1938 Arizona State Bulldogs football team
The 1938 Arizona State Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State Teachers College (later renamed Arizona State University) in the Border Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their first season under head coach Dixie Howell, the Bulldogs compiled a 3–6 record (0–4 against Border opponents) and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 98 to 89. Arizona State's team captain was center Wes Hastings. The Bulldogs finished 2–2 at home and 1–4 on the road. Earl Pomeroy and Hilman Walker were assistant coaches. All home games were played at Goodwin Stadium in Tempe, Arizona.


1938 Arizona State Bulldogs football team, Game summaries
In the season opener, Arizona State Teacher's College lost an 18–7 road game against San Jose State. The Bulldogs were shutout 21–0 in a road loss at New Mexico. Arizona State rebounded with a 13–0 victory over Cal Poly in their home opener. The Bulldogs suffered a 19–13 loss to NAU on the road. Despite a 99-yard touchdown run from Wayne Pitts, Arizona State dropped a 14–12 road game at New Mexico State. The Bulldogs responded with a 10–0 home shutout win against California-Santa Barbara. During their home finale, Arizona State fell, 12–7, to Hardin-Simmons. The Bulldogs dropped a 14–6 contest to Texas-El Paso on the road. Arizona State closed out its season with a 21–0 shutout road victory over Whittier.


1938 Arizona State Bulldogs football team, Roster
The usual Arizona State lineup included left end Sam Andrews, left tackle Mark Kalastro, left guard Noble Riggs, center Wes Hastings, right guard Albert Sanserino, right tackle Henry Rockwell, right end Glenn Landreth, quarterback Ross Relles, halfbacks Hascall Henshaw and Bill Davis, and fullback Rex Hopper.


1938 Arizona State Bulldogs football team, Roster
Wiley Aiker, Ted Anderson, Hilbert Brady, and Frank Consentino were also on roster.


1938 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 1938 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the Border Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Orian Landreth, the Wildcats compiled a 3–6 record (0–3 against Border opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by their opponents, 146 to 75. The team captain was George Ahee. The team played its home games at Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona.


1938 Arizona gubernatorial election
The 1938 Arizona gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Governor Rawghlie Clement Stanford declined to run for reelection, with pharmacy and cattle ranch owner Robert Taylor Jones winning the Democratic nomination to succeed Stanford.


1938 Arizona gubernatorial election
Robert Taylor Jones defeated Jerrie W. Lee in the general election, and was sworn into his first and only term as Governor on January 2, 1939, becoming Arizona's sixth Governor.


1938 Arizona gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The Democratic primary took place on September 13, 1938. Incumbent Governor Rawghlie Clement Stanford, who had served only one term, declined to run for reelection amidst the Great Depression. Pharmacy and cattle ranch owner Robert Taylor Jones, Secretary of State James H. Kerby, former Secretary of State Sidney P. Osborn, Mayor Andrew Jackson Bettwy, and C. M. Zander ran to replace Stanford.


1938 Arizona gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
After losing the Democratic primary, James Kerby ran as an Independent Democrat in the general election, but received only token support, in the single digits.


1938 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1938 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1938 college football season. In their tenth year under head coach Fred Thomsen, the Razorbacks compiled a 2–7–1 record (1–5 against SWC opponents), finished in a tie for last place in the SWC, and still outscored their opponents by a combined total of 128 to 125.


1938 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
During the 1938 season, the Razorbacks relocated from The Hill, an on-campus 300-seat stadium used since 1901, and began play in Bailey Stadium, known today as Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium. The stadium was initially known as University Stadium, but was quickly renamed Bailey Stadium in honor of then-Arkansas governor Carl Bailey. The Hill was demolished and Mullins Library was placed on the old site.


1938 Army Cadets football team
The 1938 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy in the 1938 college football season. In their first year under head coach William H. Wood, the Cadets compiled an 8–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 243 to 95. In the annual Army–Navy Game, the Cadets defeated the Midshipmen by a 14 to 7 score. The Cadets' two losses came against Columbia and Notre Dame, and were unranked in the AP poll.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1938 Atlantic hurricane season featured four hurricanes, including the "Great New England Hurricane", regarded as one of the most powerful and destructive tropical cyclones in New England history. In the Atlantic Ocean, the season officially began on June 16 and ended on November 15. It produced fifteen tropical depressions and nine tropical storms, of which four further intensified into hurricanes. Two of those four became major hurricanes, the equivalent of a Category 3 or greater storm on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson scale.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season
In 2012, as part of the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, meteorologists identified a previously-undocumented January hurricane and September tropical storm while fine-tuning the meteorological histories of several others. However, given scant observations from ships and weather stations, significant uncertainty of tropical cyclone tracks, intensity, and duration remains, particularly for those storms that stayed at sea.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season
Seasonal activity began with the formation of a tropical or subtropical cyclone over the northeastern Atlantic on January 3, the earliest occurrence in a calendar year on record. It later became one of only two hurricanes on record to form in the month of January. In mid-August, a hurricane struck near Cameron, Louisiana, producing strong winds and water level rises that caused $245,550 in damage throughout that state and Texas. It was followed in quick succession by an even more potent hurricane that tracked through the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and into northern Mexico.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season
There, 9 people were killed and over 400 families were left homeless. An additional 4 deaths occurred in Texas. In September, a long-tracked and powerful hurricane swept into New England, where 494–700 people were killed, over 1,700 individuals were injured, and about 23,900 structures were damaged or destroyed. The cost was estimated at $620 million. A minimal tropical storm affected Texas and Louisiana in mid-October, and a stronger tropical storm caused minor damage along the eastern coastline of Florida in early November.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 78 units, below the 1931–1943 average of 91.2. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
In 2012, as part of their ongoing Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project, the National Hurricane Center identified a previously undocumented hurricane. On January 1, an extratropical cyclone formed over the northeastern Atlantic along the tail-end of a cold front. The cyclone initially moved east but soon turned south then west by January 3. Warm air coalesced in the vicinity of the storm, and the frontal boundary dissipated, leading to the formation of a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC on January 3 about 850 miles (1,370 km) southwest of the Azores.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
It is possible, however, that the system existed as a subtropical cyclone before transitioning into a fully tropical entity. The storm temporarily embarked on a more westerly course before banking south-southwest, through which time it intensified into a Category 1 hurricane, peaking with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Gradual weakening ensued as the cyclone entered the deep tropical Atlantic east of the Leeward Islands, with its final point recognized at 18:00 UTC on January 6.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane One
The cyclone is one of only two hurricanes to form in the Atlantic basin during the month of January, alongside Hurricane Alex in 2016. Hurricane Alice attained hurricane strength in January 1955 but developed the previous month. Additionally, it is one of only six tropical cyclones to persist during the month, including the aforementioned systems, a tropical storm in 1951, a subtropical storm in 1978, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2006.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Two
A strong tropical storm with peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) was first identified just west of Antigua and Barbuda at 06:00 UTC on August 8, though it may have developed days earlier in the absence of a reliable data network. The rapidly-moving system curved west, passing north of Puerto Rico before striking the northeastern coastline of the Dominican Republic as a 50 mph (85 km/h) cyclone at 09:00 UTC on August 9. The storm continued across Hispaniola and dissipated after 18:00 UTC that day, though the remnant tropical wave continued on to impact Cuba on August 10.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Around 00:00 UTC on August 10, a rapidly-moving tropical storm was identified southeast of Barbados. It tracked into the Caribbean Sea and intensified into the season's second hurricane, with the center of the storm narrowly missing Jamaica to the north late on August 11. Observations from Grand Cayman indicate that it strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, reaching peak winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) that day, before the system slowly weakened.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
It moved through the Yucatán Channel and into the Gulf of Mexico, making a later landfall just west of Cameron, Louisiana, at 01:00 UTC on August 15 with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). The cyclone curved north-northeast and was last observed as a weak tropical depression along the Arkansas–Louisiana border at 12:00 UTC on August 15.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Along the northern fringes of Jamaica, appreciable loss to cultivation occurred. Winds at nearby Grand Cayman topped at 95 mph (153 km/h), destroying nine houses and injuring several people. In the United States, sustained winds southeast of Lake Charles, Louisiana, reached 55 mph (89 km/h) and gusts peaked around 60 mph (95 km/h). There, windows were blown from the city hall and upper floor of several downtown structures. Small vessels were overturned, and the downing of trees and signs obstructed highways.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
A grandstand and fence at the American Legion ballpark were smashed, as well as two planes at the Lake Charles Regional Airport. Hurricane-force winds were estimated in nearby Grand Chenier. Squalls caused damage to structures in Benton and overturned a boat on Cross Lake, causing a man to drown. Another man was found drowned on the western edge of the Calcasieu River. Five people were rescued from their motor boat on Lake Ponchartrain. A small tornado moved through Kinder, causing $2,000 in damage after it destroyed a house and toppled two barns, fencing, and some trees.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Throughout the state, the winds caused damage to buildings, wires, oil derricks, piers, and other structures totaling to $133,000. Water levels of 4–5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) above the mean low tide inundated the coasts of Cameron and Vermillion parishes, and lowlands were flooded to a depth of 1–4 ft (0.3–1.2 m). Shrimp boats were beached near Creole, and the Intracoastal Ferry—carrying four cars amounting to 20 people—broke its cable, crashing onto a river bank.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Three
Torrential rainfall, peaking at 14.9 inches (378 mm) in Koll, caused extensive damage to crops; the rice, cotton, and corn crops in particular were heavily affected, with total damage estimated at $110,000. Several cities saw 24-hour rainfall records. Considerable damage to highways was also noted, with detours or interruption to traffic for 20–40 miles (30–65 km) east of the center, particularly in Jefferson Davis Parish. In Texas, damage was confined to the Sabine Pass area, where the cost to piers and highways reached $550. Communications between Port Arthur and Galveston were severed.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A tropical storm first developed to the south of Haiti by 06:00 UTC on August 23 and moved west-northwest, a trajectory it maintained throughout its duration. The system intensified into a hurricane shortly after passing south of Jamaica and Grand Cayman on August 24. As it passed south of Cozumel, the island recorded winds of 91 mph (146 km/h). The storm reached its peak as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) around 02:00 UTC on August 26, while making landfall along the Yucatán Peninsula.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
It weakened to Category 1 intensity as it crossed land and emerged into the southern Gulf of Mexico, later moving ashore the coast of Tamaulipas with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) at 08:00 UTC on August 28. It is possible the storm could have been stronger given the size of the storm surge farther north in southern Texas. The cyclone curved west after tracking inland and became a remnant low after 00:00 UTC on August 29.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Thousands of banana trees were destroyed by 40 mph (64 km/h) winds across six districts in Jamaica; this accounted for roughly 5% of the island's crop, though some areas locally saw losses as high as 20%. In Portland, Jamaica, hundreds of banana and breadfruit trees were blown down in a 15-minute period. Considerable property damage was also wrought on the island, marked by the loss of some homes and the unroofing of others. Roads were blocked by landslides triggered by heavy rains. Shipping and airmail services were disrupted as ships and planes were held during the storm's passage.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Telegraph communications were also subject to disruptions as the storm passed. Winds reached 56 mph (90 km/h) on Grand Cayman on the night of August 24. Communications with Cozumel were lost late on August 25, before the onset of the worst conditions. High winds toppled numerous trees and destroyed at least 200 homes. However, the overall damage toll on the Yucatán Peninsula was lessened by the relatively low population density of the peninsula's northeastern coast.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
After the hurricane struck the coastline of northern Mexico, local observers reported a 75–80 mile (120–130 km) swath of damage along the beach in La Pesca. Palm-thatched huts were badly damaged or collapsed. Further inland, up to 9 in (230 mm) of rain in a few hours caused creeks and rivers, particularly the Rio Grande, to rapidly rise. Waters rose over 18 ft (5.5 m) to their highest level in six years, over-spilling into farmlands near Matamoros, Tamaulipas after a levee was breached and inundating multiple areas on the Mexican side of the United States–Mexico border near McAllen, Texas.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
Nine people were killed, including eight who were swept away by floodwaters and one whose body was recovered from a home ravaged by wind and floodwater. The vehicles of several American tourists were engulfed by the Santa Catarina River on the road between Mexico City and Ciudad Victoria. The latter city was isolated from the remainder of Mexico. More than 400 families were left homeless. The military and local officials transformed public buildings into temporary shelters. In Texas, squalls produced winds estimated up to 45 mph (75 km/h).


