1934 Southwestern Lynx football team
The 1934 Southwestern Lynx football team was an American football team that represented Southwestern University—now known as Rhodes College— as a member of the Dixie Conference and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) in the 1934 college football season. Led by Jimmy R. Haygood in fourth and final season as head coach, the team compiled an overall record of 3–6–1 and with a mark of 1–3–1 in Dixie Conference play and 1–1–1 against SIAA competition.


1934 Spanish Grand Prix
The 1934 Spanish Grand Prix (formally the IX Gran Premio de España) was a Grand Prix motor race, which was run on 23 September 1934 in  Lasarte, Spain. The race lasted 519.45km (17.32km x 30 laps). It was the 9th running of the Spanish Grand Prix.


1934 Speedway National League
The 1934 National League Division One was the sixth season of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain. It was also the first time that a second division/tier of racing was introduced following the creation of a reserves league.


1934 Speedway National League, Summary
Birmingham Bulldogs (formerly Hall Green) and Lea Bridge rejoined the league. Sheffield dropped out and most of their team relocated to Lea Bridge. Clapton Saints, who rode at Lea Bridge's stadium in the previous season relocated and raced as Harringay Tigers for the first time. Crystal Palace relocated to New Cross. Coventry  and Nottingham also dropped out.


1934 Speedway National League, Summary
Lea Bridge closed down in late July and were replaced by a new side at Walthamstow who took on their last 10 fixtures.


1934 Speedway National League, Summary
Belle Vue Aces won their second consecutive double of national title and Knockout Cup. They also completed the treble by winning the A.C.U Cup. Eric Langton of Belle Vue Aces finished with the highest average.


1934 Speedway National League, Top Ten Riders
In the 1934 season, a league for reserves and junior riders was introduced. This wasn't continued in 1935. West Ham Reserves won the reserve league dropping just one point in 12 matches.


1934 Speedway National League, National Trophy
The 1934 National Trophy was the fourth edition of the Knockout Cup.


1934 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Belle Vue were National Trophy Champions, winning on aggregate 164-87.


1934 Speedway National League, A.C.U Cup
The 1934 Auto-Cycle Union Cup was the first edition of the Cup.


1934 Spring Hill Badgers football team
The 1934 Spring Hill Badgers football team was an American football team that represented Spring Hill College as a member of the Dixie Conference during the 1934 college football season. In Mike Donahue's first and only season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 4–5 overall with a mark of 0–4 in conference play, placing last out of nine teams in the Dixie Conference.


1934 St. Louis Browns season
The 1934 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 6th in the American League with a record of 67 wins and 85 losses.


1934 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1934 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1934 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 53rd season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 43rd season in the National League. The Cardinals went 95–58 during the season and finished first in the National League. St. Louis won 18 of their last 23 games to overtake the New York Giants the last two days of the season. In the World Series, they defeated the Detroit Tigers in seven games, winning the last 11–0.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Pitcher Dizzy Dean won the MVP Award this year, with 30 wins, 195 strikeouts, and a 2.66 ERA. He was also named the Associated Press Athlete of the Year.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, The Gashouse Gang
The Gashouse Gang was a nickname applied to the Cardinals team of 1934. The Cardinals, by most accounts, earned this nickname from the team's generally very shabby appearance and rough-and-tumble tactics. An opponent once stated that the Cardinals players usually went into the field in unwashed, dirty, and smelly uniforms, which alone spread horror among their rivals.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, The Gashouse Gang
According to one account, scrappy shortstop Leo Durocher coined the term. He and his teammates were speaking derisively of the American League, and the consensus was that the Redbirds – should they prevail in the National League race – would handle whoever won the AL pennant. "Why, they wouldn't even let us in that league over there", Durocher, who had played for the New York Yankees, observed. "They think we're just a bunch of gashousers."


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, The Gashouse Gang
The phrase "gas house" referred to plants that manufactured town gas for lighting and cooking from coal, which were common fixtures in US cities prior to the widespread use of natural gas. The plants were noted for their foul smell and were typically located near railroad yards in the poorest neighborhood in the city.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, The Gashouse Gang
Led by playing manager Frankie Frisch and the hard-nosed Durocher, as well as stars like Joe Medwick, Ripper Collins, Pepper Martin, Bill DeLancey and brothers Dizzy and Paul Dean, the '34 Cardinals won 95 games, the NL pennant, and the World Series in seven games over the Detroit Tigers.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, The Gashouse Gang
The team featured five regulars who hit at least .300, a 30-game winner in Dizzy Dean (the last National League pitcher to win 30 games in a single season, and the last pitcher in Major League Baseball to do so until Denny McLain accomplished the feat for the 1968 Detroit Tigers), and four All-Stars, including player-manager Frisch. Not among the All-Stars was Collins, the first baseman who led the team in 16 offensive categories, with stats like a .333 batting average, a .615 slugging percentage, 35 home runs, and 128 runs batted in.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, 1934 World Series
In the World Series, the Cards and Tigers split the first two games in Detroit, and the Tigers took two of the next three in St. Louis. St. Louis proceeded to win the next two, including an 11–0 embarrassment of the Tigers in Detroit to win the Series. The stars for the Cardinals were Medwick, who had a .379 batting average with one of St. Louis' two home runs and a series-high five RBI, and the Dean brothers, who combined for all four of the teams wins with 28 strikeouts and a minuscule 1.43 earned run average.


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, 1934 World Series
NL St. Louis Cardinals (4) vs. AL Detroit Tigers (3)


1934 St. Louis Cardinals season, Farm system
Central League folded, June 10, 1934; Paris franchise transferred to Lufkin and renamed, June 27


1934 St. Louis Gunners season
The 1934 St. Louis Gunners season was their sole season in the league. The team won its first game before losing its final two.


1934 St. Louis Gunners season
On August 8, 1934, before the start of the NFL season, St. Louis purchased the NFL's Cincinnati Reds for $20,000. However, the Gunners needed the other league owners to approve the sale. Only then would the Gunners be official members. On August 17, the other owners decided to reject the Gunners bid to buy the Reds, probably because St. Louis was too far removed from the rest of the clubs, all in the Northeast, and yearly trips there would have increased travel expenses. Meanwhile the Gunners declined membership into the minor league American Football League.


1934 St. Louis Gunners season
As a result, the new league decided to form the St. Louis Blues. Gunners GM Bud Yates was credited with founding the team. The Blues even lured Dick Frahm away from the Gunners and even took over the lease of Public Schools Stadium. As a result, the Gunners moved their home games to Sportsman's Park. Meanwhile Chile Walsh became the team's fourth head coach in four years.


1934 St. Louis Gunners season
The Gunners started their 1934 season, 5–0 against several semi-pro teams. The team was searching desperately for decent teams to compete against. However on November 6, 1934, the NFL finally approved the sale of the Cincinnati Reds to St. Louis for $20,000 – $30,000. The Gunners were now officially members of the NFL and were invited to play the Reds last 3 games of the 1934 NFL season. The Blues then moved to Kansas City two days later in order to avoid fighting the Gunners for control of the St. Louis fanbase.


1934 St. Louis Gunners season, Standings
Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.


1934 Stanford Indians football team
The 1934 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1934 college football season. In head coach Tiny Thornill's second season, the Indians allowed only 14 points during the entire regular season, logged seven shutout victories, and were undefeated in the Pacific Coast Conference. The team represented the conference in the Rose Bowl, losing to Alabama, 29–13.


1934 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1934 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the Chicago Black Hawks and the Detroit Red Wings. It was the Red Wings' first appearance in the Finals, and Chicago's second, after 1931. The Black Hawks won the best-of-five series 3–1 to win their first Stanley Cup.


1934 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Detroit defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 3–2 in a best-of-five series to reach the Finals. Chicago defeated the Montreal Canadiens 4—3 and Montreal Maroons 6—2 in two game total-goals series to reach the Finals.


1934 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Chicago's Chuck Gardiner would limit Detroit to just two goals in Chicago's three victories, including a shutout in the final game which went to double overtime. It was Mr. Gardiner's last game as he would die of a brain hemorrhage after the season.


1934 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1934 Stanley Cup was presented to Black Hawks captain Charlie Gardiner by NHL President Frank Calder following the Black Hawks 1–0 double overtime win over the Red Wings in game four.


1934 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Black Hawks players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1934 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving, Coaching and administrative staff
† Left off Stanley Cup but included on the Stanley Cup picture. ††- Included on the mid-season picture, but missing from the Stanley Cup, and Stanley Cup picture.


1934 Star Riders' Championship
The 1934 Star Riders' Championship was decided on a knockout basis over nine heats.


1934 Star Riders' Championship, Final, Heat Details
Heat 1 : Langton, Johnson, Parker, SharpHeat 2 : Jackson, Wilkinson, Arthur, WatsonHeat 3 : Lees, Case, Rye, WottonHeat 4 : Newton, Haigh, HarrisonHeat 5 : Croombs, Chapman, Murphy


1934 Star Riders' Championship, Final, Heat Details
Semi-final 1: Langton, Jackson, CaseSemi-final 2: Lees, Johnson, NewtonSemi-final 3: Parker, Croombs, Harrison


1934 State of the Union Address
The 1934 State of the Union Address was given on Wednesday, January 3, 1934, by the 32nd president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was the first State of the Union address to be given in January.


