1937 San Diego Padres season
The 1937 San Diego Padres season, was the second season for the original San Diego Padres baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL). The team began in 1903 as the Sacramento Solons, a charter member of the PCL. The team moved several times and were the Hollywood Stars from 1926 to 1935. Team owner Bill Lane moved the team from Hollywood to San Diego in 1936. The 1937 Padres won the PCL pennant after defeating Sacramento Solons and the Portland Beavers in post-season series.


1937 San Diego Padres season, Season overview
The 1937 PCL season ran from April 2 to September 19, 1937. The Padres, led by manager Frank Shellenback, finished third in the PCL with a 97–81 record. The Padres qualified for the PCL's four-team playoffs. They defeated the first-place Sacramento Solons, four games to none, in the opening round, and then defeated the second-place Portland Beavers in the championship series, again by four games to zero.


1937 San Diego Padres season, Season overview
Ted Williams, age 18 when the season began, played in left field for the 1937 Padres, compiling a .291 batting average with 23 home runs in 138 games. On December 7, 1937, the Padres dealt Williams, described in the next day's The Boston Globe as "a string-bean 19-year-old outfielder from San Diego", to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for cash plus outfielder Dom D'Allessandro and infielder Al Niemiec. In 1999, Williams was ranked as number eight on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, where he was the highest-ranking left fielder.


1937 San Diego Padres season, Season overview
Catcher George Detore won the 1937 PCL batting crown with a .334 batting average. Five other Padres also finished the 1937 season with batting averages higher than Williams: right fielder Rupe Thompson (.326), second baseman Jimmie Reese (.314), first baseman George McDonald (.312), center fielder Hal Patchett (.306), and outfielder Cedric Durst (.293).


1937 San Diego Padres season, Season overview
San Diego's outfielders also ranked as the league's best defensively. Center fielder Hal Patchett led the PCL (all positions) with a .993 fielding percentage, committing only three errors with 442 putouts and five assists. Right fielder Rupe Thompson led the league's outfielders with 27 assists.


1937 San Diego Padres season, Season overview
The Padres' pitching staff was led by Tiny Chaplin who appeared in 43 games and compiled a 23–15 win–loss record with a 2.72 earned run average (ERA). Manny Salvo compiled a 19–13 record and led the PCL with 196 strikeouts.


1937 San Diego Padres season, Statistics, Batting
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; SLG = Slugging percentage; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases


1937 San Diego Padres season, Statistics, Pitching
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; PCT = Win percentage; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 San Diego State Aztecs football team
The 1937 San Diego State Aztecs football team represented San Diego State College during the 1937 college football season.


1937 San Diego State Aztecs football team
San Diego State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). The 1937 San Diego State team was led by head coach Leo B. Calland in his third season with the Aztecs. They played home games at Aztec Bowl in San Diego, California. The Aztecs finished the season as champion of the SCIAC, with seven wins and one loss (7–1, 4–1 SCIAC). Overall, the team scored 90 points for the season while giving up only 16. That included shutting out their opponents in 6 of the 8 games. The only blemish on the season was a one-point loss to Redlands.


1937 San Diego State Aztecs football team, Team players in the NFL
No San Diego State players were selected in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 San Francisco Dons football team
The 1937 San Francisco Dons football team was an American football team that represented the University of San Francisco as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In their first season under head coach George Malley, the Dons compiled a 4–5–1 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 85 to 48.


1937 San Francisco State Staters football team
The 1937 San Francisco State Staters football team represented San Francisco State College during the 1937 college football season.


1937 San Francisco State Staters football team
Although the "Gator" was voted to be the mascot for the team in 1931, local newspaper articles called the team the "Staters" from 1935 through 1940. The team was led by third-year co-head coaches Dan Farmer and Hal Hardin. They played home games at Roberts Field in San Francisco. San Francisco State finished with a record of one win, six losses and one tie (1–6–1). For the season the team was outscored by its opponents 49–142.


1937 San Jose State Spartans football team
The 1937 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State College. The Spartans were led by sixth-year head coach Dudley DeGroot and played home games at Spartan Stadium. The team played as an Independent and finished with a record of eleven wins, two losses, and one tie (11–2–1).


1937 San Remo Grand Prix
The first San Remo Grand Prix was a non-championship event, held on July 25, 1937, for 1500 cc Voiturette class Grand Prix cars and ran counter clockwise on a 1.862 km (1.157 m.) street circuit in the town of San Remo, known as the San Remo Circuit (Circuito di San Remo, official name: Circuita Stracittadino di San Remo)


1937 San Remo Grand Prix
The race was run in three 25 lap heats, the 2 best of each heat qualifying for the 30 lap (55.860 km.) final, which was won in 34'39" min. by Achille Varzi driving a Maserati 4CM, averaging 96.7 km/h.


1937 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
The 1937 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team represented Santa Barbara State during the 1937 college football season.


1937 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team
Santa Barbara State competed in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC). The Gauchos were led by fourth-year head coach Theodore "Spud" Harder and played home games at Peabody Stadium in Santa Barbara, California. They finished the season with a record of five wins, two losses and two ties (5–2–2, 3–1–1 SCIAC). Overall, the team outscored its opponents 138–49 for the season.


1937 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
No Santa Barbara Gaucho players were selected in the 1938 NFL Draft.


1937 Santa Barbara State Gauchos football team, Team players in the NFL
The following finished their Santa Barbara career in 1937, were not drafted, but played in the NFL.


1937 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The 1937 Santa Clara Broncos football team represented Santa Clara University during the 1937 college football season. In their second season under head coach Buck Shaw, the Broncos won all nine games, shut out seven, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 163 to 9. In the final AP Poll released in late November, Santa Clara was ranked ninth, tied with Notre Dame.


1937 Santa Clara Broncos football team
The Broncos' victories included a 13–7 besting of Stanford, a 38–0 victory over Marquette, and a 6–0 victory over eighth-ranked LSU in the Sugar Bowl.


1937 Santa Clara Broncos football team
Two Broncos received honors on the 1937 All-Pacific Coast football team: tackle Alvord Wolff (AP-1); and guard Dougherty (INS-1).


1937 Santos FC season
The 1937 season was the twenty-sixth season for Santos FC.


1937 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1937 Sewanee Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Sewanee: The University of the South as a member of the Southeastern Conference during the 1937 college football season. In their seventh season under head coach Harry E. Clark, Sewanee compiled a 2–7 record.


1937 Siamese general election
General elections were held in Siam on 7 November 1937 to elect 91 members of the 182-seat House of Representatives, with the other 91 appointed by the King. Unlike the 1933 elections, which had been carried out on an indirect basis, the 1937 elections were direct.


1937 Siamese general election
At the time there were no political parties, so all candidates ran as independents. Voter turnout was 40.2%.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Sind were held in January and February 1937. These were the first elections in the province after its creation in 1936. The Communal Award of 1932 had allocated sixty assembly seats to Sind, based on which it now formed an assembly of its own.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
The seats were divided amongst the following electoral colleges; Muslims Rural 31 seats, Muslims Urban 2 seats, Women Muslim Urban 1 seat, General Rural 15 seats, General Urban 3 seats, Women General Urban 1 seat, Europeans 2 seats, Landowners 2 seats, Commerce and Industry 2 seats and Labour 1 seat. In total, there were 639,043 eligible voters.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
The Sind United Party won twenty-two of the Muslim seats, the Sind Muslim Political Party won four seats 4 whilst the Sind Azad Party won three seats. The party identity of one Muslim delegate was unclear. Independent candidates won the remaining nine seats from the Muslim constituencies.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
In the General constituencies, the Sind Hindu Mahasabha won eleven seats, the Congress Party eight seats, Independent Hindus two seats and Independent Labour Party one seat. From the European and Commercial and Industry constituencies, non-party candidates were elected.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
However, whilst the Sind United Party had emerged as the winner of the election its two most prominent leaders (Haji Abdullah Haroon and Shah Nawaz Bhutto) had failed to win the seats they contested. Haroon had contested the Lyari constituency, in northern Karachi. The Lyari seat was won by Sardar Allah Baksh Gabol. The Larkana seat, which Bhutto had contested, was won by Sheikh Abdul Majid Sindhi.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
After the election the governor of Sind asked the leader of the Sind Muslim Political Party to form a cabinet. Largescale defections took place from the ranks of the Sind United Party and the Sind Azad Party in the assembly.