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Four
A sizable storm surge swept across Padre Island and Brazos Island and washed away a few inexpensive structures in Del Mar Heights. Rainfall across the extreme southern sections of the state was received as beneficial to dry crops. However, this rain exacerbated floodwaters within the river to breach a levee in Cameron County, where two people were drowned and swept away in Los Indios. Three more people died near El Paso in an attempted river crossing. Farther west in Albuquerque, New Mexico, rainfall totaling 1.66 inches (42.2 mm) eroded unpaved side roads and inundated the basements of homes and stores.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Five
A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa around September 4 and moved westward, spawning a tropical depression about 910 miles (1,465 km) east of Barbados by 12:00 UTC on September 9. The newly-formed cyclone tracked west-northwest and maintained tropical depression intensity for several days. By 00:00 UTC on September 13, data from nearby ships was sufficient to upgrade it to a tropical storm with peak winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). The system curved poleward and weakened while interacting with a broad trough or area of low pressure. Its final point has been analyzed a few hundred miles north of Puerto Rico after 00:00 UTC on September 14. This system was discovered the during the Atlantic reanalysis project in 2012.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
A tropical depression developed off the coastline of western Africa around 12:00 UTC on September 9 and embarked on a west-northwest course, steered by a large upper-level ridge to its north. As it traversed the Atlantic Ocean for nearly two weeks, data from numerous ships was used to identify a tropical storm early on September 10, a hurricane early on September 15, and a major hurricane late on September 16. Despite the lack of concrete supporting data, the storm is analyzed to have reached Category 5 intensity, with winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), late on September 19.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Persistent ridging prevented the progression of a deep upper-level trough and surface cold front along the East Coast of the United States in mid-September, causing the hurricane to curve northward and reach a rapid forward speed of 47 mph (76 km/h). The powerful storm made two landfalls on September 21, first on Long Island at 19:45 UTC with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and second near New Haven, Connecticut, at 20:40 UTC with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Although it is still analyzed as a hurricane at these landfalls, the system is believed to have been losing tropical characteristics. It completed extratropical transition over southern Vermont by 00:00 UTC on September 22.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Residents of New England received little advanced notice on the powerful hurricane, whose strength was vastly underestimated in storm bulletins preceding its approach. These warnings were issued only a few hours before the cyclone made landfall, and forecasts over previous days had originally expected the hurricane to strike Florida. As a result, the storm was regarded as one of the most powerful and damaging cyclones in recorded history across the region. A massive storm surge of 17 ft (5.2 m) was recorded in Connecticut, while storm tides of 18–25 ft (5.5–7.6 m) lashed the Rhode Island coastline.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
The Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory in Massachusetts recorded peak sustained winds of 121 mph (195 km/h), gusting to 186 mph (299 km/h); the highest sustained wind measurement not influenced by terrain was 109 mph (175 km/h) at Fishers Island, New York. About 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of power and telephone lines were toppled on Long Island alone. Wave heights reached 50 ft (15.2 m) in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Several inches of rain occurred throughout New England, peaking at 12.77 inches (324.4 m) in Gardner, Massachusetts.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Hurricane Six
Across the region, approximately 8,900 homes and buildings were destroyed and an additional 15,000 were damaged, leaving about 63,000 people homeless. Around 2 billion trees were destroyed. A total of 2,605 vessels were destroyed and 3,369 more were damaged. The estimate of people killed during the hurricane ranges from 494–700, with more than 1,700 individuals injured. Total damage was estimated at $620 million.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
A tropical depression formed over the Gulf of Honduras around 18:00 UTC on October 10 and quickly intensified into a tropical storm six hours later. The system moved northwest and struck San Pedro Town, Belize, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) at 08:00 UTC on October 11. It weakened to a tropical depression while moving across the Yucatán Peninsula but regained tropical storm intensity and reached peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) after emerging into the Gulf of Mexico.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
The cyclone turned east toward the Florida Keys but began backtracking on October 15, embarking on a west-northwest trajectory that brought it ashore Galveston Island, Texas, around 13:00 UTC on October 17. It maintained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) at the time. Once inland, the storm continued west-northwest and was last analyzed northwest of Houston at 18:00 UTC.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Seven
The tropical storm produced brisk winds across coastal sections of Florida, downing trees, signs, and power lines in the St. Petersburg area. Heavy rains flooded streets and stalled out several vehicles. In Texas, the storm produced peak winds of 43 mph (69 km/h) at Fort Crockett. Squalls and elevated tides affected the coastline. Rainfall throughout the region proved to be beneficial against a prolonged dry spell.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
A trough in the vicinity of Bermuda organized into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on October 16. The cyclone failed to intensify for a few days as it meandered and then moved southwest. Finally, by 00:00 UTC on October 19, the depression intensified into a tropical or subtropical storm and attained peak winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) to the north of the Turks and Caicos Islands. It moved across Little Abaco Island and Grand Bahama before turning north-northeast. An approaching cold front imparted wind shear on the storm, and the system dissipated after 00:00 UTC on October 21 as it was overtaken by a non-tropical low east of the northern Florida coastline.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Eight
The extratropical remnants continued toward Nova Scotia, where impacts were considered the worst since February 1932. Ferry services were cancelled, barns were collapsed in Antigonish, and a house was shifted off its foundation in New Waterford. Two schooners were badly damaged. In nearby Newfoundland, four people drowned after being washed overboard. Damage to a breakwater at Sandy Point was estimated between $5,000–7,000, where two vessels also went aground. Across the island, telegraph lines were downed and roads were damaged.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
The final cyclone of the 1938 season developed by 06:00 UTC on November 7 off the northern coast of Haiti. In its early stages, the system exhibited a broad radius of maximum winds and was in close proximity to a stationary front, suggesting it was a subtropical storm for most of its duration. High pressure to the north directed the cyclone northwest, and it made landfall on Inagua in the Bahamas with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) at 11:00 UTC on November 7; these winds were located well north of the center.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
It made a second landfall eight hours later on Crooked Island at an unchanged strength. The storm began to weaken early on November 8 and curved southwestward later that day, bringing it ashore the central coastline of Cuba with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) around 06:00 UTC on November 9. The system continued into the northwestern Caribbean Sea, where it merged with a former frontal boundary and dissipated after 18:00 UTC on November 10.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Tropical Storm Nine
San Salvador Island and Antilla, Cuba, both recorded maximum winds of 49 mph (79 km/h) on November 7 and November 9, respectively. Strong winds in heavy squalls south of the storm's center caused damage to telephone lines in the vicinity of Baracoa, Cuba. Winds just shy of tropical storm force impacted the Florida Keys and the state's mainland, and those winds were compounded by wave erosion that caused an estimated $75,000–100,000 in damage on Anastasia Island. The effects of the storm and a subsequent nor'easter necessitated the repair and extension of jetties at the mouth of the St. Johns River.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
In addition to the systems which at least attained tropical storm intensity in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also identified six tropical depressions. Due to their weak intensities, however, they were not added to the official database. The first was identified around 00:00 UTC on June 2 to the south of Bermuda. It moved north-northeast very near the island before degenerating to a trough. The second tropical depression may have formed south of Jamaica as soon as August 8. It moved west-northwest for a few days and was absorbed by Hurricane Three around 00:00 UTC on August 12.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
There is no conclusive evidence that a closed circulation existed after August 10, however. Eight days later, a possible tropical storm was identified over the central Atlantic as nearby ships recorded gale-force winds. Despite this, only three observations showed westerly winds south of the center, and this evidence was insufficient to support more than a tropical depression. The system dissipated on August 21.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
On August 28, an area of low pressure formed along a front off the coastline of North Carolina. It transitioned into a tropical depression on August 29–30 as the frontal feature dissipated but once again acquired extratropical characteristics as another front approached the center. The low moved east and dissipated or was absorbed on September 4. In early September, a tropical wave crossed Florida into the Gulf of Mexico, organizing into a tropical depression on September 10 and striking the Texas coastline around 00:00 UTC the next day. It dissipated on September 12.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
Around that same time, an area of low pressure was identified in the Bay of Campeche. Enhanced winds in Veracruz city suggest a small tropical depression may have existed in the region around September 9–10. It dissipated the next day. On September 11, a stationary front was identified south of Bermuda. This boundary dissipated and gave way to a tropical depression on September 12–14. The next day, it was absorbed into another front. On October 10, an area of disturbed weather existed in the vicinity of the United States Virgin Islands. Cyclonic flow existed on the northern side of this feature, but only one ship recorded westerly winds south of the center, and the data from that ship is questioned. A tropical depression may have existed from October 11–12 before it dissipated the next day.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Systems, Other systems
The Atlantic hurricane database originally recognized a brief tropical cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico on October 23–24. However, surface observations indicate that the low was attached to a warm front, with cold temperatures along the U.S. Gulf Coast. The extratropical low struck the Big Bend of Florida on October 24 and progressed northeast. It merged with another extratropical low north of Nova Scotia on October 25.


