1938 Belgrade Car Show, Venue
The car show was held at the newly constructed Belgrade Fair venue on the left side of the Sava river, across the Belgrade at that time. The foundation stone was ceremonially placed on 6 June 1937. Works were finished in three months and the facility was open on 11 September 1937. It had modern and artistic buildings, including the high metal spike construction, which became known as the Central Tower. It was designed by the architects Milivoje Tričković, Rajko Tatić and Đorđe Lukić who envisioned it as the monumental modern complex, with the Central Tower as the domineering motif.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Venue
Around the tower, the exhibition pavilions were built, including five Yugoslav, one for the “Nikola Spasić Foundation”, the national pavilions of Italy, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and the Dutch company Philips. The complex included: 17,000 m2 (180,000 sq ft) of roofed exhibition space, 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) of open exhibition space, 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft) of lawns and flower beds and 22,000 m2 (240,000 sq ft) of roads and paths.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Venue
During World War II, the occupational German and Croatian forces turned the complex into the Sajmište concentration camp. It was never rebuilt and the new Belgrade Fair venue was open in 1957, across the river, so the old locality is today known as the Staro Sajmište ("old fairground").


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Show
The show was held 5-15 March 1938 and was open by the minister of trade, Milan Vrbanić. King Peter and his mother Queen Maria later toured the show, visiting all the exhibited vehicles.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Show
There were 107 exhibitors, from United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Belgium and Yugoslavia. Due to the space constrictions, application from further 117 exhibitors were denied. Exhibitors and dealers included:


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Show
Altogether, 375 vehicles were displayed. There were 158 passenger cars, 65 trucks, 10 buses, 18 chassis, 105 motorbikes and bicycles, 10 car engines, 3 tractors and 1 excavator. The most popular displays were those of Opel, BMW, Fiat, Dodge, Chevrolet, Buick and Mercedes. Commercial vehicles were presented by Mercedes, Büssing, WUMAG and Krupp. In total, the show had 40,000 visitors and most of the cars that were purchased during the exhibition were the limousines, as the car was still considered a luxury in Yugoslavia at the time.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Show
Opel exhibited a specially designed car which had a shell made of transparent Plexiglas so that visitors could see the machinery inside the car. It was a major novelty at the time.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Legacy
The number of exhibitors grew in the second and third shows, which were held in 1939 and 1940. Despite the outbreak of World War II, the exhibitors came from Germany, Italy, United States, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Especially popular were the cars with the wood gas engines. The fourth show, planned for the May 1941, was cancelled after the German invasion of Yugoslavia, which included the heavy bombing of Belgrade, began on 6 April 1941.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Legacy
After the new Belgrade Fair was finished in 1957, the car show was revived. Originally, it was held in 1957, 1959 and 1961 as part of the International Fair of Technics, and became a location for establishing the business connections between dealers. In 1965 the car show had 525.000 visitors while in 1966 the first fair rally under the European criteria was organized and the show officially entered the International calendar of car shows. In 1970 the show had 586 exhibitors from 23 countries from 4 continents on the exhibition area of  52,000 m2 (560,000 sq ft). It was the first time that the racing cars were also displayed. In 1971, despite cancelling of the show in Frankfurt and troubles with the Paris Motor Show, 403 exhibitors came to the Belgrade show.


1938 Belgrade Car Show, Legacy
In the 1980s, the fair was held to high regard and was compared to the shows in Geneva, Barcelona or Turin. In 1991, despite the heavy economical and political crisis in Yugoslavia and the quotas for the import of the equipment and technologies imposed by the state which reduced the number of exhibitors, the show was still the largest one in the Eastern Europe. Despite the period of wars and economic sanctions in the 1990s, the fair survived. Since 2013 it is officially named "DDOR BG CAR SHOW".


1938 Big Ten Conference football season
The 1938 Big Ten Conference football season was the 43rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Ten Conference (also known as the Western Conference) and was a part of the 1938 college football season.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season
The Big Ten Conference championship went to Bernie Bierman's 1938 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team. Minnesota compiled a 6–2 record, outscored its opponents 97 to 38, and was ranked No. 10 in the final AP Poll. Guard Frank Twedell was a first-team All-American. Twedell and quarterback Wilbur Moore were first-team picks for the All-Big Ten team.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season
Michigan, in its first year under head coach Fritz Crisler, compiled a 6–1–1 record, outscored opponents 131 to 40, led the conference in scoring offense (16.4 points per game), and was ranked No. 16 in the final AP Poll. The team's only setbacks were a 7-6 loss to Minnesota and a scoreless tie with Northwestern. Michigan guard Ralph Heikkinen was a consensus first-team All-American. Sophomore backs Tom Harmon and Forest Evashevski were both first-team All-Big Ten players.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season
Northwestern, under head coach Pappy Waldorf, compiled a 4–2–2 record, outscored opponents 93 to 32, led the conference in scoring defense (4.0 points per game), and was ranked No. 17 in the final AP Poll. Tackle Bob Voigts was a first-team All-American.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season
Wisconsin fullback Howard Weiss received the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the conference. Ralph Heikkinen finished in second place in the voting and Larry Buhler of Minnesota was third.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Results and team statistics
KeyPPG = Average of points scored per gamePAG = Average of points allowed per gameMVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, September 23–24
On September 23 and 24, 1938, the Big Ten began play with four non-conference games, resulting in two wins and two losses.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 1
On October 1, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played one conference game and seven non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in six wins and a tie. Iowa had a bye.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 8
On October 8, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in one win and one loss.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 15
On October 15, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and four non-conference teams. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and two ties.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 22
On October 22, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and one win. Minnesota had a bye week.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, October 29
On October 29, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two wins.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 5
On November 5, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The three non-conference games resulted in two losses and one win. Illinois had a bye week.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 12
On November 12, 1939, the Big Ten football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The non-conference games resulted in two losses and a win. Purdue had a bye week.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Regular season, November 19
On November 19, 1938, the Big Ten football teams played four conference games and two non-conference games. Both non-conference games were losses.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, Season overview, Bowl games
No Big Ten teams participated in any bowl games during the 1938 season. On December 3, 1938, the faculty committee of the Big Ten universities rejected a proposal from the Pacific Coast Conference for the two conference's champions to compete in the Rose Bowl. The Big Ten reaffirmed its ban on postseason games and its rule that all football games must be completed on the Saturday before Thanksgiving.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Big Ten players
The following players were picked by the Associated Press (AP) and/or the United Press (UP) as first-team players on the 1938 All-Big Ten Conference football team.


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
The only Big Ten player selected as a consensus first-team player on the 1938 College Football All-America Team was:


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, All-Americans
Other Big Ten players to receive first-team honors from at least one selector were:


1938 Big Ten Conference football season, 1939 NFL Draft
The following Big Ten players were selected in the first nine rounds of the 1939 NFL Draft:


1938 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team
The 1938 Birmingham–Southern Panthers football team was an American football team that represented Birmingham–Southern College as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their eleventh season under head coach Jenks Gillem, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1938 Birthday Honours
The King's Birthday Honours 1938 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of King George VI to various orders and honours to reward and highlight the meritorious work of his subjects in those countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the King's official birthday and for the United Kingdom and Colonies were announced on 7 June 1938.


1938 Birthday Honours
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.


1938 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The 1938 King's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of King George VI, were appointments made by the King to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 9 June 1938.


1938 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.


1938 Bolivarian Games
The I Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos) were a multi-sport event held between August 6–22, 1938, in Bogotá, Colombia, at the Estadio El Campín, for the city's 400th anniversary. The Games were organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (ODEBO).


1938 Bolivarian Games
The Games were officially opened by Colombian president Alfonso López Pumarejo, accompanied by Alberto Nariño Cheyne from the Colombian Olympic Committee, Colonel Leopoldo Piedrahita from the local organizing committee, and Gustavo Santos, mayor of the city of Bogotá.


1938 Bolivarian Games
A detailed history of the early editions of the Bolivarian Games between 1938and 1989 was published in a book written (in Spanish) by José GamarraZorrilla, former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee, and firstpresident (1976-1982) of ODESUR. Gold medal winners from Ecuador were published by the Comité Olímpico Ecuatoriano.


1938 Bolivarian Games
The official posters for the Games were designed by Colombian artist Sergio Trujillo Magnenat.


1938 Bolivarian Games, Historical photos
Further photos can be found on the webpage of the Luis Ángel Arango Library.


1938 Bolivarian Games, Participation
A total of 716 athletes from 6 countries were reported to participate:


1938 Bolivarian Games, Medal count
The medal count for these Games is tabulated below. This table is sorted by the number of gold medals earned by each country. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next, and then the number of bronze medals.


