1938 New England hurricane, Impact
In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed and 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated two billion trees in New York and New England. Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over 10 inches (250 mm).


1938 New England hurricane, Impact
Over 35% of New England's total forest area was affected. In all, over 2.7 billion board feet of trees fell because of the storm, although 1.6 billion board feet of the trees were salvaged. The Northeastern Timber Salvage Administration (NETSA) was established to deal with the extreme fire hazard that the fallen timber had created. In many locations, roads from the fallen tree removal were visible decades later, and some became trails still used today. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad from New Haven to Providence was particularly hard hit, as countless bridges along the Shore Line were destroyed or flooded, severing rail connections to badly affected towns such as Westerly, Rhode Island.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact
Due to the lack of technology in 1938, Long Island residents were not warned of the hurricane's arrival, leaving no time to prepare or evacuate. Long Island was struck first, before New England and Quebec, earning the storm the nickname the "Long Island Express." The winds reached up to 150 mph (240 km/h), with waves surging to around 25–35 feet (7-10 Meters) high.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact
Yale and Harvard both owned large forests managed by their forestry departments, but both forests were wiped out by the hurricane. However, Yale had a backup forest at Great Mountain in northwestern Connecticut which was spared from the totality of the damages, and they were able to keep their forestry program running, which maintains operation today. Harvard's program, however, was reduced as a result.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New Jersey
The western side of the hurricane caused sustained tropical storm-force winds, high waves, and storm surge along the Jersey Shore and destroyed much of the boardwalk in Atlantic City. The Brigantine Bridge was destroyed over Absecon Inlet between Atlantic City and Brigantine, New Jersey. The surge inundated several coastal communities; Wildwood was under 3 feet (1 m) of water at the height of the storm, and the boardwalk was destroyed in Bay Head and dozens of cottages washed into the ocean. Crops sustained wind damage. The maximum recorded wind gust was 70 mph (110 km/h) at Sandy Hook.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New York City and western Long Island
The metropolitan area escaped the worst of the wind and storm surge because it was hit by the storm's weaker western side. Winds were recorded at 60 mph (97 km/h) at Central Park, Battery Park recorded sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) with gusts to 80 mph (130 km/h), and a gust of 90 mph (140 km/h) was recorded 500 ft (150 m) above ground at the Daily News Building. Winds were estimated at 120 mph (190 km/h) on top of the Empire State Building.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New York City and western Long Island
The highest winds were from the north to northwest on the back side of the storm. The storm surge was 8.5 ft (2.6 m) at the Battery and the Mean Low Water storm tide was 16.75 ft (5.11 m) at Willets Point. In New York Harbor, the waters rose 7 ft (2.1 m) in a half-hour.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New York City and western Long Island
In New York City and Long Island, schools were dismissed early. Extensive street flooding occurred because debris blocked drains. The East River flowed three blocks and flooded a Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) plant at 133rd Street, causing power to fail in Manhattan north of 59th Street and in the Bronx for several minutes to a few hours. Railroad and ferry services were suspended for a time. The Staten Island Ferry boat Knickerbocker got stuck in the terminal with 200 passengers aboard. Bridges and tunnels into Manhattan were closed until the following afternoon. 95% of Nassau County lost power, where floods brought traffic to a halt.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New York City and western Long Island
In Manhasset Bay, almost 400 boats were ripped from their moorings and smashed or sunk, with more than 100 washing up on the beach by the Port Washington Yacht Club. Similar scenes occurred in other locations on the north shore. The J. P. Morgan estate in Glen Cove was heavily damaged. The wife of New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia was forced to wait out the storm on the second floor of their Northport cottage. Mitchel Field army airfield was buffeted by winds of nearly 100 mph (160 km/h) and was under knee-deep water. In Williston Park, residents of 50 homes needed to be rescued by rowboat when heavy rain the previous few days combined with the rain from the hurricane to overflow a pond.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Eastern Long Island
Eastern Long Island experienced the worst of the storm. The Dune Road area of Westhampton Beach was obliterated, resulting in 29 deaths. There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned Montauk into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at Napeague and obliterated the tracks of the Long Island Rail Road.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Eastern Long Island
Long Island was hit hard being exposed to the storm due to its shorelines. The estimated storm tide was 15 ft (4.6 m) in this region. A mean low water storm tide of 8 ft (2.4 m) was recorded at Port Jefferson. About 50 people perished in the storm's wake. All the shore lines were very vulnerable to the high winds and flooding, and anyone near the shores was directly in harm's way.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Eastern Long Island
Ten new inlets were created on eastern Long Island. The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now Cedar Point County Park. The surging water created the Shinnecock Inlet by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the Old Whaler's Church, which was the tallest building in Sag Harbor. The steeple has not been rebuilt.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Eastern Long Island
Wading River suffered substantial damage. The storm blew down the movie theater on Front Street in Greenport on the North Fork of Long Island. The fishing industry was destroyed, as was half of the apple crop.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
Block Island was comparatively unaffected by waves, with two fishermen killed, one by drowning, but it was greatly affected by wind, with most barns and farm outbuildings destroyed. The storm surge hit Westerly, Rhode Island at 3:50 pm, resulting in 100 deaths. The tide was higher than usual because of the autumnal equinox and full moon, and the hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to 18 feet (5 m) along most of the Connecticut coast, with 18 to 25-foot (8 m) tides from New London, Connecticut east to  Cape Cod—including the entire coastline of Rhode Island.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island shore, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through Narragansett Bay, it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to 15.8 ft (4.8 m) above normal spring tides, resulting in more than 13 feet (4.0 m) of water in some areas of downtown Providence. Several motorists were drowned in their automobiles. In Jamestown, seven children were killed when their school bus was blown into Mackerel Cove. Mobs looted stores in downtown Providence, often before the flood waters had fully subsided and due in part to the economic difficulties of the Great Depression.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
Many homes and structures were destroyed along the coast, as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path, and entire beach communities were obliterated on the coast. Napatree Point was completely swept away, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the Atlantic Ocean and Little Narragansett Bay just off of Watch Hill. Napatree is now a wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. Concrete staircases and boardwalk bases destroyed by the hurricane can still be found when sand levels are low on some beaches. The boardwalk along Easton's Beach in Newport was completely destroyed by the storm.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
A few miles from Conanicut Island, Whale Rock Light was swept off its base and into the waves, killing lighthouse keeper Walter Eberle. His body was never found. The Prudence Island Light suffered a direct blow from the storm surge, which measured 17 feet 5 inches (5.31 m) at Sandy Point. The masonry tower was slightly damaged, but the adjoining light keeper's home was utterly destroyed and washed out to sea.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The light keeper's wife and son were both killed, as well as the former light keeper and a couple who left their summer cottages near the lighthouse and sought shelter in what they thought was the sturdier light keeper's home. Light keeper George T. Gustavus was thrown free from the wreckage of the house and was saved by an island resident who held a branch into the water from the cliffs farther down the coast. Gustavus and Milton Chase, the owner of the island's power plant, reactivated the light during the storm by running a cable from the plant to the light and installing a light bulb, marking the first time that it was illuminated with electricity.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
The original parchment of the 1764 Charter of Brown University was washed clean of its text when its vault was flooded in a Providence bank. Newport recorded the highest water level of the storm at 11.5 feet (4 m) above mean sea level, according to a NOAA study. This storm level is 3 feet (1 m) above the SLOSH model of a 100-year storm, and one estimate is that this water level "reflects a storm occurring roughly once every 400 years."