1938 Atlantic hurricane season, Season effects
The table below includes the duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damage, and death totals of all tropical cyclones in the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low.


1938 Auburn Tigers football team
The 1938 Auburn Tigers football team represented Auburn University in the 1938 college football season. The Tigers' were led by head coach Jack Meagher in his fifth season and finished the season with a record of four wins, five losses and one tie (4–5–1 overall, 3–3–1 in the SEC).


1938 Auckland City mayoral election
The 1938 Auckland City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections held that same year. In 1938, elections were held for the Mayor of Auckland plus other local government positions including twenty-one city councillors. The polling was conducted using the standard first-past-the-post electoral method.


1938 Auckland City mayoral election, Background
The election saw incumbent mayor Ernest Davis re-elected, increasing his majority in the process. The Labour Party again stood councillor Joe Sayegh (who was only narrowly defeated by Davis in 1935) as their candidate.


1938 Auckland City mayoral election, Background
Prior to the election several long serving Labour members of the city council were unexpectedly denied re-nomination. Ted Phelan, Arthur Rosser and George Gordon Grant were de-selected in the party selection process. Rosser ran for re-election regardless as an independent, but was defeated. The following year he was expelled from the Labour Party for standing against official party candidates. The Citizens & Ratepayers regained their majority on the city council and Sir George Richardson was appointed deputy mayor. However, Richardson died a month later and was succeeded as deputy mayor by John Allum. Richardson's death triggered a by-election which saw his seat gained by Labour Party candidate Charles Bailey, a former councillor who had lost his seat.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season
The 1938 Auckland Rugby League season was its 30th. Marist Old Boys won their 3rd first grade title with their previous coming in 1924 and 1931.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season
Richmond Rovers won the Roope Rooster for the 5th time when they beat City Rovers 20–8 in the final. City had not won a trophy since 1925 but had been boosted mid season by the addition of Bob Banham who the Auckland Rugby League had brought over from Australia as a player coach. Richmond also won the Stormont Shield for the 4th time when they defeated Marist Old Boys 9–8. Eastern Suburbs (NSWRL runner up) toured at the end of the season and Richmond were the only team to beat them when they won 11–9. Eastern Suburbs beat Marist (36-15), Manukau (16-7) and a South Auckland (Waikato) team (17-5).


1938 Auckland Rugby League season
Manukau won the Phelan Shield for the first time after they beat Papakura18-8 in the final. The Phelan Shield at this time was played for by the teams which had been knocked out of the Roope Rooster. Richmond Rovers won the reserve grade competition (Norton Cup) after they were tied with Mount Albert United after the final round and a final was necessary to decide the champion. Richmond won the match 16–10. They also won the Stallard Cup when they won the reserve grade knockout competition beating Marist 18–7 in the final. The Senior B competition (Sharman Cup) was comfortably won by Otahuhu Rovers who finished 5 competition points ahead of Green Lane. Ellerslie United won the Walmesley Shield which was the senior B knockout competition although this season it was played over 2 full rounds.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season
The representative season saw Auckland play three matches. They defeated a Rest of the North Island side easily by 67 points to 14. They then beat the returning New Zealand team which had toured Australia by 21 points to 13. Then in August they defeated Canterbury 28–22 at Carlaw Park. The North Island team which beat the South Island was dominated by Auckland players with only Joe Cootes (Wellington) being from outside Auckland. They thrashed the South Island 55 points to 2. Unsurprisingly 18 of the New Zealand team selected to tour Australia were Auckland players. The Auckland Māori team played just one match which was against an Auckland Pākehā side and ran out 26 to 21 winners.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Preliminary meeting
At a meeting on February 17 the Auckland Rugby League decided to start the senior competition at the early date on April 2 due to the tour of New Zealand to Australia during the season. The date for the annual meeting was set at March 23. At the conclusion of the meeting they inspected the new lighting which has been installed at Carlaw Park in order to accommodate night football.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual general meeting
The report which was to be presented at the annual general meeting showed that the balance sheet for the Auckland Rugby League was £3605s at the end of the 1937 season which was an increase of £21 on the previous season. There was an excess of assets over liabilities of £7598 12s 9d. At the annual meeting on March 23 Mr. John A. Lee presided as president. He said "last year the code made great progress... and we are opening the greatest season we have ever had. Co


