1935 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1935 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University as an independent during the 1935 college football season. In its first season under head coach Dick Harlow, the team compiled a 3–5 record and was outscored opponents by a total of 107 to 89. The team played its home games at Harvard Stadium in Boston.


1935 Haskell Indians football team
The 1935 Haskell Indians football team was an American football that represented the Haskell Institute—now known as Haskell Indian Nations University—as an independent during the 1935 college football season. The team compiled a record of 0–7–1, failed to score a point in five of its eight games, and was outscored by a total of 166 to 37.


1935 Haskell Indians football team
In August 1935, following the departure of Gus Welch, John Levi was named as the head coach of Haskell's football, basketball, and track teams. Levi, a full-blooded Arapaho, had been a star athlete at Haskell, winning 16 varsity letters from 1921 to 1924.


1935 Hawthorn Football Club season
The 1935 season was the Hawthorn Football Club's 11th season in the Victorian Football League and the 34th overall.


1935 Helena earthquake
The 1935 Helena earthquake occurred at 22:48:02 MDT on October 18 in Montana, with an epicenter near Helena. It had a magnitude of 6.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The temblor on that date was the largest of a series of earthquakes that also included a large aftershock on October 31 of magnitude 6.0 and a maximum intensity of VIII. Two people died in the mainshock and two others died as a result of the October 31 aftershock. Property damage was over $4 million.


1935 Helena earthquake, Tectonic setting
Helena lies within the northern part of the Intermountain Seismic Belt (ISB). This area of relatively intense seismicity runs roughly north-south from northwestern Arizona, through Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, before dying out in northwestern Montana. It shows a marked deflection to the northwest near Helena, where it intersects with the Lewis and Clark fault zone, a zone of older WNW-trending faults. The ISB is characterized by normal faulting of late Quaternary age, indicating active extensional tectonics, as recognized throughout the Basin and Range province to the south. The focal mechanism of the two largest earthquakes of the 1935 sequence are consistent with right lateral strike-slip faulting on faults similar in trend to two major mapped NW-SE faults, the Bald Butte and Helena Valley Faults.


1935 Helena earthquake, Earthquake sequence
The sequence began with a small earthquake on October 3. It was followed by a damaging earthquake on October 12 (magnitude 5.9, intensity VII), the mainshock on October 18 (magnitude 6.2, intensity VIII), the large aftershock on October 31 (magnitude 6.0, intensity VIII) and a further large aftershock on November 28 (magnitude 5.5, intensity VI). There were a total of 1800 temblors recorded between October 4, 1935, and April 30, 1936.


1935 Helena earthquake, Damage
There was widespread damage to unreinforced masonry structures in the Helena area with more than 200 chimneys being destroyed. The strongest effects were seen in the northeast, where buildings were constructed on alluvial soil, and in the southern business district, which contained many brick buildings. The most extensively damaged building was the Helena High School, which was completed in August 1935 and had just been dedicated in early October. The school buildings, which had cost $500,000, had not been designed to be earthquake resistant. Another building that was totally destroyed and had to be rebuilt was the Lewis and Clark County Hospital. The October 18 earthquake caused an estimated $3 million of damage to property.


1935 Helena earthquake, Damage
The aftershock of October 31 caused an estimated $1 million of further property damage, particularly to structures already weakened by the October 18 shock.


1935 Helena earthquake, Damage
Two people were killed by falling bricks in Helena during the October 18 shock. Two brick masons died as a result of the October 31 aftershock, while removing a brick tower.


1935 Helena earthquake, Aftermath
A temporary camp was set up by the Red Cross and Federal Emergency Relief Administration on land at the Montana Army National Guard's Camp Cooney. The first night saw 400 people staying there, but most had found space with friends or family outside of the damaged area by the end of the week. Many other people lived in tents around the town for the next few weeks, either due to damaged property or for fear of aftershocks. The National Guard were deployed in Helena to keep sightseers away from the damaged buildings, there was no looting.


1935 Helena earthquake, Modern-day concerns
A computer simulation performed for the Lewis and Clark County office of Disaster and Emergency Services estimated that a 6.3 magnitude earthquake today would result in property damage over $500 million. Another concern for future earthquakes in the area is soil liquefaction, especially in the area north of the city where there are alluvial soils and a high water table.


1935 Holy Cross Crusaders football team
The 1935 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross as an independent during the 1935 college football season. In their third season under head coach Eddie Anderson, the Crusaders compiled a 9–0–1 record. It was the first undefeated season in school history. Nicholas Morris was the team captain.


1935 Home Nations Championship
The 1935 Home Nations Championship was the thirty-first series of the rugby union Home Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Five Nations, and prior to that, the Home Nations, this was the forty-eighth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Six matches were played between 19 January and 16 March. It was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.


1935 Hong Kong sanitary board election
The 1935 Sanitary Board Election was supposed to be held on 22 May 1935 for the one of the 2 unofficial seats in the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong. It was the last election for the Sanitary Board before it was renamed to Urban Council in 1936.


1935 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Only ratepayers who were included in the Special and Common Jury Lists of the years or ratepayers who are exempted from serving on Juries on account of their professional avocations, unofficial members of the Executive or Legislative Council, or categories of profession were entitled to vote at the election.


1935 Hong Kong sanitary board election
Dr. Li Shu Fan held his seat without being contested.


1935 Howard Bulldogs football team
The 1935 Howard Bulldogs football team represented Howard College in the 1935 college football season. The team tied Alabama, and won the Dixie Conference.


1935 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1935 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team represented Humboldt State College during the 1935 college football season. They competed as an independent.


1935 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team
The 1935 Lumberjacks were led by first-year head coach Charlie Erb. They played home games at Albee Stadium in Eureka, California. Humboldt State finished with a record of six wins, one loss and one tie (6–1–1). The Lumberjacks outscored their opponents 134–44 for the season.


1935 Humboldt State Lumberjacks football team, Team players in the NFL
No Humboldt State players were selected in the 1936 NFL Draft.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary between 31 March and 7 April 1935. The result was a victory for the Party of National Unity, which won 164 of the 245 seats in Parliament. Gyula Gömbös remained Prime Minister.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election, Electoral system
The electoral system remained the same as in 1931. There were 199 openly elected single-member constituencies and 11 secretly elected multi-member constituencies electing a total of 46 seats.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The number of votes refers to only 146 of the 199 single-member constituencies, as 53 seats were uncontested.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The number of votes refers to ten of the eleven MMCs.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The National Radical Party and the National Independence Kossuth Party ran a joint list in one multi-member constituency. It won a single seat, taken by the National Independence Kossuth Party.


1935 Hungarian parliamentary election, Results
The total number of registered voters was 3,005,742; the figure in the table refers to the number of registered voters in the contested seats for which figures are available.


1935 Ice Hockey World Championships
The 1935 Ice Hockey World Championships were held from January 19 to January 27, 1935, in Davos, Switzerland, in which a record 15 countries took part. The teams first played in four preliminary round groups (three groups of four and a group of three). Unlike in the previous year, Canada participated in the preliminary round. The first two teams in each group advanced to the semifinal round, while the remaining seven played in a consolation round to determine positions 9 through 15. In the semifinal round there were two groups of four teams. The first two teams in each group advanced to a final round while the remaining teams played for positions 5 though 8. Canada won its eighth world championship title while the host, Switzerland, won its second European championship.


1935 Ice Hockey World Championships, World Ice Hockey Championship (in Davos, Switzerland), 5th to 8th Places
France and Italy decide by common agreement not to play the classification match for seventh place because of too many injured players on both teams.


1935 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football team
The 1935 Idaho Southern Branch Bengals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Idaho, Southern Branch (later renamed Idaho State University) as an independent during the 1935 college football season. In their first season under head coach Guy Wicks, the team compiled a 7–0–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 202 to 26.


1935 Idaho Vandals football team
The 1935 Idaho Vandals football team represented the University of Idaho in the 1935 college football season. The Vandals were led by first-year head coach Ted Bank, and were members of the Pacific Coast Conference. Home games were played on campus in Moscow at MacLean Field, with one in Boise at Public School Field.


1935 Idaho Vandals football team
Idaho compiled a 2–7 overall record and lost all but one of its six games in the PCC, defeating cellar rival Montana.


1935 Idaho Vandals football team
In the Battle of the Palouse with neighbor Washington State, the Vandals suffered an eighth straight loss, falling 0–6 at homecoming in Moscow on November 9. Idaho's most recent win in the series was ten years earlier in 1925 and the next was nineteen years away in 1954.


1935 Idaho Vandals football team, All-conference
No Vandals were named to the All-Coast team; tackle Bob McCue was a third team selection, and halfback Theron Ward was honorable mention.


1935 Idaho Vandals football team, NFL Draft
One Vandal senior was selected in the inaugural 1936 NFL Draft, which lasted nine rounds (81 selections).


1935 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
The 1935 Illinois Fighting Illini football team was an American football team that represented the University of Illinois during the 1935 college football season. In their 23rd season under head coach Robert Zuppke, the Illini compiled a 3–5 record and finished in a tie for last place in the Big Ten Conference. Guard Ed Gryboski was selected as the team's most valuable player.


1935 Illinois Fighting Illini football team
On November 9, 1935, Illinois defeated Michigan, 3 to 0, before a homecoming crowd of 28,136 at a rainy Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. In a low-scoring match, Lowell Spurgeon kicked a 22-yard field goal for Illinois in the second quarter. Michigan's offense was stifled by the Illinois defense. The Wolverines gained only 10 yards of total offense and secured only one first down, that one coming on an Illinois penalty for running into the punter in the third quarter. Michigan threw only two forward passes, with either one or both of them resulting in an interception.