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Rhode Island
A study of sand deposits also gives evidence that this was the strongest hurricane to hit Rhode Island in over 300 years. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier was completed in 1966 because of the massive flooding from the 1938 storm, and from the even higher 14.4 foot (4.4 meters) storm surge that resulted from 1954's Hurricane Carol, in hopes of preventing extreme storm surges from ever again flooding downtown Providence.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut
Eastern Connecticut was on the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to great heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven experienced much destruction from the water and winds, and the 1938 hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history. The mean low-water storm tide was 14.1 ft (4.3 m) at Stamford, 12.8 ft (3.9 m) at Bridgeport, and 10.58 ft (3.22 m) at New London, which remains a record high.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut
In the shoreline towns of Madison, Clinton, Westbrook, and Old Saybrook, buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress Katharine Hepburn waded to safety from her Old Saybrook beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her 1932 Oscar, which was later found intact. In Old Lyme, beach cottages were flattened or swept away. The NYNH&H passenger train Bostonian became stuck in debris at Stonington.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut
Two passengers drowned while attempting to escape before the crew was able to clear the debris and get the train moving. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found two miles (3 km) inland. Rescuers found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets while searching for survivors in the homes in Mystic.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Connecticut
New London was first swept by the winds and storm surge, after which the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along Ocean Beach were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton lightship at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar two miles (3 km) away. Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The Connecticut River was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from Hartford to Middletown.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Massachusetts
The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into Massachusetts, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose six to 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to 6 in (150 mm) of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over 4 in (100 mm) that had fallen a few days earlier to produce widespread flooding. Flash flooding on the Chicopee River washed away the Chicopee Falls Bridge, while the Connecticut River flooded most of the Willimansett section. Residents of Ware were stranded for days and relied on air-dropped food and medicine. After the flood receded, the town's Main Street was a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Massachusetts
To the east, the surge left Falmouth and New Bedford under eight feet of water. Two-thirds of the boats sank in New Bedford harbor. Several homes were washed away on Atlantic Boulevard in Fall River, and their foundations can still be found on the beach today. The Blue Hill Observatory registered sustained winds of 121 mph (195 km/h) and a peak gust of 186 mph (299 km/h), which is the strongest hurricane-related surface wind gust ever recorded in the United States. A 50 ft (15 m) wave, the tallest of the storm, was recorded at Gloucester.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Vermont
The storm entered Vermont as a Category 1 hurricane at approximately 6:00 pm EDT, reaching northern Vermont, Burlington, and Lake Champlain around 8:00 pm. Hurricane-force winds caused extensive damage to trees, buildings, and power lines. Over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) of public roads were blocked, and it took months for crews to reopen some of the roads. In Montpelier, 120 miles (190 km) from the nearest coast, salt spray was seen on windows. A train was derailed in Castleton. The storm killed five people in Vermont. Maple and sugar groves were damaged. It is the only system on record to have entered the state as a tropical cyclone.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, New Hampshire
Even though the storm center tracked further west, through Vermont, New Hampshire received considerable damage. As in Vermont, very high winds brought down numerous trees and electric lines, but rainfall totals in New Hampshire were significantly less than those in other states. Only 1 inch (25 mm) of rain fell in Concord. Damage at Peterborough was worse, however; total damage there was stated to be $500,000 (1938 dollars, $6.5 million in 2005), which included the destruction of 10 bridges. Much of the lower downtown burned because floodwaters prevented firefighters from reaching and extinguishing the blaze. Other communities also suffered considerable damage to forest resources. In New Hampshire, 13 people perished. At Mt. Washington, winds gusted to 163 miles per hour (262 km/h) and knocked down part of a trestle on the Cog Railway.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Maine
In Maine, buildings and trees were damaged and power outages occurred. Storm surge was minimal, and winds remained below hurricane strength. The storm did not claim any lives in Maine.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Maryland and Delaware
The western periphery of the hurricane brought heavy rain and gusty winds to Delaware and southeastern Maryland. Damage, if any, is believed to have been minimal.


1938 New England hurricane, Impact, Quebec
As the hurricane was transitioning into an extratropical cyclone, it tracked into southern Quebec. By the time the system initially crossed into Canada, it continued to produce heavy rain and very strong winds, but interaction with land had caused the system to weaken significantly. Still, many trees were blown down. Otherwise, damage in this region was minimal.


1938 New Hampshire Wildcats football team
The 1938 New Hampshire Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of New Hampshire as a member of the New England Conference during the 1938 college football season. In its second year under head coach George Sauer, the team compiled a 3–6 record, being outscored by their opponents 112–42. Each of the team's six losses was by shutout, including all four home games. The team played its home games at Lewis Field (also known as Lewis Stadium) in Durham, New Hampshire.


1938 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
Lowell Textile's win over New Hampshire snapped a 22-game losing streak the Millmen were on, dating back to October 1935. In 16 contests between New Hampshire and Lowell Textile, played during 1912–1941, the 1938 game was the only Wildcat loss.


1938 New Hampshire Wildcats football team, Schedule
Team captain Paul Horne set two Wildcat records in the Saint Anselm game, which still stand; most punts in a game (17) and most punting yardage in a game (527).


1938 New Hampshire gubernatorial election
The 1938 New Hampshire gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican Francis P. Murphy defeated Democratic nominee John L. Sullivan with 57.08% of the vote.


1938 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
The 1938 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts (now known as New Mexico State University) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their tenth year under head coach Jerry Hines, the Aggies compiled a 7–2 record, was recognized as a conference co-champion, and outscored opponents by a total of 166 to 75. The team played its five home games at Quesenberry Field in Las Cruces, New Mexico.


1938 New Mexico A&M Aggies football team
Four of the Aggies' players were selected to the 1935 All-Border Conference football team: ends William Malcolm and Melvin Ritchey; quarterback Eddie Miller; and tackle Joe Yurcic.


1938 New Mexico Lobos football team
The 1938 New Mexico Lobos football team represented the University of New Mexico in the Border Conference (Border) during the 1938 college football season. In their second season under head coach Ted Shipkey, the Lobos compiled an 8–3 record (4–2 against Border opponents), tied for the Border championship, lost to Utah in the 1939 Sun Bowl, and outscored all opponents by a total of 199 to 72.


1938 New Mexico gubernatorial election
The 1938 New Mexico gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1938, in order to elect the Governor of New Mexico. Incumbent Democrat Clyde Tingley was term-limited, and could not run for reelection to a third consecutive term.


1938 New South Wales state election
The 1938  New South Wales state election  was held on 26 March 1938. This election was for all of the 90 seats in the 32nd New South Wales Legislative Assembly and  was conducted in single member constituencies with compulsory preferential voting.


1938 New South Wales state election
The UAP/Country Party coalition of Bertram Stevens/Michael Bruxner had a majority of 28 (down 2). Stevens continued as Premier  until 5 August 1939 when he was deposed by his party and replaced by Alexander Mair.


1938 New South Wales state election
Labor's continued poor showing in this election was seen as evidence of Jack Lang's inability to appeal to the middle ground of the electorate. As a result, moves to dispose Lang intensified. The Industrial Labor Party led by Lang rival Bob Heffron was re-absorbed into the ALP on 26 August 1939 and Lang was replaced as party leader by William McKell on 5 September 1939.


1938 New South Wales state election
During this parliament the ALP and Industrial Labor each won 2 by-elections from the UAP. This reduced the Government's majority to 20 when the parliament was dissolved.


1938 New South Wales state election, Results
New South Wales state election, 26 March 1938Legislative Assembly << 1935–1941 >>


1938 New Year Honours
The 1938 New Year Honours were appointments by King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the United Kingdom and British Empire. They were announced on 1 January 1938.


1938 New Year Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1938 New Year Honours, United Kingdom and British Empire, Royal Victorian Order, Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO)
At this time the two lowest classes of the Royal Victorian Order were "Member (fourth class)" and "Member (fifth class)", both with post-nominals MVO. "Member (fourth class)" was renamed "Lieutenant" (LVO) from the 1985 New Year Honours onwards.


1938 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The 1938 New Year Honours in New Zealand were appointments by King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. The awards celebrated the passing of 1937 and the beginning of 1938, and were announced on 1 January 1938.


1938 New Year Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1938 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
The 4th New York Film Critics Circle Awards, announced on 3 January 1939, honored the best filmmaking of 1938.


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season
The 1938 New York Giants season was the franchise's 56th season. The team finished in third place in the National League with an 83–67 record, 5 games behind the Chicago Cubs.


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Giants (MLB) season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Giants season
The 1938 New York Giants season was the franchise's 14th season in the National Football League.


1938 New York Giants season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 New York Giants season, All-Star Game
Five weeks after winning the championship, the Giants defeated the NFL All-Stars 13–10 in the first Pro Bowl on January 15, 1939. The game was played at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, California, where poor weather caused an attendance of just 15,000.


1938 New York Yankees season
The 1938 New York Yankees season was their 36th season. The team finished with a record of 99–53, winning their 10th pennant, finishing 9.5 games ahead of the Boston Red Sox. New York was managed by Joe McCarthy. The Yankees played their home games at Yankee Stadium. In the 1938 World Series, they beat the Chicago Cubs in 4 games. This marked the first time any team had won three consecutive World Series.


1938 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Yankees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 New York Yankees season, 1938 World Series
AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Chicago Cubs (0)


1938 New York Yankees season, Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Kansas City, Newark, El Paso, Neosho, Bassett, Norfolk (NSL), Butler


1938 New York state election
The 1938 New York state election was held on November 8, 1938, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the state comptroller, the attorney general, two U.S. Senators and two U.S. Representatives-at-large, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.


1938 New York state election, History
The Republican state convention met on September 29, Speaker Oswald D. Heck presided. They nominated D.A. of New York Thomas E. Dewey for Governor. Also nominated were Frederic H. Bontecou for Lieutenant Governor; Julius Rothstein for Comptroller; Col. Arthur V. McDermott for Attorney General; and John Lord O'Brian and Edward Corsi for the U.S. Senate.


1938 New York state election, History
The Democratic state convention met on October 1, and re-nominated the incumbents Lehman, Tremaine, Bennett and Wagner; and completed the ticket with Supreme Court Justice Charles Poletti for Lieutenant Governor; and John M. Mead for short term in the U.S. Senate.


1938 New York state election, History
The Socialist state convention met on October 1, and nominated again Norman Thomas for Governor; and  Dr. George W. Hartmann for Lieutenant Governor; Coleman B. Cheney for Comptroller; and Miss Marion L. Severn for Attorney General.


1938 New York state election, History
The American Labor state convention met on October 3 at the Manhattan Opera House in New York City and nominated the Democratic incumbent Herbert H. Lehman for Governor. They also endorsed Democrats Poletti, Wagner, Mead, Merritt and O'Day; and completed the ticket with Langdon W. Post for Comptroller  and Joseph V. O'Leary for Attorney-General.