1937 Sind Legislative Assembly election
United Party senior leader Allah Bux Soomro later served as Premier of Sindh from March 23, 1938 – April 18, 1940 until a no-confidence motion was passed against him by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League. He was briefly elected back to power and served briefly from March 27, 1942 – October 14, 1942, but was dismissed by the Governor due to his support for the Quit India Movement.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
The 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt took place from March to June 1937 in the Canadian province of Alberta. It was a rebellion against Premier William Aberhart by a group of backbench (not part of the cabinet) members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) from his Social Credit League. The dissidents were unhappy with Aberhart's failure to provide Albertans with C$25 monthly dividends through social credit as he had promised before his 1935 election. When the government's 1937 budget made no move to implement the dividends, many MLAs revolted openly and threatened to defeat the government in a confidence vote.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
The revolt took place in a period of turmoil for Aberhart and his government: besides the dissident backbenchers, half of the cabinet resigned or was fired over a period of less than a year. Aberhart also faced criticism for planning to attend the coronation of George VI at the province's expense and for stifling a recall attempt against him by the voters of his constituency.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
After a stormy debate in which the survival of the government was called into question, a compromise was reached whereby Aberhart's government relinquished considerable power to a committee of backbenchers. This committee, dominated by insurgents, recruited two British social credit experts to come to Alberta and advise on the implementation of social credit. Among the experts' first moves was to require a loyalty pledge from Social Credit MLAs. Almost all signed, thus ending the crisis, though most of the legislation the experts proposed was ultimately disallowed or struck down as unconstitutional.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Background
In the midst of the Great Depression, Calgary schoolteacher and radio evangelist William Aberhart became a convert to a British economic theory called social credit. Believing it could end the depression and restore prosperity, he began to promote it around Alberta. When the provincial government proved resistant to adopting it, Aberhart resolved to field social credit candidates in the 1935 provincial election. These candidates won 56 of the province's 63 seats, and Aberhart became Premier of Alberta.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Background
In the runup to the campaign, Aberhart promised to increase Albertans' purchasing power by providing monthly dividends to all citizens in the form of non-negotiable "credit certificates". While he did not commit to any specific dividend amount, he cited $20 and, later, $25 per month as reasonable figures.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Background
Though he noted that these figures were given "only for illustrative purposes", he repeated them so often that, in the assessment of his biographers David Elliott and Iris Miller, "it would have been impossible for any regular listener not to have gained the impression that Aberhart was promising him $25 a month if Social Credit should come to power."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Background
Aberhart had been in some conflict with C. H. Douglas, social credit's British originator. Douglas, while assiduously avoiding specific comment on the Albertan proposals, submitted them to his Social Credit Secretariat for review; it found them to be "fallacious from start to finish."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Background
By the end of 1936, Aberhart's government had made no progress towards the promised dividends, leaving many Albertans disillusioned and frustrated. These Albertans included some of Aberhart's own Social Credit MLAs, who had been elected on the promise of dividends and were angry at Aberhart's failure to follow through. Some of them felt that, while the idea of social credit was sound, Aberhart lacked a real understanding of Douglas's theory and could not implement it. These MLAs wanted Douglas or somebody from his British organization to come to Alberta and deliver on Aberhart's campaign promises. One such MLA, Samuel Barnes, had been expelled from the Social Credit caucus and from the Social Credit League for voicing these views.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
In December 1936, John Hargrave, the leader of the Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, visited Alberta. While he had been disowned by Douglas, many MLAs frustrated with Aberhart saw Hargrave as their saviour. On arrival in Alberta, he met with Aberhart and his cabinet, who told him that the Canadian constitution (which made banking a matter of federal, rather than provincial, jurisdiction) was an obstacle to their introducing social credit.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
Hargrave proposed a plan for implementing social credit in Alberta; while he acknowledged that it was unconstitutional, he believed that the federal government would not dare enforce its jurisdiction in the face of broad popular support for social credit. After he presented his plan to a group of Social Credit MLAs, the news media began to report that Aberhart intended to implement a radical and unconstitutional set of laws. Aberhart immediately disavowed any "intention of drastic legislation" and, after studying Hargrave's plan, announced that neither he nor his cabinet supported it.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
Despite this statement, the Social Credit caucus invited Hargrave to explain his plan, which he did to the approval of many caucus members. Attorney-General John Hugill pointed out that the plan was unconstitutional, to which Hargrave replied that he was "not interested in legal arguments." Two weeks later, Hargrave left the province, telling the press that he "found it impossible to co-operate with a government which [he considered] a mere vacillating machine." In this message, some MLAs found confirmation of their misgivings about Aberhart.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
A group of them, reported as numbering anywhere from five ("soon joined by eight or ten others") to 22, began to hold meetings in Edmonton's Corona Hotel to, as Brian Brennan puts it, "plot Aberhart's downfall". Brennan identifies their leader as Pembina's Harry Knowlton Brown, while T. C. Byrne names Ronald Ansley, Joseph Unwin, and Albert Blue.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
To make matters worse for Aberhart, Minister of Lands and Mines Charles Cathmer Ross resigned late in 1936, followed by Provincial Treasurer Charles Cockroft on January 29, 1937. Neither minister's resignation was directly related to the dissidents' complaints: Ross resigned over disagreements with Aberhart on oil policy, while Cockroft left over a combination of ill health, clashes with Aberhart over the issue of a federal-provincial loan council, government investment policies, and Aberhart's approach to patronage. Nevertheless, the resignations were the public's first clue of dissent in Social Credit's ranks.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
Cockroft's resignation was followed by that of his deputy, J. F. Perceval, and there were rumours that Hugill and Minister of Agriculture and Trade and Industry William Chant would soon follow. This left Minister of Health Wallace Warren Cross, Minister of Public Works and Railways and Telephones William Fallow, and Provincial Secretary Ernest Manning as Aberhart's only indisputably loyal ministers, and Manning was away from the legislature, ill with tuberculosis.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
On February 19, William Carlos Ives of the Supreme Court of Alberta dealt the government another blow when he struck down key provincial legislation, including one act reducing the interest paid on the province's bonds by half (though this was only a technical defeat, since the government had been defaulting on its bond payments since the previous April).