1935 Indiana Hoosiers football team
The 1935 Indiana Hoosiers football team represented the Indiana Hoosiers in the 1935 college football season. The participated as members of the Big Ten Conference. The Hoosiers played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. The team was coached by Bo McMillin, in his second year as head coach of the Hoosiers.


1935 Indianapolis 500
The 23rd International 500-Mile Sweepstakes Race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday, May 30, 1935. Despite attempts to improve participant safety by requiring crash helmets and installing green and yellow lights around the track, the event that year would prove to be one of the worst in terms of fatalities.


1935 Indianapolis 500
Kelly Petillo won the race, accompanied by riding mechanic Jimmy Dunham. Pete DePaolo, the 1925 winner, was the team principal, becoming the first individual to win the race separately as a driver and an owner.


1935 Indianapolis 500
The race was part of the 1935 AAA Championship Car season.


1935 Indianapolis 500, Pre-race and qualifying
On May 21, nine days before the race, three prospective participants lost their lives. Rookie Johnny Hannon, on just his first lap at racing speed, had his car go over the outside retaining wall and was killed from a fractured skull. Later that day, driver Hartford "Stubby" Stubblefield also had his car go over the outside wall, and both he and his riding mechanic Leo Whittaker died from injuries they received being thrown from the vehicle. Kelly Petillo, the eventual winner, had his own difficulties getting into the field. His initial qualifying run (a record-breaking 121.687 mph) was voided when his car was ruled to have exceeded the fuel limit. Returning to the track, he had an engine blow, before finally having a qualifying run of 115.095 that placed him 22nd in the field.


1935 Indianapolis 500, Race
Driver Clay Weatherly would beg Leon Duray, the owner of Hannon's crashed car, to allow him to drive it in the race. The car would prove no luckier for Weatherly, who would be killed when the car crashed through the inner guard rail coming out of turn four on lap nine. Rex Mays would lead most of the first 300 miles (480 km) before being forced out with mechanical failure. Petillo had climbed to second, and after Mays' departure led most of the remainder other than briefly following a pit stop. Petillo easily broke the record for the fastest average speed (106.240 mph) despite being slowed somewhat by rain near the end of the race. Petillo received approximately $33,000 in winnings for the race.


1935 Indianapolis 500, Aftermath
The driver deaths in 1935 caused the Speedway to develop a program to test rookie drivers which was instituted in 1936. Adjustments were also made to the configuration of the turns. Petillo would race in five more 500s, never again finishing higher than 18th. Six of the thirty-three drivers who started the race would end up having their lives ended in accidents at the Indy Speedway.


1935 International Cross Country Championships
The 1935 International Cross Country Championships was held in Auteuil, France, at the Hippodrome d'Auteuil on March 23. An unofficial women's championship was held in Morecambe, England on March 20, 1935, but only a report on the men's event was given in the Glasgow Herald.


1935 International Cross Country Championships
Complete results for men, and for women (unofficial), medallists,  and the results of British athletes were published.


1935 International Cross Country Championships, Participation, Men's
An unofficial count yields the participation of 61 male athletes from 7 countries.


1935 International Cross Country Championships, Participation, Women's
An unofficial count yields the participation of 11 female athletes from 2 countries.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 30th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. Due to increased political tensions in Europe, entries for the Europe Zone declined sharply, causing the Qualifying Round system to be scrapped. Only 11 teams would enter the Europe Zone, with 17 teams entering the qualifying rounds; while six would enter the Americas Zone, 4 in North America and 2 in South America. Estonia entered the tournament for the first time.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
In the America Inter-Zonal Final the United States received a walkover due to Brazil's absence, while in the Europe Zone final Germany defeated Czechoslovakia. The United States defeated Germany in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would fall to Great Britain in the Challenge Round. The final was played at the All England Club Centre Court in Wimbledon, London, England on 27–30 July.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The America Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
6 teams entered the America Zone: 4 teams competed in the North & Central America Zone, while 2 teams competed in the South America Zone. The winner of each sub-zone would play against each other to determine who moved to the Inter-Zonal Final to compete against the winner of the Europe Zone.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge America Zone
The United States defeated Mexico in the North & Central America Zone final, and Brazil defeated Uruguay in the South America Zone final. In the Americas Inter-Zonal Final, the United States received a walkover after Brazil withdrew, and went on to face Germany in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
The Europe Zone was one of the two regional zones of the 1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge.


1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge Europe Zone
Due to increased political tensions in Europe, entries for the Europe Zone declined sharply, causing the Qualifying Round system to be scrapped. 11 teams entered the Europe Zone, with the winner going on to compete in the Inter-Zonal Final against the winner of the America Zone; 17 teams entering the qualifying rounds. Germany defeated Czechoslovakia in the final, and went on to face the United States in the Inter-Zonal Final.


1935 International University Games
The 1935 International University Games were organised by the Confederation Internationale des Etudiants (CIE) and held in Budapest, Hungary. Held from 10–18 August, a total of 774 athletes from 26 nations competed in a programme featuring ten sports. Gymnastics made its first appearance on the programme, with events for men and women.


1935 Iowa Hawkeyes football team
The 1935 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1935 college football season. This season marks the first time that Iowa played Minnesota for the Floyd of Rosedale


1935 Iowa State Cyclones football team
The 1935 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts (later renamed Iowa State University) in the Big Six Conference during the 1935 college football season. In their fifth season under head coach George Veenker, the Cyclones compiled a 2–4–3 record (1–3–1 against conference opponents), finished in fifth place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 101 to 82. They played their home games at State Field in Ames, Iowa.


1935 Iowa State Cyclones football team
Ike Hayes was the team captain. Two Iowa State players were selected as first-team all-conference players: guard Ike Hayes and tackle John Catron.


1935 Iranian legislative election
The elections for the tenth Majlis were held in the spring of 1935.


1935 Iranian legislative election
People of Greater Tunb were invited to vote in the elections as part of the Bandar Abbas constituency.


1935 Iraqi parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iraq on 4 August 1935 to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies.


1935 Iraqi parliamentary election, Background
The elections occurred during a period of turmoil and tribal revolts against the government in the mid-Euphrates and southern regions. The revolt was partly attributed to the lack of governmental and parliamentary representation of the Shia tribes in the troubled regions.


1935 Iraqi parliamentary election, Results
The number of seats in parliament was increased from 88 to 108 due to the significant increase in the population since 1925. The government recognised the southern tribes' resentment and helped electing some of the tribes' leaders. The new parliament also had a higher number of journalists. The Party of National Brotherhood led by incumbent Prime Minister Yasin al-Hashimi won a majority of seats.


1935 Iraqi parliamentary election, Aftermath
Al-Hashimi, who adopted strong nationalist policies, had strong support in the new parliament; he remained Prime Minister until his government was overthrown by a military coup led by general Bakr Sidqi in 1936. After the coup, Hikmat Sulayman, a former member of the Party of National Brotherhood, was made Prime Minister by the coup's military leader.


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp
The Rare 2d Coil was an experimental vertical coil stamp, denominated 2d, issued by the Irish Post Office in 1935 and is one of the scarcest, and most valuable, Irish stamps. It is often referred to by stamp collectors simply as "Scott 68b" or "SG 74b", being the Scott and Stanley Gibbons stamp catalogue numbers respectively.


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, Design
Philatelists refer to the configuration as '"perf 15 x imperf", or in the USA as "perf 15 horizontal", because the stamp is perforated 15 gauge (holes per 2 cm) on the horizontal and imperforate on the vertical edges. Because of the shared design it appears identical to the first 2d value definitive stamp issued on 6 December 1922 with the Map of Ireland except for the imperforate vertical edges. It uses the first Irish watermark that was a stylised design of the two overlapping letters 's' and 'e' making an 'se' watermark representing the name of the country Saorstát Éireann (Irish Free State).


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
It was first recognised in 1937 but not acknowledged by the philatelic catalogues until the Scott stamp catalogue listed it in 1952. Over the years 20 copies have been identified in mint condition, but the quantity used is not known however, even though several have been recorded, they are scarce. A few copies are known on cover but Dulin suggests that all Irish coil stamps are scarce on cover.


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
Some debate as to the genuineness of this stamp took place in the Irish philatelic literature during the mid-1990s with a suggestion the stamp had been fabricated from a normal fully perforated stamp with a press. This hypothesis was debunked by Foley and Ian Whyte, a Dublin stamp dealer, who both claimed such a process would damage the stamp and be scientifically impossible. Archived documents were also found that confirm the stamp was ordered and issued by the Irish postal administration.


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
2d Map of Ireland definitive stamp perforated on all sides from a regular sheet of stamps; 1st letter rate stamp


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
Gerard Brady example 1 sold in Dublin in May 2016 for €10,000 by Whyte's


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
Mint 68b that received a Philatelic Foundation Certificate in 2010 was sold in an April 2011 Kelleher auction for $12,500.00 (plus 15% buyer fee)


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, History
An detailed survey of the then twenty known unused examples was carried out by Gerard Brady and published in the Irish Stamp News in 1981.


1935 Irish 2d coil stamp, Forgery
In 2004 a forgery of this stamp was reported in The Revealer, the journal of the Éire Philatelic Association, that had been found in the "Maryland forgeries" and offered for sale by a noted collector Roger West of Phoenix International. The forgery is paler than the genuine stamp and the print is coarser, on a white ungummed paper and perforated 10.75 x imperf. The printed stamp area is 18.0mm x 22.5mm compared to 18.5mm x 22.0mm on the original.


