1937 London County Council election, Campaign
The Conservatives, running as the Municipal Reform Party, hoped to regain control of council, believing that their defeat in 1934 was due to complacency and a low turnout. Its manifesto noted that Labour had failed to meet its 1934 promise of increased house building, and proposed rebuilding schools, providing cheap milk for schoolchildren, opening new nurseries, and constructing a major road from the north to the south of the city, through Charing Cross, to relieve traffic congestion.


1937 London County Council election, Campaign
The Liberal Party had lost its last seats on the council in 1934. While not the favourites in any seat, the Manchester Guardian claimed that they might win up to six seats, in Lambeth North and the two Bethnal Green constituencies. In the two Bethnal Green seats, the party was not opposed by the Municipal Reformers or their allies. Percy Harris issued an appeal to voters, calling for the construction of more housing and better traffic facilities.


1937 London County Council election, Campaign
The National Liberal Party ran candidates as the "Municipal Progressive Party", or in some cases as "Liberal Progressive and Ratepayers' candidates". They ran in coalition with the Municipal Reform Party, and the Manchester Guardian argued that their platform was entirely conservative, and that in Lambeth North they would split the liberal vote, making a Liberal Party victory less likely.


1937 London County Council election, Campaign
The Communist Party of Great Britain decided not to run its own candidates, but instead to campaign on behalf of the Labour Party. Herbert Morrison, leader of the Labour Party, repudiated the support, but the Municipal Reformers emphasised the communist involvement. However, by polling day, the Municipal Reformers acknowledged that this approach had not won new voters over to them.


1937 London County Council election, Campaign
The Manchester Guardian predicted that Labour would retain control, with a slightly increased majority, gaining one seat in Wandsworth Central, with eighteen seats too close to call. The Municipal Reformers were hopeful of gaining Fulham East, Fulham West, Greenwich, Hackney North, Lewisham East, St Pancras South West and Woolwich West, while Labour hoped to gain St Pancras North.


1937 London County Council election, Results
Labour gained ten seats: one in Fulham East, one in Islington North, one in Wandsworth Central, both in Kensington North and Stoke Newington, and three additional seats in the St Pancras constituencies. The Municipal Reformers gained one seat in Fulham West, one in Peckham and both seats in Woolwich West. Both the Liberal Party and Municipal Progressives were disappointed not to come close to winning any seats. The British Union of Fascists were also far off winning a seat, but performed better than expected, particularly in Bethnal Green North East.


1937 London County Council election, Results
Turnout in the election was 42.6%, the highest for many years, and it reached 56.8% in Woolwich West. The Municipal Reformers were surprised that this did not result in gains for them.


1937 Los Angeles mayoral election
The 1937 election for Mayor of Los Angeles took place on April 6, 1937, with a run-off election on May 4, 1937. Incumbent Frank L. Shaw was re-elected.


1937 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1937 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute (now known as Louisiana Tech University) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1937 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Eddie McLane, the team compiled a 6–3–2 record.


1937 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1937 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1937 college football season. In their second season under head coach Laurie Apitz, the Cardinals compiled a 2–5–1 record.


1937 Loyola Lions football team
The 1937 Loyola Lions football team was an American football team that represented Loyola University of Los Angeles (now known as Loyola Marymount University) as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Tom Lieb, the Lions compiled a 4–7 record.


1937 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1937 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1937 college football season. In their first season under head coach Larry Mullins, the team compiled a 2–6–1 record.


1937 Luxembourg general election
Partial general elections were held in Luxembourg on 6 June 1937, electing 26 of the 55 seats in the Chamber of Deputies in the centre and north of the country. The Party of the Right won 13 of the 26 seats and remained the largest party with 25 of the 55 seats.


1937 Luxembourg political parties referendum
A referendum on the Order law was held in Luxembourg on 6 June 1937. Voters were asked whether they approved of the new law (loi d'ordre), which would ban any political party that sought to change the constitution or national legislation by violence or threats. The law would result in the dissolution of the Communist Party, and became known as the Maulkuerfgesetz ("muzzle law" or loi muselière).


1937 Luxembourg political parties referendum
The proposal was rejected by voters, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Joseph Bech and his replacement by Pierre Dupong.


1937 Luxembourg political parties referendum, Background
The law was proposed by the Party of the Right, which had become increasingly authoritarian during the 1930s. Protests against the law were led by the Labour Party, trade unions and young members of the Radical Liberal Party. Believing he had the support of the majority of the public, Bech agreed to a referendum on the law shortly before it was adopted by the Chamber of Deputies by a vote of 34 to 19.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election
The first legislative assembly election for the Madras Presidency was held in February 1937, as part of the nationwide provincial elections in British India. The Indian National Congress obtained a majority by winning 159 of 215 seats in the Legislative Assembly. This was the first electoral victory for the Congress in the presidency since elections were first conducted for Madras Legislative Council in 1920. The  Justice Party which had ruled the presidency for most of the previous 17 years was voted out of power. The assembly was constituted in July 1937 and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) became the first Congress Chief Minister of Madras.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election
The Congress also won the election held simultaneously for the Legislative Council. The victory in Madras was the Congress' most impressive electoral performance in all the provinces of British India. The Congress Government that was formed after the elections lasted till October 1939, when it resigned protesting India's involvement in the Second World War. The next election was held in 1946.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy. It created a  bicameral legislature in the Madras province. The legislature consisted of the governor and two legislative bodies – a legislative assembly and a legislative council. The assembly consisted of 215 members who were further classified into general seats and those reserved for special communities and interests:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government of India Act of 1935
The legislative council consisted of a minimum of 54 and a maximum of 56 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the governor, and one-third of its members retired every three years. 46 of its members were elected directly by the electorate, while the governor could nominate 8 to 10 members. The breakdown of seats in the council was as follows:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government of India Act of 1935
The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications. Seven million people, roughly 15% of the Madras people holding land or paying urban taxes were qualified to be the electorate. Separate ballot boxes were kept for candidates of different political parties. The Congress was allotted the yellow coloured box, while the Muslim League was allotted green coloured box.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign
The Justice Party had been in power in Madras for 17 years since 1920. Its hold on power was briefly interrupted only once in 1926-28 when P. Subbarayan was a non-affiliated chief minister.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice Government under the Raja of Bobbili had been steadily losing ground since the early 1930s. It was beset with factional politics and its popularity was eroding slowly due to the autocratic rule of Bobbili Raja. The Raja was inaccessible to his own party members and tried to destroy the power and influence of the District level leaders who were instrumental in the party winning power earlier. The Suthanthira Sangu, in its issue dated 26 February 1935 explained the destruction of the power of local bodies:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Local Boards Act has been recently amended, taluk boards have been abolished, a district board has been bifurcated and attempts have been made to bifurcate other boards, which are hostile to him.... He is superseding municipalities, which do not bow to his authority, removing chairmen not liked by him and trying to forfeit the liberty of these bodies by the appointment of Commissioners.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice party was seen as the collaborative party, agreeing with the British Government's harsh measures. Its economic policies during the Great Depression of the 1930s were also highly unpopular. Its refusal to decrease the land revenue taxation in non-Zamindari areas by 12.5% was hugely unpopular. The Bobbili Raja, himself a Zamindar, cracked down on the Congress protests demanding reduction of the revenue. This further reduced the popularity of the Justice Party.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine reported to the then Secretary of State  Zetland in February 1937, that the peasants in South India had become fed up with the Justice Party and "every sin of omission or commission of the past fifteen years is put down to them [Justice Party]". The affluent lifestyle led by the Justice ministers at the height of the Great Depression were sharply criticized by the Madras Press. They drew a monthly salary of Rs. 4,333.60 when compared to Rs. 2,250 per month the ministers in the Central Provinces received. This invoked the ire of the Madras press. The newspaper India wrote:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
Is not Rs. 2,000 enough for Madras ministers, who were only second-rate vakils (lawyers) in the mufassal (rural areas)? When the poor are suffering for want of money, they are drawing fat salaries? What an injustice? When the country is on fire, when the axe of retrenchment has fallen on the poor and when the people are experiencing intense suffering under the heavy burden of taxation, the Madras Ministers have started on their tours immediately after passing the budget.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
Even the European owned newspaper The Madras Mail which had been the champion of the earlier Justice Governments was sickened by the ineptitude and patronage policies of the Bobbili Raja administration. On 1 July 1935, it wrote in its editorial: "if the Justice Party is really determined upon reorganisation... the spoils system must go. The extent of the discontent against the Justice Government is reflected in an article of Zamin Ryot:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice Party has disgusted the people of this presidency like plague and engendered permanent hatred in their hearts. Everybody, therefore, is anxiously awaiting the fall of the Justice regime which they consider tyrannical and inauguration of the Congress administration.... Even old women in villages ask as to how long the ministry of the Raja of Bobbili would continue