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
On February 25, a new session of the legislature opened with the speech from the throne, delivered by Chief Justice Horace Harvey in the absence of Lieutenant-Governor Philip Primrose. Its commitment to social credit was limited to a vaguely worded promise to pursue "a new economic order when social credit becomes effective."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Genesis
Three days later, on his weekly radio program, Aberhart acknowledged that he had been unable to implement the monthly dividends during the eighteen-month period he had set as his deadline, and asked Social Credit constituency association presidents to convene meetings of all Social Credit members to decide whether he ought to resign. He suggested that, in light of poor spring road conditions in rural areas, these meetings be delayed until early June, during which time he would remain in office.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Open dissent
The media objected to Aberhart's plan to place his government's future in the hands of the 10% of Albertans who were Social Credit members; the Calgary Herald called for an immediate election. To many Social Credit MLAs, Aberhart's greater offense was bypassing them, the people's elected representatives. This was especially irksome in view of social credit's political philosophy, which favoured technocratic rule and held that elected representatives' only legitimate function was channelling the public desire; by appealing directly to Social Credit members, Aberhart appeared to be denying the MLAs even this role. In the legislature, Conservative leader David Duggan called for Aberhart's resignation; in a move that Brennan reports shocked the assembly, his call was endorsed by Social Credit backbencher Albert Blue.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Open dissent
On March 11 or 12, Cockroft's replacement as Provincial Treasurer, Solon Low, introduced the government's budget. It included no implementation of social credit, and was attacked by the opposition parties as "the default budget" and by insurgent Social Crediters as a "banker's budget" (a harsh insult given Social Credit's dim view of the banking industry). Ronald Ansley rose immediately to attack it as containing "not one single item that even remotely resembled Social Credit." Blue, again echoing Duggan, threatened on March 16 to vote against the government's interim supply bill, the defeat of which, under the conventions of the Westminster parliamentary system, would force the government's resignation. In response, Aberhart praised Blue's courage in speaking his mind, and called him a worthy Social Crediter.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Open dissent
Surprised by Aberhart's refusal to be drawn into open conflict, the insurgents needed time to reassess their strategy. They got that time when, on March 17, Lieutenant-Governor Primrose died, necessitating a five-day adjournment while the federal government selected a replacement. When the legislature reconvened March 22 or 23, the dissidents filibustered against the budget. Albert Bourcier opened debate, and was followed by, among others, Edith Rogers, Ansley, and Wilson Cain. On March 24, Harry Knowlton Brown moved an adjournment, which was carried over the government's objections by a vote of 27 to 25. Though the insurgents considered this a vote of non-confidence in Aberhart's government, he refused to resign; he acknowledged, however, that he would do so if the budget itself was defeated.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Coronation and recall petition
Though the bulk of the revolt took place in and around the legislature over the issue of social credit and government fiscal policy, Aberhart was also under attack on other fronts. He had been invited to attend the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, set for May 1937 in London, and planned to go.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Coronation and recall petition
Douglas, challenged by Hargrave for the leadership of the social credit movement and under attack by some of his own followers for his lack of cooperation with the world's first social credit government, offered to host Aberhart, and a member of Douglas's social credit secretariat was planning a speaking tour for Aberhart. In the same speech in which he threatened to bring down the government on the supply motion, Blue attacked the trip as an extravagance that depression-ridden Alberta could ill afford. Faced with a political insurgency at home, Aberhart reluctantly decided at the end of March to cancel his trip, inaccurately claiming that he had never definitely decided to go.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Coronation and recall petition
Such a retreat was not an option in the face of another of Aberhart's troubles. One of Social Credit's 1935 promises had been the introduction of recall for MLAs, which they had implemented with their first legislative act. As Aberhart's popularity fell, the residents of his own Okotoks-High River riding, where he had been elected in a by-election shortly after the general election (in which he had not run), availed themselves of the legislation.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Coronation and recall petition
On April 9 their petition was endorsed by the riding's Social Credit constituency association, and by fall it had gathered the signatures of the required two thirds of the electorate. In response, the Social Crediters repealed the Recall Act retroactive to its date of origin; Aberhart claimed that oil companies active in his riding had intimidated their workers into signing the petition, and that some of the signatories had moved to the area specifically to sign.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Manoeuvring and negotiation
On March 29, in the aftermath of the insurgent victory on Brown's adjournment motion, Aberhart gave notice of closure on the budget debate. Belatedly realizing that this move would be risking his government in a vote that he might very well lose, he then announced that he would seek the consent of the legislature to withdraw his closure motion and move an interim supply motion instead. The unanimous consent needed to withdraw the closure motion was refused, and the motion itself was defeated.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Manoeuvring and negotiation
That evening, Aberhart negotiated with the insurgents for four hours until a compromise was accepted: the insurgents would support the supply bill, in exchange for which the cabinet would introduce a bill amending the Social Credit Measures Act to establish a board of MLAs empowered to appoint a commission of "experts" to implement social credit.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Manoeuvring and negotiation
On March 31 the insurgents kept their part of the agreement by allowing the supply bill to be passed on second reading and the budget to be hoisted for ninety days. However, when the cabinet introduced its promised bill, the insurgents claimed that it was not as agreed and refused to support it. Instead, they demanded Aberhart's resignation and announced that they were prepared to take over the government within 24 hours.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Manoeuvring and negotiation
A delegation put this demand to Aberhart in the evening of March 31; according to them, he agreed to resign if they allowed the supply bill to pass a third reading. They did so, but Aberhart denied that he had agreed to resign and refused to do so unless he was defeated in a general election. The insurgents, leery of Aberhart's oratorical powers and the reach of his weekly radio show, wanted to avoid an election. Even so, they rejected a motion by Low to raise their pay for the session by $200, seeing it as a crass bribe.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Manoeuvring and negotiation
On April 8 or 12, the government capitulated. Low's Alberta Social Credit Act delivered what the insurgents wanted, including the creation of "Alberta credit" in the amount of "the unused capacity of industries and people of Alberta to produce wanted goods and services", the establishment of "credit houses" to distribute this credit, and the creation of a Social Credit Board. The bill was passed, and the insurgents were placated, though Brown warned during a cross-province speaking tour that they were determined to see social credit implemented, and "if anyone gets in our way, he's going to get into trouble ... we must choose between principles and party, between Social Credit and Premier Aberhart."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
The Social Credit Board comprised five backbenchers. Insurgent Glenville MacLachlan was chair, and Aberhart loyalist Floyd Baker was secretary. The other three members were insurgents Selmer Berg, James L. McPherson, and William E. Hayes. The Board was empowered to appoint a commission of between three and five experts to implement social credit; the commission was to be responsible to the Board.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
Historians have taken different approaches to analyzing the effect of the Board on traditional Westminster parliamentary governance. C. B. MacPherson emphasized "the extent to which the cabinet had abdicated in favour of a board composed of a few private members of the legislature", Byrne agrees that "in some respects, the powers granted to the board superseded those of the Executive Council" but notes that "Aberhart was permitted to carry on with regular government operations."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
Elliott and Miller take a similar approach to MacPherson's, suggesting that "Aberhart and his cabinet ... were in a position, strange in a cabinet system of government, of being ruled in the matter of economic policy by a board of private members that would be under the influence of Social Credit 'experts'." Barr disagrees, arguing that the Board was "still under the control of cabinet" and pointing out that "the cabinet was left with the power", through its privileged position in introducing legislation, "to supplement or alter the provisions of the Alberta Social Credit Act" under which terms the board was constituted.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
Whatever the relative influence of the Board and cabinet, the latter disavowed any ownership of the act that established the former. Though it was a government bill, sponsored by Solon Low, the Provincial Treasurer explained that he took no responsibility for it, as it was drawn up by a committee of insurgents "without the interference of the cabinet". Though some insurgents complained that the version of the bill introduced by the government was different than that drafted by the committee, MacLachlan insisted that there had been no material changes. The bill was passed April 13, and the legislature adjourned the following day.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
Immediately after, MacLachlan invited Douglas to come to Alberta and take the head of the expert commission. Douglas suggested that MacLachlan come to London to discuss the matter; MacLachlan left April 29, arrived in London May 9, and proceeded to meet with Douglas at his fishing lodge. Douglas refused to come to Alberta himself, but provided two of the "experts" the Board was charged with finding. The first was L. D. Byrne, who was in the insurance business, was an expert on social credit, and was appointed to do most of the substantive work. The second, tire salesman George Frederick Powell, was expected to handle the commission's public relations. Powell arrived in Edmonton June 10 with MacLachlan, while Byrne followed several weeks later.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
While MacLachlan was in England finding his experts, feuding continued in Alberta. Aberhart fired William Chant, a known Douglasite, from his cabinet after he refused to resign. Both sides accused one another of subservience to the banking industry, the Social Credit League's sworn enemy. Baker, the board's sole Aberhart loyalist, travelled the province defending his premier; at one 4,000 person meeting in Calgary, he was shouted down by angry supporters of the insurgency. A petition calling for Aberhart's resignation circulated among backbenchers, and proved to be a plant by the cabinet to test MLAs' loyalty. Outwardly, however, the Social Crediters showed a united front as they awaited the promised experts; in the first recorded vote after the legislature reconvened June 7, all insurgents present voted with the government, though 13 were absent.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Social Credit Board and commission
One of Powell's first actions on arriving in Edmonton was to prepare a "loyalty pledge" committing its signatories "to uphold the Social Credit Board and its technicians." Most Social Credit MLAs signed, and the six who did not wrote to Powell assuring him of their loyalty to Douglas's objectives (though one, former Provincial Treasurer Cockroft, later left the Social Credit League and unsuccessfully sought re-election as an "Independent Progressive"). The insurgency was over.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
Byrne and Powell prepared three acts for the implementation of social credit: the Credit of Alberta Regulation Act, the Bank Employees Civil Rights Act, and the Judicature Act Amendment Act. The first required all bankers to obtain a license from the Social Credit Commission and created a directorate for the control of each bank, most members of which would be appointed by the Social Credit Board. The second prevented unlicensed banks and their employees from initiating civil actions.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
The third prevented any person from challenging the constitutionality of Alberta's laws in court without receiving the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. All three acts were quickly passed. New Lieutenant-Governor John C. Bowen, asked to grant royal assent, called Aberhart and Attorney-General Hugill to his office. He asked Hugill if, as a lawyer, he believed that the proposed laws were constitutional; Hugill replied that he did not. Aberhart said that he would take responsibility for the bills, which Bowen then signed. As they left the meeting, Aberhart asked Hugill for his resignation, which he received. Shortly after, the federal government disallowed all three acts. Powell was not discouraged, stating that the acts "had been drawn up mainly to show the people of Alberta who were their real enemies, and in that respect they succeeded admirably."


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
Soon after the bills were introduced, Social Credit MLAs were subjected to a new loyalty pledge, this one shifting the target of their loyalty from the Social Credit Board to the cabinet. Six MLAs—including former cabinet ministers Chant, Cockroft, and Ross—refused to sign, and were ejected from caucus.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
In the fall, Aberhart re-introduced the three disallowed acts in altered form, along with two new acts. The Bank Taxation Act increased provincial taxes on banks by 2,230%, while the Accurate News and Information Act gave the chairman of the Social Credit Board a number of powers over newspapers, including the right to compel them to publish "any statement ... which has for its object the correction or amplification of any statement relating to any policy or activity of the Government or Province" and to require them to supply the names of sources.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
It also authorized cabinet to prohibit the publication of any newspaper, any article by a given writer, or any article making use of a given source. Bowen reserved approval of the bills until the Supreme Court of Canada could comment on them; all were ruled unconstitutional in Reference re Alberta Statutes.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
During the fall session in which the offending bills were proposed, police raided an Edmonton office of the Social Credit League and confiscated 4,000 copies of a pamphlet called "The Bankers' Toadies", which urged its readers as follows: "My child, you should NEVER say hard or unkind things about Bankers' Toadies. God made snakes, slugs, snails and other creepy-crawly, treacherous and poisonous things. NEVER, therefore, abuse them—just exterminate them!" The pamphlet also listed eight alleged toadies, including Conservative leader Duggan, former Attorney-General John Lymburn, and Senator William Antrobus Griesbach. Powell and Social Credit whip Joe Unwin were charged with criminal libel and counsel to murder. Both were convicted of the former charge. Unwin was sentenced to three months hard labour; Powell was sentenced to six months and deported.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
Aberhart's government was re-elected in the 1940 election with a reduced majority of 36 of 63 seats. Among the defeated incumbents were dissident leader Brown, the convicted Unwin, the expelled Barnes, and the Provincial Treasurer Low. Aberhart won re-election by running in Calgary; his replacement as Social Credit candidate in Okotoks–High River was soundly defeated. Aberhart died in 1943 and was replaced as Premier by Ernest Manning, who steered the Social Credit League in a more conservative and conventional direction until his 1968 retirement.


1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt, Aftermath
Though the disallowance of banking bills put an end to any real chance of social credit being implemented at the provincial level, the Social Credit Board persisted until 1948, when it was dissolved in response to a number of its anti-semitic pronouncements and its suggestion that the secret ballot and political parties be eliminated.


1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
The 1937 South Africa tour to Australasia was one of the most successful Springbok tours in history, so much so that the touring team was nicknamed the "Invincibles". The squad was captained by Philip Nel.


1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
The tour started on 26 June 1937 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Sydney, Australia with a 9–5 win over the Wallabies. The Springboks followed up the win with an emphatic 26–17 win on 17 July at the same grounds, outscoring the Wallabies 6 tries to 3 and taking the series 2–0.


1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
When the Springboks arrived in New Zealand later that year nobody expected them to win the series, as no other South African team had ever achieved the feat, and when the New Zealand leg of the tour kicked off on 14 August with a 13–7 loss to New Zealand at Athletic Park in Wellington, it seemed business as usual.