1935 Irish Greyhound Derby
The 1935 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during August with the final being held at Shelbourne Park in Dublin on August 10.


1935 Irish Greyhound Derby, Competition Report
In the first two semi-finals on 3 August Roving Spring beat his half-brother Roving Yank in a time of 30.46 and Tullyglass Bramble won by two lengths from Lisnagree in 30.60. On 5 August Received With Thanks and Swift Brown Lady took the remaining two final places. The final resulted in an easy win for Roving Yank leading early and stretching his lead to six lengths at the finish. Tullyglass Bramble finished well to take third place behind Roving Spring in second place.


1935 Isle of Man TT
For the 1935 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy, Stanley Woods provided another surprise by moving again, from Husqvarna to Moto Guzzi.


1935 Isle of Man TT
The 1935 Junior TT Race provided a Junior TT double win for Jimmie Guthrie at an average race speed of 79.14 mph (127.36 km/h) and Norton with a 1-2-3 race win with Walter Rusk and "Crasher" White filling 2nd and 3rd places.


1935 Isle of Man TT
The 1935 Lightweight TT Race was a debut event for the Italian Omobono Tenni. It was team-mate Stanley Woods that led the 1935 Lightweight TT Race from start-to-finish at an average race speed of 71.56 mph (115.16 km/h) followed by Tyrell Smith and Ernie Nott, both riding for Rudge motor-cycles.


1935 Isle of Man TT
The 1935 Senior TT Race was postponed to the next day due to poor weather. Despite the delay, the race produced one of the most dramatic TT races. The race was led away by Jimmie Guthrie at number 1 while Stanley Woods starting at number 30 had a 15 minute wait. By the last lap of the 1935 Senior TT Race, Jimmie Guthrie had built-up a lead of 26 seconds.


1935 Isle of Man TT
As the Moto Guzzi pit-attendants made preparations for Stanley Woods to refuel on the last-lap, the Norton pit-crew signalled to Guthrie to easy the pace on the last lap. Stanley Woods riding for Moto Guzzi went straight through the TT Grandstand area without stopping on the last lap and set a new overall lap record of 26 minutes and 10 seconds at an average speed of 86.53 mph (139.26 km/h).


1935 Isle of Man TT
Despite the Norton team telephoning the signal-station at Ramsey on the last lap to indicate to Jimmie Guthrie to speed-up the pace, Stanley Woods won the 1935 Senior TT Race by 4 seconds from Jimmie Guthrie in 3 hours, 7 minutes and 10 seconds at an average speed of 84.68 mph (136.28 km/h).


1935 Isle of Man TT, Senior TT (500cc)
Saturday 22 June 1935 – 7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountain Course.


1935 Isle of Man TT, Junior TT (350cc)
Monday 17 June 1935 – 7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountain Course.


1935 Isle of Man TT, Lightweight TT (250cc)
Wednesday 19 June 1935 – 7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountain Course.


1935 Italian Grand Prix
The 1935 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 8 September 1935.


1935 Jubilee Handicap
The Jubilee Handicap was a motor race staged at the Phillip Island circuit in Victoria, Australia on 6 May 1935. The race, which was organised by the Victorian Sporting Car Club, was contested on a handicap basis over a distance of 100 miles.


1935 Jubilee Handicap
The race was won by H. Abbott driving an Austin Brooklands. Abbott, who was the "limit man", started the race 18 minutes before "scratch" starters J. Pockett (Ford V8) and Barney Dentry (Riley)   His winning margin over second placed L. Burrows (Terraplane) was one second with third placed C. Pickworth (Terraplane) a further 27 seconds behind.


1935 Jubilee Handicap, Entries
Note: Handicaps as published with the race report in The Argus on 7 May differ in some cases from those published with the list of entries in The Argus on 29 April.


1935 Jubilee Handicap, Race results
Details of the other eight starters have not yet been ascertained.


1935 Jérémie hurricane
The 1935 Jérémie hurricane, commonly referred to as the 1935 Haiti hurricane, was a highly destructive and catastrophic tropical cyclone that impacted the Greater Antilles and Honduras in October 1935, killing well over 2,000 people. Developing on October 18 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, the storm proceeded to strike eastern Jamaica and southeastern Cuba while overwhelming southwestern Haiti in a deluge of rain. The hurricane—a Category 1 at its peak—completed an unusual reversal of its path on October 23, heading southwestward toward Central America. Weakened by its interaction with Cuba, the storm soon regained strength and made its final landfall near Cabo Gracias a Dios in Honduras on October 25. The cyclone weakened upon moving inland and dissipated two days later.


1935 Jérémie hurricane
Flooding and landslides in Jamaica took their toll on property, agricultural interests, and infrastructure; fruit growers on the island sustained about $2.5 million (1935 USD) in losses. Just off the coast, an unidentified vessel went down with her entire crew in the hostile conditions. Strong winds buffeted coastal sections of Cuba, notably in and around Santiago de Cuba. There, the hurricane demolished 100 homes and filled streets with debris. Only four people died in the country, thanks to the extensive pre-storm preparations.


1935 Jérémie hurricane
The storm did the most damage along the Tiburon Peninsula of southwestern Haiti, where catastrophic river flooding took the lives of up to 2,000 individuals, razed hundreds of native houses, and destroyed crops and livestock. The heaviest destruction took place around the towns of Jacmel and Jérémie; one early report estimated that 1,500 had been killed at the latter. Entire swaths of countryside were isolated for days, delaying both reconnaissance and relief efforts.