1934 State of the Union Address, Quotations
Now that we are definitely in the process of recovery, lines have been rightly drawn between those to whom this recovery means a return to old methods—and the number of these people is small—and those for whom recovery means a reform of many old methods, a permanent readjustment of many of our ways of thinking and therefore of many of our social and economic arrangements...


1934 State of the Union Address, Quotations
Civilization cannot go back; civilization must not stand still. We have undertaken new methods. It is our task to perfect, to improve, to alter when necessary, but in all cases to go forward. To consolidate what we are doing, to make our economic and social structure capable of dealing with modern life is the joint task of the legislative, the judicial, and the executive branches of the national Government.


1934 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1934 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 13th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. AIK won the championship.


1934 Swindon by-election
The Swindon by-election of 1934 was held on 25 October 1934. The by-election was held due to the appointment as county court judge of the incumbent Conservative MP, Reginald Mitchell Banks. It was won by the Labour candidate Christopher Addison.


1934 Swiss Grand Prix
The 1934 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race run to the 750 kg formula, held over 70 laps of Circuit Bremgarten, near Bern, on 26 August 1934. It was supported earlier in the day by the voiturette-class Prix de Berne, held over 15 laps of the same circuit. The main event was won by Hans Stuck in an Auto Union, who led the race from the start. While Stuck's pole position had been earned by setting the fastest lap time in practice, starting positions following the German were decided by ballot. The voiturette race was won by Dick Seaman driving an MG, having started from the ninth row of the grid. The meeting was marred by the fatal accident of British driver Hugh Hamilton on the final lap of the Grand Prix.


1934 Swiss public order referendum
A referendum on public order was held in Switzerland on 11 March 1934. Voters were asked whether they approved of a federal law on maintaining public order. The proposal was rejected by 53.8% of voters.


1934 Swiss public order referendum, Background
The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons.


1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident
On 27 July 1934, a Swissair Curtiss AT-32C Condor II passenger aircraft crashed near Tuttlingen, Germany, while flying through a thunderstorm. All twelve people on board were killed. It was the worst air crash in 1934 and Swissair's first aviation accident since its founding in 1931.


1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident, Aircraft and occupants
The aircraft involved in the accident, registered CH-170, was a Curtiss AT-32C Condor II, a variant of the standard T-32 developed specifically for Swiss flag carrier Swissair, which was its only operator. CH-170 had entered service on 28 March 1934 and, at the time of the accident, had only been in service for four months. The cabin was configured with seating for up to 15 people.


1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident, Aircraft and occupants
The aircraft's flight attendant, Nelly Diener, also known as the Engel der Lüfte ("Angel of the Skies"), is notable for being Europe's first air stewardess. She had been working for Swissair since 1 May 1934. The other two crew members were the pilot, Armin Mühlematter, and the radio navigator, Hans Daschinger. On the fatal flight, there were nine passengers aboard.


1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident, Accident
The aircraft departed Zurich for Berlin, with stopovers in Stuttgart and Leipzig. Shortly after crossing the Swiss-German border, the aircraft, cruising at an altitude of about 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), encountered a thunderstorm, and while flying through it, experienced turbulence. The right wing eventually broke off; the plane fell into a forest near Tuttlingen, exploding into flames on impact.


1934 Swissair Tuttlingen accident, Investigation
Investigators found that oscillations in the wing had caused a stress fracture, the severity of which was exacerbated by the violent weather conditions in which the aircraft was flying. German investigators, however, determined that one fracture formed in the wing and engine mount structure due to defective construction and welding techniques in conjunction with the engine vibrations, while a second fracture resulted from the force of the turbulence in the storm.


1934 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1934 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1934 college football season. The Orangemen were led by fifth-year head coach Vic Hanson and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York.


1934 São Paulo FC season
The 1934 football season was São Paulo's 5th season since club's existence.


1934 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1934 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1934 college football season. The Horned Frogs finished the season 8–4 overall and 3–3 in the Southwest Conference. The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his first year as head coach. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1934 Tasmanian state election
The 1934 Tasmanian state election was held on 9 June 1934 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates.


1934 Tasmanian state election
The Nationalist Party won a huge victory in the 1931 election, but Premier of Tasmania John McPhee had resigned due to health problems, and the Nationalists were led into the 1934 election by former Premier Walter Lee. The Labor Party were led by Albert Ogilvie, who had managed to heal some of the rifts in the Labor Party that had contributed to their election loss in 1931.


1934 Tasmanian state election
Labor regained much of their ground in the 1934 election, winning 14 seats compared to the Nationalists' 13 (although the Nationalists had received more votes), not enough to govern in a majority. Three seats were won by Independent candidates, and it was only through the support of one of these (George Carruthers, an ex-Labor man and proponent of the Douglasite Social Credit concept), that Labor was able to form government, with Ogilvie as Premier.


1934 Tasmanian state election
Labor began an uninterrupted 35 year rule over Tasmania until 1969, which marks the longest stretch of continuous Labor rule in any state or territory in its history.


1934 Temple Owls football team
The 1934 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1934 college football season. In its second season under head coach Pop Warner, the team compiled a 7–0–2 record in the regular season before losing to Tulane in the 1935 Sugar Bowl. In all 10 games, the Owls outscored opponents by a total of 220 to 57. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1934 Temple Owls football team
The team featured one of the best backfields in school history in "Dynamite Dave" Smukler, Glenn Frey, Danny Tester, and Wilfred H. Longsderff. Smukler was selected by the Associated Press as the third-team fullback on the 1934 All-America college football team.


1934 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1934 Tennessee Volunteers (variously Tennessee, UT, or the Vols) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1934 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland, in his ninth year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of eight wins and two losses (8–2 overall, 5–1 in the SEC).


1934 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1934 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Democrat Hill McAlister defeated Independent Lewis S. Pope with 61.78% of the vote.


1934 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1934 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1934 college football season.


1934 Texas College Steers football team
The 1934 Texas College Steers football team was an American football team that represented Texas College as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1934 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Ace Mumford, the team compiled an overall record of 94–0–1 record with a conference mark of 4–0–1, winning the SWAC title.


1934 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1934 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1934 college football season.


1934 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1934 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as the University of Texas at El Paso) as an independent during the 1934 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Mack Saxon, the team compiled a 4–4 record and outscored opponents by a total of 132 to 104.


1934 Texas Tech Matadors football team
The 1934 Texas Tech Matadors football team represented Texas Tech University in the Border Conference during the 1934 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach Pete Cawthon, the Matadors compiled a 7–2–1 record (1–0 against conference opponents) and outscored opponents by a combined total of 192 to 84. The team played its home games at Tech Field.


1934 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1934 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1934 college football season. Tatum Gressette served as head coach for the third season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1934 Thrace pogroms
The 1934 Thrace pogroms (Turkish: Trakya Olayları, Ladin: Furtuna/La Furtuna, "Thrace incidents" or "Thrace events") refers to a series of violent attacks against Jewish citizens of Turkey in June and July 1934 in the Thrace region of Turkey. According to Corry Guttstadt, a "crucial factor" behind the events was the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law passed by the Turkish Assembly on 14 June 1934.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Background
Some have argued the acts were initiated by the articles produced by Pan-Turkist ideologists like Cevat Rıfat Atilhan and Faik Kurdoğlu in Millî İnkılâp (National Revolution) magazine and Nihal Atsız in Orhun magazine. One researcher accepted Atilhan's role, but argued that Atsız doesn't have any possibility to interfere in such an act, as Orhun involved only two articles about Jews and both of them were published after Atsız resettled to İstanbul.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Pogrom
The incidents preceding the pogrom has started in Çanakkale on the second half of June 1934. The pogroms occurred in Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli, and Çanakkale, and were motivated by anti-Semitism.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Pogrom
It was followed by vandalizing of Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and spread to a few other villages in Eastern Thrace region and to some small cities in Western Aegean region. At the height of violent events, it was rumoured that a rabbi was stripped naked and was dragged through the streets shamefully while his daughter was raped.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Pogrom
The government of Mustafa Kemal failed to stop the pogrom. In the context of the 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, foreign diplomats of the time saw the government as implicitly supporting the Thrace pogrom in order to facilitate the relocation of the Jewish population.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Pogrom
Haaretz reports that according to the historian Corry Guttstadt, “the Turkish authorities had apparently opted for the strategy of putting the Jews under such pressure with boycott activities and anonymous threats ‘from the population’ that they would leave the area ‘voluntarily.’” Further, according to historian Rifat Bali that the incitement against Jews was common in the press at the time and this contributed to the violence.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Aftermath
Over 15,000 Jewish citizens of Turkey had to flee from the region.


