1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, First grade competition
The City Rovers side had lost Lou Brown but had gained J. Hapi. Hutchinson had been promoted from 3rd grade while Lynch joined the side from Matamata. Other backs included McLaughlin, Tawhai, and Rata with Cyril Wiberg at fullback. The forwards would include Spiro, Johnson, McCarthy, and moody (a rugby recruit). Raymond from Poverty Bay was in the forwards, while J. Webner from the Addington club in Christchurch had also joined the side. For North Shore Albions Vanich and Sterling had joined the side and looked promising. Jack Smith was a promoted junior who was fast and clever. Len Scott and Verdun Scott would be on the wings with Cowan at halfback. The forwards would be light, but very experienced consisted pf Simpson, Hunt, Hollows, E Scott, Rogers, and Barnett.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, First grade competition
Newton were said to be the weakest looking of all the sides and had not trained well. Dempsey, Sissons, Young, and Brimble were all still in the side. The forwards would include Ellis, Cairns, proctor, Surtees, Beatty, and Ginders. Ponsonby would be fielding a young side. They were rumoured to be losing Brian Riley but he did ultimately play for them again. Miles was available at full back with Black at half back. Stockley, Arthur Kay, Frank Halloran, and Jones were all said to be playing again. New forwards included D. Keane, Blackman, and Eade.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Hawea Mataira and George Nēpia switch to rugby league
On June 8 it was reported in the New Zealand Herald that All Black and Hawke's Bay rugby representative Hawea Mataira was joining the City Rovers. He was a forward and had represented the All Blacks on their Australian tour in 1934. He also toured Australia with the Maori All Blacks in 1935 under the captaincy of George Nēpia.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Club visits to other centres
On June 19 six of the Auckland senior sides travelled throughout the North Island to play various local sides. Carlaw Park was unavailable that weekend as the ARL had made it available for the second soccer test match. Ponsonby travelled to Wellington, North Shore to Huntly, Mount Albert to New Plymouth, Marist to Whangarei, Manukau to Taneatua in the Bay of Plenty, and City to Tokaanu to play Taupo. The match between Taupo and City at Tokaanu was the first ever match of either oval ball code in the area.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Senior B and second grades
At the annual meeting for the Papakura club Mr. A. Wilkie (chairman of the ARL Junior Board) said he “deplored the lack of good competition in the senior B grade last season… [and that] this had been the matter of serious consideration during the recess and the Junior Board had recommended to the Auckland league that the second grade be abolished. This would bring about ten teams into the senior B grade and tend to make the competition far more interesting in the coming season”. It was ultimately decided that the Senior B and 2nd Grades would be “amalgamated in order to increase competition between the open-weight grades”.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Carlaw trophy
Mr. Harold Walmsley donated a trophy in memory of James Carlaw which consisted of “inlaid New Zealand woods on three tiers with the pioneer administrator's photograph inset in the top square it is summounted by goal posts and a silver football. The trophy was to be dedicated to the annual representative Pakeha – Māori match.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Carlaw Park
At the control board meeting on March 17 it was reported that further improvements of the terraces at Carlaw Park were being carried out “for the convenience of patrons”. The terraces were “bitumised during the summer months”. At the time of the opening round it was reported that the league proposed to pad the entire length of the picket fence along the side line which ran on the city side of the field to prevent injury.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Carlaw Park
Following the round 3 matches the grounds committee reported that the No. 2 ground was in “bad condition, and it was desirable to give the area some relief if possible”. The control board decided to defer the allocation of the City v Newton, and Marist v Richmond round 4 matches. In mid October it was announced that Carlaw park was to see the installation of floodlighting with a tender having been accepted.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Carlaw Park
Chairman Campbell said “the board has been considering the question of night football for some time past… and we desire to make the ground a more attractive centre where athletic sports, boxing, wrestling, band contests and other attractions may be staged to the best advantage”. The introduction of the lighting would mean that four steel towers would need to be erected to “carry the clusters of fittings for the lights”. The work would take about two months to complete but would not interfere with the use of the park for public gatherings.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Carlaw Park
At an October meeting of the control board Mr. Culpan reported that a special South African grass which had been recommended by Mr. P. W. Day, manager of the Springboks, “had already been tried with success at Carlaw Park. The new grass was proving efficacious on bad parts of the playing areas.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Devonport United becomes North Shore Albion once again
At their annual club meeting on March 17 there was discussion of the name of the Devonport United club. “Owing to the district restriction implied by the name “Devonport”, and the fact that the team was always called “Shore”, Mr. H. Mann was supported in a proposal for a reversion to the club's old name, North Shore Albion Rugby League Club”. The name of Devonport United had been adopted when North Shore Albions merged with the Sunnyside club many years earlier and the Sunnyside members refused to accept the name of North Shore. The motion to change the name back to North Shore Albions was adopted.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Otahuhu ground issues
In 1936 the Otahuhu Borough Council had controversially granted exclusive use of Sturges Park to the Otahuhu Rugby Club despite strong protests from Auckland Rugby League via multiple delegations to speak to the council. Then in 1937 when the issue was being revisited the Auckland Rugby League submitted a tender where they would pay £30 per annum, plus give 33.33% of gross takings on match days minus costs and guaranteed a minimum payment of £55 a season. They would play at least four senior A matches and 12 senior B matches there with other first class junior matches.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Otahuhu ground issues
The Otahuhu Rugby Club tender was the same as the previous year which was a 20 percent share of the gate with a guarantee to play 12 senior games. The council had anticipated this would net £75 the previous year but it had not and the poor weather was said to be to blame.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, Otahuhu ground issues
The council who included Mayor Charles Robert Petrie and was in fact the Otahuhu RL clubs patron, heard the tenders and then spent 15 minutes in special committee before deciding that they “had no option but to renew the lease with the rugby union according to last year's agreement” with legal advice confirming this opinion. Sturges Park was then leased to the Rugby Union for a period of 5 years.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meetings and news, State of Grey Lynn Park
In late July Northcote and Birkenhead complained in a letter to the ARL about the state of Grey Lynn Park after arriving to play Richmond. The letter said that they had feared they had arrived at the wrong place and instead had arrived in an area “reputed for bovine aromas and mudflats”. It was said to be “a sea of mud, eight or nine inches deep in some places, and the smell had to be experienced to be appreciated”. The letter went on to say that they “hoped that no further games be allotted to Grey Lynn Park until the city fathers install a drainage system”. The league decided not to arrange for any more matches at the park until it was in a proper condition for play.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions
Following round 9 the ARL decided to rework the draw because Richmond was comfortably first (by 4 points with 5 matches to play) and they may be able to conclude the competition early.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions
At the ARL meeting on October 6 Wally Tittleton of the Richmond club was announced as being awarded a special trophy for the outstanding senior grade player. The award was made by the donor Mr. J.F.W. Dickson and was for consistently good play throughout the season. Tittleton had also won selection for Auckland and New Zealand during the year.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions
President of New Zealand Rugby League, Cyril Snedden donated a special trophy to John Anderson who registered a total of 148 points (or 154 according to the other report) and E. Bennett of Takapuna gave Jack Smith a trophy for scoring 132 points. It was said in an article later that he had scored 162 points. Though this would likely also include Auckland matches.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Senior A grade fixtures, Preliminary round 1
It was rumoured that Bert Cooke was going to come out of retirement to play again for Richmond whoever he did not appear in their first practice match.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Senior A grade fixtures, Preliminary round 2
Bill Schultz of Mount Albert fractured his leg in their match with City. Charles Dunne also of Mount Albert broke his jaw and both players were taken to Auckland Hospital. Wilf Hassan injured his shoulder badly and was set to miss several weeks. Donald Fraser was concussed while playing for Newton.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 1
Bert Cooke played and was said to be “superlative” however he was late tackled and was limping at the end of the game. This was to be his last ever rugby league appearance. He began coaching the North Shore rugby senior side for the remainder of the year.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 4
In Marists heavy defeat at the hands of Richmond they lost Glover and Gordon Midgley to injury and played most of the second half with 11 players. The City v Newton match was originally supposed to be played at Carlaw Park but after the number 2 field was declared in a poor state the match was moved to Glen Eden.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 5
The match between Richmond and Newton was played at Fowld's Park to raise money for the King George V. Memorial Fund. The game was ceremonially kicked off by the Mayor of Mount Albert, Mr. W.A. Anderson.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 7
1934 All Black Hawea Mataira switched codes and made his debut appearance for Manukau. Tom Chase and Rangi Chase both had also switched codes and debuted for Manukau also. Tom had been a representative player for Wanganui. All three would go on to represent New Zealand.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 8
Round 8 was initially scheduled to be played on June 26 but all rugby league in Auckland, along with several other outdoor sports was cancelled due to poor weather.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Stormont Shield
John Anderson capped a truly remarkable point scoring season by scoring all 12 of Marist's points, made up of 2 tries, a conversion, a penalty, and a drop goal. It was Marist's 4th Stormont Shield win with the previous being in 1928, 1929, and 1932. The win denied Richmond what would have been their 4th straight Stormont Shield victory.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade competitions, Top try scorers and point scorers
The point scoring lists are compiled from matches played in the Fox Memorial, Roope Rooster, Phelan Shield and Stormont Shield matches which all first grade sides were eligible for competing in (provided they avoided elimination from the knock out competitions). The top point scorer was once again John Anderson. He scored 143 points in the aforementioned competitive matches and also scored in preliminary matches and in a Marist tour match which were not included in his statistics. Jack Smith finished second with 87 points. Both players would go on to represent New Zealand in 1938. The top try scorer was William McCallum for Mount Albert who was in his first season for them.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior reserve competitions
There were several rounds of the senior reserve grade competition that had no results reported. These were rounds 7 where only 1 result was reported, and rounds 11, 13, and 14 where no results were reported at all. It is possible that Richmond Rovers had won the competition by the latter stages and so the fixtures became optional and possibly not played or of no championship significance and so therefore not reported by club officials. The Auckland Rugby League would often conclude competitions prematurely if a champion had already been found.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Sharman Cup fixtures
The competition was won by Papakura who finished with a 14 win, 1 loss record. Fixtures were listed each week in The New Zealand Herald and Auckland Star however results were often not published. Following round 14 the Auckland Star published the points table to that point which indicated who the victors in several of the unreported matches were.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Sharman Cup fixtures
Following their round 2 match Manukau were advised that their team was out of order. They then defaulted their round 3 match after being given one more week to get their team in order before resuming in round 4. Glenora withdrew from the competition after defaulting in round 3. The round 6 loss by Papakura was their first loss for 3 seasons. In about round 15 both Manukau and Mount Albert withdrew from the competition as they were no longer listed in any fixtures form this point. At the September 7 meeting Papakura were congratulated on winning the Senior B competition. They had scored 304 points during the competition and only conceded 72.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Walmsley Shield knockout competition
Manukau and Mount Albert did not enter teams. Newton was initially drawn to play Papakura in round 1 but withdrew and instead Papakura travelled to Huntly to play the local side instead. Glenora entered a team but were knocked out in the first round by Point Chevalier. R.V. and Northcote & Birkenhead received bye's in round 1. Richmond drew with Green Lane in round 1 which forced the teams into a replay the following weekend which Green Lane won. Papakura had a bye in this round. Papakura defeated Point Chevalier in the 3rd weekend of the competition and so joined Green Lane in the final with Papakura running out 19-7 winners.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Senior club matches, Ponsonby XIII v Huntly
On August 28 a Ponsonby XIII played Huntly at Swanson in West Auckland. A shield was presented to the winners (Ponsonby) after the match by Mr. L. Adams to the Ponsonby captain for the day, Stan Prentice, the former New Zealand international and Richmond club player. The shield had been donated by Mr. I. Culpan.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Senior club matches, Richmond reserves v Kamo
The Richmond reserve side travelled to Whangarei to play the Northland senior club champions on August 28. The Richmond side won by 27 points to 17.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
There were 5 lower grades in 1937 (Third Grade to Seventh Grade). This was a reduction of 1 on the previous season as the Second Grade was forced into the Senior B grade. There were an additional 3 schoolboy grades (Junior, Intermediate, and Senior).


