1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections
Four special elections to the National Assembly of the Philippines were done on September 1, 1936. These were to fill up vacancies from four seats.


1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections, Electoral system
The seats in the National Assembly were elected from single member districts, under the first-past-the-post voting system.


1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections, Abra
The seat from Abra was vacated when incumbent Quintín Paredes was appointed Resident Commissioner to the United States, the Commonwealth of the Philippines's delegate in the United States Congress.


1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections, Ilocos Norte–2nd
The seat from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district was vacated when assemblyman-elect Julio Nalundasan was shot at his home in Batac just right after the 1935 legislative election. Nalundasan was murdered on September 20, 1935 while he was brushing his teeth. Ferdinand Marcos, the future president and son of Nalundasan's opponent Mariano, among others, was convicted of murder, but that was reversed on appeal.


1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections, Leyte–4th
The seat from Leyte's 4th district was vacated when incumbent Francisco Enage was appointed to be a member of the technical staff in the Malacañang Palace.


1936 Philippine National Assembly special elections, Samar–2nd
The seat from Samar's 2nd district was vacated when incumbent Serafin Marabut was appointed to be undersecretary of finance and director of the Budget Office (now the Secretary of Budget and Management).


1936 Pittsburgh Americans season
The 1936 Pittsburgh Americans season was their first season in existence. The team played in the American Football League would go on to post a 3-3-1 record overall, and a 3-2-1 league record.


1936 Pittsburgh Crawfords season
The 1936 Pittsburgh Crawfords baseball team competed in Negro National League (NNL) during the 1936 baseball season. The team compiled a 48–33–2 (.590) record and won the NNL pennant.


1936 Pittsburgh Crawfords season
The team featured six players who were later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, including player/manager Oscar Charleston; center fielder Cool Papa Bell; catcher Josh Gibson; third baseman Judy Johnson; and pitcher Satchel Paige.


1936 Pittsburgh Crawfords season
The team's leading pitchers were Leroy Matlock (10–3, 3.55 ERA) and Satchel Paige (8–2, 3.64 ERA).


1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1936 college football season.


1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The Panthers won the Rose Bowl and were selected national champion by Boand, Football Research, and Houlgate. Pitt was also awarded the Lambert-Meadowlands Trophy as the champion of the East.


1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, National championship
The 1936 team was selected or recognized as a national champion by multiple selectors which are recognized as "major" (i.e. national in scope) in the official NCAA football records book, by College Football Data Warehouse, and according to a Sports Illustrated study that has served as the historical basis of the university's historical national championship claims since its original publication.


1936 Pittsburgh Panthers football team, National championship
* A "major" selector that was "national scope" according to the official NCAA football records book.


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season
The 1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the team's fourth season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League (NFL). The team welcomed back head coach, Joe Bach who served his last year at the position (until returning in 1952). His team finished the season with the franchise's best record yet, at 6-6.


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season
The Pirates played all of their home games at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, except for one that was played at Point Stadium in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 55th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise; the 50th in the National League. The Pirates finished fourth in the league standings with a record of 84–70.


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 Portland Pilots football team
The 1936 Portland Pilots football team was an American football team that represented the University of Portland as an independent during the 1936 college football season. In its tenth and final year under head coach Gene Murphy, the team compiled a 3–4 record. Murphy resigned as Portland's football and baseball coach in December 1936. The team played its home games at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, Oregon.


1936 Preston by-election
The Preston by-election, 1936 was a parliamentary by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Preston on 25 November 1936. The seat had become vacant when the Conservative Member of Parliament William Kirkpatrick had resigned to take up the post of representative to China of the Export Credits Guarantee Department.


1936 Preston by-election
The Conservative candidate, Edward Cobb, held the seat for his party.


1936 Primera División de Chile
The 1936 Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional was Chilean first tier's 4th season. Audax Italiano were the champions, breaking the hegemony which Magallanes maintained between 1933 and 1935, winning three consecutive titles.


1936 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1936 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1936 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Fritz Crisler, the team compiled a 4–2–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 145 to 80. The team played its home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.


1936 Princeton Tigers football team
Bill Montgomery was the team captain. Three Princeton players were selected by the Associated Press (AP) to the 1936 All-Eastern college football team: Charles Toll at tackle (AP-1); Ken Sandbach at quarterback (AP-2); and Bill Montgomery at guard (AP-2). Toll was also selected by the AP as a second-team player on the 1936 All-America college football team.


1936 Provincial Speedway League
The 1936 Provincial Speedway League was the first season of the Provincial League, introduced as a second tier to the National League Six speedway teams started the season. Cardiff withdrew after 9 matches and their record was expunged, with most of their riders joining Nottingham. Southampton Saints were the champions on race points difference over Bristol Bulldogs.


1936 Provincial Speedway League
Due to the brevity of the season, teams also competed for the Provincial Trophy in a league format. Cardiff had only completed one fixture before folding and their record was expunged. West Ham Hawks which was West Ham Hammers' reserve side, also competed, but raced home meetings at Southampton. Southampton Saints won the trophy to complete the double.


1936 Provincial Speedway League, Provincial League Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points


1936 Provincial Speedway League, Provincial Trophy Final table
M = Matches; W = Wins; D = Draws; L = Losses; Pts = Total Points


1936 Provincial Speedway League, National Trophy
The 1936 National Trophy was the sixth edition of the Knockout Cup. Southampton Saints won the Provincial Final round and therefore qualified for the quarter finals proper (the round when the tier one sides entered the competition).


1936 Provincial Speedway League, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Southampton were the National Trophy Provincial Final winners, winning on aggregate 73-67.


1936 Puerto Rican general election
General elections were held in Puerto Rico on 3 November 1936. Voter turnout was 71.9%.


1936 Puerto Rican general election
Santiago Iglesias Pantín of the Coalition was elected Resident Commissioner with 54% of the vote.


1936 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1936 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1936 college football season. In their seventh season under head coach Noble Kizer, the Boilermakers compiled a 5–2–1 record, finished in a tie for fourth place in the Big Ten Conference with a 3–1–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 157 to 95.


1936 Quebec general election
The 1936 Quebec general election was held on August 17, 1936, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Canada. The Union Nationale, led by Maurice Duplessis, defeated the incumbent Quebec Liberal Party, led by Adélard Godbout.


1936 Quebec general election
This marked the end of slightly more than 39 consecutive years in power for the Liberals, who had governed Quebec since the 1897 election.


1936 Quebec general election
This 1936 election had been called less than one year after the 1935 election after Liberal premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau resigned because of a scandal. He was replaced by Godbout as Liberal leader and premier.


1936 Quebec general election
This was Duplessis's first term in office. After losing the subsequent 1939 election, he later won four more general elections in a row, and became the dominant politician of his time. It was also the Union Nationale's first election, having been formed from a merger between the Action libérale nationale and the Quebec Conservative Party.


1936 Quebec general election, Results
Results change is compared to the combined totals of the Conservative and Action libérale nationale parties in 1935.


1936 Quebec general election, Further reading
This Quebec history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .


1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 10th staging of the Railway Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1927. The cup began on 16 February 1936 and ended on 17 March 1936.


1936 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1936, Leinster won the cup following a 2-08 to 3-04 defeat of Munster in the final at Croke Park. This was their fifth Railway Cup title overall and their first title since 1933.


1936 Republican National Convention
The 1936 Republican National Convention was held June 9–12 at the Public Auditorium in Cleveland, Ohio. It nominated Governor Alfred Landon of Kansas for president and Frank Knox of Illinois for vice president.


1936 Republican National Convention
The convention supported many New Deal programs, including Social Security. The keynote address was given on June 9 by Frederick Steiwer, U.S. Senator from Oregon.


1936 Republican National Convention
Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator Borah, were considered to be serious candidates. Although favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren E. Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.


1936 Republican National Convention
Other potential candidates included Robert A. Taft, New York Representative James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Iowa Senator Lester Dickinson, New York Representative Hamilton Fish III, New Jersey Governor Harold Hoffman, Delaware Governor C. Douglass Buck, Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, Michigan auto magnate Henry Ford, aviator Charles Lindbergh, former President Herbert Hoover, Oregon Senator Frederick Steiwer, Senate Minority Leader Charles McNary, former Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., cousin of Democratic incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt.


1936 Republican National Convention
At the start of the convention, Landon looked like the likely nominee, but faced opposition from a coalition led by Michigan Senator Arthur Vandenberg, Idaho Senator William E. Borah, and newspaper publisher Frank Knox. However, the stop-Landon movement failed.


1936 Republican National Convention
The tally of the first ballot at the convention was:


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries
From March 10 to May 19, 1936, voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for president in the 1936 United States presidential election. The nominee was selected through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1936 Republican National Convention held from June 9 to June 12, 1936, in Cleveland, Ohio.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries
Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Alfred Landon and Senator William Borah, were considered to be serious candidates.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries
While favorite sons County Attorney Earl Warren of California, Governor Warren E. Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day of Ohio won their respective primaries, the 70-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and "insurgent," carried the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. However, the party machinery almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Major candidates
These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Favorite sons
The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries, Candidates, Declined to run
The following persons were listed in two or more major national polls or were the subject of media speculation surrounding their potential candidacy, but declined to actively seek the nomination.