1938 New York state election, History
The "Independent Progressive" Party filed a petition to nominate a ticket headed by Republican Thomas E. Dewey. This was done to have a second ballot line, like Gov. Lehman who ran on two lines also.


1938 New York state election, History
The Socialist Labor Party changed its name and filed a petition to nominate candidates as the "Industrial Government Party."


1938 New York state election, Result
The incumbents Lehman, Tremaine, Bennett, Wagner, Merritt and O'Day were re-elected. This was the first election where governors were elected to four year terms.


1938 New Zealand general election
The 1938 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 26th term. It resulted in the governing Labour Party being re-elected, although the newly founded National Party gained a certain amount of ground.


1938 New Zealand general election
This was the first election in which the Māori were given a secret ballot which had been available to white voters since 1870.


1938 New Zealand general election, Background
The Labour Party had won a resounding victory in the 1935 elections, winning fifty-three seats. Shortly after the elections, the two Ratana-aligned MPs also merged into the Labour Party, giving Labour a total of fifty-five seats. The government, a coalition of the United Party and the Reform Party, had won only nineteen seats. Shortly after their defeat, United and Reform agreed to merge into the National Party, which positioned itself as the only alternative to the "socialist" Labour Party. However, Labour remained popular with the public, and the Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage, was widely praised for his welfare reform. The leadership of the National Party, by contrast, was closely associated by the public with the Great Depression, and struggled to gain traction.


1938 New Zealand general election, The election
The date for the main 1938 elections was 15 October, a Saturday. Elections to the four Maori electorates were held the day before. 995,173 people were registered to vote, and there was a turnout of 92.9%. This turnout was the highest ever recorded at that point, although it was later exceeded in the two elections after World War II and in the 1984 elections. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results
The 1938 election saw a decisive win for the governing Labour Party, which won fifty-three seats. This was a drop of two from what it held prior to the election. While Labour gained the seats of Bay of Islands, Motueka (previously held by Keith Holyoake), New Plymouth, Wellington Suburbs, and Northern Maori, it lost Tauranga and the rural seats of Manawatu, Rangitikei, Waikato, Mid-Canterbury, and Waipawa.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results
The National Party won twenty-five seats, an increase of six from that the United–Reform Coalition had previously won. Both Labour and National increased their share of the popular vote, with Labour winning 55.8% (up from 46.1%) and National winning 40.3% (up from 32.9%). This increase was at the expense of the Democrat Party (who had merged into National in 1936) and the agrarian monetary reformist Country Party, which saw its votes collapse completely. The Country Party lost the two seats it held (Bay of Islands and Franklin) as, unlike 1935, Labour stood candidates in the seats held by the two Country Party members. Hence Harold Rushworth did not stand in the Bay of Islands seat, and Arthur Sexton came third in Franklin.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results
Independent candidates also lost ground, with only two being elected, Harry Atmore (Nelson) and Charles Wilkinson (Egmont). As in 1935, the independents were tactically supported by one of the major parties who did not stand a candidate against them, and they generally voted with that party; Wilkinson and Wright had supported National while Atmore had supported Labour. But Robert Wright was defeated for the new electorate of Wellington West by Labour despite National not running a candidate against him.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results
An analysis of men and women on the rolls against the votes recorded showed that in the 1938 election 92.85% of those on the European rolls voted; men 93.43% and women 92.27%. In the 1935 election the figures were 90.75% with men 92.02% and women 89.46%. As the Māori electorates did not have electoral rolls they could not be included.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results
This was the first election in which the Māori were given a secret ballot. Secret ballots had been available to white voters since 1870, but it was not extended to Māori voters until the 1937 Electoral Amendment Act was passed. The number of votes cast in the Māori seats in the 1938 election rose 18.3% from the 1935 election. Opponents of the secret ballot for the Māori claimed that the Māori suffered from illiteracy, but only 2.28% of the ballots were ruled invalid. Member of Parliament Eruera Tirikatene praised the secret ballot for the Māori as he regarded it as one of the rights promised in the Treaty of Waitangi.


1938 New Zealand general election, Results, Party standings
*includes two Ratana MPs (Toko Ratana, Eruera Tirikatene) who joined the Labour caucus after the 1935 election


1938 New Zealand rugby league season
The 1938 New Zealand rugby league season was the 31st season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
New Zealand toured Australia, playing in no Test matches. For this tour the New Zealand Rugby League officially adopted the name the "New Zealand national rugby league team" and added a white V onto their black jerseys for the first time. The Kiwis finished the tour with five wins, one draw and three losses. This included a 30–19 victory against Newcastle. New Zealand were coached by Thomas McClymont and captained by Newton's Bill McNeight. The squad included Jack Hemi, Jack Smith, Rangi Chase, Gordon Midgley, Arthur Kay, Clarry McNeil, Wally Tittleton, Wilfred and Walter Brimble, vice-captain Ray Brown, Jack McLeod, Billy Glynn, John Anderson, Des Herring, Angus Gault, Jack Satherley, Harold Tetley, George Orman, Joe Cootes and Jack Brodrick.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, International competitions
The New South Wales Rugby League's Eastern Suburbs Roosters traveled to Auckland, losing to the Richmond Bulldogs 11–9 at Carlaw Park.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Northern Union Cup
West Coast again held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Canterbury 19–15 to retain the trophy.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, National competitions, Inter-district competition
The Canterbury player-coach was Ray Brown, who had returned from Barrow. The team also included Len Brown. Auckland included Jack Hemi and Rangi Chase.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Marist Brothers won the Auckland Rugby League's Fox Memorial Trophy. Richmond won the Roope Rooster, Stormont Shield and Norton Cup while Otahuhu won the Sharman Cup.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Newton played a home and away series with a Canterbury XIII selection. Newton, who included Mt Albert's Bob Banham, drew 16-all with Canterbury XIII at Monica Park in July. They hosted Canterbury XIII three weeks later, winning 22–12.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Auckland
Richmond included Jack Satherley. Bob Banham joined the Mount Albert Lions as player-coach from the South Sydney Rabbitohs. He was brought over with some assistance from the Auckland and New Zealand Rugby League.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Canterbury
Rakaia was formed with the help of New Zealand international Ces Davison. Due to the distance, the club paid a travel subsidy to travelling teams. Two other Rakaia players, Jack Campbell and George Bellaney, were to become New Zealand representatives in 1939.


1938 New Zealand rugby league season, Club competitions, Other Competitions
Addington defeated the Waratah club from Inangahua 40–19 to retain the Thacker Shield.


1938 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
The 1938 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the 16th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia.


1938 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia
It followed a 1934 tour of Australia by the All Blacks, and the 1936 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand. New Zealand won all three test matches and retained the Bledisloe Cup.


1938 Nicaraguan Constitutional Assembly election
Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Nicaragua on 6 November 1938.


1938 Nicaraguan Constitutional Assembly election
The elections held on 6 November 1938 were even more of a sham than those that named Anastasio Somoza García president in 1936. The Conservatives decided to abstain again, while the ballot boxes and ballots were distributed throughout the country by the quartermaster general of the Guardia Nacional. The final results were made available within twenty-four hours. In 1938 the Genuino Conservatives decided to field candidates for the Constituent Assembly although the Conservative party’s leadership vehemently opposed the plan.


1938 Nicaraguan Constitutional Assembly election, Aftermath
The Assembly adopted the new constitution in March 1939, after which it was transformed into a regular Congress, with a 42-seat Chamber of Deputies and a Senate with 15 elected members and all living ex-presidents. The Nationalist Liberal Party's 37 elected members became 26 deputies and 11 senators, The Conservative Nationalist Party had nine deputies and three senators, while the Traditional Conservative Party had seven deputies and one senator. Ex-Presidents were also entitled to sit in the Senate, with José María Moncada Tapia doing so on behalf of the Nationalist Liberal Party.


1938 Nicaraguan Constitutional Assembly election, Aftermath
In March 1939 the new Congress elected Anastasio Somoza García as President for 1939–1947 and remained as the country's legislature until May 1947.


1938 Nigerian general election
General elections were held in Nigeria on 21 October 1938. The Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) won three of the four elected seats in the Legislative Council, defeating the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), which had won every election since 1923.


1938 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
The 1922 Nigeria (Legislative Council) Order in Council provided for a 46-member Legislative Council, of which 23 were ex-officio officials, four were nominated officials, up to 15 were appointed unofficial members and four were elected (three in Lagos and one in Calabar).


1938 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
The 23 ex officio officials included the Governor, the Chief Secretary and their deputy, the Lieutenant Governors and secretaries of the Northern and Southern Provinces, the Attorney General, the Commandant of the Nigerian Regiment, the Director of Medical Services, the Treasurer, the Director of Marine, the Comptroller of Customs, the Secretary of Native Affairs, together with ten senior residents.