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
Richmond Rovers once again won the Davis Points Shield for winning the most points through all club teams. City Rovers finished runners up. Papakura won the Tracy Inglis points trophy for junior clubs with Otahuhu runners up.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
Grades and teams were as follows with the winning team in bold:


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
Junior: Avondale Convent, Balmoral, Ellerslie, George Courts A, George Courts B, Green Lane, Manukau, Marist, Mount Albert, Newton A, Newton B, North Shore, Northcote, Point Chevalier, Ponsonby, Richmond (Newton A beat Northcote 6-3 in the championship final).


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
Intermediate: Avondale, Balmoral, Ellerslie, Marist, Mount Albert, Newton, North Shore, Northcote, Otahuhu, Ponsonby, Point Chevalier, Richmond (Avondale beat Ponsonby 10-5 in the championship final).


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Other Club Matches and Lower Grades, Lower grade competitions
Senior: Avondale Convent, Ellerslie, Manukau, Marist, Mount Albert, Newton, Northcote, Point Chevalier, Richmond, (Green Lane withdrew during the season)


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative team
Hec Brisbane was named the Auckland selector for the season.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative team, Auckland v Auckland Māori (Tamaki)
The opening representative match of the season was played on Coronation Day.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative team, Auckland v South Auckland (Waikato)
Auckland played two matches on the same day against South Auckland (Waikato), and Taranaki. They won both matches. Neither was listed as an A or B team and both sides contained a large number of past, current, or future New Zealand international players. Former Ponsonby player, Kenneth Peckham who was now playing in the Waikato dislocated his right shoulder while playing for South Auckland and was taken to Auckland Hospital.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland representative team, Auckland v New Zealand Māori (Max Jaffe Cup)
The New Zealand Māori team was very similar to the one which had defeated Australia earlier in the season. The match was played as part of a Gala Day to raise money for injured players. George Nēpia traveled up from Gisborne to play in the match. Auckland was well below strength with several players out injured.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Māori (Tamaki) representative season
In addition to their loss to Auckland, the Auckland Māori side played in two other matches against Waikato Māori and North Auckland Māori.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
At North Shore Albions annual meeting on March 17 they stated that a number of new players were enrolled, including Ivor Stirling of Northland.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
At the board of control meeting on April 14 the following senior registrations were approved, Transfers: Cliff Satherley from Richmond to Mount Albert; R.H. Ferrall from Mount Albert to Newton; C Cairns, Pukemiro to Mount Albert; R McGreal, Ngaruawahia to Marist (subject to approval by the New Zealand Council. On April 20 C.C. Murton was transferred from Ellersie 3rd grade to Manukau seniors. On April 21 ten players were registered with two of them including L.C. Bain a well known Otago runner and ex-member of the Union club in Dunedin, and William J. McCallum, a North Auckland athlete. Transfers were: D.E. Keane from Marist to Ponsonby. S.W. Sherson was reinstated with E Tremain (South Auckland) being cleared to join North Shore.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
On May 5 the following transfers were granted:- J.W. Donald from North Shore Albions to City Rovers; C.R. Phillips from Otahuhu senior B to Manukau; J. Stannaway, Otahuhu senior B to Marist reserves; E.W.H. Barfoot, Marist reserves to Ponsonby reserves; J Shadbolt, Newton reserves to Glenora; P. Awhitu and P. Kauhoa, City to R.V; K Nicolson, Richmond thirds to Marist reserves; F Deason, Ponsonby reserves to R.V. On May 12 the following registrations were granted: H. Crook and Frederick Hollis with Newton, Norman F. Drew with Mount Albert, and P. C. N. Strickland with Marist.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
The following were transferred: H. Crook (North Shore to Newton), G Newton (Petone to Newton). While Alf Broadhead of Richmond was cleared to play in Wellington subject to approval by the New Zealand Council. On May 17 P Wickham and A McDonald were regraded from Glenora Senior B to 3rd grade. On May 19 the following transfers were granted: H. E. Neale (Papakura to Ponsonby reserves), E. Donovan (Marist to City reserves), Walter Preston (Mount Albert to Newton reserves). T.C.G. Pierce (One Tree Hill Point Club in Whangarei to Newton reserves), and Noel Messenger (Central Club in Wellington to Newton).


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
E Tackle was regraded from North Shore reserves to Richmond senior B. James Tristram from the Waikato was registered with Mount Albert while M.J.L. West was reinstated (he had previously played with Ellerslie. At the meeting of the junior management on May 25 A. McDonald was regraded from Glenora senior B to 3rd grade as was S.G. Johnson of Otahuhu. On May 26 the following players were registered: A. Smith, F.W. Just, A Bullat (City); C.R. Coburn, D.J. Thomas (North Shore); S.J. Davis, S.J. Murfitt, S Owens (Ponsonby).


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
On June 2 F. R. Halsey was transferred from Mount Albert to Marist while L. Conway was cleared to play for Mount Albert. K Campbell was registered with City, T.C. Allen and R Dunster with Manukau, and I Cruickshank with North Shore. On June 15 J.H. Shadbolt transferred from Glenora senior B to Mount Albert, while Roy Avery transferred from Newton 3rd grade to R.V. senior B. On June 17 J. O’Brien of Marist was transferred to South Auckland. In late June L.H. Cootes joined the Ponsonby club. He was the brother of Joe Cootes, the New Zealand international. L.H. Cootes was a former Horowhenua rugby representative and weighed 15st 4lb. On June 30 C.H. Lacey of the Grafton rugby club was registered with City Rovers.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
On July 7 the following transfers were approved: Frank Pickrang (Manukau to Ponsonby), G Ellis (from Newton to Mount Albert and regraded to senior B). G Hamilton's clearance from Newton to Marist was granted. S Bluett was registered with City, S.A. and J.W. Prendergast with Ponsonby. On July 13 R.S. Pyke was transferred from Papakura senior B to R.V.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
On July 14 R.L. Best was granted a transfer from City senior B to Mount Albert senior B.A. Hamilton was registered with Mount Albert, while G. Radcliffe was regraded from Richmond senior reserves to senior B. On July 21 I. Wilson was granted a transfer from Mount Albert seniors, and lately St George (Wellington) to Papakura senior B.