1936 Republican Party presidential primaries, Convention
With Knox's candidacy withdrawing in order to become Landon's selection for Vice President, and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, Landon's victory was assured.


1936 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1936 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1936 college football season. In its 17th season under head coach Frank Keaney, the team compiled a 5–4 record (1–2 against conference opponents) and finished in third place in the conference. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium with the exception of two night games played at Cranston Stadium.


1936 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1936 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1936. Democratic nominee Robert E. Quinn defeated Republican nominee Charles P. Sisson with 53.66% of the vote.


1936 Rice Owls football team
The 1936 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1936 college football season. In its third season under head coach Jimmy Kitts, the team compiled a 5–7 record (1–5 against SWC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 127 to 108.


1936 Roller Hockey World Cup
The 1936 Roller Hockey World Cup was the first world cup tournament in the history of roller sports. Organized by the Fédération Internationale de Patinage a Roulettes (now under the name of Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports), it was a roller hockey tournament contested by 7 national teams (all from Europe) and it is also considered the 1936 European Roller Hockey Championship. All the games were played in the city of Stuttgart, in southern Germany, the chosen city to host the World Cup.


1936 Romanian local elections
Local elections were held in the Kingdom of Romania in 1936.


1936 Rose Bowl
The 1936 Rose Bowl was the 22nd Rose Bowl game, an American post-season college football game that was played on New Year's Day 1936 in Pasadena, California. It featured the undefeated SMU Mustangs against the Stanford Indians, which had one loss.


1936 Rose Bowl, Background
Stanford had been to six previous Rose Bowls in a span of 34 years (and they would go to four more in the next 36 years), but they had only managed to win once while losing four times and tying once.


1936 Rose Bowl, Background
SMU had a perfect record of 12–0 and was ranked at the top with a defense that shut out their opponents 8 out of 12 games. This was their second ever bowl game but their first marquee bowl game.


1936 Rose Bowl, Game summary
Not wanting to lose for the third consecutive time in the Rose Bowl, Stanford strove to score first, which they did with Bill Paulman's touchdown run in the first quarter. The rest of the game was a defensive struggle (which is why two ends were named MVP), highlighted by Stanford's six interceptions and SMU's crucial fumble at Stanford's five yard line. In the end, there was 355 combined yards, but also 25 combined punts and only 15 first downs.


1936 Rose Bowl, Game notes
The game was the first sellout for the Rose Bowl Game with all 84,784 seats filled with a large portion of fans from Texas to watch their Mustangs play. According to the Pasadena Tournament of Roses, there was a request for additional 200,000 tickets.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election
The Ross and Cromarty by-election, 1936 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Ross and Cromarty held on 10 February 1936. The by-election was triggered when Sir Ian Macpherson, a Liberal National was given a peerage. This enabled cabinet minister Malcolm MacDonald to return to Parliament.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
At the 1935 general election, held a few weeks before, Malcolm MacDonald, son of former Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Dominions Secretary in the National Government, narrowly lost his Bassetlaw seat and was therefore looking for a new seat.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
The Liberal National association, which was the dominant Liberal faction in the constituency, approached MacDonald about standing as a National Government candidate, and he agreed. It was later alleged that David Margesson, National Government Chief Whip, and Sir Ian Macpherson had arranged the selection of MacDonald as a National Government candidate to provide a seat for him.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
The local Unionist association had previously backed Sir Ian Macpherson, as a supporter of the National Government. However, some members of the association, mainly farmers from the Easter Ross area, objected to the candidacy of MacDonald, believing that as a member of the National Labour Party he was still a Socialist at heart, and that he would not represent the interests of farmers. They also regarded MacDonald as having been "foisted" on the constituency.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
These Unionists asked Randolph Churchill, son of Winston Churchill, to be their candidate and he consented. This caused divisions in the local Unionists, and the Chairman, Sir William Martineau resigned, declaring his support for Malcolm MacDonald. The association voted by 160 votes to 47 to adopt Churchill. It was alleged that Churchill's supporters had packed the meeting with 60 farm labourers instructed to vote for him, although this number would not have changed the outcome.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
The Scottish Liberal Federation, representing the Liberal Party, was also angered by the Ross & Cromarty Liberal Nationals' adoption of an ex-Labour politician, and was determined to contest the seat, despite having great difficulty finding a candidate. At a Liberal meeting in the constituency, three quarters of those attending were opposed to contesting the seat. Nevertheless, Dr. Russell Thomas was adopted as candidate.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Candidates
The Labour Party had high hopes of winning the seat, and selected as its candidate Hector McNeil, a Glasgow councillor, who had narrowly missed winning the Kelvingrove seat at the recent General Election. The Scottish National Party decided not to contest the seat. Despite rumours the British Union of Fascists would contest the seat, they did not stand either.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Campaign
Being held in the middle of winter, all candidates' campaigns were hindered by bad weather, impassable roads and road accidents. During a snowball fight between National Government supporters and opponents, Malcolm MacDonald was accidentally struck in the face with a snowball which broke his glasses, causing minor damage to one eye. This forced him to take several days off from campaigning. The campaign was also suspended for several days following the death of King George V and only resumed after his funeral.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Campaign
The campaign was notable for many verbal attacks on MacDonald by Churchill, who said his opponent had a "deplorable record", merely wanted to "get his greedy paws on the high offices of state", and that people resented the constituency being "used as a dumping ground for ministers who have been defeated".


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Campaign
MacDonald ran a strong campaign, focusing on farmers' needs and emphasising a tactical voting message - that a vote for "any other candidate" would in fact be a vote for Labour. A great many National Government MPs came to speak on his behalf, while Churchill was notably lacking in supporters.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Campaign
All candidates worked hard to cover the vast constituency, MacDonald covered 200 miles in one day and the Labour candidate, driving in the bad weather, crashed his car twice. There was enormous interest in the election, and the weather improved greatly for polling day. The turnout went up from around 50% to 65%. Some voters in the remote areas of Wester Ross faced a journey of up to 22 miles to vote.


1936 Ross and Cromarty by-election, Result
MacDonald won the seat with a majority of 2,982 or 16.5%. Labour increased its share of the vote by nearly 10%. Churchill polled poorly, only just saving his deposit, and the Liberal candidate did extremely badly, with just 4% of the vote.


1936 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1936 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1936 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach J. Wilder Tasker, the Queensmen compiled a 1–6–1 record and were outscored by their opponents 133 to 20.


1936 SANFL Grand Final
The 1936 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. Port Adelaide beat Sturt 97 to 94.


1936 SANFL season
The 1936 South Australian National Football League season was the 57th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1936 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1936 SMU Mustangs football team represented Southern Methodist University during the 1936 college football season. The Mustangs were led by second-year head coach Matty Bell and played their home games at Ownby Stadium in Dallas, Texas. The team competed as a member of the Southwest Conference. Entering the season as defending co-national champions, SMU had high expectations once again. They lost their first regular season game in two years when they lost to Fordham at the Polo Grounds. Regardless, SMU was featured in the first ever AP Poll, released two weeks later on October 19, being ranked 19th in that poll. The Mustangs failed to defend their SWC crown, finishing in fifth in the conference with a record of 5–4–1 (2–3–1 SWC).


1936 Saint Anselm Hawks football team
The 1936 Saint Anselm Hawks football team was an American football team that represented Saint Anselm College as an independent during the 1936 college football season. Under second-year head coach Cleo A. O'Donnell, the team compiled a 6–0–1 record, shut out five of seven opponents, allowed opponents to score only two safeties, and outscored opponents by a total of 137 to 4.


1936 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1936 Saint Louis Billikens football team was an American football team that represented Saint Louis University as an independent during the 1936 college football season. In its third season under head coach Cecil Muellerleile, the team compiled a 5–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 155 to 114. The team played its home games at Edward J. Walsh Memorial Stadium in St. Louis.


1936 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
The 1936 Saint Mary's Gaels football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1936 college football season. In their 16th season under head coach Slip Madigan, the Gaels compiled a 6–3–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 140 to 80.


1936 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
Jerry Dennerlein starred at left tackle for the team. He later played in the National Football League.


1936 Salvadoran legislative election
Legislative elections were held in El Salvador in January 1936. However, no results were published.


1936 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1936 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1936 NCAA football season.


1936 San Diego State Aztecs football team
San Diego State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). The 1936 San Diego State team was led by head coach Leo B. Calland in his second season with the Aztecs. They played home games at the new Aztec Bowl in San Diego, California. Aztec Bowl was constructed as one of nine different Works Progress Administration (WPA) projects on the San Diego State campus. The Aztecs finished the season as champion of the SCIAC, with six wins, one loss and one tie (6–1–1, 5–0 SCIAC). Overall, the team scored 118 points for the season while giving up 62.