1935 Jérémie hurricane
The hurricane later created devastating floods in Central America, chiefly in Honduras. Reported at the time to be the worst flood in the nation's history, the disaster decimated banana plantations and population centers after rivers flowed up to 50 ft (15 m) above normal. Torrents of floodwaters trapped hundreds of citizens in trees, on rooftops, and on remote high ground, requiring emergency rescue. The storm left thousands homeless and around 150 dead in the country, while monetary losses totaled $12 million. Flooding and strong winds reached into northeastern Nicaragua, though damage was much less widespread than in neighboring Honduras.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Meteorological history
The hurricane originated over the southwestern Caribbean Sea, where, on October 17, a broad and immature low pressure system was noted. The hurricane forecast center in Jacksonville, Florida issued its first advisory on the storm late on October 20, following ship reports of winds approaching and exceeding gale-force. Contemporary reanalyses of the storm have determined that it organized into a tropical depression on October 18, then drifted toward the east, turning north-northeastward as it strengthened into a tropical storm early the next day.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Meteorological history
Due to low environmental air pressures and the large size of the cyclone, intensification was gradual as the storm approached Jamaica, eventually making landfall on the eastern side of the island, just west of the Morant Point Lighthouse, at 13:00 UTC on October 21. The system came ashore with a central pressure of 995 hPa (29.4 inHg), suggesting maximum winds of 60 mph (100 km/h). After emerging into the waters between Jamaica and Cuba, the storm slowed in forward speed, continued to intensify, and curved northwestward toward southeastern Cuba. The storm attained the equivalent of Category 1 hurricane status on the current-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale early on October 22, while meandering just off the coast of Cuba.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Meteorological history
At around 18:00 UTC on October 22, the hurricane made landfall near Santiago de Cuba at its initial peak intensity, with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). It started weakening early the next day after encountering the Sierra Maestra mountain range and moving southwestward, away from the coast. Steered by persistent high-pressure ridging over the eastern United States and western Atlantic, the cyclone would maintain this highly unusual path for the remainder of its duration in open waters. It brushed Cuba's Cape Cruz and deteriorated to a tropical storm before passing relatively close to the western tip of Jamaica.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Meteorological history
On the morning of October 24, the barometer aboard a ship in the storm's eye fell to 988 hPa (29.2 inHg), its lowest recorded pressure. The ship measured winds outside of the lull only up to 46 mph (74 km/h), but the storm was reintensifying, and once again achieved hurricane strength later in the day. It matched its previous peak intensity at 12:00 UTC on October 25 as it approached Cabo Gracias a Dios on the border of Honduras and Nicaragua. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane crossed the Honduran coast for its final landfall. The mountainous terrain of Central America worked to diminish the storm, which curved westward and steadily lost force, though observation of its decay was minimal. The cyclone likely dissipated on October 27 over Guatemala.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact
The hurricane affected Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, Honduras, and North Nicaragua along its unusual path, killing an estimated 2,150 people.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Jamaica
Parts of eastern Jamaica began to experience strong northeasterly winds early on October 20, and the parishes of Saint Thomas, Portland, and Saint Mary ultimately bore the brunt of the storm. Heavy rainfall swelled rivers and triggered landslides; the ensuing floods destroyed bridges, inundated many homes, and necessitated the rescue of trapped individuals. With telegraph communications cut to the hardest-hit areas and roads left impassable, the degree of destruction was initially uncertain, though it was described as "extensive". The storm took a heavy toll on agriculture (already compromised from the effects of another hurricane less than a month earlier), with banana plantations in particular sustaining heavy damage. Losses to fruit crops in the nation totaled an estimated $2,500,000.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Jamaica
The storm reportedly killed three people on the island. An unidentified schooner capsized off Port Antonio with all hands lost, in spite of efforts to rescue the imperiled crew. One modern source recounts that the crew numbered 31, but this figure was not widely reported. The USS Houston, underway with President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, averted its course after encountering adverse conditions.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
In advance of the hurricane's landfall in Cuba, businesses were closed. Railways worked to secure non-essential trains, and residents of vulnerable coastal towns, including Caimanera, fled their homes in search of safer ground. The hurricane subjected eastern parts of the island to intense gales, measured at over 70 mph (110 km/h) at Santiago de Cuba before the anemometer failed. The northern coast of the island around Nipe Bay also endured strong winds as high as 58 mph (93 km/h). Winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) were recorded at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, though the effects there were generally light.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
Closer to the hurricane's center, in Santiago de Cuba, about 100 homes sustained complete structural failures. The prolonged nature of the storm hampered search and rescue efforts amid the rubble. Winds strew debris around the city, blocking its streets. A hospital and a power plant both suffered roof failure. Electricity in Santiago de Cuba was preemptively turned off as conditions worsened, contributing to regional power outages.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
Significant flooding occurred after the Cauto River overflowed it banks, making driving impossible. The storm severed communications between towns in eastern Cuba after bringing down telephone and telegraph wires. Apart from seven structures ruined in the Guantánamo area, there was less destruction in many locations than initially feared. There were reports of three fatalities in Caimanera, and one person died in Santiago de Cuba. At least 29 individuals were treated for storm-related injuries. Damage assessments in the immediate aftermath of the storm placed monetary damages in Cuba at $500,000. In the aftermath, a public curfew was issued for Santiago de Cuba, forcing residents to remain indoors after 8 pm. To prevent looting, troops patrolled streets and vulnerable locations, such as banks. Supplies of bread and milk ran short following the hurricane.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
The greatest disaster occurred in southern Haiti, where as many as 2,000 people died, possibly more. The towns of Jacmel and Jérémie—both on the Tiburon Peninsula—were devastated by catastrophic freshwater flooding after days of torrential rains. The entire peninsula, already remote in its own right, was isolated for a time, ensuring only scant detail of the disaster reached the outside world. Information was initially relayed to the capital city of Port-au-Prince by a single aircraft.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
Populations of valley villages were believed to have been wiped out as rains sent the streams from the channels, demolishing the frail, thatched huts of the natives.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
The hurricane crippled infrastructure, blocking roads throughout the area and destroying a hydroelectricity plant in Jacmel. The town was left without power and drinking water. In Jérémie, the flooding was so severe as to sweep away a large metal bridge. Hundreds of poorly constructed native houses were destroyed on the Tiburon Peninsula, leaving thousands of survivors without homes. Property damage in Haiti amounted to over $1 million. Meanwhile, thousands of livestock were killed and crops were completely destroyed, prompting fears of impending famine.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Cuba and Haiti
Several days after the storm, the bodies of drowning victims had been recovered by the hundreds, and it was suspected many of the deceased had been washed into the sea. One preliminary estimate placed the number of dead in the Jérémie area alone at 1,500, suggesting the worst of the tragedy occurred there. Indeed, some modern sources have unofficially referred to the storm as Hurricane Jérémie. The Haitian government worked to bring emergency supplies and relief workers, at least partially by way of ship, to the flood-stricken region. As little was known about the extent of losses, officials rushed to restore communications with the disaster area.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Central America
After clearing the Greater Antilles, the hurricane ravaged parts of Honduras. Banana plantations suffered extensively, causing the United Fruit Company about $6 million in losses. As in Haiti, the hardest hit areas of Honduras were cut off from the nation's capital of Tegucigalpa. Severe river flooding wrought widespread destruction, especially around La Ceiba and throughout the Cortés Department. Many towns were inundated by up to 7 ft (2.1 m) of water. According to one source, the Ulúa River "officially" rose some 50 ft (15 m) from its normal height near Chamelecón, where the flood left 800 families homeless. Many hundreds of individuals were stranded by raging flood waters in the Cortés region, clutching to trees and rooftops as they awaited uncertain rescue. Even after rescue boats brought many residents of Chamelecón to safety, a third of the population remain trapped.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Central America
The rampant Cangrejal River reportedly obliterated an entire suburban community further east, near La Ceiba, while the Aguán River burst its banks at Trujillo and killed numerous plantation workers. By October 29, the bodies of 70 flood victims had been recovered at Corocito in Colón. Torrential rains extended into Tegucigalpa, causing urban flooding. Just to the northeast, in San Juancito, a large landslide took the lives of at least three people. Overall, the hurricane inflicted about $12 million in damage across Honduras (including the agricultural impacts), resulted in about 150 deaths, and destroyed the homes of thousands of residents. The floods were considered to be among the worst in the country's history. Almost immediately after the passage of the storm, a wide area of Honduras experienced strong earthquake activity.


1935 Jérémie hurricane, Impact, Central America
Damaging, but less expansive, floods also occurred in parts of extreme northeastern Nicaragua around the Mosquito Coast. The Coco River, which constitutes a large portion of the Honduras–Nicaragua border, swelled 40 ft (12 m) as observed about 140 mi (230 km) upstream of its mouth. Banana farms were heavily damaged around Cabo Gracias a Dios, occupied by both nations, and according to early reports in that area, all but a handful of dwellings were destroyed. In spite of the flooding and hurricane-force winds, timely warnings prevented fatalities locally.


1935 Kansas Jayhawks football team
The 1935 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Six Conference during the 1935 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Adrian Lindsey, the Jayhawks compiled a 4–4–1 record (2–2–1 against conference opponents), finished in third place in the conference, and were outscored by opponents by a combined total of 118 to 102. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas. John Peterson was the team captain.


1935 Kansas State Wildcats football team
The 1935 Kansas State Wildcats football team represented Kansas State University in the 1935 college football season. The team's head football coach was Wesley Fry, in his first year at the helm of the Wildcats. The Wildcats played their home games in Memorial Stadium. The Wildcats finished the season with a 2–4–3 record with a 1–2–2 record in conference play. They finished in fourth place in the Big Six Conference. The Wildcats scored 40 points and gave up 49 points.


1935 Katanning state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Katanning in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly was held on 31 August 1935, following the death of the sitting member, Arnold Piesse of the Country Party. Six candidates contested the election, including three endorsed Country candidates. Neither of the two other major parties, Labor and the Nationalists, fielded candidates. The campaign focused mainly on local issues, and no candidate received more than a quarter of the vote. With preferential voting in use, endorsed Country Party candidate Arthur Watts was elected over unendorsed Country Party candidate Nelson Lemmon after five rounds of counting, beginning Watts' 27-year career in the Legislative Assembly.


1935 Katanning state by-election, Background and timeline
Arnold Edmund Piesse had been the member for Katanning, located in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, since defeating Alec Thomson at the 1930 state election. Piesse had previously held the seat, as a Ministerialist and later a Liberal, from 1909 to 1914, while his brother, Frederick Henry Piesse, had held the seat from 1904 to 1909. Although a sitting member, Piesse left Australia in February 1935 for an extended trip to England for health reasons. However, on 21 July, on the return trip, he committed suicide by jumping overboard.


1935 Katanning state by-election, Background and timeline
Following the official notification of a vacancy, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Alexander Panton, authorised the issuing of writs for a by-election, which occurred on 30 July. Both the Labor Party and the Nationalist Party declined to field candidates, owing to Katanning's reputation as a safe seat for the Country Party.


1935 Katanning state by-election, Candidates and positions
Six candidates nominated for the vacancy, with nominations closing at noon on Monday, 12 August. The Country Party, endorsed four candidates, although one, John Francis Silverthorne of Muradup, failed to meet the deadline for nominations. Endorsements were made by the Katanning district council of the Primary Producers' Association. The three other candidates were nominally running as independents, although two were affiliated with the Country Party.


1935 Katanning state by-election, Results
Counting for the election was completed on the night of Tuesday, 3 September.


1935 Katanning state by-election, Notes
At the 1933 elections, endorsed Country Party candidates received a total of 71.15% of the vote on first preferences, while at the by-election endorsed Country candidates received 49.72% of the vote on first preferences, which amounts to a swing of –21.43 against the party. If independent Country and unendorsed Country candidates are included, the party received 86.92% of the first-preference vote, which alters the result to a swing of +15.77.


1935 Kent State Golden Flashes football team
The 1935 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1935 college football season. In its first season under head coach Donald Starn, Kent State compiled a 3–5 record.


1935 Kentucky Derby
The 1935 Kentucky Derby was the 61st running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 4, 1935.


1935 Kentucky State Thorobreds football team
The 1935 Kentucky State Thorobreds football team was an American football team that represented Kentucky State Industrial College (now known as Kentucky State University) as a member of the Midwest Athletic Association (MAA) during the 1935 college football season. In their fourth season under head coach Henry Kean, the team compiled an 8–0 record, won the MAA championship, shut out seven of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 192 to 42. The team was recognized as the black college national champion. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Frankfort, Kentucky.


1935 Kentucky Wildcats football team
The 1935 Kentucky Wildcats football team was an American football team that represented the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1935 college football season. In their second season under head coach Chet A. Wynne, the Wildcats compiled a 5–4 record (3–3 against SEC opponents), tied for sixth place in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 167 to 94. The team played its home games at McLean Stadium in Lexington, Kentucky.


1935 Kentucky gubernatorial election
The 1935 Kentucky gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 1935. Democratic nominee Happy Chandler defeated Republican nominee King Swope with 60.79% of the vote.


1935 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
The 1935 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 41st staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.


1935 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
James Stephens won the championship after a 3-05 to 2-05 defeat of Carrickshock in the final. It was their first ever championship title. Carrickshock became the first team to lose four successive finals.


1935 LFF Lyga
The 1935 LFF Lyga was the 14th season of the LFF Lyga football competition in Lithuania. Kovas Kaunas won the championship.