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual general meeting
-operation and good spirit shown by players and officials was to a large degree responsible for this success... after years of difficultly last year we reached the strength to warrant a team being sent and tested on the playing fields of Australia... great responsibility rests with the officials to see that a fine team be sent this season". He went on to declare "that league was a democratic code. No class distinction could enter if the game was to progress.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual general meeting
He paid tribute to the great work of the ladies’ committees, whose social activities during the year did much to aid the code". Mr. G. Grey Campbell, chairman of the control board, said "it was pleasing to note that there had been no incidents at Carlaw Park last year, and not a single senior player had come before the board for irregular conduct on the field. During the summer improvements had been made at Carlaw Park, and the system of flood lighting, which was so successful for sports events, would make night football possible".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual general meeting
Tribute was paid to Ivan Culpan who had been secretary for the league for 20 years. During the meeting Archie Ferguson appealed for more senior matches to be played on outside grounds, particularly at the Devonport Domain with Mr. Campbell saying that the matter would be considered. Along with John A. Lee, four other members of parliament were also present, including Messrs, William Theophilus Anderton, Frederick William Schramm, Arthur George Osborne, and Arthur Shapton Richards who all "spoke of the success of the code in Auckland".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual general meeting
The following officers were elected:- Patron, Mr. J.B. Donald; vice-patron, Mr. J.F.W. Dickson; president, Mr. John A. Lee, M.P. ; vice presidents, Sir Ernest Davis, Messrs. R.D. Bagnall, R. Benson, J Donald, O. Blackwood, T.S. Bellamy, C. Drysdale, H. Grange, R.J. Laird, W.J. Lovett, E. Morton, E. Montgomery, T.G. Symonds, Joe Sayegh, C. Seagar, Frederick William Schramm M.P., W. Wallace, H. Walmsley, R.H. Wood, G.T. Wright, W.H. Brien, L. Coakley, H. Luke; trustees, Messrs. A. Stormont, Edward John Phelan, G. Grey Campbell; deputy-chairman, Edward John Phelan; club delegates, Messrs, F. McAneny, T. Davis, J.W. Probert, Jim Rukutai; chairman junior control board, Mr. D. Wilkie; auditor, Mr. R.A. Spinley; honorary physicians, Drs. M.G. Pezaro, F.J. Gwynne, K.H. Holdgate, J.N. Waddell, G.W. Lock, H. Burrell, W. Bridgman, S. Morris; board of control, Messrs. G. Grey Campbell (chairman), D. Wilkie, R. Doble, T. Davis, J.W. Probert, Jim Rukutai, J. McAneny, J.E. Knowling, and Ivan Culpan.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Annual ball
The Auckland Rugby League held their annual ball at the Peter Pan Cabaret on September 28. The Eastern Suburbs team which was touring Auckland at the time were honorary guests.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Auckland Rugby League life memberships, Jim Clark
Otahuhu nominated Jim Clark, who had recently been elected as returning president of their club as a life member of Auckland Rugby League. The league agreed and he was elected a life member of the ARL. It was stated that he "had been actively identified with the game for 25 years and had given much service as an official in the Otahuhu district for some years past. It was mentioned that Mr. Clark was an international, having twice played with New Zealand teams in Australia".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Auckland Rugby League life memberships, Frank Thompson
At the board of control meeting on June 22 Frank Thompson was made a life member. He joined the code in 1913 through the Remuera club. Thompson was an ex-member of the Referees’ Association for 17 years and spent 5 years on the grading, examination and appointment board. He also spent four years as a selector and six years with the junior management. Thompson was also a member of the New Zealand Referees’ Association for 10 years as a representative of the Auckland and the Northland leagues. He was also heavily involved in the acquisition and formation of Carlaw Park.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Rugby league ground allocation
On April 14 the Auckland Park and Reserves Committee met to allocate fields to the various winter codes. The chairman of the committee was Ted Phelan who was also on the Auckland Rugby League board. The fields allocated to rugby league were Cricket Ground (2), Outer Domain (1), Victoria Park (1), Walker Park (2), Western Springs (2), Grey Lynn Park (1), with ‘Stadium’ reserved. It was commented that there was a "spirit of harmony" between the codes.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, George Gillett donated trophy
In June, former All Black and NZ rugby league international George Gillett, donated a "handsome silver cup to the Auckland Rugby League for any competition which the league may desire. The trophy was presented through Mr. H. Walmsley". It was decided during the season to award the trophy to the winner of the 4th grade competition which was ultimately City Rovers.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Papakura promoted to the Fox Memorial competition
At the annual meeting on March 23 it was announced that Papakura were being promoted from the Senior B grade which they had won comfortably for 2 years in a row to the Fox Memorial competition. Their backs would include Richard and A. Burgess, E Cossey, G Osborne, Phillips, J McInnes and Martin though it was said that their "strength will probably be in the forwards". While J Fogarty, D Evans, Buckeridge, C Ross, and Slater made a "good impression" in their preliminary match against Marist. It was rumoured that Cliff Satherley may also play for them. He didn't though former New Zealand representative Norm Campbell did play a handful of games to begin the season.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, George Nepia joins Manukau
On March 10 it was reported that George Nepia would join the Manukau club. He would arrive in Onehunga later in March and would be accompanied by Tuhoro, who was "last year's outstanding forward for East Coast and Hawke's Bay". The Manukau team would be extremely strong with the selectors saying that their senior side would be selected from George Nepia, Jack Hemi, Rangi Chase, Angus Gault, Jack Brodrick, Walter Brimble, Tom Chase, Pita Ririnui, Jack Broughton, R. Wilson, McKinlay, Peter Mahima, Whye, Tuhoro (2), Kakau, Tane, and Phillips. It was then reported in late March that there were doubts that he would in fact play for Manukau however he ultimately did for a few weeks.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
On March 26 several teams held organised practices with the Manukau side playing a South Auckland XIII at Waikaraka Park. Newton, Marist, City, and Ponsonby all practised at Carlaw Park while Richmond were at Grey Lynn Park. It was reported that Ponsonby were to be coached by Bill Davidson who was a past City Rovers player who also represented Auckland 14 times from 1920 to 1923 and New Zealand 16 times from 1919 to 1921.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
It was reported that Richmond Rovers had erected a dressing and club rooms at Grey Lynn Park and that the senior team would be a strong one with Mervyn Devine joining the forwards. He was a Wellington Rugby representative. However Ted Mincham was transferring from Richmond to Mount Albert. They would still have the services of "Powell, Bickerton, and Wally Tittleton for their inside backs who know when others play well and W Tittleton is particularly clever at taking the gap and improving a movement for the men outside him. The form showed [after the preliminary games] by Mills and A Graham, two of the juniors can earn them permanent places in the senior team, [while] Furnell was the most improved full back in Auckland last season".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
The Manukau side was considered to be shaping as "a very formidable team" with the "forwards particularly strong, and perhaps the heaviest ever seen in club football. The average weight will be nearly 14 stone. This should be a great season for Jack Brodrick, whose brilliant form in the Māori match against Australia last year, stamps him as the finest forward seen in the code for many years". They were also adding Pita Rurinui and "he should soon rise to All Black honours" according to the Auckland Star reporter.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
After their first preliminary game (which he did not play in) it was reported that Jack Hemi "expressed a desire to play for Ponsonby, but the transfer might cause some difficulty". After the match the Auckland Star said that Pita Ririnui "made a good impression on his first appearance and Brodrick, the best forward in Auckland last year, appears to be already in good form". Mahika Panapa, the North Auckland Rugby Maori representative halfback signed on to play for Manukau prior to their first Fox Memorial game. In mid May, J. Craig, a representative rugby player from Nelson arrived in Auckland to join the Manukau club. He had represented the combined Nelson-Golden Bay-Motueka-Marlborough side who played the Springboks in 1937.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
Marist were reportedly gaining the services of Robert Grotte who was a former member and who had played as halfback for the St. George club in Sydney. After the first preliminary game they were said to be one of the strongest teams in the competition. "In Haslam they have one of the best pivotal players in Auckland and in Halsey and Midgley very speedy wings... Grotte, the former Sydney player looks like being certain of a place. In Anderson, Butler and Breed they have a fine trio of forwards.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
Ponsonby would have a similar team to the previous season with a strong backline and the forwards strengthened by J. Fraser from Taranaki who was said to be a "splendid place-kick". They had virtually the same backline as in the previous season and had gained the services of Clark who was a "young player from Ellerslie [who had] the making of a good fullback.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
Mount Albert were a suggested location for Bob Banham as they needed a "link between the rugged Mount Albert forwards and the inside backs, where the weakness lay last season". Ted Mincham joined Mount Albert from Richmond and "with McNeil and McCallum outside him the Mount Albert three-quarter line should be a bit of a problem for their opponents... [ while] their forwards appear to be just as strong as last season". They were to be coached by former New Zealand player Stan Prentice.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
Following the first preliminary round of games at Carlaw Park on April 2 it was said that they "have a good solid pack of forwards and have an exceptional back in R. Burgess who has great dash and pace [and that they] will further strengthen their team for the competition matches. It is probable that they will gain Lilburn, a good five eighths from Hunua. McRobbie, the Pokeno forward, while there is a possibility that Cliff Satherley, the former Richmond and Mount Albert forward will lead the pack. In mid May it was reported that Mount Albert had signed R.F. Ball who was a member of the Eastern Suburbs club in Sydney.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
Newton had had a relatively poor 1937 season though they had improved as the season went on. The had retained the services of Wilfred Brimble and Ted Brimble, and Crooks. While "Kendall, a full back from North Auckland showed promise". They also had a "fairly good pack of forwards who stuck to their work well in the preliminary match".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
City were said after the first preliminary game to "not appear to be exceptionally strong, and they will miss both Hawea Mataira and Donald, who were their best forwards last year. However, Hutchinson's form at the base of the scrum is excellent, Cyril Wiberg can be relied upon to gather points consistently with accurate goal kicking and the forwards may shake down into a solid combination".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Senior team preseason and prospects
North Shore were said to have a young team. With "much interest taken in the appearance of Verdun Scott, whose cricket deeds are so well known. Scott played full back last season and is also a promising centre three-quarter". Jack Smith who made a good impression at five eighths, is again available. Zane and Rhodes, of last years team, will also be playing. The forwards will include Simpson, Souter, Hunt and players from lower grades.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Sprigs
It was decided to appoint a special committee to inspect players boots on Saturday's after St John Ambulance staff complained about injuries received by two players as the result of dangerous sprigs following the April 2 matches. The committee to inspect the boots each Saturday would be made up of Messrs. Mincham, Probert, and McAneny.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Injury substitutions
At the June 8 meeting of the control board the Referees’ Association said that they would "appreciate a ruling in regard to replacements". There was a suspicion that "a certain club had a player who came late, but another player conveniently "became injured" to allow the late player to enter play". While at a different game a player left the field stating he had influenza, while other cases where players had gone "off without advising the referee".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Injury substitutions
Mr Campbell agreed that if a player was not seriously injured then they or the team captain should report to the referee before a replacement can be made. And that "a referee would be entitled to hold a game up to get a report from an ambulance man or doctor if there was ground for believing that injury was being shammed". It was then decided that a committee consisting of the chairman and Messrs. D. Wilkie and W. Mincham would submit a recommendation.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Junior football changes
At a meeting of the junior management board on February 8 several suggestions were discussed in regards to changes that could be made for the 1938 season. The main changes suggested were a proposal to reduce the age limit for the 6th grade to 18 years, introducing an age limit of 19.5 years for the 5th grade, and starting an open grade for the "first juniors, with a weight limit of 11st 7lb [73 kg], to obviate the need for two sections in the third grade". At their annual meeting on March 8 the proposals were debated and it was eventually decided to adopt them. Additional ones included that the age limit for the 6th grade be 18 and for the 7th grade be 16. The season would start for juniors on April 30.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Richmond club rooms opened at Grey Lynn Park
In early May the Richmond club applied to celebrate the opening of their clubrooms at Grey Lynn Park on June 4 by holding a match with South Auckland on its bye date. On June 4 they were officially opened by Mr. J.A. Lee prior to a game against a combined team from Huntly. Lee said "this is going to be a permanent home, and it is an object worthy of the highest praise". While Joe Sayegh said that the Richmond club had "done yeoman service in the interests of the players. He was pleased to say that the City Council was only too pleased to encourage similar buildings on other public properties". Mr. Swift expressed the clubs thanks to Mr. Ralph Jenkinson who supervised the building construction.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Lawson Park developed