1936 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL
No San Diego State players were selected in the 1937 NFL Draft.


1936 San Francisco Dons football team
The 1936 San Francisco Dons football team was an American football team that represented the University of San Francisco as an independent during the 1936 college football season. In their fifth and final season under head coach Spud Lewis, the Dons compiled a 4–4–2 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 114 to 103.


1936 San Francisco State Staters football team
The 1936 San Francisco State Staters football team represented San Francisco State College during the 1936 college football season.


1936 San Francisco State Staters football team
Although the "Gator" was voted to be the mascot for the team in 1931, local newspaper articles called the team the "Staters" from 1935 through 1940. The team was led by second-year co-head coaches Dan Farmer and Hal Hardin. They played home games at a new stadium in 1936, Roberts Field in San Francisco, California. San Francisco State finished with a record of two wins, three losses and one tie (2–3–1). For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 41–106.


1936 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1936 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College. The Spartans were led by fifth-year head coach Dudley DeGroot and played home games at Spartan Stadium. The team played as an independent and finished with a record of five wins and four losses (5–4).


1936 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
The 1936 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara State during the 1936 college football season.


1936 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
Santa Barbara State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). The Gauchos were led by third-year head coach Theodore "Spud" Harder and played home games in Santa Barbara, California, some at Peabody Stadium and others at Pershing Field. They finished the season with a record of nine wins and one loss (9–1, 4–1 SCIAC), with the only blemish a one-point loss to San Diego State. Overall, the team outscored its opponents 223–43 for the season. The Gauchos had five shutouts, and held the other team to a touchdown or less in 8 of 10 games.


1936 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
Four Santa Barbara players were selected as first-team players on the All-Southern Conference football team for 1936: guard Doug Oldershaw, tackle Claire Busby, end Al Young, and halfback Howard Yeager. Center D. Hart and halfback Bob Morelli received second-team honors. Yeager averaged 10.7 yards per carry in 1936.


1936 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Santa Barbara Gaucho players were selected in the 1937 NFL Draft.


1936 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The 1936 Santa Clara Broncos football team represented Santa Clara University during the 1936 college football season. In their first season under head coach Buck Shaw, the Broncos compiled an 8–1 record with five shutouts, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 139 to 36. In the final AP Poll released in late November, Santa Clara was sixth.


1936 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The Broncos' victories included a 13–0 besting of Stanford, a 19–0 victory over Saint Mary's (CA) and a 21–14 victory over undefeated and second-ranked LSU in the third Sugar Bowl on New Year's Day. The team's lone setback was a 9–0 shutout loss to #16 TCU (with Sammy Baugh) at Kezar Stadium on December 12.


1936 Santa Clara Broncos football team
Two Broncos received honors on the 1936 All-Pacific Coast football team: fullback Nello Falaschi (INS-1, UP-1); and guard Dick Bassi (AP-1, INS-1, UP-1).


1936 Santos FC season
The 1936 season was the twenty-fifth season for Santos FC.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike
The 1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike was a labor strike that took place between August 19 and November 29, 1936. It started as the result of two senior staff members being fired after forming an alliance and joining The Newspaper Guild. The strike halted production of the newspaper for the duration of the strike. The strike ended with a formal recognition of The Newspaper Guild.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Background
The owner of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer was William Randolph Hearst, who by the 1920s controlled newspapers that were read by a quarter of all Americans. He also owned an International News Service and six magazines including Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping. He later owned a television newsreel and film company and once considered running for the President of the United States. Hearst is credited as a founder of yellow journalism by utilizing sensationalism or crude exaggeration in his publications. The most famous example of Hearst's yellow journalism was prior to the Spanish–American War.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Background
He consistently published articles about ongoing conflicts between the Spanish and the Cuban Revolutionaries, often over-exaggerating events that transpired or fabricating events altogether, which was credited for laying the groundwork for the Spanish–American War by angering the American people. Hearst's "combat dispatches" turned out to be correspondents at luxury hotel resorts whose sources were their own imaginations.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Background
During World War I, the city of Seattle produced one-fifth of the United States wartime ship tonnage. A shipyard strike in 1919 brought national attention to Seattle when workers went on strike to keep their high wartime wages, which led to a general strike during February 6–10, the longest in American history. The strike fueled American fears of radical and socialist values, and gave Seattle a reputation of being at the heart of political radicalism. During the Great Depression, "Hoovervilles" started popping up around the city where nearly 1,000 unemployed residents would gather to stay in shacks at the empty shipyard south of Pioneer Square. World War II created an economic revival for companies like The Boeing Company, which increased employment by more than 1,200.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Background
The American Newspaper Guild was founded in 1933 and led by a columnist named Heywood Broun. It was founded because traditional independent editorial workers were upset with their pay. The Guild became affiliated with the American Federation of Labor in 1936 and the Congress of Industrial Unions in 1937, two of the largest labor organizations in America.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
In August 1936, thirty-five of the approximately seventy employees from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer went on strike. Employees who went on strike were members of the American Newspapers Guild. Management at the paper found that a few of the veteran members of their staff had joined the Newspaper Guild union and were fired as a result. The strike stopped publication of the newspaper from August 20 to November 29.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
Three members of the Newspaper Guild were among the most highly active during the strike: Everhardt Armstrong, Richard "Dick" Seller, and Frank Lynch. Armstrong gained a lot of hostility from management at the paper largely because he was a respected and experienced reporter who showed sympathy for causes of labor. Seller was a younger reporter who, shortly after getting married became reassigned to the "night police beat". This assignment was typically given to young and single reporters who were somewhat carefree.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
Seller joined the strike with the Newspaper Guild later and ended up becoming the president of the Guild's Seattle chapter. Lynch was the chief photographer for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, whose department was seen as being disorganized and was fired once the management from the Hearst Corporation discovered he was a member of the American Newspaper Guild Union.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
David Beck was another key figure in the strike. Beck was an organizer for the Teamsters and had responsibilities all along the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, and later the entire West Coast. Strikers picketed outside the Seattle Post-Intelligencer and garnered attention from workers in the surrounding area. One group of those workers came from the waterfront and joined in the picket lines surrounding the building. Beck and the Teamsters then decided to refuse to drive past the picket lines, preventing the newspapers from being delivered.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
William Hearst became more willing to make a deal with the union strikers once the pro-labor Franklin D. Roosevelt won a landslide re-election as U.S. president on November 3. A tentative agreement was reached and the P-I employees returned to work. Shortly after the end of the strike, Hearst hired Roosevelt's son-in-law, John Boettiger, as the paper's publisher. David Beck was the person who brokered the deal between the two sides, as the most influential member of the Seattle Central Labor Council. This victory allowed Beck to increase his influence and to gain a strong reputation as Seattle's premier labor leader. Beck also used this to help him in becoming the president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and to serve as chair of the UW Board of Regents.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Strike
During the strike, the employees of the Post-Intelligencer printed a separate paper of their own, The Guild Daily. It came to print on August 14, 1936, and sold 20,000 copies on its first day. By the end of its run, it had more than 60,000 readers. The news it covered included the strike, world news, and local sports news.


1936 Seattle Post-Intelligencer strike, Impact
The 1936 strike against the Seattle P-I was the first time in Seattle history that a newspaper staff went on strike. This was the first successful strike for the Newspaper Guild and one of the first instances of white-collar workers holding a successful strike, while building a reputation that Washington State laborers had power.


1936 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1936 Sewanee Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Sewanee: The University of the South as a member of the Southeastern Conference during the 1936 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Harry E. Clark, Sewanee compiled a 0–6–1 record.


1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team
The 1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team represented Slippery Rock State Normal School—now known as Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania—in the 1936 college football season. In N. Kerr Thompson's 16th year as head coach, the Rockets compiled a 6–3 record and outscored their opponents 93 to 70. They went 3–1 against conference opponents, finishing fourth in the Pennsylvania State Teachers conference. The team is most famous for a news story that circulated around the United States and used the transitive property to declare Slippery Rock the national champion.


1936 Slippery Rock Rockets football team
Slippery Rock made its case by beating the Westminster Titans, which defeated West Virginia Wesleyan, which beat Duquesne, which upset Pittsburgh, which beat Notre Dame, which upset former #1 Northwestern, which defeated Minnesota, who was crowned national champions by the Associated Press. The humorous story was widely popular, and gave Slippery Rock college a good deal of notoriety.


1936 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1936 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1936 college football season. In their second season under head coach Don McCallister, South Carolina compiled a 5–7 record.


1936 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1936 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1936 college football season. In its third season under head coach Harry Gamage, the team compiled a 4–3–2 record (3–1 against NCC opponents), finished in second place out of seven teams in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 105 to 94. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1936 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1936 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1936 college football season. In its third season under head coach Red Threlfall, the team compiled a 3–6–1 record and was outscored by a total of 116 to 51.