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The Swaraj Party which had been the Justice party's main opposition merged with the Indian National Congress in 1935 when the Congress decided to participate in the electoral process. The Madras Province Congress party was led by S. Satyamurti and was greatly rejuvenated by its successful organisation of the Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement of 1930–31. The Civil Disobedience movement, the Land Tax reduction agitations and Union organizations helped the Congress to mobilize popular opposition to the Bobbili Raja government.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The revenue agitations brought the peasants into the Congress fold and the Gandhian hand spinning programme assured the support of weavers. Preferential treatment given to European traders brought the support of the indigenous industrialists and commercial interests. The Congress had effective campaigners like Satyamurti and Rajaji while the Justice party had only Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar to counter them. The Congress election manifesto was populist in nature and promised to reduce land revenue taxes, to ensure decent working conditions and wages for the laborers, low rents and all around prosperity. It even appealed to the Europeans who had reserved seats in the Assembly. It also appealed to the nationalist sentiment of the populace. Commenting on the Congress's manifesto, the Indian Annual Register said:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The promises made in the election manifesto by the congress, while seeking suffrage, roused hopes, that the Congress government, if voted to power, would give relief to them. Perhaps the Agrarian distress forced the Indian National Congress to give up the policy and programme of non-cooperation and to undertake the responsibility of Government under a hated act


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The Congress campaign was effective and targeted all sections of the population like peasants, workers, weavers and businessmen. Against it the Justice party had no definite program or policies. It could only harp on the Brahmin domination in Congress. Amidst the backdrop of the Great Depression and economic distress their charge was not effective. Satyamurti utilised the services of popular actors like Chittor V. Nagaiah and K. B. Sundarambal for the election campaign. In particular Sundarambal vigorously campaigned for the Congress. Satyamurti also produced a campaign film directed by A. Narayanan of Srinivasa Cinetone.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
It featured the speeches of Rajaji, Satyamurti and other Congress leaders. But the film was banned by the colonial government. The coloured box system enabled the most organised party - the Congress to have uniform slogans throughout the presidency. The slogan "vote for Gandhi and the yellow box", was very popular and helped the party to mobilise its supporters.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Issues and campaign, Other parties
The other parties contesting the election were the Madras Province Muslim League  (MPML) headed by Jamal Mohammad, the People's Party of Madras started by Raja of Pithapuram (a breakaway faction from the Justice Party) and the Muslim Progressive Party led by Nawab C. Abdul Hakim and S. M. Pasha.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Results
Party wise break up of seats in the Madras Legislative Assembly:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Results
Note : The Nattukottai Nagarathar Association and Southern India Chamber of Commerce were seats reserved for Indian Commerce (businessmen). Nagarathar Association seat was won by Rajah Muthiah Chettiar (allied with Justice Party) and the Southern India Chamber of Commerce seat was won by T. T. Krishnamachari of Congress.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Analysis, Causes for defeat
The victory of Congress over the Justice Party has been ascribed to various reasons. N. Ram, editor-in-chief of The Hindu and Robert L. Hardgrave, professor emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies at University of Texas, Austin attribute the defeat of the Justice party to its collaboration with the British Government. According to Hardgrave:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Analysis, Causes for defeat
The Justice Party had strangled itself on the rope it had woven: Support of the British Raj had brought it to power, but with the impact of national self-consciousness and aspiration for Swaraj, its imperial connection brought its defeat


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Analysis, Causes for defeat
Dr. David A. Washbrook, senior research fellow of History at Trinity College, Cambridge and Andre Beteille say the elitist nature of the Justice Party members caused its defeat. Marguerite Ross Barnett attributes the Justice party's defeat to two causes - 1) The loss of Dalit and Muslim support and 2) Flight of the social radicals to the Self-Respect Movement. According to P. Rajaraman:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Analysis, Causes for defeat
...internal dissension, ineffective organisation, inertia and lack of proper leadership led the Justice Party along the path of decline.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Analysis, Notable losses
Many incumbent ministers of the Justice Government were defeated in this election. The chief minister Raja of Bobbili was defeated by V. V. Giri of Congress by a margin of over 6000 votes in the  Bobbili Assembly Constituency. Other prominent Justice losers included  Kumararaja of Venkatagiri, P. T. Rajan, A. P. Patro and the Raja of Ramnad.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
The elections were held and the results declared in February 1937. Rajaji was elected as the leader of Congress Legislature Party (CLP) in March 1937. Despite being the majority party in the Assembly and the council, the Congress was hesitant to form a Government. Their objections stemmed from the special powers given to the Governor by the Government of India Act of 1935. According to the act, the Governor was given 1) special responsibilities in the area of Finance and (2) control and absolute discretionary powers over the cabinet in certain other issues.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
The Governor had the power to overrule the Cabinet. The Congress refused to accept power (in all the six provinces where they had won) with such caveats. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine, decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Chief Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it. Eventually an interim Government was formed with Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu of the Justice Party as Chief Minister on 1 April 1937.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
Congress leaders like S. Satyamurti were apprehensive about the decision to not accept power. They carried out a campaign to convince Congress High Command (Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru) to accept power within the limitations set by the Government of India Act. They also appealed to the British Government to give assurances that the Governor's special powers will not be misused. On 22 June, Viceroy Linlithgow issued a statement expressing the British Government's desire to work with the Congress in implementing the 1935 Act.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation
On 1 July, the Congress Working Committee (CWC) agreed to form Governments in the provinces they had won. On 14 July, Rajaji was sworn in as the Chief Minister. The first legislative assembly convened for the first time on 15 July and elected Bulusu Sambamurti and A. Rukmani Lakshmipathi as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation, Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu's Cabinet
Council of ministers in K. V. Reddy Naidu's interim provisional cabinet (1 April - 14 July 1937):


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Government formation, Rajagopalachari's Cabinet
Council of Ministers in Rajagopalachari's  Cabinet (15 July 1937 – 29 October 1939):


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Impact
The 1937 elections marked the start of the Indian National Congress' participation in the governance of India. In the Madras Presidency, it also marked the beginning of Rajaji's ascendancy in the Congress Legislature Party. Though it was Satyamurti who had led the election campaign, he gave up the leadership of the Legislature to Rajaji in accordance to the wishes of the national leaders of the Congress in Delhi. This election also marked the beginning of Congress dominance in the politics of Madras Presidency and later the Madras State.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election, Impact
Except for an interlude during 1939–46, the Congress would go on to rule Madras uninterrupted till 1967. The Justice Party was demoralized by its defeat and the Raja of Bobbili temporarily retired from active politics. The party remained in political wilderness and eventually came under the control of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy in 1938 and transformed into the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election
The first legislative council election for the Madras Presidency after the establishment of a bicameral legislature by the Government of India Act of 1935 was held in February 1937. The Indian National Congress obtained a majority by winning 27 out of 46 seats in the Legislative Council for which the elections were held. This was the first electoral victory for the Congress in the presidency since elections were first conducted for the Council in 1920 and C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) became the Chief Minister. The Justice Party which had ruled the presidency for most of the previous 17 years was voted out of power. Congress also won the Legislative assembly election held simultaneously.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 established a bicameral legislature in the Madras province. The legislature consisted of the Governor and two Legislative bodies - a legislative assembly and a legislative council. The legislative council consisted of a minimum of 54 and a maximum of 56 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the governor, and one-third of its members retired every three years. 46 of its members were elected directly by the electorate, while the governor could nominate 8 to 10 members. The breakdown of seats in the council was as follows:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government of India Act of 1935
The Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications. Seven million people, roughly 15% of the Madras people holding land or paying urban taxes were qualified to be the electorate.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign
The Justice Party had been in power in Madras for 17 years since 1920. Its hold on power was briefly interrupted only once in 1926-28 when P. Subbarayan was a non-affiliated Chief Minister.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice Government under the Raja of Bobbili had been steadily losing ground since the early 1930s. It was beset with factional politics and its popularity was eroding slowly due to the autocratic rule of Bobbili Raja. The Raja was inaccessible to his own party members and tried to destroy the power and influence of the District level leaders who were instrumental in the party winning power earlier. The Suthanthira Sangu, in its issue dated 26 February 1935 explained the destruction of the power of local bodies:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Local Boards Act has been recently amended, taluk boards have been abolished, a district board has been bifurcated and attempts have been made to bifurcate other boards, which are hostile to him.... He is superseding municipalities, which do not bow to his authority, removing chairmen not liked by him and trying to forfeit the liberty of these bodies by the appointment of Commissioners.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice Party was seen as the collaborative party, agreeing with the British Government's harsh measures. Its economic policies during the Great Depression of the 1930s were also highly unpopular. Its refusal to decrease the land revenue taxation in non-Zamindari areas by 12.5% was hugely unpopular. The Bobbili Raja, himself a Zamindar, cracked down on the Congress protests demanding reduction of the revenue. This further reduced the popularity of the Justice Party. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine reported to the then Secretary of State Zetland in February 1937, that the peasants in South India had become fed up with the Justice Party and


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
every sin of omission or commission of the past fifteen years is put down to them (Justice Party)