1937 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registrations and transfers
On August 24 E Gifford was granted a transfer from Mount Albert senior B to Richmond senior B.


1937 Australian Championships
The 1937 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the White City Tennis Club, Sydney, Australia from 22 January to 1 February. It was the 30th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the 8th held in Sydney, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were won by Australians Vivian McGrath and Nancye Wynne.


1937 Australian Championships, Finals, Men's Singles
Vivian McGrath defeated  John Bromwich  6–3, 1–6, 6–0, 2–6, 6–1


1937 Australian Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Adrian Quist /  Don Turnbull defeated  John Bromwich /  Jack Harper 6–2, 9–7, 1–6, 6–8, 6–4


1937 Australian Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Thelma Coyne /  Nancye Wynne defeated  Nell Hall Hopman /  Emily Hood Westacott 6–2, 6–2


1937 Australian Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Nell Hall Hopman /  Harry Hopman defeated  Dorothy Stevenson /  Don Turnbull 3–6, 6–3, 6–2


1937 Australian Championships – Men's Doubles
Defending champions Adrian Quist and Don Turnbull defeated John Bromwich and Jack Harper 6–2, 9–7, 1–6, 6–8, 6–4, to win the Men's Doubles tennis title at the 1937 Australian Championships.


1937 Australian Championships – Men's Singles
Third-seeded Vivian McGrath defeated John Bromwich 6–3, 1–6, 6–0, 2–6, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1937 Australian Championships.


1937 Australian Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Vivian McGrath is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1937 Australian Championships – Mixed Doubles
Nell Hopman and Harry Hopman successfully defended their title by defeating Dot Stevenson and Don Turnbull 3–6, 6–3, 6–2, to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1937 Australian Championships.


1937 Australian Championships – Women's Doubles
Defending champions Thelma Coyne and Nancye Wynne defeated Nell Hopman and Emily Hood Westacott 6–2, 6–2 in the final, to win the Women's Doubles tennis title at the 1937 Australian Championships.


1937 Australian Championships – Women's Singles
Second-seeded Nancye Wynne defeated Emily Hood Westacott 6–3, 5–7, 6–4, in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1937 Australian Championships.


1937 Australian Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Nancye Wynne is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1937 Australian Grand Prix
The 1937 Australian Grand Prix is a name which has been applied retrospectively to the 1936 South Australian Centenary Grand Prix, a motor race held on the Port Elliot-Victor Harbor road circuit in South Australia on Boxing Day, 26 December 1936.


1937 Australian Grand Prix
The 1935 Australian Grand Prix had been held at Phillip Island in April and no succeeding event had been planned. Eventually the Australian Grand Prix would be revived in April 1938 at Bathurst. The stature of 1936 South Australian Centenary Grand Prix, the largest such race held in the three-year gap, saw it later renamed and redated to become the 1937 Australian Grand Prix.


1937 Australian Grand Prix
The race was the first road race for cars to be held in South Australia, with special amendments to the Road Traffic Act required to allow the roads to be closed for that purpose. A 7.8-mile (12.55 km) course was laid out specifically for the race on sealed public roads between the seaside towns of Port Elliot and Victor Harbor. It was only used for racing on this one occasion. The race, which had 27 starters, was held over 32 laps for a total distance of approximately 250 miles (400 kilometres).


1937 Australian Grand Prix
Like most major Australian motor races of the period, it featured a handicap start, with the slowest cars starting first and other cars starting at timed intervals according to their predicted performance. The race was organised by the Sporting Car Club of South Australia and promoted by Centenary Road Races Limited of Adelaide. It was open to factory built and catalogued racing cars and sports cars, irrespective of engine capacity, however other entries not meeting that description were also considered.


1937 Australian Grand Prix
The race was won by pre-race favourite Les Murphy, driving a MG P-type off a handicap of 40 minutes. He finished over ten minutes clear of Tim Joshua driving a similar car with Bob Lea-Wright third in a Terraplane-based special. Fifth placed finisher Ossie Cranston, driving a Ford V8-based special off a handicap of 5 minutes, completed the race in the fastest actual running time of 3 hours 20 minutes and 17 seconds.


1937 Australian Grand Prix, Classification
The entries of McDonald, Anderson and Abbott were "flagged off", having exceeded the time limit rule.


1937 Australian federal election
The 1937 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 23 October 1937. All 74 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent UAP–Country coalition government, led by Prime Minister Joseph Lyons, defeated the opposition Labor Party under John Curtin.


1937 Australian federal election
The election is notable in that the Country Party achieved its highest-ever primary vote in the lower house, thereby winning nearly a quarter of all lower-house seats. At the 1934 election nine seats in New South Wales had been won by Lang Labor. Following the reunion of the two Labor parties in February 1936, these were held by their members as ALP seats at the 1937 election. With the party's wins in Ballaarat and Gwydir (initially at a by-election on 8 March 1937), the ALP had a net gain of 11 seats compared with the previous election.


1937 Australian federal election
This was the first federal election that future Prime Ministers Harold Holt and Arthur Fadden contested as members of parliament, having entered parliament at the 1935 Fawkner by-election and 1936 Darling Downs by-election respectively.


1937 Australian referendum
The 1937 Australian Referendum was held on 6 March 1937. It contained two referendum questions.


1937 Australian referendum (Aviation)
Constitution Alteration (Aviation) 1936 was an Australian referendum held in the 1937 referendums which sought to alter the Australian Constitution to give the Commonwealth legislative power with respect to air navigation and aircraft.


1937 Australian referendum (Aviation), Question
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Aviation) 1936'?


1937 Australian referendum (Aviation), Discussion
This was one of the few instances where an overall majority was overridden by not having a majority of states.


1937 Australian referendum (Marketing)
Constitution Alteration (Marketing) 1936 was an Australian referendum held in the 1937 referendums which sought to alter the Australian Constitution to remove the restraints on interstate sales of goods imposed on Parliament by section 92 of the Constitution.


1937 Australian referendum (Marketing)
It was proposed to add a section 92A that excluded "marketing" from the powers of section 92. This was in reaction to the case of James v Commonwealth [1932] AC 578 in which the Privy Council found that the Commonwealth legislation regulating the sales of dried fruit was invalid.


1937 Australian referendum (Marketing), Question
Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Marketing) 1936'?


1937 Australian referendum (Marketing), Discussion
This was one of the few instances where a referendum failed to achieve a majority in any state.


1937 BYU Cougars football team
The 1937 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University in the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1937 college football season. In their first season under head coach Eddie Kimball, the Cougars compiled a 6–3 record (5–2 against RMC opponents), tied for second in the RMC, and outscored opponents by a total of 164 to 41.


1937 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1937 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State Teachers College (later renamed Ball State University) in the Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) during the 1937 college football season. In its third season under head coach John Magnabosco, the team compiled a 5–2–1 record, shut out four of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 135 to 38.


1937 Baltic Cup
The 1937 Baltic Cup was the ninth playing of the Baltic Cup football tournament. It was held from September 3–7, 1937 in Kaunas, Lithuania.


1937 Baltic Cup
As Latvia and Estonia finished with equal points and equal goal difference, a replay was organised for the first time which Latvia won 2–0.


1937 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
The 1937 process of selecting inductees to the Baseball Hall of Fame was markedly different from the initial elections the previous year. As only half of the initial goal of 10 inductees had been selected in 1936, members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) were once again given authority to select any players active in the 20th century; but the unsuccessful 1936 Veterans Committee election for 19th-century players led to a smaller Centennial Commission choosing a handful of inductees whose contributions were largely as non-players.


1937 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
In the BBWAA election, voters were again instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates, but were now discouraged from casting votes for active players, although some player-managers whose playing days were largely over, such as Rogers Hornsby, received votes. Any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in the sport's supposed centennial year of 1939. Again, individuals who had been barred from baseball were not formally ineligible; Hal Chase received some votes, although Shoeless Joe Jackson did not. Balloting by the BBWAA resulted in the election of three players: Nap Lajoie, Tris Speaker, and Cy Young.


1937 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA vote
A total of 201 ballots were cast, with 1,949 individual votes for 113 specific candidates, an average of 9.70 per ballot; 151 votes were required for election. Selections were announced on January 19, 1937. The three candidates who received at least 75% of the vote and were elected are indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been selected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics.