1936 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1936 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1936. Incumbent Democratic Governor Tom Berry ran for re-election to a third term, the first Governor of South Dakota to do so. Berry was challenged by Republican Leslie Jensen, the former Collector of Internal Revenue for the state of South Dakota. Both Berry and Jensen won their primaries uncontested and advanced to the general election.


1936 South Dakota gubernatorial election
Some drama surrounded the potential candidacy of Democratic State Auditor George O'Neill as an independent candidate for Governor or, in the alternative, his cross-party endorsement of Jensen; after initially announcing his campaign and hedging, O'Neill dropped out of the race in September and endorsed the Democratic ticket in the state, including Berry.


1936 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The primary issue during the campaign was the drought caused by regional dust storms as part of the Dust Bowl. Republicans attacked Governor Berry's administration for providing inadequate relief to South Dakotan farmers. But Berry's willingness to break the state's unwritten political tradition by seeking a third term was apparently controversial. In the closing days of the campaign, Herbert E. Hitchcock, the Chairman of the South Dakota Democratic Party, emphasized how unwilling Berry had been to seek a third term: "Tom Berry was forced into running for a third term by Democrats and Republicans alike. I, among others, insisted that he lay aside his personal wishes and become a candidate because I felt and thoughts of others felt he owed it to the state of South Dakota to do so."


1936 South Dakota gubernatorial election
However, despite Berry's wide victories in 1932 and 1934, his luck ran out and he narrowly lost re-election to Jensen. Moreover, Berry's loss was somewhat unique to him—President Franklin Roosevelt carried the state by a fairly wide margin, and Democratic Senator William J. Bulow narrowly won re-election.


1936 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team
The 1936 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team represented the South Georgia Teachers College—now known as Georgia Southern University—during the 1936 college football season. The team was led by Crook Smith in his eighth year as head coach.


1936 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1936 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 5–7, 1936 at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The North Carolina Tar Heels won their sixth Southern Conference title, led by head coach Walter Skidmore.


1936 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top eight finishers of the conference's ten members were eligible for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1936 Southern Illinois Maroons football team
The 1936 Southern Illinois Maroons football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois Normal University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1936 college football season. In its 24th season under head coach William McAndrew, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record.


1936 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1936 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1936 college football season. In their sixth year under head coach Truman F. Wilbanks, the team compiled a 2–7–1 record.


1936 Soviet Cup
The 1936 Soviet Cup was the first season of the Soviet Union.


1936 Soviet Cup Final
The 1936 Soviet Cup Final was a football match that took place at the Dynamo Stadium, Moscow on August 28, 1936. The match was the first Soviet Cup final and it was contested by Lokomotiv Moscow and Dinamo Tbilisi. At one point the competition was decided to be the Soviet championship by the Olympic system of elimination, but later it was decided to keep the already existing championship and create a new one called the Cup of the Supreme Council of Fitness and Sport.


1936 Soviet Cup Final, Road to Final
The clubs of the Top League Group A as well as Group B had to start from the second round of the competition.


1936 Soviet Second League, Fall, Overview
This tournament was exact replica of the spring championship by the format of the competition, including the nomination of points.


1936 Soviet Second League B
The point nomination system was as the upper level tiers and somewhat strange than the ordinary one. For a win there was a nomination of three points, a draw - two points, and a loss would earn a point. For a failure to appear a point was deducted and the technical loss would be nominated.


1936 Soviet Second League B, League standings, The spring championship
The highest scoring game was between the Piatigorsk's and the Gorky's clubs ending in 7:3.


1936 Soviet Second League B, League standings, The fall championship
The highest scoring game was between the Dnipropetrovsk's and the Kyiv's clubs ending in 2:4.


1936 Soviet Top League
The 1936 season was the first season of the Soviet Top League. The decision about conducting the first Soviet championship among teams of voluntary sports societies and agencies was adopted by the All-Union Council of Physical Culture (VSFK) of the Soviet Union Central Executive Committee. On 21 June 1936 the VSFK was liquidated and replaced with the All-Union Committee of Physical Culture and Sports (VKFKS) of the Soviet Union Sovnarkom.


1936 Soviet Top League
The season was split into two championships with a cup competition between them that took place in August 1936. The first part (considered spring) started in late May and finished by mid of July with a single match played by each participant against each other. The same format was resumed in the fall that started in September finishing before November. The main contenders for the title appeared to be the Moscow's Spartak and Dynamo.


1936 Soviet Top League
The first two championships (Spring and Autumn) in 1936 were split into groups A, B, V, G, with competitions in group A considered to be predecessor of the Top League. Each group was accounted of no more than 8 teams. The seasons' regulations also provided that in case of tie for the first position there would be organized additional "championship" game between tied teams. In case of other teams would tie for certain position, for the tiebreaker was used ratio of goals scored to allowed which was common tiebreak calculation throughout Europe at that time.


1936 Soviet Top League
The Soviet championship winner was awarded the Red Banner of the All-Union Committee.


1936 Soviet Top League, Spring, Overview
The first championship started on May 22, 1936, with the game FC Dynamo Leningrad - FC Lokomotiv Moscow 3:1 on the Dynamo Stadium in Leningrad. The spring half finished on July 17, 1936, with two games in Moscow and Leningrad. During the season each team played another team once. The points were awarded in the following manner: three for a win, two for a draw, one for a loss, and none for no appearance. No teams were relegated to the B Group, instead it was extended to eight teams in the autumn championship.


1936 Soviet Top League, Round by round
The following table is a historic representation of the team's position in the standings after the completion of each round.


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Aleksandr Kvasnikov (5 / -2), Yevgeny Fokin (2 / -3). Defenders: Lev Korchebokov (5), Viktor Teterin (5). Midfielders: Yevgeny Yeliseyev (6), Aleksandr Ryomin (6), Aleksey Lapshin (5), Pavel Korotkov (4), Viktor Dubinin (1). Forwards: Mikhail Semichastny (6 / 6), Vasily Smirnov (6 / 5), Vasily Pavlov (6 / 5), Sergei Ilyin (6 / 4), Mikhail Yakushin (5 / 1), Aleksey Ponomaryov (1), Nikolai Postavnin.


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
One own goal scored by Ivan Andreyev (FC Lokomotiv Moscow)


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Transferred in during the season: Nikolay Postavnin (from FC Krylya Sovetov Moscow).


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Mykola Trusevych (5 / -6), Anton Idzkovsky (2 / -5). Defenders: Mykhaylo Volin (6), Vasyl Pravovierov (4), Kostyantyn Fomin (3). Midfielders: Volodymyr Greber (6 / 2), Ivan Kuzmenko (6 / 2), Iosif Livshyts (2), Oleksiy Klymenko (1), Mykhaylo Pustinin (1). Forwards: Konstantin Shchegotsky (6 / 4), Mykola Makhinya (6 / 3), Fedir Tyutchev (6), Viktor Shylovsky (6), Makar Honcharenko (5 / 4), Pavlo Komarov (5 / 3), Petro Parovyshnikov (3), Mykola Korotkykh (1).


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Anatoly Akimov (4 / -5), Ivan Ryzhov (3 / -2). Defenders: Stanislav Leuta (6 / 2), Aleksandr Mikhaylov (6), Gavriil Putilin (6), Aleksandr Starostin (4), Viktor Sokolov (2). Midfielders: Andrey Starostin (6), Sergey Artemyev (3), Pyotr Starostin (2). Forwards: Vladimir Stepanov (6 / 1), Georgy Glazkov (5 / 4), Pyotr Nikiforov (5 / 3), Matvey Zaytsev (4 / 2), Nikolay Zhigalin (2), Leonid Rumyantsev (2), Vladimir Yegorov (1), Boris Stepanov (1), Nikolay Glazkov (1), Nikolay Starostin (1).


1936 Soviet Top League, Stadiums
Note: Balitsky was Narkom of NKVD, later was executed during the Great Purge.


1936 Soviet Top League, Autumn, Overview
This tournament was exact replica of the spring championship by the format of the competition, including the nomination of points. The Georgian FC Dynamo Tbilisi was admitted to the League expanding it to eight teams. The defending champion was FC Dynamo Moscow.


1936 Soviet Top League, Autumn, Overview
It opened with two games in Leningrad and Moscow on September 5, 1936, soon after the Soviet Cup final that took place just week prior to that on August 28. The season concluded on October 30, 1936, with three games in Moscow, Leningrad, and Tbilisi. It was then when Spartak Moscow by beating CDKA at their home turf (CSKA Stadium) passed Dinamo Moscow in rankings to obtain the first place and with it the first national title.


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Anatoly Akimov (6 / -6), Ivan Ryzhov (2 / -4). Defenders: Stanislav Leuta (7), Aleksandr Mikhaylov (7), Aleksandr Starostin (7), Viktor Sokolov. Midfielders: Andrey Starostin (7 / 2), Pyotr Starostin (7), Sergey Artemyev (1). Forwards: Georgy Glazkov (7 / 7), Vladimir Stepanov (7 / 6), Boris Shchibrov (7 / 2), Valentin Liventsev (4 / 1), Stepan Kustylkin (4), Leonid Rumyantsev (4), Pyotr Nikiforov (3 / 1), Aleksey Yeryomin (1), Nikolay Zhigalin, Boris Stepanov.