1938 Bolivian National Convention
The 1938 Bolivian National Convention was a meeting of the unicameral Bolivian legislature composed of an elected constituent assembly made up of the Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies. It met in La Paz from 23 May to 30 October 1938 and was charged with rewriting the Constitution of Bolivia. President David Toro had called for the National Convention in 1937, but by the time it was held he had been forced to resign in a coup d'état which brought the young lieutenant colonel Germán Busch to power on 13 July 1937.


1938 Bolivian National Convention
The Congress was elected as part of that year's legislative election. Voter rolls for electing Convention members were opened in August 1937 and the vote was held on 13 March 1938.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Background
President David Toro, who called the National Convention, had presided over a clearly left-wing ideology known as Military Socialism. His successor Germán Busch, however, was politically enigmatic with both the left and the right alike assuming he would reverse course from the leftist Toro back to the traditional conservatism of the pre-Chaco War establishment.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Background
The coming assembly was the first national legislative body to meet in Bolivia in over three years. With it, the traditional establishment parties (The Liberals and the Genuine and Socialist Republicans) hoped to reassert themselves in national politics. However, the Busch regime soon took a left-wing political stance, implementing the Toro-era concept of union representation in government by allowing the Trade Union Confederation of Bolivian Workers (CSTB) and the Legion of Veterans (LEC) to present candidates in the legislative elections.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Background
Soon, the CSTB and LEC joined with multiple left-wing parties, from the moderate socialist United Socialist Party (PSU) to the more radical Independent Socialist Party (PSI), and formed the Socialist Single Front (FUS), a united electoral alliance backed by the Busch government. Faced with a unified left-wing coalition, the traditional parties withdrew from the elections, save for the Socialist Republicans who joined with the FUS and certain dissident Liberals who chose to collaborate with the new regime.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Background
With the path to victory cleared, the FUS won the 1938 legislative election in a landslide, winning all 18 seats in the Chamber of Senators and 96 of the 103 seats in the Chamber of Deputies with just 7 seats going to independents and 2 being won by independent clerics from La Paz. Thus, when the Convention finally opened in May 1938, the so-called Generación del Chaco (Chaco Generation) finally and for the first time found itself with a national platform from which to constitute its ideas into law.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention
The National Convention opened on 23 May 1938, electing Renato Riverín of the Popular Front of Potosí (FPP) as its president. It was the first time workers were included in a Bolivian constituent assembly. The Convention dominated the political scene nationwide, becoming the debate grounds of ideologues and thinkers of the entire left-wing spectrum, from moderate socialists to economic nationalists and hard line Marxist labor leaders.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention, Presidential election
One of the first acts of the new assembly was to formally elect Germán Busch constitutional president on 27 May. Enrique Baldivieso, a Deputy for Potosí and the leader of the United Socialist Party, was elected Vice President. The pair were formally inaugurated as part of a national holiday the following day with terms set to last until 6 August 1942.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention, 1938 Constitution
With its dominant position in the assembly, the left-wing quickly overpowered more conservative elements, rejecting liberal concepts of limited government and laissez-faire which had shaped the entire constitutional history of Bolivia. The classical Constitution of 1880 would be thrown out and the new one written under the guidelines of a revolutionary concept known as "social constitutionalism" in which the State was given the expanded role of providing for the economic and social needs of the population. At the same time, the concept of private property was reworded, limiting it from a natural right to a government-given right which was granted only so long as it fulfilled a "social function".


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention, 1938 Constitution
The new constitution also provided for many benefits and securities for organized labor which would now enjoy the direct protection of the State. Annual paid leave, a minimum wage, insurance for accidents and disability, and guarantees for unions were all included. The legal existence of indigenous communities was also recognized.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention, 1938 Constitution
The so-called "Labor Sector" which represented the most extreme left of the convention also called for full-scale land reform. The leader of the Independent Socialists, the Tarijeño deputy Víctor Paz Estenssoro, also called for complete government control of the country's expansive tin industry, which up until then had been dominated by the tin barons of the mining oligarchy. While these more radical reforms were shot down, they received a voice on the national stage for the very first time.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, The Convention, 1938 Constitution
Finally, after months of deliberation and debate, the Political Constitution of 1938 was promulgated on 30 October.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Aftermath
For all its successes and contributions, one notable absence from the Convention was President Germán Busch himself. Politically naïve, Busch contributed little to the writing of the new Constitution. The Socialist Single Front, which created a united front of the left-wing parties, only lasted through the legislative elections. From there, the different factions of the left remained in a state of instability, forming and breaking apart from one another in their attempts to create a viable political coalition. Despite attempts by Renato Riverín and Busch's advisor Gabriel Gosálvez to form a government-backed Socialist Party, it suffered from a lack of commitment on the part of Busch and collapsed entirely when Vicente Leyton, his own Minister of Government, refused to join it.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Aftermath
Further fracturing occurred on 19 January 1939 when nine deputies and three senators announced the formation of the Eastern Socialist Party (PSO), also known as the Orientalist Party. The new party was aligned with the traditional liberalism of the pre-Chaco War parties and its political program expressed its intent to "proclaim the intangibility of the Eastern territory" and "to accept as a basic principle the integrity of each of the eastern departments, leaving established their historical and racial identity." For these reasons it was described by its critics as both "regionalist" and "racist" and was condemned by various social and cultural institutions, regional centers, trade union organizations, veterans, journalists, and even the Liberal Party.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Aftermath
Nevertheless, the PSO on 1 February appealed for President Busch to join. However, on 14 February Busch warned that the "founding [of] a regionalist party [...] constitutes an attack against national unity." Busch's harsh condemnation came amidst calls that the members of the PSO be expelled from the legislature. Given the weight of the pressure and "In compliance with the order of His Excellency Mr. President," the PSO was dissolved on 18 February, less than a month after its formation.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Aftermath
The PSO was the last attempt made by the more traditionally-oriented parties to ally themselves with the Busch government. Just a month later on 22 March, the Liberals and both Republican parties broke with their previous policy of interacting with the fringes of the moderate left and formed the Concordance coalition in direct opposition to the government. The Concordance came forth demanding the end of military involvement in government and announced their intent to present candidates for the May legislative elections.


1938 Bolivian National Convention, Aftermath
As a result, the left-wing stood without a united front against the resurgent and combined traditional parties, resulting in a bleak outlook on the coming legislative elections. Finally, tired of political manoeuvring and disappointed with the lack of results his regime had produced, Busch took matters into his own hands. On 24 April 1939, Busch declared totalitarian rule in a self-coup to the shock of the nation. The May legislative elections were cancelled and the assembly was permanently adjourned, bringing an end to the only legislature of the military socialist era.


1938 Bolivian legislative election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Bolivia on 13 March 1938. Prior to the elections, an electoral alliance named the Socialist Single Front (FUS) was formed by the Legion of Veterans, Confederation of Bolivian Workers, Workers' Party, Popular Front of Potosí, United Socialist Party, Republican Socialist Party, and Independent Socialist Party. The FUS won 96 of the 103 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and all 18 seats in the Senate.


1938 Bolivian legislative election, Aftermath
On 27 May 1938 the Constituent Assembly elected Germán Busch as president. Busch had assumed the presidency on 13 July 1937 as a result of a coup d'état.


1938 Bolivian legislative election, Aftermath
The Assembly was dissolved by Busch on 24 April 1939.


1938 Boston Bees season
The 1938 Boston Bees season was the 68th season of the franchise.


1938 Boston Bees season, Offseason
On January 8, 1938, Bob Smith was released by the Boston Bees. On February 16, 1938, Tommy Thevenow was released by the Bees.


1938 Boston Bees season, Regular season
On June 11, 1938, Johnny Vander Meer of the Cincinnati Reds threw a no-hitter against the Bees. It would be the first of two consecutive no-hitters that Vander Meer pitched.


1938 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston Bees season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston College Eagles football team
The 1938 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 1938 college football season. The Eagles played their home games at Alumni Field in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, and Fenway Park in Boston.


1938 Boston Red Sox season
The 1938 Boston Red Sox season was the 38th season in the franchise's Major League Baseball history. The Red Sox finished second in the American League (AL) with a record of 88 wins and 61 losses, 9+1⁄2 games behind the New York Yankees, who went on to win the 1938 World Series.


1938 Boston Red Sox season
Red Sox first baseman Jimmie Foxx had a .349 batting average with 50 home runs and 175 runs batted in; he was named the AL Most Valuable Player.


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Regular season
The 1938 Boston Red Sox finished higher than any other Sox team since 1918. The Red Sox finished in second place with 88 wins and 61 losses, finishing 11 games behind the New York Yankees. Jimmie Foxx led the American League with a .349 batting average, 50 home runs and 175 RBIs, becoming the first player to win three American League MVP Awards.


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston Red Sox season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Boston University Terriers football team
The 1938 Boston University Terriers football team was an American football team that represented Boston University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Pat Hanley, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 174 to 107.