1937 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, Centennial Commission
After the error-ridden 1936 Veterans election failed to select any 19th-century players, the Hall opted in 1937 to have a small committee select inductees "for outstanding service to base ball apart from playing the game." The Commission's members were: Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis; National League president Ford Frick; American League president Will Harridge; Judge William G. Bramham, president of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (the minor league overseeing body); former NL president John Heydler; and George Trautman, president of the minor league American Association and chairman of the National Association's executive committee. At the December 1937 major league winter meetings in Chicago, Frick announced that the Commission had elected five people. The selections were:


1937 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, Centennial Commission
Of the five selectees, only Mack was still living when the selections were made.


1937 Baylor Bears football team
The 1937 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1937 college football season. In their 12th season under head coach Morley Jennings, the Bears compiled a 7–3 record (3–3 against conference opponents), were ranked No. 4 in the weekly AP Poll after winning their first six games, lost three of their last four games, finished in fourth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 178 to 64. They played their home games at Waco Stadium in Waco, Texas. Carl Brazell was the team captain.


1937 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1937 Belgian Grand Prix was a motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 11 July 1937. It was the last Grand Prix to be held at the circuit's original configuration.


1937 Belmont Stakes
The 1937 Belmont Stakes was the 69th running of the Belmont Stakes. It was the 31st Belmont Stakes held at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York and was held on June 5, 1937. With a field of seven horses, War Admiral, the winner of that year's Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes won the 1 1⁄2–mile race (12 f; 2.4 km) by 3 lengths over Sceneshifter.


1937 Belmont Stakes
With the win, War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown champion.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter
The 1937 Ben-Gurion letter is a letter written by David Ben-Gurion, then head of the executive committee of the Jewish Agency, to his son Amos on 5 October 1937. The letter is well known by scholars as it provides insight into Ben-Gurion's reaction to the report of the Peel Commission released on 7 July of the same year. It has also been subject to significant debate by scholars as a result of scribbled-out text that may or may not provide written evidence of an intention to "expel the Arabs" or "not expel the Arabs" depending on one's interpretation of whether such deletion was intended by Ben-Gurion.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter
The original handwritten letter is currently held in the IDF Archive.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Letter
The letter was originally handwritten in Hebrew by Ben-Gurion, and was intended to update his son, Amos, who was then living on a kibbutz, on the latest political considerations. In the letter, Ben-Gurion explains his reaction to the July 1937 Peel Commission Report by providing arguments for why his son should not be concerned about the recommended partition of Mandatory Palestine. The Commission had recommended partition into a Jewish State and Arab State, together with a population transfer of the 225,000 Arabs from the land allocated to the Jewish State. Ben-Gurion stated his belief that partition would be just the beginning. The sentiment was recorded by Ben-Gurion on other occasions, such as at a meeting of the Jewish Agency executive in June 1938, as well as by Chaim Weizmann. In the letter, Ben-Gurion wrote:


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Letter
"Does the establishment of a Jewish state [in only part of Palestine] advance or retard the conversion of this country into a Jewish country? My assumption (which is why I am a fervent proponent of a state, even though it is now linked to partition) is that a Jewish state on only part of the land is not the end but the beginning.... This is because this increase in possession is of consequence not only in itself, but because through it we increase our strength, and every increase in strength helps in the possession of the land as a whole. The establishment of a state, even if only on a portion of the land, is the maximal reinforcement of our strength at the present time and a powerful boost to our historical endeavors to liberate the entire country".


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Letter
The Peel Commission had allocated the Negev desert to the Arab state on account of the very limited Jewish settlement in the region. Ben-Gurion argued in the letter that the allocation of the Negev to the Arab State would ensure it remained barren because the Arabs "already have an abundance of deserts but not of manpower, financial resources, or creative initiative".


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Letter
Ben-Gurion noted that force may need to be used to ensure the Jewish right to settle in the area since "we can no longer tolerate that vast territories capable of absorbing tens of thousands of Jews should remain vacant, and that Jews cannot return to their homeland because the Arabs prefer that the place [the Negev] remains neither ours nor theirs."


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
Benny Morris, in his 1988 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949 quoted from Ben-Gurion's letter in the paragraph discussing the Negev: "We must expel Arabs and take their places...", having taken the quote from the English version of Shabtai Teveth's 1985 Ben-Gurion and the Palestine Arabs. Criticism from Efraim Karsh later discussed the scribbled-out text immediately before the wording, which, if included, would reverse the meaning of the quote.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
Morris later explained, "The problem was that in the original handwritten copy of the letter deposited in the IDF Archive, which I consulted after my quote was criticized, there were several words crossed out in the middle of the relevant sentence, rendering what remained as "We must expel the Arabs". However, Ben-Gurion rarely made corrections to anything he had written, and the passage was not consonant with the spirit of the paragraph in which it was embedded. It was suggested that the crossing out was done by some other hand later and that the sentence, when the words that were crossed out were restored, was meant by Ben-Gurion to say and said exactly the opposite ("We must not expel the Arabs....')."


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
As to the general tenor of the critique, Morris later wrote that "the focus by my critics on this quotation was, in any event, nothing more than (an essentially mendacious) red herring – as elsewhere, in unassailable statements, Ben-Gurion at this time repeatedly endorsed the idea of 'transferring' (or expelling) Arabs, or the Arabs, out of the area of the Jewish state-to-be, either 'voluntarily' or by compulsion.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
There were good reasons for Ben-Gurion's endorsement of transfer: The British Peel Commission had proposed it, the Arabs rebelling in Palestine were bent on uprooting the Zionist enterprise, and the Jews of Europe, under threat of destruction, were in dire need of a safe haven, and Palestine could not serve as one so long as the Arabs were attacking the Yishuv and, as a result, the British were curtailing Jewish access to the country."


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
Ilan Pappe, in his 2006 article The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, published as a preamble to his later book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, quoted Ben-Gurion as having written, "The Arabs will have to go, but one needs an opportune moment for making it happen, such as a war". In the first edition of the full book the inverted commas were around only the words "The Arabs will have to go".


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
It was later stated by Nick Talbot that the second part of the sentence, mistakenly originally published in inverted commas, was a "fair and accurate paraphrase" of the sources Pappe provided, a July 12, 1937, entry in Ben-Gurion's journal and page 220 of the August–September 1937 issue of New Judea. Pappe's error was first pointed out by Benny Morris in 2006, and taken up by advocacy group CAMERA in 2011. The Journal of Palestine Studies wrote in 2012:


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
"This issue is the more cogent in view of an article (by a CAMERA official) that claims that the quote attributed to Ben-Gurion (as it appears in the JPS article) is a complete fabrication, a 'fake'. Even taking into account the punctuation error, this contention is totally at odds with the known record of Ben-Gurion's position at least as of the late 1930s." CAMERA had provided  by Ben-Gurion and charged not only that the pertinent phrase had been incorrectly translated but also that the article incorrectly interpreted the context of the letter.


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
In his 1998 book (revised 2004) on the Zionist transfer policy regarding the Palestinian Arabs, Rabbi Chaim Simons addressed earlier conflicting opinions . In the section devoted to Ben Gurion's letter to his son, Simons contrasts the various interpretations of the letter and the significance of the ruled out portion. In doing so he notes Shabtai Teveth's use of the abbreviated version in the English version of his book - "We must expel Arabs and take their place".


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
This he contrasts with a version that includes the ruled out phrase: "In the Hebrew version of his book, however, four Hebrew words have been added making it read, 'We do not want and do not need to expel Arabs and take their place'". Simons suggests that the ruled-out version should not be used because: "... these same additional four words (together with the previous two and a half lines) are in fact crossed out in Ben-Gurion’s handwritten letter!


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
In the published edition of this letter, the Editor (and, according to Shabtai Teveth, with the consent of Ben-Gurion) completely omitted this sentence!" He then describes the conflicting interpretations of Morris and Karsh, plus Teveth's critique of Morris' opinion. Simons also criticised Karsh's view that "Ben-Gurion had constantly and completely opposed the transfer of Arabs".


1937 Ben-Gurion letter, Disputed text
He sides with Morris' view who he writes "gives a number of examples of how Ben-Gurion supported the transfer of Arabs from Palestine, and he wrote: 'But at no point during the 1930s and 1940s did Ben-Gurion ever go on record against the idea or policy of transfer. On the contrary, Ben-Gurion left a paper trail a mile long as to his actual thinking, and no amount of ignoring, twisting and turning, manipulation, contortion, and distortion can blow it away." Simons continues by providing his own evidence that Ben-Gurion favoured the Transfer of Arabs, dating back to 1938.


1937 Bermondsey Borough election
Elections to Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey were held in 1937.


1937 Bermondsey Borough election
The borough had 12 wards which returned between 3 and 6 members. Of the 12 wards 2 of the wards had all candidates elected unopposed. Labour won all the seats.