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Aleksandr Kvasnikov (6 / -11), Nikolay Sokolov (1 / -1), Yevgeny Fokin. Defenders: Lev Korchebokov (7), Viktor Teterin (2). Midfielders: Yevgeny Yeliseyev (7 / 2), Aleksey Lapshin (7), Aleksandr Ryomin (7), Pavel Korotkov (5), Gavriil Kachalin (2), Arkady Chernyshev (1). Forwards: Sergei Ilyin (7 / 6), Vasily Smirnov (7 / 5), Mikhail Yakushin (7 / 4), Mikhail Semichastny (7 / 1), Vasily Pavlov (4 / 2), Aleksey Ponomaryov (3 / 1), Nikolay Postavnin.


1936 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Aleksandr Dorokhov (7 / -9). Defenders: Shota Shavgulidze (7), Eduard Nikolayshvili (6). Midfielders: Vladimir Dzhorbenadze (7), Nikolay Anikin (6), Mikhail Minayev (6), Grigoriy Gagua (3), Vladimir Berdzenishvili (1). Forwards: Mikhail Berdzenishvili (7 / 6), Boris Paichadze (7 / 6), Nikolay Somov (7 / 1), Ilya Panin (6), Vladimir Berdzenishvili (5 / 1), Mikhail Aslamazov (2), Aleksandr Eliava (1).


1936 Spanish general election
Legislative elections were held in Spain on 16 February 1936. At stake were all 473 seats in the unicameral Cortes Generales. The winners of the 1936 elections were the Popular Front, a left-wing coalition of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Republican Left (Spain) (IR), Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), Republican Union (UR), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), Acció Catalana (AC), and other parties. Their coalition commanded a narrow lead over the divided opposition in terms of the popular vote, but a significant lead over the main opposition party, Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA), in terms of seats. The election had been prompted by a collapse of a government led by Alejandro Lerroux, and his Radical Republican Party. Manuel Azaña would replace Manuel Portela Valladares, caretaker, as prime minister.


1936 Spanish general election
The electoral process and the accuracy of the results have been historically disputed. Some of the causes of this controversy include the formation of a new cabinet before the results were clear, a lack of reliable electoral data, and the overestimation of election fraud in the official narrative that justified the coup d'état. The topic has been addressed in seminal studies by renowned authors such as Javier Tusell and Stanley G. Payne. A series of recent works has shifted the focus from the legitimacy of the election and the government to an analysis of the extent of irregularities. Whilst one of them suggests that the impact of fraud was higher than previously estimated when including new election datasets, the other disputes their relevance in the election result.


1936 Spanish general election
The elections were the last of three legislative elections held during the Spanish Second Republic, coming three years after the 1933 general election which had brought the first of Lerroux's governments to power. The uncontested victory of the political left in the elections of 1936 triggered a wave of Collectivisation, mainly in the south and west of the Iberian Peninsula, engaging up to three million people, which has been identified as a key cause of the July coup. The right-wing military coup initiated by Gens. Sanjurjo and Franco, the ensuing civil war, and the establishment of Franco's dictatorship ultimately brought about the end of parliamentary democracy in Spain until the 1977 general election.


1936 Spanish general election, Background
After the 1933 election, the Radical Republican Party (RRP) led a series of  governments, with Alejandro Lerroux as a moderate Prime Minister. On 26 September 1934, the CEDA announced it would no longer support the RRP's minority government, which was replaced by a RRP cabinet, led by Lerroux once more, that included three members of the CEDA. The concession of posts to CEDA prompted the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, which turned into an armed rebellion. Some time later, Robles once again prompted a cabinet collapse, and five ministries of Lerroux's new government were conceded to CEDA, including Robles himself. Since the 1933 elections, farm workers' wages had been halved, and the military purged of republican members and reformed; those loyal to Robles had been promoted. However, since CEDA's entry into the government, no constitutional amendments were ever made; no budget was ever passed.


1936 Spanish general election, Background
In 1935, Manuel Azaña Díaz and Indalecio Prieto worked to unify the left and combat its extreme elements in what would become the Popular Front; this included staging of large, popular rallies,. Lerroux's Radical government collapsed after two significant scandals, including the Straperlo affair. However, president Niceto Alcalá Zamora did not allow the CEDA to form a government, and called elections. Zamora had become disenchanted with Robles's obvious desire to do away with the republic and establish a corporate state, and his air of pride.


1936 Spanish general election, Background
He was looking to strengthen a new center party in place of the Radicals, but the election system did not favour this. Manuel Portela Valladares was thus chosen to form a caretaker government in the meantime. The Republic had, as its opponents pointed out, faced twenty-six separate government crises. Portela failed to get the required support in the parliament to rule as a majority. The government was dissolved on 4 January; the date for elections would be 16 February.


1936 Spanish general election, Background
As in the 1933 election, Spain was divided into multi-member constituencies; for example, Madrid was a single district electing 17 representatives. However, a voter could vote for fewer than that – in Madrid's case, 13. This favoured coalitions, as in Madrid in 1933 when the Socialists won 13 seats, and the right, with just 5,000 votes fewer, secured only the remaining four.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
Vatican Fascism offered you work and brought hunger; it offered you peace and brought five thousands tombs; it offered you order and raised a gallows. The Popular Front offers no more and no less than it will bring: Bread, Peace and Liberty!


1936 Spanish general election, Election
There was significant violence during the election campaign, most of which initiated by the political left, though a substantial minority was by the political right. In total, some thirty-seven people were killed in various incidents throughout the campaign, ten of which occurred on the election day itself. Certain press restrictions were lifted. The political right repeatedly warned of the risk of a 'red flag' – communism – over Spain; the Radical Republican Party, led by Lerroux, concentrated on besmirching the Centre Party.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
CEDA, which continued to be the main party of the political right, struggled to gain the support of the monarchists, but managed to. Posters, however, had a distinctly fascist appeal, showing leader Gil-Robles alongside various autocratic slogans and he allowed his followers to acclaim him with cries of "Jefe!" (Spanish for "Chief!") in an imitation of "Duce!" or "Führer!". Whilst few campaign promises were made, a return to autocratic government was implied.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
Funded by considerable donations from large landowners, industrialists and the Catholic Church – which had suffered under the previous Socialist administration – the Right printed millions of leaflets, promising a 'great Spain'. In terms of manifesto, the Popular Front proposed going back to the sort of reforms its previous administration had advocated, including important agrarian reforms, and reforms relating to strikes.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
It would also release political prisoners, including those from the Asturian rebellion (though this provoked the right), helping to secure the votes of the CNT and FAI, although as organisations they remained outside the growing Popular Front; the Popular Front had the support of votes from anarchists. The Communist Party campaigned under a series of revolutionary slogans; however, they were strongly supportive of the Popular Front government. "Vote Communist to save Spain from Marxism" was a Socialist joke at the time.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
Devoid of strong areas of working class support, already taken by syndicalism and anarchism, they concentrated on their position within the Popular Front. The election campaign was heated; the possibility of compromise had been destroyed by the left's Asturian rebellion and its cruel repression by the security forces. Both sides used apocalyptic language, declaring that if the other side won, civil war would follow.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
34,000 members of the Civil Guards and 17,000 Assault Guards enforced security on election day, many freed from their regular posts by the carabineros. The balloting on the 16th of February ended with a draw between the left and right, with the center effectively obliterated. In six provinces left-wing groups apparently interfered with registrations or ballots, augmenting leftist results or invalidating rightist pluralities or majorities. In Galicia, in north-west Spain, and orchestrated by the incumbent government;  there also, in A Coruña, by the political left. The voting in Granada was forcibly (and unfairly) dominated by the government.