1935 LSU Tigers football team
The 1935 LSU Tigers football team represented Louisiana State University (LSU) in the 1935 college football season. The team was led by halfback Abe Mickal and end Gaynell Tinsley. It was Bernie Moore's first of thirteen seasons as head coach of the Tigers. One of the 13 selectors recognized as official by the NCAA (Williamson) recognize the 1935 LSU team as the co-national champion. LSU, however, does not recognize the team as national champions, though they did put a note in the media guide.


1935 LSU Tigers football team, Sugar Bowl
Four days of rain turned an expected passing battle into a punting duel between quarterbacks Sammy Baugh of TCU and LSU's Abe Mickal. The Tigers threatened often, once getting to the six-inch line, but TCU's Taldon Manton kicked a winning 36-yard field goal. LSU scored when All-America end Gaynell Tinsley harassed Baugh into throwing an incompletion in the TCU end zone for an automatic safety.


1935 Labor Day hurricane
The Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (formally known as Hurricane Three) was the most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall on record in terms of pressure, and tied with Hurricane Dorian in 2019 for the strongest landfalling Atlantic hurricane by maximum sustained winds, with winds of 185 mph (295 km/h). It was also the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record until Hurricane Gilbert in 1988.


1935 Labor Day hurricane
The fourth tropical cyclone, third tropical storm, second hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season, the Labor Day hurricane was one of four Category 5 hurricanes on record to strike the contiguous United States, along with Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Camille in 1969, and Hurricane Michael in 2018. In addition, it was the third most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, behind Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.


1935 Labor Day hurricane
The hurricane intensified rapidly, passing near Long Key on the evening of Monday, September 2. The region was swept by a massive storm surge as the eye passed over the area. The waters quickly receded after carving new channels connecting the bay with the ocean; however, gale-force winds and high seas persisted into Tuesday, preventing rescue efforts. The storm continued northwestward along the Florida west coast, weakening before its second landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, on September 4.


1935 Labor Day hurricane
The compact and intense hurricane caused catastrophic damage in the upper Florida Keys, as a storm surge of approximately 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6.1 m) swept over the low-lying islands. The hurricane's strong winds and the surge destroyed nearly all the structures between Tavernier and Marathon. The town of Islamorada was obliterated. Portions of the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, many veterans died in work camps created for the construction of the Overseas Highway, in part due to poor working conditions. The hurricane also caused additional damage in northwest Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Meteorological history
An area of disturbed weather developed northeast of the Turks Islands toward the end of August. By August 31, a definite tropical depression appeared near Long Island in the southeastern Bahamas and quickly intensified. It reached hurricane intensity near the south end of Andros Island on September 1. The storm then explosively intensified and turned toward the Florida Keys at a speed of 10 mph. The storm had an eye 9–10 miles (14–16 km) across.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Meteorological history
The storm made landfall late on September 2 near Long Key, at peak intensity, with an intensity of 892 millibars (26.3 inHg) and 1-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h). After leaving the Keys, the storm weakened as it skirted the Florida gulf coast, making a second landfall at Cedar Keys. The storm sped up and rapidly weakened over the Mid-Atlantic states, causing heavy rainfall, with the highest total being 16.7 inches (420 mm) in Easton, Maryland. The storm finally emerged over the open Atlantic near Cape Henry. The storm continued into the North Atlantic Ocean, where it merged with an extratropical cyclone on September 10.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Meteorological history
The first recorded instance of an aircraft flown for the specific purpose of locating a hurricane occurred on the afternoon of September 2, 1935. The Weather Bureau's 1:30 PM advisory placed the center of the hurricane at north latitude 23° 20', west longitude 80° 15', moving slowly westward. This was about 27 miles (43 km) north of Isabela de Sagua, Villa Clara, Cuba, and 145 miles (233 km) east of Havana. Captain Leonard Povey of the Aviation Corps of the Cuban Army (Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba) volunteered to investigate the threat to the capital.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Meteorological history
Flying a Curtis Hawk II, Captain Povey, an American expatriate, who was the Aviation Corps' chief training officer, observed the storm north of its reported position. Because he was flying an open-cockpit biplane, he opted not to fly into the storm. He later proposed an aerial hurricane patrol. Nothing further came of this idea until June 1943, when Colonel Joe Duckworth and Lieutenant Ralph O'Hair flew into a hurricane near Galveston, Texas.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Meteorological history, Records
The Labor Day hurricane was the most intense tropical cyclone known to make landfall in the Western Hemisphere, having the lowest sea level pressure ever officially recorded on land—a central pressure of 892 mbar (26.35 inHg)—suggesting an intensity of between 162 and 164 knots (186 and 189 mph). The somewhat compensating effects of a slow (7 knots, 8.1 mph) translational velocity along with an extremely tiny radius of maximum wind (5 nmi, 5.8 mi) led to an analyzed intensity at landfall of 160 knots (184 mph; 296 km/h). The 1935 Labor Day hurricane is tied with 2019's Hurricane Dorian for the highest intensity for a landfalling Atlantic hurricane in HURDAT2, as 1969's Hurricane Camille has been reanalyzed in 2014 to have the third highest landfalling intensity with 150 knots (173 mph; 278 km/h).


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Preparations
Northeast storm warnings were ordered displayed from Fort Pierce to Fort Myers in the September 1, 9:30 AM Weather Bureau advisory. Upon receipt of this advisory the U.S. Coast Guard Station, Miami, FL, sent a plane along the coast to advise boaters and campers of the impending danger by dropping message blocks. A second flight was made on Sunday afternoon. All planes were placed in the hangar and its door closed at 10:00 AM Monday.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Preparations
The 3:30 AM advisory, September 2 (Labor Day), predicted the disturbance "will probably pass through the Florida Straits Monday" and cautioned "against high tides and gales Florida Keys and ships in path." The  1:30 PM advisory ordered hurricane warnings for the Key West district which extended north to Key Largo. At around 2:00 PM, Fred Ghent, Assistant Administrator, Florida Emergency Relief Administration, requested a special train to evacuate the veterans work camps located in the upper keys.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Preparations
It departed Miami at 4:25 PM; delayed by a draw bridge opening, obstructions across the track, poor visibility and the necessity to back the locomotive below Homestead (so it could head out on the return trip) the train finally arrived at the Islamorada station on Upper Matecumbe Key at about 8:20 PM. This coincided with an abrupt wind shift from the northeast (Florida Bay) to southeast (Atlantic Ocean) and the arrival on the coast of the storm surge.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
Three ships were reported to have run afoul during the storm. The Danish motorship Leise Maersk was carried over and grounded nearly 4 miles away near Upper Matecumbe Key, although there was no loss of life. The engine room was flooded and the ship was disabled. The American tanker Pueblo lost control near  around 2 pm on September 2 and was pushed around the storm's center, ending up in Molasses Reef nearly eight hours later. The passenger steamship Dixie ran aground on French Reef. She was re-floated and towed to New York on September 19. No fatalities resulted from the incident.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
On Upper Matecumbe Key, near Islamorada, an eleven-car evacuation train encountered a powerful storm surge topped by cresting waves. Eleven cars were swept from the tracks, leaving only the locomotive and tender upright and still on the rails. Remarkably, everyone on the train survived. The locomotive and tender were both barged back to Miami several months later.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
The hurricane left a path of near-total destruction in the Upper Keys, centered on what is today the village of Islamorada. The eye of the storm passed a few miles to the southwest creating a calm of about 40 minutes duration over Lower Matecumbe and 55 minutes (9:20–10:15 PM) over Long Key. At Camp #3 on Lower Matecumbe the surge arrived near the end of the calm with the wind close behind. Nearly every structure was demolished, and some bridges and railway embankments were washed away. The links—rail, road, and ferry boats—that chained the islands together were broken.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
The main transportation route linking the Keys to mainland Florida had been a single railroad line, the Florida Overseas Railroad portion of the Florida East Coast Railway. The Islamorada area was devastated, although the hurricane's destructive path was narrower than most tropical cyclones. Its eye was eight miles (13 km.) across and the fiercest winds extended 15 miles (24 km.) off the center, less than 1992's Hurricane Andrew, which was also a relatively small and catastrophic Category 5 hurricane. Craig Key, Long Key, and Upper Matecumbe and Lower Matecumbe Keys suffered the worst.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
The storm caused wind and flood damage along the Florida panhandle and into Georgia, and significant damage to the Tampa Bay Area. After the third day of the storm corpses swelled and split open in the subtropical heat, according to rescue workers. Public health officials ordered plain wood coffins holding the dead to be stacked and burned in several locations. The National Weather Service estimated 408 deaths from the hurricane. Bodies were recovered as far away as Flamingo and Cape Sable on the southwest tip of the Florida mainland.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
The storm brought over 5 in (130 mm) of rain to parts of Georgia when it passed over the state between September 4–5. The heavy rainfall in southern Georgian counties led to the spoilage of cotton. Attendant winds also ruined crops and inflicted minor damage to property.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Impact
The United States Coast Guard and other federal and state agencies organized evacuation and relief efforts. Boats and airplanes carried injured survivors to Miami. The railroad was never rebuilt, but temporary bridges and ferry landings were under construction as soon as materials arrived. On March 29, 1938, the last gap in the Overseas Highway linking Key West to the mainland was completed. The new highway incorporated the roadbed and surviving bridges of the railway.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Veterans' work camps
Three veterans' work camps existed in the Florida Keys before the hurricane: #1 on Windley Key, #3 and #5 on Lower Matecumbe Key. The camp payrolls for August 30 listed 695 veterans. They were employed in a project to complete the Overseas Highway connecting the mainland with Key West. The camps, including seven in Florida and four in South Carolina, were established by Harry L. Hopkins, director of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA). In the autumn of 1934 the problem of transient veterans in Washington, D.C. "threatened ... to become acute and did become acute in January."