1938 Bowling Green Falcons football team
The 1938 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State College (later renamed Bowling Green State University) in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1938 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Harry Ockerman, the team compiled a 3–2–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 95 to 41. Wayne Stewart was the team captain.


1938 Bridgwater by-election
The Bridgwater by-election, 1938 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Bridgwater, Somerset held on 17 November 1938.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was triggered when Reginald Croom-Johnson, the sitting Conservative member was appointed a High Court Judge in October 1938 which required him to resign his seat in parliament. He had been MP here since holding the seat in 1929.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Election history
Ever since the constituency was created in 1885, the Conservatives had won the seat, with the exception of the Liberal landslide of 1906 and the General Election of 1923, when the Liberals had won. The Labour party had always polled poorly and always coming last, except in 1923 when the Liberals won. At the last General Election, the Liberal challenge was not as strong as it had been;


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Background
On 29 September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain had signed the Munich Agreement, handing over the Sudetenland to German control. This issue polarised British politics at the time, with many Labour supporters, Liberals, and some Conservatives strongly opposed to this policy of appeasement. Many by-elections in the autumn of 1938 were fought around this issue, notably the Oxford by-election, where Liberals and Labour united in support of an Independent anti-appeasement candidate.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Candidates
The Conservative Party selected 26-year-old lawyer and former Territorial Army officer Patrick Gerald Heathcoat-Amory of Tiverton as its candidate. He was thought to be assured of a sizeable agricultural vote, half of the electorate lived in rural areas at this time.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Candidates
Vernon Bartlett was a journalist and broadcaster with extensive experience of foreign affairs. He was approached by Richard Acland, Liberal MP for Barnstaple, a seat bordering Bridgwater, about standing as an anti-appeasement candidate in the by-election. Bartlett agreed to do so providing he had the support of the Liberal and Labour parties. The Bridgwater Liberal Party unanimously backed Bartlett's candidature.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Candidates
Before the by-election vacancy was known, the local Labour Party had already re-adopted Arthur Loveys their previous candidate, to contest a General Election expected to occur in 1939. Loveys withdrew and Labour generally supported Bartlett, although many in the Labour Party were unenthusiastic about co-operation with the Liberals.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Campaign
The campaign was intense and focused almost entirely on foreign affairs. Heathcoat-Amory supported Chamberlain's appeasement policy. Bartlett opposed appeasement and was a very persuasive speaker on the subject. His voice was already well known due to his radio broadcasts. His experience of foreign affairs and erudite speeches were very effective at a time when public meetings were a vital part of electioneering.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Campaign
Many Liberal personalities came to support Bartlett, including Megan Lloyd George, Lady Violet Bonham Carter and Sir Charles Hobhouse. Some Labour voters were reluctant to support Bartlett, believing he was really a Liberal candidate. However, he did receive a letter of support from 39 Labour MPs just before polling day.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Result
The intensive campaign caused turnout to increase from 72.7% at the last election to 82.3%. Bartlett won the seat with a majority of 2,332 or 6.3%. He hailed the result as a defeat for Chamberlain, saying that it showed people understood the dangers of the Government's foreign policy.


1938 Bridgwater by-election, Aftermath
At the following General Election, Bartlett, retaining support from the Liberals, but now opposed by the Labour party, managed to hang onto the seat;


1938 Bridgwater by-election, In popular culture
A Monty Python skit called "" was influenced by this event, whereby Minehead, another town in Somerset, is having a by-election. One of the candidates, played by John Cleese, is an Adolf Hitler looking man who calls himself "Mr Hilter" and who espouses a philosophy called "National Bocialism".


1938 British Empire Games
The 1938 British Empire Games was the third British Empire Games, the event that evolved to become the Commonwealth Games. Held in Sydney, Australia from 5–12 February 1938, they were timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia). Venues included the Sydney Cricket Ground (the main stadium), the Sydney Sports Ground, North Sydney Olympic Pool and Henson Park. An estimated 40,000 people attended the opening ceremony. A competitors' residential village was established within the grounds of the Sydney Showground.


1938 British Empire Games
The star of the games was the Australian athlete Decima Norman, who won five gold medals in track and field. Margaret Dovey, later married to Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam, finished sixth in the 220 yards breaststroke.


1938 British Empire Games
Due to the onset of World War II, the games were not held again until 1950.


1938 British Empire Games, Medals by event, Rowing
All events were for men only. The double sculls competition was an invitation event and originally no medals were awarded nevertheless these medals were counted nowadays. The bronze medal is listed as won by New Zealand.


1938 British Lions tour to South Africa
The 1938 British Isles tour to South Africa was the fourteenth tour by a British Isles team and the sixth to South Africa. The tour is retrospectively classed as one of the British Lions tours, as the Lions naming convention was not adopted until 1950.


1938 British Lions tour to South Africa
The tour party was led by Ireland's Sam Walker and managed by Col. Hartley, and took in 24 matches. Of the 24 games, 19 were against club or invitational teams, three were test matches against the South African national team and the other two games were outside South Africa against Rhodesia. The British Isles lost two and won one of the test matches, and in the non-test games lost five and won sixteen.


1938 British Lions tour to South Africa
Like many of the early Lions parties, the tour did not represent the best of British and Irish rugby talent. Obvious omissions included Wilf Wooller and Cliff Jones.


1938 British Lions tour to South Africa, Match summary
Complete list of matches played by the British Isles in South Africa:


1938 British Lions tour to South Africa, Test details, First Test
South Africa: G.H Brand, F.G Turner, G.P Lochner, P de Wet, D.O Williams, T.A Harris, D.H Craven (Captain), S.C Louw, J.W Lotz, M.M Louw, B.A du Toit, W.F Bergh, A.R Sherriff, W.E Bastard, L.C StrachanBritish Isles: V..G.J Jenkins, E.J Unwin, D.J Macrae, H.R McKibbon, E.L Jones, F.J Reynolds, J.L Giles, M.E Morgan, C.R.A Graves, G.T Dancer, S Walker (Captain), R.B Mayne, R. Alexander, W.G Howard, A.R


1938 British Mount Everest expedition
Led by Bill Tilman, the 1938 British Mount Everest expedition was a low-key, low-cost expedition which was unlucky in encountering a very early monsoon. The weather conditions defeated the attempts to reach the summit. The North Col was climbed for the first time from the west and an altitude of 27,200 feet (8,300 m) was reached on the North Ridge.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Background
After the failure of the 1936 British Mount Everest expedition, the Mount Everest Committee decided not to make another public appeal for funds even after Tibet had approved an expedition for 1938. The press and public were no longer interested and, at a time of austerity, such things were seen as extravagant. However, The Times was willing to provide a limited budget and this matched the small scale, even austere, type of venture  advocated by the leading British climbers of the day, Eric Shipton and Bill Tilman – similar to their 1935 reconnaissance. At a meeting in February 1937 Tilman was appointed leader and Tom Longstaff, who had in years gone by been the climber–doctor on the 1922 Everest expedition provided £3,000 on condition that there would be no advance publicity and that, where possible, the climbers would each pay their own way.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Planning
Alongside Tilman and Shipton, Frank Smythe, Noel Odell, Peter Lloyd, Peter Oliver and Charles Warren agreed to participate. Ang Tharkay was sirdar and Tenzing Norgay was one of the Sherpas. Jack Longland was invited but he had to decline because his employers would not grant him leave. The team was very strong and were, according to Shipton, "socially harmonious". Tilman considered a party of seven to be unnecessarily large but acquiesced saying "it represents a high margin of safety against casualties". The cost was to be £2,360 compared with £10,000 for the attempt of 1936. Radios were not taken because Tilman regarded them as unnecessary but there was too much pressure on him for him to refuse to take oxygen equipment. As on the 1935 Shipton–Tilman expedition, the provision of food was extremely basic – Tilman included soup and porridge as "goodies".