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The affluent lifestyle led by the Justice ministers at the height of the Great Depression were sharply criticized by the Madras Press. They drew a monthly salary of Rs. 4,333.60 when compared to Rs. 2,250 per month the ministers in the Central Provinces received. This invoked the ire of the Madras press. The newspaper India wrote:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
Is not Rs. 2,000 enough for Madras ministers, who were only second-rate vakils (lawyers) in the mufassal (rural areas)? When the poor are suffering for want of money, they are drawing fat salaries? What an injustice?... When the country is on fire, when the axe of retrenchment has fallen on the poor and when the people are experiencing intense suffering under the heavy burden of taxation, the Madras Ministers have started on their tours immediately after passing the budget.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
Even the European owned newspaper The Madras Mail which had been the champion of the earlier Justice Governments was sickened by the ineptitude and patronage policies of the Bobbili Raja administration. On 1 July 1935, it wrote in its editorial:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
if the Justice Party is really determined upon reorganisation... the spoils system must go


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The extent of the discontent against the Justice Government is reflected in an article of Zamin Ryot:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Unpopularity of the Justice Government
The Justice Party has disgusted the people of this presidency like plague and engendered permanent hatred in their hearts. Everyboy [sic? ], therefore, is anxiously awaiting the fall of the Justice regime which they consider tyrannical and inauguration of the Congress administration.... Even old women in villages ask as to how long the ministry of the Raja of Bobbili would continue


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The Swaraj Party which had been the Justice party's main opposition merged with the Indian National Congress in 1935 when the Congress decided to participate in the electoral process. The Madras Province Congress party was led by S. Satyamurti and was greatly rejuvenated by its successful organisation of the Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement of 1930-31. The Civil Disobedience movement, the Land Tax reduction agitations and Union organizations helped the Congress to mobilize popular opposition to the Bobbili Raja government.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The revenue agitations brought the peasants into the Congress fold and the Gandhian hand spinning programme assured the support of weavers. Preferential treatment given to European traders brought the support of the indigenous industrialists and commercial interests. The Congress had effective campaigners like Satyamurti and Rajaji while the Justice party had only Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar to counter them. The Congress election manifesto was populist in nature and promised to reduce land revenue taxes, to ensure decent working conditions and wages for the laborers, low rents and all around prosperity. It even appealed to the Europeans who had reserved seats in the Assembly. It also appealed to the nationalist sentiment of the populace. Commenting on the Congress's manifesto, the Indian Annual Register said:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The promises made in the election manifesto by the congress, while seeking suffrage, roused hopes, that the Congress government, if voted to power, would give relief to them. Perhaps the Agrarian distress forced the Indian National Congress to give up the policy and programme of non-cooperation and to undertake the responsibility of Government under a hated act


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Resurgence of the Congress
The Congress campaign was effective and targeted all sections of the population like peasants, workers, weavers and businessmen. Against it the Justice party had no definite program or policies. It could only harp on the Brahmin domination in Congress. Amidst the backdrop of the Great Depression and economic distress their charge was not effective.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Issues and campaign, Other parties
The other parties contesting the election were the Madras Province Muslim League (MPML) headed by Jamal Mohammad, the People's Party of Madras started by Raja of Pithapuram (a breakaway faction from the Justice Party) and the Muslim Progressive Party led by Nawab C. Abdul Hakim and S. M. Pasha.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Results
Party wise breakdown of seats: (total number of seats 56; elections held for 46; nominated 10)


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
The victory of Congress over the Justice Party has been ascribed to various reasons. N. Ram, Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu and  Richard L. Hardgrave, Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies at University of Texas, Austin attribute the defeat of the Justice party to its collaboration with the British Government. According to Hardgrave:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
The Justice Party had strangled itself on the rope it had woven: Support of the British Raj had brought it to power, but with the impact of national self-consciousness and aspiration for Swaraj, its imperial connection brought its defeat


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
David A. Washbrook, senior research fellow of History at Trinity College, Cambridge and Andre Beteille say the elitist nature of the Justice Party members caused its defeat. Marguerite Ross Barnett attributes the Justice party's defeat to two causes - 1) The loss of Dalit and Muslim support and 2) Flight of the social radicals to the Self-Respect Movement. According to P. Rajaraman:


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Analysis
...internal dissension, ineffective organisation, inertia and lack of proper leadership led the Justice Party along the path of decline.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
The elections were held and the results declared in February 1937. Rajaji was elected as the leader of Congress Legislature Party (CLP) in March 1937. Despite being the majority party in the Assembly and the Council, the Congress was hesitant to form a Government. Their objections stemmed from the special powers given to the Governor by the Government of India Act of 1935. According to the act, the Governor was given 1) special responsibilities in the area of Finance and (2) control and absolute discretionary powers over the cabinet in certain other issues.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
The Governor had the power to overrule the Cabinet. The Congress refused to accept power (in all the six provinces where they had won) with such caveats. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine, decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Chief Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it. Eventually an interim Government was formed with Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu of the Justice Party as Chief Minister on 1 April 1937.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
Congress leaders like S. Satyamurti were apprehensive about the decision to not accept power. They carried out a campaign to convince Congress High Command (Mohandas K. Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru) to accept power within the limitations set by the Government of India Act. They also appealed to the British Government to give assurances that the Governor's special powers will not be misused. On 22 June, Viceroy Linlithgow issued a statement expressing the British Government's desire to work with the Congress in implementing the 1935 Act.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation
On 1 July, the Congress Working Committee (CWC) agreed to form Governments in the provinces they had won. On 14 July, Rajaji was sworn in as the Chief Minister. The first legislative assembly convened for the first time on 15 July and elected Bulusu Sambamurti and A. Rukmani Lakshmipathi as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu's Cabinet
Council of ministers in K. V. Reddy Naidu's interim provisional cabinet(1 April - 14 July 1937):


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Government formation, Rajagopalachari's Cabinet
Council of Ministers in Rajagopalachari's Cabinet (15 July 1937 – 29 October 1939):


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
The 1937 elections marked the start of the Indian National Congress' participation in the governance of India. In the Madras Presidency, it also marked the beginning of Rajaji's ascendancy in the Congress Legislature Party. Though it was Satyamurti who had led the election campaign, he gave up the leadership of the Legislature to Rajaji in accordance to the wishes of the Congress High Command in Delhi. This election also marked the beginning of Congress dominance in the politics of Madras Presidency and later the Madras State.


1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Council election, Impact
Except for an interlude during 1939-46, the Congress would go on to rule Madras uninterrupted till 1967. The Justice Party was demoralized by its defeat and the Raja of Bobbili temporarily retired from active politics. The party remained in political wilderness and eventually came under the control of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy in 1938 and transformed into the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.


1937 Maine Black Bears football team
The 1937 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the New England Conference during the 1937 college football season. In its 17th season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 2–3–2 record (0–1–1 against conference opponents). The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. Ernest Reidman was the team captain.


1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the fifth playing of the midsummer classic between the All-Stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was held on July 7, 1937, at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C., the home of the Washington Senators of the American League. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 8–3.


1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The game, attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, is remembered because of a play in which Earl Averill of the Indians hit a ball that struck Cardinals pitcher Dizzy Dean on the toe, breaking it; complications from this injury shortened the career of the future Hall of Fame pitcher.


1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Rosters
Players in italics have since been inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.


1937 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Game, Umpires
The umpires changed assignments in the middle of the fifth inning – McGowan and Barr swapped positions, also Pinelli and Quinn swapped positions.


1937 Major League Baseball season
The 1937 Major League Baseball season was contested from April 19 to October 10, 1937. The New York Giants and New York Yankees were the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. In a rematch of the prior year's postseason, the Yankees then defeated the Giants in the World Series, four games to one.


1937 Manchester Gorton by-election
The Manchester Gorton by-election of 1937 was held on 18 February 1937. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, Joseph Compton. It was won by the Labour candidate William Wedgwood Benn.


1937 Manhattan Jaspers football team
The 1937 Manhattan Jaspers football team was an American football team that represented Manhattan College as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its sixth and final season under head coach Chick Meehan, the team compiled a 6–3–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 86 to 84.


1937 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
The 1937 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team was an American football team that represented Marquette University as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its first season under head coach Paddy Driscoll, the team compiled a 3–6 record and was outscored by a total of 124 to 48. The team played its home games at Marquette Stadium in Milwaukee.


1937 Marquette Golden Avalanche football team
In February 1937, Frank Murray resigned as Marquette's head football coach after 15 years in the position; Murray left to accept the same position at the University of Virginia. Three weeks later, Marquette hired Paddy Driscoll as its new coach. Driscoll had previously played both Major League Baseball and in the National Football League; he was later inducted into both the College and Pro Football Hall of Fames.


1937 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1937 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1937 college football season. Marshall outscored its opposition 297–19, posting a 9–0–1 record (Marshall's only blemish coming in a tie against Ohio), and winning the Buckeye Conference. Marshall played their home games for the 11th consecutive season at Fairfield Stadium; their home venue until the conclusion of the 1990 season, when it was demolished and replaced by Joan C. Edwards Stadium.


1937 Maryland Terrapins football team
The 1937 Maryland Terrapins football team represented the University of Maryland during the 1937 college football season as a member of the Southern Conference. The highlight of the season was a 13–0 shutout of 17th-ranked Syracuse. In the homecoming game, Charlie Weidinger completed a pass to William Bryant for a 13–7 go-ahead over Florida. The Terrapins' two losses came against Penn and Penn State, the latter being the second game in a rivalry that would bedevil Maryland throughout its entire duration. At the end of the season, Maryland was declared the Southern Conference champions, the team's first major conference title.