1936 Spanish general election, Election
In some villages, the police stopped anyone not wearing a collar from voting. Wherever the Socialists were poorly organised, farm workers continued to vote how they were told by their bosses or caciques. Similarly, some right-wing voters were put off from voting in strongly socialist areas. However, such instances were comparatively rare. By the evening, it looked like the Popular Front might win and as a result in some cases crowds broke into prisons to free revolutionaries detained there.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Just under 10 million people voted, with an abstention rate of 28 per cent, a level of apathy higher than might be suggested by the ongoing political violence. A small number of coerced voters and anarchists formed part of the abstainers. The elections of 1936 were narrowly won by the Popular Front, with vastly smaller resources than the political right, who followed Nazi propaganda techniques. The exact numbers of votes differ among historians; Brenan assigns the Popular Front 4,700,000 votes, the Right around 4,000,000 and the centre 450,000, while Antony Beevor argues the Left won by just 150,000 votes.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Stanley Payne reports that, of the 9,864,763 votes cast, the Popular Front and its allies won 4,654,116 votes (47.2%), while the right and its allies won 4,503,505 votes (45.7%), however this was heavily divided between the right and the centre-right. The remaining 526,615 votes (5.4%) were won by the centre and Basque nationalists.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
It was a comparatively narrow victory in terms of votes, but Paul Preston describes it as a 'triumph of power in the Cortes' – the Popular Front won 267 deputies and the Right only 132, and the imbalance caused by the nature of Spain's electoral system since the 1932 election law came into force. The same system had benefited the political right in 1933.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
However, Stanley Payne argues that the leftist victory may not have been legitimate; Payne says that in the evening of the day of the elections leftist mobs started to interfere in the balloting and in the registration of votes distorting the results; Payne also argues that President Zamora appointed Manuel Azaña Díaz as head of the new government following the Popular Front's early victory even though the election process was incomplete.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
As a result, the Popular Front was able to register its own victory at the polls and Payne alleges it manipulated its victory to gain extra seats it should not have won. According to Payne, this augmented the Popular Front's victory into one that gave them control of over two-thirds of the seats, allowing it to amend the constitution as it desired. Payne thus argues that the democratic process had ceased to exist.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Roberto García and Manuel Tardío also argue that the Popular Front manipulated the results, though this has been contested by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
The political centre did badly. Lerroux's Radicals, incumbent until his government's collapse, were electorally devastated; many of their supporters had been pushed to the right by the increasing instability in Spain. Portela Valladares had formed the Centre Party, but had not had time to build it up. Worried about the problems of a minority party losing out due to the electoral system, he made a pact with the right, but this was not enough to ensure success. Leaders of the centre, Lerroux, Cambó and Melquíades Álvarez, failed to win seats.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
The Falangist party, under José Antonio Primo de Rivera received only 46,000 votes, a very small fraction of the total cast. This seemed to show little appetite for a takeover of that sort. The allocation of seats between coalition members was a matter of agreement between them. The official results (Spanish: escrutinio) were recorded on 20 February. The Basque Party, who had not at the time of the election been part of the Popular Front, would go on to join it.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
In 20 seats, no alliance or party had secured 40% of the vote; 17 were decided by a second vote on 3 March. In these runoffs, the Popular Front won 8, the Basques 5, the Right 5 and the Centre 2. In May, elections were reheld in two areas of Granada where the new government alleged there had been fraud; both seats were taken from the national Right victory in February by the Left.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Because, unusually, the first round produced an outright majority of deputies elected on a single list of campaign pledges, the results were treated as granting an unprecedented mandate to the  winning coalition: some socialists took to the streets to free political prisoners, without waiting for the government to do so officially; similarly, the caretaker government quickly resigned on the grounds that waiting a month for the parliamentary resumption was now unnecessary.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured, while fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze. Almost immediately after the results were known, a group of monarchists asked Robles to lead a coup but he refused. He did, however, ask prime minister Manuel Portela Valladares to declare a state of war before the revolutionary masses rushed into the streets.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Franco also approached Valladares to propose the declaration of martial law and calling out of the army. It has been claimed that this was not a coup attempt but more of a "police action" akin to Asturias,   Valladares resigned, even before a new government could be formed. However, the Popular Front, which had proved an effective election tool, did not translate into a Popular Front government. Largo Caballero and other elements of the political left were not prepared to work with the republicans, although they did agree to support much of the proposed reforms.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
Manuel Azaña Díaz was called upon to form a government, but would shortly replace Zamora as president. The right reacted as if radical communists had taken control, despite the new cabinet's moderate composition, abandoned the parliamentary option and began to conspire as to how to best overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.


1936 Spanish general election, Outcome
The military coup in Spain was triggered by the so-called ‘Spanish Revolution’, a spontaneous popular wave of collectivisation and cooperativism, engaging up to three million people, which was ignited by the victory of the left in the general election of 1936, a wave described by historian James Woodcock as “the last and largest of the world’s major anarchist movements”.


1936 Spanish presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Spain on 26 April and 10 May 1936. In the first stage, 473 electors were elected; in the second, the 473 electors convened in an Electoral College with the 473 members of the Congress of Deputies in order to elect the President of the Spanish Republic, as required by Article 68 of the Spanish Constitution of 1931.


1936 Spanish presidential election, Background
The elections were called after President Niceto Alcalá Zamora was dismissed by Congress due to irregularities in the dissolution of the House in 1936, which was declared ‘unjustified’. This move was seen as personal revenge by the Popular Front against Alcalá Zamora, who had called for a general election at an unfavorable time for the left, and while the right was more cautious about carrying out the dismissal process, calling for a constitutional review by the Court of Constitutional Guarantees, it also supported the decision.


1936 Spanish presidential election, Results
Turnout was low, failing to reach 40 percent. This was due to the main opposition party, the right-wing CEDA, boycotting the process, a decision which was widely criticized, to no avail. The Popular Front did contest the elections, nominating Manuel Azaña as its presidential candidate on April 30, as well as minor right-wing parties in different provinces.


1936 Spanish presidential election, Results
There are no official results from the elections, but accounts from contemporary newspapers give a figure of 393–394 electors affiliated with the Popular Front, with the opposition (Republican conservatives, Radicals, nationalists, Agrarians, independents, an insignificant figure of members of the CEDA and unaffiliated electors) winning 79–80 electoral votes; the left won at least in 28 provinces, whereas the opposition carried 4 of them.


1936 Spanish presidential election, Results
The Electoral College met at the Palacio de Cristal of the Parque del Retiro in Madrid on Sunday, May 10, 1936. With 847 members out of 911 present, Azaña was elected with 754 votes (from the Popular Front, Republican Conservatives, Radicals, Centrists and nationalists), and therefore became the new President of the Spanish Republic. He took the oath of office the following day, and after tense negotiations, Galician regionalist politician Santiago Casares Quiroga became the new Prime Minister.


1936 Speedway National League
The 1936 National League Division One was the eighth season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain.


1936 Speedway National League, Summary
The entrants were the same seven teams as the previous season. Harringay's Jack Parker topped the rider averages but was injured for the inaugural World Championship Final won by Wembley's Lionel van Praag on his home track.


1936 Speedway National League, Summary
Belle Vue Aces won their fourth consecutive national title and Knockout Cup and third treble after winning the A.C.U Cup.


1936 Speedway National League, National Trophy
The 1936 National Trophy was the sixth edition of the Knockout Cup.


1936 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Qualifying Rounds
Southampton Saints won the Provincial final and therefore secured a place in the quarter finals.


1936 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Belle Vue were National Trophy Champions, winning on aggregate 122-90.


1936 Speedway National League, A.C.U Cup
The 1936 Auto-Cycle Union Cup was the third edition of the Cup and was won by Belle Vue for the third time. Tragically Herbert 'Dusty' Haigh was killed instantly after suffering a facrtured skull riding at Hackney Wick Stadium on 15 May 1936, in the ACU Cup match between Hackney and West Ham. He fell when in front and heading for a fourth consecutive heat win and the riders behind were unable to avoid him.


1936 St. Louis Browns season
The 1936 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 57 wins and 95 losses.


1936 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1936 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 55th season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 45th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 87–67 during the season and finished 2nd in the National League.


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1936 St. Louis Cardinals season, Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Columbus (Sally), Union CityNew Philadelphia club folded, May 25, 1936


1936 Stanford Indians football team
The 1936 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1936 college football season. After winning three consecutive Pacific Coast Conference Championships the three prior seasons and the 1936 Rose Bowl on January 1, the Indians won only two games in head coach Tiny Thornhill's fourth season at Stanford. With a 2–5–2 record, Stanford lost more games in the 1936 season than in the prior three seasons combined and produced the school's worst season since the 1899 season when the Indians finished with an identical 2–5–2 record. The team played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.


1936 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1936 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Detroit Red Wings and the Toronto Maple Leafs. This was Detroit's second appearance in the Finals and Toronto's sixth. Detroit would win the series 3–1 to win their first Stanley Cup.


1936 Stanley Cup Finals, Path to the Final
Detroit defeated the defending champion Montreal Maroons in a best-of-five 3–0 to advance to the Finals. The Leafs had to play a total-goals series; 8–6 against Boston Bruins, and win a best-of-three 2–1 against the New York Americans to advance to the Finals.


1936 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1936 Stanley Cup was presented to Red Wings captain Doug Young by NHL President Frank Calder following the Red Wings 3–2 win over the Maple Leafs in game four.


1936 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Red Wings players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1936 Stanley Cup Finals, Detroit: "City of Champions"
When the Red Wings won the 1936 Stanley Cup, the City of Detroit was mired in the Great Depression, which had hit Detroit and its industries particularly hard. But with the success of the Red Wings and other Detroit teams and athletes in the 1935/36 sports season, Detroit's luck appeared to be changing, as the city was dubbed the "City of Champions". The Detroit Tigers started the winning streak by winning the 1935 World Series, and the Detroit Lions continued the process by capturing the 1935 NFL Championship Game.