1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
Mr Nel and his men had other ideas however as they came back to deal New Zealand two convincing defeats; a 13–6 win at Lancaster Park in Christchurch and a 17–6 win at Eden Park in Auckland, taking the series 2–1. The latter translates into a 27–6 (5 try to nil) win using today's point system.


1937 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand
The 1937 Springbok team remains the only Springbok team ever to have won a series in New Zealand and contained legendary players such as Danie Craven and Boy Louw.


1937 South American Basketball Championship
The 1937 South American Basketball Championship was the 5th edition of this tournament. It was held in Valparaíso and Santiago, Chile and won by the host, Chile national basketball team. A record 5 teams competed, including Peru in their first appearance.


1937 South American Basketball Championship, Results
Each team played the other four teams twice apiece, for a total of eight games played by each team and 20 overall in the tournament.


1937 South American Championship
The fourteenth edition of the South American Championship of football was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from December 27, 1936, to February 1, 1937.


1937 South American Championship
The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay thus making this the first edition in which more than five teams took part of the event.


1937 South American Championship
Bolivia, and Colombia (a new CONMEBOL member) withdrew from the tournament.


1937 South American Championship, Squads
For a complete list of participants squads see: 1937 South American Championship squads


1937 South American Championship, Final round
Each team played against each of the other teams. Two (2) points were awarded for a win, one (1) point for a draw and zero (0) points for a defeat.


1937 South American Championship, Final round
As Brazil and Argentina were tied, a playoff was disputed.


1937 South American Championship Final
The 1937 South American Championship Final was the final match to determine the winner of the 1937 South American Championship, the 14th edition of this continental competition. It was held on February 1, 1937, in San Lorenzo de Almagro's venue, Estadio Gasómetro of Buenos Aires. Because of the heat (the tournament was played in Summer), most of the matches were played at night (Estadio Gasómetro was the only stadium in Argentina with artificial lighting by then) while other games were played at daytime (being held in River Plate's venue, Estadio Alvear y Tagle.


1937 South American Championship Final
Argentina won the match against Brazil by a 2-0 score, winning its fifth continental title.


1937 South American Championship Final, Overview
Brazil had attended the competition without two of their most notable players, defender Domingos da Guia (champion with Boca Juniors two years before) and striker Leonidas da Silva, nicknamed the Black Diamond. As the tournament was played in a single round-robin system, Argentina and Brazil finished tied on points at the end of the tournament. Therefore, a playoff match had to be played to crown a champion, according to the rules.


1937 South American Championship Final, Overview
The match was held in San Lorenzo stadium, were both teams played hard, committing several number of fouls. After Brazilian player Domingos Spitalletti kicked Francisco Varallo violently in the 36th minute, a riot involving all the players (even some substitutes) started. After a hiatus of 40', the match restarted. Nevertheless, just two minutes a new riot happened after Cunha hit Cherro on his face.


1937 South American Championship Final, Overview
For the second half Carlos Peucelle replaced Cherro and veteran Bernabé Ferreyra substituted Zozaya. A young Vicente de la Mata replaced Varallo, who had been injured. De la Mata had played in the loss to Uruguay, with a poor performance.


1937 South American Championship Final, Overview
Argentina and Brazil tied 0–0 at the end of the regulation time, playing additional time (two halves of 20' each) to crown a champion. Independiente's forward, an earlier Vicente de la Mata (19 years), scored two goals within four minutes, allowing Argentina to achieve its fifth South American championship. The match ended at almost 2 a.m. in Buenos Aires.


1937 South American Championship Final, Aftermath
Some journalist consider this match the beginning of the Argentina–Brazil football rivalry. This tournament was also the closure of an era with the Argentine squad for some of the most notable players such as Enrique Guaita, Alberto Zozaya, Alejandro Scopelli, Bernabé Ferreyra, Carlos Peucelle and Francisco Varallo.


1937 South American Championship Final, Aftermath
When I was substituted vs Uruguay, I became demoralised. Still sweated, I stayed to watch the second half. Then I got ill, probably with bitterness. I scored the two goals but I wanted to play more time. I didn't.


1937 South American Championship squads
The following squads were named for the 1937 South American Championship that took place in Argentina.


1937 South American Championships in Athletics
The 1937 South American Championships in Athletics  were held in São Paulo, Brazil between 27 and 30 May.


1937 South Carolina Gamecocks football team
The 1937 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina as a member of the Southern Conference during the 1937 college football season. In their third season under head coach Don McCallister, South Carolina compiled a 5–6–1 record.


1937 South Dakota Coyotes football team
The 1937 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1937 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Harry Gamage, the team compiled a 6–4 record (4–1 against NCC opponents), finished in second place out of seven teams in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 159 to 65. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota.


1937 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team
The 1937 South Dakota State Jackrabbits football team was an American football team that represented South Dakota State University in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1937 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Red Threlfall, the team compiled a 4–5 record and was outscored by a total of 147 to 102.


1937 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team
The 1937 South Georgia Teachers Blue Tide football team represented the South Georgia Teachers College—now known as Georgia Southern University—during the 1937 college football season. The team was led by Crook Smith in his ninth year as head coach.


1937 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament
The 1937 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament took place from March 4–6, 1937 at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Washington and Lee Generals won their second Southern Conference title, led by head coach Harry Young.


1937 Southern Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, Format
The top eight finishers of the conference's sixteen members were eligible for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference winning percentage. The tournament used a preset bracket consisting of three rounds.


1937 Southern Illinois Maroons football team
The 1937 Southern Illinois Maroons football team was an American football team that represented Southern Illinois Normal University (now known as Southern Illinois University Carbondale) in the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (IIAC) during the 1937 college football season. In its 25th season under head coach William McAndrew, the team compiled a 2–7 record.


1937 Southwark Borough election
Elections to Metropolitan Borough of Southwark were held in 1937. This was the last set of elections before World War II.


1937 Southwark Borough election
The borough had ten wards which returned between 3 and 8 members. Labour won all the seats.


1937 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team
The 1937 Southwestern Louisiana Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (now known as the University of Louisiana at Lafayette) in the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1937 college football season. In their first year under head coach Johnny Cain, the team compiled a 4–3–1 record.


1937 Soviet Cup
The 1937 Soviet Cup was an association football cup competition of the Soviet Union.


1937 Soviet Second League
1937 Soviet Second League (Group V) was the 3rd championship since organizing professional competitions in the Soviet Union.


1937 Soviet Second League B
This season the league was split into additional two tiers Group G and Group D. The Group D had also two subgroup. Next season all of those tiers and extra subgroups will be combined into the single All-Soviet Super League.


1937 Soviet Second League B, League standings, Group G
The highest scoring games were between Burevestnik Moscow and Stal Dnipropetrovsk ending in 9:0, Traktor Stalingrad - Torpedo Gorky 7:2, and Frunze Plant - Torpedo Gorky 6:3.


1937 Soviet Top League
The 1937 Soviet Top League was the third season of the Soviet Top League.


1937 Soviet Top League, Format
This year it was decided to have both season halves combined. After playing two games in the Group B it was decided to return CDKA Moscow back to the Group A. The Group A was extended once again to nine teams with a new team FC Metallurg Moscow joining the group that won the 1936 Group B fall championship. At the end of the season no teams were relegated as the group was planned to be extended for the next season. The season started in the summer after the cup competition that preceded it and was also won by Dynamo Moscow.


1937 Soviet Top League, Format
The defending champion for this edition was FC Spartak Moscow. The season started somewhat late on July 23, 1937, with the game in Kyiv where the League newcomer Metallurg surprisingly defeated the local Dynamo 2:0. The conclusion of the season came on October 30, 1937, with the games in Tbilisi and Moscow's Sokolniki. That game on CSKA Stadium became a culminating as the Army team hold the defending champions to a draw that left Spartak without their title. Interesting is the fact that less than a week prior to that Dynamo Moscow was able to defeat CDKA 5:1 setting them three points ahead of Spartak.


1937 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Yevgeny Fokin (15 / -19), Aleksandr Kvasnikov (1 / -1). Defenders: Lev Korchebokov (13), Viktor Teterin (9), Aleksandr Myshlyayev (7). Midfielders: Yevgeny Yeliseyev (16), Arkady Chernyshev (15 / 1), Aleksey Lapshin (12), Gavriil Kachalin (11), Pavel Korotkov (5), Aleksandr Ryomin (1). Forwards: Mikhail Yakushin (16 / 6), Sergei Ilyin (16 / 4), Vasily Smirnov (14 / 8), Aleksey Ponomaryov (13 /6), Mikhail Semichastny (11 / 7), Nikolay Belousov (3 / 1), Ivan Shcherbakov (2 / 2), Georgy Dyomin (1).


1937 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
One own goal(s) scored by Mikhail Denisov (FC Dynamo Leningrad), Iosif Lifshyts (FC Dynamo Kyiv)


1937 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Anatoly Akimov (13 / -10), Ivan Ryzhov (3 / -6). Defenders: Viktor Sokolov (15), Stanislav Leuta (10), Aleksandr Starostin (7), Sergey Plonsky (2). Midfielders: Andrey Starostin (16 / 2), Sergey Artemyev (13), Pyotr Starostin (8), Nikolai Palyska (8), Grigory Tuchkov (8). Forwards: Leonid Rumyantsev (16 / 8), Vladimir Stepanov (15 / 4), Nikolay Zhigalin (15 / 3), Boris Stepanov (12 / 2), Georgy Glazkov (7 / 2), Viktor Semyonov (7), Aleksandr Kasimov (6 / 1), Nikolay Gulyayev (3), Nikolay Tarasov (2 / 1), Sergey Udaleyev (1 / 1).