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Arriving in Gangtok, Sikkim on 3 March 1938, the party crossed the Sebu La into Tibet hoping to reach Rongbuk well before the monsoon was expected to break. Because winter was scarcely over it was very cold on the march-in and snow was deep but they reached Rongbuk on 6 April – over a week earlier than any other team had achieved – to find Mount Everest blown clear of snow.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Forty-five Shepas arrived having come from Solu Khumbu in Nepal via Nangpa La. Taking what had become the traditional approach to the summit up the East Rongbuk Glacier, Camp III was established at the head of the glacier but the temperature was too cold to attempt the climb up to the North Col. Indeed, with the exception of Shipton, all the climbers were suffering from ailments related to the severe cold.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Shipton and Smythe, who were being regarded as the pair most likely to be making the summit attempt, had been sent over the 22,000-foot (6,700 m) Lhakpa La to the Kharta valley to recuperate and now the rest of the team joined them there to enjoy a week in springtime conditions in meadows and forests.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
When they returned via the Doya La to Rongbuk they found it had been snowing there for a week and the monsoon had broken on 5 May – three weeks earlier than experienced by previous expeditions. They returned to Camp III and on 18 May climbed to the North Col with surprisingly little difficulty. Shipton and Smythe rejoined them after returning over the Lhakpa La. Heavy snow fell in the night and it was not until 24 May that they were able to start to establish Camp IV on the North Col. The conditions there were warm but the snow was deep and they realised they would have to reconcile themselves to attempting the summit during the monsoon.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Tilman made a plan involving splitting the party. Travelling via Rongbuk, the climbers Shipton, Smythe and Lloyd were to move to the main Rongbuk Glacier to attempt the North Col from the west. The others occupied Camp IV on 28 May. Tenzing led up the North Ridge but the snow was so deep, especially towards the summit, that Tilman decided against even trying to establish Camp V. Even more snow forced a retreat to Camp III from where Tilman went around to join the western team.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
They eventually reached the North Col from the west under dangerous snow conditions although the gradient was not so steep – it was the first time the Col had been reached from this side. On this occasion on the North Ridge they were able to establish Camp VI at 27,200 feet (8,300 m) but beyond that conditions were close to impossible – Shipton and Smythe and then Tilman and Lloyd only managed to climb slightly above the camp. In the end it was decided to withdraw completely by descending to the East Rongbuk Glacier.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Tenzing and the Pasang Bhotia had performed exceptionally strongly up to Camp VI but on the North Col Pasang had a stroke which paralysed him on his right hand side and he became delirious. He had to be carried down from the mountain but he went on to make quite a good recovery.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Expedition
Oliver returned ahead of the others, staying with Norman Odling in Kalimpong. Odling had been hospitable to climbers on previous expeditions but, unknown to Oliver, he also was a Reuters correspondent. He reported the story he had been told. The Times was scooped and the Mount Everest Committee had to repay £850.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Achievements
The expedition demonstrated that a small party possibly offered as much chance of reaching the summit as a large one. However, it also showed that the monsoon was not a viable time to be making any summit attempt at least from the north or Tibetan side of Everest (the Swiss in 1952 made a second post-moonson attempt). The Sherpas were tremendously improving their climbing technique and for the first time were able to take a leading role, even encouraging the Europeans to continue upward.


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Achievements
A closed-circuit oxygen set was not a success and was "abandoned on account of the sensation of suffocation which developed after a short period of use." However, Lloyd found the open-circuit design was a definite advantage above 26,000 feet (7,900 m), although Shipton was not convinced that Lloyd's performance was significantly better than Tilman's. It was George Finch who had advocated open-circuit apparatus, against the advice of the other "experts" and this knowledge eventually was used in the planning of the successful 1953 expedition (which used both open and closed-circuit sets).


1938 British Mount Everest expedition, Achievements
The party returned to a Europe descending towards World War II but with the Mount Everest Committee requesting Tibetan permits for 1941, 1942 and 1943. All this was not to be and after the war the Dalai Lama did not respond to requests and then in 1950 Tibetan borders were firmly closed with the occupation of Tibet by China. So, post-war British Everest attempts would be from Nepal to the south.


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season
The 1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their ninth in the league. The team improved on their previous season's output of 3–7–1, winning four games. They failed to qualify for the playoffs for the seventh consecutive season.


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers (NFL) season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season
The 1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season was their 55th season. The team finished with a record of 69–80, finishing in seventh place in the National League. The 1938 season saw Babe Ruth hired as the first base coach, and lights installed by the team at Ebbets Field on June 15.


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Brooklyn Dodgers season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Brown Bears football team
The 1938 Brown Bears football team represented Brown University during the 1938 college football season.


1938 Brownlow Medal
The 1938 Brownlow Medal was the 15th year the award was presented to the player adjudged the fairest and best player during the Victorian Football League (VFL) home and away season. Dick Reynolds of the Essendon Football Club won the medal by polling eighteen votes during the 1938 VFL season.


1938 Bucknell Bison football team
The 1938 Bucknell Bison football team was an American football team that represented Bucknell University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its second season under head coach Al Humphreys, the team compiled a 5–3 record.


1938 Bucknell Bison football team
The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


1938 Buffalo Bulls football team
The 1938 Buffalo Bulls football team was an American football team that represented the University of Buffalo as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its third season under head coach Jim Peele, the team compiled a 2–6 record. The team played its home games at Rotary Field in Buffalo, New York.


1938 Bulgarian Cup
The 1938 Bulgarian Cup  (in this period the tournament was named Tsar's Cup) was the first cup competition, which took place in parallel to the national championship. The cup was won by FC 13 Sofia after their opponents Levski Ruse left the field during the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia.


1938 Bulgarian Cup Final
The 1938 Bulgarian Cup Final was the 1st final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Tsar's Cup), and was contested between FC 13 Sofia and Levski Ruse on 3 October 1938 at Yunak Stadium in Sofia. FC 13 won the final 3–0 (walkover).


1938 Bulgarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria between 6 and 27 March 1938, the first after the 1934 coup. The elections were held on a non-partisan basis, with the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union and Bulgarian Communist Party banned. Pro -government candidates won a majority of seats. Voter turnout was 69.5%.


1938 CCNY Beavers football team
The 1938 CCNY Beavers football team was an American football team that represented the City College of New York (CCNY) as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Benny Friedman, the team compiled a 4–3 record.


1938 Cal Aggies football team
The 1938 Cal Aggies football team represented the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture in the 1938 college football season. The team was known as either the Cal Aggies or California Aggies, and competed in the Far Western Conference (FWC).


1938 Cal Aggies football team
The Aggies were led by second-year head coach Vern Hickey. They played home games at A Street field on campus in Davis, California. The Aggies finished with a record of two wins six losses and one tie (2–6–1, 0–2–1 FWC). The Aggies were outscored by their opponents 58–174 for the 1938 season.


1938 Cal Aggies football team, NFL Draft
No Cal Aggies players were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The 1938 Cal Poly Mustangs football team represented California Polytechnic School during the 1938 college football season. Cal Poly was a two-year school until 1941, and competed as an independent from 1929 to 1945.


1938 Cal Poly Mustangs football team
The team was led by sixth-year head coach Howie O'Daniels and played home games at Mustang Stadium in San Luis Obispo, California. They finished the season with a record of seven wins and two losses (7–2). Overall, the Mustangs outscored their opponents 119–53 for the season.


1938 Calgary Bronks season
The 1938 Calgary Bronks season was the fourth season in franchise history where the team finished in 1st place in the Western Interprovincial Football Union with a 6–2 record. The Bronks played in the WIFU Finals, but lost to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in a two-game series by a total points score of 25–9.


1938 California Golden Bears football team
The 1938 California Golden Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Berkeley in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) during the 1938 college football season. In their fourth year under head coach Stub Allison, the team compiled a 10–1 record (6–1 against PCC opponents), finished in a tie for the PCC championship, was ranked No. 14 in the final AP Poll, and outscored its opponents by a combined total of 219 to 44.


1938 California gubernatorial election
The 1938 California gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. This was the first election since 1894 in which a Democrat was elected Governor of California, as well as the first election since 1882 in which a Democrat won with more than 50% of the vote. Culbert L. Olson had defeated John F. Dockweiler for the Democratic nomination, while Frank F. Merriam defeated George J. Hatfield for the Republican nomination.


1938 Campeonato Carioca
The 1938 edition of the Campeonato Carioca kicked off on August 27, 1938 and ended on January 8, 1939. It was organized by LFRJ (Liga de Futebol do Rio de Janeiro, or Rio de Janeiro Football League). Nine teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 12th time. no teams were relegated.


1938 Campeonato Carioca, System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1938 Campeonato Paulista
The 1938 Campeonato Paulista da Primeira Divisão, organized by the LFESP (Liga de Futebol do Estado de São Paulo), was the 37th season of São Paulo's top professional football league. Corinthians won the title for the 10th time. no teams were relegated and the top scorer was São Paulo's Elyseu with 13 goals.


1938 Campeonato Paulista, System
The championship was disputed in a single-round robin system, with the team with the most points winning the title.


1938 Campeonato Paulista, System
Due to the national team's preparation for the World Cup, the championship was interrupted in April, and would return only in late September. To avoid having the teams spend five months without any activity, an extra tournament was created to fill the teams' schedules. That tournament would have the teams divided into three groups of four, with each playing the teams in its own group twice, and the champions of Group B qualifying directly to the Finals, while the champions of Groups A and C played each other to define the other finalist. Palestra Itália won that tournament, beating Corinthians in the Finals, and to this day there is a debate about whether the extra tournament qualifies as a Paulista championship.