1934 Thrace pogroms, Further reading
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1934 Thrace pogroms, Further reading
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1934 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1934 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 43rd staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1934 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Moycarkey-Borris won the championship after a 3–06 to 2–03 win over Kiladangan-Kilbarron in the final. It was the club's fourth title as Moycarkey-Borris but the eighth title to be claimed by a team representing the area.


1934 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1934 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Ohio Athletic Conference during the 1934 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Jim Nicholson, the Rockets compiled a 5–3 record.


1934 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1934 Toronto Argonauts season was the 48th season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished tied for second place in the Big Four with a 3–2–1 record, failing by a single point to qualify for the playoffs and defend their 1933 Grey Cup championship.


1934 Toronto Argonauts season, Preseason
In the fourth annual City Championship preseason competition, the Argos reached the final and defeated St. Michael's College to claim the Reg DeGruchy Memorial Trophy for the third straight year.


1934 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on January 1, 1934. William James Stewart easily won reelection to his fourth term as mayor. This election also marked a major reduction in the size of city council. Previously each ward had elected three members, starting this year each ward had only two representatives.


1934 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
William James Stewart had been elected mayor in 1931, and was running in his fourth election. His nearest competitor was Alderman H.L. Rogers.


1934 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
For the second election in a row the membership of the Board of Control remained unchanged. Only the order the members were returned altered. One notable candidate was Alice Buck, wife of imprisoned Communist leader Tim Buck.


1934 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the January 2, 1934 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1934 Tour de France
The 1934 Tour de France was the 28th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 3 to 29 July. It consisted of 23 stages over 4,470 km (2,778 mi). The race was won by Antonin Magne, who had previously won the 1931 Tour de France. The French team was dominant, holding the yellow jersey for the entire race and winning most of the stages. Every member of the French team won at least one stage.


1934 Tour de France
French cyclist René Vietto rose to prominence by winning the mountains classification, but even more by giving up his own chances for the Tour victory by giving first his front wheel and later his bicycle to his team captain Magne.


1934 Tour de France
The 1934 Tour de France saw the introduction of the split stage and the individual time trial. Stage 21 was split into two parts, and the second part was an individual time trial, the first one in the history of the Tour de France.


1934 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The major introduction in 1934 was the introduction of the individual time trial (ITT). There had been time-trial like stages before in the Tour de France, but they had been run as a team time trial. Since the format of the Tour de France changed in 1930 from trade teams to national teams, the Tour organisation had to pay for the housing, travel and feeding for the cyclists. The organisation received the money from the sales of l'Auto, the newspaper that organised the Tour. l'Auto was a morning newspaper, while one of its competitors, Paris-Soir, was an evening paper.


1934 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
Paris-Soir was also following the race, and was able to publish the results the same day, while l'Auto had to wait for the next day, publishing old news. To counter this, the stages in the Tour de France had started later, so they would end after Paris-Soir had to print their newspapers. The Paris-Soir sports editor had countered this by starting his own race, the Grand Prix des Nations, run as an ITT. The first edition in 1932 was not received well by the cyclists, but from 1933 on it was a success.


1934 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The tour director Henri Desgrange saw the success of the French cyclists in the Grand Prix des Nations, and adapted the individual time trial format in the Tour. Not all cyclists were happy with the ITT. René Vietto, a climber, said it was a dull test of horsepower, while a bike race should also test the head. Other cyclists said the ITT would negate the effect of good teamwork.


1934 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The bonification system from the 1933 Tour de France was slightly reduced: now the winner of a stage received 90 seconds bonification, and the second cyclist 45 seconds. In addition to this, the winner of the stage received a bonification equal to the difference between him and the second-placed cyclists, with a maximum of two minutes. This same bonification system was applied on mountain summits that counted for the mountains classification.


1934 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In 1933, there had been 40 touriste-routiers, cyclist not competing in a national team, but in 1934 this was reduced to 20. In previous years, these touriste-routiers had to supply their own material and arrange their own hotels; in 1934, the conditions improved and touriste-routiers were given the same treatment as the riders in national teams.


1934 Tour de France, Teams
As was the custom since the 1930 Tour de France, the 1934 Tour de France was contested by national teams. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France each sent teams of 8 cyclists each, while Switzerland and Spain sent a combined team of eight cyclists. In addition, there were 20 individual cyclists; other than in 1933, they were no longer racing under the nomer "touriste-routier" but as "individuel". In total this made 60 cyclists.


1934 Tour de France, Pre-race favourites
The French team of 1934 consisted of all good riders, with the core of the team being the winner of 1933, Georges Speicher, Roger Lapébie, former winner Antonin Magne and Maurice Archambaud, who had performed well in 1933. The French selectors were criticized for selecting René Vietto, a twenty-year-old rider who had only won some small races. The Italian team now included Giuseppe Martano, who had ridden as a touriste-routier in 1933. The Belgian team, which normally included some big contenders, was lackluster.


1934 Tour de France, Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,556 m (8,386 ft) at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 7.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
The first stage was won by 1933 winner Speicher, and again wore the yellow jersey. In the second stage, he lost his lead as there was a split, with Speicher in the second part and Magne in the leading group, and Magne took over the leading position.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fifth stage, Le Grevès and Speicher finished close together. After examining the photo finish, both cyclists shared the time bonus, although Le Grevès was named winner.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
After stage six, before the heavy climbing in the alps, Magne was leading with almost 8 minutes on second-placed Martano. In the alps, Vietto was the best. He won stages 7 and 9, and climbed to third place in the general classification, half an hour behind Magne. Had he not lost 40 minutes in the first two stages due to flat tires, he would have been the leader of the race. Martano had been able to reduce the margin to Magne to 125 seconds.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
The stages 12 to 14, between the Alps and the Pyrenees, were won by French cyclists, without important changes in the general classification. In the fifteenth stage, Magne attacked on an early climb, but Martano did not drop. The big climb of the day was the Puymorens, and Vietto lead while Magne and Martano followed. On the way down, Magne crashed on a pothole, and broke the wooden rim of his front wheel. Martano saw his chances, and raced away. Magne asked Vietto for his bicycle, but Vietto only gave him his front wheel.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
Magne's frame had been bent in the crash, so when Speicher, the next French cyclist, showed up, Magne took Speicher's bicycle. Vietto had to wait several minutes to get a replacing front wheel, and lost all chances for the stage victory. A photographer was present to take a picture of Vietto, weeping with a bike without a front wheel. When this picture was published, the cycling world was touched, and newspapers proclaimed him "Le Roi René" (King René).


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
In the sixteenth stage, things got worse for Vietto. He was first over the first two mountains, with his team leader Magne and Martano closely following. On the descent of the Portet d'Aspet, Magne crashed again, and broke his rear wheel. Vietto was unaware of this, and continued. When he was down, a Tour course marshall informed him that his team leader had crashed. Lapébie was far ahead, and all the other French cyclists were far behind, so Magne was without support. Vietto then turned around, and rode back up the mountain. When he reached Magne, Magne took Vietto's bicycle.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
Magne rode down, reached Lapébie who had waited for him, and together they caught Martano. Vietto had to wait for the service car to bring him a new bicycle, and finally finished four minutes behind Magne, Martano and Lapébie. Vietto was not happy with what had happened, and he said that Magne did not know how to ride, and that Lapébie should not have been so far ahead. Magne on the other hand was grateful for what Vietto and Lapébie did.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
In the seventeenth stage, Magne was able to get away from Martano who broke his frame, and finished 13 minutes ahead of thim while winning the stage. Magne now lead with almost 20 minutes. In the eighteenth stage, Magne lost four minutes to Martano. It could have been more, had not Vietto and Lapébie collected the time bonuses on the mountains and the finish.


1934 Tour de France, Race overview
In the next flat stages, nothing really changed the general classification except the individual time trial in stage 21. Magne won there, increasing the margin to Martano by 8 minutes. Vietto had won back enough time to end in fifth place in the general classification, and won the mountains classification. Magne had ridden consistently in the entire Tour, and had benefitted from his team support. He won his second Tour de France, the fifth in a row for France.


1934 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1934 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the mountains classification, 14 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point.


1934 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the fifth time, there was a team competition, this time won by the French team. The team classification was calculated in 1934 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. The fifth national team that started, the Belgian team, finished with only two cyclists, so according to the rules in 1934 they were no longer eligible for the team classification.


1934 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
Fourth-placed Félicien Vervaecke became the winner of the "individuals" category. This classification was calculated in the same way as the general classification, but only the cyclists riding as individuals were eligible.


1934 Tour de France, Aftermath
The individual time trial that was introduced in 1934 was a success, and has been used since then in almost every year.


1934 Tour de France, Aftermath
René Vietto, who had sacrificed his Tour chances for his team leader Magne, was convinced that he could have won the Tour instead.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12
The 1934 Tour de France was the 28th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris on 3 July and Stage 12 occurred on 16 July with a flat stage to Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 29 July.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 1
The first stage of the 1934 Tour de France was run on a very hot day, which handicapped the Belgian and North-French cyclists, who were not as used to the heat as the cyclists from Spain, Italy and Southern France. Early in the stage, Georges Speicher tried to escape, but he was caught back by the Italian cyclists. Later, Roger Lapébie and Giovanni Cazzulani escaped, and they created a gap of one minute, but the peloton increased speed and managed to get back to them. After the race passed Beauvais, the cyclists increased their speed further.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 1
A group escaped, including Spanish cyclists Mariano Canardo and Luciano Montero, but that escape was also not successful. Before the hills of Doulens, the peloton regrouped. At that moment, a new escape was started by Félicien Vervaecke, Adriano Vignoli and Vasco Bergamaschi. The French team was weakened at that moment: Francis Pélissier had spent too much energy and was delayed, and Maurice Archambaud suffered from the heat, although he did recuperate and managed to get back to the leading riders. Speicher, who had been without teammates, had been helped by Le Goff, who rode as an individual. After the hills of Doulens, a head group of eight cyclists was formed. Some cyclists got back to the head group, but two kilometres from the end, it was back again to a group of eight cyclists, and the winner was decided by a sprint, won by Georges Speicher.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 2
The second stage, run in Northern France in colder weather than the first stage, was through to end up in a victory for a Belgian cyclist. They could not live up to this expectation however, and the Italian team proved stronger. Although Raffaele di Paco had to give up during this stage, the other Italian cyclists were constantly attacking. Speicher, the leader of the general classification, could not keep up, and halfway the stage was already more than three minutes behind.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 2
The Italian cyclists kept the speed up, and in the end of the stage, a group of eleven cyclists was more than fifteen minutes ahead of the next group, including Georges Speicher, Roger Lapébie, Charles Pélissier and Maurice Archambaud, four important cyclists of the French team. The French team still had René Le Grevès, Antonin Magne and Raymond Louviot in the first group. Le Grevès won the sprint for the stage victory, and Magne took over the lead in the general classification.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 3
In the third stage, the cyclists were reserving energy for the fourth stage, in which the first mountain would show up. The riders started without Belgian cyclist Gaston Rebry; he had finished in the second stage outside of the time limit, together with Spaniard Luciano Montero, and although the tour direction allowed them to start again in the third stage, Rebry did not take that chance. The peloton kept together for a long time, and started to race only after they had passed Longuyon.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 3
The Belgian Frans Dictus tried to escape, but the French cyclists Louviot and Lapebie reeled him back in. Romain Maes tried to get away a few times, but finally a group of fifteen cyclists was formed, who arrived in Metz first, followed by the other important cyclists in less than one minute. The sprint was won by Lapébie. After the stage, the Belgian Romain Maes, who finished in second place, complained about the other Belgian cyclists, saying that they were more concerned about their own standings than about their teammates, and that they did not race as a team.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 4
In the fourth stage, the first mountain counted towards the mountains classification was climbed, the Ballon d'Alsace. Initially after the race started, German Buse escaped, but he was quickly caught back, and nothing happened for a long time, and the pelotón rode as if they were a group of tourists. Around Remiremont, where the landscape became more mountainous, the first real escape took place, with the French cyclist Le Grevès and the Belgian Félicien Vervaecke. Many cyclists suffered on the hills, and an autobus was quickly formed.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 4
When the Ballon d'Ascace was to be climbed, Le Grevès and Vervaecke were still leading the race. After Le Grevès could not keep up with Vervaecke anymore, Vervaecke went solo. Vervaecke reached the top first, and collected 10 points for the mountains classification, and also two minutes bonification time for the general classification. The next cyclist was Vicente Trueba, 1'43" behind.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 4
Vervaecke kept his lead, descending the Ballon d'Alsace. Behind him, the cyclists regrouped, and the leader of the general classification, Magne, was in this group. This group worked together to get Vervaecke back. Four kilometres from the finish, Vervaecke had an advantage of 800 metres, but with only 1500 metres to go, Vervaecke fell down and was captured by the pursuing group. In the sprint, Lapébie took the victory, the fourth French victory in four days. Magne, who finished in the lead group, kept leading the general classification, and extended his margin to 6'40". The team classification was still led by the French team, and Vervaecke became the first leader of the mountains classification.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 5
Directly after the start of the fifth stage, German Buse tried to escape, just as he had tried the day before. He was joined by Cazzulani, and they created a gap of 300 metres, but were quickly reeled in the peloton. The peloton rode fast, as they ascended the first hill of the day, the Saint-Hyppolyte (not counting towards the mountains classification). Some cyclists could not keep up with on the way up, but many of them were able to regroup on the descent. It was extremely hot, so the main group slowed down, and everybody was able to regroup.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 5
Nobody escaped on the Savin, a hill of 900 metres, and on the Faucille, 1350 metres high but with smooth slopes, also nobody escaped. Some cyclists fell out at the back, and when the race reached Geneva, the group consisted of about 20 cyclists. Swiss riders Erne, Büchi and Stettler were allowed to enter Geneva first, and they were cheered by the Swiss spectators. The group reached Evian together, and in the sprint, French cyclists Le Grevès and Speicher crossed the line together. The tour direction could not decide who was the winner, so they were both declared winner of the stage.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 5
The day after the fifth stage was a rest day.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 6
Early in the sixth stage, the Aravis was climbed, the second mountain that counted towards the mountains classification. Vervaecke improved his lead in that classification by reaching the top first. The stage was won by Georges Speicher, who won the sprint of a lead group that included all the favourites.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 7
In the seventh stage, the cyclists remained together in the first half. When the cyclists were given their food, a group of four cyclists (Louviot, Morelli, Salazard and Speicher) quickly got theirs, and escaped from the peloton. On the foot of the Telegraph, they were one minute ahead of the next followers, Ezquerra and Vignoli. When Louviot and Salazard got off their bicycles to change gears, Morelli and Speicher continued. Shortly after, Speicher also stopped to change gears, and Morelli went through alone, but he quickly found out that this was a mistake.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 7
The four cyclists were then all overtaken by Ezquerra and Vietto, who are duelling to reach the top first. Ezquerra then escaped from Vietto, and reached the top 1 minute and 12 seconds before Vietto. As the cyclists descended the mountain, Vietto was able to get back to Ezquerra. Together they reached the Galibier, and climbed together. Vietto and Ezquerra were being followed by a group led by Trueba. Magne, who was 6 minutes ahead of Ezquerra in the general classification, was also in that group, trailing by 3 minutes.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 7
Close to the top of the Galibier, Vietto was dropped by Ezquerra, who reached the top first. For this, Ezquerra received a prize of 5000 francs. Because Vervaecke reached the top in eighth place, Ezquerra took over the leading position in the mountains classification. On the way down from the Galibier, Vietto again caught Ezquerra, and together they rode towards the Col de Lautarast. This time, Vietto won the climbing duel, and he had a margin of 40 seconds to Ezquerra. At that moment, Antonin Magne was more than six minutes behind.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 7
With more than 70 km to go, Vietto tried to escape definitively. He gradually built up his lead, and 40 km before the finish, he was leading by about 6 minutes on a group that formed in the plain region, and had reached Ezquerra. But then, Vietto got tired, and his lead went down to 3 minutes when he entered Grenoble. He subsequently won the stage, and Magne, who finished in the next group, maintained the lead in the general classification. The Germans Wolke and Risch, who had finished outside the time limit, were allowed to start the next stage.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 8
The eighth stage, from Grenoble to Gap, was relatively short, with 102 km. It contained one mountain that counted towards the mountains classification, the Col de Laffrey. This mountain showed up early in the stage. After 17 km of flat land, which were done at low speed, the climb started. Trueba led the climb, followed by Vervaecke, Ezquerra and Morelli. Halfway the climb, Vervaecke had to slow down, but Trueba kept his high speed. He reached the top first, with 1'40" advantage over Ezquerra. Morelli was a few seconds behind Ezquerra, and a group with Magne followed at 2'40".


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 8
On the way down, the positions changed. Trueba was a bad descender, and could not keep the leading position. Ezquerra, Magne and Martano took the lead, followed by Lapébie, Vervaecke, Geyer, Vietto, Trueba and Morelli. The cyclist then started the climb to the Col Bayard. Then, a new leading group was formed by Molinar, Magne, Martano, Vietto and Vervaecke. Molinar escaped on the way down from the Col Bayard, and sped away with high speed. Magne and Martano tried to follow him, and overtook Molinar. Martano dared to take more risks, and got away from Magne and Molinar. Martano rode solo to the finish, when, at high speed, Martano fell down. He quickly got up, and was able to keep a slight gap, and so won the stage.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 9
The first kilometres of the ninth stage were done slowly, as the cyclists were saving their energy for the mountains of the stage. After 19 km, the Col de Var showed up, and the main contenders for the general classification showed up at the head of the peloton, increasing the speed. Magne, the leader, kept close eyes on Martano, his closest competitor. After 4 km of climbing, Vietto escaped. He was closely followed by Vervaecke and Ezquerra. Vietto reached the top first, followed by Ezquerra, and Treuba, who had overtaken Vervaecke on the climb. Magne had stayed together with Martano.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 9
On the way down, Vietto kept a high speed, because he was determined to start the next climb alone. He managed to do that, and reached the Barcelonette more than six minutes before the next group, consisting of Ezquerra, Trueba, Vervaecke, Martano, Magne, Morelli, Canardo and Gestri. Vietto had set such a high pace that most of the cyclists were already 20 minutes behind at that point. At the summit of the next mountain, the Col de Allos, Vietto was still six minutes ahead.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 9
From then on, it was mainly downhill, and although Vietto lost time, he reached the finish first, with a margin of 2'44" on Molinar and Trueba. Magne finished 6'28" behind Vietto, but he had stayed close to Martano during the entire stage, and so kept his lead in the general classification.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 10
In the first kilometres of the tenth stage, Speicher escaped. He created a gap of 300 metres. Belgian Romain Maes fell against a telegraph post. Morelli and Wauters, also fell down, but they quickly got back to the group, while Maes lay in the ground. The car of tour director Jacques Goddet that passed Maes, immediately stopped to help Maes, who had a gaping wound in his forehead. Maes had to stop the race. Speicher was caught back on the Leques. Shortly after, he tried to escape again, together with Lapébie.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 10
They were chased and captured by a group consisting of Magne, Martano, Vietto, Trueba, Calezzini and Vervaecke. On the way down, more cyclists join this group. On the next col, the Luen, Vervaecke escaped, trying to win time on Morelli, for the position of best independent rider. He managed to get 2 minutes away, but on the descent of the Seranon he was captured back. At that point, 40 cyclists were together. The speed was kept high by the sprinters, and nobody got away. Because of the high speed, the group broke, and the first group of 20 cyclists sprinted for the victory. René Le Grevès won the stage, ahead of Roger Lapébie.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 10
The day after the tenth stage, the peloton had a rest day.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 11
The eleventh stage contained two mountains that counted towards the mountains classification, the Braus and La Turbie. Directly after the start of the stage, it started to rain. Early in the race, in the climb of the Braus, Vietto escaped. He reached the top 30 seconds before Ezquerra. Vietto stayed alone for a long time, but he was caught by Martano, second placed in the general classification, got away from Magne, the leader of the general classification. Martano and Vietto stayed away, and at the finish line had a margin of 3'23" over Magne. Vietto won the sprint for the stage victory, and Martano reduced the gap in the general classification to 2'05.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12, Stage 12
The twelfth stage was won by Roger Lapébie, but Magne remained leader of the general classification.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23
The 1934 Tour de France was the 28th edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 3 July, and Stage 13 occurred on 17 July with a flat stage from Marseille. The race finished in Paris on 29 July.


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 13
17 July 1934 — Marseille to Montpellier, 172 km (107 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 14
18 July 1934 — Montpellier to Perpignan, 177 km (110 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 15
20 July 1934 — Perpignan to Ax-les-Thermes, 158 km (98 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 16
21 July 1934 — Ax-les-Thermes to Luchon, 165 km (103 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 17
22 July 1934 — Luchon to Tarbes, 91 km (57 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 18
23 July 1934 — Tarbes to Pau, 172 km (107 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 19
25 July 1934 — Pau to Bordeaux, 215 km (134 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 20
26 July 1934 — Bordeaux to La Rochelle, 183 km (114 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 21a
27 July 1934 — La Rochelle to La Roche sur Yon, 81 km (50 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 21b
27 July 1934 — La Roche sur Yon to Nantes, 90 km (56 mi) (ITT)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 22
28 July 1934 — Nantes to Caen, 275 km (171 mi)


1934 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23, Stage 23
29 July 1934 — Caen to Paris, 221 km (137 mi)


1934 Tour de Hongrie
The 1934 Tour de Hongrie was the ninth edition of the Tour de Hongrie cycle race and was held from 26 to 30 June 1934. The race started and finished in Budapest. The race was won by Károly Szenes.


1934 Tour de Suisse
The 1934 Tour de Suisse was the 2nd edition of the Tour de Suisse stage race. It took place from 25 August to 1 September 1934. It started and finished in Zürich. The race was composed of seven stages. The event covered 1,475 km (916 mi) all in Switzerland. The race was won by Ludwig Geyer.


1934 Tour of Flanders
The 1934 Tour of Flanders was held on 18 March 1934.


1934 Transjordanian general election
General elections were held in Transjordan on 16 October 1934.


1934 Transjordanian general election, Electoral system
The 1928 basic law provided for a unicameral Legislative Council. The 16 elected members were joined by the six-member cabinet, which included the Prime Minister. The term length was set at three years.


1934 Transjordanian general election, Aftermath
Ibrahim Hashem formed a government that included Odeh Al-Qsous, Sa`id al-Mufti, Shukri Sha'sha'h, Hashem Khiar and Qasem Al-Hindawi. It became the first government to last a full Council term.


1934 Trinity Hilltoppers football team
The 1934 Trinity Hilltoppers football team represented the Trinity College during the 1934 college football season. In its third season under head coach Dan Jessee, the team compiled a perfect 7–0 record and outscored opponents by a total of 187 to 13.


1934 Tufts Jumbos football team
The 1934 Tufts Jumbos football team represented Tufts University in the 1934 college football season. Led by Lewis Manly in his fifth year as head coach, Tufts finished the season with a perfect record of 8–0.


1934 Tulane Green Wave football team
The 1934 Tulane Green Wave football team represented Tulane University as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1934 college football season. Led by third-year head coach  Ted Cox, the Green Wave played their home games at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans. Tulane finished the season with an overall record of 10–1 and a mark of 8–0 in conference play, sharing the SEC title with Alabama. Tulane  was invited to the Sugar Bowl, where they defeated Temple.


1934 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team
The 1934 Tulsa Golden Hurricane football team represented the University of Tulsa during the 1934 college football season. In their tenth year under head coach Gus Henderson, the Golden Hurricane compiled a 5–2–1 record. The team gave up an average of only 4.9 points per game, defeated Oklahoma A&M (19-0) and Kansas State (21-0), tied Arkansas (7-7), and lost to Texas Christian (12-14) and George Washington (0-10).


1934 Turkish Football Championship
The 1934 Turkish Football Championship was the fifth edition of the competition. It was held in October. Beşiktaş won their first national championship title by defeating Altay 3–1 in the final after overtime. For Altay it was the club's first appearance in the championship final, with one more to follow in 1951.


1934 Turkish Football Championship
The various regional champions competed in a group stage of five groups of three to six teams each, with the group winners advancing to the Final Phase.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law
The 1934 Resettlement Law (also known as Law no. 2510) was a policy adopted on 14 June 1934 by the Turkish government which set forth the basic principles of immigration. Joost Jongerden has written that the law constituted a policy of forcible assimilation of non-Turkish minorities through forced and collective resettlement.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Background
There were resettlement policies also at the end of the Ottoman Empire. From 1910 onwards the Ottoman Empire began the establish immigrant commissions that regulated the settlement of the immigrants coming from the Balkans. The immigrants from the Balkans were not allowed to exceed 10% of the local population. Kurds who were resettled from Eastern Anatolia to the west, were also split up in groups not exceeding 300 people and tribe leaders were separated from their tribe. The Kurds should also not make up more than 5% of the local population they were resettled to. A previous settlement law from May 1926 (also known as Law no. 885) regulated the abolition of small villages and the resettlement of its population in central location and a decree from March 1933 demanded the resettlement of the population in the mountain areas.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
The Resettlement Law of 1934 was passed by the Turkish National Assembly on 14 June 1934. The law was made public and put into effect after it was published in the Resmi Gazete a week after its promulgation. According to the Interior Minister Şükrü Kaya:


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
This law will create a country speaking with one language, thinking in the same way and sharing the same sentiment.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
Taking into consideration security and political concerns, the law closed strategic regions of the country to non-Muslim minority settlement. Turkish politicians understood that many non-Turks had been resettled on their own into separate villages and therefore had not assimilated into Turkishness. Those individuals who "spoke alien dialects" had been able to differentiate themselves from the Turkish nation. It was a necessity to assess those villages in which such "alien dialects" were spoken and to distribute populations which spoke the "alien dialects" to nearby Turkish villages in order to foster and encourage forced assimilation.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
Under Article I of the law, the Minister of Interior was granted the right to govern and redistribute the interior population of the country in accordance with an individual's adherence to Turkish culture. Article 11 was a provision regarding that the resettlement must assure


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
The settlement zones were divided in three separate zones according to the adherence of Turkish culture in the each particular individual:


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
In paragraph Four of Article 10, the Ministry of Interior was granted the authority to transfer any individual who did not possess a certain degree of "Turkish culture" to Zone 2, where forced assimilatory practices would take place.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
According to Article 12, those individuals who did not speak Turkish and were in Zone 1 and were not transferred Zone 2 must be settled in villages, towns, and districts that had a preexisting dominance of Turkish culture in order to foster assimilation. Kurds who have been resettled shall not have been allowed to constitute more than 5% of the population in the locations they have been resettled to. More than half a million Kurds have been resettled with this law from the third zone to the second zone.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, The Resettlement Law of 1934
The law also required the resettlement of Muslim minorities such as Circassians, Albanians, and Abkhazes who were considered Muslims who had failed to fully adhere to the Turkish nation. Although these minorities shared the same faith as their Turkish counterparts, it was still considered a goal by the politicians of the Turkish Republic to bind all peoples of Turkey to become Turkish. Due to logistical difficulties to resettle all non-Turkish population into areas with a majority of a Turkish population the Law was mainly implemented in times of Kurdish uprisings.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Thracian events
Although the Law on Settlement was expected to operate as an instrument for Turkifying the mass of non-Turkish speaking citizens, it immediately emerged as a piece of legislation which sparked riots against non-Muslims, as evidenced in the 1934 Thrace pogroms in the immediate aftermath of the law's passage. Law No. 2510 was issued on 14 June 1934, and the Thrace pogroms began just over a fortnight later, on 3 July.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Thracian events
The incidents seeking to force out the region's non-Muslim residents first began in Çanakkale, where Jews received unsigned letters telling them to leave the city, and then escalated into an antisemitic campaign involving economic boycotts and verbal assaults as well as physical violence against the Jews living in the various provinces of Thrace. It is estimated that out of a total 15,000-20,000 Jews living in the region, more than half fled to Istanbul during and after the incidents. However, although the Law on Settlement may well have actually provoked the incidents’ outbreak, the national authorities did not side with the attackers but immediately intervened in the incidents. After order was restored, the governors and mayors of the provinces involved were removed from office.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Dersim Rebellion
The law played a major role in the events leading to the Dersim rebellion in 1937. Forced resettlement was used in the depopulation of Dersim in Eastern Turkey in 1937-1938, where, according to McDowall, 40,000 people were killed. In seventeen days of the 1938 offensive alone, 7,954 persons were reported killed or caught alive. According to official Turkish reports, almost 10 percent of the entire population of Tunceli was killed. The Kurds claim that their losses were even higher.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Dersim Rebellion
The 1934 Turkish Resettlement Law was the legal justification used for the forced resettlement. It was used primarily to target the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases, which left disastrous consequences for the local population.


1934 Turkish Resettlement Law, Dersim Rebellion
In a report delivered to the Republican Peoples Party (CHP) after the Dersim Rebellion, the law was described as an effective vehicle for the internal colonization of the eastern provinces and the destruction of a united Kurdish territory. It was also demanded that further resettlements should take place in order to ensure that the Turkish population will raise to 50% in the eastern provinces.


1934 Twickenham by-election
The Twickenham by-election, 1934 was a parliamentary by-election held on 22 June 1934 for the British House of Commons constituency of Twickenham in Middlesex.


1934 Twickenham by-election
The seat had become vacant when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Hylton Murray-Philipson, died on 24 May 1934, aged 31. He had held the seat since a by-election in 1932.


1934 Twickenham by-election
The result was a victory for the Conservative candidate Alfred Critchley, who had stood for the Empire Free Trade Crusade and the United Empire Party in the 1931 Islington East by-election and as a Conservative at the 1929 general election.


1934 U.S. National Championships (tennis)
The 1934 U.S. National Championships (now known as the US Open) was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor grass courts at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills in New York City, United States. The tournament ran from 1 September until 12 September. It was the 54th staging of the U.S. National Championships and the fourth Grand Slam tennis event of the year. The men's and women's doubles events were held in Longwood Cricket Club in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.


1934 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Men's Doubles
George Lott /  Lester Stoefen defeated  Wilmer Allison /  John Van Ryn 6–4, 9–7, 3–6, 6–4


1934 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Women's Doubles
Helen Jacobs /  Sarah Palfrey Cooke defeated  Carolin Babcock /  Dorothy Andrus 4–6, 6–3, 6–4


1934 U.S. National Championships (tennis), Finals, Mixed Doubles
Helen Jacobs /  George Lott defeated  Elizabeth Ryan /  Lester Stoefen 4–6, 13–11, 6–2


1934 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles
Reigning champion Fred Perry defeated Wilmer Allison 6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6, 8–6 in the final to win the Men's Singles tennis title at the 1934 U.S. National Championships.


1934 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Fred Perry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.


1934 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles
First-seeded Helen Jacobs defeated second-seeded Sarah Palfrey 6–1, 6–4 in the final to win the Women's Singles tennis title at the 1934 U.S. National Championships.


1934 U.S. National Championships – Women's Singles, Seeds
The tournament used two lists of four players for seeding the women's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Helen Jacobs is the champion; others show in brackets the round in which they were eliminated.


1934 U.S. Open (golf)
The 1934 U.S. Open was the 38th U.S. Open, held June 7–9 at Merion Golf Club in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia. Olin Dutra won his only U.S. Open, a stroke ahead of runner-up Gene Sarazen on the East Course. Dutra overcame an eight-stroke deficit after 36 holes to win his second major title; he won the PGA Championship in 1932.


1934 U.S. Open (golf)
Bobby Cruickshank opened the tournament with a pair of 71s, and had a three-stroke lead over Sarazen at the midway point. Sarazen carded a 73 in the third round to take a one-shot lead over Cruickshank. In the final round on Saturday afternoon, both Cruickshank and Sarazen were overcome by Dutra, who took the lead after birdies at 10 and 15. Sarazen took a triple bogey on the 11th while Cruickshank bogeyed 5 of the final 7 holes. Despite a pair of bogeys to finish the round, Dutra's 72 (+2) and total of 293 (+13) was enough to secure the victory.


1934 U.S. Open (golf)
Dutra's win was all the more impressive after he fell ill before the tournament and was laid up for three days in his hotel room. He lost fifteen pounds (7 kg) and could not practice for ten days. He was about to withdraw until his brother Mortie, who finished in 28th place, convinced him to play on. His 36-hole comeback from eight shots down was the largest in U.S. Open history until Arnold Palmer equaled it in 1960. From California, Dutra was the first U.S. Open champion born in the western United States.


1934 U.S. Open (golf)
Former caddies in Texas at the same course in Fort Worth, Ben Hogan and Byron Nelson played in their first major championship, and both missed the cut, shooting 158 and 162, respectively. Lawson Little finished as low amateur in 25th place; he won the title six years later in 1940 as a professional.


1934 U.S. Open (golf)
Merion Golf Club was affiliated with the Merion Cricket Club until 1941. This was the first U.S. Open at Merion, which hosted its fifth in 2013, all on the East Course.


1934 UCI Road World Championships
The 1934 UCI Road World Championships took place in Leipzig, Germany.


1934 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1934 UCI Road World Championships was the eighth edition of the event. The race took place on Saturday 18 August 1934 in Leipzig, Germany. The race was won by Karel Kaers of Belgium.


1934 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1934 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Leipzig, Germany from 10 to 19 August 1934. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.


1934 UCLA Bruins football team
The 1934 UCLA Bruins football team was an American football team that represented the University of California, Los Angeles during the 1934 college football season. In their 10th year under head coach William H. Spaulding, the Bruins compiled a 7–3 record (2–3 conference) and finished in sixth place in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC).


1934 UCLA Bruins football team, Regular season, Schedule
The team's schedule consisted of 10 games, 5 in conference, and 5 with teams outside the PCC. While the Bruins went undefeated versus non-conference opponents, they only managed a 2–3 record within the Pacific Coast Conference.


1934 UCLA Bruins football team, Regular season, Roster
The following is a partial list of student-athletes on UCLA's football roster during the 1934 season.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year
The 1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the ninth year of greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The 1934 Betting and Lotteries Act came into force which limited the number of racing days held at tracks but enabled totalisators to be used. The latter was particularly welcomed by the industry because they were very profitable. Each track was to hold no more than 104 meetings per year.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Summary
The industry continued to grow with an estimated 270 tracks (licensed and independent) in operation during 1934 and attendances surpassing 20 million for the third successive year. However unlike previous years only a handful of new tracks were opened. The 1934 English Greyhound Derby saw the likes of Wild Woolley, Brilliant Bob and Davesland compete with the eventual winner being Davesland trained by Jack Harvey.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, News
Arthur Elvin, owner of Wembley built the Empire Pool to introduce ice hockey, ice shows, tennis and boxing. The Greyhound Racing Association's (GRA) Hook Estate and Kennels at Northaw became famous within the industry following the success of the greyhounds trained from the facility. The 140 acres of park and grassland had separate kennel ranges for each relevant race track in London. The trainers were issued with their own cottages and kennel staff had the use of leisure facilities whilst the kennel manager and veterinary surgeon lived in the main mansion on site. There was an animal medical facility and even a sun tanning room for the greyhounds.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Ireland
Harold's Cross Stadium was at last granted permission to run the Irish Greyhound Derby with the proviso that they contributed a minimum of £100 towards the event. The Irish Coursing Club added a further £50. It was also agreed that Shelbourne Park and Harold's Cross would run the competition in alternate years. The 1934 Irish Greyhound Derby consisted of nine first round heats with two qualifiers from each forming three semi-finals. The eventual winner was Frisco Hobo trained by Tom Harty.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The first classic of the year was the Gold Collar and Davesland, a 7-1 shot, won the final from the 1932 English Greyhound Derby champion Wild Woolley, now under the care of Harry Woolner. Coming home third was Gradual Rise for Harris at Harringay, this greyhound had broken the track record in the first round recording 32.32. Lemonition won the Grand National from the favourite Goodly News, the latter had recorded the fastest times in all three rounds leading up to the final. Former winners Long Hop and Scapegoat were both knocked out in earlier rounds, Long Hop would retire with a record of 49 wins from 85 races and a sixteen win sequence to his name.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
The remainder of the year was all about Brilliant Bob, who on 14 July won the Cesarewitch, defeating hot favourite Lutwyche and three weeks later he won the Scurry Gold Cup defeating defending champion Creamery Border in the final. His consistency was evident and he won the Scurry by virtue of three straight wins in times of 23.48, 23.42 and 23.47. On the same night Wild Woolley broke the track record in a match race against Bella's Brother. Brilliant Bob then completed a treble by winning the Laurels.


1934 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year, Competitions
This treble was over distances from 400 to 600 yards demonstrating an ability over all trips. However the Laurels victory was not without incident because the first semi-final on 24 August was won in a track record time of 28.32 by Davesland from Brilliant Bob by seven lengths. In the second semi-final Creamery Border was disqualified for fighting with the re-run held a day later than the first semi-final. The re-run went to Bella's Brother and when Creamery Border returned, after injury and an enforced rest, he broke the track record at Wimbledon over 500 yards in 28.29 seconds. This win was even more significant because he beat Brilliant Bob by eight lengths.


1934 USC Trojans football team
The 1934 USC Trojans football team represented the University of Southern California (USC) in the 1934 college football season. In their tenth year under head coach Howard Jones, the Trojans compiled a 4–6–1 record (1–4–1 against conference opponents), finished in seventh place in the Pacific Coast Conference, and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 120 to 110.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash
The 1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash was an accident involving a Boeing Air Transport-operated United Airlines scheduled flight of a Boeing 247, which crashed in bad weather shortly after departing Salt Lake City, Utah on February 23, 1934, killing all eight on board. The cause was not immediately determined, but poor weather was considered a factor.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, History of flight
At 1400 hrs. on Friday, February 23, 1934, United Airlines Boeing 247, NC13357, c/n 1739, departed Salt Lake City, Utah, bound for Cheyenne, Wyoming. The weather was poor, with snow and sleet throughout the region, with up to seven inches of snow accumulating in the lowlands and even more at higher altitudes.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, History of flight
"The last word received by radio from the ill-fated plane was when pilot Lloyd Anderson signalled "All Okay" 20 minutes after the departure. When the plane did not arrive at Cheyenne on schedule, an immediate search was started."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Search
Throughout Saturday, February 24, aircraft covered the routes the missing airliner might have travelled, and the United Airlines office at Salt Lake City made phone calls "to all points in the vicinity. None of the efforts brought any definite trace of the lost plane." "Little hope remained for the safety of the crew or passengers of the plane, which it was believed must have crashed in the clouds and fog. Its fuel supply, United Air Lines officials said, would have been exhausted by 6:30 yesterday."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Discovery
H. D. T. Lewis, chief of the United Airlines at Chicago, arrived Sunday to take charge. Chief Pilot H. T. 'Slim' Lewis and his assistant, Leon D. Cuddeback, ordered a search with Rock Springs, Wyo., as the center.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Discovery
The air search began at daybreak, February 24, when two planes left the Salt Lake airport, joined by other pilots of the airline and by Lieut. Frank Crismon, a reserve army pilot. They were aided by ground parties searching the mountains to the east. Weather, which Frank Caldwell, operations manager for United, called "the worst in the history of flying in this region," hampered rescue workers throughout the day.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Discovery
Planes were sent up, two from Rock Springs, Wyoming, and six from Salt Lake. Lewis concentrated the search in the mountains. "That plane is not more than 50 miles from here," he said. He was right. As Don Broughton and Ed Greer, United Airlines pilots, flew over the area known as Parley's canyon, they sighted the plane, nose down, nearly buried in the deep snow on the side of the canyon. The nose was between two giant pine trees which stood on either side of the plane, almost hiding it from sight.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Discovery
"There was no sign of life. Broughton radioed the discovery to airline headquarters at Salt Lake City.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Recovery
A motor caravan was organized at Salt Lake City. Members waded through snow four feet deep for four miles to reach the crash site. Leon D. Cuddeback, assistant to Lewis, was the first company official to arrive. He reported that the plane was wedged between the trees in such a position that it was almost vertical.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Recovery
The bodies were piled on top of one another in the wreck, just 35 miles east of Salt Lake City. It was believed that all died instantly. The pilot's wrist watches had stopped at 1505 hrs.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Crew
Lloyd Anderson, the flight's pilot, had more than 7,000 hours of flight time. He began flying at Los Angeles and obtained his license in 1926. After completing his flying course he barnstormed and instructed on the west coast and later opened a temporary line between Mexicali, Mazatlan and Mexico City. He flew this route for a time. Anderson also surveyed and opened a mail line between Mazatlan and Brownsville, Texas, and later was with C. A. T., flying between El Paso, Texas, and Mexico City. He surveyed a route between Chihuahua, Mexico, and Nogales, Ariz., and flew this route for two years. Anderson joined United June 15, 1931, as a reserve pilot at Omaha and came to Cheyenne a short time later, flying between Omaha and Salt Lake City."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Crew
Anderson was 32 years old, was married, and had one son, 3 years old. The company stated that he was born in Canada.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Crew
The co-pilot was Eric G. Danielson, also of Cheyenne, with Miss Mary Carter of Cheyenne, formerly of Omaha and Chattanooga, Tenn., the stewardess and only woman aboard.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Crew
Danielson was born in Uppsala, Sweden, and came to the United States as a child. He received his air training in the army, and was stationed at March Field, California, Kelly Field, Texas, and at Fort Crockett, Texas. He completed his student flying in 1931, and later was a pilot in the Texas National Guard. "He joined the United Air Lines staff July 3, 1933. He was 29 years old. His mother, Mrs. P. J. Danielson, resides at Spokane, Wash."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Crew
Mary E. Carter was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She was 24. Carter studied nursing at Chattanooga, Tenn., and graduated as a nurse in 1927. She joined United Air Lines April 25, 1932, at Cheyenne and had been assigned to the route between Chicago and Salt Lake City. Her mother, Mrs. B. Carter, lives at Chattanooga.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Victims, Passengers
The five passengers were E. L. Walker, of Rock Springs, Wyoming; J. J. Sterling, of Benton Harbor, Michigan; Bert McLaughlin, of Perry, Iowa; Evald W. Berglund, of Boone, Iowa; and Marcellus Zinsmaster, of Des Moines, Iowa.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Crash site
The search party found the wreckage with the "nose buried deep in the earth and its broken tail standing upwards. Every part of it, except the wings, which were cracked, was smashed. In the front of the interior the mangled bodies were heaped, that of Miss Carter on the top, indicating, it was believed, that she was in the rear of the cabin when the liner hurtled into the mountain."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Crash site
It had crossed the summit of the pass and had proceeded about three quarters of a mile on the other side when it dived. "The plane had apparently flown straight into the ground at high speed. The nose was thrust into the earth, the rear end was sticking into the air and the tail was broken off. Each wing and the body rested on three nearby pine trees."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Crash site
The body of the stewardess was intact. Those of the two pilots and five passengers were mangled such that identification was possible only through jewelry and clothing.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Crash site
Judge John C. Green, coroner of Summit County, Utah, took charge of the bodies as they were removed from the wreckage. They were carried over two miles of snowy trail, through heavy brush and rough country, to a roadhouse on the highway at the summit of Parley's canyon, and then to Salt Lake City in an ambulance.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Investigation
Two investigations into the cause of the accident were underway on February 27, at Salt Lake City. One inquiry was launched by the Department of Commerce, under E. E. Hughes, aeronautics inspector, and E. L. Yuravich, airline inspector. The other was conducted by D. B. Colyer, of Chicago, vice president of United Airlines. Company officials were unable to hazard a guess as to the cause of the crash, "due to the fact that the plane was so nearly demolished."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Investigation
Both groups returned from the crash site in the Wasatch Mountains to Salt Lake City on the night of February 26, but both admitted to an inability to reach any conclusions. Unfavorable weather, they agreed, was a contributing factor.


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Investigation
Hughes ventured the opinion a definite determination of the tragedy appeared impossible. "I don't know whether we will ever be able to determine the cause of the crash," said Colyer. "And it wouldn't be right to advance all the theory mentioned."


1934 United Airlines Boeing 247 crash, Investigation
Colyer was assisted in his investigation by F. E. Caldwell, of Cheyenne, operations manager; John Maxzell, of Salt Lake City, another operations manager; and a staff of pilots.


1934 United Kingdom local elections
Local elections were held in London, city borough councils and in Scotland on 1 November 1934. The Labour Party gained many seats in sweeping successes throughout the country. In London they won 457 seats, which gave them control of 11 councils and enabling them to holding four. In chief provincial boroughs their net gains numbered 276 and gained 6 councils. There were also Scottish elections in which Labour also won many seats. The gains for Labour came at the expense of the Liberal Party which was by this stage had declining presence in both national and local elections as well as the Conservative Party.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1934 United States House of Representatives elections were held in the middle of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term. The Democratic Party continued its progress, gaining another 9 net seats from the opposition Republican Party, who also lost seats to the Progressive Party. The Republicans were reduced below one-fourth of the chamber for the first time since the creation of the party. The Wisconsin Progressive Party, a liberal group which allied with the Democrats, also became a force in Wisconsin politics.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1934 elections can be seen as a referendum on New Deal policies. While conservatives and people among the middle class who did not bear the brunt of the depression saw New Deal programs as radical, ordinary people overwhelmingly voted in this election cycle to continue implementation of Roosevelt's agenda. It was the first time in modern history that the president's party had gained House seats in a midterm year, something that did not happen again until 1998.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections, Special elections
There were three special elections in 1934 to the 73rd United States Congress.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in California
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1934 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1934. Democrats gained three districts while losing one.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in California, Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
The 1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 6, 1934 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. All six incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Thomas S. McMillan of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1925, defeated Republican challenger George W. Beckett.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Hampton P. Fulmer of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1921, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican D.A. Gardner in the general election.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John C. Taylor of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1933, defeated Leon W. Harris in the Democratic primary and Republican T. Frank McCord in the general election.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. McSwain of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1921, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican Frank W. Faux in the general election.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman James P. Richards of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1933, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican C.F. Pendleton in the general election.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Allard H. Gasque of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1923, won the Democratic primary and defeated Republican T.J. Karnes in the general election.


1934 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia
The 1934 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia were held on November 6, 1934 to determine who will represent the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States House of Representatives. Virginia had nine seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1930 United States Census. Representatives are elected for two-year terms. This election was notable for the state's return to electoral district voting after briefly experimenting with electing all Representatives at-large in the previous election.


1934 United States Senate election in Arizona
The 1934 United States Senate elections in Arizona took place on November 3, 1934. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Henry F. Ashurst ran for reelection to a fifth term, defeating Republican nominee Joseph Edward Thompson in the general election by a wide margin.


1934 United States Senate election in Arizona
Thompson's candidacy came at an inopportune time, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt had just begun his first term, and with the country in the midst of the Great Depression, the Democrats were far more popular than the Republicans at the time. Additionally, Ashurst, who had served continuously as U.S. Senator since Arizona joined the union in 1912, presented an even greater challenge to anyone who would have hoped to defeat him for reelection, due to his seniority, and Thompson was fairly unknown in state politics, having never served in government prior to running for U.S. Senate.


1934 United States Senate election in Arizona
Ashurst notably faced opposition in the Democratic primary, however, from former Secretary of State Sidney P. Osborn, who later became Governor of Arizona for several terms. This would be Ashurst's final electoral success, as he would lose the Democratic primary in 1940 to Ernest McFarland.


1934 United States Senate election in California
The 1934 United States Senate election in California was held on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Republican Senator Hiram Johnson was re-elected to his fourth term in office.


1934 United States Senate election in California
By cross-filing and winning the Democratic primary, Johnson eliminated his strongest competition and handily won the general election with only nominal opposition from the Socialist Party.


1934 United States Senate election in California, Third parties and independents, Independent
A write-in bid was launched in support of Communist Pat Chambers.


1934 United States Senate election in Connecticut
The 1934 United States Senate election in Connecticut was held on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Republican Senator Frederic C. Walcott ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democratic U.S. Representative Francis T. Maloney.


1934 United States Senate election in Delaware
The 1934 United States Senate election in Delaware took place on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John G. Townsend Jr. was re-elected to a second term in office over Democratic U.S. Representative Wilbur L. Adams.


1934 United States Senate election in Florida
The 1934 United States Senate election in Florida was held on November 6, 1934.


1934 United States Senate election in Florida
Incumbent Senator Park Trammell ran for a fourth term in office. Trammell failed to achieve a majority in the June 5 primary election, but he narrowly defeated Claude Pepper in a run-off on June 26. Trammell won the November general election without an opponent.


1934 United States Senate election in Florida, Aftermath
Pepper ran for Florida's other Senate seat in 1936 and won without an opponent.


1934 United States Senate election in Indiana
The 1934 United States Senate election in Indiana took place on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Arthur Robinson ran for re-election to a second term, but lost narrowly to Democrat Sherman Minton.


1934 United States Senate election in Maine
The 1934 United States Senate election in Maine was held on September 10, 1934.


1934 United States Senate election in Maine
Incumbent Republican Senator Frederick Hale was narrowly re-elected to a fourth term in office over Democratic Waterville mayor F. Harold Dubord.


1934 United States Senate election in Maryland
The 1934 United States Senate election in Maryland was held on November 5, 1934.


1934 United States Senate election in Maryland
Incumbent Republican Senator Phillips Lee Goldsborough did not seek re-election to a second term in office. In the open race to succeed him, Democratic Maryland Secretary of State George L. P. Radcliffe defeated former Senator Joseph I. France.


1934 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The 1934 United States Senate election in Massachusetts was held on November 6, 1934. Democratic incumbent David I. Walsh was re-elected to a second consecutive term in a landslide over Republican Robert M. Washburn.


1934 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 1934 United States Senate election in Michigan was held on November 6, 1934.


1934 United States Senate election in Michigan
Republican Senator Arthur Vandenberg was re-elected to a second consecutive term over Democrat Frank Picard.


1934 United States Senate election in Minnesota
The 1934 United States Senate election in Minnesota took place on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Farmer–Labor U.S. Senator Henrik Shipstead defeated former State Senator Nathaniel J. Holmberg of the Republican Party of Minnesota and U.S. Representative Einar Hoidale of the Minnesota Democratic Party to win a third term.


1934 United States Senate election in Mississippi
The 1934 United States Senate election in Mississippi was held on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Senator Hubert Stephens ran for re-election to a third term, but was defeated by Governor Theodore Bilbo in a close run-off election.


1934 United States Senate election in Mississippi
On August 28, Stephens won the Democratic primary over Bilbo and Meridian Congressman Ross Collins in a close three-way race. Since no candidate received a majority of the vote, the election proceeded to a run-off between Stephens and Bilbo. On September 18, Bilbo won the run-off by just 7,115 votes.


1934 United States Senate election in Missouri
The 1934 United States Senate election in Missouri was held on November 6, 1934. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Roscoe Patterson, first elected in 1928, sought reelection to a second term. He was defeated by the Democratic nominee, future President of the United States Harry Truman.


1934 United States Senate election in Missouri, Democratic primary, Campaign
Harry Truman, having served as a judge, expressed an interest in running for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1934, but political boss Tom Pendergast had already selected another candidate for that race. After four other potential candidates had declined to run, Pendergast ultimately approached Truman to discuss a possible run for the United States Senate, to Truman's surprise. Truman, with backing from Pendergast, entered the Senate race. Truman said he would not, if elected, dictate to anyone, to the dismay of anti-Pendergast U.S. Senator Bennett Champ Clark.


1934 United States Senate election in Missouri, Democratic primary, Campaign
Truman waged a statewide campaign and eventually won the largely three-way Democratic primary on August 7, 1934, by a significant margin, defeating U.S. Representatives John Cochran and Jacob Milligan.


1934 United States Senate election in Montana
The 1934 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 6, 1934. Incumbent United States Senator Burton K. Wheeler, who was first elected to the Senate in 1922, and was re-elected in 1928, ran for re-election. After easily winning the Democratic primary, Wheeler moved on to the general election, where he faced George M. Bourquin, a former United States Federal Judge and the Republican nominee. In a stark contrast to his close campaign in 1928, Wheeler won re-election to his third Senate term in a landslide.


1934 United States Senate election in Nebraska
The 1934 United States Senate election in Nebraska took place on November 6, 1934. A special election was held on the same day for the same seat. The incumbent Senator, Republican Robert B. Howell, died on March 11, 1933. William Henry Thompson, a Democratic politician, was appointed to the vacant seat. Richard C. Hunter was elected to finish Howell's term, while Burke was elected to the next term, defeating Robert G. Simmons. This was the last time until 1976 that a Democrat won a Senate election in Nebraska.


1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey
The United States Senate election of 1934 in New Jersey was held on November 6, 1934.


1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey
Incumbent Republican Senator Hamilton Fish Kean ran for re-election to a second term in office, but was defeated by Governor of New Jersey A. Harry Moore in a landslide.


1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey
This was among the nine seats Democrats gained in this year's elections.


1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey
This election also marks the end of a streak of four straight elections in which the incumbents were defeated, beginning in 1916.


1934 United States Senate election in New Jersey, Republican primary, Campaign
Senator Kean was challenged by former Assemblyman James Blauvelt, who opposed what he called Kean's "Wall Street viewpoint." The opposition came as a surprise to the Senator and most Republicans. He ran on a ticket named "Public Ownership; Against Wall St. Domination."