1937 Soviet Top League, Medal squads
Goalkeepers: Anton Idzkovsky (13 / -20), Mykola Trusevych (3 / -4). Defenders: Mykola Makhinya (16 / 3), Oleksiy Klymenko (15), Vasyl Pravovierov (10), Georgiy Timofeyev (1). Midfielders: Ivan Kuzmenko (16 / 5), Volodymyr Greber (16 / 3), Iosif Livshyts (14 / 1). Forwards: Pavlo Komarov (16 / 7), Petro Layko (15 / 4), Makar Honcharenko (14 / 3), Kostiantyn Kalach (10), Konstantin Shchegotsky (9 / 3), Viktor Shylovsky (9 / 3), Mykola Korotkykh (9 / 1), Fedir Tyutchev (2).


1937 Soviet Union legislative election
Elections to the Supreme Soviet were held in the Soviet Union on 12 December 1937. It was the first election held under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, which had formed the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to replace the old legislature, the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union.


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
On 11 December, on the eve of the election, Joseph Stalin gave a speech to voters in Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre, greeted by a loud ovation lasting for several minutes with cries of "Long live great Stalin, Hurrah!" "Hurrah for Comrade Stalin, the creator of the Soviet Constitution, the most democratic in the world!" "Long live Comrade Stalin, leader of the oppressed throughout the world, Hurrah!" In his speech Stalin said that


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
Comrades, to tell you the truth, I had no intention of making a speech. But our respected Nikita Sergeyevich dragged me to this meeting by sheer force, so to speak... Of course, one can make a light sort of speech about everything and nothing...I have been nominated as candidate, and the Election Commission of the Stalin District of the Soviet capital has registered my candidature. This, comrades, is an expression of great confidence... For my part, I would like to assure you, comrades, that you may safely rely on Comrade Stalin...


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
You may take it for granted that Comrade Stalin will be able to discharge his duty to the people (applause ), to the working class (applause ), to the peasantry (applause ) and to the intelligentsia. (Applause. )... The forthcoming elections are not merely elections, comrades, they are really a national holiday of our workers, our peasants and our intelligentsia. Never in the history of the world have there been such really free and really democratic elections -- never!


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
History knows no other example like it...our universal elections will be carried out as the freest elections and the most democratic compared with elections in any other country in the world. Universal elections exist and are also held in some capitalist countries, so-called democratic countries. But in what atmosphere are elections held there? In an atmosphere of class conflicts, in an atmosphere of class enmity...


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
Here [in the Soviet Union] elections are held in an atmosphere of collaboration between the workers, the peasants and the intelligentsia, in an atmosphere of mutual confidence between them, in an atmosphere, I would, say, of mutual friendship...our elections are the only really free and really democratic elections in the whole world... The work is directed by men and women of the people. That is what we call Socialism in practice. In our fields the tillers of the land work without landlords and without kulaks. The work is directed by men and women of the people.


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Background
That is what we call Socialism in daily life, that is what we call a free, socialist life...I would like you, comrades, to exercise systematic influence on your deputies, to impress upon them that they must constantly keep before them the great image of the great Lenin and imitate Lenin in all things."


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Electoral system
The elections were originally announced as being multi-candidate; however, by halfway through the year the announcement was reversed due to the distrust of the leadership during the Great Purge. However, during that early period a number of individuals attempted to hold the government to the multi-candidate promise, including members of the Russian Orthodox Church who attempted to field religious candidates as a result of Article 134 of the new constitution, which promised freedom of religion. Many of the early individuals attempting to run as alternate candidates were arrested after the decision for multiple candidates was reversed. Additionally, the NKVD conducted mass arrests shortly before the elections.


1937 Soviet Union legislative election, Conduct
Despite the mass arrests and with the tone more subdued than with elections held in 1929, there were still minor waves of dissent and opposition to candidates, especially major political figures (including Mikhail Kalinin, Anastas Mikoyan, and even Joseph Stalin himself) as well as celebrities (such as Aleksei Tolstoy) and candidates opposed on the basis of ethnicity (such as ethnic Russians running in the Ukrainian SSR).


1937 Speedway National League
The 1937 National League Division One was the ninth season of the highest tier of motorcycle speedway in Great Britain.


1937 Speedway National League, Summary
The entrants were the same seven teams as the previous season.


1937 Speedway National League, Summary
West Ham Hammers won their first national title despite finishing bottom the previous season. In the process they stopped Belle Vue Aces from claiming a fifth consecutive title win. Belle Vue did however go on to win the cup double winning the Knockout Cup for the fifth successive year and the A.C.U Cup for the fourth successive year.


1937 Speedway National League, Summary
Roy Clarence Vigor (Reg Vigor) was fatally injured during a match at Wimbledon Stadium on 27 September. He hit a safety fence and his bike landed on top of him. He died in Nelson Hospital, Merton, three days later. His death came just one month after the death of Stan Hart in the 1937 Provincial Speedway League.


1937 Speedway National League, National Trophy
The 1937 National Trophy was the seventh edition of the Knockout Cup.


1937 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Qualifying Rounds
Southampton Saints won the Provincial final and therefore secured a place in the quarter finals.


1937 Speedway National League, National Trophy, Final, Second leg
Belle Vue were National Trophy Champions, winning on aggregate 115-110.


1937 Speedway National League, A.C.U Cup
The 1937 Auto-Cycle Union Cup was the fourth edition of the Cup and was won by Belle Vue for the fourth time. The groups were decided on the number of heat points scored within matches, rather than match wins.


1937 St Ives by-election
The St Ives by-election, 1937 was a by-election held in England on 30 June 1937 for the House of Commons constituency of St Ives in Cornwall.


1937 St Ives by-election, Vacancy
The by-election was caused by the elevation to the peerage of the sitting Liberal National Member of Parliament (MP) Walter Runciman. Runciman had been MP for St Ives since 1929 initially as a Liberal. He was President of the Board of Trade from 1931-1937 but was replaced in the reshuffle which took place after Neville Chamberlain took over as prime minister from Stanley Baldwin and sent to the House of Lords in compensation.


1937 St Ives by-election, Candidates
The National Liberals selected Alec Beechman, a 40-year-old barrister. Like Runciman, Beechman had been a lifelong Liberal, a former President of the Oxford University Liberal Club and one-time prospective Parliamentary candidate in Oldham. Again like Runciman, Beechman had continued to support the National Government after the mainstream Liberal Party withdrew over the issue Free trade and he joined the Simonite Liberal Nationals.


1937 St Ives by-election, Candidates
As the candidate of the National Government in a seat previously held by the Liberal Nationals, Beechman was not opposed by the government’s Conservative or National Labour allies. Even by the 1930s, the St Ives seat had no real Labour Party tradition. St Ives has been characterised by one historian of the Labour Party in south-west England as a very weak Divisional Labour Party in the 1920s and 1930s. There were Labour candidates in 1924 and 1929 but they had come bottom of the poll and for this by-election Labour chose not to select a candidate.


1937 St Ives by-election, Candidates
Opposition to Beechman was therefore left in the hands of the mainstream Samuelite Liberals and they selected the veteran campaigner Isaac Foot. Plymouth born Foot was 57 years old and was the former Liberal MP for another Cornish seat, Bodmin. Foot represented a strand of Cornish Radicalism, bolstered by a strong Cornish Nonconformist especially Methodist tradition. Foot had helped Walter Runciman fight and win St Ives in 1929 but at the 1935 general election Runciman, along with other Liberal National ministers, campaigned against Foot in Bodmin and Foot lost the seat to the Conservatives. The by-election offered Foot an early opportunity to get back into the House of Commons but against the background of a divided Liberal family and the bitter personal history of Foot and Runciman, it promised to be a distasteful and keenly contested fight.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign
From the start, the independent Liberals planned an intensive campaign. The former Liberal leader, Herbert Samuel, (now in the House of Lords) was reported as marking his return to active politics by speaking at Penzance on 11 June and the current leader Sir Archibald Sinclair, Sir Francis Acland and Foot’s son Dingle Foot MP all set early speaking dates for hustings meetings.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign, Issues
Like all by-elections, St Ives was essentially a contest between the record of the government of the day and an attack upon it by the opposition. During the campaign both camps took up position on either side of this traditional divide. Beechman got a letter of support from the new prime minister which urged supporters of the government to remember the record of social and industrial progress of the past few years.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign, Issues
And former prime minister Ramsay MacDonald wrote about Britain's social progress under the National Government which people from abroad came to study and praised the government for its work on unemployment. Unsurprisingly Isaac Foot and his supporters found room to attack the government on foreign policy, appeasement, the economy and international trade.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign, Issues, Foreign policy
The Liberal Party may have been in retreat in Britain but Foot was particularly saddened by the defeats of liberalism overseas, in the Communist Soviet Union, in Nazi Germany and Benito Mussolini’s Italy. In all these places, said Foot, liberals were imprisoned, exiled or intimidated into silence. Foot was outraged at the British government’s failure to stand up to fascist assaults abroad, by the Japanese in Manchukuo, in Spain during the Civil War, by Mussolini in Abyssinia, and by the rise of Nazi Germany. Reinforcing Foot’s concerns, Herbert Samuel, in his speech at Penzance, said the most urgent need of the day was to restore and enlarge the authority of the League of Nations, underlining his party’s belief in the policy of collective security.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign, Issues, The fight for true Liberalism
The by-election also focused on the position of the Liberal Nationals and their right to regard themselves as true and independent Liberals. Samuel said that he would actually prefer a Conservative MP for St Ives rather than a Liberal National because Conservatives sometimes showed a spark of independence, whereas the Liberal Nationals never did. Because of his political background, Beechman always identified himself to the electorate as a Liberal but emphasised the need for cross-party cooperation in times of national emergency such as those justifying the existence of the National Government.