1938 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
The franchise was restricted to men aged 21 or over who were British subjects or a native of Nigeria who had lived in their municipal area for the 12 months prior to the election, and who earned at least £100 in the previous calendar year. The right to vote was withheld from those who had been convicted of a crime and sentenced to death, hard labour or prison for more than a year, or were of "unsound mind". Only 908 people registered to vote in Lagos out of a population of over 126,000, whilst just 107 registered in Calabar (the population of the town was 16,653 according to the 1931 census).


1938 Nigerian general election, Electoral system
All eligible voters could also run as candidates unless they had an undischarged bankruptcy, had received charitable relief in the previous five years or were a public servant. Candidates were required to obtain the nomination of at least three registered voters and pay a £10 deposit. The term of the council was five years.


1938 Nigerian general election, Campaign
Six candidates contested the three Lagos seats, three from the NNDP and three from the NYM. Two of the NNDP candidates (Crispin Adeniyi-Jones and Eric Moore) were sitting Council members, whilst Ayo Williams ran as a joined NNDP and Nigerian Union of Young Democrats candidate, replacing former NNDP legislator T. A. Doherty. The NYM nominated Kofo Abayomi, Olayinka Alakija and H. S. A. Thomas.


1938 Nigerian general election, Campaign
In Calabar the independent Okon Efiong was the only candidate, and was elected unopposed.


1938 Nigerian general election, Results, List of members
Governor Bernard Bourdillon appointed 15 unofficial members to the Legislative Council, of which seven were Europeans and eight Africans (an increase from seven Africans in the 1933 elections). The seven Europeans represented commercial interests, with three representing the banking, mining and shipping sectors, and four representing commercial interests of Calabar, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt. The eight Africans represented the Colony of Lagos, Ijebu, Oyo Province, Rivers district,  the Egba, Ibibio and the Ibo, as well as one seat representing the cities of Benin and Warri.


1938 Nigerian general election, Results, List of members
The Ijebu and Ibibio seats were new, whilst the African Traders seat had been discontinued; its former representative B O E Amobi became the new appointed member for the Ibo, after being nominated by the Onitsha Native Authority. The Ibibio representative Nyong Essien was nominated by the Ibibio League, which was affiliated with the NYM.


1938 Nigerian general election, Results, List of members
Three of the seven European appointed members were new; W V Wootton as the Calabar representative, D D Gibb as the banking representative and H H W Boyes as the mining representative. The only new African members were Nyong Essien and Nathaniel Olusoga, who represented the new seats.


1938 Nigerian general election, Aftermath
The next full Legislative Council elections were not held until 1947 due to World War II. By-elections were held to replace members in 1940 and 1941, before partial elections were held in 1943. Two additional African members were appointed in 1942 representing Ondo (M C Adeniyi) and British Cameroons (J M Williams).


1938 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
The 1938 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1938 college football season. The Tar Heels were led by third-year head coach Raymond Wolf and played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium. They competed as a member of the Southern Conference.


1938 North Carolina Tar Heels football team
Team co-captain and tackle Steve Maronic was selected as a first-team All-American by the Central Press Association, and a second-team All-American by Newsweek, NEA, and United Press.


1938 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team
The 1938 North Dakota Agricultural Bison football team was an American football team that represented North Dakota Agricultural College (now known as North Dakota State University) in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1938 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach Casey Finnegan, the team compiled a 5–4 record (3–1 against NCC opponents) and tied for second place out of seven teams in the NCC. The team played its home games at Dacotah Field in Fargo, North Dakota.


1938 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team
The 1938 North Dakota Fighting Sioux football team, also known as the Nodaks, was an American football team that represented the University of North Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1938 college football season. In its tenth year under head coach Charles A. West, the team compiled a 6–2 record (2–1 against NCC opponents), tied for second place out of seven teams in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 151 to 86. The team opened its season with a victory over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, a professional football team from Canada.


1938 North Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1938 North Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Democratic nominee John Moses defeated Republican nominee John N. Hagan with 52.47% of the vote.


1938 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team
The 1938 Northern Illinois State Evansmen football team represented Northern Illinois State Teachers College during the 1938 college football season. There were no divisions of college football during this time period, and the Evansmen competed in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. They were led by tenth-year head coach Chick Evans and played their home games at the 5,500 seat Glidden Field, located on the east end of campus.


1938 Northern Ireland general election
The 1938 Northern Ireland general election was held on 9 February 1938. Like all previous elections to the Parliament of Northern Ireland, it produced a large majority for the Ulster Unionist Party. The newly-formed Ulster Progressive Unionist Association came second in vote share, but won no seats.


1938 Northern Rhodesian general election
General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia in 1938. An additional unofficial member was appointed to the Legislative Council to represent African interests.


1938 Northern Rhodesian general election, Electoral system
The seven elected members of the Legislative Council were elected from seven single-member constituencies. There were a total of 3,932 registered voters.


1938 Northern Rhodesian general election, Aftermath
Stewart Gore-Browne was appointed as the member representing African interests.


1938 Northwestern Wildcats football team
The 1938 Northwestern Wildcats team represented Northwestern University during the 1938 Big Ten Conference football season. In their fifth year under head coach Pappy Waldorf, the Wildcats compiled a 4–2–2 record (2–1–2 against Big Ten Conference opponents) and finished in fourth place in the Big Ten Conference.


1938 Norwegian Football Cup
The 1938 Norwegian Football Cup was the 37th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for all members of NFF, except those from Northern Norway. The final was played at Briskeby in Hamar on 16 October 1938, and was contested by the defending champions Mjøndalen and the three-time former winners Fredrikstad. Fredrikstad secured their fourth title with a 3-2 win after extra time in the final. Fredrikstad's cup-victory completed the first Norwegian double, having also won the inaugural League of Norway.


1938 Norwegian Football Cup, Third round
Brann-Skeid 4-0 Frigg-Djerv 1-0Odd-Flekkefjord 3-1Jevnaker-Fram Larvik 3-2 (extra time)Viking-Hardy 2-0Kjelsås-Mjøndalen 0-2Kristiansund-Veblungsnes 8-0Larvik Turn-Vigør 0-1Lillestrøm-Speed 8-1Storm-Moss 3-1Steinkjer-Neset 1-2Ørn-Nydalen 2-0Vålerenga-Pors 1-0Urædd-Strong 3-1


1938 Norwegian Football Cup, Fourth round
Vålerenga-Fram Larvik 3-0Fredrikstad-Storm 7-0Vigør-Frigg 3-2Kristiansund-Lillestrøm 1-3Lyn-Ørn 1-2Mjøndalen-Urædd 2-1Neset-Odd 0-2Skeid-Viking 4-5 (extra time)


1938 Norwegian Football Cup Final
The 1938 Norwegian Football Cup Final was the 37th final of the Norwegian Football Cup. It took place on 16 October 1938 at Briskeby gressbane in Hamar. The match was contested between Fredrikstad and Mjøndalen. The match was Fredrikstad's fourth and Mjøndalen's seventh appearance overall and Mjøndalen's third consecutive final appearance.


1938 Norwegian Football Cup Final
Fredrikstad won the match 3–2, after the game had ended at a 2–2 draw after ordinary time. Goals were scored by Thorleif Larsen after five minutes and Knut Brynildsen, on a penalty kick after 40 minutes for Fredrikstad; Mjøndalen reduced with goals by Trygve Halvorsen and Jørgen Hval after 60 and 63 minutes, respectively. The decisive goal was scored by Arne Ileby after 100 minutes, securing Fredrikstad their fourth cup title. 12,000 spectators attended the game, with still stands as Briskeby's record attendance.


1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team
The 1938 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame during the 1938 college football season.


1938 Ohio Bobcats football team
The 1938 Ohio Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Ohio University as a member of the Buckeye Athletic Association (BAA) during the 1938 college football season. In their 15th season under head coach Don Peden, the Bobcats compiled a 7–2 record (3–1 against conference opponents), tied for the BAA championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 161 to 89.


1938 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
The 1938 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 1938 Big Ten Conference football season. The Buckeyes compiled a 4–3–1 record and outscored opponents 119–65.


1938 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1938 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Republican nominee John W. Bricker defeated Democratic nominee Charles W. Sawyer with 52.45% of the vote.


1938 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team
The 1938 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team represented Oklahoma A&M College in the 1938 college football season. This was the 38th year of football at A&M and the third under Ted Cox. The Cowboys played their home games at Lewis Field in Stillwater, Oklahoma. They finished the season 2–8, 0–4 in the Missouri Valley Conference.


1938 Oklahoma A&M Cowboys football team, NFL Draft
The following Cowboy was drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team
The 1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team represented the University of Oklahoma in the 1938 college football season. In their second year under head coach Tom Stidham, the Sooners compiled a 10–1 record (5–0 against conference opponents), won the school's first Big Six Conference football championship, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 185 to 29. The team's only loss came in the 1939 Orange Bowl, losing to Tennessee by a 17 to 0 score.


1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team
End Waddy Young (Walter R. Young) received All-America honors in 1938, and six Sooners received all-conference honors: Young, guards Jerry Bolton and Ralph Stevenson, backs Earl Crowder and Hugh McCullough, and tackle Gilford Duggan.


1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team, NFL Draft
The following players were drafted into the National Football League following the season.