1937 Masaryk Grand Prix
The 1937 Masaryk Grand Prix was a 750 kg Formula race held on 26 September 1937 at the Masaryk Circuit.


1937 Masaryk Grand Prix, Race report
Rudolf Hasse and Achille Varzi did not race due to illness. Rosemeyer took the Auto Union into an early lead and von Brauchitsch couldn't match his skill on the gravel surface as he pulled away from the field. On lap five Lang lost control of his Mercedes and left the road and ploughed into some bystanders, killing two and injuring twelve. Unable to catch Rosemeyer von Brauchitsch let Caracciola past and the latter began catching the young Auto Union driver. In the end though it was unnecessary to pass him, Rosemeyer's brakes gave out and his race was over...or maybe not.


1937 Masaryk Grand Prix, Race report
Müller had been in second place, but couldn't keep the Mercedes' behind and both Seaman and von Brauchitsch caught and passed him and he dropped to fourth. Back in the pits Rosemeyer took over Müller's car and immediately set about catching the now cruising Mercedes' drivers. Seaman was 48s ahead at the beginning of the final 29 km lap, Rosemeyer finished the lap 37s ahead of him! Von Brauchitsch was only another 5s ahead when they took the flag and Rosemeyer had an incredible 3rd place whilst Caracciola had the win.


1937 Massachusetts State Aggies football team
The 1937 Massachusetts State Aggies football team represented Massachusetts State College in the 1937 college football season. The team was coached by Elbert Carraway and played its home games at Alumni Field in Amherst, Massachusetts. Mass State finished the season with a record of 1–7–1.


1937 Masters Tournament
The 1937 Masters Tournament was the fourth Masters Tournament, held April 1–4 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.


1937 Masters Tournament
Opening with a six-under 66, Byron Nelson led after the first and second rounds, but a 75 on Saturday dropped him four strokes back, in a tie for third. On the final nine on Sunday, he gained six strokes on third round leader Ralph Guldahl over two holes and won the tournament by two strokes. Compared to Guldahl's 5–6 (double bogey, bogey), Nelson played the 12th and 13th holes 2–3 (birdie, eagle), respectively. The Nelson Bridge, over Rae's Creek departing the 13th tee, was dedicated in 1958 to commemorate the feat.


1937 Masters Tournament
At age 25, this was the first of Nelson's five major titles; he won the Masters again in 1942, which was not held again until 1946. Guldahl rebounded and won three majors over the next two years: the U.S. Open in 1937 and 1938 and the Masters in 1939.


1937 Masters Tournament
Sam Snead made his Masters debut and finished 18th. The purse was $5,000 with a winner's share of $1,500.


1937 Masters Tournament, Field
Tommy Armour (4,6,9,10), Billy Burke (9,10), Bobby Jones (3,4,5), Willie Macfarlane, Tony Manero (10,12), Sam Parks Jr. (7,9), George Sargent


1937 Masters Tournament, Field
Harry Cooper (10), Wiffy Cox (10), Bobby Cruickshank, Ed Dudley, Al Espinosa, Vic Ghezzi (110, Ray Mangrum (10), Jug McSpaden (10,12), Byron Nelson, Jimmy Thomson (10,12), Al Watrous


1937 Masters Tournament, Field
Herman Barron, Al Brosch, Clarence Clark, Ralph Guldahl, Tom Kerrigan, Chuck Kocsis (a), Frank Moore, Jack Munger (a), Felix Serafin


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks
The 1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks were the Iowa state high school basketball champions. With an enrollment of only 66, the Melrose Shamrocks were the smallest school ever to win a single-class state basketball title in Iowa. The team finished their  season 33–0, the first undefeated boys basketball team in Iowa history. In 2012, the Des Moines Register recognized the Shamrocks as one of the ten best State tournament teams in Iowa history. In May 2012, the Iowa House of Representatives officially congratulated the 1937 Melrose Shamrocks basketball team on the 75th anniversary of their championship.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Background
In 1937, the Iowa High School Athletic Association held a single tournament to determine the boys' basketball championship. Eight larger schools (Class A schools) and eight small schools (Class B schools) were invited to the tournament. Although the large Class A schools were favored, several small schools won the state championship during this era, including Dunkerton in 1933, Melrose in 1937, and Diagonal in 1938.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Background
Melrose High School did not have a gym for the 1937 team to use or for its home games. Instead, they used the floor of the town opera house. The court measured 30 feet (9.14 meters) in width by 40 to 45 feet (12.19 to 13.72 meters) in length. One corner of the playing floor featured a pot-belly wood stove, which heated the building. The circles around the foul lines intersected the circle at center court. The Melrose opera house floor was less than 30 percent the size of the Drake University Fieldhouse floor, where the State tournament was played. That floor measured 50 feet (15.24 meters) by 94 feet (28.65 meters).


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Background
During the 1937 season, the teams had a center jump ball after each score. This allowed teams with a tall center, like Melrose, to control the tempo of a game. It would also allow a team that was behind to more easily rally as the players could regain possession of the ball after each basket. The Iowa High School Athletic Association, like other associations, changed this rule after the 1937 season to its current rule.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Background
The Melrose coach was Adolph "Ad" Hlubek, the school superintendent. He told people that he learned most of what he knew about coaching basketball from a 10 cent paperback book. He also said that he learned the sliding zone defense they used from a friend in Kansas.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, The 1936–37 Season, Team Roster
The team roster had only one change during the 1936–37 season. Freshman Bernard Lee joined the team part way through the season when Dan Ryan had to quit to help out at home.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, The 1936–37 Season, Schedule
The Shamrock's season consisted of a regular season and five tournaments. The tournaments included the Monroe County tournament, the Chariton Valley Conference tournament, the sectional and district qualifying tournaments, and the State tournament.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, The 1936–37 Season, Schedule
Melrose finished the regular season with a 19–0 record, having outscored their opponents 794–417. The team had two close games at the beginning of the season, when their center Jim Thynne was out with broken ribs. The other big test for the Shamrocks in the regular season was the game against Rathbun. Melrose trailed 34-28 with 1:45 to play. They rallied and scored nine straight points to win the game.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, The 1936–37 Season, Schedule
Melrose finished the season with a 33–0 record and outscored their opponents 1,304–702.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament
The 1937 State tournament was held in the Drake University Fieldhouse from Thursday, March 18, 1937, to Saturday, March 20, 1937. The tournament used a single elimination format with the semifinal and final games held on the same day.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Qualifiers
The following teams qualified for the State tournament from the various sectional tournaments around the State.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Lead Up to the Finals
Melrose vs. GeneseoThe first test for Melrose was Geneseo Consolidated. Melrose dominated early in the first half, but Geneseo stormed back and took the lead in the second half. Melrose was down four points with 3:30 to go in the game, but rallied to win the game 35–34. The final basket came after Walt O'Connor made a floor-length pass to Jim Thynne who then made a sensational shot. Some of the Melrose players had problems handling the ball in the first half because their hands were slippery from the hair grease they put on to impress the big city crowd. They cleaned their hands at half time and did not have the same problem in the second half.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Lead Up to the Finals
Melrose vs. NewtonNewton was a much larger school than Melrose. Newton's enrollment of 1,426 dwarfed the Melrose enrollment of 66 and far surpassed the population of the entire town of Melrose, which was only 420 people. Melrose played tight defense and defeated the heavily favored Newton team 20–15. Melrose defeated Newton by playing only five players (Walt O'Connor, Jim Thynne, Jim Carr, Ray Parks, and Ed Callahan).


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Lead Up to the Finals
Semifinal Game: Melrose vs. RolfeThe semifinal game of Melrose versus Rolfe pitted the tournament's remaining two undefeated teams. Melrose entered the game with a 31–0 record. Rolfe brought a 29–0 record into the match. Although Rolfe was favored, Melrose easily beat them 29–13.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Final Game: Melrose vs. Marshalltown
After the semifinal games were over in the afternoon, the players on both Melrose and Marshalltown had to prepare for the finals that night. The teams played in front of a sold-out crowd of 7,800 fans in the Drake University Fieldhouse.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Final Game: Melrose vs. Marshalltown
Marshalltown was heavily favored. Not only was Marshalltown High School much bigger than Melrose High School (1,077 vs. 66), but the Marshalltown team was one of the pre-tournament favorites. The game was close at the half, with Melrose leading 14–12. However, Melrose dominated the second half to win easily 35–17. The 18–point win was the largest margin of victory for any championship team up to that point.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, 1937 Iowa High School Athletic Association Boys Basketball Tournament, Final Game: Melrose vs. Marshalltown
Melrose beat Marshalltown by playing only five players (Walt O'Connor, Jim Thynne, Jim Carr, Ray Parks, and Mike Kasper). Coach Hlubek stated afterwards that he was so excited it did not occur to him to substitute some of the other players into the game when they had a big lead. O'Connor, Thynne, and Parks were named to the tournament all-star teams.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Aftermath
When the team returned to Melrose on Sunday, it kicked off a large celebration. The team was celebrated around the State of Iowa, not only because they were a small school that defeated many large schools, but also because they were the first Iowa high school team to have an undefeated season.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Aftermath
Years later, Walt O'Connor and Jim Thynne were inducted into the Iowa High School Athletic Association Hall of Fame. O'Connor went on to play three sports for Drake University and was named the "outstanding Iowa amateur" for 1940 by the Amateur Athletic Association and was inducted into the Des Moines Register's Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in 1980. O'Connor was also named to the Drake University All-Century Basketball team. In March 2012, the Iowa High School Athletic Association inducted Coach Ad Hlubek into the Hall of Fame as a coach.