1937 St Ives by-election, Campaign, Issues, The fight for true Liberalism
The struggle between the two Liberal factions was naturally picked up in the national press. The St Ives contest was reported as the most likely of a spate of recent by-elections in every kind of constituency to distinguish itself from a pattern of steadfast support for the government. The report put some of this down to the character of Isaac Foot who it said was a strong candidate with a tactical ability that was truly Cromwellian.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
The result was a narrow win, by just 210 votes, for Beechman, the National Government and the National Liberals. Despite their great disappointment at such an agonising near-miss, the mainstream Liberal Party was immensely buoyed by the result. The party leader, Sir Archie Sinclair, believed St Ives and another good by-election performance by the Liberals at North Dorset on 13 July, represented a turning of the tide.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
Lord Crewe wrote to The Times expressing disappointment at the paper’s failure to recognise the importance of the rise of the Liberal vote in a number of by-elections and the encouragement which such results were giving to the party faithful. These results did not however foretell an immediate Liberal revival as there were no Liberal by-election gains in the years leading up to the Second World War.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
What the result did confirm however was that West country Labour voters would support an independent Liberal against a National candidate where their own party was not fighting, or had no realistic chance.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
Cook and Ramsden, in their survey of British by-elections, conclude that the common theme of all by-elections in the 1930s was that many electors did not like the National Government’s policies but they did not all object to the same things. But there was no clear pattern of voters consistently favouring the opposition Labour, let alone the independent Liberal, parties.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
By 1937 the National Government had made progress on the economy and the unemployment. One source reported that the lowest unemployment figure on record since 1929 was reached on 21 June 1973, namely 1,356,598. This represented a decrease of 94,742 on the month and 346,076 on May, 1936. Nearly all industries showed an improvement, among the most marked improvements being those affecting building and public works, the boot and shoe, iron, steel, textile and engineering industries, and agriculture. Against this background voters clearly felt happier with the devil they knew.


1937 St Ives by-election, Result
Beechman held the seat until 1950 when he stood down and was replaced by a National Liberal Conservative candidate. The National Liberal nomenclature was retained as late as the 1966 general election. The National Liberals merged with the Conservatives in 1968.


1937 St Pancras North by-election
The St Pancras North by-election of 1937 was held on 4 February 1937. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Ian Fraser. It was won by the Conservative candidate Robert Grant-Ferris.


1937 St. Louis Browns season
The 1937 St. Louis Browns season involved the Browns finishing 8th in the American League with a record of 46 wins and 108 losses. Despite finishing last, the Browns as a team hit .285, which was higher than the American League average of .281. Pitching was the problem - the team's ERA was 6.00 compared to the American League average of 4.62.


1937 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Browns season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1937 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 56th season in St. Louis, Missouri and the 46th season in the National League. The Cardinals went 81–73 during the season and finished 4th in the National League.


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Offseason
At the start of January 1937, general manager Branch Rickey named Robert L. Finch vice president of all Cardinals minor league baseball teams. Their star pitcher, Dizzy Dean, spent the preseason in a contract dispute, even threatening to quit baseball. He finally signed for an estimated $24,000 and a lifetime supply of Cracker Jack and hot wings on March 19.


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
As the season was set to begin, the Cardinals were considered the favorites to win the National League and face the New York Yankees in the 1937 World Series.


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season
Outfielder Joe Medwick won the MVP Award this year, batting .374, with 31 home runs and 154 RBIs. He also won the Triple Crown, the last National League player to do so. Conversely, Dizzy Dean battled injuries, staged a mid-game strike, engaged in multiple fights and was even suspended for a time. Dean finished with a 13–10 record and only one win after the All-Star Break and was named the "biggest bust of the year" by an Associated Press poll after the season.


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Regular season, Season summary
The Cardinals started their season strongly, winning seven of their first eight games and jumping out to a 1½-game lead by the end of April. They were in second place as late as June 27, just half a game out of first place with a record of 35–24. However, they never rose any higher, spending the rest of the year in either third or fourth place, ending the season by losing six of eight and with their largest deficit of the year of 15 games out of first place.


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Batting, Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Player stats, Pitching, Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts


1937 St. Louis Cardinals season, Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Columbus (AA), Cedar Rapids, Mobile, Jacksonville, Springfield, Albuquerque, DuluthMidland club folded, July 9, 1937


1937 St. Thomas (Pennsylvania) Tommies football team
The 1937 St. Thomas (Pennsylvania) Tommies football team was an American football team that represented St. Thomas College (later renamed the University of Scranton) during the 1937 college football season. The team compiled a 6–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 109 to 33. The team played its home games at Athletic Park in Scranton, Pennsylvania.


1937 St. Thomas (Pennsylvania) Tommies football team
Tom Davies, former back with the Pittsburgh Panthers, was hired in May 1937 as the school's head football coach. Robert "Pop" Jones was an assistant coach.


1937 Stalybridge and Hyde by-election
The Stalybridge and Hyde by-election of 1937 was held on 28 April 1937. The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Philip Dunne. It was won by the Conservative candidate Horace Trevor-Cox.


1937 Stalybridge and Hyde by-election
The Labour candidate, the Reverend Gordon Lang was the former MP for Oldham and in the 1945 general election won the seat on a large swing.


1937 Stanford Indians football team
The 1937 Stanford Indians football team represented Stanford University in the 1937 college football season. The team was coached by Tiny Thornhill in his fifth season at Stanford and played their home games at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California.


1937 Stanford Indians football team
The team had been scheduled to play two games in Hawaii—against a Honolulu town team and the University of Hawaii—in December, but the games were canceled due to steamship schedule changes that meant the team would miss a week and a half of classes in winter quarter. Washington replaced Stanford at the last minute for both games.


1937 Stanford Indians football team, Game summaries, California
The Indians were 4–1–1 in the Pacific Coast Conference entering the Big Game against 5–0–1 California. A head-to-head win over the Bears would almost certainly have given Stanford a bid to the 1938 Rose Bowl. However, the Bears scored two touchdowns in quick succession in an eight-minute stretch of the second quarter and held the Indians scoreless, winning 13–0.


1937 Stanford Indians football team, Game summaries, Columbia
Stanford faced Columbia for the third time in four years. The Indians had lost to the Lions in the 1934 Rose Bowl and lost in New York the previous season; this year, in what would be the final meeting of the teams, the teams played to a scoreless tie.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals
The 1937 Stanley Cup Finals was contested by the defending champion Detroit Red Wings and the New York Rangers in their fifth Finals series appearance. Detroit would win the series 3–2 to win their second and second-straight Stanley Cup.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Paths to the Finals
Detroit defeated Montreal Canadiens in a best-of-five 3–2 to advance to the Finals. The Rangers had to play two best-of three series; winning 2–0 against Toronto Maple Leafs, and 2–0 against the Montreal Maroons to advance to the Finals.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
New York could not use Madison Square Garden after game one because of the annual circus visit.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
Earl Robertson, the goaltender for the Wings, became the first rookie goaltender to post two shutouts in the Finals. He would not play again for the Wings.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Game summaries
The Wings became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup two years in a row.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The 1937 Stanley Cup was presented to Red Wings captain Doug Young by NHL President Frank Calder following the Red Wings 3–0 win over the Rangers in game five.


1937 Stanley Cup Finals, Stanley Cup engraving
The following Red Wings players and staff had their names engraved on the Stanley Cup


1937 Sugar Bowl
The 1937 Sugar Bowl was the third edition of the Sugar Bowl and matched the LSU Tigers and the Santa Clara Broncos. It was played on Friday, January 1, 1937, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Background
LSU had allowed only 33 points during the regular season while cruising to a second straight Southeastern Conference championship with an undefeated regular season, with a non-conference tie at Texas early in the season. Santa Clara was an independent, which cost them an invite to the Rose Bowl due to not being a Pacific Coast Conference member; Washington won the PCC.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Background
The Broncos were 7–0 when the Sugar invitation was made, but then were shut out 9–0 by Sammy Baugh and TCU on December 12 in San Francisco. LSU was spurned by the Rose Bowl committee as well, paving the way for Santa Clara's first bowl game and LSU's second straight Sugar Bowl.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Background
In the final AP poll released in late November, LSU was second and Santa Clara was sixth.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Rain that had started the previous day continued throughout the game, which contributed to sixteen turnovers and 25 punts. LSU could not overcome a sloppy first quarter in which they had no first downs and allowed the Broncos to score twice. Manny Gomez caught a touchdown pass from Nello Falaschi and Norman Finley caught a touchdown pass from Bruno Pellegrini, both in a span of seven minutes. LSU narrowed the lead in the second quarter on Gus Tinsley's touchdown catch from Bill Crass, and Santa Clara led 14–7 at halftime.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Game summary
Falaschi scored on a touchdown run in the third quarter to give the Broncos a 21–7 lead. Rocky Reed caught a touchdown pass late in the game to close the margin to 21–14, but the game was already sealed as neither team threatened again, affected by the wet weather. Notably, Shaw loaned shoes from nearby Loyola University to give his team an advantage on the wet field in the second half.