1938 Oklahoma Sooners football team, Rankings
The first AP Poll for 1938 came out on October 17. The Sooners were ranked fourteenth in the first poll. They finished the year ranked fourth.


1938 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
The 1938 Oklahoma gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938, and was a race for the Governor of Oklahoma. Democrat Leon 'Red' Phillips defeated Republican former State Senator Ross Rizley. Also on the ballot were John Wesley Lanham of the Prohibition Party and Independent John Franing. This election is the last time an alternative party has had a primary for governor in Oklahoma, as the Prohibitionists chose Francis Simpson over Ralph Butterfield, but Simpson then withdrew and the party placed Lanham on the ballot as a replacement.


1938 Oklahoma gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
Nine candidates vied for the Democratic nomination, including former governors Alfalfa Bill Murray and Jack C. Walton. With the elimination of the runoff primary, Oklahoma House of Representatives Speaker Red Phillips eked out a narrow win over W. S. Key.


1938 Oklahoma gubernatorial election, Republican primary
Future Congressman Ross Rizley defeated two challengers by a wide margin to claim the GOP nomination.


1938 Oklahoma gubernatorial election, Prohibition primary
Francis Simpson defeated Ralph Butterfield in the primary but then withdrew. John Wesley Lanham of Bethany was named as a replacement candidate. This was the only alternative party gubernatorial primary in Oklahoma until 2018.


1938 Ole Miss Rebels football team
The 1938 Ole Miss Rebels football team represented the University of Mississippi during the 1938 college football season. It was the first season under Harry Mehre. Tennessee beat them 47–0.


1938 Open Championship
The 1938 Open Championship was the 73rd Open Championship, held 6–8 July at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, England. In terrible weather conditions that caused scores to soar, Reg Whitcombe prevailed by two strokes over runner-up Jimmy Adams to win his only major title. The purse was £500 with a winner's share of £100.


1938 Open Championship
It was planned to play the Championship at Royal Cinque Ports in nearby Deal, but abnormally high tides that February caused severe flooding to the course, leaving it like "an inland sea several feet deep." The venue was switched to Royal St George's, and Prince's replaced Royal Cinque Ports as the venue for one of the qualifying rounds.


1938 Open Championship
Qualifying took place on 4–5 July, Monday and Tuesday, with 18 holes at St. George's and 18 holes at Prince's. The number of qualifiers was reduced this year to a maximum of 130, and ties for 130th place did not qualify. John Fallon led the qualifiers on 142; the qualifying score was 157 and 120 players advanced, with none from the United States.


1938 Open Championship
Dick Burton, Jack Busson, and Bill Cox shared the 36-hole lead at even par 140, with Whitcombe two strokes back after consecutive rounds of 71. A maximum of 40 players after 36 holes made the cut to play on the final day, and ties for 40th place did not make the cut. It was at 148 (+8) and 37 advanced.


1938 Open Championship
In the last two rounds on Friday, the weather turned from challenging to treacherous. Gale force winds ripped apart the large exhibition tent and scattered debris for a mile around. Alf Padgham drove the green on the 384-yard (351 m) 11th hole, while Cyril Tolley cleared the water on the 14th only to have the wind blow his ball back into the hazard. Only seven sub-80 scores were recorded in the final round. The leaders suffered terribly in the conditions: Burton finished 78-85, Busson shot 83-80, while Cox went 84-80. Whitcombe's scores of 75-78 were enough to post a 295 total, two ahead of Adams and three clear of defending champion Henry Cotton.


1938 Orange Bowl
The 1938 Orange Bowl was a college football bowl game between the Auburn Tigers and Michigan State Spartans played at Burdine Stadium in Miami, Florida, on January 1, 1938. It was the fourth Orange Bowl, and the first held in the stadium. The Tigers won by a score of 6–0, with the game's only points coming in the second quarter on a two-yard touchdown run by Ralph O'Gwynne. The game holds the Orange Bowl record for the fewest points scored by both teams.


1938 Orange Bowl, Pre-game buildup
The 1938 Orange Bowl was the fourth game in the annual series. It was the first to be played at Burdine Stadium, which had been built at a cost of $360,000 after the first three games were held in Miami Stadium. A total of 18,972 people attended the contest, more than doubling the event's highest attendance to that point, in the stadium that in 1959 had its name changed to the Miami Orange Bowl.


1938 Orange Bowl, Pre-game buildup
At a meeting of college football coaches, 10 were asked by the Associated Press to pick winners of bowl games. Of the eight coaches who responded, all but one selected Auburn to win the Orange Bowl.


1938 Orange Bowl, Pre-game buildup, Michigan State
Michigan State, coached by Charlie Bachman, began the 1937 college football season with a 34–6 home victory over Wayne State. The Spartans, who were not members of an athletic conference, then traveled to Ann Arbor and defeated Michigan by a score of 19–14. One week later, the Spartans lost 3–0 to Manhattan in a game played in New York City. Michigan State then went on a six-game winning streak to end the regular season, which included victories against Missouri, Kansas, and Temple. Four of the Spartans' eight wins during the season were by a margin of at least 14 points. The Spartans were invited to the Orange Bowl, and agreed to participate on November 30.


1938 Orange Bowl, Pre-game buildup, Auburn
The Tigers—often nicknamed the "Plainsmen" by the media of the time—were coached by Jack Meagher. Auburn started the season by defeating Birmingham–Southern 45–0. That game was followed by consecutive scoreless ties against Tulane and Villanova. The Tigers then won in Birmingham against Mississippi State, 33–7, and at Georgia Tech, 21–0, to improve to 3–0–2 on the season. On October 30, the Tigers lost for the first time in 1937, falling 13–7 to Rice. In their remaining four games, Auburn defeated Tennessee 20–7, lost at LSU 9–7, tied 0–0 with Georgia, and won 14–0 over Florida.


1938 Orange Bowl, Pre-game buildup, Auburn
Auburn accepted its invitation six days after Michigan State, having gained permission from the rest of its conference, the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The Tigers needed a change in SEC rules to participate in the Orange Bowl because the conference had instituted a ban on postseason participation in games other than the Rose Bowl or Sugar Bowl earlier in 1937. On December 10, the SEC dropped its ban, provided that a majority of the conference's membership voted in favor of a team's bowl appearance.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
In the first quarter, Auburn threatened twice to score the game's first points, but could not convert on either occasion. First, the Tigers used running plays by halfbacks Spec Kelly and Jimmy Fenton to go into Michigan State's half of the field, ultimately reaching the Spartans' 12-yard-line; the drive included a 25-yard rush by Fenton. Following three runs, the Tigers faced a fourth down play, and elected to go for a first down or touchdown. Fenton attempted a pass, but it was incomplete, and Auburn lost possession to Michigan State.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
The Spartans punted back to the Tigers, and John Pingel's kick went out of bounds at Auburn's 37-yard-line. Kelly picked up one first down with a 17-yard rush, and a second on a pass to Dutch Heath. Auburn, however, turned the ball over on a Tom McShannock interception of a Kelly pass attempt. McShannock returned the interception 29 yards downfield, but the Spartans were unable to gain a first down during the subsequent drive. Late in the quarter, Kelly gained 26 yards on a running play, giving the Tigers a field position advantage.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
At the beginning of the second quarter, Meagher pulled Auburn's starters from the game, and inserted the team's backups. The Spartans took out their defensive starters as well. After Michigan State regained possession of the ball, the Spartans were forced to punt again. George Kenmore, who had been put into the game at quarterback, fielded the punt from Gene Ciolek and returned it to the Spartans' 36-yard-line. The Tigers ran a running play for Pelham Sitz; accounts of the game differ on how much yardage he gained, varying from five to nine yards.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
A penalty was called on Auburn for offside, followed by a Kenmore pass attempt, which he completed to Ralph O'Gwynne. The wide receiver caught the ball at the Spartans' 15, and was tackled inside the 10; the tackle location ranges in published reports from the two-to-five yard lines. Either two or three rushing attempts followed, which ended up short of the end zone. The following play was a run by O'Gwynne, who crossed the goal line for a touchdown while being tackled by Ed Pearce. The Orange Bowl's website credits O'Gwynne with a gain of two yards on the play. The Tigers took a 6–0 lead on the run, and the score remained unchanged when placekicker Garth Thorpe failed to convert an extra point attempt. There was no further scoring in the second quarter, and Auburn held its lead entering halftime.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
During the third quarter, Pearce gained 29 yards on a rush, giving the Spartans their first first down of the game. The drive stalled with Michigan State unable to reach Auburn's half of the field. The Spartans prevented the Tigers' offense from scoring, and writer H. J. Aronstam commented that "The Spartans played their best in the third period." Near the end of the quarter, Michigan State had possession and Pingel attempted a pass to Ernie Bremer. Heath, however, intercepted the pass off a deflection. The Tigers quickly advanced down the field, and a 17-yard pass completion from Kenmore to Heath placed the ball in the Spartans' red zone. No points were scored on the drive, as a fourth-down pass into the end zone was unsuccessful.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Auburn entered the fourth quarter still leading 6–0. The team attempted to increase its lead with a 50-yard drive, which advanced the ball to the Spartans' 26-yard-line. Again, Michigan State's defense held, and the Tigers were unable to pad the lead. Auburn again threatened to score later in the quarter, moving the ball inside the Spartans' 30-yard-line, but was turned away once more without scoring. Meanwhile, the Spartans gained their second first down of the contest in the middle of the quarter when Pingel completed a 23-yard pass.


