1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Vilnius Dispute
The conflict over Vilnius remained the most important foreign policy issue in Lithuania, but it became increasingly marginalized in the international arena. There were unsuccessful informal attempts to normalise the situation; most notably by the Lithuanian Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras, between 1927 and 1928; and by Foreign Minister Stasys Lozoraitis, between 1934 and 1936, who asked President Smetona to re-establish the diplomatic relations with Poland. Both sides engaged in emotional and nationalistic rhetoric.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Rationale
On March 11, 1938,  a day before Austria was annexed into Greater Germany following the Anschluss, Justas Lukoševičius, a Lithuanian border guard shot Stanisław Serafin, a Polish soldier, on the demarcation line in the village of Trasninkas near Merkinė. The exact circumstances are not clear; the obscure event was variously portrayed as a Lithuanian provocation, a Polish provocation, or an accident. During the 1920s and 1930s, similar incidents had occurred: between 1927 and 1937, seven Lithuanian border guards were killed during the course of 78 events.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Rationale
Usually, such incidents were handled at the local level in an attempt to forestall escalation. On this occasion, however, Polish radio and newspapers picked up the story and fanned anti-Lithuanian sentiment. Protests were held in Warsaw, Vilnius, and four other cities where the crowds shouted for military action against Lithuania. There is evidence that the Camp of National Unity was involved in organising the protests.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Rationale
On March 13, 1938, the Polish government issued a threatening statement accusing Lithuania of provocation. The following day, the Senate of the Republic of Poland called for the establishment of diplomatic relations and for the Lithuanian renunciation of claims to Vilnius. Upon receiving news that Poland was considering extreme measures, President Smetona was verging towards agreeing to discuss diplomatic relations. He changed his mind at the last minute.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Rationale
On the night of March 14, the Lithuanians, acting through France's envoy to Warsaw, proposed a commission to investigate the shooting incident and to agree on measures to avoid such incidents in the future. This was a partial measure that clearly did not satisfy Poland, who responded by refusing, in the first paragraph of the ultimatum delivered three days later, to establish such a commission. At the same time, Lithuanian diplomats approached foreign powers in a bid for international support.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Initial version
The first version of the ultimatum, as drafted by Edward Rydz-Śmigły, Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski, and Jan Szembek, contained six demands:


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Initial version
The Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck, who had just returned from a trip to Sorrento, called for a government meeting on the night of March 16. During the meeting, he argued that the ultimatum needed to contain only one demand: the establishment of diplomatic relations. In his view, such an ultimatum would not have violated any genuine Lithuanian interests and would offer much-improved prospects for peaceful resolution of the conflict and a speedy relief of tension.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Initial version
It was in accordance with Beck's vision for Eastern Europe, which was based on a Warsaw-dominated Polish–Baltic–Scandinavian bloc free of Soviet or German influence, a modified version of Józef Piłsudski's Międzymorze, which required the normalisation of relations with Lithuania. The removal of the other demands also reflected political pressure on Poland from the Soviet Union, France and the United Kingdom to prevent the conflict from escalating into warfare.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Initial version
The Polish government agreed to Beck's proposal and the ultimatum was toned down. However, at the same time, Beck ordered military preparations. Poland assembled four divisions along the demarcation line; about 50,000 Polish troops were present and just over 20,000 Lithuanian troops. The Polish troops were reinforced by armoured vehicles, by two air force regiments, consisting of about one hundred aircraft, and by the Polish fleet in the waters of the Baltic Sea along the Lithuanian shore.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, The ultimatum
The final text of the ultimatum, completed by Józef Beck and delivered through a Polish envoy in Tallinn to Bronius Dailidė, the Lithuanian envoy in Tallinn, was as follows:


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, The ultimatum
The ultimatum contained an attachment: a draft of what would be deemed an acceptable response to the ultimatum. The proposed response stated only that Lithuania agreed to establish regular diplomatic relations, send a legation to Warsaw and guarantee normal conditions of operation for a Polish legation in Kaunas.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, International reaction
After the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was ratified in 1920, the Russian SFSR recognised Lithuanian claims to the Vilnius Region and continued to support them. In its responses to the 1938 ultimatum, the Soviet Union threatened to abrogate the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact of 1932. It made it clear, though, that it did not wish to be drawn into an armed conflict. This stance has been attributed to the growth of a threat from Japan; armed assistance to Lithuania would have required the Red Army to invade either Poland or Latvia and could have resulted in a war on two fronts.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, International reaction
The Soviets urged France, a major ally of Poland at the time, to de-escalate the conflict and encourage a more moderate version of the ultimatum. France and the United Kingdom, preoccupied with the Anschluss, pressured Lithuania to normalise the relationship with Poland as soon as possible. They feared that the ultimatum had been approved by Nazi Germany.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, International reaction
Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, now turned its attention to the Klaipėda Region, then held by Lithuania. In April 1938, Hitler stated that control of the Port of Klaipėda (German: Memel) and its surrounding area was Germany's second-most important issue, following the status of the Sudeten area. In the event of armed hostilities between Poland and Lithuania, German troops were to defend and occupy the Klaipėda region and significant portions of western Lithuania. The Polish ambassador to Nazi Germany, Józef Lipski, was informed of these plans.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, International reaction
The Poles agreed to cooperate with German troops and to respect German interests in Klaipėda if such an armed conflict were to arise. However, in Hitler's assessment, an immediate bid for Klaipėda was impolitic; he wished to maintain the status quo until more time had passed after the Anschluss. The German suggestion was that Lithuania concede to the Polish demands.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, International reaction
Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, the three Baltic states, had formed the Baltic Entente in 1934. Its principal purposes were coordination of joint foreign policy and mutual international diplomatic support; it was not a military alliance. In Latvian and Estonian opinion, the Polish–Lithuanian dispute over Vilnius was outside the scope of the Entente, but they wished for a resolution, considering the conflict detrimental to the stability of the region. Latvia attempted to persuade Estonia to exert mutual pressure on Lithuania for a speedy acceptance of the ultimatum. This reaction from an ally was unexpected.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Acceptance
President Smetona held a government meeting late on the night of March 18, 1938, to decide whether to accept the ultimatum. Lithuania clearly lacked international support and the demand was rather tame. A refusal would have cast Lithuania in an unfavourable light as an unreasonable disputant that had irrationally rejected peaceful diplomatic relations for eighteen years. Lithuanian diplomats were divided on the issue, while popular opinion was strongly against accepting the ultimatum. Various campaigns for the Lithuanian liberation of Vilnius had attracted massive participation. "Mourning of Vilnius Day" (October 9, when Żeligowski invaded Lithuania and captured Vilnius), had become an annual event, and the largest social organisation in interwar Lithuania was the Union for the Liberation of Vilnius, with some 25,000 members.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Acceptance
Passionate feelings about Vilnius were expressed in a popular slogan "Mes be Vilniaus nenurimsim" (we will not rest without Vilnius), part of a poem by Petras Vaičiūnas. While Paul Hymans' regional peace plans at the League of Nations were under negotiation, Lithuanian Prime Minister Ernestas Galvanauskas barely survived an assassination attempt.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Acceptance
A government decision to open over 80 Polish schools in Lithuania was a probable factor in the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état. Any government making concessions to Poland at that time risked an ouster.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Acceptance
President Smetona received memoranda from nine nationalistic organisations urging the government to reject the ultimatum. However, a decisive comment was made by General Stasys Raštikis, the commander of the Lithuanian army. He testified that a military victory over Poland was impossible and argued for a peaceful resolution. The government's decision was confirmed by the Fourth Seimas with minimal discussion. On March 19, Dailidė relayed acceptance of the ultimatum to the Poles, who gave a 12-hour extension to decide on the ultimatum as a show of good faith.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
The ultimatum contributed to the general atmosphere of tension and fear in Europe. It relieved some of the pressure on Germany that had arisen in the aftermath of the Anschluss and tested the Soviets' willingness to defend their interests in Eastern Europe. Fears were expressed, both in Lithuania and abroad, that the establishment of diplomatic relations was not the only goal of Warsaw and that more far-reaching ultimata might follow. Speculations arose that Poland might seek to resurrect the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, using Germany's annexation of Austria as a precedent.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
Poland announced that it planned to create a neutral bloc comprising Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Romania to counter both fascism and communism. It stated that it had no wish to incorporate Lithuanian territories and maintained that the bloc would be formed on the basis of bilateral non-aggression and economic treaties. According to The New York Times, the impact of the ultimatum was felt on Wall Street; on March 17, the foreign currency and bond markets sagged, in some cases reaching the lowest points seen in several years. These markets recovered on March 19, after the ultimatum was accepted.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
The acceptance triggered a government crisis in Lithuania: on March 24, Prime Minister Juozas Tūbelis, who held uncompromising positions over Vilnius and at the time of the ultimatum was undergoing medical treatment in Switzerland, stepped down. His successor, Vladas Mironas, who was in favour of normalising relations with Poland, assembled a new cabinet of ministers. Despite increasing pressure to form a broader coalition, the new cabinet was composed solely of members of the Lithuanian Nationalists Union. The unconditional acceptance hurt Lithuanian pride and damaged the reputation of the party. The suppressed opposition used this damage as an opportunity to renew its activities and formed a group called Ašis (Axis). In Poland, the acceptance was greeted with enthusiasm, described as a "great bloodless victory", and celebrated by a military march in Vilnius.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
A few days after the ultimatum, both Lithuania and Poland named their ambassadors. Kazys Škirpa was sent to Warsaw, and Franciszek Charwat was sent to Kaunas before March 31, the deadline indicated in the ultimatum. Negotiations over practical matters began on March 25, in Augustów, and by June three agreements covering rail transit, mail service, and river navigation had been concluded.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
The railroad, torn apart for several kilometers at the border, was repaired. A customs post was established in Vievis, and consulates were opened in Klaipėda and Vilnius. Lithuania closed the League for the Liberation of Vilnius and the Vilnius Foundation; the latter organization had given financial support to Lithuanian activities in the Vilnius Region. Nevertheless, Lithuania continued to claim Vilnius as its de jure capital. In May 1938 a new constitution was adopted, which echoed the previous constitution's statement that Vilnius was the permanent capital of Lithuania and that Kaunas was merely a temporary capital. Poland continued to suppress Lithuanian organisations in Vilnius.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
A thaw in Polish–Lithuanian relations began in spring 1939. After the German–Czech and German–Lithuanian crises, Poland made more active efforts to ensure Lithuania's assistance, or at least neutrality, in the event of a war with Nazi Germany. Lithuanian General Stasys Raštikis and Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck made high-profile visits to each other's countries, and Poland improved the conditions of Lithuanians in the Vilnius Region. However, Lithuania did not believe that Poland and its western allies were strong enough to resist Germany and the Soviet Union.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Aftermath
When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, Lithuania maintained a policy of strict neutrality, refusing repeated German offers for a joint attack on Poland to capture Vilnius. Instead, Lithuania interned about 15,000 Polish soldiers and accepted about 35,000 Polish civilian refugees. The Soviet Union returned Vilnius to Lithuania after the Soviet invasion of Eastern Poland in September 1939. Neither country was aware at the time of the secret protocols of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, signed in August 1939, in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide the region into their spheres of influence. In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Lithuania in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. A year later Russia was attacked by Nazi Germany leading to the Nazi occupation of Lithuania.