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Veterans' work camps
Facilities in the capital were inadequate to handle the large numbers of veterans seeking jobs. President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Mr. Hopkins and Robert Fechner, director of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to discuss solutions. He "suggested the Southern camp plan and approved the program worked out by Mr. Hopkins for their establishment and maintenance." The VA identified eligible veterans. FERA offered grants to the states for their construction projects if they would accept the veterans as laborers. The state Emergency Relief Administrations were responsible for the daily management of the camps.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Veterans' work camps
In practice the state ERAs were very much the creatures of FERA, to the extent of handpicking the administrators. That only two states participated was perhaps attributable to the then popular impression that the transient veterans were "diseased" bums and hoboes. It was a characterization enthusiastically fed by the media. In August 1935 both Time Magazine and The New York Times published sensational articles. On August 15, 1935, Hopkins announced the termination of the veterans work program and closure of all the camps.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Veterans' work camps
On August 26 and 27, 1935, one of the veterans, Albert C. Keith, wrote letters to both the President and Eleanor Roosevelt urging that the camps not be closed. Keith was editor of the weekly camp paper, the Key Veteran News. He was emphatic that the veterans were being defamed and that their work program was a success story, rehabilitating many veterans for return to civilian life. The News published occasional reports from Camp #2, Mullet Key, St. Petersburg, Florida, at the entrance to Tampa Bay. This was the "colored" veterans camp; the Keys camps were white only. In early August the colored veterans were transferred to the new Camp #8 in Gainesville, Florida.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Rescue
Improved weather conditions on Wednesday, September 4, permitted the evacuation of survivors to begin. Participation of the rescue included American Red Cross, Florida National Guard, Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), Works Progress Administration (WPA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), United States Coast Guard, American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Dade County Undertakers Association, Dade County Medical Society, city and county officials, and numerous individuals, including Ernest Hemingway. Headquarters of the operation was the near shore of Snake Creek on Plantation Key. With the bridge over the creek washed out, this was the farthest point south on the highway. On September 5 at a meeting of all public and private agencies involved Governor David Sholtz placed the sheriffs of Monroe and Dade Counties in overall control.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Rescue
On the evening of September 4, 1935, Brigadier General Frank T. Hines, VA Administrator, received a phone call from Hyde Park, New York. It was Stephen Early, the President's press secretary. He had orders from the President who was very distressed by the news from Florida. The VA was to: 1.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Rescue
Cooperate with FERA in seeing that everything possible be done for those injured in the hurricane; 2. See that the bodies were properly cared for shipment home to relatives, and that those bodies for which shipment home was not requested be sent to Arlington National Cemetery; and, 3. Conduct a very careful joint investigation with Mr. Hopkins' organization, to determine whether there was any fault that would lie against anyone in the Administration. Hines's representative in Florida was to take full charge of the situation and all other organizations and agencies were ordered to cooperate.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Rescue
The President's first order was straightforward and promptly executed. 124 injured veterans were treated in Miami area hospitals; 9 of these died and 56 were later transferred to VA medical facilities. Uninjured veterans were removed to Camp Foster in Jacksonville and evaluated for transfer to the CCC; those declining transfer or deemed unemployable were paid off and given tickets home. All of the FERA transient camps were closed in November 1935. In December 1935 FERA itself was absorbed within the new WPA, also directed by Hopkins.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
The second and third orders, however, were almost immediately compromised. At a news conference on September 5, Hopkins asserted that there was no negligence traceable to FERA in the failed evacuation of the camps as the Weather Bureau advisories had given insufficient warning. He also dispatched his assistant, Aubrey Willis Williams, to Florida to coordinate FERA efforts and to investigate the deaths. Williams and Hines' assistant, Colonel George E. Ijams, both arrived in Miami on September 6. Ijams concentrated on the dead, their collection, identification and proper disposition. This was to prove exceptionally difficult.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
Bodies were scattered throughout the Keys and their rapid decomposition created ghastly conditions. State and local health officials demanded a ban on all movement of bodies and their immediate burial or cremation in place; the next day Governor Sholtz so ordered. This was reluctantly agreed to by Hines with the understanding that those buried would be later disinterred and shipped home or to Arlington when permitted by the State health authorities.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
The cremations began on Saturday, September 7; 38 bodies were burned together at the collection point beside Snake Creek. Over the next week 136 bodies were cremated on Upper Matecumbe Key at 12 different locations. On Lower Matecumbe Key 82 were burned at 20 sites. On numerous small keys in Florida Bay bodies were either burned or buried where found. This effort continued into November. 123 bodies had been transported to Miami before the embargo.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
These were processed at a temporary morgue staffed by fingerprint experts and 8 volunteer undertakers under tents at Woodlawn Park Cemetery (3260 SW 8th St, Miami). The intention was to identify the remains and prepare them for burial or further shipment. With the embargo in force, immediate burial of all the bodies at Woodlawn was mandatory. FERA purchased a plot in Section 2A. The VA coordinated the ceremony with full military honors on September 8. 109 bodies were buried in the FERA plot: 81 veterans, 9 civilians and 19 unidentified bodies. Some records claim 259 veterans were victims of the Hurricane:


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
Total: 55 civilians and 97 veterans buriedTotal: 163 civilians and 259 veterans =422


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
Although the Congressional Record  gives a report of 485 victims of the hurricane {257 veterans and 259 civilians} the Record also breaks down 694 World War I veterans by name and their status as:


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
The Florida Emergency Relief Administration reported that as of November 19, 1935, the total of dead stood at 423: 259 veterans and 164 civilians. These numbers are reflected on the Veterans Storm Relief Map (which see). By March 1, 1936, 62 additional bodies had been recovered bringing the total to 485: 257 veterans and 228 civilians. The discrepancy in veterans' deaths resulted from the difficulty in identifying bodies, particularly those found months after the hurricane, and a question of definition; whether to count just those on the camp payrolls or to include others, not enrolled, who happened to be veterans.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
The Veterans' Affairs Administration (VA) compiled its own list of veterans' deaths: 121 Dead-positive identification, 90 missing, and 45 dead-identification tentative - totaling 256. Five others are named in a footnote. One proved to be a misidentification of a previously listed veteran; two were state employees working at the camps; and two were unaffiliated veterans caught in the storm. This gives a total for all veterans of 260. Adding this to the Florida Emergency Relief Administration number for civilians gives a total of 488 for all deaths, 12 of the dead were listed as "colored".


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
Ernest Hemingway visited the veteran's camp by boat after weathering the hurricane at his home in Key West; he wrote about the devastation in a critical article titled "Who Killed the Vets?" for The New Masses magazine. Hemingway implied that the FERA workers and families, who were unfamiliar with the risks of Florida hurricane season, were unwitting victims of a system that appeared to lack concern for their welfare. From Ernest Hemingway's statement on the tragedy:


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
... wealthy people, yachtsmen, fishermen such as President Hoover and President Roosevelt, do not come to the Florida Keys in hurricane months ... There is a known danger to property. But veterans, especially the bonus-marching variety of veterans, are not property. They are only human beings; unsuccessful human beings, and all they have to lose is their lives. They are doing coolie labor for a top wage of $45 a month and they have been put down on the Florida Keys where they can't make trouble.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
It is hurricane months, sure, but if anything comes up, you can always evacuate them, can't you? ... It is not necessary to go into the deaths of the civilians and their families since they were on the Keys of their own free will; they made their living there, had property and knew the hazards involved. But the veterans had been sent there; they had no opportunity to leave, nor any protection against hurricanes; and they never had a chance for their lives. Who sent nearly a thousand war veterans, many of them husky, hard-working and simply out of luck, but many of them close to the border of pathological cases, to live in frame shacks on the Florida Keys in hurricane months?


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
In the same issue of The New Masses appeared an editorial charging criminal negligence and a cartoon by Russell T. Limbach, captioned An Act of God, depicting burning corpses.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
A The Washington Post editorial on Sept. 5, titled Ruin in the Veterans' Camps, stated the widely held opinion that the


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Recovery
camps were havens of rest designed to keep Bonus Marchers away from Washington ... Most of these veterans are drifters, psychopathic cases or habitual troublemakers  ... Those who are nor physically or mentally handicapped have no claim whatsoever to special rewards in return for bonus agitation.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
Meanwhile, Williams rushed to complete the investigation. He finished on Sunday, September 8, the day an elaborate memorial service and mass burial of hurricane victims (both coordinated by Ijams) were held in Miami. Ijams, who had been too busy to participate in the investigation and had not questioned any of the 12 witnesses interrogated by Williams, nonetheless signed the 15 page report to the President. That night Williams released it to the Miami press in a radio broadcast immediately following the memorial ceremony. Ijams considered the timing unfortunate after receiving several critical telephone messages.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
The report exonerated everyone involved and concluded: "To our mind the catastrophe must be characterized as an act of God and was by its very nature beyond the power of man or instruments at his disposal to foresee sufficiently far enough in advance to permit the taking of adequate precautions capable of preventing the death and desolation which occurred." Early also found the publicity around the report "unfortunate". In a telegram to his colleague, assistant Presidential secretary Marvin H. McIntyre, Early wrote that he had authorized Hines to proceed with a "complete and exhaustive" joint investigation with Hopkins.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
Significantly Hines was to "instruct his investigator that under no circumstances will any statement be made to the Press until final report has been submitted to the President." Hopkins gave similar instructions to his investigator. McIntyre also was involved in damage control. On Sept. 10, 1935, the Greater Miami Ministerial Association wrote the President an angry letter labeling the report a "whitewash". McIntyre forwarded it to FERA for a response. Williams returned a draft for the President's signature on Sept. 25th insisting the report was only preliminary and that the "final and detailed report   ... will be both thorough and searching".