1937 Bewdley by-election
The Bewdley by-election of 1937 was held on 29 June 1937. The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Stanley Baldwin. It was won by the Conservative candidate Roger Conant.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1937 Big Ten Conference football season was the 42nd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1937 college football season.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1937 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team, under head coach Bernie Bierman, won the Big Ten championship, led the conference in scoring offense (23.0 points per game), compiled a 6–2 record, and was ranked No. 5 in the final AP poll. End Ray King was named a first-team All-American by two selectors, and fullback Andy Uram was received first-team honors from the Associated Press. Halfback Rudy Gmitro was awarded the team's most valuable player award.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1937 Ohio State Buckeyes football team, under head coach Francis Schmidt finished in second place with a 6–2 record, shut out six of eight opponents, led the Big Ten in scoring defense (2.9 points allowed per game), and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP poll. Guard Gust Zarnas was selected as a first-team All-American by three selectors. Back Jim McDonald was the second player selected in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season
Corbett Davis of Indiana won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Big Ten's most valuable player. He was also the first player selected in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy


1937 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games
No Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games during the 1937 season.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Big Ten players
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press (UP) as first-team players on the 1937 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1937 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
No Big Ten players were selected as consensus first-team players on the 1937 College Football All-America Team. However, three Big Ten players received first-team honors from at least one selector. They were:


1937 Big Ten Conference football season, 1938 NFL Draft
The following Big Ten players were selected in the first seven rounds of the 1938 NFL Draft:


1937 Birmingham West by-election
The Birmingham West by-election of 1937 was held on 29 April 1937. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Austen Chamberlain. It was won by the Conservative candidate Walter Higgs.


1937 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team
The 1937 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham–Southern College as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1937 college football season. In their tenth season under head coach Jenks Gillem, the team compiled a 6–2 record.


1937 Bombay Presidency election
The elections to the two houses of legislatures of the Bombay Presidency were held in 1937, as part of the nationwide provincial elections in British India. The Indian National Congress was the single largest party by winning 86 of 175 seats in the Legislative Assembly and 13 of 60 seats in the Legislative Council.


1937 Bombay Presidency election
The Congress Government that was formed after the elections under B. G. Kher lasted till October 1939, when it resigned protesting India's involvement in the Second World War. The next election was held in 1946.


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Government of India Act of 1935
The Government of India Act of 1935 abolished dyarchy and ensured provincial autonomy. It created a  bicameral legislature in the Bombay province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two Legislative bodies - a Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council. The Assembly consisted of 175 members who were further classified into General seats and those reserved for special communities and interests. The Legislative Council consisted of 60 members. It was a permanent body not subject to dissolution by the GoverThe Act provided for a limited adult franchise based on property qualifications.


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Results
The Congress contested 110 out of the total 175 seats in the assembly out of which 97 were general constituencies. For the council, it contested 15 out of the 26 seats where elections took place.


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Results
In the assembly, 15 seats were reserved for the Scheduled Castes. Out of these, Congress Party secured one seat unopposed and contested 8 seats out of which it won 5.


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Results, Legislative Assembly
Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Assembly:


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Results, Legislative Council
Party wise break up of seats in the Bombay Legislative Council:


1937 Bombay Presidency election, Government formation
Although the Indian National Congress won the elections, the party declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper (independent member from Satara North constituency ), to form an interim ministry. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn.


1937 Boston Bees season
The 1937 Boston Bees season was the 67th season of the franchise. They finished the season with 79 wins and 73 losses.


1937 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1937 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1937 college football season. The Eagles played their home games at Alumni Field in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and Fenway Park in Boston.


1937 Boston Red Sox season
The 1937 Boston Red Sox season was the 37th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished fifth in the American League (AL) with a record of 80 wins and 72 losses, 21 games behind the New York Yankees, who went on to win the 1937 World Series.


1937 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1937 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Pat Hanley, the team compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 143 to 45.


1937 Boston mayoral election
The Boston mayoral election of 1937 occurred on Tuesday, November 2, 1937. Boston School Committee member Maurice J. Tobin defeated five other candidates, including former mayors James Michael Curley and Malcolm Nichols.


1937 Boston mayoral election
In 1918, the Massachusetts state legislature had passed legislation making the Mayor of Boston ineligible to serve consecutive terms. Thus, incumbent Frederick Mansfield was unable to run for re-election. The law would be changed in 1939, making this the last election where the incumbent mayor could not run for re-election.


1937 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1937 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State College (later renamed Bowling Green State University) in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1937 college football season. In its third season under head coach Harry Ockerman, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 80 to 56. John Cheetwood was the team captain.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état
The 1937 Brazilian coup d'état, also known as the 1937 coup (Portuguese: Golpe de 1937) or the Estado Novo coup (Portuguese: Golpe do Estado Novo), was a military coup led by President Getúlio Vargas with the support of the Brazilian Armed Forces on 10 November 1937. Vargas had risen to power in 1930 through a revolution which had ended a decades-old oligarchy, already with the backing of the military. For four years he ruled as provisional president until elections were held for a National Constituent Assembly. Under a new constitution, Vargas became the constitutional president of Brazil.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état
Following a 1935 communist uprising, speculation was already rising about a potential self-coup, however. Candidates for the 1938 Brazilian presidential elections were appearing as early as late 1936. Vargas could not seek reelection, but he and his allies were not willing to abandon power. Political repression, which was magnified after the communist revolt, was now being loosened. However, a strong sentiment for a dictatorial government amongst the military, as well as further federal intervention in state governments, paved the way for a coup to take place.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état
With preparation beginning officially on 18 September 1937, senior military officers used the Cohen Plan, a fradulent document, to provoke the National Congress of Brazil into declaring a state of war. Rio Grande do Sul Governor Flores da Cunha, who was opposed to President Vargas, left for exile in mid-October 1937 with little other options. A new constitution was also being drafted by Francisco Campos. By November, the President held almost all power in the country and nothing was standing in the way of the intricate plan from taking place. On the morning of 10 November 1937, the military surrounded the National Congress. The cabinet expressed approval for the new corporatist constitution, and a radio address by Vargas proclaimed the new regime, the Estado Novo.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état
In the aftermath of the coup, a semi-fascist, authoritarian state was propped up in Brazil based on European fascist countries. Individual liberties and rights were stripped away, Vargas's term of office was extended by six years, and the power of the states was gone. Foreign reaction was mostly negative. South American countries were hostile to the coup with the exception of Argentine military circles. Germany and Italy rejoiced, although there was some suspicion by the former. In the United States and United Kingdom, reaction to the coup was overall unfavorable.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Brazil in the early 1930s
The First Brazilian Republic came to an end at the hands of the Revolution of 1930. The oligarchy of "coffee and milk," which had dominated Brazilian politics since the 1890s and concentrated power in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, was now being undermined by the 1929 economic crisis. The coffee and milk oligarchy collapsed in on itself when then-President and paulista Washington Luís violated the agreement by nominating paulista Júlio Prestes to succeed him instead of acting within the lines of the agreement and nominating a person from Minas Gerais.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Brazil in the early 1930s
In response, Minas Gerais formed the Liberal Alliance with the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Paraíba to counter the move, nominating Getúlio Vargas for the presidency in the upcoming 1930 Brazilian general election. Prestes's narrow victory in March (along with the unrelated assassination of Vargas's running mate João Pessoa in July) prompted Vargas and supporters to initiate an armed revolution in October of the year and install a new republic within Brazil.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Brazil in the early 1930s
In the aftermath of the episode, Vargas dissolved Congress and inferior representative bodies, established an emergency regime, replaced almost all state presidents with "intervenors," and assumed all policymaking power. At this point he was already supported by the military and figures such as military politician General Góis Monteiro. A civil war was briefly instigated for three months from 9 July to 2 October 1932 when the paulistas staged an insurrection – the Constitutionalist Revolution. They failed to defeat the federal government, however.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Brazil in the early 1930s
Until then Vargas was a provisional president, but he permitted the May 1933 election of a National Constituent Assembly which convened until 1934. In July of that year, they produced a constitution and elected Vargas to a four-year term as constitutional president ending on 3 May 1938, beginning a quasi-democratic period.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Communist insurrection (1935)
From 23 November to 27 November 1935, a Brazilian Communist Party–backed attempted military coup was initiated in Rio Grande do Norte. Its capital, Natal, was shortly governed by a junta until it was defeated. Likewise, movements in Recife and Rio de Janeiro followed. There, the encounters between troops were especially bloody and several were left dead. The aftermath was severe. Historians Boris and Sergio Fausto state, "it opened the way for far-reaching repressive measures and for an escalation of authoritarianism."