1937 Melrose High School (Iowa) Shamrocks, Aftermath
In May 2012, the Iowa House of Representatives officially congratulated the 1937 Melrose Shamrocks basketball team on the 75th anniversary of their championship. The resolution recounted the accomplishments of the 1937 team and encouraged "all Iowans to follow its example in striving to accomplish goals that seem impossible." In late 2012, the city of Melrose erected a monument in the center of town honoring the 1937 basketball team and its selection in a Des Moines Register poll as the top team in the first 100 years of boys’ basketball in Iowa.


1937 Memorial Cup
The 1937 Memorial Cup final was the 19th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Copper Cliff Redmen of the Northern Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Winnipeg Monarchs of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League in Western Canada. This was the first Memorial Cup series to feature a best-of-five format. The games were held at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto, Ontario, Winnipeg won their second Memorial Cup, defeating Copper Cliff three games to one.


1937 Memorial Cup, Path to the final
The Winnipeg Monarchs defeated the Saskatoon Wesleys 5-2, 5-6, and 6-1 in a best-of-three series. The Copper Cliff Redmen defeated the Ottawa Rideaus in a two-game series to advance to the Memorial Cup Final in Toronto.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
For Winnipeg, it was their third appearance in the final in five years. The Monarchs lost the 1932 final to the Sudbury Wolves and defeated the Sudbury Wolves in the 1935 final. The referees would be future National Hockey League (NHL) president Clarence Campbell and former NHL player Babe Dye.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
In game one, the Redmen were down 3-0 with three minutes to play, but scored three to send the game to overtime. The Redmen won the game after ten minutes of overtime on a goal by Red Hamill while the Redmen were short-handed.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
Described as "80 minutes of gruelling hockey", the second game saw the Monarchs prevail 6-5 over the Redmen to even the series. The Redmen took a two-goal lead into the second period, but owing to a string of penalties, the Monarchs scored three to take the lead. The Redmen scored to tie the game entering the third period. The Redmen scored and tried to hang on, but the Monarchs pressed the play and tied the score to send it to overtime. The first overtime of ten minutes passed without a goal, and the Redmen scored in the first minute of the second overtime. The Monarch then scored two to win the game.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
In the third game, the Monarchs defeated the Redmen 2-1 to take a two games to one lead in the series. Winnipeg scored first in the first period, and the Redmen scored in the second to tie the score. The Monarchs then struck back to take the lead on a goal by Alfie Pike. The Monarchs then held off the Redmen the rest of the way.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
In the fourth game, Winnipeg came out and dominated the Redmen and won the game 7-0 to take the series. Johnny McCready scored four goals for the Monarchs, which held the edge in speed over the heavier Redmen. 12,000 attended the game.


1937 Memorial Cup, Copper Cliff vs. Winnipeg
The Memorial Cup was presented to the Monarchs by CAHA past-president E. A. Gilroy, who had also presented the trophy to the Monarchs in their 1935 Memorial Cup victory.


1937 Memorial Cup, Winning roster
Jack Atcheson, Ami Clement, Ted Dent, Zenon Ferley, Jack Fox, Dick Kowcinak, Pete Langelle, Lucien Martel, Johnny McCready, A. Peletier, Alf Pike, Paul Rheault, Denny Robinson, Remi Vandaele. Coach: Harry Neil


1937 Memorial Day massacre
In the Memorial Day massacre of 1937, the Chicago Police Department shot and killed ten unarmed demonstrators in Chicago, on May 30, 1937. The incident took place during the Little Steel strike in the United States.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Background
The incident arose after U.S. Steel signed a union contract but smaller steel manufacturers (called 'Little Steel'), including Republic Steel, refused to do so. In protest, the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) called a strike.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Incident
On Memorial Day, hundreds of sympathizers gathered at Sam's Place, a former tavern and dance hall at 113th Street and Green Bay Avenue, that served as the headquarters of the SWOC. As the crowd marched across the prairie towards the Republic Steel mill, a line of Chicago policemen blocked their path. The foremost protestors argued their right to continue. The police, feeling threatened, fired on the crowd. As the crowd fled, police shot and killed ten people, four dying that day and six others subsequently from their injuries. Nine people were permanently disabled and another 28 had serious head injuries from police clubbing.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Incident
In the book Selected Writings by Dorothy Day (who was present), the events of the protest are summarized as thus: 'On Memorial Day, May 30, 1937, police opened fire on a parade of striking steel workers and their families at the gate of the Republic Steel Company, in South Chicago. Fifty people were shot, of whom 10 later died; 100 others were beaten with clubs.'


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Legacy
Years later, one of the protesters, Mollie West, recalled a policeman yelling to her that day, "Get off the field or I'll put a bullet in your back." No policemen were ever prosecuted.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Legacy
A Coroner's Jury declared the killings to be "justifiable homicide". The press often called it a labor or red riot. President Roosevelt responded to a union plea, "The majority of people are saying just one thing, ′A plague on both your houses′"


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Legacy
A memorial plaque at the base of a flagpole with the names of the 10 people who were killed is located at 11731 South Avenue O, the former United Steel Workers Local 1033 union hall, which is now occupied by the United Auto Workers Local 3212. Thirty years to the day of the massacre, it was dedicated on May 30, 1967.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Legacy
The Republic Steel Memorial Day Massacre Sculpture, created by former Republic Steel employee Edward Blazak, was dedicated in 1981. Originally located near the main gate at 116th Street and Burley Avenue, it was rededicated in 2008 and relocated to 11659 South Avenue O, at the southwest corner of the grounds of a Chicago Fire Department station housing Engine #104.


1937 Memorial Day massacre, Legacy
In the wake of the massacre, the news reel of the event was suppressed for fear of creating, in the words of an official at Paramount News agency, "mass hysteria."


1937 Men's British Open Squash Championship
The 1937 Open Championship featured the defending open champion F. D. Amr Bey of Egypt being challenged by Jim Dear the professional champion. The first leg was held at Dear's club the Royal Automobile Club on 22 November. Bey won the first leg three games to two. The second leg took place at Bey's home Bath Club on 29 November. Bey won his fifth consecutive Open Championship title by clinching the second leg three games to one in a fifty-minute match. After securing a sixth Amateur Championship in December 1937 the Egyptian retired from international competitions the following March and received a national banquet attended by King Farouk in his honour on 25 March in Cairo.


1937 Mercer Bears football team
The 1937 Mercer Bears football team was an American football team that represented Mercer University as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1937 college football season. In their ninth year under head coach Lake Russell, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1937 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship
The 1937 season was the eighth completed season of Finnish Football League Championship, known as the Mestaruussarja.


1937 Mestaruussarja – Finnish League Championship, Overview
The 1937 Mestaruussarja  was contested by 8 teams, with HIFK Helsinki winning the championship. VIFK Vaasa and UL Turku were relegated to the second tier which was known as the Suomensarja.


1937 Miami Hurricanes football team
The 1937 Miami Hurricanes football team represented the University of Miami as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) in the 1937 college football season. The Hurricanes played their home games at Burdine Stadium in Miami, Florida. The team was coached by Jack Harding, in his first year as head coach for the Hurricanes.


1937 Miami Redskins football team
The 1937 Miami Redskins football team was an American football team that represented Miami University as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1937 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Frank Wilton, Miami compiled a 4–4–1 record (2–3 against conference opponents) and finished fourth out of six teams in the BAA.


1937 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team
The 1937 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team represented Michigan State Normal College (later renamed Eastern Michigan University) during the 1937 college football season. In their 16th season under head coach Elton Rynearson, the Hurons compiled a record of 5–2–1 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 156 to 69. August R. DeFroscia was the team captain. The team played its home games at Normal Field on the school's campus in Ypsilanti, Michigan.


1937 Michigan State Normal Hurons football team
In January 1937, Walter Briggs Sr., a native of Ypsilanti, agreed to donate an athletic plant to the school, consisting of a field house and football and baseball grandstands. The football field was called Walter O. Briggs Field in his honor. It opened in March 1938.


1937 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 1937 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State College in the 1937 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Charlie Bachman, the Spartans compiled an 8–2 record and won their annual rivalry game with Michigan by a 19 to 14 score. In inter-sectional play, the team defeated Kansas (16–0), Temple (13–6), Carnegie Tech (13–6), and San Francisco (14–0), but lost to Manhattan (3–0) and Auburn (6–0 in the 1938 Orange Bowl).


1937 Michigan State Spartans football team
Halfback John Pingel was selected by the Associated Press (AP) as a second-team player, and by the International News Service (INS) and Central Press Association as a third-team player, on the 1937 College Football All-America Team. Pingel was later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team
The 1937 Michigan Wolverines football team was an American football team that represented the University of Michigan in the 1937 Big Ten Conference football season. In their ninth season under head coach Harry Kipke, the Wolverines compiled a 4–4 record (3–3 against Big Ten opponents) and tied for fourth place in the Big Ten. Kipke was fired after the season, having compiled a 46–26–4 record in nine years as Michigan's head coach.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team
After losing its first three games, the team won four consecutive games before losing to Ohio State in the final game of the season. The team was outscored by a combined total of 110 to 54, ranking 106th of 126 teams in major college football with an average of 6.8 points scored per game.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team
Guard Ralph Heikkinen was named the team's most valuable player and also received first-team honors on the 1937 All-Big Ten Conference football team. Center Joe Rinaldi was the team captain.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
During the 1936 football season, Michigan compiled a 1–7 record (0–5 against conference opponents) and finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference. The team had compiled a 2–14 conference record since the 1933 season.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
In December 1936, unhappiness with the team's performance was widespread, and the press reported that the school was intent on making sweeping changes and that chances were remote for the return of head coach Harry Kipke. In January 1937, in what was described in the press as "a compromise shakeup", the university fired Franklin Cappon as the team's line coach and assistant athletic director but retained Kipke as head coach for the 1937 season. The press reported that Kipke's retention was in part due to the failure to find a suitable replacement following a careful search. Cappon's dismissal was viewed as a victory for Kipke who had broken relations during the 1936 season. Bennie Oosterbaan and Wally Weber also retained their positions as assistant coaches responsible for the team's ends and backfield players.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Pre-season
The team filled out its coaching staff in February 1937, hiring Hunk Anderson as the line coach to replace Cappon.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 1: Michigan State
On October 2, 1937, Michigan opened its season with a 19–14 loss to Michigan State in front of a crowd of 71,200 at Michigan Stadium. The defeat was the fourth in a row for Michigan against Charlie Bachman's Spartans – the first time in Michigan football history that any team had secured four consecutive victories over the Wolverines. After a scoreless first half, the Spartans scored three touchdowns in the second half, led by halfback John Pingel who threw two touchdown passes to Ole Nelson. Michigan State's Gene Ciolek also scored on an 89-yard run. For the Wolverines, Hercules Renda caught a touchdown pass from Stark Ritchie, and Fred Trosko scored on a run through center from inside the one-yard line. Trosko also kicked two points after touchdown.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 2: at Northwestern
On October 9, 1937, Michigan lost to Northwestern, winner of the 1936 Big Ten championship, by a 7–0 score at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. Despite the defeat, Michigan tackle Don Siegel was credited with completely stopping Northwestern's rushing attack on the left side to the point that Northwestern ceased running to his side after the first quarter. After a scoreless first half, Northwestern capitalized after intercepting a Douglas Farmer pass near midfield in the third quarter. The Wildcats scored on a 15-yard pass from Don Heap to Cleo Diehl. The Wolverines out-gained the Wildcats on the ground by 125 rushing yards to 106, but the Wildcats exceeded the Wolverines in the air by a margin of 128 passing yards to 70.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 3: Minnesota
On October 16, 1937, in the annual Little Brown Jug rivalry game, Michigan lost to Bernie Bierman's Minnesota Golden Gophers by a 39–6 score before approximately 70,000 spectators at Michigan Stadium. The Wolverines took a 6–0 lead in the first quarter on a four-yard touchdown pass from Fred Trosko to Elmer Gedeon, the Wolverines' first touchdown against Minnesota since 1931. From that point forward, Minnesota responded with 39 unanswered points and intercepted six Michigan passes. Minnesota out-gained Michigan by a total of 389 yards to 31 yards. The loss was Michigan's fourth in a row against Minnesota. Minnesota star halfback Andy Uram sustained a broken wrist in the game. The 1937 Golden Gophers went on to win the Big Ten championship and were ranked No. 5 in the final AP Poll.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 4: at Iowa
On October 23, 1937, Michigan defeated Iowa, 7–6, before a crowd of approximately 20,000 in Iowa City. The victory was the first for Michigan over a Big Ten opponent since 1935. Tex Stanton scored Michigan’s touchdown on a three-yard run in the second quarter. Fred Trosko kicked the point after touchdown. Iowa quarterback Nile Kinnick, who went on to win the 1939 Heisman Trophy, returned a punt 76 yards for a touchdown in the third quarter. Michigan tackle Bill Smith blocked Kinnick’s kick for the point after touchdown to preserve Michigan's lead. The Wolverines out-gained the Hawkeyes by 180 yards to 106 yards.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
On October 30, 1937, Michigan defeated Illinois by a 7–6 score before a crowd of approximately 29,000 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. After a scoreless first half, the Illini took a 6–0 lead in the third quarter as Willard Cramer recovered a fumble in Michigan's end zone for a touchdown. However, the kick for extra point was low. Shortly thereafter, Michigan quarterback Bill Barclay intercepted a Minnesota pass near midfield. After moving the ball to Illinois' 36-yard line, Fred Trosko threw a pass caught by a wide-open John Nicholson at the 15-yard line.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 5: at Illinois
Nicholson ran the remaining 15 yards untouched for a touchdown. Trosko converted the kick for point after touchdown to give the Wolverines a 7–6 lead. Michigan played well on defense, holding the Illini to only 56 total yards from scrimmage. The game was Illinois' homecoming game and included a celebration in honor of Robert Zuppke's 25th anniversary as the team's football coach.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Chicago
On November 6, 1937, Michigan defeated the Chicago Maroons, 13–12, before a crowd of approximately 20,000 at Michigan Stadium. Chicago scored touchdowns in the second and third quarters to take a 12–0 lead. With four minutes remaining in the game, the Wolverines rallied for two touchdowns. Stark Ritchie, who had just been brought into the game as a substitute, scored on a 41-yard sweep around the left side with a key block by Hercules Renda on Chicago's right end. Danny Smick kicked the extra point to narrow Chicago's lead to five points.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 6: Chicago
On the ensuing drive, Smick hit the Chicago ball carrier at full speed; the ball came loose and Smick recovered the fumble at Chicago's 21-yard line with two minutes left in the game. A Chicago penalty advanced the ball to the 16-yard line, and Stark Ritchie then ran through the right end to the six-yard line. Chicago held on the next three plays, but Ritchie ran for the winning touchdown on fourth down. Michigan took the lead with one minute left to play. Smick's kick for extra point was unsuccessful. Ralph Heikkinen intercepted a Chicago pass at midfield as time ran out.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Penn
On November 7, 1937, Michigan won its fourth consecutive game, defeating Penn by a 7–0 score on a wet, muddy Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Michigan scored with a minute and 20 seconds remaining in the first half on a six-yard touchdown pass from Stark Ritchie to Norm Purucker. Guard George Marzonie kicked the extra point. The touchdown was set up when Ralph Heikkinen recovered a fumbled forward lateral.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 7: at Penn
A Penn player, Walter Shinn, threw a punch at Michigan end John Nicholson during the scrum for the loose ball, resulting in Shinn's ejection and a penalty that moved the ball to the Penn 33-yard line. Penn out-gained Michigan in the game by a total of 94 yards to 74 yards. After the game, a small contingent of Michigan fans attempted unsuccessfully to tear down the goalpost, but their effort was thwarted by a much larger group of Penn students.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Week 8: Ohio State
On November 20, 1937, Michigan concluded its season with its annual rivalry game against an Ohio State team ranked No. 13 in the AP Poll. The game was played in the snow before a crowd of approximately 60,000 at Michigan Stadium. Ohio State dominated the game and won by a 21–0 score. Ohio State touchdowns were scored by Miller (two) and Nardi (one); the Buckeyes also scored two points on a safety in the second quarter. The Buckeyes out-gained the Wolverines by 225 rushing yards to 63 and by 101 passing yards to 37. The defeat was the fourth in a row to the Buckeyes. Prior to the 1937 season, Michigan had not lost four consecutive games to any opponents, but the 1937 season brought the team's fourth consecutive losses against all three major rivals – Michigan State, Minnesota, and Ohio State.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
On November 23, 1937, the Michigan football team elected tackle Fred Janke as captain of the 1938 team. At the same time, guard Ralph Heikkinen was selected as the most valuable player on the 1937 squad.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Heikkinen was also the only Michigan player to receive first-team honors on the 1937 All-Big Ten Conference football team. He was selected as a first-team tackle by the United Press and received second-team honors from the Associated Press. Tackle Don Siegel also received second-team honors from the Associated Press.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Harry Kipke was fired as Michigan's head coach on December 9, 1937. According to newspaper reports, Kipke was "on the outs" with athletic director Fielding H. Yost, and the Board in Control of Physical Education had come to the unanimous opinion that Kipke was "incompetent".


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Season summary, Post-season
Candidates to replace Kipke included Gus Dorais,  George Veenker, Gar Davidson, Dutch Clark, Howard Jones, and Ivy Williamson. Fritz Crisler was ultimately hired in February 1938 as Kipke’s replacement.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity letter winners
The following 26 players received varsity letters for their participation on the 1937 Michigan football team. For players who were starters, the list also includes the number of games started by position. Players who started at least half of Michigan's games are shown in bold.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, Varsity reserve
The following players were identified as varsity reserves on the roster of the 1937 Michigan football team.