It was announced in mid March that Lawson Park would be developed. It would involve "earthworks of which will take from four to five months to complete. After this stage both areas have to be grassed and other finishing touches added". It had been started four years earlier "as a means of creating work in the district for the local unemployed, but was halted when sustenance was introduced. Some months ago work was recommenced, giving work for 20 men.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Lawson Park developed
When it is finished, it will provide two basketball [better known as netball at this time] and two tennis courts on a higher level, and on the lower part a rugby or rugby league football ground". It was said that "to provide for the football ground, a good deal of excavation will be necessary, so that ultimately a fine, natural grandstand will be secured". Twenty nine years later, in 1967 the New Lynn Rugby League club was established and Lawson Park became its home ground with their club rooms being built there.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Auckland representative team
In March the Auckland Rugby League board of control offered the Auckland representative coaching position to Bob Banham, the New South Wales representative five-eighths. A cable was received back from him accepting the position and he was expected to arrive in time for the matches on April 8. The board intended to place Banham in a local team "for playing purposes". It was reported that he had been unlucky to miss out on selection in the 1937 Australian team which toured England and he had also turned down an offer to coach Queensland.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Auckland representative team
In early march it was decided to place Banham in the North Shore Albions side for six weeks and then review the placement. After six matches for North shore it was decided to leave him there for 3 more weeks before moving to and coaching the City team. Bert Avery, Hec Brisbane, and A Renwick were appointed selectors for Auckland for the season while Brisbane was nominated by Auckland to be one of the three selectors for the North Island side.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Obituary, George Seagar (snr)
In August George Seagar died aged 73. He had two sons who both represented New Zealand, George Seagar and Allan Seagar. George senior was a strong supported of rugby league and was an original vice-president of the Auckland Rugby League. He was later made a life member in recognition of his services to the game. He was survived by a wife, seven sons and three daughters, with 25 grandchildren and one great grandchild.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Easter Suburbs Tour
In September/October the NSWRFL runner up Eastern Suburbs side toured Auckland. They played four matches against Marist Old Boys, Manukau, Richmond Rovers, and South Auckland. Their only loss was in the match against Richmond who had accumulated a remarkable record against touring Australian club teams.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Easter Suburbs Tour, Marist v Eastern Suburbs
J. Woods for Marist broke his leg in the second half.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Rugby League meeting and news, Easter Suburbs Tour, Manukau v Eastern Suburbs
Jack Hemi was unavailable for Manukau due to illness while they lost Jack Brodrick to a shoulder injury during the first half.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Preliminary round
Mervyn William Devine, the former Wellington rugby representative made his debut for the Richmond team.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results
Marist won the competition when they defeated Newton in the final round. Had they lost there would have been a three-way tie for first with themselves, Mount Albert, and Newton all on 22 points from 11 wins each but their 10–7 win saw them outright winners with 12 wins and 4 losses. A key to their win was their defence which saw them only concede 121 points from 16 games, an average of less than 8 points per game. From round 7 until round 18 their points conceded was 8, 7, 2, 4, 3, 8, 0, 0, 4, 11, and 7.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 1
Papakura played in their first ever Fox Memorial game in round 1. They lost a close match 17–14 against Richmond. In the match between Newton and Manukau the referee (J. Cottingham) was knocked out after a ball which had been kicked struck him in the face from point blank range. Percy Rogers who was waiting to referee the following match took over and refereed the last 10 minutes. Rangi Chase was forced to leave the field with a shoulder injury.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 3
Three players were sent off in the Manukau-Marist match as a result of an "on field incident". Jack Whye of Manukau was suspended for a week, J Breed of Marist was "severely reprimanded", while W Glover also of Marist was unable to attend the disciplinary hearing and was ordered to stand down until able to attend. In the match between City and Ponsonby, D Black of Ponsonby broke his knee cap and was ruled out for the season. They also lost P Young, and Frank Halloran to injuries during the match. They had previously lost former Kiwi Arthur Kay to a leg injury in an earlier match.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 4
Richmond defeated North Shore after a late try awarded after an obstruction. However the referee allowed the ball carrier to run behind the posts with the conversion taken from in front. The rules stated that the kick should have been taken from inline with where the obstruction occurred. The league ordered the match to be replayed if required later in the season. As it turned out the match did not need to be replayed as it would have no bearing on the championship. Bob Banham had to retire during the match after receiving a cut above the eye after colliding with an opponent which required three stitches.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 6
A highlight of the round was the debut appearance of George Nepia for Manukau in their win over Richmond. It was said that he had a "sound game" but did not look match fit. Pita Ririnui was sent off for Manukau and Alf Broadhead for Richmond near the end of the game for fighting. They were both severely cautioned by the control board with Broadhead warned that a similar offence would be dealt with more severely. Also during the match Jack Brodrick went off to have a dislocated finger attended to.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 6
When he came back on he found that he had been replaced and so referee Maurice Wetherill made him leave the field once more. A notable feature in the North Shore – Papakura game was that a total of 10 penalty goals were kicked. The goal kicking in the senior grade was arguably the strongest it has ever been with John Anderson, Jack Hemi, Jack Smith, and J McInnes kicking a large number of goals most weeks.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 7
New Zealand representatives, Jack and Dick Smith were both absent for North Shore after their father passed away during the week. Bob Banham had been moved by the Auckland Rugby League from the North Shore club to City Rovers where he played for the remainder of the season.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 8
Papakura recorded their first ever win in the Fox Memorial competition with an 18–15 win over Manukau on Carlaw Park 2. Manukau were missing several of their best players who were on the New Zealand tour of Australia but still fielded a strong side. During the match Richard Burgess of Papakura fractured his left arm. R Haslam was ordered off for Marist in their 13–7 win over Ponsonby.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 10
The Papakura – Richmond match was played at Prince Edward Park in Papakura. The scores were level 10–10 in the second half when both A Burgess and Crocker left the field injured leaving Papakura with just 11 players. Richmond went on to win 16–10.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 12
Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage was a guest of the Auckland Rugby League and came to Carlaw Park to watch some of the play. He was accompanied by president J.A. Lee and along with his party was "entertained at an afternoon tea organised by the ladies’ social committee". L Cootes of Ponsonby was ordered off for striking a City opponent. In the same match Turi Albert Macpherson broke his leg when he collided with a Ponsonby forward.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 13
During the Mount Albert – Marist game Arthur McInnarney and MacLachlan collided while trying to field a kick which allowed Marist to score a try giving them the lead. McInnarney had to leave the field with an injured leg as a result of the collision. In the Richmond game with North Shore six players had to leave the field with injuries. North Shore had to play two short in the second half. Dick Smith and Verdun Scott were amongst those who had to go off, along with Powell. During the week Richmond lost the services of Frank Furnell who transferred to Wellington. He was replaced at fullback by Trevor Bramley.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 15
Laurie Mills (aged 20) was concussed in the Richmond – Manukau game and was taken to hospital. He would later be killed in action during World War 2. In the Marist game with City Bob Banham went off injured in the first half for City, while Jackie Rata and Jackson went off in the second half. Remarkably in the North Shore v Papakura match the referee was Ted Mincham who had spent the first half of the season playing for Mount Albert seniors. He would surely have been one of the only players ever to play and referee in the same competition during a season. He would however play senior football again for Richmond during the war years.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 16
Richard Shadbolt was sent off for Mount Albert during the first half of their match with Manukau. They also lost C Dunne and A MacLachlan through injuries meaning that for nearly 30 minutes they had to play with just 10 men.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 17
The Auckland match against Canterbury was played on the same day at Carlaw Park with the club matches providing the curtain-raisers. Richmond and Manukau did not play on the day and the Auckland team was made exclusively from their teams. In the match between Mount Albert and City, J Tristram and Bob Banham were ordered off from each team respectively after an incident between them.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Fox Memorial results, Round 18
By virtue of their win over Newton, Marist claimed the Fox memorial title for 1938. Roy Hardgrave made an appearance for Mount Albert after recently returning to Auckland from his time playing professionally in England and France.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Roope Rooster (knockout competition), Round 2
In the match between North Shore and Marist, H Simpson (North Shore), K Finlayson (Marist), and J Woods (Marist) were all sent from the field.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Phelan Shield, Round 1
In the Mount Albert match with Marist Joseph Gunning and Richard Shadbolt were both sent off for Mount Albert and William Grotte was sent off for Marist.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Phelan Shield, Round 2
In addition to the 2 Phelan Shield matches Marist played Ponsonby in a practice game on the No. 2 field as preparation for their match against the touring Eastern Suburbs side, while Ponsonby was still in the Phelan Shield and preparing for their semi-final match. Marist won 20 points to 14.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Stormont Shield (champion of champions)
During the match 21 year old Maurice Potter of the Richmond side was concussed and taken to hospital though his condition was reported to not be serious. He was replaced by Frank Furnell who had returned from Wellington.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior first grade competitions, Top try scorers and point scorers
The point scoring lists are compiled from matches played in the Fox Memorial, Roope Rooster, Phelan Shield and Stormont Shield matches which all first grade sides were eligible for competing in (provided they avoided elimination from the knock out competitions). The top point scorer for the third consecutive season was John Anderson with 82. Jack Hemi (Manukau) and J McInnnes (Papakura) finished with 78, while Jack Smith had 58. Anderson, Hemi, and Smith all went on the New Zealand tour of Australia mid-season which meant they missed 6 Fox Memorial games so their point totals were significantly below than what they would have been.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior reserve competitions
The early round results were not reported while several later rounds also only had sporadic reporting. Richmond and Mount Albert were tied after 18 rounds necessitating a final between the two teams which Richmond won by 16 points to 10.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior reserve competitions, Norton Cup results
In the opening round match between Mount Albert and Ponsonby at Grey Lynn, Norman Drew fractured his ankle.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Sharman Cup results
The round 1 match between Otahuhu and Point Chevalier at Walker Park was called off by the referee with Otahuhu in the lead by 25 points to 13. The match was awarded to Otahuhu with Point Chevalier's approval. Manukau entered a team after round 1 but they defaulted their round 2 match against Ellerslie (this match was then removed from the records) and then withdrew from the competition.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Sharman Cup results
Otahuhu won the competition and their final round match was against Green Lane (who finished runner up) at Carlaw Park on July 16. The match was a curtain-raiser to the Auckland – New Zealand match. Not all of the results were reported in the newspapers however at the conclusion of the competition the Auckland Star reported that the teams finished on the following competition points: Otahuhu 19, Green Lane 14, Ellerslie 12, Point Chevalier 7, Northcote 6, R.V. 2.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior B grade competitions, Walmsley Shield (knockout competition)
Due to the amount of time left in the season following the conclusion of the Sharman Cup it was decided to play a full home and away competition for the Walmsley Shield. Very few results were reported and Point Chevalier dropped out of the competition after round 6. Ellerslie won the competition.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Senior club matches, Manukau v South Auckland XIII
In a preseason match Manukau played a South Auckland XIII at Waikaraka Park in Onehunga. Neither George Nepia or Jack Hemi played in the match but Manukau won a "fast and interesting contest".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade competitions
Richmond won the Davis Shield for the most championship points in all grades which they had won for several consecutive years, while Otahuhu won the Tracy Inglis trophy for most points in the junior grades. It was decided to substitute the Hospital Cup for the fourth grade championship with the Gillett Cup which had been presented to the league by George A. Gillett earlier in the season. It was noted by the chairman of the schools’ committee, Mr. A.E. Stanley at the end of the season at the final control board meeting that "eight years ago there were seven school teams in Auckland, while in the season just closed there were 41 teams in the three grades".