1936 Stanley Cup Finals, Detroit: "City of Champions"
When the Red Wings completed their own championship drive, the city had seen three major sporting league championships in less than a year. Detroit's champions also included Detroit's "Brown Bomber", Joe Louis, the heavyweight boxing titlist; native Detroiter Gar Wood, top unlimited powerboat racer and the first man to go 100 miles per hour on water; and Eddie "the Midnight Express" Tolan, a black Detroiter who won gold medals in the 100- and 200-meter races at the 1932 Summer Olympics.


1936 State Line earthquake
The 1936 State Line earthquake (also referred to as the 1936 Milton-Freewater earthquake) struck at 23:08 Pacific time on July 15, 1936. The earthquake had an estimated magnitude of 5.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). The epicenter was near the Oregon/Washington state line approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Milton-Freewater, Oregon and southwest of Walla Walla, Washington and was felt throughout the Pacific Northwest, including as far away as Bonners Ferry, Idaho near the Canadian border and by seismographs as far away as San Diego, California.


1936 State Line earthquake, Geology
Larger earthquakes like the 1936 State Line earthquake are not uncommon along the Olympic–Wallowa Lineament, a series of faults stretching from Port Angeles, Washington to the Wallowa Mountains in northeast Oregon. Another earthquake estimated near a magnitude 6 struck the Walla Walla valley in 1882. The earthquake occurred in the Touchet Ridge, a spur leading west off the Blue Mountains that is known as the Horse Heaven Hills west of the Wallula Gap. There is both the old fault along the ridge as well as a newer fault leading from the ridge into the valley.


1936 State Line earthquake, Geology
To the north of the earthquake is the Hite Fault, which lies approximately parallel to the west slopes of the Blue Mountains in Walla Walla County. The Hite Fault is thought to be the boundary between the more stable North American craton to the east and accreted material to the west. While there is no evidence of a Quaternary earthquake event along the Hite Fault, the USGS and several Washington state agencies have run scenarios regarding a future earthquake on the fault.


1936 State Line earthquake, Geology
There have been 66 earthquakes felt in the area since 1936. Most of these have had a magnitude below 4, though one event in November 1991 was 4.3.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake
The ground near Milton-Freewater exhibited cracks over an area that was 1,500 feet (460 m) long by up to 100 feet (30 m), one of which being 300 feet (91 m) long and 6 feet (1.8 m) wide in places. Near Umapine there were cracks in the ground up to 6 inches (15 cm) wide that had water flowing out of them, demonstrating soil liquefaction. Some cracks were 8 feet (2.4 m) deep. Residents in Umapine reported being woken during the night.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake
Wells in Milton-Freewater saw in increase in water level and a creek near town, which had previously ran dry, began flowing immediately after the earthquake. Observers in Walla Walla noted rumbling noises immediately preceding the first shocks. At one point the ground dropped by 2.4 metres (7.9 ft). About 70% of headstones at a nearby cemetery were found to have been rotated clockwise.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake
Two small foreshocks were recorded in the three hours before the main shock.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Severe damage was widespread throughout Milton-Freewater and Walla Walla. In Athena, people were forced to evacuate their homes due to large cracks found within their walls. Rocks were reported to have wandered into some intersections and two freight cars were shaken off the tracks at Blue Mountain Station in Dayton.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
The shaking was reported as being strongest near State Line. Very strong shaking occurred in Milton-Freewater, breaking windows and collapsing chimneys that had been built longer than ten years previous to the earthquake. Up to $3,000 ($53,000 in 2018) in damage was done to canned goods as well as $8,500 ($151,000 in 2018) in damage to school buildings. A new home 4 miles (6.4 km) west of town was nearly destroyed, and extensive damage was dealt to two cement homes that had been built around 1916 about 7 miles (11 km) west of town. In Umapine a handful of homes were badly damaged. The grade school and high school, which were joined, were found to be separated by 3 inches (7.6 cm).


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake, Damage
Chimneys on roofs collapsed in numerous locations, as far away as Waitsburg. Pendulum clocks stopped in Umatilla and plaster was found to have been cracked in Prosser.


1936 State Line earthquake, Earthquake, Aftershocks
Over 50 aftershocks were recorded intermittently until mid-November 1936. Several dozen were felt the night of the event in the immediate area, with only three of them reaching to Hermiston. These earthquakes occurred in both Washington and Oregon, owing to the close proximity of the main shock to the state line. Aftershocks measuring IV on the Mercalli scale were recorded in August, with the ones that struck in November being measured as III.


1936 Sugar Bowl
The 1936 Sugar Bowl, part of the 1935–36 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1936, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The competing teams were the LSU Tigers, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC), and the TCU Horned Frogs, representing the Southwest Conference (SWC). TCU won the game, 3–2.


1936 Sugar Bowl, Teams, LSU
The 1935 LSU squad finished the regular season 9–1 and as SEC champions with loss coming against Rice in the season opener. The Sugar Bowl appearance marked the first ever postseason bowl game for LSU.


1936 Sugar Bowl, Teams, TCU
The 1935 TCU squad finished the regular season with a record of 11–1. The only loss of the season came in their final conference game against SMU by a score of 20–14. The appearance marked the first for TCU in the Sugar bowl and the second all-time bowl appearance.


1936 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
In a game dominated by both defenses, all five points were scored in the second quarter. TCU's Taldon Manton scored first on a 36-yard field goal. LSU scored their only points when Sammy Baugh was called for a safety after being pressured by Gaynell Tinsley, and called for intentional grounding.


1936 Summer Olympics
The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad (German: Spiele der XI. Olympiade) and commonly known as Berlin 1936, were an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona at the 29th IOC Session on 26 April 1931. The 1936 Games marked the second and most recent time the International Olympic Committee gathered to vote in a city that was bidding to host those Games. Later rule modifications forbade cities hosting the bid vote from being awarded the games.


1936 Summer Olympics
To outdo the 1932 Los Angeles Games, Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler had a new 100,000-seat track and field stadium built, as well as six gymnasiums and other smaller arenas. The Games were the first to be televised, with radio broadcasts reaching 41 countries. Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games for $7 million. Her film, titled Olympia, pioneered many of the techniques now common in the filming of sports.


1936 Summer Olympics
Hitler saw the 1936 Games as an opportunity to promote his government and ideals of racial supremacy and antisemitism, and the official Nazi Party paper, the Völkischer Beobachter, wrote in the strongest terms that Jews should not be allowed to participate in the Games. German Jewish athletes were barred or prevented from taking part in the Games by a variety of methods, although some women swimmers from the Jewish sports club Hakoah Vienna did participate. Jewish athletes from other countries were said to have been side-lined to avoid offending the Nazi regime.


1936 Summer Olympics
Total ticket revenues were 7.5 million Reichsmark, generating a profit of over one million ℛℳ. The official budget did not include outlays by the city of Berlin (which issued an itemized report detailing its costs of 16.5 million ℛℳ) or outlays of the German national government (which did not make its costs public, but is estimated to have spent US$30 million).


1936 Summer Olympics
Jesse Owens of the United States won four gold medals in the sprint and long jump events, and became the most successful athlete to compete in Berlin, while Germany was the most successful country overall with 89 medals total, with the United States coming in second with 56 medals. These were the final Olympic Games under the presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour and the final Games for 12 years due to the disruption of the Second World War. The next Olympic Games were held in 1948 (the Winter Games in Switzerland and then the Summer Games in London).


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
At the 28th IOC Session, held during 1930, in Berlin, 14 cities announced their intention to bid to host the 1936 Summer Olympic Games. The bidding for these Olympic Games was the first to be contested by IOC members casting votes for their own favorite host cities.


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
The vote occurred on 26 April 1931, at the 29th IOC Session held in Barcelona, Spain that year. The vote was held days after the declaration of the Second Spanish Republic and during the final years of the Weimar Republic. This was two years before Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany, in 1933.


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
By the time of the 1931 IOC Session, only Barcelona and Berlin were left in contention for the delegate vote. Rome withdrew on the eve of the vote. How other candidates withdrew is unclear, as is the seriousness of intent behind all of the listed candidate cities. The other cities who announced an intention to hold the games, but which withdrew from the race, were Alexandria, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Cologne, Dublin, Frankfurt, Helsinki, Lausanne, Montevideo, Nuremberg, Rio de Janeiro, and Rome. Helsinki, Rome, Barcelona and Rio de Janeiro would go on to host the Olympic Games in 1952, 1960, 1992 and 2016, respectively.


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
The selection procedure marked the second and final time that the International Olympic Committee would gather to vote in a city which was bidding to host those Games. The only other time this occurred was at the inaugural IOC Session in Paris, France, on 24 April 1894. Then, Athens and Paris were chosen to host the 1896 and 1900 Games, respectively.