1937 Michigan Wolverines football team, Players, All-freshman team
The 1937 all-freshman team included a nucleus of players, including Tom Harmon and Forest Evashevski, that would propel Michigan to the top tier of college football programs when Fritz Crisler took over as head coach in 1938.


1937 Milan–San Remo
The 1937 Milan–San Remo was the 30th edition of the Milan–San Remo cycle race and was held on 19 March 1937. The race started in Milan and finished in San Remo. The race was won by Cesare Del Cancia of the Ganna team.


1937 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
The 1937 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1937 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth year under head coach Bernie Bierman, the Golden Gophers compiled a 6–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 184 to 50.


1937 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
End Ray King was named an All-American by the Walter Camp Football Foundation and Look magazine. Fullback Andy Uram was named an All-American by the Associated Press. King, halfback Rudy Gmitro, tackle Lou Midler and guard Frank Twedell were named All-Big Ten first team.


1937 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team
Total attendance for the season was 254,188, which averaged to 50,838. The season high for attendance was against Notre Dame.


1937 Mississippi State Maroons football team
The 1937 Mississippi State Maroons football team represented Mississippi State College during the 1937 college football season. At the end of the season, popular head coach Ralph Sasse shocked students and fans by resigning after a nervous breakdown. Sasse finished 20–10–2 in his three seasons at Mississippi State.


1937 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team
The 1937 Mississippi State Teachers Yellow Jackets football team was an American football team that represented the Mississippi State Teachers College (now known as the University of Southern Mississippi) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1937 college football season. In their first year under head coach Reed Green, the team compiled a 7–3 record.


1937 Missouri Tigers football team
The 1937 Missouri Tigers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Missouri in the Big Six Conference (Big 6) during the 1937 college football season. The team compiled a 3–6–1 record (2–2–1 against Big 6 opponents), finished in fourth place in the Big 6, and was outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 64 to 42. Don Faurot was the head coach for the third of 19 seasons. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Columbia, Missouri.


1937 Missouri Tigers football team
The team's leading scorer was Henry Mahle with eight points.


1937 Mitropa Cup
The 1937 season of the Mitropa Cup football club tournament was won by Ferencváros who defeated Lazio 9–6 on aggregate in the final. It was their second victory in the competition, having previously won it in 1928. The two legs of the final were played on 12 September and 24 October.


1937 Mitropa Cup
This was the eleventh edition of the tournament, and the first edition to feature a team from Romania. Defending champions Austria Wien lost at the semi-final stage to eventual winners Ferencváros.


1937 Monaco Grand Prix
The 1937 Monaco Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the Circuit de Monaco on 8 August 1937. The 100 lap event was won by Manfred von Brauchitsch.


1937 Montana Grizzlies football team
The 1937 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1937 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Grizzlies were led by third-year head coach Doug Fessenden, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of seven wins and one loss (7–1, 0–1 PCC).


1937 Montana State Bobcats football team
The 1937 Montana State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Montana State College (later renamed Montana State University) in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1937 college football season. In its second season under head coach Jack Croft, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record (0–3–1 against RMC opponents), yet outscored opponents by a total of 171 to 105. Clifford Norris was the team captain.


1937 Montserratian general election
General elections were held in Montserrat in 1937. They were the first elections since the 1860s.


1937 Montserratian general election, Background
The partially elected Legislative Assembly dissolved itself in 1866 and was replaced with a wholly appointed body. This remained in place until 1937 when constitutional reforms reintroduced elected members. The reorganised legislature had nine seats; four elected, three held by government officials and two by nominees appointed by the Governor.


1937 Morgan Bears football team
The 1937 Morgan Bears football team was an American football team that represented Morgan College in the Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) during the 1937 college football season. In their ninth season under head coach Edward P. Hurt, the Bears compiled a 7–0 record, won the CIAA championship, shut out five of seven opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 168 to 19. The Bears were recognized as the 1937 black college national champion.


1937 Morgan Bears football team
The school's newly-constructed stadium was formally opened on October 17, 1937, in a dedication ceremony prior to the football game against Lincoln (PA).


1937 Murray State Thoroughbreds football team
The 1937 Murray State Thoroughbreds football team represented Murray State University in the 1937 college football season. The team won its second Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title.


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The first annual National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) basketball tournament featured eight teams playing in a single-elimination format. In 1938, it would expand to its current size of 32 teams.


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament
This tournament is unique because it was started two years prior to the NCAA men's tournament and one year before the National Invitation Tournament, and all the teams play over a series of six days instead of several weekends. The compactness of the tournament has given it the nickname "college basketball's toughest tournament".


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament
It began when Dr. James Naismith, Emil S. Liston, Frank Cramer, and local leaders formed the National College Basketball Tournament, which was staged at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The goal of the tournament was to establish a forum for small colleges and universities to determine a national basketball champion.


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament
The first championship game featured Central Missouri State University defeating Morningside College (Iowa) 35–24. It is also the lowest scoring championship game in tournament history.


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament, Awards and honors
Many of the records set by the 1937 tournament have been broken, and many of the awards were established much later:


1937 NAIA Men's Basketball Tournament, 1937 NAIA bracket, 3rd place game
The third place game featured the losing teams from the national semifinalist to determine 3rd and 4th places in the tournament. This game was played until 1988.


1937 NC State Wolfpack football team
The 1937 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1937 college football season. In its first season under head coach Williams Newton, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record (4–2–1 against SoCon opponents) and was outscored by a total of 92 to 91.


1937 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans
The consensus 1937 College Basketball All-American team, as determined by aggregating the results of four major All-American teams. To earn "consensus" status, a player must win honors from a majority of the following teams: the Helms Athletic Foundation, Converse, the Omaha World Newspaper, and Madison Square Garden.


1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
The 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships were contested at the University of Minnesota Armory at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota as part of the 14th annual NCAA swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.


1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Even though NCAA swimming championships had been held since 1924, this was the first event with an official team championship.


1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Championships
Michigan won the inaugural official team national championship, defeating rival Ohio State by 36 points, 75–39. It was the first official NCAA title for the Wolverines but their eighth including the unofficial titles won between 1924 and 1936.


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships
The 1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships was the 16th NCAA track and field championship. The event was held at Berkeley, California in June 1937. The University of Southern California won its second consecutive team championship.


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Team scoring
1. University of Southern California - 62 points2. Stanford - 50 points3. Ohio State - 284. Washington State - 245. Indiana - 226. Columbia - 217. Pittsburg State - 178. Michigan - 169. Notre Dame - 1510. Wisconsin - 12


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
100-yard dash  1. Sam Stoller, Michigan - 9.7 seconds2. Ben Johnson, Columbia3. Donald Dunn, Kansas Teachers (Pittsburg)4. George Boone, USC5. Bob Grieve, Illinois


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
120-yard high hurdles1. Forrest Towns, Georgia - 14.3 seconds2. Allen Tolmich, Wayne University3. Roy Staley, USC4. Verne Sumner, Kansas Teachers (Emporia)5. Bob Osgood, Michigan


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard dash 1. Ben Johnson, Columbia - 21.3 seconds2. Jack Weiershauser, Stanford3. Lee Orr, Washington State4. Curt Ledford, Washington State5. Fred Elliott, Indiana


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
220-yard low hurdles 1. Earl Vickery, USC - 23.3 seconds2. Jack Weiershauser, Stanford3. Verne Sumner, Kansas Teachers (Emporia)4. Robert Lemen, Purdue5. Tom Berkeley, UCLA


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
440-yard dash 1. Lorin Benke, Washington State - 47.1 seconds2. Ray Malott, Stanford3. Harley Howells, Ohio State4. Charles Belcher, Georgia Tech5. Richard Gill, Boston College


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
880-yard run 1. John Woodruff, Pitt - 1:50.3 (NCAA record)2. Ross Bush, USC3. Chuck Beetham, USC4. Vic Palmason, Washington5. Dick Squire, Ohio State


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
One-mile run 1. Charles Fenske, Wisconsin - 4:13.92. Jim Smith, Indiana3. Mel Trutt, Indiana4. Gregory Rice, Notre Dame5. Dave Rogan, Kentucky


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Track events
Two-mile run 1. Gregory Rice, Notre Dame - 9:14.2 (NCAA record)2. Bill Feiler, Drake3. Richard Frey, Michigan State4. Thomas Deckard, Indiana5. Fred Padget, Drake


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Broad jump 1. Kermit King, Kansas Teachers (Pittsburg) - 25 feet, 3-1/4 inches2. Arnold Nutting, California3. Eulace Peacock, Temple4. Bob Hubbard, Minnesota5. George Boone, USC


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
High jump 1. Dave Albritton, Ohio State - 6 feet, 6-1/4 inches2. Gilbert Cruter, Colorado - 6 feet, 6-1/4 inches3. Delos Thurber, USC - 6 feet, 6-1/4 inches4. Mel Walker, Ohio State5. Jack Vickery, Texas5. Ed Burke, Marquette


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Pole vault 1. Bill Sefton, USC - 14 feet, 8-7/8 inches2. George Varoff, Oregon3. Earle Meadows, USC4. Irving Howe, USC5. Albert Haller, Wisconsin


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Discus throw 1. Pete Zagar, Stanford - 156 feet, 3 inches2. Hugh Gribbin, Stanford3. Charles Socolofsky, Kansas State4. Phil Gaspar, USC5. Donald Johnson, Idaho


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Javelin 1. Lowell Todd, San Jose State - 214 feet, 9-3/8 inches2. Bill Reitz, UCLA3. Don Johnson, Idaho4. John Guckeyson, Maryland5. Chuck Soper, USC


1937 NCAA Track and Field Championships, Field events
Shot put 1. Sam Francis, Nebraska - 53.502. Dimitri Zaitz, Boston College - 52.173. Jim Reynolds, Stanford - 51.764. William Watson, Michigan - 51.155. Dan Taylor, Columbia


1937 NCAA Wrestling Championships
The 1937 NCAA Wrestling Championships were the 10th NCAA Wrestling Championships to be held. Indiana State Teachers College in Terre Haute, Indiana hosted the tournament at their school gymnasium.