1938 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team
The 1938 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team represented the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the 1938 college football season. The Tartans were led by second-year head coach Bill Kern and played their home games at Pitt Stadium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


1938 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team
The team first came to national attention after winning a close game against Northeastern power Holy Cross, who were on a 13-game unbeaten streak. Another big win came when the Tartans upset cross-town rival and defending national champion Pittsburgh, snapping their 22-game winning streak.


1938 Carnegie Tech Tartans football team
They finished the regular season at 7–1 and were ranked sixth in the final AP Poll, the only Carnegie Tech team to ever finish ranked. The Tartans were awarded the third ever Lambert Trophy, distinguishing them as the best college football team in the East. They were invited to their first and only bowl game in school history, the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, where they led at halftime but lost to national champion TCU, 15–7.


1938 Catholic University Cardinals football team
The 1938 Catholic University Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the Catholic University of America as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its ninth year under head coach Dutch Bergman, the team compiled a 5–3 record and outscored opponents by a total of 69 to 60.


1938 Centenary Gentlemen football team
The 1938 Centenary Gentlemen football team was an American football team that represented the Centenary College of Louisiana as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1938 college football season. In their fifth year under head coach Curtis Parker, the team compiled a 7–4 record.


1938 Central American and Caribbean Games
The 4th Central American and Caribbean Games were held in Panama City, the capital city of Panama at Estadio Juan Demóstenes Arosemena. These games were held 3 years after the last games, this was to get the games back to the year they should have been, after a 5-year break on the previous games. The Games were held from 5 February to 24 February 1938. They included 1,216 athletes from ten nations, competing in sixteen different sports.


1938 Central Michigan Bearcats football team
The 1938 Central Michigan Bearcats football team represented Central Michigan College of Education, later renamed Central Michigan University, as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their second season under head coach Ron Finch, the Bearcats compiled a 7–1 record, shut out five of eight opponents, held seven opponents to fewer than seven points, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 270 to 44. The team's sole loss was by a 35–0 score to Western State.


1938 Changsha fire
The Changsha fire of 1938 (Chinese: 长沙大火), also known as Wenxi fire (Chinese: 文夕大火), was the greatest human-caused citywide fire in Chinese history. Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire in 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture. The result of this fire made Changsha one of the most damaged cities during World War II, alongside Stalingrad, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Tokyo, Dresden and others.


1938 Changsha fire, Background
On October 25, 1938, the city of Wuhan fell to the Empire of Japan. Soon after, a great number of refugees and injured soldiers, in addition to government institutions and factories, were relocated to Changsha. This caused a population boom in the city, and the number of residents jumped from 300,000 to more than 500,000. Though the city had prepared for this type of scenario for a long time, due to the limited transport capacity of Changsha, it still could not hold this amount of goods and people.


1938 Changsha fire, Background
On November 8, the Imperial Japanese Army entered northern Hunan. On the 11th, Yueyang fell. Soon, Chinese and Japanese armies faced off along the Xinqiang River just outside Changsha. The situation in the city became increasingly tense.


1938 Changsha fire, Background
False intelligence contended that Imperial Japanese forces would attack Changsha from the East. Chiang had already given a speech in Changsha about burning the city if it ever risked being captured. Because of a lack of confidence in holding the city, Chiang Kai-shek suggested that the city should be burned to the ground, so that Japan would gain nothing even if it chose to forcefully enter it. On November 10 (some say the 12th), the chairman of the Hunan government, Zhang Zhizhong, passed Chiang's idea to his subordinates in a meeting. An arson team was immediately organized. The team was dispatched to every corner of the city and was ordered to set the fire once a signal fire was set off on the top of Tianxin Building in the southwest of Changsha.


1938 Changsha fire, Events
At around 2 o'clock in the morning of November 13, 1938, there was a fire in a military hospital just outside the South Gate (to this day, it remains a mystery whether the fire was a signal or an accident). The arson team took it as a signal and started to set the fire at 2 o'clock in the morning. The burning lasted for five days, also destroying several 2,500-year-old historical antiques. City residents tried their best to escape, resulting in a severe boat accident at a river ford on the Xiang River.


1938 Changsha fire, Damage
More than 30,000 people lost their lives during the fire. Over 90%, or 56,000, of the city's buildings were burned. The fire also disabled commercial trading, academic institutions and government organizations throughout the city. The fire cost a total economic loss of $1 billion, which accounted for 43% of the total output of the city. Government institutions that were destroyed include the provincial government headquarters, buildings housing the bureaus of civil affairs, construction, police, army mobilizations, security, telegraph, telephone, post as well as the courts, Kuomintang branches, chamber of commerce, central news agency, central radio station and several newspaper offices.


1938 Changsha fire, Damage
More than 31 schools, including Hunan University, were also burned down. Banks destroyed include the Bank of Hunan, Bank of Shanghai, Jiaotong Bank and Bank of China. More than 40 factories were burned. The one that suffered the most was the First Textiles Factory of Hunan. The damage to this factory include $270,000 loss due to burned workshops; $960,000 to raw materials; $600,000 to machinery. Of the city's 190 rice mills and storage buildings, only 12 survived the fire. More than $2 million, or about 80% of the total, were lost in the silk industry. Forty Hunan embroidery factories were completely destroyed. Except for the Xiangya Hospital, every hospital in Changsha was burned to ground.


1938 Changsha fire, Damage
Future Chinese leaders such as Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying were also present in the city during the fire. A verbal description of the fire was written by Guo Moruo, who also happened to be in Changsha during the fire.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
In Chinese, the character for 'wen' in the term 'Wenxi Fire' refers to the telegraph abbreviation code for the day of the month, whereas 'xi' (meaning 'night') refers to the time of the fire.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
On November 18, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the executions of three accused in the case. Zhang Zhizhong, the chairman of the Hunan government, also subsequently resigned.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
On November 19, on the ruins of Changsha, food markets returned. By that time, there were 3 people selling meat and 2 selling vegetables.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
The Bell Tower and the Xiangya Hospital survived the fire.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
Chiang's fear proved wrong. The city repulsed three separate attacks by the Japanese in 1939, 1941 and 1942. The city did not fall until 1944 to the Japanese in the fourth battle of Changsha, although by that time the city no longer held strategic importance.


1938 Changsha fire, Aftermath
In July 2005, the first memorial commemorating the event in Changsha, a memorial wall on an old lamp company site, was built. The memorial wall is located on the bank of the Xiang River. In the same year, there was also a huge alarm clock carving erected as a tribute to the fire.


1938 Changsha fire, Lost history
Before the fire, Changsha was one of China's few major cities that had not moved its site in 2,000 years. The fire, however, annihilated all the cultural accumulations that the city retained since the Spring and Autumn period.


1938 Chatham Cup
The 1938 Chatham Cup became the 15th nationwide knockout football competition in New Zealand, after a two-year gap caused by the lack of a 1937 Chatham Cup competition (see 1936 Chatham Cup for explanation).


1938 Chatham Cup
The competition was run on a regional basis, with regional associations each holding separate qualifying rounds.


1938 Chatham Cup
Teams taking part in the final rounds are known to have included Ponsonby, Waterside (Wellington), Hamilton Wanderers, Nomads (Christchurch), and Mosgiel.


1938 Chatham Cup, The 1938 final
The final was played in soggy conditions to which Mosgiel found it difficult to adapt. Despite playing with the breeze in the first half, the southerners were 1-0 down after just six minutes through a goal from Sonny Ward. Shortly after the half-time break Tom Walker doubled the lead, and a third was added by Toby Janes at the hour mark after a pass from Ward. Walker completed the scoring with a tap-in late on in the second half.


1938 Chattanooga Moccasins football team
The 1938 Chattanooga Moccasins football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chattanooga (now known as the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) in the Dixie Conference during the 1938 college football season. In its eighth year under head coach Scrappy Moore, the team compiled a 4–5 record.


1938 Chicago Bears season
The 1938 Chicago Bears season was their 19th regular season completed in the National Football League. They finished third in the Western Division and did not make the championship game. The Bears started the season well, winning 4 of their first 5 games. However, two upset losses to the Cleveland Rams, two losses to the Detroit Lions, and a loss to Green Bay prevented the Bears from competing in the West.


1938 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
The Bears could not repeat their success of 1937. Although their attack was basically the same, except at running back. Bronko Nagurski and Keith Molesworth retired and the rushing attack was not as effective. Joe Maniaci, a back acquired from Brooklyn, joined the team and led the squad in rushing with 345 yards but his low 3.6 average yards per carry was emblematic of the Bears problems running the ball. Bill Karr again led the team in receiving, catching 14 passes for 253 yards and 4 touchdowns.


1938 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
Les McDonald played well at end and second year end Dick Plasman also contributed. The Bears "vertical" passing attack, led again by Bernie Masterson and Ray Buivid, had a league best 17.0 yards per reception, but the club's quarterbacks only had a 36.5 completion percentage. The Bear defense did not play as well as in 1937 either, giving up 14 or more points five times, or the same number of times as in the past two season combined. The biggest disappointment, overall, were the two losses to Cleveland.