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade competitions
In the third grade Richmond and North Shore won their respective sections and then played each other home and away to decide the championship. Richmond won 8-2 and then 8–3 to win the title. Richmond won the seventh grade knockout competition when they beat City 15–5 in the final.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade competitions
Grades were made of the following teams with the winning team in bold:


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade competitions
A schoolboy gala was held at Carlaw Park on the 22nd of October. Competing teams in the 7-a-side tournament were St. Patricks, George Court's (2), Ellerslie (2), Richmond, Ponsonby, Green Lane, Point Chevalier, Balmoral, Northcote, Manukau, Newton, Glenora, and Marist. The team from Ponsonby won the knockout competition when they defeated Ellerslie in the final. Ponsonby were presented with the Robert Reid Memorial Shield for winning the championship during the year, and the Wilson trophy for their knockout tournament win. The most improved 7-a-side player was named as J. Stackpole from Newton.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Other club matches and lower grades, Lower grade competitions
The J. Gedye Cup went to S. Callagher of Richmond, while D. White of Ponsonby won the Don Cleverley Medal. The Marist team was presented with medals by Mr. C.L.M. Green, while J. Scott of the North Shore side was presented with the Sam Dickie Cup for goalkicking in the intermediate grade.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative Fixtures, North Island v South Island (inter-island match)
Brian Riley was initially named to play for the North Island side but as he was unable to get leave from work to potentially tour Australia if selected he was replaced in the North Island side.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative Fixtures, Probables v Possibles
The Possibles team led 19–0 at halftime and so the selectors switched the forwards and three players who had started in the Possibles side scored points for the Probables in the second half (Bert Leatherbarrow, John Anderson, and Bill McNeight).


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Representative Fixtures, Auckland Māori (Tamaki) v Auckland Pākehā
During the match 24 year old Joseph Alva Gunning received a kick to the head and went to Auckland Hospital with concussion. It was said that his condition was not serious however the New Zealand Herald reported two weeks later that he had only recently been discharged from hospital with the intention of playing in the upcoming weekend match for Mount Albert though he ultimately didn't return until their July 2 match.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Auckland Māori (Tāmaki) representative season
Auckland Māori only played one match during the season. The club competition ran much longer than it had in previous seasons and the New Zealand side went on a mid season tour of Australia meaning that there were relatively few opportunities for representative matches. On June 6 they played an Auckland Pākehā side at Carlaw Park and won 26 to 21.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On March 3 the following players were registered: Ian Mackenzie (ex King Country), and H.P.S. Walker (ex Queensland) to Mount Albert. Pita Ririnui and T Ririnui (Tauranga) and T Kakau to Manukau, and Ronald Beaumont Chesterman to North Shore Albions. On March 29 fifty new registrations were received while William Caples transferred from Point Chevalier to City Rovers seniors, and Ernie Pinches from Ellerslie to Mount Albert seniors. Twenty six player registrations were approved on March 30 with P Young being transferred from Newton Rangers to Ponsonby and J.J. Campbell formerly of Hikurangi being reinstated. Then on March 31 G.E. King of Newton Rangers transferred to Huntly, and Noel Messenger also of Newton transferred to Greymouth on the West Coast.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On April 6 R.A. Lush transferred from Richmond to Ponsonby reserves. J. Fraser had his transfer cleared from Western Suburbs, New Plymouth to Ponsonby. While Robert John Blakely, Thos Kelly, and Arthur Samuel Slater were reinstated. On April 13 William V.R. Smith transferred from Newton to North Shore, F Butler from Newton to Marist, Patrick Costello from Manukau senior reserves to North Shore, Thos Kelly from Manukau to Papakura, E. McNeil from Richmond to Ponsonby, Norm Campbell (player-coach) from Marist to Papakura, J.E. Pyke from Point Chevalier to Manukau, and J. Campbell from Point Chevalier to Ponsonby.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
J Hilton of South Auckland was cleared to play for Newton, W.G. Johnson (South Auckland to Newton), C. Preston (West Coast to Marist), E. Jones from Northland to Newton. I.N. Ibbertson was reinstated and transferred from Glenora senior B to Ponsonby. On April 19 Alan Jabez Watkins transferred from Mount Albert to Richmond, G Crocker transferred from Marist to Papakura and T Maher from R.V. senior B to City. Clarry McNeil had a clearance confirmed from Wellington to Mount Albert. On April 27 D.F. Harris was reinstated and transferred to Otahuhu.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On May 4 the following players were granted transfers:- R.P. Tatana, Manukau to City; A.J. Couper, Richmond senior B to Ponsonby seniors; R. McGreal, Marist to Ngaruawahia; Daniel Hourigan, Newton to Ponsonby; Arthur McInnarney, Ellerslie to Mount Albert. While J. Blackledge was cleared from Wellington to Auckland where he would join Northcote. On May 11 Steve Watene was transferred from Manukau to his old club, City Rovers, and a week later to Newton Rangers, while H.J. Collins was transferred from Newton to Mount Albert and C. Wilson from Marist reserves to Papakura.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On May 18 G. Greenwood was transferred from Mount Albert to Richmond, and S Bickerton transferred from Mount Albert to Newton. On May 25 W. Mallinson from Waiutu, West Coast joined Manukau. C Meyer, the Northland representative player and brother of ex-international Ted Meyer applied to join the Papakura club. M.T. Nicholas was registered with Manukau and F. Anderson with Papakura.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On June 1 C Philp transferred from Manukau to Green Lane while B.F. Lee of Toowoomba transferred to Auckland to play for Newton pending approval from the New Zealand Council. Russell Harris was reinstated to Otahuhu. On June 22 F.J. Halpin (ex-Manawatu) and C. Greenwood (with clearance from Manukau) were registered with Newton, while Vincent Axman was registered with North Shore with clearance from City. W.W. Philp and Owen Noel Beer were reinstated. W. Cuff was transferred from Newton to Mount Albert. On June 29 L. Bramble (ex-Central Club in Wellington) was registered with the Newton club. W.L. Dorman transferred from Point Chevalier Senior B to Ponsonby. C.J. Montgomery was reinstated.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On July 13 H.J. Collins was transferred from Manukau to Mount Albert, and W. Stockley from Ponsonby to Northcote. While F.J. Wells was registered with Ponsonby, C. Meredith with North Shore, and R. McInnarney with Mount Albert. On July 19 J. W. Stockley and F Halloran transferred from Ponsonby seniors to Northcote Senior B. On July 27 A Beyer, the former representative player from Northland, was regraded and transferred from Richmond to Ellerslie. He admitted to the committee that he had made an application to rugby to be reinstated but was refused.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On August 9 T. Thompson was transferred from Manukau reserves to Ellerslie senior B. On August 17 R Jones was regraded to senior B and transferred to Otahuhu while J. Greenwood was reinstated to play for Richmond. On August 24 Roy Hardgrave was registered with Mount Albert, F Whittle to City, and Paul Meyer to North Shore.


1938 Auckland Rugby League season, Senior grade registration and transfers
On September 7 C. Ericksen was registered with Marist, W. Walker with Papakura (subject to a clearance from Taranaki), and G Rowlands from Newcastle in Australia to the City club, subject to approval by the New Zealand Council. A.J. Dufty was transferred from Point Chevalier second grade to City reserves.


1938 Australian Championships
The 1938 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place on outdoor Grass courts at the Memorial Drive, Adelaide, Australia from 21 January to 31 January. It was the 31st edition of the Australian Championships (now known as the Australian Open), the 7th held in Adelaide, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. The singles titles were won by Americans Don Budge and Dorothy Bundy Cheney.


1938 Australian Championships, Finals, Men's Doubles
John Bromwich /  Adrian Quist defeated  Gottfried von Cramm /  Henner Henkel 7–5, 6–4, 6–0


1938 Australian Championships, Finals, Women's Doubles
Thelma Coyne /  Nancye Wynne defeated  Dorothy Bundy /  Dorothy Workman 9–7, 6–4


1938 Australian Championships, Finals, Mixed Doubles
Margaret Wilson /  John Bromwich defeated  Nancye Wynne /  Colin Long 6–3, 6–2


1938 Australian Championships – Men's Doubles
The third seeds John Bromwich and Adrian Quist defeated Gottfried von Cramm and Henner Henkel 7–5, 6–4, 6–0 in the final, to win the Men's Doubles tennis title at the 1938 Australian Championships.


1938 Australian Championships – Men's Doubles
This win marked the start of a record eight consecutive Australian Men's Doubles titles streak for the pair formed only recently at the request of the Australian LawnTennis Association.


1938 Australian Championships – Men's Singles
First-seeded Don Budge defeated fourth-seeded John Bromwich 6–4, 6–2, 6–1 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1938 Australian Championships.


1938 Australian Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Don Budge is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1938 Australian Championships – Mixed Doubles
Nell Hopman and Harry Hopman were the defending champions and second seeds, but they lost in the quarterfinals.


1938 Australian Championships – Mixed Doubles
In an all-unseeded final Margaret Wilson and John Bromwich defeated Nancye Wynne and Colin Long 6–3, 6–2, to win the Mixed Doubles tennis title at the 1938 Australian Championships.


1938 Australian Championships – Women's Doubles
Thelma Coyne and Nancye Wynne claimed their third consecutive domestic title, defeating Dorothy Bundy and Dorothy Workman 9–7, 6–4 in the final, to win the Women's Doubles tennis title at the 1938 Australian Championships.


1938 Australian Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Dorothy Bundy defeated Dorothy Stevenson 6–3, 6–2, in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1938 Australian Championships.


1938 Australian Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Dorothy Bundy is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
The 1938 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race held at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia on 18 April 1938. It was staged over 40 laps of the six kilometre circuit for a total distance of 241 kilometres. The race, which was organised by the Light Car Club of New South Wales, attracted 38 entries, 30 of which started the race.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
The race was the tenth Australian Grand Prix and the first to be held in New South Wales. It marked a revival of the Australian Grand Prix title which had not been used since April 1935. The track utilised was the newly completed Mount Panorama Circuit, a dirt surface tourist drive which climbed the slope of Mount Panorama in the Bald Hills to the south of the city of Bathurst. The Grand Prix was the feature race at the inaugural meeting at the rural New South Wales venue. With a circuit length of just over 3.8 miles it was the shortest circuit to host the Australian Grand Prix to this time.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
The format for the race was much the same as used previously for some of the Australian Grand Prix at Phillip Island, incorporating a handicap start with the slowest car starting first and other cars starting at intervals according to their predicted pace. The meeting was enlivened by two visiting British drivers, Peter Whitehead and Alan Sinclair who had brought with them supercharged racing machinery, respectively an ERA and an Alta.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
While Sinclair was unable to start the race, Whitehead did and it was quickly realised that his position as the scratch handicap competitor was too generous and by races end he had driven through the field. The only driver who had offered any resistance was Les Burrows driving a 1933 Terraplane-based racing car. However Burrows slowed near the end, his engine reducing in power sufficiently to allow Whitehead to sweep by to take victory despite Burrows starting the race 15 minutes earlier.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
The initial release of official results attracted various protests and led to a recount, with some placings subsequently changed.


1938 Australian Grand Prix
Whitehead was awarded the RAC of Australia Cup and £250 prizemoney for winning the race. He also received £100, the NRMA Trophy and the title of Australian Road Racing Champion for achieving the fastest time and the Courtney and Bohlsen Cup for setting the fastest lap.


1938 Australian Track Cycling Championships
The 1938 Australian Track Cycling Championships were held in Melbourne from 15 to 20 December 1937. The decision to hold the 1938 championships in 1937 came as a surprise to many, including the Queensland Amateur Cyclists Union. The Championships also doubled as the trials for the 1938 British Empire Games.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum
A referendum on the Anschluss with Germany was held in German-occupied Austria on 10 April 1938, alongside one in Germany. German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour, with a 99.71% turnout.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum
Political enemies (communists, socialists, etc.) and Austrian citizens of Romani or Jewish origin—roughly 360,000 people or 8% of the Austrian population—were not allowed to vote in the plebiscite.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Background
After the end of World War I, the newly founded Austria claimed sovereignty over the majority-German territory of the former Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded German Republic. Later plebiscites in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921, where majorities of 98.77% and 99.11% voted for a unification with Germany, showed that it was also backed by the population.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Background
In September 1919 Austria had to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which did not only mean significant losses of territory but it was also forced to change its name from "German Austria" to "Austria". Furthermore, Article 88 of the treaty stated that "the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations", to prevent any attempt to unite with Germany.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Campaign
During the lead-up to the referendum, Hitler's campaign included anti-Catholic and anti-Semitic posters. Campaign managers reported "no opposition to the referendum". The referendum was supported by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, whose leader Karl Renner endorsed Hitler on 3 April and Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the highest representative of the Roman Catholic church in Austria, which meant that about two-thirds of Austrians could be counted on to vote for the Anschluss.


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Conduct
The ballots featured a large circle for 'yes' votes and a small one for 'no' votes. This was described as a nudge or "a 'subtle' hint to the people, to help them understand which way to vote." Several other claims were made that the vote was rigged. The result was "... the outcome of opportunism, ideological conviction, massive pressure, occasional vote rigging and a propaganda machine that Austria's political culture had never before experienced."


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Conduct
The massive pressure to which people were exposed came from the fact that many were marking the ballot paper in front of the campaign workers in order not to be suspected of voting against the Anschluss. The secrecy of the ballot was in practice non-existent. However, LIFE in 1938 claimed that the results of the referendum and its German counterpart were "largely honest".


1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum, Results
Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German Reich that was enacted on 13 March 1938 and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?


1938 Aylesbury by-election
The Aylesbury by-election, 1938 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Aylesbury on 19 May 1938.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Conservative MP, Michael Beaumont on 2 May 1938. He had been MP here since winning the seat in 1929.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Election history
Aylesbury had been won by the Conservatives at every election since 1918 apart from 1923 when the Liberal Thomas Keens won the seat. The result at the last General election was:


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Candidates
The local Conservatives selected Sir Stanley Reed as candidate. He was a 66-year-old  who had been a newspaper editor in India where he lived for 50 years. The Liberal candidate from the last General Election, Margaret Wintringham, was not available to stand as she had been selected as prospective Liberal candidate for Gainsborough. The local Liberal Association selected 64-year-old former Finchley MP, Atholl Robertson. He had represented Finchley from 1923–24 and had stood there last time but had since been replaced as candidate. On 24 April 1937 the local Labour Party had selected a new candidate in Reginald Groves, a Trotskyist.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
The Liberal campaign sought to appeal to those who supported a Popular Front. Robertson had secured the support of the Communist Party, which had signed up fully to the Popular Front message. Robertson called for arms for Spain, defence of democratic liberties and the economic and social advance of the people.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
The Labour candidate, Reginald Groves came under pressure to withdraw in favour of the Liberal candidate, when a group of local Labour Party supporters met and formed themselves into a 'Progressive Alliance' group. This group included 34-year-old Christopher Addison, son of the Labour Lord who had been a Liberal Cabinet Minister in Lloyd George's government. Other group members included author Ladbroke Black. The group Chairman was local JP, John Murphy.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
The meeting passed the following resolution;"We, the undersigned, deploring the international situation created by the National Government, have united without foregoing our individual political principles in forming a Progressive Alliance Group with the object of securing the registration of an effective anti-Government poll in the Mid-Bucks by-election, by supporting Mr. T Atholl Robertson." This was followed up by a statement which added ".. we appeal to our fellows to work and vote for the Liberal candidate...


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
We also very seriously suggest to the Labour candidate, Mr Reginald Groves, that the greatest service he could render to the cause of democracy and peace would be to withdraw from the contest and lend his support to the candidate who had incomparably the better chance of defeating the representative of the National Government..... The only question before us is whether we approve or disapprove of the domestic and foreign policy now being pursued by Mr Chamberlain....


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
We believe that if.. the Liberal and Labour candidates agreed to sink their differences....Mid-Bucks could be added to the list of constituencies which in the past weeks have shown the government how deeply the nation resents its betrayal of both democracy and British interests in its pursuance of a non-intervention policy which ...amounts to intervention on behalf of the Italian and German invaders against the people of Spain." In addition, the neighbouring South-Bucks constituency had seen the local Liberal and Labour parties join together to form a South-Bucks Unity Committee. This group also called upon Groves to withdraw in favour of Robertson.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
Groves retained the support of the Daily Herald newspaper which was a traditional supporter of the Labour Party and a majority of his own local executive. He was also still able to attract leading Labour politicians to speak on his campaign platform, such as Clement Attlee, Ellen Wilkinson and Harold Laski. Groves also won support from the Independent Labour Party.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Main Issues and Campaign
On 12 May, David Lloyd George's Council of Action announced that it would play no part in the campaign because both Liberal and Labour candidates had given satisfactory answers to its questions. The replies Groves gave to them were clearly misleading and at odds with his own Trotskyist views. The Council was a strong supporter of action from the League of Nations yet in his manifesto Groves declared “a successful League of Nations is not possible until the people are able to express and enforce effectively their will to peace”.


1938 Aylesbury by-election, Result
Groves, the defeated Labour candidate claimed after the result that “we have delivered the death-blow to Liberalism in this division.”The Communist Party supporting Daily Worker criticised Groves “divisive Trotskyist splitting tactics”.


1938 BYU Cougars football team
The 1938 BYU Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Brigham Young University in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1938 college football season. In their second season under head coach Eddie Kimball, the Cougars compiled a 4–3–1 record (3–2–1against MSC opponents), finished second in the MSC, and outscored opponents by a total of 93 to 49.


1938 Ball State Cardinals football team
The 1938 Ball State Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented Ball State Teachers College (later renamed Ball State University) in the Indiana Intercollegiate Conference (IIC) during the 1938 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach John Magnabosco, the team compiled a 6–1–1 record, shut out four of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 131 to 48.


1938 Baltic Cup
The 1938 Baltic Cup was held in Tallinn, Estonia at Kadrioru staadion on 3–5 September 1938. It was the tenth edition of the tournament and the last one before the Soviet occupation of the three Baltic countries. Estonia won the tournament with a win over Lithuania and a draw against Latvia.


1938 Banda Sea earthquake
The 1938 Banda Sea earthquake occurred on February 1 with an estimated magnitude of 8.4 on the moment magnitude scale and a Rossi–Forel intensity of VII (Very strong tremor). This oblique-slip event generated destructive tsunamis of up to 1.5 metres in the Banda Sea region, but no human lives were lost.


1938 Barnsley by-election
The Barnsley by-election, 1938 was a by-election held on 16 June 1938 for the British House of Commons constituency of Barnsley in what was then the West Riding of Yorkshire.


1938 Barnsley by-election
The seat had become vacant on the death in April 1938 of the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) John Samuel Potts, who had represented the constituency since the 1935 general election, having previously been Barnsley's MP from 1922 to 1931.


1938 Barnsley by-election, Result
The Labour candidate, Frank Collindridge, held the seat for his party with a slightly increased majority;


1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
The 1938 elections to select inductees to the Baseball Hall of Fame were conducted along much the same lines as the 1937 vote. Toward the goal of 10 initial inductees from the 20th century, eight had now been selected; members of the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) were once again given authority to select any players active in the 20th century, excepting active players. The Centennial Commission retained the responsibility of selecting inductees whose contributions were largely as non-players.


1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting
As the obvious stars had already been elected, only pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander was selected via the BBWAA ballot. The Centennial Commission selected Alexander Cartwright and Henry Chadwick.


1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA vote
In the BBWAA election, voters were instructed to cast votes for 10 candidates. Any candidate receiving votes on at least 75% of the ballots would be honored with induction to the Hall upon its opening in the sport's supposed centennial year of 1939. Individuals who had been barred from baseball, though not formally ineligible, no longer received even the minimal support given them in the two prior elections.


1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, BBWAA vote
A total of 262 ballots were cast, with 2,475 individual votes for 120 specific candidates, an average of 9.45 per ballot; 197 votes were required for election. The balloting was dominated by players of the 1900s and 1910s, rather than those of the more recent two decades; the results were announced in January 1938. The sole candidate who received at least 75% of the vote and was elected is indicated in bold italics; candidates who have since been selected in subsequent elections are indicated in italics:


1938 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, Centennial Commission
Once again, the Hall opted to have this small committee of six members select inductees "for outstanding service to base ball apart from playing the game." After selecting five individuals in 1937, the Commission chose two inductees at the major league winter meetings in New York City in December 1938, though the choices were not announced until the following month:


1938 Baylor Bears football team
The 1938 Baylor Bears football team represented Baylor University in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1938 college football season. In their 13th season under head coach Morley Jennings, the Bears compiled a 7–2–1 record (3–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 165 to 89. They played their home games at Waco Stadium in Waco, Texas. Sam Boyd and Billy J. Patterson were the team captains.


1938 Belgrade Car Show
The 1938 Belgrade Car Show was the first car show organized in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Held from 5 to 15 March 1938, it was one of the nine officially registered car shows in Europe at the time. The show evolved into an annual event, today internationally labeled "BG Car Show" (Serbian: Београдски сајам аутомобила, Beogradski sajam automobila).


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Introduction
At the time, Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia, which was generally considered the "non-motorized" state. The first car appeared in Belgrade in 1903 and, statistically, in the second half of the 1930s, Yugoslavia had only 1 car on 1,000 inhabitants, while Germany had 15, United Kingdom 40 and France 53. The state decided to assemble the plan to motorize the country and popularize the automobiles, to the point that "motorization" became one of the most discussed economic, but also political, topics. In that period, Vlada Ilić - one of the wealthiest industrialist in the state and mayor of Belgrade 1936-39 - negotiated with the Ford Motor Company in order to obtain the licence to assemble cars in Yugoslavia.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Introduction
The royals were also included in the process of the automobiles popularization. Queen mother Maria was an enthusiastic driver. A Romanian princess, she was driving before she married King Alexander of Yugoslavia and, as the future bride, she personally drove her mother from Bucharest to Belgrade, driving her luxurious Delage. She also drove from Belgrade to Paris, almost 1,800 km (1,100 mi). As a queen, she was often seen driving her Rolls-Royce through Belgrade, which was a major rarity at the time, both because she was a royal and a woman.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Introduction
She quit driving on her own, though, after her husband was assassinated in the car in 1934, in Marseilles, France. The Queen was a patron of the Automobile Club of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia which organized the Belgrade Grand Prix in 1939. The still minor King Peter II was named a patron of the car show in 1938.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Introduction
The idea of organizing the show in Belgrade was suggested by Daimler-Benz. Despite strong protest against the motion which came from some other European fairs, the Belgrade car show was held and accepted as one of the 9 officially registered car shows in Europe. In February 1938, the Belgrade press was announcing the event. A common place in the articles was that the show will push for the popularity and development of the cars.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Introduction
Velizar Janković, former transportation minister, wrote about the importance of such shows, saying that President of France and Führer of Germany open the shows in Paris and Berlin, respectively, which shows how significant these events are. Yugoslav prime minister Milan Stojadinović said that "Yugoslavia, at this moment, has only 12,000 automobiles, mostly defective", estimating that the state needs at least 150,000 vehicles. The press was vocal about the high taxes which owners of the vehicles had to pay, especially for the trucks, claiming that Bucharest, the capital of Romania, had more cars than the entire Kingdom of Yugoslavia.