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Communist insurrection (1935)
The PCB in particular and the political left-wing in general were oppressed under the authority of the executive branch and the procurement of the National Congress. For instance, the National Commission for the Repression Communism was created in January alongside more government organs, such as the National Security Tribunal [pt] created in October, to investigate the 1935 uprising, though the TSN ended up becoming a permanent organization until 1945. Congress was sieged by police in March ending with the arrest of several pro-National Liberation Alliance, a leftist front, assemblymen, and many communists were imprisoned and exiled. The 1934 constitution essentially existed only de jure as it was ignored by the states of emergency, police actions, and the anti-communist climate. The importance of the revolt is because, in its aftermath, it saw the first speculation of Vargas initiating a self-coup.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
Through late 1936 to early 1937, presidential candidates began to appear for the January 1938 presidential elections. Armando de Sales Oliveira was supported by the Constitutionalist Party of São Paulo; José Américo de Almeida was supported by the Vargas government; and Plínio Salgado was supported by the Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB). Vargas could not succeed himself unless he waited four years for the next election.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
According to historian Richard Bourne, "Although [Oliveira] was objectively an opposition candidate, he began a decorous kind of campaign, speaking to businessmen rather than the public at large and trying to minimize any offence to the Federal Government." A coalition of governors assembled by Benedito Valadares selected Almeida from Paraíba as the government candidate in May 1937. In June, Salgado stepped in and promulgated that he was Jesus's injunction to the electorate. However, the President's 1937 New Year's Address, which declared a "free and healthy atmosphere" for elections, was facing roadblocks. Across the world, war threatened Europe. At home, the states found new difficulties, the military wanted intervention, and the far-right was becoming militant.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
The Brazilian Integralist Action party was able to make advancements by appealing to the masses. It was a fascist, nationalistic, and church-centered political party that was essentially a hybrid between Catholicism, mysticism, and order and progress. The Integralists were recognizable by their saluting, green shirt uniforms, and parades; the party also received financial support from the German Embassy. Just a few months after the 1937 coup, an attempted putsch led by armed Integralists on the Guanabara Palace, residence of President Vargas, was nearly successful. Otherwise, they had a strong effect on the military which helped the 1937 coup.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
With that, political debates began to emerge, suppressive measures were lifted, and three hundred prisoners were released by an order from the minister of justice. When the 1935 uprising broke out, Congress declared a ninety-day state of war in December and extended it five times; Congress refused a request to prolong the state of war. Vargas and his allies were not ready to abandon power. They trusted none of the candidates, and an observer close to the government went as far as to say Brazil was at risk of following the path of Spain – destroyed by civil war.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
In the military, there was amounting support for "a strong state, dictatorial solution for Brazil's evils" as Bourne says. Some officers were influenced by the Nazi and fascist states in Europe and others by Integralism, such as Integralist General Newton Cavalcanti. Almeida's increasing shift to the left only complicated the situation with his attempts to satisfy a working-class electorate.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
Through 1937, the federal government interferred in different states to "nip any possible regional difficulties in the bud" as the Faustos put it. Vargas ordered more frequent interventions in the states, including Mato Grosso and Maranhão. The latter had had its pro-Vargas governor impeached by the opposition. Intervenor and governor for Rio Grande do Sul Flores da Cunha, who had already been against the President, was now being contested by Vargas.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
The President upped the power of the federal military commander in Rio Grande do Sul, attempted to contest Cunha in the Governor's state assembly, and declared a state of siege via decree in April as part of his attempts to attack the Governor's armed stregnth. The military also joined in the effort and made a plethora of accusations against the Governor. Lima Cavalcanti, Pernambuco governor and one who held deteriorating relations with the federal government, was also a target. Bahia Governor Juracy Magalhães tried to form a secretive alliance between various states, though his plan failed. Rumors surfaced that Vargas was preparing to cancel elections, and the atmosphere was described in mid-September by journalist Maciel Filho:


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Background, Speculation and influential factors (1935–1937)
Getúlio's strength merits a golpe to end this foolishness. The navy is firm and dictatorial-minded; the army is the same. There are no more constitutional solutions for Brazil.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation
The planning of what would become the Estado Novo (English: New State) sprouted due to Cunha. The need to remove Cunha from power paved the way for the planning of a new constitution, the cancellation of elections, and, at the same time, the nullification of the federal system. The organizers of the coup decided that, instead of potentially provoking civil war by operating primarily in the south, they would pursue intercessions in states against Vargas and segregate Cunha's Bahia and Pernambuco allies in preparation of Cunha's removal. With the acession of Monteiro to Army Chief of Staff in July 1937 and the removal of opposing officers in command, Vargas now needed to either act or be deposed. The government continuously stepped in authoritarian direction despite the President's assurance of leaving office.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, September
The official beginning of the planning of the coup began on 18 September 1937, though it is believed that by early 1936 Vargas was already trying to extend his own tenure by modifying the 1934 constitution. The President's depressed mood in July had turned around after a meeting with Monteiro and Filho, writing about a "risk to life itself" and regaining his sense of adventure in his diary. Vargas and Minister of War Eurico Gaspar Dutra met where Vargas explained his intentions of a coup, hoping for the army's consent.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, September
Dutra assured Vargas his support but noted he would need to consult the rest of the military. Dutra was able to get aid from General Daltro Filho, commander of the Third Military Region in Rio Grande do Sul. Nine days later (27 September), Dutra convened senior army officers including Monteiro. There, they established consensus that the potential of another communist uprising, coupled with the lackluster laws defending the country, warranted the military's support of a presidential coup. One general added the opportunity should also be used to combat the extremism of the right. Meanwhile, Francisco Campos, who admired European fascism and corporatism and was anti-liberal and anti-communist, was at clandestine work on a new, corporative constitution for Brazil.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, September
The problem was there was no apparent reasoning for staging a coup. On 28 September, Monteiro asserted that the coup rumors were completely groundless. On 30 September, however, Dutra, on the Hora do Brasil radio program, publicly revealed a communist document, detailing a violent revolution with rape, massacres, pillaging, and church burnings, and called for a new state of war. Historian Robert M. Levine called the document "a blatant forgery"; it has also been dubbed as "fantasy" or "literature" by the Faustos. The origins of the document, the Cohen Plan, are unclear.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, September
The Faustos say Captain Olímpio Mourão Filho (chief of AIB propaganda) was caught (or allowed himself to intentionally be caught) at the Ministry of War creating a plan for a potential communist uprising which would be publicized in an AIB bulletin, describing how an insurrection would go down and how the Integralists would react to it. Levine states the plan was faked by Integralist agents, passed onto Monteiro via Captain Filho, and played off as being seized from communist sources.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, September
According to Bourne, the Integralists forged the "bloodthirsty" communist document in order to strengthen the government in preparation for the coup and to do away with Cunha's army. The plan was anti-Semitic, for the name Cohen was an obvious Jewish name and a potential variation on Béla Kun, a Jewish-Hungarian communist.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, October
The aftermath of the revelation was severe. Almost immediately, the petrified Congress convened overnight to declare a state of war and suspend constitutional liberties and rights. Only a few hesitant states and liberals objected to the vote. State of war commissions were headed by governors in all states to suppress the opposition. Rio Grande do Sul, where Governor Cunha was the target of the commission, and Pernambuco, where Governor Cavalcanti was barred from attending the commission's meetings, were notable exceptions. Cunha was nearly impeached, but the opposition's efforts failed by only one vote.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, October
When the state of war commission demanded the state militia to be incorporated into federal forces, the Governor had no power to object and the deed was done on 17 October. Archbishop Dom João Becker transmitted the news to Cunha who would leave for exile in Montevideo, Uruguay, and left a farewell speech to his state. The leadership of the Third Military Region declared the Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul federalized. Vargas's brother Benjamin wired the President to notify him things in Rio Grande do Sul were going well. At the same time, Vargas worked closely with Valadares.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, October
The military commander in Bahia ferociously attacked the Governor. In Pernambuco, the Governor's mail was censored, editors favorable to the Governor were persecuted, and several of his staff were arrested. At the end of October, Deputy Negrão de Lima paid a visit to the states of the Northeast, making sure the states' governors were in support of a coup and observing their reactions. There was near unanimous consent for it. The anti-communism campaign was also at its apex. For instance, churches spoke openly on the communist threat, university students formed an opposition to the ideology in Curitiba, secondary schools were closed for an investigation into communism in Belém, and spiritist societies, a constant nuisance to the church, were terminated in Rio de Janeiro.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, November
On 1 November, the President and two generals, including General Cavalcanti, reviewed a parade of 20,000 in the Integralist militia. Meanwhile, rumors circulated about a coup that was about to come, yet government business went on as usual. Levine states, "It seemed apparent the country was moving to the far right and to fascism." A week before the coup (3 November), there was a commemoration of Vargas's seventh year in power. However, Vargas was absent from the occasion, instead conversing with advisors on the price of coffee and allocating the evening to a lengthy discussion with Monteiro.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, November
In the week leading up, Vargas and Campos met and discussed the new national constitution Campos was the author of. A story in the Correio da Manhã was censored; it talked about a conspiracy in the army. The censorship system was given to the Federal District police from the civilian justice ministry. On 7 November, the President confessed to his diary that the planned coup, in which the Congress would be closed and a new constitution imposed, could not be turned around. At this point, Levine says, Vargas held "near-absolute" control in the country. There was clear support from the army, with a three-to-one ratio in favor of amendments to the 1934 constitution. Intrigued after being briefed by Campos, Integralists believed the events would get them into the national government. In reality, they would be betrayed and arrested during the coup.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, November
The opposition had only mobilized in early November. Almeida suggested to Dutra that both main candidates would withdraw and leave one clear army candidate (Almeida would later deny allowing anyone to negotiate his removal after he became isolated and Vargas told the press Lima's visit was an inquiry into opinions for a substitute presidential candidate). Word of Lima's visit had spread and Sales had sent a manifesto to the military, alleged to be disseminated in the barracks, urging them to stop the coup.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Preparation, November
This only hurt his cause; instead of 15 November, the set date and the anniversary for the Proclamation of the Republic, Vargas and military leaders changed the date to 10 November. There were also communications between Valadares and São Paulo's intervenor and Rio Grande do Sul pro-government forces. The moderate minister of justice resigned on 8 November from the cabinet after falling on the wrong side of the anti-communists; Campos replaced him. With more good news coming from the states, there was now no opposition standing in the way between the President and the detailed coup d'état.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Execution
On the morning of 10 November 1937, cavalry surrounded the Congress and blockaded the entrance. One visitor trying to get into the Palácio Monroe was told by a guard, "When a senator cannot enter, then how can a stranger enter?" At 10:00, copies of the new constitution were printed and distributed amongst the cabinet and they were requested to sign it. The sole dissident, minister of agriculture Odilón Braga, immediately resigned and was replaced by anti-Sales paulista Fernando Costa. The president of the Senate was notified of the dismissal of the organ.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Execution
Dutra, meanwhile, acclaimed the "lofty mission entrusted to the national armed forces," though he had been against the use of military in the operation in which Congress was seized. Many military personnel resigned, notably Colonel Eduardo Gomes. In every state beside Minas Gerais, where Governor Valadares was the politician most involved with the coup, new intervenors were named. Though most appointees had succeeded themselves, those in Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Pernambuco were replaced.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Execution
In a radio broadcast, Vargas claimed the political climate "remains restricted to the simple processes of electoral seduction," that political parties lacked ideology, that legislative delay prevented the promises made in the April 1934 presidential message, including a penal code and code of mines, and that regional caudilhos had flourished. Instead, he presented a new program of activity, with new roads and railways into the Brazilian hinterland and the implementation of "a great steelworks" that could use local minerals and offer employment.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Execution
He promulgated that the Estado Novo would restore Brazil to authority, freedom of action, and be of "peace, justice and work." Brazil had purportedly been on the edge of a civil war. Campos also held a press conference where he made public the founding of a National Press Council "for perfect co-ordination with the government in control of news and of political and doctrinal material."