1937 Sugar Bowl, Aftermath
LSU reached their third consecutive Sugar Bowl the following year, in a rematch with Santa Clara, and the Broncos won again in the rain.


1937 Sun Bowl
The 1937 Sun Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game between the Texas Mines Miners and the Hardin–Simmons Cowboys.


1937 Sun Bowl, Background
This was the first bowl appearance for the Miners; head coach Mack Saxon had been one of the coaches of the El Paso All-Stars, winning team of the inaugural 1935 Sun Bowl, contested between high school teams. This was the second bowl appearance for the Cowboys, who had tied New Mexico A&M in the 1936 Sun Bowl.


1937 Sun Bowl, Game summary
Si Addington gave the Cowboys a 7–0 lead on his 13-yard touchdown run. O. P. May hit Boyde Arnold for a 40-yard touchdown to respond, but the Miners extra point fell short, keeping the lead 7–6 for Hardin–Simmons. From there on, the Cowboys dominated, scoring 27 straight points and rushing for 421 yards on 71 carries. Pete Tyler scored on a 1-yard touchdown run to make it 13–6 at halftime. Ed Cherry and Tyler added in rushing touchdowns, both from one yard out, to make it 27–6 at the end of three quarters, and White's touchdown made the final score 34–6. Addington rushed for 142 yards on 16 carries. Cherry ran for 83 yards on 19 carries.


1937 Sun Bowl, Aftermath
This was the final Sun Bowl played at Jones Stadium. The following year, the game was moved to Kidd Field. The Miners are the only team to have made appearances at all three venues of the Sun Bowl.


1937 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2
These are statistics for the first season of the Suomensarja held in 1937.


1937 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, Overview
The 1937 Suomensarja  was contested by 13 teams divided into 2 regional sections. The top teams from each section then participated in a promotion play-offs with KPT Kuopio and VPS Vaasa eventually gaining promotion with the former finishing as champions.


1937 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, League tables, Nousukarsinnat (Promotion Playoffs)
KPT Kuopio were promoted and VPS Vaasa were required to undertake a further round of play offs.


1937 Suomensarja – Finnish League Division 2, League tables, Mestaruussarja/Suomensarja Promotion/Relegation Playoffs
VPS Vaasa were promoted to the Mestaruussarja and VIFK Vaasa relegated.


1937 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship
The 1937 Swedish Ice Hockey Championship was the 16th season of the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, the national championship of Sweden. Hammarby IF won the championship.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix
The 1937 Swiss Grand Prix was a 750 kg Formula race held on 22 August 1937 at the Bremgarten Circuit.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix, Race Report
After the start, Hans Stuck chopped across the nose of the other drivers to take the early lead, followed by Caracciola and Rosemeyer. Rosemeyer was soon in trouble though, under pressure from Lang he skidded off the circuit and was bogged down in the wet ground. Some spectators came to his assistance but their help would have resulted in a disqualification so he retired his car.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix, Race Report
Stuck could not maintain his early pace under pressure from the Mercedes' and was soon passed by Caracciola, Lang and von Brauchitsch.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix, Race Report
Nuvolari drove for the Auto Union team for this race as he wasn't impressed with the new Alfa. However, the tricky rear-engined Auto Union was not a car to race without some practice, even for a man of Nuvolari's skill. The wet track simply compounded his problems. Whilst running in 8th place he was called into the pits and the car-less Rosemeyer took over, eventually getting up to 5th place and putting in the fastest lap in his chase after the Mercedes'.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix, Race Report
Fagioli was also having problems being in some pain with his hip, when he retired Nuvolari decided to give it another go and brought the car home 7th.


1937 Swiss Grand Prix, Race Report
In the closing laps Lang closed on Caracciola but was ordered to maintain position and von Brauchitsch passed Stuck for a Mercedes 1,2,3.


1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum
A referendum on freemasonry was held in Switzerland on 28 November 1937. Voters were asked whether they approved of a popular initiative that would ban the practice. The proposal was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.


1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum, Background
The referendum was a popular initiative, which required a double majority; a majority of the popular vote and majority of the cantons. The decision of each canton was based on the vote in that canton. Full cantons counted as one vote, whilst half cantons counted as half.


1937 Syracuse Orangemen football team
The 1937 Syracuse Orangemen football team represented Syracuse University in the 1937 college football season. The Orangemen were led by first-year head coach Ossie Solem and played their home games at Archbold Stadium in Syracuse, New York. On October 18, Syracuse made its first ever appearance in the AP Poll, which was in its second year of operation. The team was ranked 17th in the first poll of the season, but dropped from the poll after a loss to Maryland.


1937 São Paulo FC season
The 1937 football season was São Paulo's 8th season since club's existence.


1937 TCU Horned Frogs football team
The 1937 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) in the 1937 college football season. The team was coached by Dutch Meyer in his fourth year as head coach, finishing the season 4–4–2 (3–1–2 SWC). The offense scored 89 points while the defense allowed 72 points. The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth, Texas.


1937 TCU Horned Frogs football team, Team players drafted into the NFL
Ki Aldrich and Davey O'Brien were selected in the 1939 NFL Draft.


1937 Tasmanian state election
The 1937 Tasmanian state election was held on 20 February 1937 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 30 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system — six members were elected from each of five electorates.


1937 Tasmanian state election
The incumbent Labor government was led by Albert Ogilvie. The opposition Nationalist Party was led by Henry Baker.


1937 Tasmanian state election
Labor had a decisive win in the 1937 election, one that would see the Nationalist Party (later to become the Liberal Party) in opposition until 1969.


1937 Temple Owls football team
The 1937 Temple Owls football team was an American football team that represented Temple University as an independent during the 1937 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Pop Warner, the team compiled a 3–2–4 record and was outscored by a total of 59 to 38. The team played its home games at Temple Stadium in Philadelphia.


1937 Tennessee Volunteers football team
The 1937 Tennessee Volunteers (variously Tennessee, UT, or the Vols) represented the University of Tennessee in the 1937 college football season. Playing as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the team was led by head coach Robert Neyland, in his 11th year, and played their home games at Shields–Watkins Field in Knoxville, Tennessee. They finished the season with a record of six wins, three losses and one tie (6–3–1 overall, 4–3 in the SEC). The team had the most ever punts per game of 13.9


1937 Texas A&M Aggies football team
The 1937 Texas A&M Aggies football team represented Texas A&M University during the 1937 college football season.


1937 Texas Longhorns football team
The 1937 Texas Longhorns football team represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 1937 college football season.


1937 Texas Mines Miners football team
The 1937 Texas Mines Miners football team was an American football team that represented Texas School of Mines (now known as University of Texas at El Paso) as a member of the Border Conference during the 1937 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Mack Saxon, the team compiled a 7–1–2 record (2–1–1 against Border Conference opponents), finished fourth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 215 to 91.


1937 Texas Mines Miners football team
Quarterback Ken Heineman set two school records (since surpassed) with 407 yards of total offense and 296 all-purpose yards in a game against Arizona State-Flagstaff. At the end of the season, Heineman was named to the Little All-America teams selected by NEA and Collyer's. He was also selected as a first-team player on the All-Border Conference football team.


1937 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 1937 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech during the 1937 college football season.


1937 The Citadel Bulldogs football team
The 1937 The Citadel Bulldogs football team represented The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina in the 1937 college football season. Tatum Gressette served as head coach for the sixth season. The Bulldogs played as members of the Southern Conference and played home games at Johnson Hagood Stadium.


1937 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
The 1937 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 46th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887.


1937 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Moycarkey-Borris won the championship after a 7–06 to 6–02 win over Cashel King Cormacs in the final. It was the club's fifth title as Moycarkey-Borris but the ninth title to be claimed by a team representing the area.


1937 Titleholders Championship
The 1937 Titleholders Championship was contested from January 15–17 at Augusta Country Club. It was the 1st edition of the Titleholders Championship.


1937 Toledo Rockets football team
The 1937 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented Toledo University in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1937 college football season. In their second season under head coach Clarence Spears, the Rockets compiled a 6–3 record.


1937 Tonbridge by-election
The Tonbridge by-election of 1937 was held on 23 March 1937. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Herbert Spender-Clay. It was won by the Conservative candidate Adrian Baillie.


1937 Tonbridge by-election, Candidates
Adrian Baillie had previously been the Unionist MP for the normally Labour seat of Linlithgowshire from 1931  to 1935.


1937 Tonbridge by-election, Candidates
The Liberal challenger was 59 year-old Borlase Matthews. He was Liberal candidate at Henley for the 1931 general election, the 1932 Henley by-election and at Ashford for the 1935 general election. He was an engineer but left engineering to take up farming. He was a Member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society. He was a Member of the Electricity Commissioners Rural Electrification Conference. He was Chairman of the Rural Reconstruction Association. He was also an author of several books and papers on farming.


1937 Toronto Argonauts season
The 1937 Toronto Argonauts season was the 51st season for the team since the franchise's inception in 1873. The team finished in first place in the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union with a 5–1 record and qualified for the playoffs for the second consecutive season. The Argonauts defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders in a two-game total-points IRFU Final series before winning the Eastern Final over the Sarnia Imperials. The Argonauts faced the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the 25th Grey Cup game, which was the first of many meetings by the two franchises in the championship game. The Argonauts won the franchise's fourth Grey Cup championship by a score of 4–3, which ties for the lowest scoring Grey Cup game ever.