1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania, Poland and Czechoslovakia
Poland made a similar move against Czechoslovakia in Prague on September 30, 1938. In this instance, Poland took advantage of the Sudeten Crisis to demand a portion of Zaolzie. On both occasions, Poland used international crisis to address long-standing border disputes.


1938 Pontypridd by-election
The Pontypridd by-election of 1938 was held on 11 February 1938. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Labour MP, David Lewis Davies. It was won by the Labour candidate Arthur Pearson.


1938 Portland Pilots football team
The 1938 Portland Pilots football team was an American football team that represented the University of Portland as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its second year under head coach Robert L. Mathews, the team compiled a 5–3 record. The team played its home games at Multnomah Stadium in Portland, Oregon.


1938 Portuguese legislative election
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 30 October 1938. The country was a one-party state at the time and the National Union was the only party to contest the elections, with no opposition candidates allowed to run.


1938 Portuguese legislative election, Electoral system
For the elections the country formed a single 100-member constituency. All men aged 21 or over were eligible to vote as long as they were literate or paid over 100 escudos in taxation, whilst women aged over 21 had to have completed secondary education to do so. However, only 11% of the population were registered to vote.


1938 Primera División de Chile
The 1938 Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol Profesional was Chilean first tier’s 6th season. Magallanes was the tournament’s champion, returning to its triumphant path that led them to win three consecutive titles between 1933 and 1935.


1938 Princeton Tigers football team
The 1938 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its first season under head coach Tad Wieman, the team compiled a 3–4–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 117 to 107. The team played its home games at Palmer Stadium in Princeton, New Jersey.


1938 Princeton Tigers football team
Tom Mountain was the team captain. He also received the John Prentiss Poe Cup, the team's highest award.


1938 Princeton Tigers football team
On February 9, 1938, Fritz Crisler announced his resignation as Princeton's head football coach in order to assume the same position at Michigan. Tad Wieman, who had served as an assistant coach under Crisler, was named days later as the school's new head coach.


1938 Purdue Boilermakers football team
The 1938 Purdue Boilermakers football team was an American football team that represented Purdue University during the 1938 Big Ten Conference football season. In their second season under head coach Allen Elward, the Boilermakers compiled a 5–1–2 record, finished in a tie for second place in the Big Ten Conference with a 3–1–1 record against conference opponents, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 84 to 38.


1938 Queensland state election
Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 2 April 1938 to elect the 62 members of the state's Legislative Assembly. The Labor government of Premier William Forgan Smith was seeking a third term in office. During the previous term, the Country and United Australia parties had emerged from the united Country and Progressive National Party, which had represented conservative forces for over a decade.


1938 Queensland state election
The most notable feature of the election campaign was the Protestant Labor Party, established in 1937, which claimed that the Forgan Smith Ministry was disproportionately Catholic and made extravagant claims that three-quarters of all police and public servants in the State were Catholic. Despite the campaign, Labor only lost one seat, Kelvin Grove, to the party.


1938 Queensland state election
The unsuccessful Protestant Labor candidate for Ithaca, George Webb, lodged a petition against the return of Labor member Ned Hanlon. He was initially successful in the Supreme Court when the case was heard by Justice E.A. Douglas, who voided the election result on 12 October on the basis of a finding that two men who had acted improperly were Hanlon's agents, but Hanlon appealed to the Full Bench of the Supreme Court and on 16 December 1938, his appeal was allowed. A further appeal by Webb to the High Court was refused leave on 31 March 1939.


1938 Queensland state election, Results
Queensland state election, 2 April 1938Legislative Assembly << 1935–1941 >>


1938 Queensland state election, Seats changing party representation
This table lists changes in party representation at the 1938 election.


1938 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
The 1938 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the 12th series of the Railway Cup, an annual hurling championship organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association. The championship took place between 20 February and 17 March 1938. It was contested by Connacht, Leinster and Munster.


1938 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
On 17 March 1938, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 6-02 to 4-03 defeat of Leinster in the final at Croke Park, Dublin. It was their 8th Railway Cup title overall and their second in succession.


1938 Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Leinster's Mick Daniels was the Railway Cup's top scorer with 3-01.


1938 Rhode Island State Rams football team
The 1938 Rhode Island Rams football team was an American football team that represented Rhode Island State College (later renamed the University of Rhode Island) as a member of the New England Conference during the 1938 college football season. In its 19th season under head coach Frank Keaney, the team compiled a 4–4 record (2–0 against conference opponents) and won the conference championship. The team played its home games at Meade Stadium.


1938 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
The 1938 Rhode Island gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Republican nominee William Henry Vanderbilt III defeated Democratic incumbent Robert E. Quinn with 54.17% of the vote.


1938 Rice Owls football team
The 1938 Rice Owls football team was an American football team that represented Rice University as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1938 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Jimmy Kitts, the team compiled a 4–6 record (3–3 against SWC opponents) and was outscored by a total of 133 to 91.


1938 Romanian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in the Kingdom of Romania on 24 February 1938 to approve a new constitution granting dictatorial powers to King Carol II. Voting was done by answering yes or no before an election bureau, with silence marked as yes. Voting was compulsory, and the amendments were approved by 99.87% of voters. The voting process has been described as deeply flawed and characterized by widespread intimidation.


1938 Rose Bowl
The 1938 Rose Bowl was the 24th edition of the college football bowl game, played at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, on Saturday, January 1. The game featured the second-ranked California Golden Bears of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) against the #4 Alabama Crimson Tide of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), two of the top teams from the 1937 college football season. This game was the fifth trip to Pasadena for the Tide, which had gone without a loss in the previous four.


1938 Rose Bowl, Game summary
The game was a Vic Bottari and Sam Chapman show, who scored all the points. It was Alabama's first loss in the Rose Bowl, which prompted former Los Angeles Examiner reporter Maxwell Stiles to write: “The Crimson Tide was at its ebb, Alabama at last had lost a Rose Bowl Game.”


1938 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
California's record in the Rose Bowl improved to 2–1–1, but this remains their most recent victory, with four losses since. The Golden Bears' next appearance was eleven years away, and the most recent was 62 years ago in January 1959.


1938 Rose Bowl, Aftermath
Alabama's record in Pasadena dropped to 3–1–1; their next Rose Bowl was a win in January 1946, the last edition prior to the exclusive agreement with the Big Nine (now Big Ten). The Tide played in three major bowls in between, with two wins.


1938 Russian Supreme Soviet election
Legislative elections were held in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on 26 June 1938, the first after the establishment of the Soviet Union.


1938 Russian Supreme Soviet election, Background
The Constitution of the USSR was adopted on 5 December 1936, in accordance with which elections were held for new bodies at all levels from local councils and ending with the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union.


1938 Rutgers Queensmen football team
The 1938 Rutgers Queensmen football team represented Rutgers University in the 1938 college football season. In February 1938, Rutgers announced Tasker's resignation as Rutgers' football coach and his replacement by Harvey Harman. In their first season under coach Harman, the Queensmen compiled a 7–1 record, won the Middle Three Conference championship, and outscored their opponents 118 to 57. Rutgers only loss was to NYU by a 25-6 score. On November 5, 1938, Rutgers played its first game at the new Rutgers Stadium, built at a cost of $1 million.


1938 Rutgers Queensmen football team
Playing in front of a crowd of 22,500, Rutgers won the game, 20-18, against Princeton, marking the first time Rutgers had defeated a Princeton team since the two schools played the first college football game in 1869. In the final game of the 1938 season, Rutgers defeated Lafayette to win the Middle Three championship.


1938 SANFL Grand Final
The 1938 SANFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football competition. South Adelaide beat Port Adelaide 152 to 106.


1938 SANFL season
The 1938 South Australian National Football League season was the 59th season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia.


1938 SMU Mustangs football team
The 1938 SMU Mustangs football team was an American football team that represented Southern Methodist University (SMU) as a member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1938 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Matty Bell, the Mustangs compiled a 6–4 record (4–2 against conference opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 148 to 125. The team played its home games at Ownby Stadium in University Park, Texas, and the Cotton Bowl in Dallas.


1938 Sacramento Solons season
The 1938 Sacramento Solons season saw the Sacramento Solons baseball team win the Pacific Coast League (PCL) pennant. Led by manager Bill Killefer, the Solons finished third in the PCL with a 95–82 record, but qualified for the PCL's four-team playoffs. They defeated the first-place Los Angeles Angels, four games to one, in the opening round, and then defeated the fourth-place San Francisco Seals in the championship series, again by four games to one, to win the PCL's President's Trophy. However, the PCL's rules were changed in 1938 such that the pennant was awarded in 1938 to Angels as the team with the best record in the regular season.


1938 Sacramento Solons season
Left-hander Tony Freitas was the team's leading pitcher, compiling a 24–11 record and 2.67 earned run average (ERA) in 290 inning pitched. Cotton Pippen also pitched well, compiling a 17–8 record with a 3.15 ERA in 223 inning pitched.


1938 Sacramento Solons season
The Solons had a team batting of .250, the lowest among all nine PCL teams, and 42 points lower than the San Francisco Seals' .292 team batting average. Further, no Sacramento batter ranked among the league's top 25 in batting average.


1938 Sacramento Solons season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1938 Sacramento Solons season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 Saint Louis Billikens football team
The 1938 Saint Louis Billikens football team represented Saint Louis University during the 1938 college football season, their 39th season in existence. They finished the season 3–5–2 and 1–1–1 in the Missouri Valley Conference.


1938 Saint Louis Billikens football team
Against fellow MVC team, they lost to Tulsa, beat Grinnell, and tied Washington University. They recorded losses against Ole Miss of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and Missouri of the Big Six Conference.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
The 1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team was an American football team that represented Saint Mary's College of California during the 1938 college football season. In their 18th season under head coach Slip Madigan, the Gaels compiled a 6–2 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 106 to 41. The season ended in January with a 20–13 victory over Texas Tech in the Cotton Bowl, led by sophomore back Mike Klotovich.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team
The Gaels were unranked in the AP Poll for the entire season; the final poll was released in early December. They did not win a game on Saturday all season; all of the regular season wins were played on Sunday and the two losses were road games.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, at California
On September 24, the Gaels opened their 1938 season with a close 12–7 loss to California before a crowd of 50,000 in Berkeley. The preceding year's Cal team were undefeated and ended second-ranked in the final AP poll. The Gaels dominated the game for three quarters and led 7–0 at the start of the fourth quarter.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, Gonzaga
On Sunday, October 2, the Gaels defeated Gonzaga 20–0 at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco. St. Mary's touchdowns were scored by Mike Klotovich, Ed Heffernan, and Mike Pierrie.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, at Loyola
On Sunday, October 9, the Gaels defeated the Loyola Lions 7–0 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Fullback Herb Smith scored the only touchdown.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, Portland
On Sunday, October 16, the Gaels defeated Portland 32–7 at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, vs. San Francisco
On Sunday, October 23, the Gaels defeated the San Francisco Dons 13–6 before 20,000 in the rain at Kezar. San Francisco took a 6–0 lead into the fourth quarter, but the Gaels' scored two touchdowns, first on a pass from Klotovich to Aronson and later on a 53-yard run by Klotovich.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, at Fordham
The Gaels' November 5 game against tenth-ranked Fordham drew 44,274 to the Polo Grounds in New York City. A Fordham field goal in the second quarter counted for the game's only points, as Fordham defeated St. Mary's 3–0.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, vs. Santa Clara
Eight days after losing a close game to Fordham, the Gaels upset previously undefeated Santa Clara 7–0 before 60,000 at Kezar in San Francisco. It ended Santa Clara's 16-game winning streak, dating back to the 1936 season. Fullback Herb Smith scored the Gaels' touchdown.


1938 Saint Mary's Gaels football team, Season overview, Cotton Bowl
After the regular season, the Gaels were invited to play unbeaten and #11-ranked Texas Tech in the Cotton Bowl in Dallas on January 2, 1939. The Gaels took a 20–0 lead into the fourth quarter and held on to defeat the Red Raiders 20–13 before 40,000. St. Mary's touchdowns were scored by Ed Heffernan and Michael Klotovich and by Whitey Smith on an interception return for a touchdown.


1938 Sammarinese general election
General elections were held in San Marino on 29 May 1938. After it had taken over the country in April 1923, the Sammarinese Fascist Party was the only party to contest the elections, winning all 60 seats.


1938 Sammarinese general election, Electoral system
Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, 24 years old and meet at least one of the following requirements:


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike
The 1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike was a labor strike involving 12,000 pecan shellers in San Antonio, Texas, United States. Considered the largest labor strike in San Antonio's history, it saw mainly Mexican American pecan shellers, organized by labor activist Emma Tenayuca, protest wage cuts by the Southern Pecan Shelling Company. Starting on January 31, the strike lasted until March 8, when the two sides agreed to arbitration that led to a wage increase for the pecan shellers.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Background
During the 1930s, 40% of the pecan crop in the United States was grown in Texas, with half of that being produced within a 250 mile radius of San Antonio. Described as the "world's largest pecan shelling center", between 10,000 to 20,000 workers, primarily Mexican American women, worked as shellers, removing the hard outer shell of pecans grown and collected in the region. Many of them worked in poor conditions for low pay. The average weekly family income for pecan shellers was between $1.00 and $4.00, with many shellers having to supplement their seasonal income with additional farm labor.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Background
Additionally, the workrooms were often cramped centers often lacking proper ventilation, running water, and tools for shelling, with many of the shellers having to use their hands to shell the pecans. An increased rate of tuberculosis among the shellers was also pinned on the lack of proper ventilation and an abundance of pecan particulates in the workrooms.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Background
In the 1930s, the Southern Pecan Shelling Company, owned by Julius Seligman, dominated the pecan shelling industry both in San Antonio and nationwide, shelling between one-fourth and one-third of the total national output of pecans. This company, like many others in the area, utilized a contract system whereby he sold contractors whole pecans at $0.10 per pound and purchased back the fully shelled pecans at $0.30 to $0.36 per pound, with the contractors handling all labor issues and facilitating the shelling facilities needed. In 1933, Seligman hired Magdaleno Rodríguez to organize a company union, the Pecan Shelling Workers' Union.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Background
However, this union was short-lived, and in 1937 its remnants were reorganized into the Texas Pecan Shelling Workers' Union, supported by the Communist Party of America, who appointed Albert Gonsen as its leader. That same year, the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), affiliated with the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), granted a charter to the San Antonio pecan shellers with the understanding that the union would include other labor groups. This included the San Antonio branch of the Workers Alliance of America, founded a year prior by Emma Tenayuca to help assist the pecan shellers.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Background
On January 31, 1938, contractors for the Southern Pecan Shelling Company announced a pay cut for pecan shellers from $0.07 to $0.06 per pound for shelled pecan halves and $0.06 to $0.05 per pound for shelled pecan pieces. Wages for pecan crackers were reduced from $0.50 to $0.40 per one hundred pounds of pecans. Following this, 12,000 shellers, or approximately two-thirds of the workforce, spontaneously walked out. This was not the first strike action taken by the pecan shellers, as mass strikes had occurred previously in 1934 and 1935 over wage cuts, with both ending without success.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Course of the strike
Initially, the faction of the Pecan Shellers' Union organized around Gonsen were unsupportive of the strike, but the UCAPAWA offered its support for the strikers. Tenayuca shortly emerged as the leader of the movement, with the strikers electing her as their committee chair. While Tenayuca was not a pecan sheller, she was well-known among the pecan shellers for her organization and activism in the Workers Alliance, which Tenayuca claimed had over 10,000 members at the time. Covering the incident, Time reportedly highlighted Tenayuca's communist philosophy and painted her as the puppeteer behind the strike.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Course of the strike
San Antonio mayor C. K. Quin and other public officials also employed red-baiting to draw public support away from the strikers. This strategy largely succeeded, as many moderates spoke out about the strike's perceived communist influence. In an interview with the San Antonio Light, the police chief argued that there was no strike and that the incident was part of a ploy by communists and not sanctioned by the CIO. Roman Catholic Archbishop of San Antonio Arthur Jerome Drossaerts also spoke out against the strike and praised efforts by the police. However, La Prensa, a major Hispanic newspaper in the city, was sympathetic to the strikers.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Course of the strike
Over the course of the strike, hundreds of protestors and picketers were arrested and imprisoned by the police, including Tenayuca. Additionally, all soup kitchens in the city were closed to the strikers. As tensions increased, Texas governor James V. Allred ordered an investigation into possible violations of civil liberties, with a meeting held on February 14 chaired by the assistant state attorney. While the commission found that the police had overstepped their authority, no actions were taken against them.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Course of the strike
Concurrently, there were calls from within the UCAPAWA for Tenayuca to step down from her position as strike leader due to concerns about her communist affiliation. Ultimately, Tenayuca agreed to step down, and she was replaced by UCAPAWA president Donald Henderson. Speaking of the incident years later, Tenayuca expressed frustration and resentment towards the push to remove her, but she did for the greater good of the movement. After her removal, Tenayuca continued to support the strike in less prominent ways. Around this same time, the strikers received support from several sources. Texas Representative and future Mayor of San Antonio Maury Maverick stated his support for the strike. The American Civil Liberties Union also began to offer help to the strikers, and a rally was held on March 19 at Military Plaza to celebrate the release of some imprisoned strikers.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Course of the strike
By March, both sides had agreed to resolve the labor dispute through arbitration. On March 8, the pecan shellers returned to work as the union and pecan companies agreed to arbitration via a three person panel that included Austin, Texas mayor Robert Thomas Miller. The panel returned its decision on April 13, mandating a one-half cent increase in wages from the previous rates. Furthermore, the UCAPAWA local was recognized as the only legal representative for the pecan shellers.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Aftermath
The wage increase decided by the arbitration panel was considered more favorable to the employers than to the shellers. However, these wages were increased in October following the implementation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which instituted a $0.25 minimum wage. Fearing that this wage increase would lead to mechanization, both the union and pecan companies appealed to have the pecan shellers exempted from the minimum wage requirement, which was ultimately denied. Following this, the pecan shelling industry turned to mechanization, and by 1941 approximately 10,000 shellers permanently lost their jobs, though many found new employment as the United States mobilized for World War II.


1938 San Antonio pecan shellers strike, Aftermath
Following the strike, Maverick, who had lost reelection for the House of Representatives, successfully ran for mayor of San Antonio in 1938, with major support from Mexican Americans in the city. Tenayuca would later write a political essay, "The Mexican Question in the Southwest", that discussed the strike, Tenayuca's politics, and issues facing Mexican Americans in the southwestern United States.


1938 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1938 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1938 college football season.


1938 San Diego State Aztecs football team
This was the last year San Diego State would compete in the Southern California Conference (SCC). The following year, the Aztecs and Santa Barbara State would leave the SCIAC and join Fresno State and San Jose State as charter members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA). In the 13 years the Aztecs played in the SCIAC (1926–1938), they were conference champions twice (1936 & 1937).


1938 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1938 San Diego State team was led by head coach Leo Calland in his fourth season with the Aztecs. They played home games at Aztec Bowl in San Diego, California. The Aztecs finished the season with five wins, two losses and one tie (5–2–1, 3–1–1 SCIAC). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 82–69 for the season.


1938 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL
No San Diego State players were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 San Francisco Dons football team
The 1938 San Francisco Dons football team was an American football team that represented the University of San Francisco as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In their second season under head coach George Malley, the Dons compiled a 5–2–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 93 to 26.


1938 San Francisco State Staters football team
The 1938 San Francisco State Staters football team represented San Francisco State College during the 1938 college football season.


1938 San Francisco State Staters football team
Although the "Gator" was voted to be the mascot for the team in 1931, local newspaper articles called the team the "Staters" from 1935 through 1940. The team was led by fourth-year co-head coaches Dan Farmer and Hal Hardin. They played home games at Roberts Field in San Francisco, California. San Francisco State finished with a record of two wins and five losses (2–5). For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 53–79.


1938 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1938 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College. The Spartans were led by seventh-year head coach Dudley DeGroot and played home games at Spartan Stadium. The team played as an Independent and finished with a record of eleven wins and one loss (11–1).


1938 Santa Ana air show disaster
The 1938 Santa Ana air show disaster occurred on 24 July 1938 at a military review on the Campo de Marte in the Santa Ana district of Bogota, Colombia. During the review, a Curtiss Hawk II biplane of the Colombian Air Force piloted by Lieutenant César Abadia performed a stunt before crashing into a grandstand and then into the crowd.


1938 Santa Ana air show disaster
The pilot attempted to fly between the presidential stand and the stand for diplomats when he miscalculated the distance and the aircraft's wing-tip struck the diplomatic stand. The Hawk II destroyed part of the roof of the presidential stand and then careened through the crowd bursting into flames before it came to a stop upside down. Over fifty people, including civilians and soldiers were killed, and over a hundred injured. Among those in the presidential stand but uninjured were the outgoing Colombian President Alfonso López Pumarejo and his successor Eduardo Santos. Among the wounded was Misael Pastrana Borrero, a future president of Colombia.


1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
The 1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara State as an independent during the 1938 college football season. The following year, the Gauchos and San Diego State join Fresno State and San Jose State as charter members of the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA).


1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
The Gauchos were led by fifth-year head coach Theodore "Spud" Harder and played home games at La Playa Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of two wins and eight losses (2–8, 0–3 SCIAC). Overall, the team was outscored by its opponents 47–109 for the season. That included the Gauchos being shut out in six of the ten games.


1938 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
The following Santa Barbara Gaucho players were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1938 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The 1938 Santa Clara Broncos football team was an American football team that represented Santa Clara University during the 1938 college football season. In their third season under head coach Buck Shaw, the Broncos compiled a 6–2 record and outscored opponents by a total of 97 to 26.


1938 Santa Clara Broncos football team
Santa Clara tackle Alvord Wolff was a consensus first-team selection for the 1938 College Football All-America Team.


1938 Santos FC season
The 1938 season was the twenty-seventh season for Santos FC.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
The 1938 Saskatchewan general election was held on June 8, 1938, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
The Liberal Party was returned to power under its new leader, William John Patterson, but it lost twelve of the seats it had held in the previous legislature. The Liberals faced several new forces in this election.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, a democratic socialist party led by George Hara Williams, became the official opposition winning over 18% of the vote and ten seats in its first election. The party previously had five seats after the Farmer-Labour Group became the Saskatchewan CCF following the previous election.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
The Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan, which promoted the social credit theories of monetary reform, rode a wave of popularity from the 1935 electoral success of its Alberta counterpart and collected almost 16% of the votes, but won only two seats.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
Six "Unity" candidates also ran in an attempt to create a popular front of the Communists, CCF supporters and various populists. Although two were elected, they received only a very small fraction of the overall vote.


1938 Saskatchewan general election
The Conservative Party – under its new leader, John Diefenbaker – continued its decline as their share of the popular vote fell from 25% to under 12%. The party won no seats. Diefenbaker later had considerably more success in the federal Conservative Party, eventually becoming leader and sweeping the party to power in the 1958 election with a huge majority.


1938 Saskatchewan general election, Results
Note: * Party did not nominate candidates in previous election.


1938 Saskatchewan general election, Riding results
Names in bold represent cabinet ministers and the Speaker. Party leaders are italicized. The symbol " ** " indicates MLAs who are not running again.


1938 Scottish Cup Final
The 1938 Scottish Cup Final was played on 23 April 1938 at Hampden Park in Glasgow and was the final of the 60th Scottish Cup. East Fife and Kilmarnock contested the match. Following a 1–1 draw, the match was replayed on 27 April 1938, at the end of normal time the score was 2–2. East Fife, managed by David McLean, then went on to win the match 4–2 to win their only Scottish Cup.


1938 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1938 Sewanee Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Sewanee: The University of the South as a member of the Southeastern Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Harry E. Clark, Sewanee compiled a 1–8 record.


1938 Siamese general election
General elections were held in Siam on 12 November 1938 to elect 91 members of the 182-seat House of Representatives. The other 91 members had been appointed by the King after the 1937 elections. At the time there were no political parties, so all candidates ran as independents. Voter turnout was 35%.


1938 Slovak parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Slovakia on 18 December 1938 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.


1938 Slovak parliamentary election, Background
On 6 October 1938 Slovakia declared autonomy, with Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSĽS) becoming the dominant political party in Slovakia. Some parties were partially forced to merge with HSĽS, whilst others were forbidden (Jewish parties, the Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party) or their activities were suspended (e.g. Slovak National Party which refused to "voluntarily" join HSĽS). New Hlinka's Slovak People's Party - The Party of Slovak National Unity (HSĽS-SSNJ) then organized rigged elections to strengthen its position in Slovakia and for further negotiations with the central government.


1938 Slovak parliamentary election, Background
The elections were announced in the afternoon on Saturday 26 November 1938. Political parties were required to register by the next day, but the information was only officially published on Monday and in the daily press the following Thursday. The campaign contained strong anti-Czech and anti-Jewish propaganda, with those seeking to vote against labelled as traitors.


1938 Slovak parliamentary election, Electoral system
The election took the form of a referendum, with voters asked only one question "Do you want a new, free Slovakia?" The elections were supervised by the Hlinka Guard, which had to find out how people voted. In many places, the government created separate polling stations for members of national minorities to trace their political preferences and "loyalty".


1938 Slovak parliamentary election, Electoral system
Voters were presented with a United List of 63 candidates, of whom 47 were members of the Slovak People's Party, four were from the former Agrarian Party, two from the German Party, one from the Hungarian minority and the remaining nine were members of former parties.


1938 Slovak parliamentary election, Aftermath
Josef Tiso used the results for the reconstruction of the autonomous government, thus weakening the influence of other former parties which "voluntarily" joined HSĽS. The first session of the new Diet of the Slovak Land was held on 18 January 1939, with Martin Sokol elected as its chairman and Jozef Tiso as Prime Minister. On 14 March the Diet accepted independence, following Tiso's explanation of his discussions with Adolf Hitler in which the latter had ordered the Slovak government to declare independence.


1938 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 18 May 1938 to elect the 150 members of the House of Assembly. The United Party won an absolute majority.


1938 South African general election, Background
The National Party (led by the Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog) and the South African Party (whose leader was the Deputy Prime Minister Jan Smuts) were in coalition at the time of the 1933 South African general election.


1938 South African general election, Background
After the election the two coalition parties fused, to become the United South African National Party (commonly known as the United Party). The formal launch of the new party took place on 5 December 1934.


1938 South African general election, Background
Those members of the National Party who did not accept the fusion, constituted themselves as the Purified National Party (PNP) in June 1934. The leader of the new party was Dr D.F. Malan, who had been the National Party leader in Cape Province. Eighteen MPs joined the PNP caucus. Dr Malan became the Leader of the Opposition, in the House of Assembly.


1938 South African general election, Background
The members of the South African Party who rejected the fusion, formed the Dominion Party. Its leader was Colonel C.F. Stallard.


1938 South African general election, Changes to the franchise and representation
Under the Representation of Natives Act 1936, all registered black voters in the Cape Province were removed from the common voters' lists and placed on a special Cape Natives voters' roll. This served to effectively dismantle the traditional multi-racial "Cape Qualified Franchise" system.


1938 South African general election, Changes to the franchise and representation
Black voters had never been entitled to vote in Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Few had ever qualified in Natal.


1938 South African general election, Changes to the franchise and representation
The voters' rolls, for 1935, were broken down by race in each province (using the racial classifications in use in South Africa at the time).


1938 South African general election, Changes to the franchise and representation
No black voters were eligible to participate in the 1938 general election, apart from the one from Natal. The three (white) Native Representative Members from Cape Province were elected on a different date, for a term (expiring on 30 June immediately following a period of five years after the previous election) unaffected by dissolutions of Parliament.


1938 South African general election, Changes to the franchise and representation
The first group of native representatives had been elected in June 1937. The term for which they were elected expired on 30 June 1942. The representatives took their seats in the House of Assembly in 1938, and sat as Independent MPs.


1938 South African general election, Delimitation of electoral divisions
The South Africa Act 1909 had provided for a delimitation commission to define the boundaries for each electoral division. The representation by province, under the seventh delimitation report of 1937, is set out in the table below. The figures in brackets are the number of electoral divisions in the previous (1932) delimitation. If there is no figure in brackets then the number was unchanged.


1938 South African general election, Delimitation of electoral divisions
The above table does not include the three Native representative seats in Cape Province, which were not included in the delimitation of the general roll seats under the South Africa Act 1909.


1938 South African general election, Nominations
Candidates nominated for the election, by party, were United 150, Purified National 103, Labour 37, Dominion 33, Independent 31, Greyshirts 3 and Socialists 3. Total 360.


1938 South American Basketball Championship
The 1938 South American Basketball Championship was the 6th edition of this tournament. It was held in Lima, Peru and won by the host, Peru national basketball team. 5 teams competed, including Ecuador in their first appearance.


1938 South American Basketball Championship, Results
Each team played the other four teams once, for a total of four games played by each team and 10 overall in the tournament.


1938 South Australian Grand Prix
The 1938 South Australian Grand Prix was a motor race staged at the Lobethal Circuit in South Australia, Australia on 3 January 1938. It was held over 12 laps, a total distance of 100 miles. The race, which was the second South Australian Grand Prix, was contested on a handicap basis with the first car starting 30 minutes before the "Scratch" car.


1938 South Australian Grand Prix
The race was won by South Australian Noel Campbell driving a Singer Bantam.


1938 South Australian state election
State elections were held in South Australia on 19 March 1938. All 39 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election. The incumbent Liberal and Country League government led by Premier of South Australia Richard L. Butler defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Andrew Lacey.


1938 South Australian state election, Background
This election was the start of the electoral malapportionment which became known as the Playmander. It consisted of rural districts enjoying a 2-to-1 advantage in the state parliament, even though they contained less than half of the population, as well as a change from multi-member to single-member electorates, and the number of MPs in the lower house was reduced from 46 to 39. Labor remained out of power until the 1965 election.


1938 South Australian state election, Background
Tom Stott was one of 14 of 39 lower house MPs to be elected as an independent, which as a grouping won 40 percent of the primary vote, more than either of the major parties. Stott was the de facto leader of the independent caucus within parliament. The incumbent Butler LCL minority government only won 15 of 39 seats, which led to uncertainty over which party, if any, could form government. This confusion led Stott, as the most experienced and well known of the independent MPs, to believe that he could become Premier of South Australia. He failed to gain the support of sufficient independents and LCL members to achieve this but, as the de facto leader of the independent caucus within parliament, the LCL government were often forced to rely on his support.


1938 South Australian state election, Results
South Australian state election, 19 March 1938House of Assembly << 1933–1941 >>


1938 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1938 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1938 college football season. In their first season under head coach Rex Enright, South Carolina compiled a 6–4–1 record.


1938 South Carolina gubernatorial election
The 1938 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Burnet Rhett Maybank, Mayor of Charleston, South Carolina, won the contested Democratic primary and defeated Republican Joseph Augustis Tolbert in the general election becoming the 99th governor of South Carolina.


1938 South Carolina gubernatorial election, Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary for governor on August 30 and it is noted as being the last attempt by former Governor Cole Blease at becoming governor again. Maybank, the mayor of Charleston, had the support of the Lowcountry and emerged victorious from the runoff on September 13  against Wyndham Manning because the Upstate failed to coalesce around his candidacy.


1938 South Carolina gubernatorial election, General election
The general election was held on November 8, 1938 and Burnet Rhett Maybank was elected the next governor of South Carolina against token Republican candidate Joseph Augustis Tolbert. Being a non-presidential election and few contested races, turnout was much lower than the Democratic primary election. The presence even a token opposition candidate was unusual for South Carolina at the time.


1938 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1938 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1938 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Harry Gamage, the team compiled a 7–1 record (5–0 against NCC opponents) and outscored opponents by a total of 125 to 40. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1938 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1938 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1938 college football season. In its first season under head coach Jack V. Barnes, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored by a total of 109 to 69.


1938 South Dakota gubernatorial election
The 1938 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Incumbent Republican Governor Leslie Jensen declined to seek re-election and instead unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate. Harlan J. Bushfield, the former Chairman of the South Dakota Republican Party, won the Republican primary to succeed Jensen. In the general election, he faced Democratic nominee Oscar Fosheim, a State Representative from Miner County, in the general election. Bushfield defeated Fosheim by a relatively close margin, winning his first term as Governor.


1938 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team
The 1938 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team represented the South Georgia Teachers College—now known as Georgia Southern University—during the 1938 college football season. The team was led by Crook Smith in his tenth year as head coach.


1938 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1938 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 3–5, 1938 at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Duke Blue Devils won their first Southern Conference title, led by head coach Eddie Cameron.


1938 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top eight finishers of the conference's fifteen members were eligible for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1938 Southern Illinois Maroons football team
The 1938 Southern Illinois Maroons football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois Normal University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1938 college football season. In its 26th and final season under head coach William McAndrew, the team compiled a 2–7 record.


1938 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1938 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1938 college football season. In their second year under head coach Johnny Cain, the team compiled a 8–2–1 record.


1938 Soviet Cup
The 1938 Soviet Cup was an association football cup competition of the Soviet Union.


1938 Soviet Cup
Competitions in groups 14–18 were conducted as a regional competitions of the 1938 Cup of the Ukrainian SSR.


1938 Soviet Top League
The 1938 Soviet Top League combined all the Groups into one Super League.


1938 Soviet Top League
The season started on May 10 with the game between FC Torpedo Moscow and FC Spartak Kharkiv in Moscow. The last game was played on November 14 between FC Dynamo Rostov-na-Donu and FC Dynamo Odessa in Rostov-na-Donu. Each team played once with every other. The point system changed as well and stayed this way to the end of the competition in 1991: 2 for win, 1 for draw, and none for loss. This all-National championship was experimental and was disbanded next year. A half of the League was relegated at the end of the season.


1938 Soviet Top League
Spartak beside becoming the champion in the League format won the national cup competition, defeating a surprise team Elektrik from Leningrad, that last year was called Krasnaya Zarya.


1938 Soviet Union regional elections
On 24 June 1938, elections were held for the Supreme Soviets of the Soviet Union's constituent republics.


1938 Soviet Union regional elections
According to Soviet law, 5,100,000 out of an eligible adult voting population of 93,411,000 were disenfranchised for various reasons.


1938 Speedway National League
The 1938 National League Division One was the tenth season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain.


1938 Speedway National League, Summary
The only change from the previous season was Bristol Bulldogs moving up from the Provincial League and Hackney Wick Wolves moving down to take their place. They also swapped licences and riders as well as divisions.


1938 Speedway National League, National Trophy
The 1938 National Trophy was the eighth edition of the Knockout Cup.


1938 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Qualifying Rounds
Norwich Stars won the Division Two final and therefore secured a place in the quarter finals.


1938 Speedway National League, A.C.U Cup
The 1938 Auto-Cycle Union Cup was the fifth edition of the Cup and was won by West Ham Hammers, which ended the five year winning run of Belle Vue. The groups were decided on the number of heat points scored within matches, rather than match wins.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two
The 1938 National League Division Two was the inaugural season of British speedway's National League Division Two albeit a continuation of the Provincial League from the previous season in all but name.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two
The list of teams had several changes. Bristol Bulldogs had moved up to the National League and Hackney Wick Wolves had moved down to take their place. They also swapped licences and riders as well as divisions. Other new entrants were Lea Bridge Cubs, Newcastle, Sheffield and West Ham Hawks (West Ham's reserve team). Belle Vue Merseysiders who had replaced Liverpool in the previous season were also absent.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two
Nottingham withdrew just after the start of the league season and were replaced by Leeds Lions.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two, Provincial Trophy
The 1938 Provincial Trophy was the third edition of the Trophy, which was won by Norwich Stars.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two, National Trophy
The 1938 National Trophy was the eighth edition of the Knockout Cup. Norwich Stars won the Division 2 Final round and therefore qualified for the quarter finals proper (the round when the tier one sides entered the competition).


1938 Speedway National League Division Two, National Trophy, First qualifying round
+ Nottingham withdrew from league replaced by Leeds resulting in Hackney's result becoming void.


1938 Speedway National League Division Two, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Norwich were the National Trophy Div 2 winners, winning on aggregate 121-94.


1938 St. Louis Browns season
The 1938 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 55 wins and 97 losses.


1938 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1938 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 57th season in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, and the 47th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 71–80 during the season and finished 6th in the National League.


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1938 St. Mary's Rattlers football team
The 1938 St. Mary's Rattlers football team was an American football team that represented St. Mary's University, located in San Antonio, Texas, as a member of the Alamo Conference during 1938 college football season. Led by Frank Bridges in his fourth season as head coach, the team compiled a record of 6–9 overall with a mark of 0–2 in conference play, placing last out of three teams.


1938 Stafford by-election
The Stafford by-election of 1938 was held on 9 June 1938. The by-election was held due to the succession to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, William Ormsby-Gore. It was won by the Conservative candidate Peter Thorneycroft.


1938 Stanford Indians football team
The 1938 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1938 college football season. The team was coached by Tiny Thornhill in his sixth season at Stanford and played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1938 Stanley Cup Finals was a best-of-five series between the Chicago Black Hawks and the Toronto Maple Leafs. Chicago won the series 3–1 to win their second Stanley Cup. With their record of 14-25-9, they possess, to date, the lowest regular-season winning percentage of any championship team in the four major professional sports leagues, and are the only ones to do so with a losing record.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Toronto defeated Boston Bruins in a best-of-five 3–0 to advance to the Finals. The Black Hawks had to play two best-of three series; winning 2–1 against Montreal Canadiens, and 2–1 against the New York Americans to advance to the Finals.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Chicago lost their regular goaltender, Mike Karakas, during the playoffs and started Alfie Moore in game one. League president Frank Calder ruled that Moore was ineligible, but allowed the victory. Paul Goodman played and lost game two. Karakas returned for games three and four wearing a steel toe in his skate to protect his foot.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Chicago set a record with eight American players winning the Stanley Cup. Also set a record for attendance with 18,497 in game three. It was the second time in NHL history a team won the Stanley cup after starting three different goalies in the playoffs after the Detroit Red Wings accomplished the feet in the previous year, no Stanley Cup Champion would win the cup while starting three different goalies until the Penguins did it in 2016. It was the last time that the Hawks would win the Stanley Cup at home until 2015, and the last that a Chicago team would win a championship at Chicago Stadium until the Bulls won their second straight NBA championship in 1992.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The NHL did not see fit to make sure that the Stanley Cup was in Chicago when they won the game and the series on April 12.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1938 Stanley Cup was presented to Black Hawks captain Johnny Gottselig by NHL President Frank Calder following the Black Hawks 4–1 win over the Maple Leafs in game four.


1938 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Black Hawks players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1938 State of the Union Address
The 1938 State of the Union Address was given on Monday, January 3, 1938, by the 32nd United States president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He stated,


1938 Sugar Bowl
The 1938 Sugar Bowl was the fourth edition of the Sugar Bowl and featured the LSU Tigers and the Santa Clara Broncos in a rematch of the previous year's game. It was played on Saturday, January 1, 1938, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.


1938 Sugar Bowl, Background
LSU was invited to the Sugar Bowl for the third consecutive season, and was a slight favorite. The Broncos were undefeated on the season and as such were invited to the Sugar Bowl once again. In the final AP poll released in late November, LSU was eighth and Santa Clara was tied for ninth with Notre Dame.


1938 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
In the rain, LSU failed to capitalize despite having fewer turnovers, more first downs, and more yards than the Broncos. At one point, Pinky Rohm tried to score from the Bronco 3, but he was stopped by Al Wolff as the Broncos went to work on a drive, culminating with a Jim Coughlan touchdown catch from Bruno Pellegrini. LSU kept trying to get on the scoreboard, but they kept turning it over on downs and were stopped at Santa Clara's 23 on the final play, as Santa Clara topped the Tigers for a second straight year.


1938 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
LSU had to wait five years to gain their first bowl win, at the Orange Bowl in Miami. Santa Clara's next (and final) bowl game appearance came after the 1949 season, a win at the Orange Bowl in over Kentucky.


1938 Sun Bowl
The 1938 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Texas Tech Red Raiders and the West Virginia Mountaineers. This was the first Sun Bowl played at Kidd Field.


1938 Sun Bowl, Background
The Red Raiders were champion of the Border Intercollegiate Athletic Association for the first time in school history, which earned them the right to be invited to their first ever bowl game. The Mountaineers' only loss in the season was to Pittsburgh (the eventual champion). This was the first Sun Bowl played at Kidd Field.


1938 Sun Bowl, Game summary
A fumble by the Red Raiders on their own five yard line was recovered by the Mountaineers at the three. But West Virginia was stopped three times as fourth down approached. However, David Issac picked up his own fumbled while avoiding three tackles and dashed into the end zone, giving them a 7-0 lead. Before the half ended, Tech went on a drive. Led by quarterback Ed Smith, the Red Raiders drove 80 yards, culminating on a Charlie Calhoun one-yard rush for a touchdown. But the extra point was blocked, leaving the game at 7-6.


1938 Sun Bowl, Game summary
As it turned out, Emmett Moan's extra point kick for West Virginia proved to be the winning margin. A 92 yard touchdown run by Harry Clarke (who ran for 132 yards) was called back for holding, which would've given them the lead. Texas Tech had more yards, completed passes and first downs than the Mountaineers, but their two turnovers cost them dearly.


1938 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
The Mountaineers waited 11 years for their next bowl game, which turned out to be the Sun Bowl. The Red Raiders have played in the Sun Bowl eight more time since this game, though they've only won once.


1938 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2
These are statistics for the first season of the Suomensarja held in 1938.


1938 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, Overview
The 1938 Suomensarja  was contested by 26 teams divided into 4 regional sections. The top teams from each section then participated in a promotion play-offs with Reipas Viipuri eventually gaining promotion andfinishing as champions.


1938 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, League tables, Nousukarsinnat (Promotion Playoffs), Finals
Reipas Viipuri were promoted and KIF Helsinki were required to undertake a further round of play offs.


1938 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, League tables, Mestaruussarja/Suomensarja Promotion/Relegation Playoffs
KIF Helsinki remained in the Suomensarja and KPT Kuopio were not relegated from the Mestaruussarja.


1938 Surinamese general election
General elections were held in Surinam on 14 February and 23 March 1938 to choose the ten elected members of the Estates. Grace Schneiders-Howard was the only female candidate and was successful in the second round of voting, becoming the first woman elected in the Surinamese legislature.


1938 Surinamese general election, Electoral system
The elections were held using a two-round system in a single nationwide constituency. To be elected in the first round, a candidate had to receive more votes than 50% of the valid ballots cast. If a second round was required the number of candidates was twice the number of seats available. Suffrage was limited to men paying poll tax, although women were allowed to stand as candidates.


1938 Surinamese general election, Campaign
A total of 22 candidates contested the ten seats. Although not able to vote, a group of creole market women set up the Social Democratic Women's League to campaign for Schneiders-Howard.


1938 Surinamese general election, Results
Six candidates were elected in the first round, receiving 619 or more votes. A further four were elected in the second. Seven of the winning candidates were incumbent members.


1938 Surinamese general election, Aftermath
Following the elections, five additional members were appointed by the Governor on 30 March: Rachoenandan Brahma Tewari, Nicolaas Cornelis van Gheel Gildemeester, Jagesar Persad Kaulesar Sukul, Hendrik Miskin and Willem Vogel.


1938 Surinamese general election, Aftermath
Karel Johannes van Erpecum became Chairman of the Estates and Philip Samson vice-president.


1938 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1938 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 17th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. AIK won the championship.


1938 Swiss Grand Prix
The 1938 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten, Switzerland on 21 August 1938.


1938 Swiss referendums
Six referendums were held in Switzerland during 1938. The first four were held on 20 February; the first on amending articles 107 and 116 of the constitution to make Romansch an official language, which was approved by over 90% of voters and all cantons. The second was on a popular initiative "on urgent federal resolutions and the protection of people's rights" and was rejected by 85% of voters.


1938 Swiss referendums
The third was on a popular initiative on the private arms industry, and was also rejected by a wide margin, whilst the fourth was on a counter-proposal to the arms industry question, and was approved by voters. The fifth referendum was held on 3 July on the penal code, and was approved. The sixth and final referendum of the year was held on 27 November on a federal resolution on the transient order of the federal budget, and was approved by 72% of voters.


1938 Swiss referendums, Background
The referendums on making Romansch an official language and the federal budget were both "obligatory" referendums, requiring a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The popular initiatives on federal resolutions and the arms industry also required a double majority, as did the counter proposal to the arms industry question. The referendum on the penal code was an "optional referendum", which required only a majority of voters in favour.


1938 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1938 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1938 college football season. The Orangemen were led by second-year head coach Ossie Solem and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. Syracuse beat Colgate on November 5 at Archbold Stadium, the first in the Colgate–Syracuse football rivalry since 1924.


1938 São Paulo FC season
The 1938 football season was São Paulo's 9th season since club's existence.


1938 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1938 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1938 college football season. The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his fifth year as head coach. The Horned Frogs finished with an undefeated 11–0 season. At season's end, Davey O'Brien won the Heisman Trophy and the Horned Frogs were crowned as national champions by the AP Poll. The offense scored 269 points while the defense allowed 60 points. The Horned Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1938 Temple Owls football team
The 1938 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1938 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Pop Warner, the team compiled a 3–6–1 record and was outscored by a total of 170 to 97. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia. Richard Wheeler was the team captain.


1938 Temple Owls football team
After the 1938 season, Warner retired from coaching at age 67. He had been a football coach since 1895, compiling a 319–106–32 record.


1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team represented the University of Tennessee in the 1938 college football season. Head coach Robert Neyland fielded his third team at Tennessee after returning from active duty in the United States Army. The 1938 Tennessee Volunteers won the school's first national championship and are regarded as one of the greatest teams in SEC and NCAA history. The team was named national champion by NCAA-designated major selectors of Berryman, Billingsley, Boand, Dunkel, College Football Researchers Association, Houlgate, Litkenhous, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess)


1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team
In 1938, The Vols went 10–0 in the regular season and then shut out fellow unbeaten Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl, 17–0, snapping the Sooners' 14-game win streak and beginning a long winning streak for Neyland. Tennessee was selected by a majority of polls and selectors as the national champions with 24 crowning the Vols. Heisman Trophy winner Davey O'Brien and his undefeated TCU Horned Frogs were second with 14.


1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1938 Volunteers were the first of three consecutive Tennessee squads that had undefeated regular seasons. Tennessee won three consecutive conference titles before Neyland left for military service in World War II in 1941. Tennessee also began a historic streak in 1938. By shutting out their last four regular season opponents, the Vols began a streak of 17 consecutive regular season shutouts and 71 consecutive shutout quarters, still NCAA records. Athlon Sports has named the 1938 UT team as the third best college football team of all time.


1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Prominent players
The Vols featured three All American performers. Bob Suffridge was an All American at guard, while Bowden Wyatt earned his spot on the team as an end. George Cafego carried the ball as a tailback. Co-Captain: Joe Little "... The Vols defeated the Sooners 17-0 in a game termed the roughest ever played. George Cafego knocked Oklahoma star Waddy Young for a loop with a devastating block on the game's first play. Played with great intensity, the game featured the teams being penalized 220 yards between them.”It


1938 Tennessee Volunteers football team, Prominent players
got so bad that Neyland asked team Co-captain Sparta's Joe Little, also a Tennessee boxing letterman, to settle things down. Little lasted one play before decking a Sooner. He was ejected and was apologizing to Neyland before he reached the Tennessee sideline. Ironically, it had the intended effect of settling the game down for Neyland. In between all the penalties, Bob Foxx and Babe Wood scored touchdowns and team co-captain Bowden Wyatt, later Vol head coach, kicked a field goal and ran in an extra point. Tennessee held the Sooners to 94 yards total offense, while cranking up 260 of its own. It was Tennessee's speed against Oklahoma's size, and, on this day, Tennessee's speed won out."


1938 Tennessee gubernatorial election
The 1938 Tennessee gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Democratic nominee Prentice Cooper defeated Republican nominee Howard Baker Sr. with 71.72% of the vote.


1938 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1938 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1938 college football season.


1938 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1938 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1938 college football season.


1938 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1938 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as University of Texas at El Paso) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1938 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach Mack Saxon, the team compiled a 6–3 record (3–2 against Border Conference opponents), finished fourth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 153 to 72.


1938 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1938 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech during the 1938 college football season.


1938 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1938 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1938 college football season. Tatum Gressette served as head coach for the seventh season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1938 Tiberias massacre
The Tiberias massacre took place on 2 October 1938, during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Tiberias, then located in the British Mandate of Palestine and today is located in the State of Israel.


1938 Tiberias massacre
After infiltrating the Jewish Kiryat Shmuel neighbourhood, Arab rioters killed 19 Jews in Tiberias, 11 of whom were children. During the massacre, 70 armed Arabs set fire to Jewish homes and the local synagogue. In one house a mother and her five children were killed. The old beadle in the synagogue was stabbed to death, and another family of 4 was killed. At the time of the attack there were only 15 Jewish guards in the neighborhood of over 2,000 people. The coast of the Sea of Galilee remained unguarded, for it was the least expected direction for an attack. Two Jewish guards were killed in the attack.


1938 Tiberias massacre
The historian Shai Lachman has attributed the massacre to Abu Ibrahim al-Kabir.


1938 Tiberias massacre
A representative of the British mandate reported that: "It was systematically organized and savagely executed. Of the nineteen Jews killed, including women and children, all save four were stabbed to death. That night and the following day the troops engaged the raiding gangs". After the massacre, the Irgun proposed a joint retaliatory operation with Haganah to deter such events, but the latter group did not agree.


1938 Tiberias massacre
Tiberian Arabs murdered the Jewish mayor, Zaki Alhadif, on 27 October 27. The Haganah sent a party, led by Yosef Avidar, a Haganah leader who later became a general (Aluf) in the Israel Defense Forces, to investigate the failed defense of the city.


1938 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1938 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 48th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1938 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Thurles Sarsfields won the championship after a 7-07 to 2-02 defeat of Kildangan in the final. It was their 11th championship title overall and their first title since 1936.


1938 Titleholders Championship
The 1938 Titleholders Championship was contested from January 13–16 at Augusta Country Club. It was the 2nd edition of the Titleholders Championship.


1938 Titleholders Championship
This event was won by Patty Berg with rounds of 78-79-77-77.


1938 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1938 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1938 college football season. In their third season under head coach Clarence Spears, the Rockets compiled a 6–3–1 record.


1938 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1938 Toronto Argonauts season was the 52nd season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in second place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 5–1 record and qualified for the playoffs for the third consecutive season. The Argonauts defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders in a two-game total-points IRFU Final series before winning the Eastern Final over the Sarnia Imperials. The defending champion Argonauts defeated the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the 26th Grey Cup game by a score of 30–7, winning the franchise's fifth Grey Cup championship. It was also the first time that the Argonauts had repeated as champions as this was a rematch of the previous year's Grey Cup game.


1938 Tour de France
The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 5 to 31 July. It was composed of 21 stages over 4,694 km (2,917 mi).The race was won by Italian cyclist Gino Bartali, who also won the mountains classification.


1938 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The bonification system was reduced compared to 1937: the winner of a stage now only received one minute bonification time, added by the margin to the second arriving cyclist, with a maximum of 75 seconds. The cyclists who reached a mountain top that counted towards the mountains classification first, now received only one minute bonification time.


1938 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The team trial stages, where the teams departed 15 minutes separately, were removed from the race. They would later return in the 1954 Tour de France, in a different form. Instead, the 1938 Tour de France featured two individual time trials.


1938 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
In previous years, some cyclists were in teams and other rode individually. In 1937, there had been problems with individual cyclists being accused of helping other cyclists, culminating in the Belgian cyclists leaving the Tour. To avoid these problems, the categories for individual cyclists were removed for the 1938 Tour de France, and the race was contested by national teams. But because there were many French cyclists that did not fit into the national team, there were two extra French teams, the Bleuets and Cadets. The Bleuets was a kind of French "B"-team, while the Cadets consisted of young French promises.


1938 Tour de France, Teams
The big cycling nations in 1938, Belgium, Italy, Germany and France, each sent a team of 12 cyclists. Other countries, Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands, sent smaller teams of six cyclists each. The French had two extra teams of 12 cyclists, the Cadets and Bleuets.


1938 Tour de France, Teams
The three most powerful teams were the Belgian, the French and the Italian national team. The Italian team was led by Bartali, who had been close to winning the Tour de France in 1937 until he crashed. The Italian cycling federation had requested him to skip the 1938 Giro d'Italia so he could focus on the Tour de France.


1938 Tour de France, Route and stages
The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,770 m (9,090 ft) at the summit of the Col de l'Iseran mountain pass on stage 15.


1938 Tour de France, Race overview
Before the Pyrenees, all the favourites remained calm. André Leducq did not lose much time in the first stages, and when he got in a breakaway in the second part of the sixth stage, he took over the lead from Jean Majerus. In the eighth stage, Gino Bartali attacked, and dropped everybody. On the descent of the Col d'Aspin, his wheel collapsed, and Félicien Vervaecke and Ward Vissers overtook him. Bartali came back to finish in third place, but Vervaecke took the lead in the general classification. In that stage, former winner Georges Speicher was caught holding on to a car, and was removed from the race.


1938 Tour de France, Race overview
After that stage, Bartali was in second place in the general classification. He won some time on Vervaecke because of bonifications for reaching the tops of the Portet d'Aspet and the Braus first and winning the 11th stage, but lost some time in the individual time trial in stage 10b.


1938 Tour de France, Race overview
In the fourteenth stage, Bartali attacked again, and gained 17 minutes on Vervaecke and 20 on Vissers. Bartali was now leader of the race. Before the next stage, Bartali felt poorly. His team director, Costante Girardengo, told him not to force himself. Bartali let the others get away on the first mountains, but during the descent of the Iseran, Bartali went as fast as he could, and reach his concurrents. During that stage, Mathias Clemens, who started the stage in second place, lost a lot of time, so Vervaecke was back in second place, 20 minutes behind Bartali.


1938 Tour de France, Race overview
In the rest of the race, Bartali defended his lead with ease. Vervaecke won back some time in the last individual time trial, but that was not enough to endanger Bartali's lead.


1938 Tour de France, Race overview
In the last stage, Antonin Magne (winner of the Tour de France in 1931 and 1934) and André Leducq (winner of the Tour de France in 1930 and 1932) escaped together, and crossed the finish line together. The Tour jury declared them both winner. This was Leducq's 25th and final stage victory. For both cyclists it was also the last stage they ever rode in the Tour de France.


1938 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.


1938 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the mountains classification, 12 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. The Iseran was included for the first time in 1938. On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point. The mountains classification in 1938 was won by Gino Bartali. Bartali was the first cyclist to win the general classification and the mountains classification of the Tour de France in the same year.


1938 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The team classification was calculated in 1938 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. In 1938, there were eight teams of twelve cyclists. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France had a team, Luxembourg and Switzerland both supplied six cyclists for a combined team, as did Spain and the Netherlands, and there were two extra French teams, the bleuets and the cadets. The bleuets were also described as "France B", and the cadets as "France C".


1938 Tour de France, Aftermath
Because of the political tensions in Europe before the Second World War, Italy did not send a team to the 1939 Tour de France, so Bartali was unable to defend his title. After the war, the Tour de France resumed in 1947. In 1948, Bartali won his second Tour, becoming the first and so far only cyclist to win editions of the Tour de France ten years apart.


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c
The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 5 July, and Stage 10c occurred on 17 July with a flat stage to Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 31 July.


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 1
5 July 1938 – Paris to Caen, 215 km (134 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 2
6 July 1938 – Caen to Saint-Brieuc, 237 km (147 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 3
7 July 1938 – Saint-Brieuc to Nantes, 238 km (148 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 4a
8 July 1938 – Nantes to La Roche-sur-Yon, 62 km (39 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 4b
8 July 1938 – La Roche-sur-Yon to La Rochelle, 83 km (52 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 4c
8 July 1938 – La Rochelle to Royan, 83 km (52 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 5
10 July 1938 – Royan to Bordeaux, 198 km (123 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 6a
11 July 1938 – Bordeaux to Arcachon, 53 km (33 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 6b
11 July 1938 – Arcachon to Bayonne, 171 km (106 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 7
12 July 1938 – Bayonne to Pau, 115 km (71 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 8
14 July 1938 – Pau to Luchon, 193 km (120 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 9
16 July 1938 – Luchon to Perpignan, 260 km (160 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 10a
17 July 1938 – Perpignan to Narbonne, 63 km (39 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 10b
17 July 1938 – Narbonne to Béziers, 27 km (17 mi) (ITT)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c, Stage 10c
17 July 1938 – Béziers to Montpellier, 73 km (45 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21
The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 5 July, and Stage 11 occurred on 18 July with a flat stage from Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 31 July.


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 11
18 July 1938 - Montpellier to Marseille, 223 km (139 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 12
19 July 1938 - Marseille to Cannes, 199 km (124 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 13
21 July 1938 - Cannes to Digne, 284 km (176 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 14
22 July 1938 - Digne to Briançon, 219 km (136 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 15
23 July 1938 - Briançon to Aix-les-Bains, 311 km (193 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 16
25 July 1938 - Aix-les-Bains to Besançon, 284 km (176 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 17a
26 July 1938 - Besançon to Belfort, 89 km (55 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 17b
26 July 1938 - Belfort to Strasbourg, 143 km (89 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 18
27 July 1938 - Strasbourg to Metz, 186 km (116 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 19
28 July 1938 - Metz to Reims, 196 km (122 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 20a
30 July 1938 - Reims to Laon, 48 km (30 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 20b
30 July 1938 - Laon to Saint-Quentin, 42 km (26 mi) (ITT)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 20c
30 July 1938 - Saint-Quentin to Lille, 107 km (66 mi)


1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21, Stage 21
31 July 1938 - Lille to Paris, 279 km (173 mi)


1938 Tour de Suisse
The 1938 Tour de Suisse was the sixth edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 6 August to 14 August 1938. The race started and finished in Bern. The race was won by Giovanni Valetti.


1938 Trinidad and Tobago general election
General elections were held in Trinidad and Tobago in 1938.


1938 Trinidad and Tobago general election, Electoral system
The Legislative Council had 12 official members (civil servants), six nominated members, seven elected members and the Governor, who served as the legislature's speaker. The seven elected members were elected from single-member constituencies.