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
The city of Barcelona held a multi-sport festival at the same time as the 1931 IOC Session. This included a football match between Spain and the Irish Free State, which was watched by 70,000 spectators. The political uncertainty around the declaration of the Second Spanish Republic, which had happened days before the IOC Session, was likely to have been a greater factor in the decision taken by delegates regarding the host city for 1936. Berlin prevailed.


1936 Summer Olympics, Host city selection
After the Nazis took control of Germany, and began instituting anti-Semitic policies, the IOC held private discussions among its delegates about changing the decision to hold the Games in Berlin. However, Hitler's regime gave assurances that Jewish athletes would be allowed to compete on a German Olympic team. One year before the games, the American Olympic Association suggested to change the venue to Rome; they saw Rome as a good replacement because Rome was originally selected to hold the 1908 Summer Olympics.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization
Hans von Tschammer und Osten, as Reichssportführer (i.e., head of the Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL), the Reich Sports Office), played a major role in the structure and organisation of the Olympics. He promoted the idea that the use of sports would harden the German spirit and instill unity among German youth. At the same time he also believed that sports was a "way to weed out the weak, Jewish, and other undesirables".


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization
Von Tschammer trusted the details of the organisation of the games to Theodor Lewald and Carl Diem, the former president and secretary of the Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen, the forerunner of the Reich Sports Office. Among Diem's ideas for the Berlin Games was the introduction of the Olympic torch relay between Greece and the host nation.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Torch relay
The 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay was the first of its kind, following on from the reintroduction of the Olympic Flame at the 1928 Games. It pioneered the modern convention of moving the flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue. Leni Riefenstahl filmed the relay for the 1938 film Olympia.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Torch relay
The sportive, knightly battle awakens the best human characteristics. It doesn't separate, but unites the combatants in understanding and respect. It also helps to connect the countries in the spirit of peace. That's why the Olympic Flame should never die.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Broadcasting
The games were the first to have live television coverage. The German Post Office, using equipment from Telefunken, broadcast over 70 hours of coverage to special viewing rooms throughout Berlin and Potsdam and a few private TV sets, transmitting from the Paul Nipkow TV Station. They used three different types of TV cameras, so blackouts would occur when changing from one type to another.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
The 1936 Olympic village was located at Elstal in Wustermark (at ), on the western edge of Berlin. The site, which is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the centre of the city, consisted of one and two-floor dormitories, a large dining hall, Dining Hall of the Nations, a swimming facility, gymnasium, track, and other training facilities. Its layout was designed and construction overseen by appointed village commander Hauptmann Wolfgang Fürstner beginning in 1934.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
Less than two months before the start of the Olympic Games, Fürstner was abruptly demoted to vice-commander, and replaced by Oberstleutnant Werner von Gilsa, commander of the Berlin Guard-Regiment. The official reason for the replacement was that Fürstner had not acted "with the necessary energy" to prevent damage to the site as 370,000 visitors passed through it between 1 May and 15 June. However, this was just a cover story to explain the sudden demotion of the half-Jewish officer.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
The 1935 Nuremberg Laws, passed during the period Fürstner was overseeing the Olympic Village, had classified him as a Jew, and as such, the career officer was to be expelled from the Wehrmacht. Two days after the conclusion of the Berlin Olympics, vice-commander Fürstner had been removed from active Wehrmacht duty, and committed suicide because he realised he had no future under the Nazis.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
After the completion of the Olympic Games, the village was repurposed for the Wehrmacht into the Olympic Döberitz Hospital (German: Olympia-Lazarett Döberitz), and Army Infantry School (German: Heeres-Infanterieschule), and was used as such through the Second World War. In 1945 it was taken over by the Soviet Union and became a military camp of the union occupation forces. Late 20th-century efforts were made to restore parts of the former village, but little progress was made.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
More recently, the vast majority of the land of the Olympic village has been managed by the DKB Foundation, with more success; efforts are being made to restore the site into a living museum. The dormitory building used by Jesse Owens, Weissen House, has been fully restored, with the gymnasium and swimming hall partially restored. Seasonally, tours are given daily to small groups and students.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
The site remains relatively unknown even in Germany, but some tournaments are held at the site in an effort to boost knowledge of the venues.


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
Spectators giving the Nazi salute during one of the medal ceremonies as the Nazi flag flies above


1936 Summer Olympics, Organization, Olympic village
LZ 129 Hindenburg flying over the village, with the Olympics logo painted on its underside hull


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
Twenty-two venues were used for the 1936 Summer Olympics. Many were located in the Reich Sportsfeld complex.


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
Sailing was held in the Bay of Kiel, which would serve as the sailing venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich. The Olympic Stadium would later be part of two FIFA World Cups and then host an IAAF World Championships in Athletics along with undergoing a renovation in the early 2000s to give new life to the stadium. Avus Motor Road (AVUS) was started in 1907, but was not completed until 1921 due to World War I. The track was rebuilt for the 1936 Games. AVUS continued being used after World War II though mainly in Formula 2 racing. The German Grand Prix was last held at the track in 1959. Dismantling of the track first took place in 1968 to make way for a traffic crossing for touring cars that raced there until 1998.


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
BSV 92 Field was first constructed in 1910 for use in football, handball, athletics, and tennis. The Reich Sports Field, which consisted of the Olympic Stadium, the Dietrich Ecekrt Open-Air Theatre, the Olympic Swimming Stadium, Mayfield, the Hockey Stadiums, the Tennis Courts, and the Haus des Deutschen Sports, was planned for the aborted 1916 Summer Olympics, but was not completed until 1934. Mayfield was the last venue completed prior to the 1936 Games in April 1936. Deutschland Hall was opened in 1935. Mommenstadion opened in 1930. Basketball was held outdoors at the request of the International Basketball Federation (FIBA).


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
The tennis courts were used, which turned to mud during heavy rain at the final. The K-1 1000 m canoeing final was also affected by heavy rain at Grünau that included thunder and lightning. During World War II, Deutschlandhalle suffered heavy aerial bombing damage. After the second world war, the hall was reconstructed and expansion has continued as of 2010. The Deutschlandhalle in Berlin, where the boxing, weightlifting, and wrestling events took place, was used as venue, but was increasingly closed for repairs, last in 2009 when it was close for repairs, It was demolished in December 2011. the Mommsenstadion was renovated in 1987 and was still in use in 2010.


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
The Olympic Stadium was used as an underground bunker in World War II as the war went against Nazi Germany's favor. The British reopened the Stadium in 1946 and parts of the stadium were rebuilt by the late 1950s. As a host venue for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the stadium had its roof partially covered on the North and South Stands. British occupation of the stadium ended in 1994. Restoration was approved in 1998 with a contractor being found to do the work in 2000. This restoration ran from 2000 to 2004.


1936 Summer Olympics, Venues
The modernized Stadium reopened in 2004, with a capacity of 74,228 people. The seating has been changed greatly, especially the sections that were reserved for German and international political leaders. The stadium now plays host to Hertha BSC (1963–present), and is expected to remain the home of the team for years to come. For the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the venue was where the final took place between Italy and France. Three years later, the venue hosted the World Athletics Championships.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony was held at the Berlin Olympic Stadium on 1 August 1936. A flyover by the German airship Hindenburg flying the Olympic flag behind it was featured early in the opening ceremonies. After the arrival of Hitler and his entourage, the parade of nations proceeded, each nation with its own unique costume. As the birthplace of the Olympics, Greece entered the stadium first. The host nation, Germany, entered last. Some nations' athletes purposefully gave the Nazi salute as they passed Hitler.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
Others gave the Olympic salute (a similar one, given with the same arm), or a different gesture entirely, such as hats-over-hearts, as the United States, India, and China did. All nations lowered their flags as they passed the Führer, save the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the Commonwealth of the Philippines. (The United States doing this was explained later as an army regulation.) Writer Thomas Wolfe, who was there, described the opening as an "almost religious event, the crowd screaming, swaying in unison and begging for Hitler. There was something scary about it; his cult of personality."


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
After a speech by the president of the German Olympic Committee, the games were officially declared open by Adolf Hitler who quoted (in German): "I proclaim open the Olympic Games of Berlin, celebrating the Eleventh Olympiad of the modern era." Hitler opened the games from his own box, on top of others. Writer David Wallechinsky has commented on the event, saying, "This was his event, he wanted to be glorified."


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
Although the Olympic flame was first introduced in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, this was the first instance of the torch relay. The Nazis invented the concept of the torch run from ancient Olympia to the host city. Thus as swimmer Iris Cummings later related, "once the athletes were all in place, the torch bearer ran in through the tunnel to go around the stadium". A young man chosen for this task ran up the steps all the way up to the top of the stadium there to light a cauldron which would start this eternal flame that would burn through the duration of the games.


1936 Summer Olympics, Games, Opening ceremony
But in spite of all the pomp and ceremony, and the glorification of Hitler, all did not go according to plan, and there was a rather humorous aspect in the opening ceremony. U.S. distance runner Louis Zamperini, one of the athletes present, related it on camera: