens, Rogers and Bland.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Women
In the 80-meter hurdles the fastest time was Simone Schaller's 11.8 in the semi-finals; in the final she only placed third as Anne O'Brien won in 12.0. Both Schaller and O'Brien qualified for their second Olympics; O'Brien had first made the team in 1928. In 1932 she entered the Trials as the national leader, but fell in the heats. Tidye Pickett, who placed second between them, had been sixth in the 100 meters at the 1932 Trials; in Berlin she became the first African-American woman to compete in the Olympic Games.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Women
100-meter runner-up Annette Rogers won the high jump, the only returning Olympian in that event. There was a tie for third place, with both Kathlyn Kelley and Ida Myers clearing 5 ft 1⁄2 in (1.54 m); Kelley won the jump-off for the final Olympic spot.


1936 United States Olympic Trials (track and field), Women
Helen Stephens scored her second victory in the discus throw, winning by almost five feet; Stephens also won the 8 lb (3.63 kg) shot put, which was part of the AAU championship program but not an Olympic qualifying event. Meeting rules limited her participation to only three events, preventing her from scoring even more points; she was the defending champion in the AAU 200-meter dash, but not allowed to defend her title. The javelin competition was close but low-level; none of the Americans made an impact in Berlin. 1932 Olympian and former world record holder Nan Gindele missed making the team by a foot.


1936 United States Senate election in Alabama
The 1936 United States Senate election in Alabama was held on November 2, 1936.


1936 United States Senate election in Alabama
Senator John H. Bankhead II was re-elected to a second term in office over Republican H. E. Berkstresser.


1936 United States Senate election in Arkansas
The 1936 United States Senate election in Arkansas took place on November 3, 1936. Incumbent Democratic Senator and Senate Majority Leader Joseph T. Robinson was re-elected to a fifth term in office. He defeated two Democratic opponents in the primary election and then dispatched Republican G.C. Ledbetter in the general election.


1936 United States Senate election in Illinois
The 1936 United States Senate election in Illinois took place on November 3, 1936. Incumbent Democrat J. Hamilton Lewis was elected to a second consecutive, and third overall, term as United States senator.


1936 United States Senate election in Illinois, Election information
The primaries and general election coincided with those for other federal (president and House) and those for state elections. The primaries were held April 14, 1936.


1936 United States Senate election in Iowa
The 1936 United States Senate election in Iowa took place on November 3, 1936. Incumbent Republican Senator Lester J. Dickinson ran for re-election to a second term but was defeated by Democratic Governor Clyde Herring.


1936 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1936 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 14, 1936. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Wallace White was re-elected to a second term over Governor Louis J. Brann.


1936 United States Senate election in Maine
Although 1936 is typically seen as the end of Maine's status as a national bellwether, White's surprisingly narrow victory in strongly Republican Maine may have been a portent of doom for Alf Landon's fall presidential campaign, in which he carried only Maine and nearby Vermont.


1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on November 3. Incumbent Democratic Senator Marcus A. Coolidge declined to stand for re-election. Republican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. won the race to succeed him over Democratic Boston mayor James Michael Curley and former Suffolk County prosecutor Thomas C. O'Brien.


1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The election was notable because although Democrats expanded their overall Senate majority to 74 seats, Massachusetts was the only seat gained by Republicans. Curley's campaign may have been damaged by President Roosevelt's decision to remain aloof and the presence of O'Brien in the race, who won the votes of many Irish-Americans in Boston.


1936 United States Senate election in Massachusetts, Democratic, Results
The Democratic nominee was Governor and former (and future) Mayor of Boston James Michael Curley. President Franklin Roosevelt declined to endorse Curley, which may have affected the final results.