1937 Toronto municipal election
Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 6, 1937. Ralph Day was elected mayor defeating incumbent William D. Robbins.


1937 Toronto municipal election, Toronto mayor
William D. Robbins had been appointed to the office of mayor a year and half previously. He was opposed by the much younger Controller Ralph Day. Day won by a significant margin, beating Robbins in all but two wards. Also running were fringe candidates Carlo Lamberti, a music teacher, and veteran Robert Harding.


1937 Toronto municipal election, Board of Control
There was one opening on the Board of Control after Day chose to run for mayor. The race turned out to be a close contest between Alderman Douglas McNish and prominent communist Tim Buck with McNish winning by a few hundred votes. Further back was Alderman Robert Hood Saunders.


1937 Toronto municipal election, City council
Results taken from the December 7, 1937 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.


1937 Tour de France
The 1937 Tour de France was the 31st edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 30 June to 25 July. It consisted of 20 stages with a total length of 4,415 km (2,743 mi).


1937 Tour de France
Charles Holland and Bill Burl became the first British cyclists to ride the Tour. Burl lasted only two stages, but Holland rode well until he was eliminated on stage 14c after mechanical problems. The British Empire was also represented by the only non-European in the Tour: Canadian Pierre Gachon, who never completed the first stage. The complete Belgian team (including 1936 and 1939 winner Sylvère Maes) withdraw from the race because of "French chauvinism". Complaints from the Belgian team included of French spectators throwing stones at the Belgian team, closing train crossings, and throwing pepper in the eyes, and being punished unreasonable strictly (adding extra time in the standing) while French riders were hardly punished at all while being helped.


1937 Tour de France, Innovations and changes
The Tours from 1903 to 1936 had all been organised by Henri Desgrange, but during the 1936 Tour de France he had to stop due to health reasons, and Jacques Goddet took over. The Tour in 1937 was the first Tour where Goddet was in charge, and one of the first rules that he changed was to allow gear changes. Each team had its own car with extra material to help with mechanical problems.


1937 Tour de France, Teams
The Italian team, that had been absent from the 1936 Tour de France, returned in 1937, after Benito Mussolini removed their boycott of the Tour, and selected new star Gino Bartali, who had won the 1936 and 1937 Giro d'Italia, as the Italian team leader. The Italian team had 10 cyclists, just as the Belgian, German and French teams. There were also small teams of six cyclists: the Spanish, Dutch, Luxembourgian and Swiss teams. The last national team was the Great Britain-Canada team, consisting of two British cyclists and one Canadian.


1937 Tour de France, Teams
The French team included Roger Lapébie. Lapébie had had a difficult relation with Desgrange. This had caused Lapébie to be out of the national team in 1935, and completely absent from the Tour in 1936. In 1937, Desgrange had retired, and Lapébie was back. In the month before the Tour started, Lapébie had undergone surgery for a lumbar hernia, and there were doubts about his form.


1937 Tour de France, Teams
There were also 31 cyclists riding as individuals. These individuals were responsible for their own food and accommodation.


1937 Tour de France, Route and stages
Stage 19b was an individual time trial, stages 5b, 11b and 18a were team time trials, although the victory was still given the cyclist who crossed the line first. At the start of the Tour, it was also the intention to run stages 12b, 13b, 14b and 17b as time trials, but during the Tour the organisation changed the format. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,556 m (8,386 ft) at the summit tunnel of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 7.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
German Erich Bautz took the lead after the fourth stage, thanks to the bonification system that could give the winner of a stage some minutes bonification time. In the seventh stage, Bartali took the stage victory, and with that the lead in the general classification. He was nine minutes ahead of Ward Vissers, and that could just be enough for the Tour victory. On the eighth stage, Bartali could not avoid his teammate Jules Rossi who crashed right in front of him, and Bartali fell into a river. He got up and was able to finish the stage. He lost 10 minutes and kept the lead, but in the next stage he lost more than twenty minutes, and in the twelfth stage he gave up.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
In the ninth stage, Sylvère Maes took over the lead, closely followed by Mario Vicini and Roger Lapébie. At that point, the French team was already down to six cyclists. These six cyclists had a meeting, and decided that Lapébie would be the team leader, as the rest of the team was already to far behind to have any chance for the final victory.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
Before the start of the fifteenth stage, Lapébie found out that the frame of his bicycle had been sabotaged, causing his handlebars to break off. Lapébie made quick repairs and just made it to the start of the stage, but his newly constructed bicycle did not have a water holder, and he had to start the stage without water. This demotivated him, and Lapébie began losing time early in the stage. That stage included four mountains, and on top of the second mountain Lapébie was already five minutes behind, and wanted to give up.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
A teammate inspired him to go on, and Lapébie started to win back time. When Maes punctured, Lapébie was able to reach him, and at the end of the stage only Julián Berrendero was in front of them, and Lapébie won the sprint for the second place. This rewarded him with 45 seconds bonification time. When the tour directors gave him 90 seconds penalty time for having been pushed, the margin with Maes grew to more than three minutes, but Lapébie had sensed weakness in the Belgian team, and planned to attack in the next stage. The Belgian team complained that the penalty was far too little, because Lapébie's advantage had been much more. The French team threatened to abandon the race if the penalty would be increased, and the Tour direction did not change the penalty.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
In the sixteenth stage Lapébie finished ahead of Maes, and cut the margin down to only 25 seconds, but with only flat stage that could be enough for Maes. During that sixteenth stage, Maes had punctured, and had been help by two Belgian cyclists, Gustaaf Deloor and Adolf Braeckeveldt. However, these Belgian cyclists rode as "individuals", and were not part of the Belgian team. The Tour jury then fined Maes with 15 seconds penalty time in the general classification.


1937 Tour de France, Race overview
During the race, a train crossing had been closed just after Lapébie had passed, and just before Maes was about to pass. Maes was offended by all this, and quit the race, together with the rest of the Belgian team. From that point on, it was easy for Lapébie to secure his victory.


1937 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey. Leo Amberg became the first Swiss cyclist to reach the podium of the general classification in the Tour de France.


1937 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
For the mountains classification, 17 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. After the last mountain in the fifteenth stage, the classification was won by Félicien Vervaecke. Vervaecke did not finish the Tour, but in 1937 that was not needed to win the mountains classification.


1937 Tour de France, Classification leadership and minor prizes
The team classification was calculated in 1937 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. The time for the Spanish team, which finished with only two cyclists, was calculated by adding the time of the final rider in the general classification, plus one hour penalty time. The Belgian, Dutch, and British-Canadian teams did not finish with two or more cyclists, so they were not eligible for the team classification.


1937 Tour de France, Aftermath
The riders in the individual category had performed very well in the 1937 Tour de France; the second-placed cyclist in the general classification had started in the individuals category, as were in total twelve cyclists in the top twenty. Still, the category was removed after 1937.


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b
The 1937 Tour de France was the 31st edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 30 June, and Stage 12b occurred on 14 July with a flat stage to Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 25 July.


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 1
30 June 1937 - Paris to Lille, 263 km (163 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 2
1 July 1937 - Lille to Charleville, 192 km (119 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 3
2 July 1937 - Charleville to Metz, 161 km (100 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 4
3 July 1937 - Metz to Belfort, 220 km (140 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 5a
4 July 1937 - Belfort to Lons-le-Saunier, 175 km (109 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 5b
4 July 1937 - Lons-le-Saunier to Champagnole, 34 km (21 mi) (TTT)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 5c
4 July 1937 - Champagnole to Geneva, 93 km (58 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 6
6 July 1937 - Geneva to Aix-les-Bains, 180 km (110 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 7
7 July 1937 - Aix-les-Bains to Grenoble, 228 km (142 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 8
8 July 1937 - Grenoble to Briançon, 194 km (121 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 9
9 July 1937 - Briançon to Digne, 220 km (140 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 10
11 July 1937 - Digne to Nice, 251 km (156 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 11a
13 July 1937 - Nice to Toulon, 169 km (105 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 11b
13 July 1937 - Toulon to Marseille, 65 km (40 mi) (TTT)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 12a
14 July 1937 - Marseille to Nîmes, 112 km (70 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 12b, Stage 12b
14 July 1937 - Nîmes to Montpellier, 51 km (32 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20
The 1937 Tour de France was the 31st edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Paris with a flat stage on 30 June, and Stage 13a occurred on 15 July with a flat stage from Montpellier. The race finished in Paris on 25 July.


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 13a
15 July 1937 - Montpellier to Narbonne, 103 km (64 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 13b
15 July 1937 - Narbonne to Perpignan, 63 km (39 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 14a
17 July 1937 - Perpignan to Bourg-Madame, 99 km (62 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 14b
17 July 1937 - Bourg-Madame to Ax-les-Thermes, 59 km (37 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 14c
17 July 1937 - Ax-les-Thermes to Luchon, 167 km (104 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 15
19 July 1937 - Luchon to Pau, 194 km (121 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 16
21 July 1937 - Pau to Bordeaux, 235 km (146 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 17a
22 July 1937 - Bordeaux to Royan, 123 km (76 mi)


1937 Tour de France, Stage 13a to Stage 20, Stage 17b
22 July 1937 - Royan to Saintes, 37 km (23 mi)