1938 Orange Bowl, Game summary
Michigan State was later forced to punt once more without crossing the 50-yard-line. Aronstam wrote that "The Spartans opened a shoot-the-works offensive in the final quarter, but could not penetrate Auburn's stout line with any degree of consistency." The game ended without further scoring, resulting in a 6–0 victory for the Tigers.


1938 Orange Bowl, Statistical summary
Auburn gained 13 first downs during the game, 11 more than Michigan State, and had a large advantage in total offense, 278 yards to 65. The Tigers ran for 197 yards on the day; Fenton led the team with 76 yards rushing, and Kelly, Heath, and Sitz added 61, 37, and 31 yards respectively. O'Gwynne, who scored the game's only points with his second-quarter touchdown, had 13 rushing yards. For the Spartans, Pearce gained 29 of the team's 40 rushing yards.


1938 Orange Bowl, Statistical summary
Pingel, who was named an All-America halfback for his performance during 1937, carried the ball seven times for 12 yards. In the passing game, the Tigers had the advantage in yards gained, 81–25. Both teams were unsuccessful on more than half their pass attempts. however, and there were nearly as many interceptions (five) as passes completed (six). The game's total of six points remains the fewest scored by both teams in an Orange Bowl. Auburn holds the Orange Bowl record for the fewest points scored by a winning team, and the Spartans were one of eight teams to be shut out in an Orange Bowl.


1938 Oregon State Beavers football team
The 1938 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1938 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Lon Stiner, the Beavers compiled a 5–3–1 record (4–3–1 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for third place in the PCC, and outscored their opponents, 72 to 51. The team played its home games at Bell Field in Corvallis, Oregon.


1938 Oregon State Beavers football team, History
Coming into the 1938 season, Oregon State College head football coach Lon Stiner was forced with the task of replacing virtually his entire starting backfield, having lost three of the previous year's regulars to graduation. Twenty newcomers were added to the varsity squad for the 1938 campaign, who were brought up to speed over the course of 30 spring practices.


1938 Oregon State Beavers football team, 1938 cumulative statistics
Source: Bud Forrester (ed. ), 1939 Oregon State Football Information, pg. 9.


1938 Oregon Webfoots football team
The 1938 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1938 college football season. In their first season under head coach Tex Oliver, the Webfoots compiled a 4–5 record (4–4 in PCC, fifth), and were outscored 138 to 69.


1938 Oregon Webfoots football team
Home games were played on campus at Hayward Field in Eugene and at Multnomah Stadium in Portland.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election
The 1938 Oregon gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1938. In the election for governor of Oregon, Republican nominee Charles A. Sprague defeated Democratic nominee Henry L. Hess. Incumbent governor Charles Martin lost in the Democratic primary to Hess, an attorney and former state senator from La Grande. Hess was a strong supporter of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal while Martin was a frequent critic of the program.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election, Background
Incumbent Democratic governor Charles Martin had been elected in the middle of the Great Depression in the 1934 governor's race. A conservative Democrat, Martin appealed to many business-minded Republicans, and his administration focused on strengthening state finances, even opposing restoring state workers to full pay as the Depression eased. Martin vigorously opposed many aspects of President Roosevelt's New Deal, in particular parts dealing with unions and labor, such as the formation of the National Labor Relations Board.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election, Campaign
When Martin announced his intention to run for the Democratic nomination for another term, labor unions and the Roosevelt administration sought an alternative, eventually throwing their weight behind Henry L. Hess, a little-known attorney and former state senator from Union County. Harold L. Ickes, Roosevelt's Secretary of the Interior and a key implementer of New Deal policies, indicated his support for Hess, though Roosevelt himself stayed officially neutral.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election, Campaign
In a hard-fought Democratic primary, Hess won 49% of the vote to Martin's 44%, with labor strongholds in Portland and the timber counties supporting Hess and agricultural regions behind Martin. A third candidate, O. Henry Oleen, a state representative from St. Helens, earned about 7% of the vote.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election, Campaign
With most of the attention on the Democratic primary, on the Republican side, newspaper publisher Charles A. Sprague emerged from a crowded seven-way Republican field with a comfortable plurality of 48% of the vote, 30 percentage points better than his nearest competitor, former state senator Sam Brown.


1938 Oregon gubernatorial election, Campaign
In the general election, the Republican establishment, which had supported Martin, now threw their support to Sprague, who cruised to an easy victory.


1938 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo)
1938 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) was the 32nd water polo championship in Hungary. There were nine teams who played one round match for the title.


1938 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), Final list
* M: Matches W: Win D: Drawn L: Lost G+: Goals earned G-: Goals got P: Point


1938 Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo), 2. Class
1. NSC, 2. Szegedi VSE, 3. NTE, 4. Tatabányai SC.


1938 Ottawa Rough Riders season
The 1938 Ottawa Rough Riders finished in 1st place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 5–1 record, but lost in the IRFU Finals to the Toronto Argonauts.


1938 Ottawa municipal election
The city of Ottawa, Canada held municipal elections on December 5, 1938.


1938 Oxford by-election
The Oxford by-election, 1938 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Oxford, held on 27 October 1938. The by-election was triggered when Robert Croft Bourne, the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament died on 7 August 1938. He had served as MP for the constituency since a 1924 by-election.


1938 Oxford by-election, Background
On 29 September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain had signed the Munich Agreement, handing over the Sudetenland to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many Labour supporters, Liberals, and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of appeasement. Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, including this one and also the Bridgwater by-election, three weeks later, where Liberals and Labour again united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate.


1938 Oxford by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party had selected Ivor Davies, a 23-year-old graduate of Edinburgh University, despite the fact that he was the candidate for Central Aberdeenshire at the same time. The Labour Party selected Patrick Gordon Walker, who had contested the seat at the 1935 general election.


1938 Oxford by-election, Candidates
On 13 September, Davies offered to stand down from the by-election if Labour did the same and backed a Popular Front candidate against the Conservatives. Eventually, Gordon Walker reluctantly stood down and both parties supported Sandy Lindsay, who was the Master of Balliol, as an Independent Progressive.


1938 Oxford by-election, Candidates
On 14 September, the Conservatives selected Quintin Hogg, who was a fellow of All Souls and a former President of the Oxford Union Society.


1938 Oxford by-election, Campaign
The campaign was intense and focused almost entirely on foreign affairs. Hogg supported Chamberlain's appeasement policy. Lindsay opposed appeasement; his campaigners used the slogan "A vote for Hogg is a vote for Hitler."


1938 Oxford by-election, Campaign
Lindsay was supported by many dissident Conservatives such as Harold Macmillan who were opposed to the Munich Agreement. A number of future politicians such as Edward Heath and Roy Jenkins, at the University of Oxford at the time, cut their teeth in the Michaelmas campaign.


1938 Oxford by-election, In popular culture
A 1988 TV drama-documentary A Vote for Hitler dramatized the events surrounding the by-election, and included interviews with Denis Healey and Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, who had campaigned for Labour during the election, and Quintin Hogg, by then Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone. Actors played their younger versions and included John Woodvine as Lindsay, and James Coombes as Richard Crossman.


1938 Oxford by-election, Result
The intensive campaign caused turnout to increase from 67.3% at the last election to 76.3%. Hogg won the seat with a reduced majority of 3,434 or 12.2%.


1938 Oxford by-election, Result
Notwithstanding his pro-appeasement campaign, Hogg would subsequently vote against Neville Chamberlain in the Norway Debate of May 1940.


1938 PGA Championship
The 1938 PGA Championship was the 21st PGA Championship, held July 10–16 at Shawnee Country Club in Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania.


1938 PGA Championship
Then a match play championship, Paul Runyan won his second PGA Championship, defeating the favored Sam Snead 8 & 7. Nicknamed "Little Poison," Runyan was one of the shorter hitters on tour, while Snead was one of the longest. Runyan was five holes up after the morning round, then needed just eleven holes to finish off Snead, the largest victory margin ever in the match play finals of the PGA Championship. Snead won only one of the 29 holes, the 24th, which Runyan bogeyed. Runyan's victory four years earlier in 1934 took 38 holes to decide.


1938 PGA Championship
Two-time defending champion Denny Shute lost in the third round to semifinalist Jimmy Hines.


1938 PGA Championship
The course, now The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort, is on an island in the Delaware River, east of East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.


1938 PGA Championship, Format
The match play format at the PGA Championship in 1938 called for 12 rounds (216 holes) in seven days:


1938 Pacific Southwest Championships
The 1938 Pacific Southwest Championships was a combined men's and women's amateur tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Club in Los Angeles, California in the United States. It was the 12th edition of the tournament and took place from September 25 through October 4, 1938. Adrian Quist and Dorothy Bundy won the singles titles. The tournament finished two days behind schedule due to the late arrival of several players who participated in the U.S. National Championships.