1938 Chicago Bears season, Season highlights
Cleveland only won 4 games all year, two against the Bears, and had the worst defense in the league, allowing 215 points for the year. In the first Cleveland game, the Bears were totally outplayed, falling behind 14–0 and failing to mount a serious comeback. The second loss was a back and forth affair, with the lead changing hands 7 times. The Bears gave up a 21–16 fourth quarter lead, losing 23–21 at home. As the only team in the league running the T-formation, it is no surprise the other teams kept using the Single Wing and its variants. Lacking a complete T-formation quarterback, the Bears offense was inconsistent and, at times, quite unimpressive.


1938 Chicago Bears season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Chicago Cardinals season
The 1938 Chicago Cardinals season was their 19th in the league. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 5–5–1, winning only two games. They played seven of their eleven games on the road and failed to qualify for the playoffs for the 13th consecutive season.


1938 Chicago Cardinals season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
The 1938 Chicago Cubs season was the 67th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 63rd in the National League and the 23rd at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished first in the National League with a record of 89–63. The team was swept four games to none by the New York Yankees in the 1938 World Series.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
The team is known for the season of pitcher Dizzy Dean. While pitching for the NL in the 1937 All-Star Game, Dean suffered a big toe fracture. Coming back too soon from the injury, Dean changed his pitching motion to avoid landing too hard on his sore toe enough to affect his mechanics. As a result, he hurt his arm, losing his great fastball. By 1938, Dean's arm was largely gone. Cubs scout Clarence "Pants" Rowland was tasked with the unenviable job of obeying owner Philip K. Wrigley's direct order to buy a washed-up Dean's contract at any cost. Rowland signed the ragged righty for $185,000, one of the most expensive loss-leader contracts in baseball history. Dean still helped the Cubs win the 1938 pennant.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
On July 20, Wrigley named 37-year-old Gabby Hartnett as the team's player-manager, replacing Charlie Grimm. When Hartnett took over, the Cubs were in third place, six games behind the first place Pittsburgh Pirates who were led by Pie Traynor. By September 27, with one week left in the season, the Cubs had battled back to within a game and a half game of the Pirates in the National League standings as the two teams met for a crucial three-game series.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
Dean pitched the opening game of the series and with his ailing arm, relied more on his experience and grit to defeat the Pirates by a score of 2 to 1. Dean would later call it the greatest outing of his career. The Cubs cut the Pirates' lead to a half game and set the stage for one of baseball's most memorable moments.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
On September 28, the two teams met for the second game of the series, where Hartnett experienced the highlight of his career. With darkness descending on the lightless Wrigley Field and the score tied at 5 runs apiece, the umpires ruled that the ninth inning would be the last to be played. The entire game would have to be replayed the following day if the score remained tied. Hartnett came to bat with two out in the bottom of the ninth inning.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
With a count of 0 balls and 2 strikes, Hartnett connected on a Mace Brown pitch, launching the ball into the darkness, before it eventually landed in the left-center field bleachers. The stadium erupted into pandemonium as players and fans stormed the field to escort Hartnett around the bases. Hartnett's walk-off home run became immortalized as the Homer in the Gloamin'. The Cubs were now in first place, culminating an impressive 19–3–1 record in September, and the pennant would be clinched three days later.


1938 Chicago Cubs season
It would be 50 years before lights were installed at Wrigley Field.


1938 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Chicago Cubs season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Chicago Cubs season, 1938 World Series, Game 3
October 8, 1938, at Yankee Stadium in New York City


1938 Chicago Cubs season, 1938 World Series, Game 4
October 9, 1938, at Yankee Stadium in New York City


1938 Chicago Maroons football team
The 1938 Chicago Maroons football team was an American football team that represented the University of Chicago during the 1938 Big Ten Conference football season. In their sixth season under head coach Clark Shaughnessy, the Maroons compiled a 1–6–1 record, finished in last place in the Big Ten Conference, and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 241 to 75.


1938 Chicago White Sox season
The 1938 Chicago White Sox season was the White Sox's 38th season in the major leagues and their 39th season overall. They finished with a record 65–83, good enough for 5th place in the American League, 32 games behind the first place New York Yankees.


1938 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; BB = Base on balls; SO = Strikeouts; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases


1938 Chicago White Sox season, Player stats, Pitching
Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; HR = Home runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts


1938 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1938 Chico State Wildcats football team represented Chico State College during the 1938 college football season. Chico State competed in the Far Western Conference in 1938. They played home games at College Field in Chico, California.


1938 Chico State Wildcats football team
The 1938 Wildcats were led by first-year head coach Roy Bohler. Chico State finished the season with a record of two wins, five losses and one tie (2–5–1, 0–2–1 FWC). The Wildcats were outscored by their opponents 53–95 for the season.


1938 Chico State Wildcats football team, Team players in the NFL
No Chico State players were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 Chilean presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Chile on 25 October 1938. The result was a narrow victory for Pedro Aguirre Cerda of the Radical Party, who received 50.5% of the vote.


1938 Chilean presidential election, Electoral system
The election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates that received the most votes.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election
The 1938 Christchurch City mayoral election was held on 11 May. The incumbent, John Beanland of the Citizens' Association, failed to get the nomination by his party and the surgeon Dr. John Guthrie was nominated instead. The Labour Party nominated Robert Macfarlane. Both the Labour and conservative candidate had been members of Christchurch City Council for some years. Macfarlane narrowly won the mayoralty.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Background
The 1935 Christchurch mayoral election had been won by Dan Sullivan of the Labour Party; he had been mayor since 1931. The Labour Party subsequently won the November 1935 general election and Sullivan was appointed cabinet minister. Sullivan reluctantly resigned from the mayoralty in February 1936, as the heavy workload of a cabinet minister was incompatible with remaining mayor. The resulting by-election in March 1936 was won by building contractor John Beanland of the Citizens' Association. His main challenger had been Rev John Archer, who had previously been mayor from 1925 until 1931. An independent Labour candidate, Edward Leslie Hills, received less than 2% of the vote in that by-election.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates, John Guthrie
On 18 March 1938, the Citizens' Association held its nomination meeting. Dr. John Guthrie was chosen in favour of the incumbent mayor, John Beanland, who accepted nomination to the city council instead. Guthrie was born in Akaroa in 1877 as the son of a surgeon, also named John Guthrie. He received his education in Christchurch, first at Cathedral Grammar School, then at Christchurch Boys' High School, followed by Canterbury University College. Guthrie junior completed his medical education at the University of Glasgow where his father had also trained.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates, John Guthrie
Guthrie Jr was a captain with the Royal New Zealand Army Medical Corps in 1918/19 during World War I. Prior to the war, he had a general practice in Lyttelton from 1907 and was honorary surgeon at Christchurch Hospital from 1915. Since the war, he was a consulting surgeon in Christchurch. Guthrie had previously been on the Lyttelton Borough Council and had won election to Christchurch City Council in 1935. Guthrie was a member of the Canterbury College Council. In the arts, he was involved with the Canterbury Society of Arts and the Royal Christchurch Musical Society (now known as the Christchurch City Choir). He played tennis and golf and was at one point president of the United Tennis Club (now known as the Hagley Park Tennis Club).


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates, Robert Macfarlane
The Labour Party went through a lengthy nomination process. At the end of January 1938, it was revealed that various organisations affiliated to Labour had put forward six potential candidates: Rev John Archer, John Septimus Barnett, Terry McCombs, Robert Macfarlane, George Manning, and John Mathison. Of those, Macfarlane, Barnett, and McCombs contested the Labour Party selection, where Macfarlane was chosen by secret ballot. At the same meeting, candidates for six Christchurch general electorates were confirmed, with Macfarlane chosen to contest the Christchurch North electorate in the 1938 general election.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Candidates, Robert Macfarlane
Macfarlane was born in Christchurch in 1900. Raised by his grandmother, he attended Waltham School and may have had two years of high school. He worked in various labour job. In 1918, he joined the Christchurch Socialist Party and became its president shortly after. In 1919, he joined the Christchurch South branch of the Labour Party. When the Christchurch East branch of the Labour Party was founding in 1922, Macfarlane became its inaugural secretary. In 1925, he became secretary of the North Canterbury Labour Representation Committee; a role he still held in 1938. He was first elected onto Christchurch City Council in 1927 but failed to get re-elected in 1929. In the 1935 general election, he stood in the Christchurch North electorate and got narrowly beaten by Sidney Holland. He regained a seat on Christchurch City Council in a by-election in 1936.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Results
The election was held on Wednesday, 11 May 1938, from 9am to 7pm. The first-past-the-post voting system was used. There were 18 polling booths in Christchurch Central, 19 polling booths across Linwood and Woolston, 23 polling booths across St Albans and Papanui, 33 polling booths across Sydenham and Spreydon, and 1 polling booth in Lyttelton; a total of 94 booths. Macfarlane won the mayoral election over Guthrie.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Results
There were four different bodies elected that day. Apart from the mayoralty people voted for 16 city councillors (33 candidates), 9 hospital board representatives (18 candidates), and 4 Lyttelton Harbour Board representatives (8 candidates). On the city council, the Citizens' Association had held a majority (11 of 16 seats) but this was reversed by the Labour Party, which won 10 of the seats.


1938 Christchurch mayoral election, Aftermath
Macfarlane served a three-year term as mayor and did not stand for re-election as he wanted to serve in WWII. During his mayoralty, he unsuccessfully stood in the 1938 general election but was successful in a 1939 by-election, when he succeeded Ted Howard. Guthrie did not contest further elections but became the president of the local branch of the New Zealand National Party. Guthrie died in 1942. Macfarlane served a further eight years as mayor from 1950 to 1958.


1938 Cincinnati Bearcats football team
The 1938 Cincinnati Bearcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Cincinnati as an independent during the 1938 college football season. The Bearcats were led by first-year head coach Joseph A. Meyer and compiled a 4–5 record.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season
The 1938 Cincinnati Reds season was a season in American baseball. The team finished fourth in the National League with a record of 82–68, 6 games behind the Chicago Cubs.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
During the off-season, Cincinnati hired Bill McKechnie to manage the club. McKechnie had extensive major league experience as a manager, as he most recently managed the Boston Bees from 1930–37, leading the club to a 560–666 over eight seasons. McKechnie also managed the St. Louis Cardinals from 1928–29, leading the team to a 129–88 record and winning the 1928 National League pennant. McKechnie had his most success as manager with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1922–26, as he earned a 409–293 record. McKechnie managed the Pirates to the 1925 National League pennant, and won the 1925 World Series as Pittsburgh defeated the Washington Senators in seven games.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
On October 4, 1937, the Reds released outfielder Kiki Cuyler following the 1937 season. Cuyler spent three seasons in Cincinnati, where he batted .293 with nine home runs, 128 RBI and 30 stolen bases in 323 games.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The Reds sold centerfielder Hub Walker to the Nashville Volunteers of the Southern Association on December 2. In 78 games with the Reds in 1937, Walker hit .249 with one home run and 19 RBI.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The next day, on December 3, the Reds were involved in a trade with the New York Yankees. Cincinnati sent shortstop Eddie Miller and $40,000 to New York for catcher Willard Hershberger. Hershberger batted .325 with five home runs in 96 games with the Newark Bears of the International League during the 1937 season. Following the acquisition of Hershberger, the Reds sold catcher Gilly Campbell to the Montreal Royals of the International League three days later.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
On February 3, the Reds released pitcher Bill Hallahan. Hallahan struggled to a 3–9 record with a 6.14 ERA in 21 games with the Reds during the 1937 season.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
The next day, on February 4, Cincinnati purchased second baseman Lonny Frey from the Chicago Cubs. Frey hit .278 with one home run and 22 RBI in 78 games during his only season with Chicago. Previously, Frey played with the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1933–36, where in his best season in 1935, Frey hit .262 with 11 home runs and 77 RBI in 131 games.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Offseason
In mid-April, the Reds signed pitcher Ray Benge as a free agent. Benge did not play during the 1937 season. In the 1936 season, he earned a record of 8–13 with a 5.49 ERA in 36 games while splitting the season between the Boston Bees and the Philadelphia Phillies. In 1931, Benge enjoyed his best season, as he earned a 14–18 record with a 3.17 ERA in 38 games with the Phillies.


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Cincinnati Reds season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 City of London by-election
The City of London by-election, 1938 was a by-election held on 6 April 1938 for the British House of Commons constituency of City of London, which covered the "Square Mile" which was the United Kingdom's traditional financial district.


1938 City of London by-election
The by-election was caused by the death of one of the City's two Conservative Party Members of Parliament (MPs) Thomas Vansittart Bowater, who had held the seat since a by-election in 1924, having contested the seat in an earlier by-election in 1922.


1938 City of London by-election
The Conservative candidate, Sir George Broadbridge, who had been Lord Mayor of London in 1936, was returned unopposed.


1938 Claxton Shield
The 1938 Claxton Shield was the fifth annual Claxton Shield, an Australian national baseball tournament. It was held at the WACA Ground and Subiaco Oval in Perth from 3 to 13 August, the first time Perth had hosted the Shield. New South Wales won the Shield for the second time, successfully defending their title from the previous year. Hosts Western Australia had their best finish, losing to New South Wales in the final to finish second overall. The other participating teams were Victoria and South Australia.


1938 Claxton Shield, Format
As had been the case in the 1937 tournament, the four teams played a round-robin schedule, meeting each other team once, with two competition points were on offer in each game. The points were awarded as follows:


1938 Claxton Shield, Format
At the end of these preliminary games, the top two teams played each other to determine the champions, while the remaining two teams faced each other to determine third place. In the event of a tie between teams in terms of points, the tiebreaker used would have been the net runs for and against, with the team achieving the greater value placing in the higher position.


1938 Clemson Tigers football team
The 1938 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson College in the Southern Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Jess Neely, the Tigers compiled a 7–1–1 record (3–0–1 against conference opponents), finished second in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 145 to 56.


1938 Clemson Tigers football team
Center Charlie Woods was the team captain. The team's statistical leaders included tailback Bob Bailey with 272 passing yards, fullback Don Willis with 483 rushing yards, and tailback Banks McFadden and wingback Shad Bryant with 30 points scored (each with five touchdowns). McFadden remained with Clemson for more than 40 years as a coach and administrator and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959.


1938 Clemson Tigers football team
Two Clemson players were named to the All-Southern team: end Gus Goins and back Don Willis.


1938 Cleveland Indians season
The 1938 Cleveland Indians season was a season in American baseball. The team finished third in the American League with a record of 86–66, 13 games behind the New York Yankees.


1938 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Cleveland Indians season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Cleveland Rams season
The 1938 Cleveland Rams season was the team's second year with the National Football League and the third season in Cleveland.


1938 Cleveland Rams season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1938 Clinton High School
The 1938 Clinton High School, in Clinton, Louisiana, at 12525 Cedar, was built in 1938. It was designed by architect Herman J. Duncan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.


1938 Clinton High School
It was deemed "significant in the area of social history because it served as the focus of Clinton's community life from its opening in 1938 until 1955, the present fifty year cutoff. Once school consolidation began in East Feliciana in the 1940s, the school played a similar role in the lives of most parish residents."


1938 Colgate Red Raiders football team
The 1938 Colgate Red Raiders football team was an American football team that represented Colgate University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach Andrew Kerr, the team compiled a 2–5 record and was outscored by a total of 63 to 39. Donald Wemple and John Lucy were the team captains. The team played no home games.


1938 College Football All-America Team
The 1938 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1938. The nine selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1938 season are (1) Collier's Weekly, as selected by Grantland Rice, (2) the Associated Press, (3) the United Press, (4) the All-America Board, (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) Liberty magazine, (7) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), (8) Newsweek, and (9) the Sporting News.


1938 College Football All-America Team
Four players were unanimous All-Americans on all of the major All-American teams: TCU quarterback (and 1938 Heisman Trophy winner) Davey O'Brien, Pittsburgh fullback Marshall Goldberg, Michigan guard Ralph Heikkinen and Notre Dame tackle Ed Beinor.


1938 College Football All-America Team, Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1938, the NCAA recognizes nine published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.


1938 Colombian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Colombia on 1 May 1938. Eduardo Santos of the Liberal Party was the only candidate after the Conservative Party decided not to contest the elections, and received 100% of the vote. Voter turnout was only 30.2%. Santos took office on 7 August.


1938 Colorado A&M Aggies football team
The 1938 Colorado A&M Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts—now known as Colorado State University—in the Mountain States Conference (MSC) during the 1938 college football season. In their 28th season under head coach Harry W. Hughes, the Aggies compiled a 1–5–2 record (0–4–2 against MSC opponents), finished last in the MSC, and were outscored by a total of 103 to 37.


1938 Colorado Buffaloes football team
The 1938 Colorado Buffaloes football team was an American football team that represented the University of Colorado during the 1938 college football season. Head coach Bunny Oakes led the team to a 3–2–1 mark in the MSC and 3–4–1 overall. This was the program's first year in the Mountain States Conference.


1938 Colorado gubernatorial election
The 1938 Colorado gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Republican nominee Ralph Lawrence Carr defeated Democratic incumbent Teller Ammons with 59.50% of the vote.


1938 Columbia Lions football team
The 1938 Columbia Lions football team was an American football team that represented Columbia University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In his ninth season, head coach Lou Little led the team to a 3–6 record, though the Lions were only outscored 169 to 167 by opponents.


1938 Columbia Lions football team
The team played its home games at Baker Field in Upper Manhattan.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election
The Combined Scottish Universities by-election, 1938 was a by-election held from 21 to 25 February 1938 for the Combined Scottish Universities, a university constituency of the British House of Commons.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the National Labour Member of Parliament (MP) (and former Prime Minister), Ramsay MacDonald had died on 9 November 1937, aged 71. He had held the seat since the by-election in 1936, having held several other seats since he was first elected to Parliament at the 1906 general election.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, Candidates
The parties in the National Government did not usually stand candidates against each other, and since in this case the seat was held by National Labour, there was no Unionist of National Liberal candidate.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, Candidates
The National Government supported a "National" candidate Sir John Anderson, a former civil servant who had been Governor of Bengal from 1932 to 1937.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, Candidates
The Scottish National Party candidate was Andrew Dewar Gibb, the Regius Professor of Law at Glasgow University who had also contested the by-election in 1936. Two other candidates stood as independents.


1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, Result
The result was a victory for Anderson (the National candidate), won nearly 50% of the votes, the remainder being quite evenly between the other candidates. He held the seat until the university constituencies were abolished for the 1950 general election.


1938 Connecticut State Huskies football team
The 1938 Connecticut State Huskies football team represented Connecticut State College, now the University of Connecticut, in the 1938 college football season. The Huskies were led by fifth-year head coach J. Orlean Christian and completed the season with a record of 4–3.


1938 Connecticut gubernatorial election
The 1938 Connecticut gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Republican nominee Raymond E. Baldwin defeated Democratic incumbent Wilbur Lucius Cross with 36.43% of the vote.


1938 Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election
A Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election (formally the convention of the Liberal-Conservative Association of Ontario) was on December 9, 1938 at the Royal York Hotel in Toronto to replace retiring Conservative leader Earl Rowe, who had resigned after his party lost the 1937 provincial election to Mitchell Hepburn's Liberals.


1938 Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election
Colonel George A. Drew was considered the front-runner leading into the convention and stared down a challenge by "old guard" candidate Earl Lawson, a former MP, who had declared his candidacy the week prior to the convention. Drew's candidacy was considered controversial by some Conservatives as he had quit the party and run as an Independent Conservative in the 1937 provincial election in protest of the pro-labour stance of leader Earl Rowe during the Ontario government's conflict with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in Oshawa.


1938 Constitution of Romania
The 1938 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law of Romania from the time of its adoption until 1940. It formed the legal basis for the royal dictatorship of King Carol II. It replaced the 1923 Constitution.


1938 Constitution of Romania, History
King Carol engineered a self-coup on 10 February 1938 and seized emergency powers. Soon afterward university professor Istrate Micescu began working on a new constitution, based on suggestions from the King. Micescu's draft was made public on 20 February.


1938 Constitution of Romania, History
Four days later, voters were obliged to appear before their local election bureaus and vote verbally (“yes” or “no”) on the charter. Of 4,303,064 who voted, 4,297,581 (99.87%) approved with only 5,483 (0.13%) voting against; silence was deemed to be approval. The constitution was promulgated on 27 February and published in Monitorul Oficial the next day.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Provisions
The document, comprising eight titles and 100 articles, was superficially similar to its predecessor. In practice, however, it was severely authoritarian and corporatist in nature. It codified Carol's emergency powers, turning his reign into a legal dictatorship. It abandoned the principle of separation of powers in favour of royal supremacy. This created a power structure similar to Alexander I of Yugoslavia's royal dictatorship of the previous decade. The rights and freedoms codified in the 1923 Constitution were swept away, at least in practice, by provisions that banned "revolutionary propaganda."


1938 Constitution of Romania, Provisions
The king exercised legislative power through a Parliament elected according to corporatist principles. He exercised executive power through a government that he appointed and dismissed without parliamentary involvement. He could dissolve Parliament at any time and rule by decree, and was the sole person empowered to amend the Constitution.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Provisions
As with the 1923 Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The lower house, the Assembly of Deputies, was to be elected every six years and composed of members of the following professional categories: agriculture and manual labour; industry and commerce; intellectual occupations.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Provisions
Deputies were elected in single-member districts, by secret and compulsory ballot; districts were drawn so as to assure adequate representation based on voters’ professions. The upper house, the Senate, was composed of members appointed by the King, members by right and members elected in single districts (in the same manner as Assembly members). The proportion of appointed and elected members was equal, while senators by right had to meet the same conditions as set out in the 1923 Constitution. Appointed and elected senators had nine-year terms, while one-third of senators’ terms were renewed every three years.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Provisions
In December, the National Renaissance Front was formed as the only legally permitted party.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Suspension
On 5 September 1940, King Carol signed a decree, titled “For the investment with full powers of the president of the Council of Ministers and the restriction of royal prerogatives”, which transferred his authoritarian powers to General Ion Antonescu. The 1938 Constitution was suspended and parliament dissolved. Antonescu formed the National Legionary State in alliance with the Iron Guard. He did not convene a parliament and ruled the country by decree even after breaking his alliance with the Guard in 1941.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Suspension
King Michael ousted Antonescu on 23 August 1944, and a constitutional and transitional regime was established until a Constituent Assembly could meet to draft a new constitution, until which time a few provisions of the cancelled 1866 and 1923 constitutions were applied.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Suspension
On 15 July 1946, the Petru Groza government issued a decree that bore a constitutional character, which abolished the Senate and established a unicameral system (the Assembly of Deputies) and granted universal suffrage to all citizens over 21, including women.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Suspension
On 30 December 1947, after King Michael’s abdication, Parliament adopted a constitutional law that proclaimed the Romanian People’s Republic and abrogated “the Constitution of 1866 as modified on 29 March 1923 and 1 September 1944”.


1938 Constitution of Romania, Suspension
Until the 1948 Constitution was adopted, legislative power was in the hands of the Assembly of Deputies that met following the 1946 elections, while the executive was composed of a five-member presidium elected by the Assembly: Constantin Ion Parhon, Mihail Sadoveanu, Ştefan Voitec, Ion Niculi and Gheorghe Stere.


1938 Coogee state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Coogee on 25 June 1938 because of the death of United Australia Party member John Dunningham.


1938 Copa Aldao
The 1938 Copa Aldao was the final match to decide the winner of the Copa Aldao, the 11th. edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Uruguayan club Peñarol (which played its third consecutive final) and Argentine club Independiente.


1938 Copa Aldao
The match was played at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, where Independiente beat Peñarol 3–1, winning its first Copa Aldao Trophy.


1938 Coppa Italia Final
The 1938 Coppa Italia Final was the final of the 1937–38 Coppa Italia. The match was played over two legs on 1 and 8 May 1938 between Torino and Juventus. Juventus won 5–2 on aggregate.


1938 Cork Grand Prix
The 1938 Cork Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Carrigrohane to the west of Cork city in Ireland on 23 April 1938. The 200-mile race was run over more than 30 laps of a six-mile circuit. It was won by the French driver René Dreyfus in a Delahaye car, with second place going to Prince Bira in a Maserati.


1938 Cork Grand Prix
The course ran along the Carrigrohane Straight to Victoria Cross, turned right towards Dennehy's Cross, from there on to Model Farm Road, and west towards eastern outskirts of Ballincollig. This back stretch finished at the Poulavone hairpin bend, before passing "Hell Hole Corner", and back onto the Carrigrohane Straight. The race was watched by an estimated 70,000 spectators, with participants reportedly representing 12 countries.


1938 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1938 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 29th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909.


1938 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
Blarney won the championship following a 1-04 to 1-00 defeat of St. Anne's in the final. This was their second championship title overall and their second title in succession.


1938 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
The 1938 Cork Junior Hurling Championship was the 41st staging of the Cork Junior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board.


1938 Cork Junior Hurling Championship
On 5 December 1938, Brian Dillons won the championship following a 5–02 to 3–03 defeat of Cloughduv in the final at Coachford Sportsfield. It remains their only championship title.


1938 Cork Senior Football Championship
The 1938 Cork Senior Football Championship was the 50th staging of the Cork Senior Football Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887.


1938 Cork Senior Football Championship
On 27 November 1938, St. Nicholas' won the championship following a 2-01 to 0-02 defeat of Clonakilty in the final. This was their first championship title.


1938 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
The 1938 Cork Senior Hurling Championship was the 50th staging of the Cork Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1887. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place at the Cork Convention on 30 January 1938. The championship began on 13 March 1938 and ended on 16 October 1938.


1938 Cork Senior Hurling Championship
On 16 October 1938, Glen Rovers won the championship following a 5-06 to 1-03 defeat of Midleton in the final. This was their fifth championship title and the fifth of eight successive championships.