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
Williams assigned John Abt, assistant general counsel for FERA, to complete the investigation. On Sept. 11, 1935, Hines directed the skeptical and meticulous David W. Kennamer to investigate the disaster. There was immediate friction between them; Kennamer believed Abt did not have an open mind and Abt felt further investigation was unnecessary. Working with Harry W. Farmer, another VA investigator, Kennamer completed his 2 volume report on October 30, 1935. Farmer added a third volume concerning the identification of the veterans. Kennamer's report included 2,168 pages of exhibits, 118 pages of findings, and a 19 page general comment.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
His findings differed substantially from those of Williams, citing three officials of the Florida Emergency Relief Administration as negligent (Administrator Conrad Van Hyning, Asst. Administrator Fred Ghent and Camp Superintendent Ray Sheldon). In a response to Abt's draft report to the President, Ijams sided with Kennamer. Hines and Hopkins never agreed on a final report, and Kennamer's findings were suppressed. They remained so for decades.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
One might speculate that Hines wished to avoid a public quarrel with Hopkins, who had enjoyed Roosevelt's patronage since his term as New York Governor. Hines was a holdover from the Hoover administration. Such an internal dispute would embarrass the Roosevelt administration at the time a vote on the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act ("Bonus Bill") was upcoming (it passed on Jan. 27, 1936, over the President's veto). Also, 1936 was a presidential election year. Kennamer did appear at the House hearings in April 1936, along with Hines, Ijams, Williams and the 3 officials he pilloried in his report. He was not questioned about his controversial findings nor did he volunteer his opinions.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
On November 1, 1935, the American Legion completed its own report on the hurricane. The Legion's National Commander, Ray Murphy, mailed a copy to President Roosevelt. It concluded that:


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
... the blame for the loss of life can be placed on "Inefficiency, Indifference, and Ignorance." Inefficiency in the setup of the camps. Indifference of someone in charge as to the safety of the men. Ignorance of the real danger from a tropical hurricane. And these "I's" can be added together and they spell "Murder at Matacombe"  [sic].


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
[ The] committee early in its investigation noticed a tendency on the part of some to reflect on the character of the men who were veterans in the camps. Several parties referred to them as "bums," "drunkards," "crazy men," "riff-raff" and the like. They seem to think that "they got what was coming to them."


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
How anyone could arrive at such a conclusion is impossible for us to determine.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
If these men were "bums," "drunkards," "crazy men" etc. then it was all the more necessary that every precaution be taken to protect them. If they fell into this category they were subnormal men and should have been treated as such. If they were incapable of caring for themselves then the government should have placed them in hospitals and not have sent them to a wilderness in the high-seas on a so called "rehabilitation program."


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
Others testified that the men were well-behaved and that a great majority of them would have preferred to have been placed under military discipline in the camps. But these observations are of no real value except to show that some people are trying to "cover up" the real guilt of responsible parties.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Response, Investigation
Williams prepared a response for the President stating: "A final report, based upon the facts obtained in this investigation [by the VA and FERA], will be submitted to me shortly. At that time I shall transmit a copy of the report to you for your information and consideration."


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
Standing just east of U.S. 1 at mile marker 82 in Islamorada, near where Islamorada's post office stood, is a monument designed by the Florida Division of the Federal Art Project and constructed using Keys limestone ("keystone") by the Works Progress Administration. It was unveiled on November 14, 1937, with several hundred people attending. President Roosevelt sent a telegram to the dedication in which he expressed "heartfelt sympathy" and said, "the disaster which made desolate the hearts of so many of our people brought a personal sorrow to me because some years ago I knew many residents of the keys."


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
The welcoming committee included Key West Mayor Willard M. Albury, and other local officials. Hines had been invited to speak but he declined. His attitude to the project was unenthusiastic.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
In a letter to Williams on June 24, 1937, regarding what to do with the many skeletons of veterans recently discovered in the Keys, he wrote: ″It occurs to me that if a large memorial is erected adjacent to this highway at the place of the disaster it will be observed by all persons using the highway and will serve as a constant reminder of the unfortunate catastrophe which occurred.″ Hines recommended the remains be buried at Woodlawn. A frieze depicts palm trees amid curling waves, fronds bent in the wind. In front of the sculpture a ceramic-tile mural of the Keys covers a stone crypt, which holds victims' ashes from the makeshift funeral pyres, commingled with the skeletons.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
Although this is a gravesite, not a single name appears anywhere on the monument. This is not a requirement for the estimated 228 civilian dead, 55 of whom were buried where found or in various cemeteries. A memorial with identifying information is a statutory entitlement for the veterans. 170 were cremated or never identified. The VA has chosen not to memorialize them, despite current Federal law and President Roosevelt's order that Hines provides a burial with full military honors for every veteran not claimed by his family.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
The memorial was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1995. A Heritage Monument Trail plaque mounted on a coral boulder before the memorial reads:


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
The Florida Keys Memorial, known locally as the "Hurricane Monument," was built to honor hundreds of American veterans and local citizens who perished in the "Great Hurricane" on Labor Day, September 2, 1935. Islamorada sustained winds of 200 miles per hour and a barometer reading of 26.35 inches for many hours on that fateful holiday; most local buildings and the Florida East Coast Railway were destroyed by what remains the most savage hurricane on record.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
Hundreds of World War I veterans who had been camped in the Matecumbe area while working on the construction of U.S. Highway One for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were killed. In 1937 the cremated remains of approximately 300 people were placed within the tiled crypt in front of the monument. The monument is composed of native keystone, and its striking frieze depicts coconut palm trees bending before the force of hurricane winds while the waters from an angry sea lap at the bottom of their trunks. Monument construction was funded by the WPA and regional veterans' associations. Over the years the Hurricane Monument has been cared for by local veterans, hurricane survivors, and descendants of the victims.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Islamorada
Local residents hold ceremonies at the monument every year on Labor Day (on the Monday holiday) and on Memorial Day to honor the veterans and the civilians who died in the hurricane.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Woodlawn Park Cemetery
On January 31, 1936, Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, American Legion, Miami, Florida, petitioned FERA for the deed to the Woodlawn plot. The Legion would use the empty grave sites for the burial of indigent veterans and accept responsibility for care of the plot. After some initial confusion as to the actual owner, the State of Florida approved the title transfer. A monument was placed on the plot, inscribed: Erected by Harvey W. Seeds Post No. 29, The American Legion, in Memory of Our Comrades Who Lost Their Lives on the Florida Keys during the 1935 Hurricane, Lest We Forget.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Woodlawn Park Cemetery
As with the Islamorada memorial, no names are listed, nor are the individual grave sites marked. The VA again chose not to obey the President's order, this time to rebury the unclaimed bodies at Arlington. Two bodies were, however, exhumed from Woodlawn cemetery by the families: Brady C. Lewis (on November 12, 1936), and Thomas K. Moore (on January 20, 1937), the latter of whom was reburied at Arlington. Five more received grave markers at Woodlawn, leaving 74 unmarked graves of identified veterans. Efforts are ongoing to mark all these graves.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Woodlawn Park Cemetery
One other veteran killed in the storm rests at Arlington, Daniel C. Main. His was a special case, the only veteran who died in the camps who was neither cremated in the Keys nor buried at Woodlawn. Main was the camp medical director and was killed in the collapse of the small hospital at Camp #1. His body was quickly recovered by survivors and shipped to his family before the embargo.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Veterans Key
On February 27, 2006, the U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved a proposal by , President, Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys, to name a small island off the southern tip of Lower Matecumbe Key for the veterans who died in the hurricane. It is near where Camp #3 was located. Veterans Key and several concrete pilings are all that remain of the 1935 bridge construction project.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Department of Veterans Affairs Actions
Government furnished grave markers are provided for eligible veterans buried in National Cemeteries, State veterans cemeteries and private cemeteries. Under VA regulations the applicant for a marker may only be the veteran's next of kin; so, too, for memorials when the body is not available for burial. Prior to a 2009 revision, not enforced until 2012, any person with knowledge of the veteran could apply. The revision prompted objections from groups and volunteers working to mark the many unmarked veterans' graves, mostly from the Civil War era.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, Aftermath, Memorials, Department of Veterans Affairs Actions
They argued that the next-of-kin (if any) was often impossible to locate and that the very existence of an unmarked grave was evidence of the family's indifference. Two bills were introduced in Congress, H. R. 2018 and S. 2700 which would have again allowed unrelated applicants. Both bills died in committee. On October 1, 2014, the VA proposed a rule change which would include in the categories of applicants unrelated individuals.


1935 Labor Day hurricane, In popular culture, Novels and short stories
Marjory Stoneman Douglas wrote the short story "" soon after the hurricane. It appeared in the Saturday Evening Post; 12/7/1935, Vol. 208, Issue 23, p 12. It was anthologized in 1990:


1935 Labour Party leadership election
The 1935 Labour Party leadership election took place on 26 November 1935 when Herbert Morrison and Arthur Greenwood challenged Clement Attlee, the incumbent party leader of only one month and one day. Attlee, previously Deputy Leader, had been appointed as an interim leader the previous month when George Lansbury resigned and the general election was looming.