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, A new regime
On 13 November 1937, eighty members of the dismissed National Congress visited the Catete Palace in a gesture of support. Two days earlier, a number of Congress members were arrested. They were oblivious to the 1937 coup in the first place; with the knowledge of a potential coup, they spent their last debate arguing on whether or not there should be a discussion on the establishment of a national Institute of Nutrition. Additionally, virtually no protest to the new regime was apparent.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, A new regime
The new government was called the Estado Novo, deriving its name from the Portuguese government headed by António de Oliveira Salazar and propped up just four years earlier in 1933. The new corporatist constitution found ideas from those of Italy and Poland, too, gaining it the nickname "a polaca" by critics in reference to the contemporaneous Polish constitution. The creators of the new regime yearned to change Brazil by tackling what they believed to be its root issues – an absence of discipline, national pride, leadership, and belief in parliamentarism. Civil rights were abridged and individual liberties were nominal.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, A new regime
The proposed Congress never met. Vargas's term was prolonged by six years and he was now allowed to run for reelection. Sales was held in Minas Gerais for six months on house arrest, later being exiled in 1938. The power of states was now nonexistent. Political parties were outlawed on 2 December 1937. However, Vargas saw no reason to build support via political party or an ideological program. Levine states, "Vargas, in spite of his tough caudilho ability to deal with personalities around him, held little talent for totalitarian dictatorship in the strict sense of the word."


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, A new regime
He does not, however, refrain from labelling the new government as authoritarian. Lillian E. Fisher describes the new state as "semi-fascist." Historian Jordan M. Young says the new constitution was "molded this time along totalitarian lines" and Brazil now became a dictatorship. They added, "Brazil was governed from 1937 to 1945 by laws that were issued by the executive office, the government again was one man, Getúlio Vargas." In this new period, Vargas ruled as dictator, and his term ended up finishing only on 29 October 1945. Trends and developments that began during the new era remained in Brazilian politics for many years to come.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, Foreign reaction
U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Jefferson Caffery was informed directly by Brazil's foreign minister about the events, claiming they desired Caffrey have priority before any other ambassador. According to Caffrey's description of events, the presidential campaign threatened a crisis; Vargas was not able to reach consent for a third candidate from the Bahia and Pernaumbuco governors; a plebiscite would be held for the new constitution, replacing the weak 1934 constitution; the government would proceed to adhere to a "very liberal policy with respect to foreign capital and foreigners who have legitimate interests in Brazil." He was skeptical of "effective preservation of democratic institutions under the new constitution." He would prove to have predicted what was to come; the plebiscite was never fulfilled.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, Foreign reaction
A story attributed to Francisco Campos published in The New York Times was the confirmation of a fascist organization in Brazil. The New York Post and the Daily Worker condemned the neutrality of the United States Department of State and Oswaldo Aranha, Brazilian ambassador to the United States. Aranha wrote to Vargas that "Communists and American Jews" were at fault for the anti-Brazilian campaign. Aranha received the backlash poorly, but his close friend in Washington, D.C., Sumner Welles, was by his side. On 11 November, Welles told the press the coup was an internal Brazilian matter not to be judged by the U.S. Three weeks later, he praised Vargas and criticized those who condemned Brazil as doing it "before the facts were known." Aranha resigned on 13 November.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, Foreign reaction
Argentine military circles praised the new regime, but this was contrary to the public opinion. Newspapers attacked the new regime in an attempt to distort any move to the right by the administration of President Agustín Pedro Justo. In Chile, the response was unfavorable. Radio and press in Uruguay, favorable to Cunha, attacked the new regime even harder.


1937 Brazilian coup d'état, Aftermath, Foreign reaction
The German Propaganda Minister praised Vargas's political realism and how he could act in the right moment. German press and German-language press in the Southern Hemisphere commended the authoritarian government as a triumph against bolshevism. Italian reaction was likewise. However, the Germans showed diminished enthusiasm in private as they knew of Vargas's efforts to subdue Nazism in Brazil. European fascists are where the only supportive opinions appeared. Elsewhere in Europe, reaction similar to that of the United States appeared in United Kingdom, where commentators in both countries warned Brazil was nearing a fascist dictatorship.


1937 British Columbia general election
The 1937 British Columbia general election was the nineteenth general election in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. It was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on April 14, 1937, and held on June 1, 1937. The new legislature met for the first time on October 26, 1937.


1937 British Columbia general election
The governing Liberal Party, despite winning only 37% of the popular vote, benefited from the split in the vote between the Conservative Party and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and won a solid majority of the seats in the legislature.


1937 British Columbia general election
The rift in the Conservative Party that led to its decision not to nominate candidates in the 1933 election had been resolved, and the party was able to form the official opposition.


1937 British Columbia general election
The Conservatives and CCF each won about 29% of the vote, and only 8 seats and 7 seats, respectively. The remaining two seats were won by Labour and Independent candidates.


1937 British Columbia general election, Results
* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.


1937 British Columbia general election, Results
1 Results compared to those of Unionist Party of British Columbia in previous election.


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season
The 1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their eighth in the league. The team improved on their previous season's output of 3–8–1, losing only seven games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season.


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season
Former Dodgers pitcher Burleigh Grimes was brought in to manage the 1937 Brooklyn Dodgers, but the team continued to struggle, finishing in sixth place.


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 Brown Bears football team
The 1937 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1937 college football season.


1937 Brownlow Medal
The 1937 Brownlow Medal was the 14th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Dick Reynolds of the Essendon Football Club won the medal by polling twenty-seven votes during the 1937 VFL season.


1937 Buckingham by-election
The Buckingham by-election of 1937 was a by-election held on 11 June 1937 for the British House of Commons constituency of Buckingham in Buckinghamshire.


1937 Buckingham by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to peerage of the town's Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) George Bowyer, who was ennobled as Baron Denham.