1937 NCAA Wrestling Championships
Oklahoma A&M took home the team championship with 31 points and having four individual champions.


1937 NCAA Wrestling Championships
Stanley Henson of Oklahoma A&M was named the Outstanding Wrestler.


1937 NCAA baseball season
The 1937 NCAA baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1937. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.


1937 NCAA baseball season, Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1937 season.


1937 NCAA football rankings
One human poll comprised the 1937 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football rankings. Unlike most sports, college football's governing body, the NCAA, does not bestow a national championship, instead that title is bestowed by one or more different polling agencies. There are two main weekly polls that begin in the preseason—the AP Poll and the Coaches' Poll. The Coaches' Poll began operation in 1950; in addition, the AP Poll did not begin conducting preseason polls until that same year.


1937 NCAA football rankings, AP Poll
The final AP Poll was released on November 29, at the end of the 1937 regular season, weeks before the major bowls. The AP would not release a post-bowl season final poll regularly until 1968.


1937 NFL Championship Game
The 1937 National Football League Championship Game was the fifth championship game of the National Football League (NFL), held December 12 at Wrigley Field in Chicago with an attendance of 15,878. The game featured the Western Division champions Chicago Bears (9–1–1) and the Eastern Division champions Washington Redskins (8–3).


1937 NFL Championship Game, Background
Prior to the 1937 season, Redskins owner George Preston Marshall moved the team from Boston to his hometown of Washington, D.C. The Boston Redskins won the Eastern Division title the previous season, but  attendances were very poor in Boston, which forced Marshall to move the 1936 NFL Championship Game from Fenway Park to the Polo Grounds in New York City. The Redskins selected quarterback Sammy Baugh from TCU in the first round of the 1937 NFL draft, and the rookie led the league in passing with a then-record 81 pass completions, and Redskins halfback Cliff Battles led the NFL in rushing with 874 yards.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Background
The Bears had a nine-win season under head coach George Halas, the last for Bears great Bronko Nagurski (other than a brief, one-year return to the Bears in 1943).


1937 NFL Championship Game, Background
Baugh stated that the field conditions were, in his words "the worst field I ever saw. The field had been torn up the previous week, and it froze solid with jagged clods sticking up. I've never seen so many people get cut up in a football game."


1937 NFL Championship Game, Background
Learning from the "Sneakers" game of 1934, both teams were prepared with a supply of basketball shoes in case of slippery field conditions. The temperature at kickoff in Chicago was 24 °F (−4 °C).


1937 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
The Redskins scored first when Baugh led the team down to the Chicago 7-yard line, where he slipped the ball to Battles on a reverse for the game's first touchdown.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
The Bears came back, however, as halfback Jack Manders scored the next fourteen points for the Bears: a touchdown run, a touchdown pass reception, and two extra points. Chicago led 14–7 at halftime.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
Baugh took over in the second half, mixing short and long passes, shredding the Bears defense. (Baugh would finish the game 18-for-33 passing, for 335 yards; he had led the league in 1937 with an average of 102.5 yards passing per game.) Even using five defensive linemen (most teams used six at the time) and a sixth defensive back, the Bears could not stop the Redskins passing attack.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
In the fourth quarter, the score was tied 21–21, before Baugh threw a 35-yard touchdown strike to Redskins wingback Ed Justice to take the lead for good, 28–21.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Game summary
The First Fifty Years, a 1969 book that chronicles the first half-century of the NFL, listed the game as the second of "Ten [Games] That Mattered." "In his rookie year," the book concludes, "Sammy Baugh had beaten pro football's best with a style of play 15 years before its time. And in his first year in prestigious Washington, George Preston Marshall ran up a championship flag. Pro football was getting its base."


1937 NFL Championship Game, Players' shares
An expected attendance of 40,000 was not reached due to the week's poor weather, which kept it under 16,000. Each player on the winning Redskins team received $225, while the Bears received $127 each.


1937 NFL Championship Game, Officials
The NFL had only four game officials in 1937; the back judge was added in 1947, the line judge in 1965, and the side judge in 1978.


1937 NFL Draft
The 1937 National Football League Draft was the second draft held by the National Football League (NFL). The draft took place December 12, 1936, at the Hotel Lincoln in New York City. The draft consisted of 10 rounds, with 100 player selections, two of which would later become members of the Professional Football Hall of Fame. Notable for this draft were the league's draft selections for a planned expansion team, the Cleveland Rams, who were admitted into the league prior to the 1937 season.


1937 NFL season
The 1937 NFL season was the 18th regular season of the National Football League. The Cleveland Rams joined the league as an expansion team. Meanwhile, the Redskins relocated from Boston to Washington, D.C.


1937 NFL season
The season ended when the Redskins, led by rookie quarterback  Sammy Baugh, defeated the Chicago Bears in the NFL Championship Game.


1937 NFL season, Draft
The 1937 NFL Draft was held on December 12, 1936 at New York City's Hotel Lincoln. With the first pick, the Philadelphia Eagles selected runningback Sam Francis from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.


1937 NFL season, Division races
Midway through the NFL's 11-game season, the Bears were unbeaten (5–0) in the Western Division, while the Giants were leaders in the Eastern (4–1), and they played to a 3–3 tie. The Giants and Bears continued to stay in the lead in their divisions, and the Bears clinched a spot in the title game with its 13–0 win over Detroit. On December 5, 1937, the final game of the season had Washington (7–3 and .700) traveling to New York (6–2–2 and .750). A win or a tie would give the Giants the Eastern title; the Redskins triumphed, 49–14, and got the division crown and the trip to face Chicago in the 1937 championship game.


1937 NFL season, Final standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1937 NFL season, NFL Championship Game
Washington 28, Chi. Bears 21, at Wrigley Field, Chicago, December 12, 1937


1937 NSWRFL season
The 1937 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the 30th season of the Sydney, New South Wales-based top-grade rugby league club competition, Australia's first. Nine teams from across the city contested the premiership during the season, which lasted from April until June, with Eastern Suburbs being crowned champions.


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary
The 1937 season only lasted eight rounds due to the Kangaroo tour, and used a “first past the post” system to determine the premiers. There were no Finals. The second half of what would normally have been the NSWRFL season was taken up with a City Cup competition.


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary
Eastern Suburbs won their seventh Premiership going through the season undefeated – a feat achieved by teams in only five other seasons before or since. Having won only two matches in four seasons and only fifteen (plus two draws) in the nine seasons since 1929, the University club withdrew voluntarily from the premiership at the end of the season.


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
1937 proved University’s final NSWRFL season. After being allowed one more season to prove themselves, the Students did not win a match in any grade, scoring only 41 points in first grade, 39 in reserves, and 21 in third grade – in which University veterans were allowed to play the second half of the last match as a farewell.


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
30th seasonGround: Leichhardt OvalCoach: Harold MatthewsCaptain(s): Jim Duckworth,  Jack Redman


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
30th seasonGround: Sydney Cricket Ground Coach: Arthur Halloway Captain: Viv Thicknesse


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
30th seasonGround: Sydney Sports Ground Coach: Charlie Lynch Captain: Eric Lewis


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
17th seasonGround: Earl ParkCoach: Peter Burge / Norm PopeCaptain: Norm Pope & Percy Fairall


1937 NSWRFL season, Season summary, Teams
30th seasonGround: Pratten Park Coach: Jerry Brien Captain: Cliff Pearce


1937 NYU Violets football team
The 1937 NYU Violets football team was an American football team that represented New York University as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Mal Stevens, the team compiled a 5–4 record.


1937 National Challenge Cup
The 1937 National Challenge Cup was the annual open cup held by the United States Football Association now known as the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.


1937 Navy Midshipmen football team
The 1937 Navy Midshipmen football team represented the United States Naval Academy during the 1937 college football season. In their first season under head coach Hank Hardwick, the Midshipmen compiled a 4–4–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined score of 150 to 74.