1935 Labour Party leadership election
With the Labour Party now having roughly three times as many MPs as in the 1931-5 Parliament, both Morrison and Greenwood stood in the annual election for leader, feeling that Attlee's appointment had only been intended as an interim measure. Morrison had not been an MP at the time of the October appointment, whilst Greenwood had declined to offer himself as a candidate then because he was strongly associated with trade union leaders such as Ernest Bevin, who were widely regarded as the reasons for forcing Lansbury to resign, a move that the vast majority of Labour MPs opposed.


1935 Labour Party leadership election, Results
The first round of the contest took place on 26 November 1935:


1935 Labour Party leadership election, Results
As the lowest-placed candidate, Greenwood was eliminated from the race.


1935 Labour Party leadership election, Results
Herbert Morrison later claimed that he was denied the leadership of the Labour Party in the 1935 election by the votes of Labour MPs who were members of New Welcome Lodge. Morrison's backer Hugh Dalton made similar claims, and went further than Morrison by claiming to have been shown the summons for the meeting at which the voting was decided. Dalton believed that the members of New Welcome Lodge backed Arthur Greenwood, who was a member of the lodge, and then backed Clement Attlee in order to block Morrison. Greenwood was elected to replace Attlee as Deputy Leader.


1935 Lafayette Leopards football team
The 1935 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College in the Middle Three Conference during the 1935 college football season. In its 12th season under head coach Herb McCracken, the team compiled a 2–7 record. W. R. Cocke Jr. was the team captain.


1935 Latvian Higher League, Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and RFK won the championship.


1935 Lehigh Engineers football team
The 1935 Lehigh Engineers football team was an American football team that represented Lehigh University during the 1935 college football season. In its second season under head coach Glen Harmeson, the team improved to a 5–4 record, though it again split the two games against its Middle Three Conference rivals.


1935 Lehigh Engineers football team
The team played its home games at Taylor Stadium in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


1935 Liberian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Liberia on 7 May 1935, alongside general elections. The changes to the constitution ensured that President Edwin Barclay remained in office without the need for the presidential elections due that year. Although it was claimed to be for economic reasons, the government feared that an election may lead to instability that would lower confidence of foreign powers and creditors. The next elections took place in 1939.


1935 Liberian constitutional referendum, Background
On 26 November 1934 the Legislature approved a term extension for the President. As this required amending the constitution, article 17 of chapter V of the constitution dictated that a referendum was required, with a two-thirds majority needed for the amendments to be passed.


1935 Liberian constitutional referendum, Changes to the constitution
The referendum proposed modifying article 1 of chapter III of the constitution regarding the presidential term, whilst adding a new section to article 5 of chapter III regarding the civil service.


1935 Liechtenstein electoral system referendum
A referendum on the electoral system was held in Liechtenstein on 30 May 1935. Voters were asked whether they approved of introducing a system using proportional representation. The proposal was rejected by 52.7% of voters. Nevertheless, a proportional system was later adopted in 1939.


1935 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
The 1935 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship was the 41st staging of the Limerick Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Limerick County Board.


1935 Limerick Senior Hurling Championship
Ahane won the championship after a 6-08 to 2-03 defeat of Kildimo in the final. It was their fourth championship title overall and their third title in succession.


1935 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 1 November 1935. One third of the council seats were up for election, the term of office of each councillor being three years.


1935 Liverpool City Council election
Seven of the thirty nine seats up for election were uncontested.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 9 November 1935
The terms of office of twenty aldermen expired, so there was an election to replace these positions at the council meeting on 9 November 1935.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic election 9 November 1935
This was the first Aldermanic election since the Local Government Act, 1933, which disenfranchised aldermen from voting in aldermanic elections. Only councillors were eligible to vote in the aldermanic elections. Although only Councillors had voted in aldermanic elections to Liverpool City Council for some years.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic Election 3 June 1936
Caused by the death on 5 May 1936 of Alderman Burton William Eills JP (Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1932, in whose place Councillor Charles Sydney Jones JP (Liberal, elected unopposed for the Fairfield ward in November 1933) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 3 June 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic Election 3 June 1936
The term of office to expire on 9 November 1938.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic Election 3 June 1936
Caused by the death of Alderman Frederick Smith (Liberal, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1932), in whose place Councillor Arthur Richard Price (Liberal, elected unopposed for the Anfield ward on 1 November 1933), retired corn merchant of 77 Newsham Drive, Liverpool 6, was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 3 June 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, Aldermanic elections, Aldermanic Election 3 June 1936
The Term of Office to expire on 9 November 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Abercromby, 3 December 1935
Caused by the disqualification of Councillor Arthur Lumb (Labour, elected 1 November 1934).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 9 Abercromby, 3 December 1935
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1937.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.23 St. Domingo, 12 December 1935
Caused by the election as an alderman on 9 November 1935 of Councillor Rev. Harry Dixon Longbottom (Protestant, last elected 1 November 1933).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.23 St. Domingo, 12 December 1935
The term of office to expire on 1 November 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 36 Much Woolton, 19 December 1935
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Ernest Whiteley (Independent, elected 1 November 1934).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 36 Much Woolton, 19 December 1935
The term of office to end on 1 November 1937.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 30 Breckfield, 23 January 1936
Caused by the election as an alderman on 9 November 1935 of Councillor Thomas Henry Burton (Conservative, elected 1 November 1933).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 30 Breckfield, 23 January 1936
The term of office to end on 1 November 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 3 March 1936
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Eric Errington MP (Conservative, elected 1 November 1934).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 3 March 1936
The term of office to end on 1 November 1937.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 10 September 1936
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Arthur Donald Dennis (Liberal, elected at the by-election of 3 March 1936).


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No. 17 Aigburth, 10 September 1936
The term of office to end on 1 November 1937.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.31 Fairfield,
Following the death on 5 May 1936 of Alderman Burton William Eills JP (Liberal, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1932, in whose place Councillor Charles Sydney Jones JP (Liberal, elected unopposed for the Fairfield ward in November 1933) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 3 June 1936.


1935 Liverpool City Council election, By-elections, No.29 Anfield,
Following the death of Alderman Frederick Smith (Liberal, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1932), in whose place Councillor Arthur Richard Price (Liberal, elected unopposed for the Anfield ward on 1 November 1933) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 3 June 1936.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election
The Liverpool Wavertree by-election, 1935 was a by-election held in England for the House of Commons constituency of Liverpool Wavertree on 6 February 1935. It was won by the Labour Party candidate Joseph Cleary.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Vacancy
The seat had become vacant when the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Ronald Nall-Cain had succeeded to the peerage as Baron Brocket. He had held the seat since a by-election in 1931.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Candidates
The Conservative candidate was James Platt, but Randolph Churchill (son the future Prime Minister Winston Churchill) stood as an "independent Conservative". The Labour Party candidate was 32-year-old Joseph Cleary, a local magistrate.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Candidates
The Liberal Party selected 49 year-old Liverpool solicitor, Tudor Artro Morris as their candidate. Morris had contested Wallasey for the Liberals at the 1922 and 1923 general elections. He was educated at the Liverpool Institute and Liverpool University.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Result
With the Conservative vote split between the official candidate and the independent Churchill, the result was a victory for the Labour candidate, Joseph Jackson Cleary, who took the seat on a swing of 30%.


1935 Liverpool Wavertree by-election, Aftermath
Cleary was unseated at the 1935 general election by the Conservative Peter Shaw, who held the seat until he stood down at the 1945 general election.


1935 Liverpool West Derby by-election
The Liverpool West Derby by-election of 1935 was held on 6 July 1935. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Sandeman Allen. It was won by the Conservative candidate David Maxwell Fyfe.


1935 Liverpool West Toxteth by-election
The Liverpool West Toxteth by-election of 1935 was held on 16 July 1935. The by-election was held due to the appointment as a metropolitan police magistrate of the incumbent Conservative MP, Clyde Tabor Wilson. It was won by the Labour candidate Joseph Gibbins.


1935 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 1935 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 25th edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège cycle race and was held on 4 April 1935. The race started and finished in Liège. The race was won by Alphonse Schepers.


1935 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team
The 1935 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute (now known as Louisiana Tech University) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1935 college football season. In their second year under head coach Eddie McLane, the team compiled a 8–1 record.


1935 Louisville Cardinals football team
The 1935 Louisville Cardinals football team was an American football team that represented the University of Louisville as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1935 college football season. In their third and final season under head coach Ben Cregor, the Cardinals compiled a 1–6–1 record.


1935 Loyola Lions football team
The 1935 Loyola Lions football team was an American football team that represented Loyola University of Los Angeles (now known as Loyola Marymount University) as an independent during the 1935 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Tom Lieb, the Lions compiled a 6–5 record.


1935 Loyola Wolf Pack football team
The 1935 Loyola Wolf Pack football team was an American football team that represented Loyola College of New Orleans (now known as Loyola University New Orleans) as a member of the Dixie Conference and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1935 college football season. In its second non-consecutive season under head coach Eddie Reed, the team compiled a 2–6–1 record and was outscored by a total of 101 to 88. The team played its home games at Loyola University Stadium in New Orleans.


1935 Lyttelton by-election
The 1935 Lyttelton by-election was a by-election held on 24 July 1935 during the 24th New Zealand Parliament in the Lyttelton electorate. The electorate was won by Terry McCombs of the New Zealand Labour Party, succeeding his mother.