1937 Buckingham by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party selected Edwin James Boyce. He had been headmaster at Wolverton County Secondary School. He had been Chairman of the constituency Liberal association and had been elected as the association's President. He was an executive member of the Home Counties Liberal Federation.


1937 Buckingham by-election, Result
The result was a victory for the Conservative candidate John Whiteley, who was elected with a majority of over 5,000 votes. Whiteley died in office six years later, triggering another by-election.


1937 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1937 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its first season under head coach Al Humphreys, the team compiled a 3–3–2 record.


1937 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1937 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1937 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its second season under head coach Jim Peele, the team compiled a 4–4 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1937 Bulgarian State Football Championship
The Bulgarian State Football Championship in the 1937 season was contested by 14 teams. The championship was won by Levski Sofia, which defeated Levski Ruse 1-1, 3-0.


1937 CCNY Beavers football team
The 1937 CCNY Beavers football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Benny Friedman, the team compiled a 5–2 record.


1937 Cal Aggies football team
The 1937 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1937 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1937 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by first-year head coach Vern Hickey. They played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California. The Aggies finished with a record of four wins and four losses (4–4, 2–2 FWC). The Aggies were outscored by their opponents 63–87 for the 1937 season.


1937 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1937 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School during the 1937 college football season. Cal Poly was a two-year school until 1941, and competed as an independent from 1929 to 1945.


1937 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by fifth-year head coach Howie O'Daniels and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of four wins, two losses, and two ties (4–2–2). Overall, the Mustangs outscored their opponents 82–34 for the season.


1937 Calgary Bronks season
The 1937 Calgary Bronks season was the third season in franchise history where the team finished in 1st place in the Western Interprovincial Football Union with a 5–3 record. The Bronks played in the WIFU Finals, but lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in a two-game series by a total points score of 19–14.


1937 California Golden Bears football team
The 1937 California Golden Bears football team, nicknamed the "Thunder Team", represented the University of California, Berkeley in the 1937 college football season. They were led by third-year head coach Stub Allison. The Bears compiled a 10–0–1 record, outscored their opponents 214–33, and recorded seven defensive shutouts. The Bears where invited to play in the 1938 Rose Bowl where they defeated Alabama.


1937 California Golden Bears football team
Future member of the College Football Hall of Fame, halfback Vic Bottari, scored the two touchdowns in Cal's Rose Bowl win over Alabama.


1937 California Golden Bears football team, 1938 NFL Draft
The following players were claimed in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 Campbell Trophy
The 1937 Campbell Trophy (formally known as I Campbell Trophy) was a Grand Prix that was held on 1 May 1937 at Brooklands near Weybridge, United Kingdom. It was the fourth round of the 1937 Grand Prix season, but it did not count towards the championship. The race, contested over 100 laps of 3.65 km, was won in the Class over 1500cc by Prince Bira, the only non-British driver in this event, driving a Maserati 8CM after starting from fourth position on the grid. The victory in the 1500cc Class was taken by Teddy Rayson, driving a Maserati 4C.


1937 Campbell Trophy, Race report
At the start of the race, Aitken stalled his Maserati, so it was pushed away to be started elsewhere. After just one lap, Bira had taken the lead followed by Howe and Walker. However, Walker's engine stopped and, after eight laps, his gearbox broke, so he retired. Likewise did Mays (brake problems) and Dodson (overheated engine).


1937 Campbell Trophy, Race report
Bira kept the lead until Howe, who celebrated his fifty-third birthday on this day, overtook him in the nineteenth lap. However, six laps later Howe hit an earth bank on the Vickers bridge and the front of the car hit the palisade. The car then bounced to the other side of the track and ended up on its right side. Howe suffered injuries on the head, arm, shoulder and ribs.


1937 Campbell Trophy, Race report
At this point Bira was again first, with Austin Dobson and Rayson behind him, until  Dobson's clutch broke in the thirty-first lap. Staniland fell back due to brake problems, as did Arthur Dobson, who had a cup of tea while his mechanics changed the front brake shoes on his ERA. He eventually retired. As for drivers changes, during the fuel stops Jack Duller took over from Ashby, Mays switched seats with Fairfield, as did Fleming with Wilkinson and Hamilton went on in De Belleroche's car.


1937 Campbell Trophy, Race report
After eighty laps eleven drivers had retired. Among the last was Evans who had to park his Alta at Hill Bend without brakes and with broken transmission. Bira eventually won the race over two and a half minutes in front of Rayson, who took victory in the voiturette 1500cc class, and Powys-Lybbbe became third.


1937 Campeonato Carioca
In the 1937 season of the Campeonato Carioca, the last under the split between FBF and CBD, two championships were disputed, each by a different league.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, FMD Championship
The edition of the Campeonato Carioca organized by FMD (Federação Metropolitana de Desportos, or Metropolitan Sports Federation) kicked off on May 2, 1937 and ended on July 11, 1937. Eight teams participated. no teams were relegated.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, FMD Championship, System
The tournament would be disputed in three stages, on the same format as in the previous year:


1937 Campeonato Carioca, FMD Championship, System
However, in 17 of July, with only two matches left to be played in the first round, the chairmen of América, Pedro Magalhães Correa, and Vasco da Gama, Pedro Novaes, put forward a proposal for not only the reconciliation of FMD and LCF, but FBF and CBD, which was accepted by both leagues' clubs two days later. As a consequence, FMD effectively ceased to exist, with its championship yet unfinished. At the time, São Cristóvão led the first round and no other teams could reach it, even with the matches that still hadn't been held. In 3 of September, the FMD General Council declared São Cristóvão as the champion of its 1937 championship, but that title is not recognized as an official Carioca title.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, LFRJ Championship
Ever since 1935, the FMD championship had been starting earlier than the LCF championship. as such, by the time both leagues were reconciled, LCF's 1937 championship hadn't even started.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, LFRJ Championship
The new state league would be called LFRJ (Liga de Futebol do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro Football League), and would have nine teams as founding members - Vasco da Gama, Botafogo, Bangu, São Cristóvão and Madureira, from FMD, and América, Flamengo, Fluminense and Bonsucesso from LCF. The 1937 championship was slated to have twelve teams, and as such, Olaria, Andarahy (both from FMD) and Portuguesa (LCF) were invited to join the championship.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, LFRJ Championship
To celebrate the reconciliation, América and Vasco da Gama would play a friendly match, with a trophy called the Taça da Paz (Peace Cup) at stake. Vasco won that match by 3-2, and the derby between both teams has been known as "Clássico da Paz" (Peace Derby) ever since.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, LFRJ Championship
The LFRJ championship would kick off on October 1, 1937 and would end only on January 30, 1938. Fluminense won the title for the 11th time. no teams were relegated, although Olaria, Andarahy and Portuguesa weren't invited back for 1938's championship.


1937 Campeonato Carioca, LFRJ Championship, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1937 Campeonato Paulista
The 1937 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the LPF (Liga Paulista de Futebol), was the 36th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Corinthians won the title for the 9th time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was Corinthians's Teleco with 15 goals.


1937 Canadian banknote series
The 1937 Canadian banknote series is the second series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar issued by the Bank of Canada. The banknotes were issued into circulation on 19 July 1937, at which time the Bank of Canada began gradually removing banknotes from the 1935 series from circulation. The $1000 banknote was issued several years later, as it was primarily used by chartered banks, which had a sufficient supply of the 1935 Series $1000 banknote.


1937 Canadian banknote series
This was the first series of bilingual Canadian banknotes, as the 1935 Series was a dual-language series with French banknotes issued in Quebec and English banknotes issued in the rest of Canada. This series was created because of the introduction of the Bank of Canada Act, which required Canadian banknotes to be bilingual. In this series, English was always on the left. The 1937 banknote series was followed by the 1954 Canadian Landscape series.


1937 Canadian banknote series
With the exception of the $50 and $1000 notes, the colours introduced to the notes on this series remain to this day (or until they were no longer produced).


1937 Canadian banknote series, Background
In the House of Commons on 2 June 1936, Conservative member of parliament Thomas Langton Church protested against the requirement of bilingual banknotes in the Bank of Canada Act, stating there was no authority for it in the British North America Act, and that it had not been an issue during the 1935 federal election. He favoured printing dual-language banknotes (distinct English and French banknotes) as had been done for the 1935 Series. Other conservative members of the 18th Canadian Parliament, such as Robert Smeaton White, supported the Liberal Party of Canada majority government of William Lyon Mackenzie King to print bilingual banknotes.


1937 Canadian banknote series, Background
The death of George V on 20 January 1936 was another factor for the Bank of Canada to introduce a new series of banknotes. It created designs for new banknotes incorporating the portrait of Edward VIII, but when he abdicated on 11 December 1936 in order to marry Wallis Simpson, the Bank of Canada rushed to prepare new designs. These used portraits of King George VI, who ascended the throne on 11 December 1936.