1938 Pacific Southwest Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
Harry Hopman /  Leonard Schwartz defeated  John Bromwich /  Adrian Quist 3–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4


1938 Pacific Southwest Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Simonne Mathieu /  Margot Lumb defeated  Sarah Palfrey Fabyan /  Gracyn Wheeler 6–2, 6–3


1938 Pacific Southwest Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Sarah Palfrey Fabyan /  Don Budge defeated  Nell Hopman /  Harry Hopman 3–6, 6–3, 10–8


1938 Pacific Tigers football team
The 1938 Pacific Tigers football team represented the College of the Pacific (COP) during the 1938 college football season.


1938 Pacific Tigers football team
COP competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC). The team was led by head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, and played home games at Baxter Stadium in Stockton, California. This was Stagg's 49th year as a head coach and his sixth at College of the Pacific. The Tigers finished with seven wins and three losses (7–3, 4–0 FWC). Overall, the Tigers outscored their opponents 203–103 for the season.


1938 Pacific Tigers football team, Team players in the NFL
No College of the Pacific players were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 Pacific Tigers football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their Pacific career in 1938, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1938 Pacific hurricane season
The 1938 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1938. Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes was extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms were of no threat to land. However, 1938 saw an unusually active season, with numerous tropical cyclones forming in January and a hurricane struck Northern California in February, killing five people. On August 18, Cyclone Mokapu caused record August rainfall, and a record low pressure when it struck Hawaiian Islands. It brought down power lines and damages into a plantation.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone One and Two
Two tropical cyclones existed in January, one near the International dateline and another near the Revillagigedo Islands.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
A hurricane hit Northern California in early to mid-February, killing five.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Possible Tropical Storm Four
A tropical storm possibly existed in the Gulf of Tehuantepec on June 2.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Five
On June 15, a tropical cyclone was observed. It was moving northwestward. A pressure reading of 28.84 inHg (97.7 kPa) was reported in association with this tropical cyclone.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Six
On June 20, a tropical cyclone was observed west of Manzanillo. Two days later, it was observed again south of the entrance to the Gulf of California. The tropical cyclone was not observed after June 22. The lowest pressure reported by a ship was 29.59 inHg (100.2 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Seven
Southeast of Acapulco, a tropical cyclone existed on June 25. It was moving northwestward, and its lowest reported pressure was 29.14 inHg (98.7 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Eight
On July 28, a tropical cyclone caused gales in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Nine
A tropical cyclone existed on August 1. It moved west, and was last detected on August 2. The lowest pressure reading was of 29.68 inHg (100.5 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Ten
A tropical storm was detected on August 4. It was moving westwards. A ship recorded a pressure of 29.82 inHg (101.0 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Depression Eleven
On August 18, a tropical depression formed close to the Revillagigedo Islands. By the next day, it had move to a location west-southwest or west of Cabo San Lucas. A ship reported a pressure reading of 29.50 inHg (99.9 kPa). The cyclone dissipated by late August 19.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Cyclone Mokapu
On August 18 and 19, a severe storm struck the Hawaiian Islands. It caused gales, broke August rainfall records, and a record low pressure of 29.77 inHg (100.8 kPa). The storm also downed power lines and damaged crops and trees at a plantation. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center calls this event the "Mokapu Cyclone" and speculates that it might have been caused by a tropical cyclone.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Possible Tropical Depression Thirteen
On September 1, a possible tropical depression formed south of Cape Corrientes. Without strengthening, it moved into the Gulf of California, from which it made landfall on September 3.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Fourteen
In the Gulf of Tehuantepec, a tropical cyclone formed on September 4. It moved along the coast of Mexico, staying offshore, and dissipated on September 13 while off the west coast of the Baja California. The lowest pressure reported by a ship was 29.31 inHg (99.3 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Fifteen
A short-lived tropical cyclone existed between Salina Cruz and Acapulco on September 11. Ships reported gales and a pressure of 29.65 inHg (100.4 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Possible Tropical Cyclone Sixteen
On September 24 and 25, a ship encountered stormy weather and gales. These were probably caused by a tropical cyclone located west of the Revillagigedo Islands.


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Seventeen
On October 9, a ship encountered a tropical cyclone. It reported gales, and recorded a pressure of 29.43 inHg (99.7 kPa).


1938 Pacific hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Cyclone Eighteen
On October 22, a tropical cyclone existed. It had gales, and a ship measured a central pressure of 29.31 inHg (99.3 kPa).


1938 Palestine Cup
The 1938 Palestine Cup (Hebrew: הגביע הארץ-ישראלי, HaGavia HaEretz-Israeli) was the ninth season of Israeli Football Association's nationwide football cup competition. The defending holders were Hapoel Tel Aviv.


1938 Palestine Cup
For the third time since the beginning of the competition, the two senior Tel Aviv clubs, Hapoel and Maccabi met in the final. Hapoel won 2–1, securing its fourth cup and its second double.


1938 Paraguayan Chaco Treaty referendum
A referendum on the Chaco Treaty with Bolivia was held in Paraguay on 15 August 1938. The treaty was approved by 91% of voters.


1938 Paraguayan Chaco Treaty referendum, Background
Following the 1932–1935 Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay, a peace conference was held in Buenos Aires. An agreement, the Chaco Treaty, was signed on 21 July 1938, which required ratification within 20 days. In Bolivia the treaty was approved by Congress, while in Paraguay it was put to a referendum.


1938 Paraguayan Primera División season
The 1938 season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top category of Paraguayan football, was played by 11 teams. The national champions were Olimpia.


1938 Paris–Nice
The 1938 Paris–Nice was the sixth edition of the Paris–Nice cycle race and was held from 23 March to 27 March 1938. The race started in Paris and finished in Nice. The race was won by Jules Lowie.


1938 Paris–Roubaix
The 1938 Paris–Roubaix was the 39th edition of the Paris–Roubaix, a classic one-day cycle race in France. The single day event was held on 17 April 1938 and stretched 255 km (158 mi) from Paris to its end in a velodrome in Roubaix. The winner was Lucien Storme from Belgium.


1938 Paris–Tours
The 1938 Paris–Tours was the 33rd edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 8 May 1938. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by Jules Rossi.


1938 Pau Grand Prix
The 1938 Pau Grand Prix was a motor race held on 10 April 1938 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by René Dreyfus, driving the Delahaye 145. Rudolf Caracciola and Hermann Lang combined to finish second and Gianfranco Comotti finished third.


1938 Penn Quakers football team
The 1938 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its first season under head coach George Munger, the team compiled a 3–2–3 record and was outscored by a total of 89 to 58. The team played its home games at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.


1938 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1938 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1938 college football season. The team was coached by Bob Higgins and played its home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.


1938 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team
The 1938 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team represented Pennsylvania State University during the 1938 season playing in the Intercollegiate Soccer League. It was the program's 28th season fielding a men's varsity soccer team. The 1938 season is William Jeffrey's 13th at the helm.


1938 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
The 1938 season was the Nittany Lions' 28th season as a varsity soccer program, and their 12th season playing as a part of the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association. The team was led by 13th year head coach, William Jeffrey, who had previously served as the head coach for the semi-professional soccer team, Altoona Works.


1938 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Background
In their third game of the season the Nittany Lions defeated Western Maryland 12-0, marking the largest win in Penn State soccer history. Penn State was awarded an undisputed national championship title from the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association after finishing the 1938 season 8–0–0. The team was able to tally 35 goals and hold their opposition to 6 goals. At the end of the 1938 season the team had stretched their undefeated streak to 45 games. Three Nittany Lions were tapped as all-east soccer team selections.


1938 Penn State Nittany Lions men's soccer team, Squad, Roster
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.


1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1938 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election occurred on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Democratic governor George Howard Earle III was not a candidate for re-election. Republican candidate Arthur James defeated Democratic candidate Charles Alvin Jones to become Governor of Pennsylvania.


1938 Peruvian Primera División
The 1938 season of the Primera División Peruana, the top category of Peruvian football, was played by 9 teams. The national champions were Deportivo Municipal. Because Alianza Lima and Mariscal Sucre tied on points a relegation playoff took place. From 1931 until 1942 the points system was W:3, D:2, L:1, walk-over:0.


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season
The 1938 Philadelphia Athletics season involved the A's finishing eighth in the American League with a record of 53 wins and 99 losses.


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philadelphia Athletics season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season
The 1938 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 6th season in the National Football League (NFL). The team improved on their previous output of 2–8–1, winning five games. The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, NFL Draft
The 1938 NFL Draft was held on December 12, 1937. The draft consisted of 12 rounds. The Eagles got the second pick in each round, as the expansion Cleveland Rams got the first pick. With the pick they chose Corbett Davis, a back from Indiana University.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Off Season, Player selections
The table shows the Eagles' selections, what picks they had that were traded away, and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with. Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Playoffs
The Eagles had a 5–6–0 record and failed to make it to the 1938 NFL Championship Game. The game was on December 11, 1938, at Polo Grounds in New York City. The game attendance was 48,120, a record crowd for a title game.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Playoffs
The game matched the champions of the Eastern Division, New York Giants (8–2–1) against the Western Division champion Green Bay Packers (8–3–0). The Giants won 23–17.


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Roster
(All time List of Philadelphia Eagles players in franchise history)


1938 Philadelphia Eagles season, Roster
As in the 1937 roster, this year's team is mostly rookies and players with one or two years' NFL experience.


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season
The 1938 Philadelphia Phillies season was a season in American baseball. The team finished in eighth place – last in an eight-team National League – with a record of 45–105, 43 games behind the first-place Chicago Cubs and 24.5 games behind the seventh-place Brooklyn Dodgers. It was the first of five straight seasons in which the Phillies finished in last place. The Phillies wore blue and yellow on their uniforms in honor of the Tercentenary of New Sweden.


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season
The Phillies moved from their old home park, Baker Bowl, to Shibe Park midway through the season. Phillies president Gerald Nugent was eager to cut expenses and he cited the move as an opportunity for the Phillies to cut expenses by sharing stadium upkeep with the Philadelphia Athletics.


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philadelphia Phillies season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Philippine legislative election
The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on November 8, 1938, under a new law that allowed block voting, which favored the governing Nacionalista Party (formerly divided into the Democratica and the Pro-Independencia factions, which later reconciled). As expected all the 98 seats of the National Assembly went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, who was Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected Speaker.


1938 Philippine legislative election, Summary
Ahead of the first midterm polls in the country, the two factions of the Nacionalista Party had already reunited. The party went into the 1938 Elections with the confidence of having practically every branch of government under the control of its stalwarts. This reconsolidation of political forces left the opposition in tatters, with the AlliedMinorities, a loose caucus of opposition parties, failing to stop the Nacionalista bid.


1938 Philippine legislative election, Summary
The elections of 1938 proved to be historic in two ways: It was the first and last time that a single party would secure 100 percent of the seats in the legislature, with the Nacionalistas winning all 98 seats; and it ushered in the years of one-party rule in the country.


1938 Philippine legislative election, Contributions
The Second National Assembly embarked on passing legislations strengthening the economy, the cloud of the Second World War loomed over the horizon. Certain laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A controversial immigration law that set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country which affected mostly Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War was passed in 1940. Since the law bordered on foreign relations it required the approval of the U.S. President which was nevertheless obtained. When the result of the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts, which became the basis for the 1941 elections.


1938 Phillip Island Grand Prix
The 1938 Phillip Island Grand Prix  was a motor race staged at the Phillip Island triangular circuit in Victoria, Australia on Labor Day, 28 March 1938. The race was contested over 35 laps, approximately 116 miles. It was staged by the Victorian Sporting Car Club and was contested on a handicap basis with the first car, driven by G.A. Cowper, starting 29 minutes and 45 seconds before the last car, driven by G.M. Joshua.


1938 Phillip Island Grand Prix
The race was won by Arthur Beasley driving a Singer Le Mans.


1938 Phillip Island Grand Prix, Results
Key. DNF: Did not finish Dsq: Disqualified DNS: Did not start


1938 Pittsburgh Panthers football team
The 1938 Pittsburgh Panthers football team represented the University of Pittsburgh in the 1938 college football season. The team compiled an 8–2 record in their final season under fifteenth-year head coach Jock Sutherland, and were ranked eighth in the final AP Poll.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season
The 1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season was their sixth as a professional football club in the National Football League (NFL). The '38 Pirates welcomed back John McNally as head coach after finishing with a 4-10 record the previous year. McNally coached the team's second 2-win season in 3 years, as they placed last in the NFL Eastern Division.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season
The '38 team welcomed one of the Steelers' best players during their tenure as "the Pirates" (1933-1940). Art Rooney signed college phenom Byron "Whizzer" White for one season and was given a huge contract. White led the league in rushing that year, and became the first player to do so whilst playing for a losing team. He left the team the next year to pursue his studies overseas, he did however return as a Lion in 1940.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Preseason, 1938 NFL Draft
The Pirates selected one of their best draft picks of that era in Byron "Whizzer" White from Colorado. He was given a large $15,000 contract to play in 1938. White finished the season with 152 rushes for 567 yards, 4 TD, and 7 catches for 88 yards. After the season, he continued his studies overseas. He did return and play for the Detroit Lions in 1940 and 1941.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 5 (Monday October 3, 1938): New York Giants
Prior to this game, the Pirates played an exhibition against the Boston Shamrocks, winning 16–6.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 8: Bye week
During their bye week, the Pirates scheduled two exhibition games, both wins against the Warren Redjackets (23–0 on Sunday, October 30) and McKeesport Olympics (21–6 on Monday, October 31).


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Regular season, Game Summaries, Week 10: Bye week
During a second bye week, the Pirates scheduled a two-legged tie against the Los Angeles Bulldogs. The first game, an Armistice Day special, was held at Will Rogers Memorial Stadium in Colorado Springs, Colorado (in Pirates star Byron White's home state) on November 11. The Pirates lost that game, 17–6, in front of a crowd of 15,000 fans. The second leg of the series was held at the Bulldogs' home field, Gilmore Stadium, at which the Pirates and Bulldogs played to a 14–14 draw in front of 18,000 fans.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season
The 1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season was the 57th season of the Pittsburgh Pirates franchise and their 52nd in the National League. The Pirates maintained a seven-game lead in the NL on September 1, but went 12–16–1 for the rest of the season and relinquished the lead to the Chicago Cubs on September 28, losing to the Cubs on Gabby Hartnett's "Homer in the Gloamin'". The Pirates finished second in the league with an 86–64 record.


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Pittsburgh Pirates season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Polish legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 6 November 1938, with Senate elections held a week later on 13 November. They were the last elections in the Second Polish Republic. This election was held under the April Constitution of 1935, which was written to favor the Sanation movement.


1938 Polish legislative election
The Camp of National Unity, the party of the Sanation movement, won 164 of the 208 seats in the Sejm and 66 of the 96 seats in the Senate. Although multiple parties ran, all of them were controlled by the Camp of National Unity and the number of votes they received were chosen by the government beforehand.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
The 1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania was delivered to Lithuania by Poland on March 17, 1938. The Lithuanian government had steadfastly refused to have any diplomatic relations with Poland after 1920, protesting the annexation of the Vilnius Region by Poland. As pre-World War II tensions in Europe intensified, Poland perceived the need to secure its northern borders. On March 12, Poland, feeling supported by international recognition of the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, decided to deliver an ultimatum to Lithuania.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
The ultimatum demanded that the Lithuanian government unconditionally agree to establish diplomatic relations with Warsaw within 48 hours, and that the terms be finalized before March 31. The establishment of diplomatic relations would mean a de facto renunciation of Lithuanian claims to the region containing its historic capital, Vilnius (known in Polish as Wilno).


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania
In preferring peace to war, Lithuania accepted the ultimatum on March 19. Although diplomatic relations were established as a result of the ultimatum, Lithuania did not agree to recognize the loss of Vilnius de jure. The government of Poland made a similar move against the Czechoslovak government in Prague on September 30, 1938, when it took advantage of the Sudeten Crisis to demand a portion of Zaolzie. On both occasions, Poland used the international crises to address long-standing border disputes.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
Lithuania severed its diplomatic ties with Poland after General Lucjan Żeligowski's mutiny in October 1920 by order of Józef Piłsudski. General Zeligowski invaded Lithuanian-held territory, captured the disputed city of Vilnius and established the short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania. This area was incorporated into Poland in 1922.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
At the end of the 19th and in the early 20th century, Vilnius was located outside the Lithuanian ethno-linguistic territory. Demographically, it was the least Lithuanian of Lithuanian cities. Its population was divided nearly evenly between Poles and Jews, with ethnic Lithuanians comprising a small percentage of the inhabitants. According to Russian (1897), German (1916), and Polish (1919) censuses, Lithuanians or Lithuanian speakers constituted 2–2.6% of the city's population. During the interwar period, the Lithuanian side, while admitting that there were few Lithuanians living in Vilnius, claimed it on historical grounds – as the former capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
Lithuania demanded Polish troops withdraw behind the line established by the Suwałki Agreement. Poland rejected Żeligowski's actions. The League attempted to mediate the dispute and Paul Hymans presented concrete proposals to form a federation. However, both sides were unwilling to make compromises and negotiations collapsed in January 1922. In January 1923, Lithuanian troops crossed over to the Allied-held Memelland and staged the Klaipėda revolt. It was one of the main factors that led to the decision of the Conference of Ambassadors to award Vilnius to Poland in March 1923.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
The result was a state of "no war, no peace" as Lithuania avoided recognising any Polish claims to the city and the region, as well as refusing to undertake any actions that would recognise Poland's control of Vilnius even de facto. Hence, Lithuania broke off all diplomatic relations with Poland and continuously emphasised that Vilnius remained its permanent capital (Kaunas was designated as the temporary capital).


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
Poland refused to formally recognise the existence of any dispute regarding the region, since that would have lent legitimacy to the Lithuanian claims. Railroad traffic and telegraph lines could not cross the border, and mail service was complicated. For example, a letter from Poland to Lithuania needed to be sent to a neutral country, repackaged in a new envelope to remove any Polish signs and only then delivered to Lithuania.